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What is the name of the girlfriend of cartoon character Donald Duck? | Donald Duck: 10 surprising facts about Walt Disney's character - Telegraph
Disney
Donald Duck: 10 surprising facts about Walt Disney's character
Donald Duck was born – in Walt Disney's cartoon The Wise Little Hen – 80 years ago. Here are 10 facts about the cartoon superstar
Donald Duck made his first appearance in a film on June 9, 1934 Photo: Rex Features
By Telegraph Reporters
10:50AM BST 09 Jun 2014
• DONALD DUCK was created by Walt Disney when he heard Clarence Nash doing his "duck" voice while reciting Mary Had a Little Lamb. Disney wanted a character that was more negative than Mickey Mouse, so the bad-tempered Duck was born. Nash voiced the character from 1934 to 1983, training Tony Anselmo to take over. "Donald, I can't understand a word ya say,” Mickey Mouse says.
• HIS MIDDLE NAME is Fauntleroy (first revealed in the 1942 film Donald Gets Drafted), and he is reportedly the only major Disney character with an official middle name. He has a twin sister named Dumbella. In the late Thirties, Donald was joined by his perennial girlfriend, Daisy Duck, and by his three mischievous nephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie.
• RAY DAVIES of the Kinks namechecks Donald Duck in the opening lines of his 1968 song We are the Village Green Preservation Society, with the lyrics:
We are the Village Green Preservation Society,
God save Donald Duck, Vaudeville and Variety
• A SPECIAL microphone, The Neumann TLM-170, was used to record Donald’s voice. Preferred for its warmth, this microphone also rounds out the high tones and smoothes the “splat” in Donald’s voice.
Related Articles
Ninety years of Disney: in pictures
16 Oct 2013
• DONALD DUCK first appeared on the silver screen on June 9, 1934, in the animated short film, The Wise Little Hen, dancing to the Sailor's Hornpipe. He has gone on to star in seven feature films--which is more than any of his Disney counterparts. He is six years younger than Mickey Mouse.
• HE WON AN OSCAR for the 1943 animated short Der Feuhrer's Face, which was originally titled Donald Duck in NutziLand. The anti-Nazi cartoon begins with music from Wagner's comic opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and also features Groucho Marx's singing.
• FINNISH voters who want to register a protest vote mark their ballots with the name Donald Duck.
• DONALD DUCK, who usually wears a sailor shirt, cap, and a red or black bow tie, but no trousers, is the only popular film and TV cartoon character to appear as a mascot for the sports team of a major American university, namely, the Oregon Ducks at the University of Oregon.
• WALT DISNEY said of the character: "One of the greatest satisfactions in our work here at the studio is the warm relationship that exists within our cartoon family. Mickey, Pluto, Goofy, and the whole gang have always been a lot of fun to work with. But like many large families, we have a problem child. You’re right, it’s Donald Duck.”
• THE renowned early illustrators of Donald Duck were Al Taliaferro, Carl Barks, and Don Rosa. Donald Duck first appeared as a drawing in a May 1934 issue of Good Housekeeping magazine promoting the June film The Wise Little Hen. The magazine is sought after by collectors.
| Daisy Duck |
What was the name of the horse on which jockey Richard Dunwoody won the 1986 Grand National? | Donald Duck | Donald Duck Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
"So you Jackass, I'm gonna knock you good!"
|- | class="plainlinks" id="infoboxend" style="text-align: right; -moz-border-radius: 15px 15px 15px 15px;"| [Source ]
Donald Duck (full name given as Donald Fauntleroy Duck in Donald Gets Drafted and the Quack Pack episode "All Hands on Duck") is a cartoon character from The Walt Disney Company . Donald is a short-tempered, impatient, angry, white anthropomorphic duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He usually wears a sailor shirt, cap, and a red or black bowtie, but no trousers (except when he goes swimming).
Donald's birthday is officially recognized as June 9, 1934, the day when his debut film, The Wise Little Hen , was released. However, in The Three Caballeros (1944), his birthday is given as simply "Friday the 13th", which is in reference to the bad luck, that he experiences in almost all of his cartoon appearances. Donald's Happy Birthday (short) gives his birthday as March 13. Donald is a well-known and very popular character.
Donald's voice, one of the most identifiable voices in all of animation, was performed by voice actor Clarence "Ducky" Nash up to his death in 1985. It was largely this semi-intelligible speech, that would cement Donald's image into audiences' minds and help fuel both Donald's and Nash's rise to stardom. In 1969, Disney On Parade which toured all over the United States and Canada, hired Ellard Davis as the live voice of Donald Duck. Mr. Davis did the voice for 3 years. Since 1985, Donald has been voiced by Tony Anselmo, who was trained by Nash for the role.
Contents
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Donald's most famous personality trait is his uncontrollable temper. Due to Donald's jealousy towards Mickey's popularity causes Donald to be a type of villain in some occasions. Although Donald can be loud, rude and selfish he is a great friend and will do anything to help a friend. So far Donald's temper has landed him in alot of tight spots with Daisy in thier relationship. Daisy is easily annoyed by Donald's constant temper problems. Donald also has an obsession over money, treasure, gold, etc. which he gets from his Uncle Scrooge . Donald usually chooses riches over friends until someone talks him out of it. Donald can realize he does not have the best luck. Usually when Donald is going head to head with an opponent like a beaver or gopher Donald will get the blame for the destruction they have caused.
edit Donald in animation
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According to the cartoon Donald Gets Drafted (1942), Donald's full name is Donald Fauntleroy Duck (his middle name appears to be a reference to his sailor hat, which was a common accessory for "Little Lord Fauntleroy" suits). Disney's website also states his name as Donald Fauntleroy Duck. Donald's birthday is officially recognized as June 9, 1934, the day his debut film was released, but in The Three Caballeros, his birthday is given as simply "Friday the 13th." In Donald's Happy Birthday (short) it has his birthday as the 13th of March.
Although usually easygoing, Donald's most famous trait is his short and often explosive temper. He is also sometimes portrayed as more crafty and cynical than other characters such as Goofy or Mickey.
Donald's famous voice, one of the most identifiable voices in all of animation, was until 1985 performed by voice actor Clarence Nash , since Donald Duck's debut in the Wise Little Hen.. It was largely this semi-intelligible speech that would cement Donald's image into audiences' minds and help fuel both Donald's and Nash's rise to stardom.
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According to Leonard Maltin in his introduction to The Chronological Donald - Volume 1, Donald was created by Walt Disney when he heard Clarence Nash doing his "duck" voice while reciting "Mary Had a Little Lamb." Mickey Mouse had lost some of his edge since becoming a role model for children and Disney wanted a character that could portray some of the more negative character traits he could no longer bestow on Mickey.
Donald first appeared in the Silly Symphonies cartoon The Wise Little Hen on June 9, 1934, though he is mentioned in a 1931 Disney storybook. Donald's appearance in the cartoon, as created by animator Dick Lundy, is similar to his modern look — the feather and beak colors are the same, as is the blue sailor shirt and hat — but his features are more elongated, his body plumper, and his feet bigger. Donald's personality is not develop [1] [2] Donald Duck in The Spirit of 43.ed either; in the short, he only fills the role of the unhelpful friend from the original story. Donald Duck in The Spirit of 43.Bert Gillett, director of The Wise Little Hen, brought Donald back in his Mickey Mouse cartoon, The Orphan's Benefit on August 11, 1934. Donald is one of a number of characters who are giving performances in a benefit for Mickey's Orphans. Donald's act is to recite the poems Mary Had a Little Lamb and Little Boy Blue, but every time he tries, the mischievous orphans eat his specially made pie, leading the duck to fly into a squawking fit of anger. This explosive personality would remain with Donald for decades to come.
Donald continued to be a hit with audiences. The character began appearing in most Mickey Mouse cartoons as a regular member of the ensemble with Mickey , Minnie Mouse , Goofy , and Pluto . Cartoons from this period, such as the 1935 cartoon The Band Concert — in which Donald repeatedly disrupts the Mickey Mouse Orchestra's rendition of The William Tell Overture by playing Turkey in the Straw — are regularly hailed by critics as exemplary films and classics of animation. Animator Ben Sharpsteen also minted the classic Mickey, Donald, and Goofy comedy in 1935, with the cartoon Mickey's Service Station.
Donald was redesigned in 1936 to be a bit fuller, rounder, and cuter. He also began starring in solo cartoons, the first of which was the January 9, 1937 Ben Sharpsteen cartoon, Don Donald. This short also introduced Donald's long-time love interest, Daisy Duck (here called "Donna Duck") and was the first time Donald Duck called his donkey a jackass. Around the Same year Donald Duck would be in Modern Inventions Carl Banks had an idea for Donald Duck to get an upside down haircut and submitted his idea to Walt Disney which Walt approved of and insisted Donalds rear end get heated by a hot towel. Donald's nephews, Huey, Dewey and Louie , would make their first animated appearance a year later in the April 15, 1938 film, Donald's Nephews, directed by Jack King (they had been earlier introduced in the Donald Duck comic strip).
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During World War II, film audiences were looking for brasher, edgier cartoon characters. It is no coincidence that the same era that saw the birth and rise of Bugs Bunny also saw Donald Duck's popularity soar. By 1949, Donald had surpassed Mickey Mouse as Disney's most popular character. Before 1941, Donald Duck had appeared in about 50 cartoons. Between 1941 and 1965, Donald would star in over 100.
During World War 2 Donald Ducks most memorable cartoons were Donalds Snow Fight 1942 where he fights Huey, Dewey and Luey with snow balls. Bellboy Donald where Donalds patience is tried by Pete's naughty son.
Several of Donald's shorts during the war were propaganda films, most notably Der Fuehrer's Face, released on January 1, 1943. In it, Donald plays a worker in an artillery factory in "Nutzi Land" (Nazi Germany). He struggles with long working hours, very small food rations, and having to salute every time he sees a picture of Der Führer (Adolf Hitler). These pictures appear in many places, such as on the assembly line in which he is screwing in the detonators of various sizes of shells. In the end he becomes little more than a small part in a faceless machine with no choice but to obey till he falls, suffering a nervous breakdown. Donald wakes up to find that his experience was in fact a nightmare. At the end of the short Donald looks to the Statue of Liberty and the American flag with renewed appreciation. Der Fuehrer's Face won the 1943 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.
Other notable shorts from this period include the so-called Army shorts, six films that follow Donald's life in the United States Army]] from his drafting to his life at boot camp under sergeant Pete to his first actual mission as a commando having to sabotage a Japanese air base. Titles in the series include:
Donald Gets Drafted - (May 1, 1942)
The Vanishing Private - (September 25, 1942)
Sky Trooper - (November 6, 1942)
Fall Out Fall In - (April 23, 1943)
The Old Army Game - (November 5, 1943)
Commando Duck - (June 2, 1944)
Donald Gets Drafted also featured Donald having a physical examination before joining the army. According to it Donald has flat feet and is unable to distinguish between the colors green and blue, which is a type of color blindness. Also, Sergeant Pete comments on Donald's lack of discipline.
It is also noteworthy that thanks to these films, Donald graced the nose artwork of virtually every type of World War II Allied combat aircraft, from the L-4 Grasshopper scout plane to the B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber.
Donald also appears as a mascot-such as in the Army Air Corps 309th Fighter Sq and the U.S Coast Guard Auxiliary"Corsair Fleet" {For Reference only}
During World War II, Disney cartoons were not allowed to be imported in Europe. Since this cost Disney a lot of money, he decided to create a new audience for his films in South-America. He decided to make a trip through a lot of Latin American countries with his assistants, and use their experiences and impressions to create two feature length animation films. The first was Saludos Amigos, which consisted of four short segments, one with Donald Duck. Here, he meets his pal Jose Carioca. The second film was The Three Caballeros, in which he meets Panchito. [3] [4] Donald during his temper tantrums
In 1945 Donald Duck would be in his famous cartoon short "The Clock Watcher" 1945 where he's late for work and goofs off at work while gift wrapping presents.
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Many of Donald's films made after the war recast the character as the brunt of some other character's pestering. Donald is repeatedly attacked, harassed, and ridiculed by his nephews, by the chipmunks Chip 'n Dale , or by other one-shot characters such as Humphrey the Bear , Buzz the Bee, Bootle Beetle, the Aracuan Bird, Louie the Mountain Lion or a colony of ants. In effect, the Disney artists had reversed the classic "screwball" scenario perfected by Walter Lantz and others in which the main character is the instigator of these harassing behaviors rather than the butt of them. However, by turning the tables, Donald's aggressors come off to some as sadistic or cruel, and some critics have found the films unfunny as a result.
The post-war Donald also starred in educational films, such as Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959), and made cameos in various Disney projects, such as The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and the Disneyland television show (1959). For this latter show, Donald's uncle Ludwig von Drake was created in 1961.
Since Clarence Nash's death in 1985, Donald's voice has been provided by Tony Anselmo, who was mentored by Nash.
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He featured in a rather small part in the television animated series DuckTales. There, Donald joins the Navy, and leaves his nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie with their Uncle Scrooge, who then has to take care of them. Donald appears in two parts of the series premiere, " Treasure of the Golden Suns ", as well as the season 1 episodes "Sphinx for the Memories", "Home Sweet Homer", "A Whale of a Bad Time", "Spies in Their Eyes", "All Ducks on Deck", and "Till Nephews Do Us Part". [7] [8] Donald being offered a handshake with Bonkers D. Bobcat.
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After DuckTales, Donald made a notable cameo appearance in the first episode of Bonkers , in which he is taking a walk through the park before getting captured by a mugger. Bonkers D. Bobcat happens upon Donald and, unaware that the duck is being mugged at the moment, asks for a guest part in his next picture before eventually coming to his rescue when Lucky Piquel shows up to nab the mugger.
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Three years later, Donald starred in his own Disney Afternoon television show Quack Pack. This series featured a modernized Duck family. Donald was no longer wearing his sailor suit and hat, but a Hawaiian shirt (which he would wear again as Maui Mallard in the game Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow). Huey, Dewey and Louie are teenagers, with distinct clothing, voices and personalities. Daisy Duck has lost her pink dress and bow and has a new hairdo. Oddly enough, no other family members - besides Ludwig Von Drake - appear in Quack Pack and all other Duckburg citizens are humans, not ducks.
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Donald next played an important role in Mickey Mouse Works. In the Mouse Works shorts, his role was more or less the same as in the classic shorts. In these shorts, though, he garnered a new adversary in the form of a baby turtle named Shelby, whom he would often have to look after and have a hard time doing so
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Donald Duck reappears as a main character in the computer animated series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. He joins in nearly every adventure Mickey and Friends set off on and helps the gang solve many puzzling problems. But sometimes he lose his temper so mix-up the problems. [9] [10]
edit Donald in comics
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While Donald's cartoons enjoy vast popularity in the United States and around the world, his weekly and monthly comic books enjoy their greatest popularity in many European countries, most in Norway and Finland, but many other countries are right behind - most notably Denmark, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. Most of them are produced and published by the Italian branch of the Walt Disney Company in Italy and by Egmont in Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden.
According to the Inducks, which is a database about Disney comics worldwide, American, Italian and Danish stories have been reprinted in the following countries. In most of them, publications continue: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark (Faroe Islands), Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and Yugoslavia.
[ edit ] Developments under Barks
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In 1942, Western Publishing began creating original comic-book stories about Donald and other Disney characters. Bob Karp worked on the earliest of these, a story called Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold. The new publisher meant new illustrators, in this case, Carl Barks and Jack Hannah. Barks would later repeat the treasure-hunting theme in many more stories.
Barks soon took over the major development of the comic-book version of the duck as both writer and illustrator. Under his pen, the comic version of Donald diverged even further from his animated counterpart, becoming more adventurous, less temperamental, and more eloquent. Pete was the only other major character from the Mickey Mouse comic strip to feature in Barks' new Donald Duck universe.
Barks placed Donald in the city of Duckburg, which Barks populated with a host of supporting players, including Gladstone Gander (1948), Gyro Gearloose (1952), Uncle Scrooge McDuck (1947), Magica de Spell (1961), Flintheart Glomgold (1956), The Beagle Boys (1951), April, May and June (1953), Neighbour Jones (1944) and John D. Rockerduck (1961). Many of Taliaferro's characters made the move to Barks' world as well, including Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Barks placed Donald in both domestic and adventure scenarios, and Uncle Scrooge became one of his favorite characters to pair up with Donald. Scrooge's popularity grew, and by 1952, the character had a comic book of his own. At this point, Barks concentrated his major efforts on the Scrooge stories, and Donald's appearances became more focused on comedy or he was recast as Scrooge's reluctant helper, following his rich uncle around the globe.
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One day, Donald goes to see the King in the morning, but is shocked to see that he has been kidnapped, leaving behind only a letter in the mouth of the Mickey's dog Pluto , explaining his absence. Donald rushes to tell Goofy about the King's absence, but his secret is quickly discovered by Minnie and Daisy when telling what happened to Goofy.
Mickey's letter explains that darkness is threatening the worlds, which appear as stars in the night sky, and have been blinking out one by one. Therefore, he left in order to study and counter the threat, and provides Donald and Goofy with the mission to seek out the " Key ". To start, they should head to a world called Traverse Town , and find a man named Squall Leonhart .
Donald and Goofy, loyal to their king and concerned about his welfare as well as the worlds', agree to take on the mission. Minnie also introduces them to another traveling companion, Jiminy Cricket , who will chronicle their travels in his journal .
With the three of them as well as Pluto, they take the Gummi Ship and begin their journey.
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Sora, having encountered a mysterious figure , goes with Donald and Goofy to Castle Oblivion . Inside, they discuss going further into the castle, realizing that all four of them, including Jiminy, feel that Riku and the King are in the castle. But before they can progress, they meet the mysterious man once more. Donald, assuming the man to be a Heartless, attacks, but finds out that none of his spells will function. (It is never told how he relearns his spells as they progress into the castle as he is still used for magic as a friend card.) The man reveals that Sora and his friends forgot every single ability they knew as soon as they entered the castle. In addition, the figure remarks that in this castle, they will find someone they know. Granting Sora a card, the figure leaves, and the others are compelled to follow.
Sora, using the card, goes deeper into the castle, only to find that he is in Traverse Town. In addition, Donald and Goofy have disappeared, being at the mercy of the cards that control Castle Oblivion. After learning to battle, Sora reunites with Donald and Goofy, who have also gained new clothes. The three continue on, meeting memory versions of the people they have encountered in Kingdom Hearts.
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Donald, like Sora and Goofy, has been asleep in special chambers to regain his lost memories. Donald is unknowingly visited by Roxas, Sora's Nobody . Donald and Goofy are the first to wake up out of the trio. Sora awakes soon after and is reunited with Donald and Goofy. The three encounter Hayner , Pence and Olette when they enter Twilight Town , and then a group of Nobodies at the train station, but are saved by the timely arrival of King Mickey, who sends them off to the tower of Yen Sid, who Donald greatly respects. The trio also encounter Pete the Cat at the tower.
Donald and Goofy journey with Sora across the stars again in search of the missing Riku, who is actually following them and leaving them clues to his location and Roxas' connection to Sora. Donald helps out several times during the journey, including finally killing Oogie Boogie by stepping on the bug that is his core conscious. However, Donald seems to develop an attraction to treasure (probably an inherited trait from his Uncle Scrooge), as seen in Agrabah , where he fights Abu for a red diamond, and in Port Royal , where Sora and Goofy share a joke about Donald being lost to the curse of the Aztec gold, much to Donald's irritation.
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[15] [16] Donald in Kingdom Hearts Birth By SleepDonald appears in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep with Goofy at the Mysterious Tower , the two supporting King Mickey and witnessing him learn to better harness the power of his Keyblade under Yen Sid. At some point within the storyline, both Donald and Goofy encounter Ventus and Aqua , Donald later becoming a Dimension Link for both of them. When Ventus uses the Star Fragment that Yen Sid gave Mickey to transport to the Mysterious Tower, Yen Sid uses magic to tell Mickey's whereabouts and tortured condition.
Seeing their king is in trouble, Donald and Goofy prepare to depart for the Keyblade Graveyard, Yen Sid persuades them otherwise to go with Ventus, but Ventus, knowing they are no match for Master Xehanort , decides to go on his own. At the end of the game, Donald observes with Goofy as Mickey hands in the Star Fragment and his Keyblade, thinking he had failed to reach his goal, and is overly thrilled when Yen Sid returns the weapon to his king.
edit Other video games
Outside of Kingdom Hearts, Donald has starred in many video games of his own. Among the more notable ones:
[ edit ] Magical Quest 3
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Through out his career, Donald has shown that he's jealous of Mickey and wants his job as Disney's greatest star. In the early Disney shorts, Mickey and Donald were partners, but by the time The Mickey Mouse Club aired on television, it was shown that Donald always wanted the spotlight. One animated short that rivaled the famous Mickey Mouse song was showing Huey, Dewey, and Louie as Boy Scouts and Donald as their Scoutmaster at a cliff near a remote forest and Donald leads them in a song mirroring the Mouseketeers theme "D-O-N-A-L-D D-U-C-K-! Donald Duck!" The rivalry would cause Donald some problems, in the 1988 TV special Mickey's 60th Birthday, where Mickey is cursed by a sorcerer to become unnoticed, the world believes Mickey to be kidnapped. Donald Duck is then arrested for the kidnapping of Mickey, as he is considered to be the chief suspect, due to their rivalry. However, Donald did later get the charges dismissed, due to lack of evidence.
Walt Disney , in his Wonderful World of Color, would sometimes make reference to the rivalry. Walt, one time, had presented Donald with a gigantic birthday cake and commented how it was "even bigger than Mickey's", which pleased Donald. The clip was rebroadcast in November 1984 during a TV special honoring Donald's 50th birthday.
The rivalry between Mickey and Donald has also been shown in Disney's House of Mouse . It was shown that Donald wanted to be the Club's founder and wanted to change the name from House of Mouse to House of Duck. However, in later episodes, Donald accepted that Mickey was the founder and worked with Mickey as a partner to make the club profitable.
Mickey Mouse has failed to realize how much Donald does not like him at times, and always counts him as one of his best friends. Despite the rivalry, Donald seems to be an honest friend of Mickey's, and will be faithful to him in tough situations, such as working with Mickey and Goofy as a team akin to the Three Musketeers. In the Kingdom Hearts games, Donald is quite loyal to Mickey, even briefly leaving Sora to follow King Mickey's orders.
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Donald Duck is the only popular film and television cartoon character to appear as a mascot for the sports team of a major American university, namely, the Oregon Ducks at the University of Oregon.
Donald's name and image are also used on numerous commercial products, one example being Donald Duck Orange Juice, introduced by Citrus World in 1940.
n 2004, Donald received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, joining other fictional characters such as Mickey Mouse , Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, The Simpsons, Winnie the Pooh, Kermit the Frog, Godzilla and Snow White.
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Which spirit is traditionally used to make a Sazarac cocktail? | Sazerac Company
How the Sazerac Cocktail Came to Be
In 1838, Antoine Amedie Peychaud, owner of a New Orleans apothecary, treated his friends to brandy toddies of his own recipe, including his "Peychaud's Bitters," made from a secret family recipe. The toddies were made using a double-ended egg cup as a measuring cup or jigger, then known as a "coquetier" (pronounced "ko-k-tay"), from which the word "cocktail" was derived. Thus, the world's first cocktail was born!
By 1850, the Sazerac Cocktail, made with Sazerac French brandy and Peychaud's Bitters, was immensely popular, and became the first "branded" cocktail. In 1873, the recipe for the Sazerac Cocktail was altered to replace the French brandy with American Rye whiskey, and a dash of absinthe was added.
In 1933, the Sazerac Cocktail was bottled and marketed by the Sazerac Company of New Orleans. That same year, "Herbsaint," a pastis, was made according to a French recipe; "Herbsaint" was so named for the New Orleans term for wormwood - "Herb Sainte."
In 1940, the Official Sazerac Cocktail recipe was modified to use Herbsaint as the absinthe.
Finally, in 2000, the Official Sazerac Cocktail recipe was modified to use Sazerac Kentucky Straight Rye Whiskey.
The Official Sazerac Cocktail
| Rye whiskey |
In human anatomy, the ‘sinciput’ forms which part of the body? | Classic Cocktails
Bring elegance to any brunch.
Mimosa
Celebrate Cinco de Mayo year-round with the tasty tequila Paloma cocktail.
Paloma
The cognac-and-rye classic Vieux Carré cocktail was invented at New Orleans’ famed Carousel Bar.
Vieux Carré
Celebrate the Scottish folk hero with the classic whisky-based Rob Roy cocktail.
Rob Roy
The classic Scotch-based Blood and Sand cocktail tastes like neither.
Blood and Sand
Love the Tom Collins? Try its frothy, bubbly cousin, the Gin Fizz.
Gin Fizz
Like Mint Juleps? You’ll love the Whiskey Smash, a citrusy 19th-century cooler.
Whiskey Smash
This old-school classic gin Aviation cocktail is as blue as the sky.
Aviation
The Manhattan cocktail—now this is what the Manhattan Project should’ve been about.
Manhattan
Mojito
What’s the perfect way to capture summer all year long? A well-mixed Mojito, of course.
Mojito
It doesn’t get much simpler or more refreshing than the classic Gimlet.
Gimlet
Celebrate Derby Day year-round with the Mint Julep, a classic bourbon refresher.
Mint Julep
Forget the Hurricane. The Sazerac is what you should drink in New Orleans.
Sazerac
Negroni
The Negroni Cocktail is a classic Italian drink. Order a Negroni and you’ll be sure to Impress your bartender.
Negroni
Drambuie Rusty Nail
No need for a tetanus shot after a run-in with this classic Scotch cocktail, the Rusty Nail.
Drambuie Rusty Nail
The Old Fashioned cocktail is old-school but never out of fashion.
Old Fashioned
Find out why the dark rum-based Daiquiri is a classic.
Daiquiri
Even when this drink describes the weather, you’ll feel warm on the inside.
Dark 'n Stormy
Possibly named for a World War I field gun, this classic drink packs a wallop.
French 75
The Dry Martini is a classic cocktail that, like a tailored suit, is timeless.
Dry Martini
This whiskey drink was invented in Paris while the US suffered through Prohibition.
Scofflaw
This pre-Prohibition classic is one of Philadelphia’s contributions to mixological history.
Clover Club
Mix up this classic Martini variation.
Gibson
Boulevardier
Swap out the gin in a Negroni for rye whiskey and you get the delicious Boulevardier.
Boulevardier
Pay tribute to 007 by mixing up his signature Vesper cocktail.
Vesper
The Moscow Mule is a strong, Russian workhorse of a drink.
Moscow Mule
Mudslide
The Mudslide cocktail, a classic blend of vodka, coffee liqueur and Irish cream, is both drink and dessert.
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Which religious reformer and theologian appeared before the ‘Diet of Worms’ in Germany in 1521? | Martin Luther | German religious leader | Britannica.com
German religious leader
Last Updated:
10-15-2008
Martin Luther, (born Nov. 10, 1483, Eisleben , Saxony [Germany]—died Feb. 18, 1546, Eisleben), German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation . Through his words and actions, Luther precipitated a movement that reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of Western Christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions, mainly Lutheranism , Calvinism , the Anglican Communion , the Anabaptists , and the Antitrinitarians. He is one of the most influential figures in the history of Christianity .
Martin Luther, oil on panel by Lucas Cranach, 1529; in the Uffizi, Florence.
Photos.com/Thinkstock
| Martin Luther |
Which cathedral contains the tomb of English monarch Edward II? | Worms - Luther Denkmal
Worms
Description
The Luther Monument (Luther-Denkmal) in Worms is the largest Reformation monument in the world and contains nine statues and eight portrait medallions of the most important figures in the Reformation. The monument includes twelve statues:
Click on a column for an enlargement in a separate window
Centerpiece of the monument:
Statue of Martin Luther. Signed: E. Rietschel fecit.
Martin Luther (Eisleben 1483 - id. 1546), Initiator of the Protestant Reformation ( Wikipedia ).
Seated at his feet are the main forerunners of the Reformation:
2
(click on the photo for an enlargement in a separate window.)
hieronymus savonarola 1498. Signed: A. Donndorf fecit.
Girolamo Savonarola (Ferrara 1452 - Florence 1498), an Italian Dominican friar, Scholastic, preached vehemently against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time ( Wikipedia ).
petrus waldus 1197. Signed: A. Donndorf fecit.
Peter Waldo, also Pierre Vaudès or de Vaux (c. 1140 - c. 1218), credited as the founder of the Waldensians, a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages ( Wikipedia ).
johann wiclef 1387. Signed: E. Rietschel fecit.
John Wycliffe (Ipreswell c. 1328 - Lutterworth 1384), English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher, known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church; his followers were known as Lollards ( Wikipedia ).
johann huss 1415. Signed: G. Kietz fecit.
Jan Hus (Husinec c. 1369 - Konstanz 1415), Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, he was, before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli, the first actual Church reformer ( Wikipedia ).
On the corners in front of Luther, two powerful princes who played a large role in the political success of the Reformation:
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friedrich der weise kurfürst von sachsen. Signed: A. Donndorf fecit.
Friedrich III., auch Friedrich der Weise, Kurfürst von Sachsen (Frederick III, Elector of Saxony) (Torgau 1463 - Langau 1525), one of the most powerful early defenders of Martin Luther, Lutheranism, and the Protestant Reformation ( Wikipedia ).
philipp der grossmütige landgraf von hessen. Signed: G. Kietz fecit.
Philipp I. der Großmütige Landgraf von Hessen (Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse) (Marburg 1504 - Kassel 1567), leading champion of the Reformation and one of the most important German rulers of the Reformation ( Wikipedia ).
On the corners behind Luther, two important Protestant scholars
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johannes reuchlin. Signed: A. Donndorf fecit.
Johannes Reuchlin (Pforzheim 1455 - Stuttgart 1522), a German humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, although suspected of a leaning toward Protestantism, Reuchlin never left the Roman Catholic Church ( Wikipedia ).
philipp melanchthon. Signed: G. Kietz fecit.
Philipp Melanchthon (Bretren 1497 - Wittenberg 1560), born Philipp Schwartzerdt, was a German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation ( Wikipedia ).
Three seated women on the sides represent the first German cities to adopt Protestantism:
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Poland, Russia, Sweden, Latvia, Germany and Finland all have a border on which body of water? | Political Map of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Denmark - Atlapedia® Online
Lithuania
Lithuania is a former republic of the USSR. It is bound by the Baltic Sea to the west, Latvia to the north, Poland and the Kalinigrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest as well as Belarus to the south and east....
Norway
Norway is located on the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula in North West Europe. It is bound by the Arctic Ocean to the north, Sweden, Finland and Russia to the east, the Norwegian Sea to the west and the Skagerrak Strait to the south....
Sweden
Sweden is located on the east side of the Scandinavian Peninsula in North Europe. It is bound by Finland, the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Sea to the east, Kattegat to the southwest and Norway to the west and northwest....
| Baltic Sea |
Poet Wendy Cope wrote ‘Making Cocoa For……’who’? | Baltic Sea Pollution
Baltic Sea Pollution
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CASE NUMBER: 218 CASE MNEMONIC: BALTIC CASE NAME: Baltic Sea Pollution A. IDENTIFICATION 1. The Issue The health of the Baltic Sea has been seriously damaged since the 1960s due to excessive pollution from the countries in its catchment area. The pollution, such as untreated human waste, toxic materials, and metal (e.g. lead), have resulted in stratification of the Baltic Sea. This process known as stratification has left certain layers of the Baltic mostly freshwater while rendering other layers saltwater. The Baltic Sea, when it is stable, is a mix of freshwater from the rivers of Europe, and saltwater from the North Sea which flows through the straits around Denmark. The source of much of the pollution was, and still is, from the countries of the former Soviet Union and East Bloc. This pollution, in turn, harms a variety of other industries, including fishing and tourism. 2. Description Because of unrestricted and (environmentally) unregulated industry, factory waste was disposed directly into the Baltic Sea or into rivers which fed the Baltic. A second problem is agricultural run-off, all from western European countries. These chemicals run off land and into the water supply, eventually ending up in the Baltic Sea. With the fall of the communist states, central and eastern Europe the issue is now to move towards a collective plan to clean-up the Baltic (see BLACKSEA case). Many positive steps are being taken by the countries which either border on the sea, or are in its catchment area. The most significant of these steps is the Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environment Action Program, which will be described in more detail in the next section. The countries directly effected are the nine which line the Baltic coast: Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany, and Denmark. The catchment area includes Norway, Belarus, Ukraine, the Czech Republic, and the Slovak Republic (see KRAKOW and POLWASTE cases). "[T]he Baltic Sea's rich biodiversity is threatened by environmental pollution that could cause irreversible damage to a sea that is an important source of economic and recreation for more than 80 million people who live along its coast and within its catchment area. The sea is very important to the tourism and fishing industries of the Baltic countries. Species of fish such as herring, sprat, and cod are affected by pollution from urban areas, industries, and agriculture (fertilizers). The goal of the Baltic nations is to reduce the amount of pollution which reaches the Baltic Sea in order to preserve the precious fishing and tourism trade in each country. The Baltics have agreed on a Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Program. It was approved by the Diplomatic Conference of Ministers of the Environment in Helsinki, Finland in April, 1992. The program has six components. 1. "[A] set of policy, legal, and regulatory reforms that establish a long-term environmental management framework in each country." 2. "[I]nstitutional strengthening and human resource development." 3. "[A] program for infrastructure investment in specific measures to control point and nonpoint sources of pollution and to minimize and dispose of wastes." 4. "[T]o aid in the management of coastal lagoons and wetlands." 5. "[S]upporting applied research to build the knowledge base needed to develop solutions, transfer technology, and broaden understanding of critical problems." 6. "[W]ill encourage public awareness and environmental education to develop a broad and sustainable base of support for implementation of the other components." The Baltic Sea, the largest body of brackish water (brackish water is slightly salty water) on Earth, was considered healthy as late as the 1950s. Since then, the Baltic's health has seriously deteriorated due to waste from expanding industry and large urban areas, fertilizers used in agriculture, and the development of wetland areas. The fishing and recreation industries have already been affected by the pollution in the Baltic, and action was needed to prevent permanent damage. Recent steps to clean up the Baltic have been made possible with the end of the East-West divide. The 14 countries of the catchment area are now on schedule to carry out a comprehensive program to improve the environment in and around the Baltic Sea. The Baltic is important to these countries for many reasons. Economically, the Baltic is a vacation area for many Europeans. This provides service jobs in tourism and recreation. "The coastal areas also serve as spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds for several species of marine and freshwater fish." Some of the species effected are mentioned above. "The value of the catches, which amounts today to about 540 million European currency units (ECU) per year, is an indication of the considerable economic importance of the Baltic fishery." 3. Related Cases BLACKSEA case JAPANSEA case MEDIT case CASPIAN case POLWASTE case ORESUND case Keyword Clusters (1): Trade Product = FISH (2): Bio-geography = OCEAN (3): Environmental Problem = Pollution Sea [POLS] 4. Draft Author: Scott A. Kocher B. Legal Clusters 5. Discourse and Status: AGReement and COMPlete The Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Program (BSJCEAP) program was the result of a study by a Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) high-level task force (HLTF) from 1990-1992. The task forces included the 9 countries which border the Baltic, the 5 countries in the catchment area, the Commission of the EC, and 4 international financial institutions (IMF, EBRD, Nordic Investment Bank, and World Bank). The BSJCEAP was approved in April, 1992. 6. Forum and Scope: HELCOM REGIONal The BSJCEAP was developed under the auspices of the Helsinki Commission from 1990-1992. The Helsinki Commission is a regional organization. 7. Decision Breadth: 14 (European Countries) The 14 countries in the Baltic Sea catchment area: Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany, Norway, Belarus, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Ukraine and Denmark. All of the above named countries are supposed to abide by the decisions stated in the BSJCEAP. 8. Legal Standing: TREATY The Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Program is not technically a treaty, it is however a joint understanding among its adherents. C. GEOGRAPHIC Clusters 9. Geographic Locations a. Geographic Domain : EUROPE b. Geographic Site : Northern Europe [NEUR] c. Geographic Impact : BALTIC Sea More specifically, the actual problem conflict between trade and the environment is occurring in northern Europe, in the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. 10. Sub-National Factors: YES Although the Baltic Sea Joint Environmental Action Program was completed by national governments its effects will trickle down to the local level. The program is promote research, and environmental awareness and education. Also, funds will be allocated to improve standards, safely dispose of waste, and conserve wetlands. Furthermore, in September, 1991 representatives from 32 Baltic towns and cities met in Gdansk, Poland to form the Union of the Baltic Cities. It will address political and economic questions which will have an effect on improving the environment of the Baltic Sea. "The goals of the Union of the Baltic Cities are far-reaching and include cultural awareness, improved transportation and telecommunications, and environmental protection." Clearly, not all of the work will be done on the national level: "Although much of the policymaking necessary to restore the Baltic is the responsibility of officials at the national and international levels, such matters as improved sewage treatment, district heating systems, and handling of refuse are usually dealt with by individual cities." Sub-national factors in the Baltic Sea will definitely have an impact on the environment improvement of the area and on promoting trade. 11. Type of Habitat: OCEAN D. TRADE Clusters 12. Type of Measure: Regulatory standards [REGSTD] 13. Direct vs. Indirect Impacts: INDirect 14. Relation of Measure to Environmental Impact a. Directly Related : NO b. Indirectly Related : YES FISH c. Not Related: : NO d. Process Related : NO Pollution Sea [POLS] 15. Trade Product Identification: FISH 16. Economic Data 17. Impact of Measure on Trade Competitiveness: MEDium 18. Industry Sector: FOOD 19. Exporter and Importer: MANY and MANY E. ENVIRONMENT Clusters 20. Environmental Problem Type: Sea Pollution [POLS] The waste includes industrial emissions, agricultural runoff (fertilizers), urban pollution, untreated sewage, wastewater from pulp-and-paper and other industries, toxic substances and heavy metals. Many different species are threatened in the Baltic Sea, but the most often mentioned are herring, salmon, and cod (see UKCOD case). 21. Name, Type, and Diversity of Species Name: MANY Type: MANY Diversity: MANY 22. Resource Impact and Effect: MEDium and SCALE While the threat to the Baltic Sea is very serious, it appears that the problem has been realized in time to prevent an environmental disaster. Now that the countries which surround the Baltic (and contribute water to it) realize there is a problem and are doing something about. One note of caution about being overly optimistic on the program to clean-up the Baltic working should be offered. If the economies of the former Soviet republics and the former East Bloc begin to have greater economic difficulties, then they will be less inclined to follow environmental regulations. 23. Urgency and Lifetime: MEDium and 100s of years 24. Substitutes: Biodegradable [BIODG] products F. OTHER Factors 25. Culture: NO However, the countries which are involved in this case are either industrialized or on the road to being industrialized. This "industrial culture" which is prevalent in these countries contributes to the pollution in the Baltic. The fish, which are part of the trade aspect of this case, are part of the diet of the people from the Baltic Sea countries and the countries they export the fish to. This too is culture through dietary preferences. 26. Trans-Border: Yes The Baltic Sea is shared by nine different countries. The sea is a resource and a vacation spot for many, and is a part of their collective heritage. 27. Rights: NO 28. Relevant Literature "Baltic Blues," The Warsaw Voice, 4 July 1993. "Baltic Countries: The GFP Vision," The Warsaw Voice, January 9, 1994. "Cleaning Up After the Party," Financial Times, 22 September 1993, 22. "EC: The Helsinki Convention 1992 -- Improving the Baltic Sea Environment," Reuter Textline, July 23, 1993. "Ecofund to Finance New Projects," Business News From Poland, October 15, 1993. "Estonia Agreement with Finland on Environmental Cooperation," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 16 July 1993. "Finns, Estonians Want to Clean Up Baltic Sea," Reuter Library Report, July 2, 1993. Kindler, Janusz, and Lintner, Stephen F. "An Action Plan to Clean Up the Baltic." Environment, October 1993. Joenniemi, Pertti. "Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region." Washington: Taylor & Francis, 1993. "Official Analysis Belarussian Ecological Situation," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 28, 1994. "Poland Unequalled in Baltic Pollution," Polish News Bulletin, 26 October, 1993. "Polish Ecological Contrasts," Polish News Bulletin, December 3, 1993. "Pollution Threatens All Baltic Salmon," Chicago Tribune, September 2, 1993, 11. "Swedes Cooperate in Protection of Polish Environment," PAP News Wire, September 24, 1993. "Uranium Dump Perils Estonia Sea," Chicago Tribune, 23 May 1993, 20. References
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The ‘Osborne Bull’ is the unofficial national symbol of which European country? | Spain's (unofficial) national symbol is 50! - Gadling
Gadling
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Gadling
by Abha Malpani on
Nov 20, 2007
It used to be the trademark of the popular Spanish sherry company “Osborne” . A random marketing whim 50-years ago made the company erect about 90 14-meter high metallic silhouettes of a bull on all major highways across Spain; now they resemble the country. What a lucky fluke for Osborne, I doubt their marketing prowess foresaw that.
Around 1988, Spain introduced a law where there couldn’t be any publicity on the highways. Osborne got rid of their branding on the bull so they could still stand. Obviously, campaigners protested, but apparently public demand to keep the silhouette is what saved Osborne’s metallic structures, and it is still referred to as the “El Toro De Osborne” (The Osborne Bull).
Other than pointing it out to grandchildren on road-trips, the Spaniards I spoke to about this bull had neutral sentiments. “They chose a bull to represent their brand, then blew it up and put it all around the country,” is what they said; far from an ingenious plan I suppose.
In Catalunya, groups have protested : “we don’t want Spanish symbols in our territory”, and post many attempts to knock down the bulls; now there are none in that region.
Other than Catalunya, Cantabria and Murcia are the other two provinces without the bull; Alicante and Cádiz have the most. It’s the same bull you see on T-shirts, key-chains, stickers, posters and Spanish flags that you can buy in souvenir shops.
In celebration of the bull’s 50-years of existence, an art competition has been launched in the country where you can submit your artistic representations of the bull to win theme park tickets valid for 2008 (yaay?), Sony PlayStation 3, or a 100cc Motorcycle.
| Spain |
In French cookery, what is the main ingredient of an ‘Amandine’ sauce? | The Black Bulls of Spain - the Truth | Holiday Deals, Cheap Flights & City Breaks
admin May 31, 2012 Europe , Features
Anyone who has spent any time driving around Spain will most likely have come across one of its most impressive roadside “monuments” – a 14-metre high, two-dimensional image of a bull, silhouetted against the sky. These are usually found on top of hills and are a powerful and arresting image.
So famous have these become, that they are now seen as one of Spain’s unofficial national symbols, with the iconic image of the bull to be found on t-shirts, drink coasters, stickers, key rings – in fact, just about every item of tourist gift paraphernalia you can think of. The bull is also superimposed on Spanish flags by sports fans at international events, such as the 2010 World Cup, in which Spain was ultimately victorious.
But although the bull silhouette is instantly recognisable to mostly anyone who has spent any time on Spanish holidays, how many of us are aware of its origins, and it’s “true” meaning? There is a widespread belief among foreign visitors – and even among some Spaniards themselves – that the bull is some kind of public monument, perhaps placed there by the tourist board. Others think that it is the remnants of some patriotic propaganda campaign from the time of Franco. The truth is both more prosaic and more strange than either explanation, however.
The black bull is actually the commercial trade mark of sherry and spirits manufacturer Osborne, and the bulls that can be found throughout Spain are the results of a rather unique advertising campaign. The bulls are in fact huge billboards to promote the company’s Brandy de Jerez in the Spanish countryside and were very popular from the inception of the advertising campaign in 1956, when the first Osborne bull (or toro de Osborne in Spanish) appeared after they were devised by designer and illustrator Manolo Prieto.
The bulls were black, as they are now, but had the name of the brandy – “Veterano” – inscribed in red in the middle.
In 1994 a law was passed banning all advertising by the side of national roads, and all the billboards were ordered to be taken down. This turned out to be a bad move by the government, as there was a public outcry against the ban – the toros de Osborne had grown to be a proud national symbol and were much beloved by the Spanish people! A compromise was eventually worked out – the bulls could stay, but the brand name had to be completely blacked out so there was no reference to the original advertising campaign. The Spanish supreme court ruled that the bulls were now a figure of public domain, due to their contribution to the Spanish landscape and their “aesthetic or cultural significance.”
Nowadays, the family of Félix Tejada is tasked with maintaining the 90-odd Osborne bulls across Spain. Only two remain with the name of the original company on them – both in Osborne’s home province of Cádiz. One is in the town of El Puerto de Santa Maria, where the company headquarters is still to be found, and the other can be spotted by tourists flying in to Jerez de la Frontera Airport.
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What is the surname of the family in the tv series ‘Bonanza’? | Bonanza
Bonanza
It’s hard to think of this show without that well-known Bonanza theme song immediately playing in your mind, and remembering the whole Cartwright clan riding across the Ponderosa. But I have to admit that, as a young teenager, I had something of a crush on Little Joe! Who could resist his character with that handsome smile and beautiful pinto horse? Little Joe and his paint horse were definitely the flashiest combo of the Cartwright clan!
To help put you back in a "Bonanza" mood, click on the center button in the video box below to hear that great theme and see some good pictures of the whole clan!
Background of the Show
The Bonanza tv show was set in the time during and after the Civil War, and was all about the Cartwright family which included the father, Ben, and his 3 sons Adam, Hoss, and Little Joe.
Did you ever wonder why those 3 brothers didn't look anything alike? That's right! Each one had a different mother and none of those women had survived! Wow; Ben had his share of bad luck in that department! Not wanting to mess up a successful formula, the show stayed consistent with that theme - any love interest that developed for a Cartwright man didn't last any longer than a cold drink on a hot day!
Here's a little bit about the Bonanza cast -
Ben (played by Lorne Greene) was the owner of the very large (1,000 square miles) and very prosperous Ponderosa Ranch, which was situated around Lake Tahoe in Nevada.
Adam (played be Pernell Roberts) was the oldest son. He was an architect and built that great ranch house where the Cartwrights lived. Adam was handsome and always dressed in black - quiet, serious, the strong, silent type!
Next was Eric (played by Dan Blocker), but we all knew him as Hoss, who obviously got that nickname because of his size. He was a big guy who looked even bigger in his trademark 10-gallon hat. Hoss was gentle, sometimes naive, and not the brightest member of the clan!
And then there was Little Joe (my personal favorite - played by Michael Landon) who was the youngest. He was hot-headed and, with his good looks and flashy smile, quite the ladies man!
DID YOU KNOW?
Bonanza came close to being cancelled at the end of its first year! But the fact that it was considered a "novelty" because it was shown in color made all the difference! RCA, the parent company of NBC, wanted to sell more color television sets so they used Bonanza as a marketing gimmick and moved it to a prime Sunday night timeslot believing it would attract more viewers there! Obviously they were right; Bonanza was in the Top 5 shows for 9 of its 14 years on TV.
All About the Show
Unlike the usual shoot'em-up, Bonanza was the first “dramatic” TV Western show. The episodes were much more about relationships between the cast members and the guest stars than they were about hunting down the bad guy. Each episode usually had a serious theme to it, something "issue-oriented", built around themes such as racism, prejudice and social injustice. This was a first for TV because the networks were afraid of letters they might receive.
Another first for Bonanza - it was the first Western to be televised in color.
Each show mixed the adventures of one or two of the Cartwrights, their ranching and mining business, and an assortment of characters who crossed their paths in some way.
The 4 main actors were considered equal stars but, in case you didn't notice, the credits were rotated each week so that top billing was given equally.
A supporting cast of other characters also appeared in the Bonanza TV show. They included -
Hop Sing (played by Victor Sen Yung) who was a Chinese immigrant and the Cartwright family cook; Sheriff Roy Coffee (played by Ray Teal); deputy Clem Foster (played by Bing Russell); "Candy" Canaday (played by David Canary) who was the Cartwright's ranch foreman; Ben's friend Dusty Rhodes (played by Lou Frizzel); Jamie Hunter (played by Mitch Vogel) played the orphaned son of a rainmaker and was adopted by Ben in a 1971 episode; and ranch hand Griff King (played by Tim Matheson) was a parolee in Ben's custody.
DID YOU NOTICE THIS?
From the third season on, all of the Cartwrights and nearly every other recurring character on the show wore the same clothing in almost every episode! Why? To cut down the cost of refiming. They could use the same footage over and over. Here's who wore what:
Ben: Taupe shirt, brown leather vest, gray pants, creme colored hat and an occasional green scarf.
Adam: Black shirt, black pants, black hat (sounds a little like a "bad guy"!) and occasionally a yellow trail coat.
Hoss: White shirt, brown suede vest, brown pants, and his trademark 10-gallon hat.
Little Joe: Gray shirt, green corduroy jacket, tan pants, tan hat. And, from the tenth season on he also wore black leather gloves.
Candy Canaday: Crimson shirt, black pants, black leather vest, black hat and a green scarf.
The Cartwrights were America's favorite Western family for 14 years while the show ran from 1959 to 1973. But Dan Blocker (Hoss) died suddenly from a post-op bloodclot in 1972 and the show was moved from its Sunday night spot (crucial to success) to Tuesday night, opposite the new comedy "Maude". Many believe that Hoss was an essential character because he balanced out the all male cast, and that his loss had much to do with the show's cancellation.
What Happened to the Actors?
DAN BLOCKER died suddenly in 1972 from a post-op bloodclot following gallbladder surgery in Los Angeles. He was 43 years old.
Here's a little personal info about Dan Blocker:
He was born in DeKalb, TX and was a big guy right from the start.... weighing 14 pounds at birth! He spent most of his boyhood years in O'Donnell, TX and that town has a bust of Dan on display in the O'Donnell Heritage Museum. He was married (wife's name Dolphia) and they had twin daughters (Danna and Debra) and 2 sons (David and Dirk).
LORNE GREENE died in 1987 of complications from prostate cancer in Santa Monica, California. He was 72 years old.
Here's some other info about Lorne Greene:
He was born in Ottawa, Canada and his real name was Lyon Green. His deep, rich voice got him into broadcasting and, during the early years of World War II, he was known as "the voice of doom" because his reporting of the international conflict was so somber and dramatic. In addition to "Bonanza", Lorne was in several movies and TV series, such as "Griff", "Code Red, "Battlestar Gallactica", and he had a number 1 hit record in 1964 which was a spoken (not sung) ballad called "Ringo".
MICHAEL LANDON had 2 very successful series after Bonanza - "Little House on the Prairie" and "Highway to Heaven". He had filmed the pilot for another series when he was diagnosed with pancretic cancer and died in 1991. He was 54 years old.
PERNELL ROBERTS starred in the successful series "Trapper John, M.D." after Bonanza. His last appearance was in an episode of "Diagnosis Murder" in 2001. Pernell died from pancreatic cancer on Jan. 24, 2010.
Here are some more details about Pernell Roberts:
He was born May 18, 1928 in Waycross, GA and showed his talents from a young age. During high school he played the horn, sang, and acted in school plays. His involvement with music continued while he was in the Marine Corps, playing tuba and horn in the Marine Corps Band.
His first professional appearance on stage was at the Olney Theatre in Maryland, in 1949, in "The Man Who Came to Dinner". Over the next 10 years he appeared in lots and lots of productions, including the American Shakespeare Festival, playing both leading and supporting roles.
Pernell Roberts made his television debut in 1956 in an episode of Kraft Television Theater ("Shadow of Suspicion"). From then until he was cast in Bonanza in 1959, he had guest roles in many TV shows such as Gunsmoke, Sugarfoot, Have Gun - Will Travel, Route 66, Lawman, Bronco, 77 Sunset Strip, GE Theater, The Detectives, and Cheyenne. He continued doing theatre productions during this time and also co-starred with James Coburn in "Ride Lonesome". He felt a bit type cast by Westerns but some say those were his finest roles.
He had some reservations about the concept of Bonanza when he was offered the part of Adam Cartwright in 1959, mainly that 3 grown men were portrayed as adolescents needing their father's permission or approval for everything they did. But he accepted the role when he was promised that all 4 characters would be clearly defined with carefully prepared scripts. This never happened, according to Pernell, who considered himself to be a more "serious" actor. While he appreciated the success and popularity of the show, he said that he just didn't enjoy doing it. He fulfilled his 6-year contract and then left the show. Later episodes explained Adam's absence by saying that he was running the family ranching business on the East Coast, or that he was traveling in Europe, or that he was at sea.
The last episode that Pernell Roberts appeared in was "To Own the World" which aired on April 18, 1965. The story line was kept open in case he wanted to come back, but he never did. Show Producer David Dortort later said that he didn't appreciate Pernell enough and regretted letting him leave the show.
After Bonanza he returned to his favorite medium, theatre, and played regional and circuit theaters as well as Broadway where he had the opportunity to use his accomplished singing and acting talents. He wasn't thru with television, though, as he continued to guest star in a variety of regular shows.
In 1979 he returned to television in the starring role of Trapper John, MD until its final airing in 1986. He received an Emmy nomination for this role in 1981.
Pernell Roberts hobbies were reading literature, cooking, swimming, running, and playing tennis. He was married 4 times. At the time of his death he was married to Eleanor Criswell, and he had only 1 child (with his first wife, Vera Mowry). His son Christopher Roberts was killed in a motorcycle accident in 1989 at the age of 37.
What do you remember most about Bonanza?
Please share your special memories of the Bonanza show and its great cast of characters.
Bonanza Memories
| Wainwright |
In Greek mythology, sisters Stheno, Euryale and Medusa were the three what? | Bonanza | TVLAND.com
Bonanza
Schedule
Bonanza
Bonanza was one of the longest running and most popular of all TV Westerns. For 14 seasons, audiences enthusiastically tuned in to see the High Sierra adventures of the Cartwright clan. Nestled above the shores of Lake Tahoe is the Ponderosa Ranch, home of Ben Cartwright and his sons Adam, Hoss and Joe (a.k.a. "Little Joe"). Each of the young men was born to a different deceased mother, making poor Ben a three-time widower. Strong characters and intriguing plots helped to set Bonanza apart from the usual gun-slinging formula shows of its heyday.
One reason for Bonanza's success was the show's attention to script development. The characters were allowed to grow and evolve; story lines crossed into controversial topics, exploring racial tension, domestic violence and substance abuse. Each of the Cartwright men developed relationships with women on the show; although almost every woman that came into their lives died tragically.
When it premiered on NBC Sept. 12, 1959, Bonanza was not an immediate ratings winner, but the show remained on the air due to the fact that it was one of few shows filmed in color. After barely surviving its first two seasons on Saturday nights, the show moved to Sunday and became a hit: It was the No. 1 show four years in a row from 1964 to 1967. In 10 of its 14 years on the air, Bonanza was in the national Top 10 -- quite a comeback for those Cartwrights.
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Rhythm and Blues musician and vocalist Ellas Otha Bates was better known by what name? | Bo Diddley - Bo Diddley(film) - YouTube
Bo Diddley - Bo Diddley(film)
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Published on May 10, 2013
Ellas Otha Bates (December 30, 1928 -- June 2, 2008), known by his stage name Bo Diddley, was an American rhythm and blues vocalist, guitarist, songwriter (usually as Ellas McDaniel), and rock and roll pioneer. He was also known as The Originator because of his key role in the transition from the blues to rock, influencing a host of acts, including Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, The Velvet Underground, The Who, The Yardbirds, Eric Clapton, Elvis Presley, and The Beatles, among others.
The Chicago Blues Museum is a registered trade mark / (501c3)
Category
| Bo Diddley |
In the game of Bingo, ‘Dirty Knees’ represents which number? | The Blues . The Songs & the Artists . Biographies . Alphabetic | PBS
Born: June 26, 1893, Scott, Mississippi
Died: August 15, 1958, Chicago, Illinois
Also known as: William Lee Conley Broonzy
As a young boy Big Bill Broonzy would return home from a day's fieldwork with cornstalks, which he'd rub together as a homemade fiddle while his many brothers and sisters 16 danced to the music he made. By the age of 14 he was performing as a professional fiddler, and after moving to Chicago as an adult he switched to guitar. He became a prolific songwriter as well as a performer and recording artist and was a foundational contributor to the pre-war Chicago blues scene. He was a clever lyricist with a flair for narrative, and is known for having one of the largest and most versatile repertoires on record, from a slick urban blues sound to his acoustic country blues roots as well as folk and traditional spirituals. Broonzy also acted as a mentor to younger musicians, helping many of them secure performing dates and recording sessions. When the Chicago blues sound was transformed by the emergence of the electric guitar, Broonzy kept performing as a more itinerant folk-blues act, paving the way for the future of blues in Europe and the U.K. As he aged he continued to perform, even as he suffered from throat cancer, to which he succumbed in 1958.
Essential listening: " When Will I Get to be Called a Man ," "Key to the Highway," "Big Bill Blues," "All by Myself"
Ruth Brown
Born: January 1, 1928, Portsmouth, Virginia
Ruth Brown's smooth vocals made the rhythm and blues charts regularly between 1949 and 1955, and helped a then-fledgling Atlantic Records establish itself as a formidable presence in the R&B world. Later in her long and versatile career she became known as a rock and roll and pop singer as well as a stage and film actress, winning a Tony award on Broadway. She has influenced many R&B and soul artists, and her enduring talent is evidenced by her recent solo recordings and guest appearances with artists such as Bonnie Raitt, Shemekia Copeland and B.B. King, as well as a Grammy win in the late 1980s. Brown continues to perform.
Essential listening: "(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean," "Teardrops From My Eyes," "Don't Deceive Me," "Mambo Baby"
Willie Brown
Born: August 6, 1900, Clarksdale, Mississippi
Died: December 30, 1952, Tunica, Mississippi
Willie Brown was an outstanding guitarist as well as vocalist who had an enormous influence on the origination and development of Delta blues. Brown performed regularly with blues legends Charley Patton, Son House and Robert Johnson, and also backed Patton and House on recordings. He is known as an accompanist rather than a soloist, although he did record three extraordinary solo performances. Later in his career he primarily performed with Son House. Both Brown and House disappeared from the music scene during the 1940s, and, sadly, Brown died before the blues revival of the 1960s, when many of his contemporaries were rediscovered by blues scholars.
Essential listening: "M & O Blues," "Make Me a Pallet on the Floor," "Future Blues"
Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Born: December 17, 1942, Chicago, Illinois
Died: May 3, 1987, Los Angeles, California
At the age of 16, harmonica player Paul Butterfield regularly sat in with blues legends Otis Rush, Magic Sam, and Howlin' Wolf, among others, at Chicago clubs. Butterfield formed his own soon-to-be-legendary band in 1963 with guitarist Elvin Bishop and eventually drummer Sam Lay and bassist Jerome Arnold. This lineup was one of the first racially integrated blues bands in the city. Their 1965 self-titled release, featuring the additions of guitarist Mike Bloomfield and keyboardist Mark Naftalin, had a huge impact on the 1960s blues revival, and they also broke ground backing Bob Dylan's legendary performance at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival (the electric sound outraged many purist folk fans). Later the band changed personnel again, eventually including jazz great David Sanborn (in his early years) on saxophone. Their success began to wind down in the late sixties, although they did appear at Woodstock and released two final albums in 1968 and 1969. Paul Butterfield continued to perform throughout the seventies.
Essential listening: "I Got My Mojo Working," "Blues With a Feeling," "Born in Chicago," "Shake Your Money Maker," "Mellow Down Easy," "Two Trains Running"
Ray Charles
Born: September 23, 1930, Albany, Georgia
Died: June 10, 2004, Beverly Hills, California
Ray Charles is known for his innovative blend of genres his enormously popular body of work reflects inspiration from gospel, blues, jazz, pop, R&B, soul and country. As a vocalist he was originally inspired by Nat King Cole, and his early recordings reflect this smooth influence. Charles later came into his own with 1954's "I've Got a Woman," which marked a dramatic change in his style it reflected a heavy gospel influence integrated with pop and his vocals were suddenly uninhibited and raw. This trend in Charles's music would continue, culminating in his 1959 signature hit and timeless classic "What'd I Say." His ability to bring together many influences, infusing them all with a gospel core, has had a huge impact on both soul and rock and roll music, influencing Steve Winwood, Joe Cocker, Stevie Wonder, and others. Charles is often referred to as the Father of Soul. He is a legendary musical figure and continues to tour.
Essential listening: "Losing Hand," "I've Got a Woman," "Unchain My Heart', "What'd I Say," "Drown in My Own Tears," "Hit the Road Jack"
Sam Chatmon
Born: January 10, 1897, Boltmon, Mississippi
Died: February 2, 1983, Hollandale, Mississippi
Sam Chatmon was born into a highly musical family reportedly there were 11 sons, all of them musicians. As a boy Sam often played with the Chatmon Family String Band, and when three of his brothers formed the Mississippi Sheiks, who became very popular, he sometimes played with them as well. But Sam Chatmon was a multi-instrumentalist in his own right playing mandolin, bass, guitar and banjo and worked as a traveling musician with a wide repertoire that included blues until the early 1940s. He became a plantation worker until the 1960s blues revival, at which point, like many of his contemporaries, he embarked upon a second career as a musician, performing and recording until his death in 1983.
Essential listening: "My Little Woman," "Shake 'Em All Down," "God Don't Like Ugly," "Hollandale Blues," "Sitting on Top of the World"
Marshall Chess
Born: March 13, 1942, Chicago, Illinois
Marshall Chess is the son of Leonard Chess who, along with his brother Phil, co-founded the legendary Chicago blues label Chess Records. Chess released some of the greatest blues ever recorded by legends such as Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, Muddy Waters, Koko Taylor, and many others, and Chess box sets are among the finest collections of blues available today. Marshall Chess grew up, literally, with the blues, hanging out at the Chess offices to be near his father, surrounded by blues greats and learning the finer points of recording. He later dropped out of college to work for Chess. After many years as a producer he started his own label, Cadet Concept, for which he produced the departure release Electric Mud, which featured Muddy Waters in a more electric, psychedelic blues arena. Despite initially strong sales, the album was widely panned by critics. After his father's death in 1969, Chess co-founded Rolling Stones Records and served as executive producer on the group's releases from 1971 through 1976 (or Sticky Fingers through Black and Blue, to be more specific). He has also worked as a film producer. One of his most admirable qualities is his confidence and resilience as a producer in spite of its lukewarm reception, Chess still considers Electric Mud to be a great piece of work, and as he says in the film Godfathers and Sons, "I'm still not afraid to make the worst blues album ever made."
Essential listening: Electric Mud
Born: March 30, 1945, Ripley, England
Also known as: Eric Patrick Clapp
Eric Clapton's talent has graced some of the best bands in rock and blues history: the Yardbirds, John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers, Cream and Blind Faith. He is a rock and blues star in his own right, maintaining a reputation for decades as one of Great Britain's finest guitarists. Clapton reportedly left the Yardbirds in order to immerse himself in blues with the Bluesbreakers ; his subsequent forays into blues-rock with Cream and Blind Faith did a lot to merge the two genres in popular music. He has moved between rock, blues and pop throughout his career, but his major influences include Muddy Waters, B.B. King, and Robert Johnson, and his renditions of blues classics especially his cover of Johnson's "Crossroads" are among his best-known recordings. He is a master of painfully expressive guitar work, matched by his emotional vocal delivery. Although much of his work is outstanding, he is probably best known for the album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs, which is commonly considered to be a masterpiece. Among other brilliant work, that album includes the rock classic "Layla."
Essential listening: "Have You Ever Loved A Woman," "Bell-Bottom Blues," "Crossroads" "Key to the Highway," "Layla"
Shemekia Copeland
Born: 1979, New York, New York
Shemekia Copeland began appearing on stage with her father, Texas bluesman Johnny Copeland, as a child, and as a teenager she toured with him as his opening act, stunning audiences with a confident stage presence which seemed to belie her youth. Her vocal prowess matches her charisma as a performer. At the age of 19, Copeland released her debut album, inspiring comparisons to blues legends Etta James and Koko Taylor. By 2002 Copeland had released two more albums to critical acclaim, and won three of the blues' prestigious W.C. Handy awards. She has worked with Ruth Brown, one of her original influences, as well as Dr. John and others.
Read an archived version of Shemekia Copeland's USAToday online chat .
Essential listening: " The Other Woman ," "I Always Get My Man," "Have Mercy," "Your Mama's Talking," "Not Tonight," "The Push I Need"
Ida Cox
Born: February 25, 1896, Toccoa, Georgia
Died: November 10, 1967, Knoxville, Tennessee
Also known as: Ida Prather
Ida Cox was one of the great 1920s blues singers. She began her career as a teenager, traveling throughout the south as a singer with tent and vaudeville shows. Cox was also a versatile businesswoman for a time she ran her own touring company, working as a producer and manager as well as performer. She was a prolific and popular recording artist throughout the 1920s who wrote many of her own songs, one of which is the well-known "Wild Women Don't Have the Blues." Cox tended to direct her shows toward black female audiences, with songs that examined various issues from a female perspective. Cox's career was active throughout the 1930s, when health problems reportedly forced her into retirement, although she did manage an additional recording session in the early 1960s.
Essential listening: "Wild Women Don't Have the Blues," "Last Mile Blues," "Pink Slip Blues," "Cemetery Blues"
Cream
Eric Clapton, born March 30, 1945, Ripley, England; Ginger Baker, born August 19, 1939, Lewisham, England; Jack Bruce, born May 14, 1943, Lanarkshire, Scotland
Cream combined the superb musicianship of bassist Jack Bruce, drummer Ginger Baker, and guitarist Eric Clapton, and became a powerhouse of blues-rock that had an enormous influence on the future of rock and heavy metal. They were all groundbreaking musicians known for their innovative, aggressive styles, and when they played together as a band they inspired one another to new heights of brilliance. They brought to the blues a jazz-inspired flair for improvisation, and although they were sometimes criticized for their seemingly endless jam sessions, at their best their competitive instrumental assaults showcased their unique gifts. Eric Clapton raised the blues guitar solo to a high art form; Jack Bruce's fervent and often melodic bass playing could pass for a second lead guitar; and rock had never seen the likes of Ginger Baker's percussive mastery (and it's possible that no one has matched him to this day). The trio covered blues classics from legends such as Albert King, Skip James, and Willie Dixon in addition to original material, and in the process introduced the blues to a new audience and broke ground for subsequent heavy blues-rock bands such as Led Zeppelin. Cream formed in 1966 and broke up in 1968. All of their releases are classics.
Essential listening: "Sunshine of Your Love," "Crossroads," "Strange Brew," "Tales of Brave Ulysses"
Bo Diddley
Born: December 30, 1928, McComb, Mississippi
Also known as: Otha Ellas Bates McDaniels
Like many bluesmen, Bo Diddley has his deepest musical roots in gospel. He also studied classical music in his youth, but turned to blues after he was introduced to the music of John Lee Hooker. Reportedly it was Hooker's classic "Boogie Chillen" that had such a dramatic impact. Diddley's music is definitely blues-based, however he has had a more profound impact on rock and roll, especially through the beat he's known for, which became foundational in the genre. He influenced the Yardbirds, the Rolling Stones and the Beatles, among many others, with his particularly lighthearted, rhythm-based brand of blues. Diddley grew up in Chicago and began his blues career playing on the street, eventually forming his own band which included harmonica master Billy Boy Arnold and signing with record label Chess. Many of his songs are blues and rock and roll classics. Diddley further influenced rock and roll with his design of a square guitar, one of his trademarks. He continues to tour and record.
Essential listening: "Who Do You Love," "You Can't Judge a Book by its Cover," "Mona," "I'm a Man"
Willie Dixon
Born: July 1, 1915, Vicksburg, Mississippi
Died: January 29, 1992, Burbank, California
Willie Dixon is best known for his songwriting prowess, although his influence on the blues includes his superb work as a producer, arranger, session musician and performer. Dixon began performing in Chicago in the late 1930s; his career was interrupted briefly in the early 1940s when he was jailed for refusing the draft as a conscientious objector. He later worked for the blues label Chess, where his songwriting gave a significant boost to the careers of Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter and others. Howlin' Wolf had such success with his rendition of Dixon's tunes that for years they were his primary recording and performance efforts. As a mentor to vocalist Koko Taylor, Dixon had her record "Wang Dang Doodle," which became a huge hit and is still her signature classic. Later in his life Dixon had to fight to reap the financial rewards of his art and subsequently worked on behalf of other artists to assist them in securing publishing royalties. He influenced not only his contemporaries, but countless blues and rock and roll artists, including Led Zeppelin, the Doors and Cream. His body of work as a songwriter boasts many blues standards and rock and roll classics.
Essential listening: "Back Door Man," "I Can't Quit You Baby," "The Seventh Son," "You Shook Me," "The Little Red Rooster"
Fats Domino
Born: February 26, 1928, New Orleans, Louisiana
Also known as: Antoine Domino
Fats Domino began performing at the age of 14. His music combines classic "boogie woogie" piano with a New Orleans beat and flavor and R&B and jazz roots, expressed through his signature warm, easygoing vocals. Domino was enormously popular throughout the fifties and into the early sixties, hitting the R&B charts time after time with his original songs (often co-written with manager Dave Bartholomew) and eventually crossing over onto the pop charts. He made rhythm and blues music palatable to a wider audience, as his style represented the calmer edge of the spectrum, in contrast to incendiary rock artists such as Little Richard. As a performer his shy charm and warm grin reflected the mood of his music. Domino's wide popularity helped black music reach a white audience. Most of his numerous hits have become classics.
Essential listening: "Walkin' to New Orleans," ""Blueberry Hill," "Ain't It a Shame," "I'm Walkin'," "Blue Monday", "The Fat Man"
Dr. John
Born: November 21, 1940, New Orleans
Also known as: Malcolm John Rebennack, Jr.
Dr. John combines the roots of New Orleans blues with jazz, funk, rhythm and blues, pop and rock, infused with his sense of humor and particularly original and inventive artistic sensibility. He grew up in New Orleans and was exposed to the city's music early on his father owned a record store and repaired equipment in local nightclubs. Dr. John became a session musician, where he worked with such local legends as Allen Toussaint and Professor Longhair. He eventually moved to Los Angeles and continued doing session work. Legend has it he recorded his first album with excess studio time donated by Sonny & Cher. That first release, Gris Gris, along with a later release, Gumbo, are two examples of his finest work, although an even later album contained his 1973 chart hit "Right Place, Wrong Time." Dr. John is a charismatic performer who in his heyday outfitted himself in Mardi Gras regalia as a witch doctor of sorts to perform a show that was part theatric ritual. He has collaborated with many notable artists and is an accomplished producer and arranger. He continues to record, perform and work as a highly respected producer.
Essential listening: "Such A Night," "Right Place, Wrong Time," "Makin' Whoopee"
Rosco Gordon
Born: 1934, Memphis, Tennessee
Died: July 11, 2002, New York, New York
Rosco Gordon was an integral part of the Memphis Beale Street blues scene during the forties and fifties. He created a shuffle rhythm on piano known as "Rosco's rhythm" that influenced blues, and, in the opinion of some historians, also inspired the creation of the distinctive rhythm of Jamaican ska, itself a precursor of reggae. On Beale Street Gordon worked with Johnny Ace, Bobby Blue Bland and others, and in the early fifties his song "Booted" hit number one on the R&B charts. That same year he had another hit with "No More Doggin'." Throughout his career he never matched that early success, but he did continue to record and perform. Like many bluesmen he took an extended hiatus from music to earn an alternative living, but later in his life he began performing again, and continued to do so until his death in 2002.
Essential listening: "Booted," "I'm Gonna Shake It," "No More Doggin'," "She's My Baby"
Buddy Guy
Born: July 30, 1936, Lettsworth, Louisiana
Also known as: George Guy
Buddy Guy's name has become synonymous with Chicago blues. A dramatic, buoyantly joyful performer with a voice that can be at once smooth and gritty, Guy is also an esteemed guitarist. He has been idolized by the idols themselves for his superb musicianship Eric Clapton, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Jeff Beck, Johnny Winter and even, reportedly, Jimi Hendrix have all acknowledged him as an inspiration. Guy's style of playing was heavily influenced by B.B. King, to whom he is often compared. Early in his career he worked with many of Chicago's blues legends as a session player for Chess records and teamed up with harmonica player Junior Wells; the two were a popular duo in the city for many years. Guy was more popular as a live act than as a recording artist until he teamed up with Eric Clapton in the early 1990s, which precipitated a successful and enduring comeback. In Chicago he is known as the King of the Blues. His talent and influence, his long history with the city's blues greats and his successful local blues club "Legends," contribute to his own legend.
Essential listening: "Broken Hearted Blues," "Stone Crazy," "Mary Had a Little Lamb," "Try to Quit You, Baby"
W.C. Handy
Born: November 16, 1873, Muscle Shoals, Alabama
Died: March 28, 1958, New York, New York
Also known as: William Christopher Handy
W.C. Handy is widely recognized by his self-proclaimed moniker, "Father of the Blues" due to his steadfast and pioneering efforts to document, write and publish blues music and his life-long support of the genre. Although much of his musical taste leaned toward a more sophisticated and polished sound, Handy was among the first to recognize the value of the blues, and Southern black music in general, as an important American legacy. Handy was an accomplished bandleader and songwriter who performed throughout the South before continuing his career in New York. He came across the Delta blues in the late 1890s, and his composition "Memphis Blues," published in 1912, was the first to include "blues" in the title. Some historians don't consider "Memphis Blues" to be an actual blues song, however it did influence the creation of other blues tunes, including the historic "Crazy Blues," which is commonly known as the first blues song to ever be recorded (by Mamie Smith in 1920). A Memphis park was named after Handy in recognition of his contribution to blues and the Blues Foundation recognizes the genre's achievements annually with the prestigious W.C. Handy award.
Essential listening: "St. Louis Blues," "Yellow Dog Blues," "Beale Street Blues"
Corey Harris
Born: February 21, 1969, Denver, Colorado
Corey Harris can play and sing like a classic bluesman his first album was a thorough exploration and interpretation of Delta blues. Since then he has incorporated the influence of rich musical traditions from New Orleans to Africa to the Caribbean, all while maintaining his reputation as a first-class performer and recording artist. Harris learned how to play the guitar when he was 12, and was originally inspired by Texas blues legend Lightnin' Hopkins. As a student he traveled to Africa and later moved to New Orleans where he performed on the streets before signing a recording contract. Each of Harris's albums has received critical acclaim, and he continues to draw from a wide range of influences, including hip hop, reggae, funk, jazz, blues, R&B and Latin music.
Essential listening: "Black Maria," "Feel Like Going Home," "Keep Your Lamp Trimmed and Burning," "Bound to Miss Me," "Capitaine"
Alvin Youngblood Hart
Born: March 2, 1963, Oakland, California
Alvin Youngblood Hart is a contemporary bluesman whose original music and cover interpretations are infused with a pure Delta blues influence. A native of California, Hart's family roots are in Mississippi, and he grew up visiting the area annually, falling in love with the rural lifestyle and hearing stories of blues patriarch Charley Patton. The influences of legendary bluesmen such as Bukka White, Son House, Howlin' Wolf, and Muddy Waters can be heard in Hart's many classic interpretations of blues standards as well as his original material. His additional influences include the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, and B.B. King as well as formidable vocalists Jimmy Witherspoon and Jimmy Reed. While living in California as a teenager, Hart taught himself to play guitar and spent a lot of time immersed in the Delta blues and its history. Ironically, his performance career began when he just happened to be stationed in Natchez, Mississippi as a member of the Coast Guard. He eventually began playing gigs in California, and ended up with a record deal after a stint opening for Taj Mahal brought him wider visibility. In 1997 Youngblood won the W.C. Handy award for Best New Artist.
Essential listening: "Devil Got My Woman," "Things "Bout Coming My Way," "That Kate Adams Jive," "Jinx Blues," "Motherless Child"
Jimi Hendrix
Born: November 27, 1942, Seattle, Washington
Died: September 18, 1970, London, England
Seattle-born lead guitarist, songwriter, and vocalist Jimi Hendrix created an amazing body of work during his short career, changing the face of music forever through his revolutionary guitar playing and recordings. Although he is often perceived as a rock and roll icon, his roots lie in the blues. As he once recalled: "The first guitarist I was aware of was Muddy Waters. I heard one of his old records when I was a little boy and it scared me to death, because I heard all of these sounds. Wow, what is that all about?" Picking up the guitar in his teens, Hendrix eventually spent four grueling years on the national R&B circuit as a sideman. Upon setting out on his own, he settled first in New York, then relocated to London. By late 1966 he was a sensation in Europe, and in the U.S. shortly thereafter, mesmerizing audiences with searing electric guitar work coupled with the flash of an R&B road band playing the guitar with his teeth, behind his neck, and between his legs. Hendrix became the Aquarian Age avatar of the no-holds-barred African-American showbiz tradition, and the blues were rarely far from the surface of his work. His career and creative trajectory took him to ever greater heights until his passing in 1970. Today, his legend continues to grow, and his example continues to inspire new generations of musicians.
Essential listening: "Devil Got My Woman," "Things "Bout Coming My Way," "That Kate Adams Jive," "Jinx Blues," "Motherless Child"
Text derived from the Jimi Hendrix Gallery at Experience Music Project, Seattle.
Billie Holiday
Born: April 7, 1915, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died: July 17, 1959, New York, New York
Also known as: Eleanora Fagan Gough
Billie Holiday was a legendary vocalist whose uncompromising artistry and highly original, personalized style which included an innovative sense of phrasing, rhythm and harmony has had a tremendous impact on generations of vocalists from all genres. Holiday's life was fraught with difficulty, which may be why she was able to sing the blues so convincingly. A huge part of her appeal was her ability to convey the meaning of the lyrics, giving the impression that she had lived her material. Holiday has acknowledged Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong as two of her primary influences, and during her career she worked with legends Artie Shaw, Cab Calloway and Benny Goodman. Among her many classic recordings are the disturbingly evocative "Strange Fruit," which controversially addressed the violence of racism, and her own composition "God Bless the Child."
Essential listening: "Lover Man," "God Bless the Child," "Strange Fruit," "Good Morning Heartache"
John Lee Hooker
Born: August 22, 1917, Clarksdale, Mississippi
Died: August 21, 2001, Los Altos, California
John Lee Hooker was a master of "boogie" with haunting, sensuously compelling signature vocals and the ability to create a whole world of sound from a single, repetitive chord. His unique, original style hugely influenced other blues artists and especially rock and roll. The Rolling Stones, the Animals, early Fleetwood Mac and Johnny Winter are just a few of Hooker's admirers. Early on he was influenced by gospel and Delta blues. He learned to play guitar from his stepfather, who reportedly knew blues legend Charley Patton. In 1943 he moved to Detroit, where his sound was a welcome and complete change from the slicker post-war blues. For the next four decades Hooker continued to work with his signature style, performing and recording, and his devotion to his craft never faded, even when his popularity did. The respect he'd long garnered from the blues and rock community was evident in his comeback 1989 release The Healer, which featured a roll call of prestigious names from both genres. As he aged he was known as a living blues legend, and he continued to perform, even when he had to be slowly escorted to the stage.
Essential listening: "Boogie Chillen," "I'm in the Mood," "Hoogie Boogie," "Boom Boom," "Baby Lee," "The Healer"
Lightnin' Hopkins
Born: March 15, 1912, Centerville, Texas
Died: January 30, 1982, Houston, Texas
Also known as: Sam Hopkins
Lightnin' Hopkins's influence on Texas blues is surpassed only by that of Blind Lemon Jefferson and T-Bone Walker. Like Walker, Hopkins met Jefferson when he was just a boy and was forever influenced by his exposure to the musician. Hopkins's original brand of blues was characterized by an unusual sense of rhythm and loose sense of structure. His many moods and personality nuances came through in his ever-changing performance and diverse repertoire. He was a talented songwriter, known for his ability to create lyrics on the spot, and he hardly ever played a song with the exact same lyrics twice. Hopkins played and recorded primarily in Texas throughout most of his career until, as one of the many blues greats who benefited from the blues revival of the 1960s, he was kept busy touring and performing at festivals. He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, two years before his death.
Essential listening: "Tim Moore's Farm," "Coffee Blues," "Lightnin's Boogie," "Hopkins's Sky Hop"
Son House
Born: March 21, 1902, Riverton, Mississippi
Died: October 19, 1988, Detroit, Michigan
Also known as: Eddie James House, Jr.
Son House was originally a preacher, and he brought the fiery intensity of Baptist gospel to his interpretation of Delta blues. A powerfully emotional performer, his presence onstage was riveting and almost frightening in its ability to move the listener. He was influenced by and often played with blues greats Charley Patton and Willie Brown, yet his style remained distinctly his own. He is credited as the primary influence on blues legends Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters as well as Bonnie Raitt and many others. House disappeared from the blues scene from the early 1940s through the mid-1960s, until researchers tracked him down, whereupon he began a second career as a respected performer. His past association with Patton and Johnson, as well as his own legendary skill, made him particularly valuable and respected as a living record of blues history. As music critic Cub Koda put it, "Hailed as the greatest living Delta singer still actively performing, nobody dared call themselves the king of the blues as long as Son House was around." *
Essential listening: "Preachin' the Blues," "Death Letter," "John the Revelator," "Dry Spell Blues," "My Black Mama"
* www.allmusic.com
Born: June 10, 1910, West Point, Mississippi
Died: January 10, 1976, Hines, Illinois
Also known as: Chester Arthur Burnett
Howlin' Wolf was inspired by the passionate showmanship of legends Charley Patton and Tommy Johnson, but he took it to the next level. More than just a great showman, "the howler" was an almost transcendent performer, losing himself in the power of the music and letting it flow uninhibitedly through his voice. Wolf could whip the crowd into a frenzy like no other performer, and his stature at more than 6 feet tall and 300 or so pounds matched his formidable musical presence. His voice was truly original, a nasty sounding, expressively gritty growl that conveyed the meaning of the lyrics many of them penned by legendary songwriter Willie Dixon and his interpretation helped many songs become classics. The allure of Wolf's music was further enhanced by the superb guitarists who played with him Willie Johnson in the early years and Hubert Sumlin in later years as well as his own skill with guitar and harmonica, the latter of which he learned to play from master Sonny Boy Williamson. Wolf was a hero of many equally gritty rock and rollers, including the Rolling Stones. Like many Mississippi bluesmen, Wolf saw his career take off in Chicago, where to this day he is an enduring and beloved part of the city's history.
Essential listening: "Smokestack Lightnin'," "Moanin' at Midnight," "Evil," "Killing Floor," "Shake for Me"
Mississippi John Hurt
Born: July 3, 1893, Teoc, Mississippi
Died: November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi
Also known as: John Smith Hurt
Mississippi John Hurt brought unprecedented warmth to the blues, characterized by his gentle, gracious presence as a performer and the tenderness and depth of his songwriting. Hurt mastered a form of finger picking on the guitar that significantly influenced generations of blues, folk and rock musicians. From the time he was 14, Hurt performed locally in and near his tiny hometown while making his living as a farm laborer. Like other Mississippi masters, he was tracked down later in life by a blues fan and scholar and introduced to the burgeoning blues revival of the mid-1960s. During the last three years of his life, to his surprise and delight, he was accepted with open arms by thousands of fans and subsequently made his living as a performer. He has influenced the musicianship and songwriting of blues, folk and rock and his musical descendants include Taj Mahal, Ben Harper, Bob Dylan and many others.
Essential listening: "Frankie," "Louis Collins," "Avalon Blues," " Stack O' Lee ," "Big Leg Blues"
Elmore James
Born: June 27, 1910, Richland, Mississippi
Died: May 24, 1963, Chicago, Illinois
Elmore James was a master of slide guitar, and has influenced just about everyone who has ever picked up a slide. His powerful vocals would naturally and dramatically crack and catch, giving authenticity to his sound. His on-and-off day job as a radio repairman complemented his art he experimented with sound distortion decades before it became a staple of modern rock. James began performing at the age of 14, and played with Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson and others. His style as a vocalist and guitarist were heavily influenced by Robert Johnson, and his reworking of Johnson's original "(I Believe I'll) Dust My Broom" became a signature hit for him (under the shortened title "Dust My Broom"). Like his contemporary Muddy Waters, James brought his version of Delta blues to Chicago, where his amazing band, the Broomdusters, added to the city's superb music scene. James has influenced blues and rock and roll musicians, from B.B. King and Eric Clapton to Johnny Winter and Duane Allman, as well as many others.
Essential listening: "Dust My Broom," "The Sky is Crying," "Hand in Hand," "Shake Your Money Maker"
Skip James
Born: June 21, 1902, Bentonia, Mississippi
Died: October 3, 1969, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Also known as: Nehemiah Curtis James
Skip James is known for his unique, haunting style of blues. He combined falsetto vocals with minor chords, complex finger picking, an idiosyncratic tuning, and a highly personal style of songwriting to create some of the genre's most original music. James was one of Robert Johnson's biggest influences; his original song "Devil Got My Woman" was reworked by Johnson and became the latter's signature hit "Hellhound on my Trail". Like many of his contemporaries of the early Delta blues scene, he turned to another means of livelihood, becoming a preacher at the age of 30 and turning his musical attention to gospel. By chance James was rediscovered during the early 1960s, and subsequently thrilled blues fans at the 1964 Newport Folk Festival, thereby re-launching his career. It was obvious that his musical skills were still as sharp as ever and his unique style was intact. In 1966 the band Cream released a popular version of James's original "I'm So Glad."
Essential listening: "Devil Got My Woman," "I'm So Glad," "Sickbed Blues, " Hard Time Killin' Floor Blues "
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Born: July 1897, Couchman, Texas
Died: December, 1929, Chicago, Illinois
Also known as: Deacon L.J. Bates
Blind Lemon Jefferson was a groundbreaking artist on many levels, and is the undisputed father of Texas blues. His innovative guitar style probably partly influenced by Mexican flamenco guitarists featured a flair for arpeggios (playing each note of a chord separately rather than in unison), unconventional use of bass notes and unusual phrasing as well as jazz-inspired improvisation, all of which paved the way for the many brilliant Texas guitarists who would follow in his lineage, from T-Bone Walker to Stevie Ray Vaughan. Walker, in fact, knew Jefferson and was directly influenced by him. Even early in his career Jefferson's remarkable talent was evident. He built a fan base playing on the streets of Dallas, and was able to provide for his family on those earnings. He recorded close to 100 songs within only four years, and his commercial success broke ground for male blues singers in an era where the genre was dominated by women, such as Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith. As a talented songwriter he shifted the common practice of blues vocalists primarily performing songs written by others. His original material includes many blues classics.
Essential listening: "See That My Grave is Kept Clean," "Jack of Diamonds," "Matchbox Blues"
Blind Willie Johnson
Born: 1902, Marlin, Texas
Died: 1947, Beaumont, Texas
Blind Willie Johnson was a deeply religious man who played gospel music, much of it blues-based, as a way to preach. His passionate performance style featured powerful, rough vocals designed to reach the masses from Texas street corners. Johnson was a talented songwriter as well as a superb slide guitarist. He would pick the melody while accompanying himself with a bass line he'd play with his thumb, and he reportedly played slide with a pocketknife rather than the customary bottleneck. During the 1930s Johnson did some recording for Columbia. A number of his songs became classics, and have been covered by many artists, including Eric Clapton, Peter, Paul and Mary and Ry Cooder.
Essential listening: "Motherless Children Have a Hard Time," "Let Your Light Shine on Me," "Dark Was the Night Cold Was the Ground," "If I Had My Way"
Robert Johnson
Born: May 8, 1911, Hazelhurst, Mississippi
Died: August 28, 1938, Greenwood, Mississippi
A young Robert Johnson hung around the Saturday night dances in the Delta watching Son House, Willie Brown and Charley Patton play and, to their amusement, trying to play guitar during the breaks. Years later Johnson ran into House and Brown, and Johnson's skill on the instrument stunned them. He had acquired his skill in such a short time that it inspired a rumor that became legend Johnson must have sold his soul to the devil. His tortured voice and emotional intensity seemed to give credence to the legend, although it is more likely that his own determination and inherent talent, as well as his exposure to the great Delta bluesmen, deserve the credit for his genius. In addition to being a gifted lyricist and composer and innovative guitarist, Johnson transferred "boogie woogie" from the piano to the guitar, playing the bottom guitar strings to accompany himself with a bass line, a technique that has become standard in blues composition. His influence on blues, from Muddy Waters and Eric Clapton to the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin, is legendary.
Essential listening: "Walkin' Blues," "Love in Vain Blues," "Come on in My Kitchen" "Terraplane Blues," " Cross Road Blues "
Tommy Johnson
Born: 1896, Terry, Mississippi
Died: November 1, 1956, Crystal Springs, Mississippi
Tommy Johnson was a hell-raiser who could belt out the blues with a wide vocal range, from a low throaty snarl to a high falsetto. He had a dramatic flair in performance similar to his contemporary, Delta blues king Charley Patton, and in the early, pre-Robert Johnson days his influence on the genre was second only to that of Patton and Son House. He was not a virtuoso on the guitar, but had an original, evocative style, well-matched to his theatrical delivery. Johnson significantly influenced blues greats Muddy Waters, Robert Nighthawk and especially Howlin' Wolf, who would carry on and even outdo the Patton/Johnson tradition of incendiary, down-and-dirty showmanship. Johnson was also the quintessential blues bad boy, with a penchant for rampant womanizing and for alcohol, the latter of which led him to drastic extremes. He was known to down denatured alcohol, used for artificial heat, when the real thing wasn't available, a habit he documented in his original song "Canned Heat," from which the 1960s blues-rock group took its name. Johnson left behind a small but outstanding collection of recordings, almost all of which became classics.
Essential listening: "Maggie Campbell," "Big Road Blues," "Cool Drink of Water," "Canned Heat"
Tom Jones
Born: June 6, 1940, Pontypridd, South Wales
Tom Jones is a stunning vocalist with a powerful, emotionally expressive baritone-tenor range matched by a legendarily charismatic stage presence that has often been compared to that of Elvis Presley Presley, in fact, regarded him as one of the world's finest vocalists. Jones's first hit, "It's Not Unusual," reached number one in the U.K. and placed in the U.S. top 10 in 1965. He followed that up with a steady string of hits throughout the sixties, and eventually landed his own TV series. Jones's prolific recording career has encompassed everything from gospel to rockabilly to funk to electronic and dance music in the late eighties he collaborated with techno group Art of Noise, and had a big hit with a tongue-in-cheek cover of Prince's, "Kiss," a recording that showcased Jones's enduring talent and appeal as well as his sense of humor. Other milestones include a superb recording collaboration with the Chieftains and an acclaimed performance at the legendary Glastonbury Festival, both in the early nineties. Jones remains an esteemed performer worldwide, and continues to tour and record; his latest release, Mr. Jones, is a collaboration with acclaimed hip hop artist Wyclef Jean.
Essential listening: "Tennessee Waltz," "Kiss," "Green, Green Grass of Home," "She's a Lady," "I Who Have Nothing"
Albert King
Born: April 25, 1923, Indianola, Mississippi
Died: December 21, 1992
Also known as: Albert Nelson
As a child an enterprising Albert King reportedly built his own guitar out of a cigar box. A brilliant guitarist in his own right, King was originally inspired by Texas blues great Blind Lemon Jefferson. Like B.B. King, he was a master of single string solos and used the technique of "string bending" to great emotional effect. He was also left-handed, and instead of restringing the guitar, he just learned to play it upside down, which added an original tone to his style. His blues are infused with a Memphis soul sound; he became a rock and blues star after signing to the Memphis-based Stax label, which was responsible for some of the finest soul music ever recorded. King always managed to keep his sound fresh and original, and had a significant impact on blues and rock; he has influenced Eric Clapton, Robert Clay, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Otis Rush, among others. He had the honor of playing San Francisco's Fillmore West on opening night with John Mayall and Jimi Hendrix and often shared the bill with rock artists throughout his career. King continued to tour until his death in 1992.
Essential listening: "Don't Throw Your Love on Me So Strong," "Crosscut Saw," "Born Under a Bad Sign," "I'll Play the Blues for You"
B.B. King
Born: September 16, 1925, Indianola, Mississippi
Also known as: Riley B. King
B.B. King's career has spanned five decades and taken him from the clubs of Memphis to the finest concert halls in the world. He's known as the King of the Blues, and for his enduring and successful efforts as a gracious, respected blues diplomat he deserves much of the credit for the genre's mainstream popularity and recognition. Early in his career King worked as a Memphis disc jockey, where he was known as the Beale Street Blues Boy, which was later shortened to B.B. Although King's roots are in Delta blues, his sound has always been more polished, probably due to his wide variety of influences, which include jazz, gospel and pop. King's highly influential style probably originally inspired by Texas blues greats Blind Lemon Jefferson and T-Bone Walker features "single string" guitar solos that are so well-integrated with his commanding vocals that it's sometimes hard to tell the two apart. He also "bends" the strings, which continues the sound in a way that enhances the music's emotion. He has influenced countless blues and rock artists, including Buddy Guy, Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, Eric Clapton, Johnny Winter and Jeff Beck. King continues to record and perform as powerfully as ever.
Essential listening: " Three O'Clock Blues ," "How Blue Can You Get," "The Thrill is Gone," "Sweet Little Angel," "Paying the Cost to be the Boss"
Chris Thomas King
Born: October 14, 1963, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Also known as: Chris Thomas
The essence of Chris Thomas King's versatile, heavily blues-influenced music can perhaps best be hinted at with a quick sample of his album titles: his 1986 debut, The Beginning; 1995's 21st Century Blues�From da Hood; 2000's Me, My Guitar and the Blues; and 2002's Dirty South Hip-Hop Blues. King's early influences leaned toward soul, rock and reggae, specifically Prince, Jimi Hendrix and Bob Marley, but it was inevitable that his blues birthright (as the son of Louisiana bluesman Tabby Thomas) would eventually wend its way into his work. King toured Europe with his father in 1983, and since then the blues have been an integral part of his work. Throughout his career he has fused the blues with hip hop, rap, funk and soul, and also has repeatedly returned to a more pure form of blues, exploring the soul and history of the music in a critically acclaimed, always-evolving body of work. King is most recently known for his appearance on the award-winning soundtrack from the film O Brother Where Art Thou , in which he also played a supporting role.
Read an archived version of King's Washington Post online chat .
Essential listening: "Soon This Morning Blues," "Mary Jane," "Hard Time Killing Floor Blues," " Da Thrill is Gone From Here ," "Revelations"
Sam Lay
Born: March 20, 1935, Birmingham, Alabama
Sam Lay is the quintessential blues drummer, and was a major figure on the Chicago blues scene in the 1960's. He played for years with legend Howlin' Wolf, and throughout his career has backed many other blues greats, including Jimmy Reed, Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, and Willie Dixon. He eventually was hired away from Howlin' Wolf by the legendary Paul Butterfield Blues Band. Lay was part of Butterfield's band when they backed Bob Dylan at his infamous premier electric performance at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival. He has played on many classic albums, including the 1965 release Paul Butterfield Blues Band, that significantly impacted the 1960s blues revival; Muddy Waters's Fathers and Sons; and Bob Dylan's Highway 61 Revisited. Lay is famous for the "double shuffle" beat, which, like Bo Diddley's famous rock beat, was originally inspired by the clapping rhythms of gospel congregations. Lay has been nominated for several W.C. Handy awards.
Essential listening: "I'm Ready," "Standing Around Crying" (from Fathers and Sons, Chess); "Blues With a Feeling," "I Got My Mojo Working," "Shake Your Money Maker" (from Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Elektra)
Lead Belly
Born: January 20, 1888, Mooringsport, Louisiana
Died: December 6, 1949, New York, New York
Also known as: Huddie William Ledbetter
By all accounts Lead Belly was a captivating performer, and the story of his colorful life certainly gives credence to the reputation. His performance was enchanting enough to disarm even the heavy arm of Southern, white, law enforcement he twice was pardoned from long prison sentences as a result of his talent. Lead Belly was an itinerant musician, and a living catalogue of many musical traditions and influences, from folk to country blues to prison songs to ballads. His wide repertoire carried a rich sense of black history. He traveled and played for a time with Blind Lemon Jefferson, who was probably his primary blues influence and reportedly taught him how to play slide guitar. It was folklorist John Lomax who recognized Lead Belly as a national treasure and orchestrated his second prison release on those grounds, later recording him and organizing performances. Lead Belly later moved to New York and became an integral part of the city's folk scene. During his lifetime he never experienced the success and recognition he deserved, but his influence on American music is incalculable. He has inspired many songwriters, including Bob Dylan, and his recordings document a rich musical legacy that without him might have been forgotten.
Essential listening: "Goodnight Irene," "Bourgeois Blues," "Scottsboro Blues," "Rock Island Line"
J.B. Lenoir
Born: May 5, 1929, Monticello, Mississippi
Died: April 29, 1967, Urbana, Illinois
J.B. Lenoir probably picked up his solid "boogie woogie" influence in New Orleans, where he spent some time performing before he settled into Chicago's blues scene during the fifties and sixties. While in New Orleans he played with blues greats Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James. Once Lenoir made it to Chicago, Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the local blues community, and he became an important part of the city's blues scene. He was a talented songwriter and bluesman with an obvious political awareness. Examples of his outspoken views can be found in "Korea Blues," and "Eisenhower Blues" the latter reportedly caused enough controversy that his record label forced him to remake the tune under the title "Tax Paying Blues." His penchant for social commentary and his high-pitched vocals distinguish him from other bluesmen of that time. Lenoir's recordings are also distinctive for their excellent saxophone arrangements and unconventional drumming (Alex Atkins and Ernest Cotton were often on sax with Al Gavin on drums). Lenoir had successfully toured Europe and was likely about to achieve greater fame when he died in 1966 due to complications from a car accident.
Essential listening: " Shot on James Meredith ," "Mama, Talk to Your Daughter," "Everybody Wants to Know," "Natural Man," "Eisenhower Blues," "Korea Blues," "Vietnam Blues"
Little Richard
Born: December 5, 1932, Macon, Georgia
Also known as: Richard Wayne Penniman
Little Richard was a crucial link between R&B and rock and roll, merging the two with passionate, gospel-inspired vocals and a truly incendiary presence that translated incredibly well onto recording tape. The true peak of his career only lasted three years (and included appearances in rock and roll films), but his many hits are absolute classics and he had an enormous influence on blues, rock, and pop music. Little Richard's recordings feature an overwhelming compilation of superb musicianship his ferocious vocals and relentlessly wild piano playing, strong baritone and tenor sax (often Alvin Tyler and Lee Alvin, respectively), and fabulous rhythm section (namely drummer Earl Palmer). Like other performers such as Son House and Blind Willie Johnson, the religious fervor Little Richard brought to his music was key to its riveting appeal. In 1957 he actually turned his back on his music career in favor of religious studies. He came back to music in the early 1960s, and later repeated the journey from music to religion and back again. Little Richard continues to perform on occasion.
Essential listening: "Lucille," "Good Golly Miss Molly," "Long Tall Sally," "Tutti Frutti"
Alan Lomax
Born: January 15, 1915, Austin, Texas
Died: July 19, 2002, Sarasota, Florida
Alan Lomax began his long career as a folklorist when he was still a teenager, traveling with his father, John, throughout the South to preserve the area's music legacy of folk, work songs and spirituals, among other music. During their travels to Southern prisons, the father and son team came upon William Ledbetter, better known as Lead Belly, recorded him for the first time and actually negotiated his release on the basis of the singer/songwriter's talent. Alan Lomax subsequently returned to the South on his own, where he recorded many Mississippi bluesmen, including Muddy Waters, Son House, and Mississippi Fred McDowell. He also recorded jazz legend Jelly Roll Morton. Lomax's life was dedicated to preserving the musical legacy of not only the United States, but other parts of the world as well, including Europe and the Caribbean. His blues recordings are classics, and in his award-winning memoir, The Land Where the Blues Began, he not only chronicled the history of the blues as seen through his field experiences, but also captured the bitter racism that was faced by the now-legendary artists he recorded. Lomax left behind an invaluable musical and historical legacy.
Essential listening: "Walking Blues," "Country Blues," "Life is Like That" (from The Land Where the Blues Began, 2002, Rounder)
Brownie McGhee
Born: November 30, 1915, Knoxville, Tennessee
Died: February 23, 1996, Oakland, California
Also known as: Walter McGhee
Brownie McGhee played blues guitar in a style that was heavily influenced by Blind Boy Fuller, a North Carolina native whose repertoire included a complicated finger picking style characteristic of a regional genre known as Piedmont blues. Early in his career, McGhee worked as a traveling performer. When he made it to North Carolina he met Blind Boy Fuller and his manager, J.B. Long, and it was Long who helped McGhee make his first recordings. McGhee later moved to New York where he teamed up with harmonica player Sonny Terry. With the help of legendary singer/songwriter Lead Belly, McGhee and Terry became an important part of the city's folk scene, working with such artists as Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie. As a duo they were enormously popular performers and prolific recording artists for almost four decades. McGhee also opened a music school in Harlem where he offered guitar lessons. Both individually and in his partnership with Sonny Terry, McGhee had a lasting influence on both blues and folk. He was an accomplished and versatile guitarist and vocalist whose mastery as a musician included R&B, electric blues and vintage country blues, in addition to the Piedmont style he helped preserve.
Essential listening: "Workingman's Blues," "Death of Blind Boy Fuller," "Living With the Blues"
Magic Slim
Born: August 7, 1937, Grenada, Mississippi
Also known as: Morris Holt
A Magic Slim performance brings the history of Chicago blues to life he studied and played with the masters and he brings their styles together, infusing them with his own fiery skill. He might not be the King of the Blues in Chicago, but he's certainly one of the royal family. Slim grew up in Mississippi and knew blues great Magic Sam when the two were children it was Sam who gave him the nickname. Slim came to Chicago in the mid-fifties with the hopes of becoming a great bluesman, but didn't have the skill level to hold his own with the city's stars. He came back ten years later having honed his licks and formed a band with his brothers; the group soon became a powerful force on the city's South Side. Slim was particularly influenced by the guitar work of Muddy Waters, Freddie King, Buddy Guy, Otis Rush and his old buddy Magic Sam, and he was a devoted student. Decades (and personnel changes) later Slim and his band still maintain a reputation for blowing the room away with their powerful lead and rhythm guitar stylings and a truly amazing repertoire, including fine original material.
Essential listening: "Scuffling," "Love My Baby," "Help Yourself"
Taj Mahal
Born: May 17, 1942, New York, New York
Also known as: Henry St. Claire Fredericks
Taj Mahal is an extremely versatile songwriter, musician and performer who incorporates his lifelong study of blues and other genres, as well as the music of other cultures including Hawaiian, West African, reggae, zydeco, R&B, Latin, gospel, jazz and folk in his songwriting and performance. Mahal has mastered many instruments, including piano, bass, guitar, banjo and harmonica, and is an expressive vocalist. His deep respect for the true roots of all musical styles is evident in his performance. Stories of legendary and obscure artists from blues and other genres as well as various musical styles and influences are often interspersed between songs. Mahal began performing as a folk singer while he was still a teenager, and during college he became part of Boston's folk scene. He eventually moved to Los Angeles where for a short time he worked with guitar master Ry Cooder. Mahal's loyalty to blues can be found on most of the albums he has released in his prolific career, and is particularly evident in his early, critically-acclaimed releases. Taj Mahal continues to record and perform.
Essential listening: " Fishin' Blues ," "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl," "Do I Love Her," "Satisfied and Tickled Too," "Strut," "Hard Way"
John Mayall
Born: November 29, 1933, Manchester, England
John Mayall's considerable talent as a composer and performer is often overshadowed by the influence of his ever-changing band, the Bluesbreakers, which has been in existence since the early 1960's, and early on gained a prestigious reputation that has endured to the present day. Mayall brought together a stunning array of talent in the groundbreaking group, which mined the annals of American blues history in addition to performing original music. The group was partly experimental, and as a result its sound was inconsistent, but much of it was outstanding. Many members of the Bluesbreakers subsequently became superstars. Even a short list of the band's veterans reads like a who's who in enduring sixties and seventies blues-rock: Eric Clapton and bassist Jack Bruce, who left to form the supergroup Cream; guitarist Mick Taylor, who left to join the Rolling Stones; and guitarist Peter Green, bassist John McVie and drummer Mick Fleetwood, who with others co-founded Fleetwood Mac (originally conceived as a pure blues band). Mayall continues to perform, often with longtime Bluesbreakers veterans and other blues legends.
Essential listening: "All Your Love," "Room to Move," "Ramblin' On My Mind," "Parchman Farm," "It Ain't Right"
Memphis Minnie
Born: June 3, 1897, Algiers, Louisiana
Died: August 6, 1973, Memphis, Tennessee
Also known as: Lizzie Douglas
Memphis Minnie was an accomplished guitarist, banjo player, vocalist and songwriter whose career was long and prolific, and she won the enduring respect of her contemporaries, male and female. Her talent had an impact on Memphis's famed Beale Street blues community as well as both the pre-war and post-war Chicago blues scene. She established herself on Beale Street during the 1920s, then moved to Chicago in 1930, where she reportedly regularly won guitar playing competitions, beating out the best of them, including Big Bill Broonzy, Tampa Red, and Muddy Waters. In addition to her superb musicianship, her performance featured rich vocals with a deep, full tone. Her songwriting, often conveying a purely female perspective, was as gutsy and suggestive as any of her male counterparts, and many of her originals have become classics. Among her many contributions to the blues, she was also known for her kindness and generosity toward up and coming blues musicians. In 1971 Led Zeppelin recorded its take on her original "When the Levee Breaks" a testament to the timeless appeal of her music.
Essential listening: "Bumble Bee," "I'd Rather See Him Dead," "Moaning the Blues," "When the Levee Breaks," "Hoodoo Lady"
Muddy Waters
Born: April 4, 1915, Rolling Forks, Mississippi
Died: April 30, 1983, Westmont, Illinois
Also known as: McKinley Morganfield
Muddy Waters grew up in the Mississippi Delta, singing as he worked in the cotton fields as a boy and playing near his favorite muddy creek thus the nickname. He picked up a guitar when he was 17. Influenced by the deeply emotional performer Son House as well as Robert Johnson, Waters became an accomplished bluesman himself. In the early 1940s he took the raw depth of the Delta blues to Chicago, and in a few years he had revolutionized the city's blues scene. His many contributions to Chicago blues include his skill with an electric guitar, his tough, powerful vocals, and his evocative, compelling songwriting. As a bandleader he established the ensemble sound and style of Chicago electric blues just about every great Chicago blues player of that time was in Waters's band at one point or another. British rockers the Rolling Stones took their name from a Waters's song a testament to Waters's extensive influence on both American and British rock and roll.
Essential listening: "Rolling Stone," "Honey Bee," "I Can't Be Satisfied," " Mannish Boy ," "Got My Mojo Working"
Willie Nix
Born: August 6, 1922, Memphis, Tennessee
Died: July 8, 1991, Leland, Mississippi
Willie Nix was an innovative drummer and gifted lyricist as well as vocalist, and was an integral part of Memphis's Beale Street blues community during the late forties and early fifties. Nix originally began performing as a tap-dancer when he was very young his creative sense of rhythm as a drummer likely had its roots in his instincts as a dancer. Nix recorded and played in both Memphis and Chicago, and worked with legendary bluesmen in both cities, among them Junior Parker, B.B. King, Elmore James, Sonny Boy Williamson II, and Bobby Blue Bland. Nix eventually moved back to Memphis and continued to be a local fixture in the blues community. He performed on and off until his death in 1991.
Essential listening: "Truckin' Little Woman," "Nervous Wreck," "No More Love"
Junior Parker
Born: March 27, 1932, West Memphis, Arkansas
Died: November 18, 1971, Chicago, Illinois
Also known as: Herman Parker, Jr.
Junior Parker was known for his prowess as a vocalist, bandleader, songwriter and harmonica player, but it was his voice which music historians describe as "honeyed," "velvet-smooth" and "magic carpet" that brought him real fame. Parker was mentored in the subtleties of blues harp (harmonica) by the blues legend Sonny Boy Williamson II, and joined Howlin' Wolf's band when he was still a teenager. He was part of Memphis's famous Beale Street blues community. Reportedly one of talent scout Ike Turner's many discoveries, Parker recorded for Sun records in the early fifties; his rendition of the self-penned "Mystery Train" made it to number 5 on the R&B charts and was later covered by Elvis Presley. Parker's recordings would make the charts many more times throughout the decade and into the early sixties. During the late fifties Parker led a highly successful R&B revue, Blues Consolidated, which also featured fellow Beale Street vocalist Bobby Blue Bland. Though he never was able to sustain the fame he'd achieved during the fifties, Parker continued working as a recording artist and performer throughout the sixties.
Essential listening: "Mystery Train," "Next Time You See Me," "Barefoot Rock," "Feelin' Good," "Love My Baby"
Charley Patton
Born: 1891, Edwards, Mississippi
Died: April 28, 1934, Indianola, Mississippi
Charley Patton is the uncontested father of the Delta blues. His ferocious, high energy performance brought the house down on a regular basis with a gritty, raw vocal style and an ability to act as a one-man percussion section with his guitar, creating an innovative flow of rhythm and counter-rhythm. His uninhibited performances onstage were reflected in his lifestyle he was a match for any one of his musical descendants as a hard drinker and womanizer. Patton's legacy has inspired, directly and indirectly, generations of both blues and rock and roll musicians. The guitar gymnastics of Jimi Hendrix and Stevie Ray Vaughan are echoes of Patton's performance style, and his use of rhythm and "popping" bass notes presaged funk by decades. Patton influenced and played with blues greats Son House and Willie Brown, and also influenced Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Johnny Shines, John Lee Hooker, and Pop Staples, among many others.
Essential listening: "Pony Blues," "High Water Everywhere," "Oh Death," "High Sheriff Blues"
Sam Phillips
Born: January 1, 1923, Florence, Alabama
Died: July 31, 2003, Memphis, Tennessee
Sam Phillips has had an enormous impact on music, particularly blues, rock and roll and rockabilly. As an innovative producer and owner of Memphis's legendary Sun Studios, Phillips made his mark on music history by discovering and recording such legends as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins and others. Slightly earlier in his career, however, Phillips recorded many blues legends, including Howlin' Wolf, B.B. King, Little Milton and Junior Parker. Sun Studios is often called "The Birthplace of Rock and Roll" in 1951 Phillips recorded the legendary single "Rocket 88," which is often referred to as the first rock and roll record. The song reached number one on R&B charts and helped put Memphis on the musical map. Phillip's obvious gift for bringing out the best in his recording artists is evident on early Sun recordings, which are also known for their live, vital sound. Sun Studios still exists in its original Memphis location.
Essential listening: "B.B. Blues," "My Baby Walked Off," "I Found a New Love," "Lookin' for My Baby" (from Blue Flames: A Sun Blues Collection, Rhino-Sun)
Professor Longhair
Born: December 19, 1918, Bogalusa, Louisiana
Died: January 30, 1980, New Orleans, Louisiana
Also known as: Henry Roeland "Roy" Byrd
Professor Longhair is known as the Father of New Orleans rhythm and blues. He was a vocalist and songwriter, and as a pianist his wildly innovative style combined zydeco, jazz, blues, calypso and ragtime influences with an amazing sense of rhythm. Longhair's infectious talent influenced New Orleans-based greats such as Allen Toussaint, Dr. John, and Fats Domino, among others. He began performing when he was quite young, and later formed several bands, including Professor Longhair and his Blues Jumpers, with whom he recorded the single, "Baldhead," which eventually reached number 5 on the R&B charts. During most of his career he remained a local legend because of his lack of interest in touring, but many of his recordings became New Orleans classics, including "Tipitina," for which the legendary nightclub was named. Longhair's popularity subsided during the 1960's and he worked as a janitor until his performance career was revived in the early seventies. Thereafter he was a regular at New Orleans's Jazz & Heritage Festival, toured the U.S. and Europe and continued to record to critical acclaim.
Essential recordings: "Tipitina," "Baldhead," " Big Chief ," "Go to the Mardi Gras," "In the Night"
Gertrude "Ma" Rainey
Born: April 26, 1886, Columbus, Georgia
Died: December 22, 1939, Columbus, Georgia
Also known as: Gertrude Pridgett
Ma Rainey is commonly known as the Mother of the Blues because of her significant influence on the many female blues singers who succeeded her. She began performing in minstrel and vaudeville shows around the age of 14, and is widely considered to be one of the first female singers to perform blues in that setting. She was an important link between the rough vocals of country blues, then a male-dominated genre which her vocal delivery resembled, and the more polished sound of classic urban blues, a female-dominated genre which she ultimately influenced. In 1904 Rainey married William (known as Pa) Rainey, and the two of them performed together calling themselves "Assasinators of the Blues." Legend has it that during their travels Ma Rainey met Bessie Smith, and became somewhat of a mentor to the young singer. In addition to Rainey's vocal prowess, she was also a talented songwriter. After more than two decades of performing, Rainey began to record in 1923, and she left behind a prolific legacy that includes many classics.
Essential listening: "C.C. Rider," "Bo Weavil Blues," "Jelly Bean Blues," "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom"
Bonnie Raitt
Born: November 8, 1949
An accomplished slide guitarist and blues singer/songwriter, Bonnie Raitt incongruously dropped out of an Ivy League college to work as an itinerant blues musician. Her considerable skill made an impression on Boston's blues scene, and she quickly won the respect of her peers, later playing with blues legends Howlin' Wolf, Son House, Muddy Waters, and others. Raitt began recording to critical acclaim in the early seventies, mixing blues with R&B, pop, jazz and New Orleans influences and garnering a loyal cult following. Like her female predecessors, her music often features a gender-specific spin on the blues; her original interpretation of Chris Smither's "Love Me Like a Man" contains a clever response to Muddy Waters's "Rock Me," and her rendition of Sippie Wallace's "Women Be Wise" likewise offers a refreshing female perspective. In the eighties Raitt's career slowed somewhat until the release of the aptly-titled Nick of Time in 1989, at which point, in the words of blues historian Robert Santelli, she "pulled off one of the greatest career turnarounds in modern pop history."* Raitt received six Grammy awards for the album, and followed it up with another Grammy-winner in 1992. She continues to record and tour.
Essential listening: "Love Me Like a Man," "Give It Up or Let Me Go," "Women Be Wise," "Walking Blues," "Feeling of Falling"
* Santelli, Robert. The Big Book of Blues. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.
Jimmy Reed
Born: September 9, 1925, Dunleith, Mississippi
Died: August 29, 1976, Oakland, California
Also known as: Mathias James Reed
Jimmy Reed's brand of blues was smooth, warm and even sweet quite a contrast to the rough, gritty sound which usually characterizes the genre. Reed and his guitarist Eddie Taylor were childhood friends in Mississippi, and they later settled in Chicago, where they would became a unique recording presence. Reed's easygoing style, built on a solid foundation of Delta blues, featured walking "boogie woogie" bass notes, catchy rhythmic hooks crafted by Taylor and fluid harmonica riffs. All this was delivered through Reed's expressive, irresistible vocals the combination was a contagiously compelling sound. Some of Reed's success was also due to his wife Mary Lee's considerable talent as a songwriter. Reed's recordings were hugely popular with both blues and pop audiences; he enjoyed a long series of hits from 1955 through 1961. Many of his songs have been covered by blues, rock and roll and pop artists, including the Rolling Stones, who along with Bob Dylan acknowledge him as a huge influence. Even the king of rock and roll, Elvis Presley, couldn't resist recording a Jimmy Reed song.
Essential listening: "Ain't That Loving You Baby," "Baby What Do You Want Me to Do," "Hush, Hush," "Shame, Shame, Shame," "You Don't Have to Go"
The Rolling Stones
Original and later band members: Mick Jagger, born July 26, 1943, Dartford, England; Keith Richards, born December 18, 1943, Dartford, England; Brian Jones, born February 28, 1942, Cheltenham, England, died July 3, 1969, London, England; Charlie Watts, born June 2, 1941, Islington, London, England; Bill Wyman, born October 24, 1936, London, England; Ron Wood, born June 1, 1947, Hillingdon, London, England
The Rolling Stones melded blues and R&B with classic rock and roll, and eventually lived up to their self-proclaimed moniker "the World's Greatest Rock and Roll band." As rock and roll's quintessential bad boys, in the beginning the Stones were the antithesis of the clean-cut Beatles, and their sound was a gritty, edgy departure from the sounds of the time. The band took their name from a Muddy Waters song, a testament to the fact that they were avid fans of classic blues. As a young man, outrageously charismatic front man and songwriter Mick Jagger was a regular mail-order customer of the Chicago blues label Chess Records (the band would later record there and work for years with the co-founder's son Marshall). Guitarists Brian Jones and Keith Richards (who formed a notoriously brilliant songwriting partnership with Jagger) were both heavily influenced by Delta blues; Jones idolized legendary blues slide guitarist Elmore James and Richards's highly influential playing made considerable use of the genre's open chord tunings. Drummer Charlie Watts and bassist Bill Wyman were a formidable rhythm section; Watts had previously played with one of Great Britain's esteemed blues band, Blues, Inc. Jones left the band just before his death 1969 and was replaced by Mick Taylor, a veteran of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Taylor left in 1975, and in 1976 was replaced by Ron Wood, who had played with the Jeff Beck Group as well as Small Faces. Wyman left the group in 1991, and was replaced in 1994 by Daryl Jones. The Rolling Stones, who continue to tour, are commonly regarded as one of the most influential bands in the history of music.
Essential listening: "Loving Cup," "Moonlight Mile," "Love in Vain," "I Just Want to Make Love to You"
Bobby Rush
Born: November 10, 1940, Homer, Louisiana
Bobby Rush began performing in Chicago as a teenager, and performed with blues greats Freddie King and Luther Allison. He saw some recording success during the 1970s, making the R&B charts with his hit "Chicken Heads," which is still one of his standards, and became a very popular performer and prolific recording artist after he moved to Mississippi in the early eighties. Rush is known for his high-energy performances, featuring lighthearted, funky, and often very suggestive blues, R&B, and soul. He has received several nominations for the prestigious W.C. Handy awards as well as other blues, R&B and soul awards.
Read an archived version of Bobby Rush's Washington Post online chat .
Essential listening: "A Man Can Give It (But He Can't Take It)," "Chicken Heads," "Mama Talk To Your Daughter," "Sue," "What's Good for the Goose is Good for the Gander"
Otis Rush
Born: April 29, 1934, Philadelphia, Mississippi
Otis Rush is a stunning vocalist, innovative guitarist and songwriter who has hugely influenced blues and rock artists, including Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan (whose band, Double Trouble, was named after Rush's song of the same name), Jeff Beck, and Carlos Santana. Rush was inspired to become a bluesman after he moved to Chicago in the late forties and saw Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf perform. Along with Buddy Guy and Magic Slim, Rush developed a playing style that would become known as the "West Side sound," an emotionally intense combination of guitar licks and expressive vocals, with an urban sound that signified a departure from classic Mississippi Delta blues. Willie Dixon recognized Rush's genius early on, and Rush's recording of Dixon's original, "I Can't Quit You, Baby," reached number 9 on the R&B charts in the mid-fifties. A songwriter in his own right, Rush's frequent use of minor keys provides his music with a subtle but unmistakably anguished tone and interesting moodiness. He is a left-handed guitarist, and like Albert King, one of his primary influences, he plays the guitar upside down rather than having it restrung. Rush continues to tour.
Essential listening: "I Can't Quit You, Baby," "Double Trouble," "So Many Roads, So Many Trains," "All Your Love"
Bessie Smith
Born: April 15, 1894, Chattanooga, Tennessee
Died: September 26, 1937, Clarksdale, Mississippi
Bessie Smith's talent as a vocalist is legendary and she has influenced generations of blues singers, from Billie Holiday to Janis Joplin. She was enormously successful throughout the twenties as a blues and sometimes jazz singer, and beyond that she was an inspiration to the black community, as she lived her life with confidence and uncompromising self-respect, on no one's terms but her own. This self-assurance was part of the appeal of her rich, expressive vocals. Smith sometimes wrote her own material, such as "Back Water Blues." Her career was impacted by the Depression, as were the careers of many artists, but she continued to perform. She was probably on the verge of a comeback, reportedly having been scheduled to play Carnegie Hall at John Hammond's legendary concert "From Spirituals to Swing," when she was killed in a car accident in 1937.
Essential recordings: " Lost Your Head Blues ," "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out," "'Tain't Nobody's Business if I Do," "Back Water Blues," "Broken Hearted Blues"
Mamie Smith
Born: May 26, 1883, Cincinnati, Ohio
Died: October 30, 1946, New York, New York
Mamie Smith was primarily a cabaret and vaudeville singer, but she made blues history by being the first singer to record a blues song. "Crazy Blues," recorded in 1920, was a huge hit, selling more than one million copies within a year of its release. This success inspired the release of further blues recordings by female artists. So, although Mamie Smith technically wasn't a blues singer, she was a groundbreaking and influential artist for the genre. Her majestic stage presence and ornate costumes and jewelry also influenced other female blues singers of the twenties.
Essential listening: "Crazy Blues," "It's Right Here for You," "You Can't Keep a Good Man Down," "That Thing Called Love"
Victoria Spivey
Born: October 15, 1906, Houston, Texas
Died: October 3, 1976, New York, New York
Victoria Spivey's career lasted much longer than that of most other female blues singers of the 1920s. She was a clever songwriter who unflinchingly addressed diverse topics, and as a vocalist her delivery of the blues was sincere and convincing. Spivey started out as a performer in Houston, and is rumored to have played with Blind Lemon Jefferson. For a time she worked as a songwriter for the St. Louis Music Company, and later was based in New York, where she performed constantly. Spivey was artistically influenced by blues great Ida Cox, and she may have also been influenced by her on a more practical level both women are reputed to have had formidable business acumen. Spivey took a hiatus from music during the fifties, but managed a comeback in the early sixties, starting her own record company just in time for the mid-sixties blues revival to breathe new life into her career as a performer. She released predominantly classic blues on her record label, and continued to tour until her death in 1976.
Essential listening: "Dope Head Blues," "Black Snake Blues," TB Blues," "Organ Grinder Blues"
Koko Taylor
Born: September 28, 1935, Memphis, Tennessee
Also known as: Cora Walton
Koko Taylor is a living testament to blues history and can still belt out a song as powerfully and joyfully as ever. A warm, charismatic performer, she has been the undisputed Queen of Chicago Blues for decades, and her reign is still going strong. Taylor's career began after she and her husband moved from Memphis to Chicago, where they frequented the local blues clubs. Once she began sitting in with bands it quickly became obvious she could hold her own not only among female vocalists, but with any of the male heavy hitters, such as contemporaries Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters. Among her fans was blues great Willie Dixon, who was instrumental in the advancement of her career. Her recording of his original song "Wang Dang Doodle" climbed the rhythm and blues charts, was a million-plus seller, and remains one of her classics. For almost 20 years running she garnered the pretigious W.C. Handy Award. A legend in her own right, she has been compared to blues greats Bessie Smith and Big Mama Thornton. In the late 1980s Taylor overcame health challenges and adversity to maintain her reputation as a performer and recording artist of passionate, soulful blues.
Essential listening: "I'm A Woman," "Wang Dang Doodle," "What Kind of Man is This," "I Got What it Takes"
Sonny Terry
Born: October 24, 1911, Greensboro, North Carolina
Died: March 12, 1986, New York, New York
Sonny Terry was a legendary harmonica player who hugely influenced both blues and folk music. Terry began his career playing on the streets of Raleigh Durham, North Carolina, where he met local blues guitarist and vocalist Blind Boy Fuller. The two began performing and recording as a duo. After Fuller's death Terry teamed up with guitarist Brownie McGhee, who had been heavily influenced by Fuller. The musical partnership of Terry and McGhee would last three decades. The two became an important part of New York's folk scene, playing with legends Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, and Lead Belly. They were a versatile and enormously popular duo who always maintained their signature style, Piedmont blues, which was specific to the southeast United States. As a team they recorded prolifically and kept a busy touring schedule. The partnership ended in the mid-seventies and Terry continued to record and perform on his own. He published a book, The Harp Styles of Sonny Terry, in 1975.
Essential listening: "Mountain Blues," "One Monkey Don't Stop the Show," "Sonny's Whoopin' the Doop," "I Think I Got the Blues"
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Born: March 20, 1921, Cotton Plant, Arkansas
Died: October 9, 1973, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sister Rosetta Tharpe mastered the guitar by the age of 6, and grew up singing gospel with her mother. Tharpe was a riveting performer with a flair for showmanship and a definite blues influence in her phrasing and musicianship. She signed a recording contract with Decca while still a teenager and her recordings were huge hits. Tharpe's talent and appeal were so outrageous and contagious that it was inevitable her talents would one day extend beyond the gospel community. Her later career embodied the early, ongoing battle between sacred music and a more secular sound a struggle that many black artists from the gospel tradition have had to face. Eventually Tharpe caused great controversy in the gospel community and lost much of her loyal audience when she recorded pure blues in the early 1950s (along with gospel artist Madame Marie Knight). It took about a decade before Tharpe made her way back to acceptance from the gospel community. She continued to tour until her death in 1973.
Essential listening: "Rock Me," "This Train," "Down by the Riverside," "Didn't it Rain," "Up Above My Head"
Big Mama Thornton
Born: December 11, 1926, Montgomery, Alabama
Died: July 25, 1984, Los Angeles, California
Also known as: Willie Mae Thornton
Big Mama Thornton was a great blues vocalist in the tradition of Bessie Smith, Memphis Minnie and Ma Rainey, and was also a drummer and harmonica player. She had considerable success with her 1953 recording of "Hound Dog," which reached number 1 on the R&B charts and stayed there for seven weeks. (Three years later the song was immortalized by Elvis Presley.) Thornton began her professional singing career at the age of 14, touring the South with the Hot Harlem Revue. She later moved to Houston, Texas where she did some recording and worked with Johnny Otis and Junior Parker, among others. In the early sixties she settled in San Francisco, playing in local blues clubs as well as touring with blues festivals. Thornton continued to perform until her death in 1984. Among her recordings is "Ball 'n Chain," recorded in 1965, which Janis Joplin covered three years later.
Essential listening: "Hound Dog," "Ball and Chain," "Just Like a Dog," "I Smell a Rat," "Stop Hoppin' on Me"
Ali Farka Toure
Born: 1939, Gourmararusse, Mali
Ali Farka Toure is a multi-lingual West African vocalist, guitarist, drummer, and songwriter who, as music historian Richie Unterberger observed, has been "described as 'the African John Lee Hooker' so many times that it probably began to grate on both Toure's and Hooker's nerves."* The comparison is due to Toure's mesmerizing, stripped-down sound that features innovative rhythm and haunting, low vocals. His exceptional music is often described as uniting the sounds of the Mississippi Delta with those of West Africa, and he clearly adds more global influences, musically and instrumentally, to the mix. Toure has had an enormous influence on world music, and has worked with Ry Cooder, Taj Mahal and the Chieftains, among others.
Essential listening: "Ali's Here," "Saukare," "Bonde," "Amandrai," "Soukora"
* www.allmusic.com
Born: May 18, 1911, Kansas City, Missouri
Died: November 24, 1985, Inglewood, California
Big Joe Turner was an accomplished and uncommonly versatile vocalist. His career spanned half a century, during which he transitioned effortlessly from blues to R&B to rock and roll. Turner earned the nickname "Boss of the Blues" because of his powerhouse vocals and formidable stage presence. A Kansas City native, Turner started out playing in local nightclubs, mostly with pianist Pete Johnson, and sometimes with big bands, including that of Count Basie. Turner and Johnson became one of many acts noticed by legendary talent scout John Hammond. At Hammond's suggestion they moved to New York and were part of his "Spirituals to Swing" concert in 1938. The duo snared a regular gig at New York's Caf� Society, a prestigious jazz club, and their enormous popularity was partially responsible for the rise of "boogie woogie" music during the late thirties and early forties. Turner began to record and tour in the early forties, working with Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, and others. A decade later Turner transitioned to R&B, releasing years of solid hits between 1951 and 1956, and in the process becoming known as one of the founding fathers of rock and roll. Turner continued to perform and record until his death in 1985.
Essential listening: "Roll 'Em Pete," "Honey Hush," "Shake, Rattle, and Roll," "Corinna Corrina," "Chains of Love"
Ike Turner
Born: November 5, 1931, Clarksdale, Mississippi
Also known as: Izear Luster Turner, Jr.
Ike Turner has been an integral part of the history of blues, rock and R&B. As a pianist and guitarist he backed visiting bluesmen and performed with his own band, the Kings of Rhythm, while still in high school. He worked as a talent scout in Memphis and throughout the south, and as such he accelerated the careers of Howlin' Wolf, Little Milton and others; as a session musician he often backed up the talent he discovered. Turner's band recorded the song "Rocket 88" in 1951 (recorded under the name Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats), which hit number 1 on the R&B charts and is often called the "first rock and roll song." The band became very popular in St. Louis, and in the late fifties Turner added vocalist Annie Mae Bullock to the mix (who later changed her name to Tina Turner and married Ike). The band became the Ike & Tina Turner Review, and made R&B and rock history, charting singles, packing black nightclubs and touring with the Rolling Stones. Tina left the band and the marriage in 1974; subsequently Ike experienced some hard times, and his career faded. He later made a comeback, and continues to record and perform.
Essential listening: "Rocket 88," "Shake a Tail Feather," "Proud Mary," "Steel Guitar Rag," "I'm Lonesome Baby," "Tore Up," "Ike's Theme," "Catfish Blues"
Otha Turner
Born: June 2, 1907, Jackson, Mississippi
Died: February 26, 2003
Blues fife and drum musician Otha Turner grew up near the Mississippi Delta. Fife and drum music is a traditional genre that has its roots in the northern Mississippi hill country and is based on African-American work songs and spirituals. The fife is an instrument similar to the flute, often made out of bamboo. Turner worked as a farmer in Como, Mississippi, where he also led the Rising Star Fife and Drum band for sixty years. The band eventually made it to Chicago, where for years they opened the city's legendary Blues Festival. While in his nineties, Turner preserved his historically significant music with the recordings Everybody's Hollerin' Goat and Senegal to Senatobia.
Essential listening: "Shimmy She Wobble," "Granny Do Your Dog Bite," "Shake 'Em," "Boogie," "My Babe," "Senegal to Senatobia," "Sunu"
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Born: October 3, 1954, Dallas, Texas
Died: August 27, 1990, East Troy, Wisconsin
Stevie Ray Vaughan almost single-handedly created a blues revival during the 1980s for blues fans it was a refreshing, electrifying change from the predominant sound of that decade. He was assisted in this feat by contemporaries Albert Collins and Robert Cray. Vaughan was a stunning guitarist who mesmerized crowds and listeners with a signature sound and breathtaking skill, combining the influences of both Texas and Chicago blues. His guitar gymnastics echoed those of Jimi Hendrix, and that combined with his soulful, original style made his music irresistible to rock fans as well as blues aficionados. The Texas native dropped out of high school and made his way to Austin to play music; he formed a band that soon became well-known in the city. Eventually he and his band were signed to Epic and their first release, Texas Flood, made blues history. He had taken his rightful place alongside other blues legends when his life and career were cut short by tragedy. Vaughan died in a helicopter crash after a performance with Buddy Guy and Eric Clapton.
Essential listening: "Pride and Joy," "The Sky is Crying," "Texas Flood," "Couldn't Stand the Weather," "Little Wing"
Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
Born: December 18, 1917, Houston, Texas
Died: July 2, 1988, Los Angeles, California
Eddie Vinson was an R&B saxophone player, bandleader, songwriter, and vocalist with a signature voice whose long and prolific career also encompassed jazz and blues. Vinson got his nickname, "Cleanhead," after an episode with a lye-based hair straightener left him bald. He was raised in a musical family and played saxophone in high school. Vinson's career from the mid-thirties through the mid-forties included stints in legendary bands, including Chester Boone's band in Houston, which at the time included genius blues guitarist T-Bone Walker; Milt Larkin's band, which boasted a superb saxophone section; and, after Vinson relocated to New York in 1941, the Cootie Williams Orchestra. Williams's recordings of "Somebody's Got to Go," and "Cherry Red", on which Vinson also appeared as a vocalist, were huge hits. In 1945 Vinson formed his own band, which reportedly for a time included John Coltrane. Vinson played at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1970. For the next two decades he toured and recorded in the U.S. and Europe, where he was particularly popular.
Essential listening: "Kidney Stew," "Cherry Red," "Somebody's Got to Go," "Cleanhead Blues," "Old Maid Boogie"
T-Bone Walker
Born: May 28, 1910, Linden, Texas
Died: March 16, 1975, Los Angeles, California
Also known as: Aaron Thibeaux Walker
Some music critics maintain that no one has ever matched T-Bone Walker's genius as an electric blues guitarist. His extraordinary talent influenced blues and rock greats, including Chuck Berry, Jimi Hendrix, B.B. King, Otis Rush and Stevie Ray Vaughan, among others. Walker was born into a musical family, and Texas blues legend Blind Lemon Jefferson was a family friend. As a boy Walker reportedly acted as escort to Jefferson when the blind musician played on the streets of Dallas, and was definitely influenced by Jefferson musically. Walker began his career in Texas and later moved to Los Angeles. Walker's absolute authority with the instrument translated into precise, incendiary musicianship complemented by a confident, masterful stage presence. His ability as a vocalist was every bit as impressive, and he is the author of many blues classics, including "Stormy Monday," which has been covered endlessly and would probably appear in any top 10 list of the best blues ever written.
Essential listening: "Stormy Monday," "Strollin' With Bones," "T-Bone Shuffle," "T-Bone Blues," "I Walked Away," "Cold Cold Feeling"
Bukka White
Born: November 12, 1909, Houston, Mississippi*
Died: February 26, 1977, Memphis Tennessee
Also known as: Booker T. Washington White
Bukka White moved to the Mississippi Delta as an adolescent and was influenced by Charley Patton as a result he played a particularly pure form of Delta blues. White's devotion to the music was considerable; after a run-in with the law in Mississippi in 1937, he jumped bail in order to record in Chicago. He was apprehended and incarcerated at Mississippi's Parchman Farm, where he was popular as an entertainer, and where his gift for songwriting wasn't hampered like many of his originals, the song "Parchman Farm Blues" became a classic. White's real taste of fame came after Bob Dylan recorded White's original song "Fixin' to Die Blues" in the early 1960s. Curious about the song's original author, two young blues players found White by sending a general delivery letter to Aberdeen, Mississippi (tipped off by his blues song of the same title). These leaps in visibility led to White's fame in later life, as both a performer and a storyteller, as he embodied both the Delta blues and its rich history.
Essential Listening: "Shake 'Em on Down," " The Panama Limited ," "Aberdeen Mississippi Blues," "Fixin' to Die Blues," "Parchman Farm Blues"
Cassandra Wilson
Born: December 4, 1955, Jackson, Mississippi
Cassandra Wilson is primarily known as an accomplished jazz singer, although her stunning full, low voice and skill as a songwriter have encompassed other genres, and she has been heavily influenced by the musical traditions of the south, including the Delta blues. She cites the complexity of Robert Johnson's songwriting, guitar work and vocal delivery as one of her primary influences. Wilson is a prolific recording artist, and has followed up her 1985 debut with almost one album each year, and sometimes two. Her body of work includes acoustic blues, folk, jazz, and funk. Wilson's 1999 release, Traveling Miles, was a tribute to Miles Davis. She has toured with Wynton Marsalis. Her critically-acclaimed recent release, Belly of the Sun, was recorded in Mississippi with both her own band and local musicians and combines funk, pop and rock with a tribute to pure Delta blues.
Essential listening: "You Move Me," "Round Midnight," "Darkness on the Delta," "You Gotta Move," "Hot Tamales"
Sonny Boy Williamson
Born: March 30, 1914, Jackson, Tennessee
Died: June 1, 1948, Chicago, Illinois
Also known as: John Lee Williamson
Sonny Boy Williamson's innovative skill with the harmonica brought it to center stage as a lead instrument in Chicago blues. He also popularized the "call and response" performance technique with the instrument, delivering a vocal line, answering with his characteristically sharp harp riffs followed by another vocal delivery. Williamson acquired his nickname because of the young age at which he began performing; during those early years he traveled the South, sometimes in the company of his biggest influence, Sleepy John Estes, as well as Robert Nighthawk and others. In the late 1930s he moved to Chicago where he worked as a session player and became an influential and successful mainstay of the city's blues scene as a performer and recording artist. He is credited with composing many original songs that became blues standards, especially for the harmonica, and he influenced a long line of superb harmonica players, including Junior Wells, Little Walter and Rice Miller, who was also known as Sonny Boy Williamson II.
Essential listening: "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl," "Early in the Morning," "Whiskey Headed Woman Blues," "Shake that Boogie"
Jimmy Witherspoon
Born: August 8, 1923, Gurdon, Arkansas
Died: September 18, 1997, Los Angeles, California
Jimmy Witherspoon was both a blues and jazz singer during the mid-forties, and hugely influential in his ability to merge the two genres with his deep, full vocals. He was originally influenced by Big Joe Turner, to whom he is often compared. Witherspoon realized he had talent after sitting in with brilliant jazz pianist Teddy Weatherford's big band while stationed overseas. Pianist and bandleader Jay McShann hired Witherspoon to take the place of lead vocalist Walter Brown in his band; during this stint Witherspoon developed his own vocal style. He began recording on his own in 1949, and had a big hit with his version of Bessie Smith's hit "Ain't Nobody's Business." The song not only reached number 1 on the R&B charts, but its stay on the charts was record-breaking. Witherspoon followed that up with a number 5 hit the same year, "In the Evening When the Sun Goes Down." As rock and roll's popularity increased, Witherspoon's career took a downturn, and he focused more on jazz, always infusing it with a blues sensibility. He continued to perform until the end of his life, although he never repeated his early success.
Essential listening: "Ain't Nobody's Business," "In the Evening When the Sun Goes Down," "Big Fine Girl," "No Rollin' Blues"
Peetie Wheatstraw
Born: December 21, 1902, Ripley, Tennessee
Died: December 21, 1941, East St. Louis, Illinois
Also known as: William Bunch
Peetie Wheatstraw began performing in 1929, the year of the Great Depression, and enjoyed enormous popularity in spite of the devastating economic conditions and lulls in the careers of other artists. He was a talented songwriter and commonly addressed rather dark themes the supernatural, death, sex and addiction yet his music was uplifting due to his witty lyrics and the wide range and expressive, buoyant quality of his vocal delivery. His juxtaposition of dark themes with a message to appreciate life is perhaps partly why his music was so surprisingly successful during such trying times. Wheatstraw was primarily a piano player and worked with excellent guitarists, including Kokomo Arnold and Lonnie Johnson; he and Johnson were a recording and performing team for 10 years. He reportedly took his name from an "evil twin" character from black folk tales, and during his career he was also nicknamed "The Devil's Son-in Law" and the "High Sheriff of Hell." Wheatstraw died while celebrating his 39th birthday when, reportedly, he and his buddies tried, and failed, to beat a speeding train.
Essential listening: "Suicide Blues," "You Can't Stop Me From Drinking," "The Devil's Son-in-Law" "Peetie Wheatstraw Stomp"
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William the Conqueror was Duke of which region of France from 1035 until his death? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1087: William 'the Conqueror' dies
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1087: William 'the Conqueror' dies
King William of England has died, five weeks after being seriously injured at the Battle of Mantes in France.
The King was fighting a counter-offensive against the French in July 1087 when he fell against the pommel of his saddle and badly damaged his intestines.
The 59-year-old Duke of Normandy was taken to his Duchy's capital Rouen after the accident, but was unable to recover from his injuries.
Many of his knights have already rushed to protect their property, fearing opportunistic attacks from King Phillip of France or a break-down of order in the region.
Born in 1028, William was the illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy and a young woman called Herleve, the daughter of a Falaise tanner.
In his youth he was known as "William the bastard", but was recognised as the family's heir on his father's death in 1035 and so inherited the Duchy of Normandy.
His claim to the English throne was based on the assertion it had been promised to him in 1051 by his distant cousin Edward the Confessor - a promise that Harold, Duke of Wessex, had sworn to uphold, he said.
When Wessex was crowned King of England in January 1066, William accused him of being a usurper and assembled an invasion force.
He landed on English soil in September 1066. By 14 October - after a close-fought battle at Senlac, near Hastings - Harold was dead and William became king.
At his coronation, the Duke promised to uphold existing laws and customs in England.
His reign was characterised by peace and order, but this was often imposed using violence and cruelty which made him deeply unpopular with many of his subjects.
His replacement of the traditional ruling class with a foreign aristocracy also caused much resentment among the English nobility.
King William's lasting memorial is likely to be his "Domesday" survey - a huge investigation into the wealth of the kingdom commissioned in 1085 and completed just two years later - and the first of its kind in this country.
He will be succeeded in England by his second son William Rufus. His eldest son Robert was denied the throne after falling out with his father, but will be made Duke of Normandy after a deathbed concession.
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In Irish mythology, what is a ‘Pooka’ (or Puca)? | William the Conqueror Biography for Kids «
William the Conqueror Biography for Kids
William the Conqueror was born in the Normandy region of France in 1027 or 1028. His father was Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy. After the death of his father in 1035, William became the Duke of Normandy at the age of seven. At age 15, the young duke was made a knight by King Henry I of France. Four years later, with the help of King Henry, William engaged in his first military battles and successfully secured control of Normandy by defeating a band of rebel Norman barons at the Battle of Val-ès-Dunes in 1047. In 1053, William married his cousin, Matilda of Flanders. Together, they had ten children.
In January of 1066, William claimed the throne of England when his cousin, Edward the Confessor died. Although William claimed the throne, the assembly of England’s top nobles had proceeded in coronating Harold Godwinson as the next King of England. Amidst the swirling controversy, William obtained the support of the Pope and assembled a large army of Norman warriors and built a castle near Hastings to assert his power. In addition, William began plundering the area, which was a direct insult to Harold Godwinson, who maintained an estate there. Harold immediately assembled a large army and engaged the Normans in what came to be known as the Battle of Hastings. William’s army of Normans routed Harold’s army. Harold himself was killed, by some accounts, from an arrow through the eye. The Norman Conquest was complete, and William was officially coronated as the King of England on Christmas Day of 1066 at Westminster Abbey. William quelled any resistance to his reign by plundering land in the north of England (known as the Harrying of the North).
During his reign as King, William ordered the building of numerous bridges and castles, including the Tower of London. The Norman language replaced English as the language used by the ruling class. English was not restored for nearly 300 years. In addition, nearly all land and public office positions were given to Normans. William died in 1087 after falling off one his horses. His son, William Rufus succeeded him as King of England.
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Who plays Malcolm Tucker in the BBC comedy series ‘The Thick Of It’, which satirises the British modern government? | The Thick of It - 必应
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The Thick of It
The Thick of It is a British comedy television series that satirises the inner workings of modern British government. It was first broadcast for two short series on BBC Four in 2005, initially with a small cast focusing on a government minister, his advisers and their party's spin-doctor. The cast was significantly expanded for two hour-long specials to coincide with Christmas and Gordon Brown's appointment as prime minister in 2007, which saw new characters forming the opposition party added to the cast. These characters continued when the show s ... (展开) switched channels to BBC Two for its third series in 2009. A fourth series about a coalition government was broadcast in 2012, with the last episode transmitted on 27 October 2012. In a 2012 interview, series creator Armando Iannucci said the fourth series of the programme would probably be its last. The series has been described as the 21st century's answer to Yes Minister, highlighting the struggles and conflicts between politicians, party spin doctors, advisers, civil servants and the media. As with Yes Minister, the political parties involved are never mentioned by name, although the context makes clear which is which. Iannucci describes it as "Yes Minister meets Larry Sanders". The journalist and former civil servant Martin Sixsmith is an adviser to the writing team, giving some of the storylines an element of realism. The series became well known for its profanity and for featuring storylines which have mirrored, or in some cases predicted real-life policies, events or scandals. A feature film spin-off, In the Loop, was released in the UK on 17 April 2009. A pilot for a U.S. remake of the show was not successful, but Iannucci was subsequently invited to create Veep for HBO, a program with a very similar tone and political issues, with the involvement of some The Thick of It writers and production members.
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1
Background
Armando Iannucci originally conceived of a modern political satire after "arguing the case" for Yes Minister in a 2004 Best British Sitcom poll for BBC Two. His idea was commissioned by Roly Keating, the controller of BBC Four, who granted Iannucci limited budget, telling him to "turn that into what you can." Iannucci created the first series of three episodes, which aired in May–June 2005, and a second series, also of three episodes, which followed in October.
Writing
The series is written by a team of writers led by Armando Iannucci, who also directs the series, with Jesse Armstrong, Simon Blackwell, Roger Drew, Sean Gray, Ian Martin, Will Smith and Tony Roche. Some of the dialogue is improvised rather than scripted (with the cast credited as providing "additional material"), and includes some very strong language. Peter Capaldi said "Fundamentally 80% of the final cut is the script that we started with. The improvisation just makes it feel more real and not written." Prior to rehearsals, the scripts are sent to a "swearing consultant" in Lancaster called Ian Martin, who adds some of the more colourful language. The programme's producer is Adam Tandy, who has produced all of Iannucci's television projects since 2000. The programme is shot with hand-held cameras to give it a sense of vérité or fly-on-the-wall documentary. The documentary style is furthered by the absence of any incidental music or laughter track.
The Thick of It Plot
The action centres on the fictional Department of Social Affairs and Citizenship ("DoSAC" – previously the Department of Social Affairs, or "DSA", prior to the reshuffle of episode five), which supposedly came out of the prime minister's passing enthusiasm for "joined-up government". Thus it acts as a "super department" overseeing many others, which enables different political themes to be dealt with in the programme, similar to the Department of Administrative Affairs in Yes Minister.
Hugh Abbot, played by Chris Langham, is a blundering minister heading the department, who is continually trying to do his job under the watchful eye of Malcolm Tucker (Peter Capaldi), Number 10's highly aggressive and domineering "enforcer". The programme also features James Smith as senior special adviser Glenn Cullen, Chris Addison as junior policy adviser Ollie Reeder, and Joanna Scanlan as civil service press secretary Terri Coverley.
The series was revamped for the third series with Hugh Abbot being replaced as head of DoSAC by Nicola Murray (Rebecca Front), who arrives without her own staff, so Ollie and Glenn find themselves keeping their jobs.
From series 4, after a general election which results in a coalition government, Peter Mannion MP (Roger Allam) is new Secretary of State for DoSAC, supported by his team of special advisers, commanded by Number 10's Director of Communications Stewart Pearson (Vincent Franklin) and thwarted by his new coalition partner, DoSAC's junior minister Fergus Williams MP (Geoffrey Streatfeild). Nicola Murray MP is now leader of the opposition, and opposition spin doctor Malcolm Tucker is desperate for a return to power.
Even though no mention is made of the words "Labour", "Conservative" and "Liberal Democrat", it is strongly implied throughout the four series that this is a dramatised reflection of real-life political parties and events rather than a parallel universe. Each political party is portrayed in equally unflattering terms, each being shown as inept, accident-prone and generally inefficient, and each having their own unique problems. For instance, the ruling party of the first three seasons, to which Abbot and Murray belong, is portrayed as being hampered by its many warring factions and internal strife, which reflects the real-life factionalism and power struggles within the Labour Party both during and after Tony Blair's leadership and the rise to power of Gordon Brown's faction (roughly identified as the "Nutters" in the series), as well as its pragmatic approach to politics. On the other side, the Opposition party to which Mannion belongs is portrayed as suffering from an image problem, being seen as backward, old-fashioned and unprogressive, and having a relatively young, inexperienced leader running a PR overhaul to broaden the party's appeal - a reference to Conservative Party leader David Cameron, whose attention to image in his early years of leadership was often derided both inside and outside his party. Additionally, the smaller coalition party of which Fergus Williams is a member is portrayed as having similar principles to Murray's party, and is widely accused of having betrayed of its own principles by entering into a coalition with Mannion's party, referencing similar accusations made against the Liberal Democrats after the 2010 coalition was formed. Most parallels are drawn from personal conversations between characters, rather than actual policies, however - indeed, most of the actual policies that are seen being implemented are quite mundane, and have no political or ideological significance. For instance, there is an underlying bitterness between Dan Miller and Nicola Murray in the fourth season because Murray reportedly won leadership on a "technicality," despite not having the leadership material that Miller has, a reference to the events of the 2010 Labour leadership election, which saw Ed Miliband become leader over his brother, David, which likewise came down to a technicality in the voting procedure. Throughout the series, Mannion's party is linked by Malcolm and his co-workers to snobbishness, emotional suppression, upper-class institutions such as Eton College. On another occasion, Mannion - who, though fairly moderate compared to others within his party, is nevertheless a member of the "old guard" - complains to Stewart Pearson about the hypocrisy of the Leader of the Opposition and his "Eton clique" who are ostensibly trying to modernise their party by expelling its bigoted and old-fashioned members while routinely texting each other racist jokes in private. Upon being fired, Pearson congratulates himself for ridding his party of toxic elements usually identified with a reactionary credo. In the fourth season, Glenn Cullen is often seen to complain to Terri and Ollie about Fergus's willingness to throw his lot in with a party whose policies vastly contradicted their own, having left his original party because of disillusionment with their political pragmatism. Perhaps the clearest indication of the real-life basis for the fictional parties and events is a comment by Phil Smith, who belongs to Mannion's party: "... a lot of good things came out of the 80s: (...) deregulation of the stock exchange, us being in power...". The mainstream media and general public are commonly portrayed in equally unflattering terms, being portrayed as aggressively hounding politicians and asking awkward, often outrageous questions, or otherwise being discourteous and harsh.
Series 2 (2005)
The second batch of episodes takes place before a cabinet reshuffle, and follows the minister's attempts to keep his job. Ollie Reeder is seconded to number 10 "to phone his girlfriend" Emma Messinger, a member of the shadow defence policy team, where he is under the close eye of enforcer Jamie. Meanwhile, Terri Coverley is on compassionate leave following the death of her father, leaving her role to Robyn Murdoch, a senior press officer. The department also has to contend with the interference of the prime minister's "blue skies" adviser Julius Nicholson. The minister and the department survive the reshuffle, with the department being rebranded as the "Department of Social Affairs and Citizenship" and moved to a new building. However, the mistakes and compromises continue.
The Thick of It Cast and characters
See also: List of The Thick of It characters
Most episodes focus on the department's incumbent minister and a core cast of advisers and civil servants, under the watchful eye of Number 10's enforcer, Malcolm Tucker. Over its run, the series has developed a large cast of additional characters, who form the government, opposition, as well as members of the media.
Malcolm Tucker (Peter Capaldi) – Series 1-4 – The aggressive, profane and feared director of communications for the government. He serves two main roles: acting as the prime minister's enforcer to ensure the cabinet ministers all follow the party line, and managing the government's crisis management PR, usually in the form of spin. He regularly uses smears or threats of violence to achieve his ends. Tucker also appears in In the Loop. The Guardian used the character in their coverage of the 2010 general election and the Labour leadership contest in a column written by Jesse Armstrong. The character is patterned on real-life government director of communications Alastair Campbell, as well as Hollywood producers such as Harvey Weinstein.
Glenn Cullen (James Smith) – Series 1-4 – Glenn is senior special adviser to the minister. A long-standing friend of Hugh's since the campaign days, he acts as his chief adviser. He is generally politically adept, often being a voice of sense within the series, although due to his age is often ignored and emasculated by younger members of staff. Despite a number of mishaps, such as swearing at a member of the public who confronts Abbot, he keeps his job due to his loyalty to Hugh. Following Hugh's departure, he expects to retire, but is unexpectedly kept on as adviser to Nicola Murray. His home life is troubled, being divorced and with a disabled son. Originally intending to stand for parliament at the next election, his association with Nicola leads to him failing to receive enough support to become a prospective parliamentary candidate. Despite his generally unfortunate experiences, he is possibly the only major character to whom Malcolm shows any (if occasional) warmth; Tucker deliberately implied Glenn's usefulness after his mini-breakdown in "Spinners and Losers" and expresses what appears to be genuine remorse after punching Glenn in Series 3, Episode 3.
Oliver "Ollie" Reeder (Chris Addison) – Series 1-4 – Ollie is a special adviser to the secretary of state (formerly junior policy adviser) to Hugh Abbot and his replacement, Nicola Murray. An Oxbridge graduate from Lincolnshire, he is arrogant, inept, inexperienced, somewhat gawky and is often inadvertently the cause of departmental mistakes. However, the minister often takes up his ideas believing them to be vote-winners. During series 1 it is revealed that he once had a relationship with journalist Angela Heaney (Lucinda Raikes) who makes occasional appearances through the first three series. He was seconded to 10 Downing Street after he slept with opposition party worker Emma Messinger (Olivia Poulet) and was told to use his relationship to gather information on opposition party policy. He is described by Terri as "a little bit morally bankrupt and massively self centred and a tiny bit dangerously unreliable".
Terri Coverley (Joanna Scanlan) – Series 1-4 – Terri acts as director of communications for the department. Notionally responsible for press relations at DoSAC, Coverley was head of press recruited from supermarket chain Waitrose as part of an ill-advised scheme to make government run like a business. Professional but prudish, she is often left to "mop up" the bad press garnered by the department. As a civil servant, compared with the MPs and advisers she is relatively safe in her job, a fact which she repeatedly states to their annoyance. She takes a leave of absence during series 2 due to the death of her father.
Rt Hon Hugh Abbot MP (Chris Langham) – Series 1-2 – He is the Secretary of State for Social Affairs (later Social Affairs and Citizenship). He is an inept cabinet minister who is generally out of touch with the electorate. While he believes he has some influence, he often finds himself at the mercy of events and bearing the brunt of Tucker's vitriol. He reads the New Statesman and has two children, Alicia and Charlie, whom he barely sees. He is replaced by junior minister Nicola Murray in a reshuffle at the beginning of series 3 without appearing on screen.
Rt Hon Nicola Murray MP (Rebecca Front) – Series 3-4 – Nicola replaces Hugh Abbot from series 3. She is promoted to Social Affairs and Citizenship Secretary as a last-minute choice in a government reshuffle in the run up to a general election. Inexperienced and naive, she begins her tenure poorly with a number of public embarrassments over her husband's career. She also finds it difficult to maintain a healthy balance between her home and work lives, conflicting with Tucker when he demands that she send her daughter to a state comprehensive school, rather than her preferred choice of a private school. Relatively powerless in the cabinet, her dour public image, largely encouraged by Tucker, leads her to be referred to as "glummy mummy". Although she and Tucker regularly clash, he is occasionally shown to be much more sympathetic towards her than her predecessor, particularly when he suggests that the government might quietly accede to her wishes regarding her choice of school for her daughter "in a term or two". Nicola is elected as Leader of the Opposition before the start of Series 4.
The Thick of It Broadcast history
The first run of three episodes screened on BBC Four from 19 May 2005. A further three episodes were transmitted 20 October – 3 November 2005. The six episodes were repeated on BBC Two in early 2006, and later on BBC America together as a single series. The subsequent DVD release of all six episodes describes the episodes as The Complete First Series.
An hour-long Christmas special, "The Rise of the Nutters", aired in January 2007 with a further ten episodes planned for later on in the year. Chris Langham did not reprise his role as Hugh Abbot, due to arrest and later conviction on charges of possession of child pornography, ruling him out of any further roles. To fill this void, Iannucci introduced new characters into the series forming the opposition.
Another one-off hour-long episode "Spinners and Losers" aired on 3 July 2007. It was followed by a 15-minute extra episode through BBC Red Button, following the same story from the opposition's point of view.
For series 3, transmission switched to BBC Two, with subsequent repeats on BBC Four. The series ran for eight episodes from 24 October 2009 to 12 December 2009. As a Red Button extra, each episode had an accompanying 10-minute documentary titled Out of The Thick of It broadcast immediately afterwards and on the BBC Comedy website, which featured cut scenes, specially written scenes and, later, discussion of the programme by the series' writers, makers and with figures involved in British politics.
Internationally, series 1 and 2 aired back-to-back in Australia on ABC1 each Friday at 9:40 pm from 21 November 2008 and has since been repeated on ABC2 and UKTV. Later, the two-hour-long specials along with series 3 premiered consecutively on the lower-rated ABC2 channel from 7 July 2011 each Thursday at 10:15 pm and again repeated, this time on ABC1 and UKTV.
A fourth series was commissioned in March 2010. Work began on the scripts in March 2011, filming began in March 2012 and airing started on BBC Two on 8 September 2012. The fourth series is co-produced by Hulu. Iannucci stated that the coalition government, in particular the role of the Liberal Democrats, would remain the target of the next series. In an interview with The Guardian, he stated his idea was for Peter Mannion to have become a minister "but there will be someone from the other party in the coalition in his office, so a lot of the comedy will come from that tension between duplicated ministers." Press for the fourth series partially focused on the applicability of the show to real life, with Will Smith commenting that the use of the word "omnishambles", coined in the third series, becoming a political meme in the months before transmission being a "baffling" example of life imitating art.
The Thick of It Awards
The series has been the recipient of a number of awards, particularly from BAFTA. Series 1 won both "Best Situation Comedy" and Chris Langham won "Best Comedy Performance – male" at the 2006 BAFTA Television Awards, with Peter Capaldi being nominated for the same award in 2006 and 2008. Capaldi won the BAFTA at the 2010 awards, with Rebecca Front winning "Best Comedy Performance – female". The series was also declared the "Best Situation Comedy".
The series also won Best Situation Comedy from the Royal Television Society in 2006 and 2010, and won Broadcasting Press Guild Awards in 2006 and 2010 for best sitcom and writing team.
In the Loop
Main article: In the Loop (film)
In May 2008, the BBC issued a press release stating that filming had commenced on a feature length adaptation named In the Loop starring Tom Hollander, James Gandolfini, Chris Addison, Peter Capaldi, Gina McKee and Steve Coogan. The film followed the plight of the International Development minister as an inadvertent comment in an interview leads to him being used as a puppet by the president of the United States and the prime minister who are looking to launch a war in the Middle East. The film follows the officials and advisers in their behind-the-scenes efforts either to promote the war or prevent it.
Although many of the TV series cast returned, the only actual returning characters are Malcolm Tucker, Jamie McDonald and Sam Cassidy, with series regulars Chris Addison, James Smith, Joanna Scanlan, Alex MacQueen, Olivia Poulet, Eve Matheson and Will Smith playing new characters altogether. The film premiered in the US at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and in the UK at the 2009 Glasgow Film Festival. It was released on 17 April 2009 in the United Kingdom. In The Loop was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in 2010. Several cast members later played similar roles in the spin off, Veep.
U.S. remake (2007)
On 27 October 2006, it was announced that The Thick of It would be adapted for American television, focusing on the daily lives of a low-level member of the United States Congress and his staff. Arrested Development creator Mitch Hurwitz would be the executive producer, along with Armando Iannucci and Richard Day. The pilot was directed by Christopher Guest, and produced by Sony Pictures and BBC Worldwide. The cast included John Michael Higgins, Oliver Platt, Michael McKean, Alex Borstein, and Wayne Wilderson.
ABC did not pick up the show for its 2007 Autumn schedule. Iannucci distanced himself from the pilot stating "It was terrible...they took the idea and chucked out all the style. It was all conventionally shot and there was no improvisation or swearing. It didn't get picked up, thank God." Other networks including HBO, Showtime, and NBC expressed interest in the show, and in April 2009, Iannucci re-entered talks with HBO over the possibility of an American adaptation.
Veep
Main article: Veep (TV series)
Although it is not a direct spin-off, "Veep" shares a similar tone and style with The Thick of It. In November 2010 it was announced that HBO had ordered a pilot for a new series called Veep, to be written, directed and produced by Iannucci. The pilot stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus in the leading role as vice president of the U.S. and also includes several of the American cast members who played similar characters in In the Loop, most notably series co-star Anna Chlumsky. The series began airing in April 2012. Veep began showing in the UK on Sky Atlantic beginning in June 2012. Justin Edwards and Rebecca Gethings appear in the Veep episode "Special Relationship" as different characters.
The Thick of It Media releases
On 2 April 2007, a UK DVD of the first six episodes was released as "The Complete First Series". It also included audio commentary, deleted scenes, and photo galleries. The two specials were released on a second UK DVD in April 2009. The third series was released on UK DVD in April 2010, followed by a "complete series" box set (now outdated). Although the third series was filmed and broadcast on the BBC in high definition video there has been no release to date on Blu-ray disc. A North American "Series One to Three" DVD box set was briefly scheduled for release in late 2012, but the release was delayed until Aug. 6, 2013, in order to allow all four seasons (plus specials) to be included in what was now a "Complete Series" release. The release date was announced by BBC Worldwide early in 2013, but coincidentally ended up occurring only two days after Peter Capaldi was announced as the new star of Doctor Who. (Even more coincidental, a cast commentary included as part of a photo gallery featurette for the episode "Rise of the Nutters" included in the DVD set, recorded several years earlier, has several cast members jokingly deciding to start a rumor that Capaldi is to be the next Doctor.)
The Thick of It Books and newspaper columns
The Thick of It: The Scripts, a book containing the scripts from the first two series and the 2007 specials, was published on 1 September 2007.
A tie-in book, The Thick Of It: The Missing DoSAC Files, was published on 4 November 2010. An iPhone app – based on the DoSAC Files book and named 'Malcolm Tucker: The Missing Phone' – was released in 2010, and was nominated for a New Media award at the 2011 Television BAFTAs.
In the run-up to the 2010 UK general election, the column 'Malcolm Tucker's election briefing' appeared weekly in The Guardian, written by Jesse Armstrong.
A one-off column written by Ian Martin in the character of Stewart Pearson – 'Stewart Pearson's Media Notebook' – appeared in The Guardian in November 2010.
The Thick of It References
^ Mellor, Louisa (2012-10-19). "The Thick Of It series 4 to be its last". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
^ Urquhart, Conal (1 September 2012). "Armando Iannucci turns satirical eye on Silicon Valley". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 1 September 2012.
^ a b c Interview with Armando Iannucci, at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^ Roger Drew, "A whole new power struggle: Plot twists and profanity behind new series of The Thick of It", Independent, 1 September 2012
^ The Thick of It: top 10 Malcolm Tucker moments", The Guardian, 15 October 2009
^ Stewart Heritage, Have you been watching...The Thick of It?, The Guardian, 17 October 2012
^ John Plunkett, The Thick of It: 'it feels more like politicians copy us', The Guardian, 22 August 2012
^ Britain's Best Sitcom, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2009
^ Armstrong, Stephen (16 July 2006). "Television: Why our sitcoms need to pack a punch". The Times (London). Retrieved 22 November 2009.
^ Cast list at the Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^ Interview with Armando Iannucci at Uncut.co.uk. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ Above and Beyond, interview with Chris Addison[dead link] by David Whitehouse in The London Paper, Wednesday 20 December 2006
^ BBC Press Release. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
^ a b The new PM is variously called Davies and Davis in reasonably authoritative sources. A newspaper draft in the second special clearly reads Davis.
^ The Thick of It to return with Leveson-style inquiry, Mark Sweeney, 12 July 2012
^ a b c d e The Characters of series 1, BBC Press Release 8 December 2005
^ "Malcolm Tucker's election briefing". The Guardian (London). 15 March 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
^ Radio Times 4–10 February 2012 p.18
^ Series 1, episode 6
^ Character profile at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2009
^ Series 3, episode 1
^ Character profile at bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 December 2009
^ Paramount Comedy.com. Retrieved 4 January 2007. Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ BBC Press Release. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ "ABC1 Programming Airdate: The Thick of It (episode one)". ABC Television Publicity. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
^ "UKTV Programme Synopsis: The Thick of It". UKTV Online. 10 February 2011.
^ "ABC2 Programming Airdate: The Thick of It (special number one)". ABC Television Publicity. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
^ "ABC1 Programming Airdate: The Thick of It (special number one)". ABC Television Publicity. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ The Thick of It series 4, British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 29 March 2010
^ [New series of The Thick of It commissioned], Daily Telegraph, 24 March 2011
^ https://twitter.com/Aiannucci/status/153795768057217024
^ Matt Chorley (2 September 2012). "Omnishambles! The Thick of It's #%*@%*# back!– TV & Radio– Media". The Independent (London).
^ Kemp, Stuart (21 August 2012). "Hulu Takes Hands-off Approach to U.K. Cult Hit 'The Thick of It'". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ Armando Iannucci interview. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2011
^ Nassim, Mayer (6 September 2012). "'Thick of It' writers not flattered by Ed Miliband 'omnishambles'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
^ a b Awards at IMDb
^ British Comedy Awards 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
^ The Thick Of It dominates Baftas, BBC News, 7 June 2010
^ BBC Press Office– Principal photography commences on Armando Iannucci's In the Loop , URL accessed 19 May 2008
^ [dead link]
^ Ambrose Heron. "UK Release Date for in the Loop". FILMdetail. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
^ Official site. Retrieved 11 March 2009
^ 82nd Academy Award Nominations, Official website. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
^ Hollywood Reporter.com. Retrieved 4 January 2007. Archived 29 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Christopher Guest Jumps Into 'The Thick of It'". Zap2it.com. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
^ "Platt, 'Piz' Pluck Pilot Parts". Zap2it.com. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
^ "'Gilmore' Regular Joins ABC Pilot". Zap2it.com. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
^ Goodman, Tim (21 May 2007). "Sometimes buzz about TV pilots is just a lot of hot air". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
^ a b Rosser, Michael (24 April 2009). "Iannacci in talks with HBO over US Thick of It". Broadcast. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
^ "Rejected by ABC, political satire sparks interest". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ Variety: Louis-Dreyfus named 'Veep' for HBO
^ The Hollywood Reporter: HBO Picks Up Julia Louis-Dreyfus Pilot 'Veep' to Series
^ https://twitter.com/Aiannucci/status/187253341036875779
^ "The Thick Of It Scripts". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ "Faber & Faber: The Thick of It: The Missing DoSAC Files". Faber & Faber. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ "Malcolm Tucker: The Missing Phone– The Thick of It App for the iPhone and iPod Touch". Malcolmtuckerapp.com.
^ Richmond, Shane (27 April 2011). "Malcolm Tucker iPhone app nominated for BAFTA". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ "Malcolm Tucker's Election Briefing". The Guardian (London). 15 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
^ Martin, Ian (1 November 2010). "Stewart Pearson's Media Notebook". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2012-04-10.
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The Cordoba is the basic monetary unit of which country? | Why The Thick of It is not that risqué | Steven Fielding | Opinion | The Guardian
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While working as a film critic during the 1930s Graham Greene defined "a humorist in the modern English sense", as someone "who shares the popular taste and who satirises only those with whom the majority are already displeased". This led to what he disparaged as "safe and acceptable" comedies.
What with Malcolm Tucker's Top Trumps swearing, and its mockery of Britain's political class, you might think The Thick of It , which has returned to our screens for its final run, was anything but "safe and acceptable". Since its first episode in 2005 I have been among those who have delighted in its insider jokes and traded with friends my favourite Tucker lines – so far as I'm concerned, it's got to be: "From bean to cup, you fuck up." Sadly there was nothing comparable on show in the first episode on Saturday night.
And yet, The Thick of It has done little more than pander to our prejudices about politicians. For, as survey after survey reveals, most of us don't like MPs much, feel they lie and suspect they are corrupt – although other research shows we don't know much about how politics works. The series takes the brave stand of confirming what we already think we know.
Armando Iannucci , the genius who has presided over the series, recently said: "I think most politicians want to make a difference. They have a set of principles, ideals or ambitions, and I suspect the bulk of them stay like that." But The Thick of It has consistently depicted MPs as weak, woolly and subject to their spin doctors' diktats. Rightly described by a collaborator as "the presiding nexus of all the leading comics in this country" Iannucci was, before the formation of the current government, a Liberal Democrat supporter (largely due to that party's opposition to the Iraq war). Not coincidentally he claimed that during the Blair years he was "increasingly appalled by how the truth is quite unashamedly contorted in political debate". It should be no surprise, then, that, The Thick of It is actually a highly moral series, one concerned to explore how through "spin" the political class conspires to obscure from us good citizens the ideal of truth.
British politics has moved on from 2009, when the series was last broadcast. As it has always echoed real events, this means the Department of Social Affairs and Citizenship, where the action mostly takes place, has a new ministerial team. This is headed by oleaginous Conservative Peter Mannion, who operates within a fractious coalition and so has to work with a pushy Liberal Democrat junior minister. Tucker has, in contrast, been relegated to opposition and is dealing with ex-minister but permanent "omni-shambles" Nicola Murray, who has unaccountably been elected party leader.
Despite these changes, and Iannucci stepping back from writing (all too apparent on the evidence of last night's episode), the basic story remains the same. Politicians are still obsessed with the media; policy does not matter compared to its presentation; spin (and spin doctors) rule. The disastrous (if not especially funny) launch and quick death of the "silicon playgrounds" policy certainly had an over-familiar feel. So far as The Thick of It is concerned, politicians are not interested in solving people's problems, for Westminster has collapsed into a self-referential world of appearance. It is as if all that is solid has melted into the airwaves.
The picture painted is, then, hopeless: articulating popular prejudices about politics, which it exaggerates for comic effect, the series leaves viewers with no consolation other than their own laughter. Unlike satire as it should be, the series mocks with no purpose other than mockery.
Some believe The Thick of It is the Yes Minister of our day. That 1980s series is lauded for dissecting the relationship between ministers and their civil servants. Iannucci even praised it for being "a crash course in contemporary political studies". Yes Minister's jokes were certainly underpinned by a serious regard for politics and offered a (neoliberal) solution to the problems it outlined. The Thick of It, however, has always had more in common with a contemporary of Yes Minister – Spitting Image – and the populist comedy of crude ridicule it embodied. That series' infamously grotesque puppets suggested that all politicians were stupid, venal and/or mad. As series producer John Lloyd claimed: "The high and mighty have had it all too much their own way and anything that can be done to question what they do is good."
Tucker, as played by Peter Capaldi , is already a monstrous caricature, albeit one that confirms every ill-informed prejudice viewers might hold about those who exercise power. The Thick of It, in this last season as in the first, reinforces the popular view that our political class is appalling and suggests that we can do nothing about it but laugh at them. How reassuring that is.
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Phobos and Diemos are the moons of which planet in our solar system? | Mars' Moons | StarDate Online
Mars' Moons
Mars' Moons
Two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, orbit Mars. The larger moon, Phobos, passes across the Martian sky from west to east twice a day. It would look about half as big as the full Moon does on Earth. It's also so close to Mars that you couldn't see it from the Martian poles.
Deimos is farther away and moves slowly from east to west. Deimos would look like a small dot of light in the sky. Phobos is slowly moving closer to Mars. In another 50 to 100 million years, it will crash into Mars.
Phobos is small, dark, and airless. And it's one of the driest bodies in the solar system.
That doesn't mean that Phobos is dull, though. Quite the contrary. Phobos survived a powerful impact that may have fractured its interior. The impact gouged a large crater, and may be responsible for a series of long, deep grooves that appear to radiate away from the crater.
If the meteor that created the crater had been a bit larger, it might have destroyed Phobos. Instead, many scientists think the impact cracked the moon's interior. The cracks could contain water ice. If so, Phobos could serve as a refueling station for manned Mars-exploration missions. But observations by several spacecraft indicate that there's less water at the surface of Phobos than in almost any other body in the solar system.
Deimos is covered by a powdery dust that could be several hundred feet deep. The tips of giant boulders peek above the dust like icebergs floating in a dark sea. The dust formed as the result of billions of years of meteorite impacts, which pulverized the tiny moon's surface.
Many scientists believe that Phobos and Deimos are asteroids that wandered close to Mars billions of years ago. The Martian atmosphere may have been thick enough to act as a brake, slowing the small bodies enough to trap them in orbit.
But other scientists say that the moons formed at the same time as Mars, or that they're the remnants of a larger moon that was shattered by a collision with a large meteor.
This document was last modified: September 13, 2008
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Which English author wrote the ‘Swallows and Amazons’ series of children’s books? | Phobos: Facts About the Doomed Martian Moon
Phobos: Facts About the Doomed Martian Moon
By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor |
June 21, 2016 11:52pm ET
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NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took this image of the larger of Mars' two moons, Phobos, from a distance of about 6,800 km (about 4,200 miles).
Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
The Martian moon Phobos orbits only a few thousand miles above the Red Planet's surface. Its proximity to its planet is one of the reasons astronomers were unable to see the satellite until the late 19th century. In fact, the moon is getting closer to Mars over the centuries, and eventually will either break up or be pulled into the Martian surface.
Robotic probes on Mars' surface can see Phobos passing overhead:
Discovery and name
In the early 17th century, German astronomer Johannes Kepler proposed that Mars might host two moons, given that it lay between the Earth and Jupiter, which were known to have one and four satellites. No evidence of such moons could be found. Although most people thought that Mars had no moons, American astronomer Asaph Hall performed a methodical study from the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., searching closer to the planet than previous surveys.
After searching without success, a frustrated Hall was about to give up, but his wife, Angelina, urged him to continue. The next night, August 12, 1877, he discovered the moon that would later be known as Deimos. Six days later, he found Phobos as well. The two moons lay so close to the planet that they were hidden by the glare of Mars. Asteroid-size, they are also two of the smallest moons in the solar system, with the larger Phobos 7.24 times as massive as its companion, Deimos .
In Greek mythology, Phobos was one of the sons of the god of war Ares (Mars to the Romans). The twin sons attended their father in battle. Phobos means fear (as in phobia), while Deimos means flight (especially in the sense of fleeing after a defeat), according to NASA.
Exploring the moons
NASA's Mars rover Curiosity snapped this photo of the larger Martian moon Phobos during a Mars sky observing session. Phobos is Mars' larger moon, but only 14 miles across. Image released Sept. 26, 2012.
Credit: NASA/JPL
It took almost another century for scientists to begin to understand the two tiny Martian moons. In 1971, NASA's Mariner 9 spacecraft became the first manmade satellite to orbit another planet. Images from the craft revealed that both Phobos and Deimos have lumpy, potato-like shapes, rather than spherical like most moons. Observations of Phobos were limited by the tidal locking of the moon to the planet, resulting in the same side always facing outward.
As the exploration of continued, scientists were able to learn more information about the satellites circling Mars. The Viking orbiters flew by in the late 1970s. The Soviet Phobos 2 mission, NASA's Mars Global Surveyor , and the European Mars Express all provided more clues about the two curious moons. Rovers from the planet's surface even got in on the act, with Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity all providing images from the ground . NASA's MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission) has also imaged the moon to try to learn more about Phobos' composition.
In 2011, Russia attempted to send a mission to the Martian moon called Phobos-Grunt, which was supposed to come back to Earth in 2014 bearing a small sample of the moon. The spacecraft, however, was marooned in Earth orbit due to issues with its rocket. Phobos-Grunt fell back to Earth in early 2012 and crashed into the Pacific Ocean.
NASA may not be finished with Phobos yet. The space agency is considering the Phobos Surveyor mission , which would deploy small, hedgehog-like probes to the surface of the moon. The mission is funded under NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts program, which looks at concepts that could be decades away from flight.
One of the competing concepts for NASA's next low-cost, Discovery-class mission selection (expected to be completed in 2016) would explore both Martian moons. Called PADME (Phobos And Deimos and Mars Environment), the spacecraft would try to figure out where the moons came from — the asteroid belt, by forming around Mars, or other scenarios. If selected, this mission would launch in 2020 and arrive in 2021.
Some human spaceflight proponents have also suggested NASA should land people on Phobos before Mars ; NASA hopes to have a human mission sent there by the 2030s.
Formation and composition
The examination of Phobos and its companion revealed more than their odd, non-spherical shapes. The two moons are dark gray in color, and heavily cratered. The moons are some of the darkest, least reflective objects in the solar system.
After observing the pair, scientists concluded that they were made of material similar to Type I or II carbonaceous chondrites, the material that makes up asteroids and dwarf planets. The composition and odd shape led some scientists to conclude that Phobos and Deimos came from the asteroid belt, with Jupiter's gravity long ago nudging them into orbit around Mars.
However, scientists aren't certain that the asteroid belt is the source of the moons' birth. Both have a nearly circular orbit unusual for captured objects. The thin atmosphere of Mars would have a hard time providing the necessary braking to settle the pair into their present-day orbits. Similarly, the moons are not as dense as objects in the asteroid belt.
Instead, the moons may have formed as satellites around Mars, with dust and rock drawn together by gravity.
A more violent birth may have occurred by collision. A large impactor smashing into the red planet could have sent pieces flying into the air, where gravity may have drawn them together. An existing moon might also have been destroyed, creating the rubble that later formed Phobos and Deimos.
Traveling only 3,700 miles (6,000 kilometers) above the Martian surface, Phobos flies around the Red Planet three times a day. Crossing the sky in about four hours, the moon appears to rise in the west and set in the east.
Many science fiction films feature large moons dominating alien skies, but despite its proximity to its planet, Phobos is only a third as wide as the full moon seen from Earth. On the other hand, Mars dominates the horizon of Phobos, taking up a fourth of the sky.
Doomed
But Phobos won't zip around Mars forever. The doomed moon is spiraling inward at a rate of 1.8 centimeters (seven-tenths of an inch) per year, or 1.8 meters (about 6 feet) each century. Within 50 million years, the moon will either collide with its parent planet or be torn into rubble and scattered as a ring around Mars.
The unusual characteristics of Phobos, including its decaying orbit, led some scientists in the 1950s and 1960s to conclude that it was artificial. One prominent proponent was the science adviser to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Further examination revealed that the moon bears stronger resemblance to a rubble pile than an artificial satellite, and images sent back from orbiting craft show that it formed in nature.
On the surface
The larger of the two moons, Phobos has a diameter of 10 by 14 by 11 miles (17 by 22 by 18 km). The surface is covered with a dusty powder 3 feet (1 meter) thick, likely caused by meteor bombardment.
A large impact crater dominates the moon. Stretching nearly 6 miles (9.5 km), Stickney Crater covers most of the surface. The impact that formed it likely caused many secondary impacts, as rocks flew up and fell back to Phobos. The crater bears the maiden name of Hall's encouraging wife.
The moon is marred by long grooves. In 2015, a NASA-led study suggested that the grooves on Phobos are actually early signs of the moon breaking apart due to tidal stresses induced by Mars' gravity. Another theory stated that the grooves could be remnants of a huge impact that left behind the crater Stickney, but the grooves did not center on this crater. Another explanation is the moon's grooves could come from material displaced from Mars that hits Phobos' surface, which was espoused in an Open University study published in 2014.
Temperatures vary on Phobos, reaching highs of 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 4 degrees Celsius) during the day, while nights can be as cold as minus 170 degrees F (minus 112 degrees C).
The moon is so small that a 150-pound person standing on its surface would weigh only two ounces.
Facts about Phobos:
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Cynology is the study of which animals? | Cytology in Dogs
Cytology in Dogs
Last Modified: August 02, 2015
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Cytology is the examination and study of blood or tissue cells under a microscope that can be done in dogs and other animals. Cytology can be used to detect inflammation, infection, bacteria, fungi, parasites and cancer.
Cytology involves examination of a tissue or fluid sample. Often cytology is used to identify a lump or mass noted on physical examination. Certain skin diseases or hair loss situations – such as mange mite infection – can be diagnosed using cytology. Cytology is usually done when abnormal fluid is detected in a body cavity. Cytology may follow an abdominal ultrasound examination or surgical procedure that reveals abnormal organ tissue. Cytology of vaginal fluid can be used to guide breeding in female dogs.
There is no real contraindication to performing this test. Negative results can exclude the presence of certain diseases. For example, a skin tumor might be malignant or benign. If the cytology shows the mass to be a simple fatty tumor, it may be left alone and followed. In contrast, identification of a dangerous skin cancer, such as a mast cell tumor, would indicate the need for surgical removal of the mass. As with all tests, a cytologic examination is neither 100 percent sensitive nor specific. Should a cytology exam be negative or inconclusive, your veterinarian may recommend a full tissue biopsy sample be obtained and submitted for analysis.
What Does Cytology Reveal in Dogs?
Cytology can identify the presence of inflammation, infection, cancer, parasites, bacteria and fungi (molds and yeast). Following cytology, additional diagnostic tests, procedures, or medications may be recommended.
How Is Cytology Done in Dogs?
Cytology testing involves obtaining a sample of suspicious material. The material can be obtained by pressing a microscope slide against the tissue, by gently scraping the area with a scalpel blade, or by inserting a needle or sterile Q-tip into the tissue to obtain fluid or tissue.
Once obtained, the material is spread thinly over a microscope slide and allowed to dry. Fluid samples may be placed in a centrifuge first to concentrate the cells before they are transferred to the slide. The sample is then dyed with special biological stains to ease identification of the cells. The sample is once again allowed to dry. Once the dye has dried, the slide is ready for microscopic evaluation.
Some veterinarians are sufficiently experienced to evaluate cytology specimens. Most veterinarians submit the cytology specimen to a diagnostic laboratory for evaluation by a veterinary pathologist. Even if your veterinarian provides you a presumptive diagnosis based on his/her evaluation of the slide, the final diagnosis is typically made after the pathologist reviews the sample.
The cytology test generally takes 20 to 30 minutes to perform if done in the veterinarian's office. If the sample is submitted to a laboratory, results may not be available for 2 to 3 days.
Is Cytology Painful to Dogs?
In obtaining a sample with a needle, some pain may be involved, but very small needles typically are used. As with humans, the pain perceived from a needle stick varies among individual dogs, but it should not be any more painful than an injection or a blood sample.
Is Sedation or Anesthesia Needed for Cytology?
Sedation or anesthesia is not typically needed, but might be necessary depending on how the cytology sample is collected. Those samples obtained from skin scrapings or aspirations typically do not require sedation. Obviously, a sample obtained during a surgical procedure will require anesthesia for the surgery.
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What is a ‘billets-doux’ in Engllish? | morphology | Definition and examples | Britannica.com
Alexander Braun
Morphology, in biology , the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals , plants , and microorganisms and of the relationships of the parts comprising them. The term refers to the general aspects of biological form and arrangement of the parts of a plant or an animal. The term anatomy also refers to the study of biological structure but usually suggests study of the details of either gross or microscopic structure. In practice, however, the two terms are used almost synonymously.
Common leaf morphologies.
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Typically, morphology is contrasted with physiology , which deals with studies of the functions of organisms and their parts; function and structure are so closely interrelated, however, that their separation is somewhat artificial. Morphologists were originally concerned with the bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves comprising the bodies of animals and the roots, stems, leaves, and flower parts comprising the bodies of higher plants. The development of the light microscope made possible the examination of some structural details of individual tissues and single cells; the development of the electron microscope and of methods for preparing ultrathin sections of tissues created an entirely new aspect of morphology—that involving the detailed structure of cells. Electron microscopy has gradually revealed the amazing complexity of the many structures comprising the cells of plants and animals. Other physical techniques have permitted biologists to investigate the morphology of complex molecules such as hemoglobin, the gas-carrying protein of blood, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), of which most genes are composed. Thus, morphology encompasses the study of biological structures over a tremendous range of sizes, from the macroscopic to the molecular.
A thorough knowledge of structure (morphology) is of fundamental importance to the physician, to the veterinarian, and to the plant pathologist, all of whom are concerned with the kinds and causes of the structural changes that result from specific diseases.
Historical background
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Evidence that prehistoric man appreciated the form and structure of his contemporary animals has survived in the form of paintings on the walls of caves in France, Spain, and elsewhere. During the early civilizations of China, Egypt, and the Near East , as man learned to domesticate certain animals and to cultivate many fruits and grains, he also acquired knowledge about the structures of various plants and animals.
Aristotle was interested in biological form and structure, and his Historia animalium contains excellent descriptions, clearly recognizable in extant species , of the animals of Greece and Asia Minor . He was also interested in developmental morphology and studied the development of chicks before hatching and the breeding methods of sharks and bees. Galen was among the first to dissect animals and to make careful records of his observations of internal structures. His descriptions of the human body, though they remained the unquestioned authority for more than 1,000 years, contained some remarkable errors, for they were based on dissections of pigs and monkeys rather than of humans.
Although it is difficult to pinpoint the emergence of modern morphology as a science , one of the early landmarks was the publication in 1543 of De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius , whose careful dissections of human bodies and accurate drawings of his observations revealed many of the inaccuracies in Galen’s earlier descriptions of the human body.
In 1661 an Italian physiologist, Marcello Malpighi , the founder of microscopic anatomy, demonstrated the presence of the small blood vessels called capillaries, which connect arteries and veins. The existence of capillaries had been postulated 30 years earlier by the English physician William Harvey , whose classic experiments on the direction of blood flow in arteries and veins indicated that minute connections must exist between them. Between 1668 and 1680, the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used the recently invented microscope to describe red blood cells, human sperm cells, bacteria, protozoans, and various other structures.
Biology Bonanza
Cellular components—the nucleus and nucleolus of plant cells and the chromosomes within the nucleus—and the complex sequence of nuclear events (mitosis) that occur during cell division were described by various scientists throughout the 19th century. Organographie der Pflanzen (1898–1901; Organography of Plants, 1900–05), the great work of a German botanist, Karl von Goebel , who was associated with morphology in all its aspects, remains a classic in the field. The Scot John Hunter and the Frenchman Georges Cuvier were early 19th-century pioneers in the study of similar structures in different animals—i.e., comparative morphology. Cuvier in particular was among the first to study the structures of both fossils and living organisms and is credited with founding the science of paleontology . A British biologist, Sir Richard Owen , developed two concepts of basic importance in comparative morphology—homology, which refers to intrinsic structural similarity, and analogy , which refers to superficial functional similarity. Although the concepts antedate the Darwinian view of evolution , the anatomical data on which they were based became, largely as a result of the work of the German comparative anatomist Carl Gegenbaur, important evidence in favour of evolutionary change, despite Owen’s steady unwillingness to accept the view of diversification of life from a common origin.
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One of the major thrusts in contemporary morphology has been the elucidation of the molecular basis of cellular structure. Techniques such as electron microscopy have revealed the complex details of cell structure, provided a basis for relating structural details to the particular functions of the cell, and shown that certain cellular components occur in a variety of tissues. Studies of the smallest components of cells have clarified the structural basis not only for the contraction of muscle cells but also for the motility of the tail of the sperm cell and the hairlike projections (cilia and flagella) found on protozoans and other cells. Studies involving the structural details of plant cells, although begun somewhat later than those concerned with animal cells, have revealed fascinating facts about such important structures as the chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll that functions in photosynthesis. Attention has also been focussed on the plant tissues composed of cells that retain their power to divide (meristems), particularly at the tips of stems, and their relationship with the new parts to which they give rise. The structural details of bacteria and blue-green algae, which are similar to each other in many respects but markedly different from both higher plants and animals, have been studied in an attempt to determine their origin.
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Morphology continues to be of importance in taxonomy because morphological features characteristic of a particular species are used to identify it. As biologists have begun to devote more attention to ecology , the identification of plant and animal species present in an area and perhaps changing in numbers in response to environmental changes has become increasingly significant.
Fundamental concepts
Homology and analogy
Homologous structures develop from similar embryonic substances and thus have similar basic structural and developmental patterns, reflecting common genetic endowments and evolutionary relationships. In marked contrast, analogous structures are superficially similar and serve similar functions but have quite different structural and developmental patterns. The arm of a man, the wing of a bird, and the pectoral fins of a whale are homologous structures in that all have similar patterns of bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and similar embryonic origins; each, however, has a different function. The wings of birds and those of butterflies, in contrast, are analogous structures—i.e., both allow flight but have no developmental processes in common.
Organisms that have evolved along different paths may have analogous structures—that is, …
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The terms homology and analogy are also applied to the molecular structures of cellular constituents . Because the hemoglobin molecules from different vertebrate species contain remarkably similar sequences of amino acids, they may be termed homologous molecules. In contrast, hemoglobin and hemocyanin, the latter of which is present in crab blood, are termed analogous molecules because they have a similar function (oxygen transport) but differ considerably in molecular structure. Corresponding similarities occur in the structures of other proteins from different species—e.g., cytochrome c and other enzymes (biological catalysts) such as the lactic dehydrogenases in birds and mammals.
Body plan and symmetry
The bodies of most animals and plants are organized according to one of three types of symmetry: spherical, radial, or bilateral. A spherically symmetrical body is similar throughout and can be cut in any plane through the centre to yield two equal halves. A few of the simplest plants and animals are spherically symmetrical—e.g., protozoans such as Radiolaria and Heliozoia. Radially symmetrical bodies, such as those of starfishes and mushrooms, have a distinguishable top and bottom and usually have a cylindrical shape, with the body parts radiating from the central axis. A starfish can be cut into two equal halves by any plane that includes the line, or axis, running through its centre from top to bottom. The anterior, or oral, end usually contains the mouth; a posterior, or aboral, end may have an anus. In the bilaterally symmetrical body of higher animals including man, only a cut from head to foot exactly in the centre divides the body into equivalent halves. An anterior, or head, end and a posterior, or tail, end can be distinguished; and the dorsal, or back, side can be distinguished from the ventral, or belly, side. But because some internal organs of man are not symmetrical (e.g., the heart), even the right and left halves of the human body are not exactly equivalent. A few organisms—amoebas, slime molds, and certain sponges—with an irregular form, or one that changes as the organism moves, have no plane of symmetry.
Morphological basis of classification
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Like animals, plants may be either single celled or composed of many kinds of specialized cells. The bodies of most of the lower plants, such as algae and fungi, are comprised of the least differentiated and least specialized type of plant cells, parenchyma cells. The embryonic tissues of higher plants, unlike those of animals, remain extremely active throughout the life of the plant. In addition, the different types of cells characteristic of the body of higher plants arise from meristems, specific regions in the plant body where cells divide and enlarge. In all but the simplest forms, the plant body is composed of various types of cells associated in more or less definite ways to form systems of units called tissue systems—e.g., the vascular system consisting of conductive tissues. The arrangement of the components of the vascular system is a distinguishing morphological feature of various plant groups. The character and relative extent of the two phases in the life history of a plant—the sexual phase, or gametophyte, and the sporophyte—vary considerably among the plant groups and are useful in distinguishing them.
Areas of study
Anatomy
The best known aspect of morphology, usually called anatomy, is the study of gross structure, or form, of organs and organisms. It should not be inferred however, that even the human body, which has been extensively studied, has been so completely explored that nothing remains to be discovered. It was found only in 1965, for example, that the nerve to the pineal gland, which lies on the upper surface of the brain of mammals, is a branch from the sympathetic nerves; the sympathetic nerves receive nerve impulses from a small branch of the nerves that transmit impulses from the eye to the brain (optic nerves). Thus the pineal gland responds by a very indirect route to quantitative changes in the environmental lighting and secretes appropriate amounts of the substance it forms, the hormone melatonin.
Detailed comparisons of the morphological features of different animals, termed comparative anatomy , provide strong arguments for the evolutionary relationships among different species. In the course of evolution, animals and plants tend to undergo adaptive morphological changes that enable them to survive under certain environmental conditions. As a result, animals only remotely related evolutionarily may come to resemble each other superficially because of common adaptations to similar environments , a phenomenon known as convergent evolution . Structural similarities—streamlined shape, dorsal fins, tail fins, and flipper-like forelimbs and hindlimbs, for example—have evolved in such varied animal groups as the dolphins and porpoises, both of which are mammals ; the extinct ichthyosaurs, which were reptiles; and both the bony and cartilaginous fishes. In a like manner, the mole, an insectivore, and the gopher, a rodent, have both evolved shovellike forelimbs, an adaptation for digging.
An opposite phenomenon, divergent evolution, occurs when animals originally closely related adapt to different environments and come to be superficially quite different. Although sea lions and seals, for example, are carnivores and thus closely related to bears, cats, and dogs, their adaptations to an aquatic existence have resulted in morphological characteristics distinct from those of the terrestrial carnivores. In the course of mammalian evolution, many features have changed to permit specific animal groups to adapt to particular environments—e.g., the number and shape of the teeth, the length and number of bones in the limbs, the number and attachment sites of muscles, the thickness and colour of the hair or fur, and the length and shape of the tail.
Careful study of adaptive morphological aspects has permitted inferences about the course of the evolutionary history of various animals and of their successive adaptations to changing environments. The present-day Australian tree-climbing kangaroos , for example, are the descendents of a ground-dwelling marsupial , from whom evolved forms that began to live in trees and eventually developed limbs adapted to tree climbing. But the events may have occurred in the reverse sequence; that is, specialized limbs may have evolved before the animal adopted an arboreal mode of life. In any event, some of the tree-dwelling kangaroos subsequently left the trees, became readapted to life on the ground (i.e., their hindlegs became adapted for leaping), and then went back to the trees but with legs so highly specialized for leaping as to be useless in grasping a tree trunk; consequently, present-day tree kangaroos climb by bracing their feet against a tree trunk, as do bears. Careful comparisons of the feet of the many kinds of living Australian marsupials reveal the stages in this complicated process of adaptation and re-adaptation.
Changes in genes (mutations) constantly occur and may cause a decrease in size and function of an organ; on the other hand, a change in the environment or in the mode of life of a species may make an organ unnecessary for survival. As a result, many plants and animals contain organs or parts of organs that are useless, degenerate, undersized, or lacking some essential part when compared to homologous structures in related organisms. The human body, for instance, has more than 100 such organs—e.g., the appendix, the fused tail vertebrae (coccyx), the wisdom teeth, the muscles that wiggle the ears, and the hair on the body.
The parts of a seed plant include roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive organs in the flowers. The evolution of specialized conducting tissues called xylem and phloem has enabled seed plants to survive on land and to attain large sizes. Roots anchor the plant; enable it to maintain an upright position; and absorb water, minerals, and other nutrients from the soil. The roots of plants such as carrots, beets, and yams serve as sites for food storage. The stem links the roots with the leaves, where photosynthesis occurs, and its xylem and phloem are continuous with those of root and leaf. The stem supports leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each year, the stems of woody plants add a layer of xylem and phloem, the annual ring, the width of which varies with climatic conditions. A leaf consists of a petiole (stalk), by which it is attached to the stem, and a blade, typically broad and flat, that contains bundles, or veins, of xylem and phloem on the undersurface. The flower contains pollen-producing anthers and egg-producing ovules. After fertilization the base of the flower, or ovary, enlarges and forms the fruit, which is a mature ovary containing seeds, or mature ovules. The bodies of ferns and mosses also are composed of roots, stems, and leaves, but those of lower plants such as mushrooms and kelps are much more simple and lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
Histology
A major trend in the evolution of both plants and animals has resulted in the specialization of cells and a division of labour among them. The cells comprising a tree or a man are quite different; each is specialized to carry out certain functions. Although specialization may permit a cell to function efficiently, it also increases the interdependence of body parts; an injury to or the destruction of one part, therefore, may result in death of the whole organism. The study of the structure and arrangement of tissues , defined as groups or layers of cells that together perform certain special functions, is termed histology. Each kind of tissue is composed of cells with characteristic features such as size, shape, and relationship to adjacent cells and may also contain noncellular material—connective tissue fibres or a bony material.
Morphologists usually separate animal tissues into six groups; epithelial , connective , muscular, blood, nervous, and reproductive tissues. The cells composing epithelial tissues form a continuous layer or sheet that either covers the surface of the body or lines some cavity within the body, thus protecting the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injury or from invasion by microorganisms. Epithelial tissues absorb nutrients and water, secrete a wide variety of substances, and may play a role in the reception of sensory stimuli. The connective tissues—bone, cartilage, ligaments, and fibrous connective tissue—support and hold together the other cells of the body. The cells of the connective tissues secrete large quantities of nonliving material (matrix), the characteristics of which largely determine the nature and the function of the specific types of connective tissue; the matrix secreted by fibrous connective tissue cells, for example, is a thick matted network of microscopic fibres surrounding the connective tissue cells. Connective tissue holds skin to muscle, keeps glands in position, makes up the tough outer walls of the blood vessels, and forms a sheath around nerve fibres and muscle cells. Tendons are flexible, cable-like cords of specialized fibrous connective tissue that join muscles to each other or muscle to bone. Ligaments are somewhat elastic cords of specialized fibrous connective tissue that join one bone to another.
Muscular tissues are composed of elongated, cylindrical, or spindle-shaped cells, each of which contains many small fibres called myofibrils. Muscle cells perform mechanical work by contracting—that is, by becoming shorter and thicker. The three types of vertebrate muscles include the cardiac muscle, which is found only in the walls of the heart; smooth muscles, which are found in the walls of the digestive tract and in other internal organs; and skeletal muscles, which make up the bulk of the muscle masses attached to the bones of the body. Skeletal and cardiac muscles have alternating light and dark stripes the relative sizes of which change during the contraction process. Evidence from electron microscopy indicates that two types of filaments occur in muscle; during contraction, one type of filament slides past the other.
Nerve tissue is made of cells, called neurons , which are specialized to conduct nerve impulses. Two or more thin hairlike fibres, called axons and dendrites, extend from the enlarged cell body containing the nucleus. The neurons extending from the spinal cord to the end of an appendage (e.g., arm, leg) may extend to a metre (about three feet) or more in man and to several metres in an elephant or a whale.
Egg cells in the female and sperm cells in the male are reproductive tissues adapted for the production of offspring. The egg cell is modified by the accumulation of considerable amounts of yolk and other food reserves. The highly specialized spermatozoon contains a tail, the beating of which propels it to the egg.
Blood is composed of red cells, which are specialized for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and white cells, which engulf bacteria and produce antibodies (proteins formed in response to foreign substances called antigens). Blood also contains platelets, small fragments of cells from the bone marrow that play a key role in initiating the clotting of blood.
The cells of higher plants may be differentiated into meristematic, protective, fundamental, and conductive tissues. Meristematic tissues, which are composed of small, thin-walled cells with few or no vacuoles (cavities), differentiate into the other types of plant tissue and are found in the rapidly growing parts of the plant—e.g., at the tips of roots and stems. Protective tissues are composed of thick-walled cells that protect the underlying thin-walled cells from mechanical abrasion and dehydration; examples of protective tissues include the epidermis of leaves and the cork layers of stems and roots. The fundamental tissues comprising the body of a plant include the soft parts of the leaf, the components of the pith and the cortex of stems, the roots, and the soft parts of flowers and fruits. These tissues function in the production and storage of food. Two types of conductive tissues occur in higher plants: xylem conducts water and dissolved salts, and phloem conducts dissolved organic materials such as sugars. Both types are composed of elongated cells that fuse end to end with other cells to form the sieve tubes through which substances are transported in phloem and xylem vessels.
Cytology
The living material of most organisms is organized into discrete units termed cells ; the study of their features is known as cytology. The cellular contents, when viewed through a microscope at low magnification, usually appear to consist of granules or fibrils of dense material, droplets of fatty substances, and fluid-filled vacuoles suspended in a clear, continuous, semifluid substance called cytoplasm. The remarkable structural complexity of the cell is more fully revealed at the higher magnifications attainable with the electron microscope; structural details of various cellular components, or organelles, as revealed by the technique known as X-ray diffraction analysis, have provided information concerning the relationships between the structures of the cellular components and of the molecules comprising them. Although most cells have certain features in common, the kinds and amounts of components vary considerably. Cellular components include structures such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, oil droplets, granules, and fibrils. The membrane around the cell is a three-layered structure called a unit membrane; similar membranes surround many cellular components—e.g., the mitochondria.
A small spherical or oval organelle, the nucleus , is typically found near the centre of a cell. The genes within the nucleus control the development of the various traits of the cell by controlling the synthesis of specific proteins. The nuclear components are separated from those of the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. The structure of the nucleolus, a spherical body within the nucleus, is extremely variable in most cells. Although more than one nucleolus may occur in a nucleus, each cell of an animal or plant species has a fixed number of nucleoli. The nucleoli apparently play a role in the synthesis of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) constituent of the cellular components called ribosomes, which function in protein synthesis. Adjacent to the nucleus in the cells of animals and certain lower plants are two small, cylindrical bodies, the centrioles, which, during cell division, separate, migrate to opposite sides of the cell, and organize a structure called a spindle between them.
Within the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells are components called mitochondria, which may be shaped like spheres, rods, or threads. Each mitochondrion is bounded by a double membrane, the outer layer of which forms the smooth outer boundary of the mitochondrion; the inner layer, folded repeatedly into shelflike folds called cristae, contains enzymes that play an essential role in the conversion of the energy of foodstuffs into the energy used for cellular activities. The cells of most plants contain plastids , small bodies involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs. The most important plastids, the chloroplasts, function in trapping the energy of sunlight during photosynthesis. They are disk-shaped structures with a platelike arrangement of tightly stacked membranes.
The cytoplasmic components important in protein synthesis, the ribosomes, are composed of nucleic acid and protein. Clusters of five or more ribosomes, termed polysomes, appear to be the functional unit in protein synthesis.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound structures containing a variety of enzymes that can break down the large molecular constituents of the cell. The membrane surrounding lysosomes presumably prevents the enzymes from digesting the cell contents before the cell dies.
Embryology
The structures and the relationships among the various parts of a mature plant or animal are usually better understood if the successive developmental stages are studied. Thus, morphologists have traditionally been interested in the study of embryos and their developmental patterns—i.e., the science of embryology .
Development typically begins in animals with the cleavage, or division, of the fertilized egg (zygote) to form a hollow ball of cells called the blastula; the blastula then develops into a hollow cuplike body of two layers of cells, the gastrula, from which the embryo ultimately is formed. At one time, the techniques available to embryologists enabled them to study only whole embryos at different developmental stages. The science of experimental embryology began during the first half of the 20th century, when microsurgical techniques became available either for the removal and study of certain structures from tiny embryos or for their transplantation to other regions of the embryo. Advances in understanding the mechanism by which biological information is transferred in DNA and the means by which this information results in the production of specific proteins have led to efforts to describe development in biochemical terms. Although hypotheses regarding the reasons for the appearance of a specific enzyme or some other protein at a specific time during development have been formulated and tested, the biochemical basis of morphogenesis itself—that is, the reason for the development of particular structures—has not yet been established.
The development of the seed plant is basically different from that of an animal. The egg cell of a seed plant is retained within the enlarged lower part, or ovary, of the seed-bearing organ (pistil) of a flower; two sperm nuclei pass through a structure called a pollen tube to reach the egg. One sperm nucleus unites with the egg nucleus to form the zygote from which the new plant will develop; the second sperm nucleus unites with two nuclei, called polar nuclei, to form a body called a triploid endosperm, the cells of which divide to form a nutritive mass within the seed. The zygote undergoes several cell divisions to form the embryo, which is surrounded by the endosperm. The embryo develops one or two seed leaves, or cotyledons, which may become thick and fleshy with stored foodstuffs. The epicotyl, which consists of a growing point enclosed by a pair of folded miniature leaves, develops above the point of attachment of the seed leaves. Below the seed leaves extends the hypocotyl, the tip, or radicle, of which forms the primary root of the embryonic plant. The factors involved in initiating and controlling morphogenesis in plants have been studied by growing cells, tissues, and organs derived from plants. Indeed, an entire carrot plant has been grown from one cell of a mature carrot; this provides striking evidence that the cell from the adult plant contains all of the genetic information needed to produce an entire plant, including roots, stems, and leaves. The technique of growing plants from isolated plant parts has been useful in studies involving the characteristics of embryonic growth, the correlated growth of plant parts, and the nature of differentiation and regeneration (the replacement of lost parts).
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The Flinders Mountain Range is in which country? | Guide to the Flinders Ranges, South Australia - Tourism Australia
Guide to the Flinders Ranges
Explore a landscape more than 600 million years old.
By Lee Atkinson
The rugged, weathered peaks and rocky gorges of the Flinders Ranges in Outback South Australia form some of the most dramatic and beautiful landscapes in the country. It's a place rich in Aboriginal history and home to a vast array of wildlife. Following the scenic roads, 4WD tracks and walking trails that crisscross this wild countryside will take you on a remarkable adventure.
HOW TO GET THERE
The Flinders Ranges are about 500 kilometres (311 miles) north of Adelaide , or a five hour road trip. You can also fly from Adelaide to Port Augusta with Sharp Airlines , which takes about 55 minutes.
Sleep under the stars in a luxury swag
Try delicious wild food (like kangaroo and emu) at a famous Outback pub
See the extraordinary Wilpena Pound from above on a scenic flight
TOP THINGS TO DO IN THE FLINDERS RANGES
Ride the Coffee Pot
Ride the rails back in time on one of Australia's best-known steam train journeys. Operated by passionate volunteers, the Pichi Richi Railway runs beautifully restored steam and diesel locomotives and timber carriages, including the century-old steam train nicknamed the Coffee Pot that's a favourite of trainspotters and believed to be the last of its kind in the world. They run on the last remaining operating portion of the historic narrow-gauge Ghan railway line. Built in the 1870s, this section of the line runs through deep rock cuttings, stone wall embankments and spectacular iron bridges. Trips depart from Quorn and Port Augusta.
Explore Wilpena Pound
From the air, Wilpena Pound looks like a crater, a massive bowl almost 100 kilometres (62 miles) wide that stands above the surrounding plains. But the rim is actually made up of the stumps of huge mountains, believed to have been as high as the Himalayas, that have been eroded over millennia. There's only one way in: through a gorge 11 kilometres (seven miles) long and eight kilometres (five miles) across. It was called a pound by the early settlers in the 1850s – they thought it looked like a traditional sheep pen. The best way to see the distinctive shape is on a scenic flight from Wilpena Resort inside the Pound. It offers a range of accommodation from motel-style rooms to glamping as well as a campground and Aboriginal cultural walks and 4WD tours. You can also trek inside the Pound and climb up over the rim.
Eat a feral mixed grill
If you've never tasted kangaroo, emu or even camel, Parachilna’s famous Prairie Hotel is the best place to try some. One of the Outback’s most iconic hotels, the Prairie is an authentic pub with an innovative menu, best known for its creative use of native foods. The Feral Mixed Grill of emu, kangaroo, goat and camel is the hotel's signature dish, but make sure you try the quandong pie, made from a wild native peach – it's tart but delicious. Stay overnight in one of the stylish rooms out the back.
Watch the sun set from the top of the range
One of the oldest sheep stations in the Flinders, Rawnsley Park , on the southern face of Wilpena Pound, was established in 1851. It's still a working farm, but it's also a great place to stay, with a campground, simple cabins and luxury eco villas with stunning views of the surrounding ranges – and a glass panel in the bedroom ceiling, so you can stargaze from bed. Spend your days exploring the area on the network of bushwalking trails that traverse the property, take a 4WD tour to the top of the Chace Range and watch the sunset with a glass of local sparkling wine and some canapés before enjoying a meal of station-grown saltbush lamb at the Woolshed Restaurant.
Sleep out in style under the stars at Arkaba Station
Do the Flinders in style at Arkaba , a former sheep station on the edge of Wilpena Pound that is now a private wildlife conservation park. It offers five-star accommodation in the historic homestead and bush camps with luxury swags (traditional Australian canvas sleeping bags with internal mattresses) on raised timber decks with uninterrupted views of mountains and the night sky, hot showers and meals prepared by private chef. Join a four day guided walk, go on a 4WD game drive, take a scenic flight over the ranges or a helicopter safari to Parachilna for lunch at the Prairie Hotel.
Do the ridge-top tour at Arkaroola
Arkaroola is a privately owned 610 square kilometre (236 square mile) wilderness sanctuary at the far northern tip of the Flinders. The scenery is simply awesome, with soaring granite peaks, deep gorges and waterholes, and it's one of the best places to see the rare yellow-footed rock wallaby. There are self-guided 4WD trails but the best way to see the countryside is the four hour ridge-top tour that travels along the spine of the mountains to a stunning lookout. Stay in one of the comfortable motel rooms or set up camp in the campground and enjoy the stars. The lack of ambient light makes it great for viewing the night sky and there are two observatories on the property.
LATEST ARTICLES ABOUT THE FLINDERS RANGES
Flinders Ranges Highlights
5 reasons to visit Flinders Island, Tasmania ...
5 reasons to visit Flinders Island, Tasmania
5 reasons to visit Flinders Island, Tasmania
A little wombat joey named Derek has captured the hearts of thousands. Photographer and Friend of Australia Sean Scott filmed Derek while on a trip to Flinders Island in Tasmania and posted the video to Facebook, gaining Derek, and his home of Flinders Island, international attention. Find out more about what you can do on Flinders Island.
Great Walks of Australia
Walking is a great way to fully immerse yourself in Australia's natural environment. The Great Walks of Australia are world class experiences and the best guided, multi-day walks Australia has to offer. From Tasmania's pristine wilderness to the rugged outback of the Northern Territory, they're a pilgrimage through the some of the world's most unique and spectacular landscapes. You won't have to forsake comfort either with comfortable eco-lodges, unique wilderness camps, hot showers, and gourmet meals to enjoy at the end of your day. So lace up your hiking boots, strap on a backpack and follow your guide on an adventure into Australia's great outdoors.
South Australia
Step into South Australia with Adelaide festivals or a visit to the Adelaide Hills. Meet native wildlife on Kangaroo Island and swim with sea lions on the Eyre Peninsula. Explore wineries in the Barossa, Clare Valley and McLaren Vale on the Fleurieu Peninsula. South Australia's outback is home to the Flinders Ranges, Simpson Desert and often parched Lake Eyre.
South Australia's Desert Adventure
Want a challenge this winter? Four wheel driving the South Australian section of the vast, timeless Simpson Desert could be the adventure you're seeking. Drive from Adelaide along the Stuart Highway, then take the Oodnadatta Track to tiny Oodnadatta. From the Northern Territory, you can four wheel drive to Mt Dare or Poeppel Corner, also an entry point from Queensland.
Add to your dream trip
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Tasmania","id":"49003478|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Grove, South, Tasmania","id":"49001599|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sandford, South, Tasmania","id":"49003268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fortescue Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Molesworth, South, Tasmania","id":"49002462|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Risdon, South, Tasmania","id":"49006570|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fentonbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001299|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hastings, South, Tasmania","id":"49001677|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenorchy, South, Tasmania","id":"49005428|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Snug, South, Tasmania","id":"49003362|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oyster Cove, South, Tasmania","id":"49002892|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nubeena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002808|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brighton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000510|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Buckland, South, Tasmania","id":"49000560|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Richmond, South, Tasmania","id":"49003165|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Saltwater River, South, Tasmania","id":"49003261|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Pontville, South, Tasmania","id":"49003020|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Raminea, South, Tasmania","id":"49003110|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glaziers Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001448|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathgordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49003482|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Koonya, South, Tasmania","id":"49002009|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49001727|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Carlton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000705|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Margate, South, Tasmania","id":"49002296|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kettering, South, Tasmania","id":"49001929|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tyenna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003799|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006669|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bronte Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000528|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenora, South, Tasmania","id":"49001476|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lymington, South, Tasmania","id":"49002233|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dolphin Sands, South, Tasmania","id":"49025882|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bothwell, South, Tasmania","id":"49000454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lonnavale, South, Tasmania","id":"49002188|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, South, Tasmania","id":"49026216|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taranna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003568|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Judbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001855|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006756|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Middleton, South, Tasmania","id":"49002403|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glebe, South, Tasmania","id":"49005408|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Magra, South, Tasmania","id":"49002257|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Westerway, South, Tasmania","id":"49004014|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Arm, South, Tasmania","id":"49003369|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ellendale, South, Tasmania","id":"49001214|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Doo Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49001109|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Norfolk, South, Tasmania","id":"49002739|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Eaglehawk Neck, South, Tasmania","id":"49001172|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"West Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49007114|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dodges Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49001105|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001522|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ouse, South, Tasmania","id":"49002883|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nugent, South, Tasmania","id":"49002809|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Derwent Bridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49001083|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Colebrook, South, Tasmania","id":"49000840|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Port Arthur, South, Tasmania","id":"49003026|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lauderdale, South, Tasmania","id":"49005837|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Blackmans Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cambridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004798|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brooks Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025925|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bruny Island, South, Tasmania","id":"49000549|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Collinsvale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004971|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taroona, South, Tasmania","id":"49006901|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Castle Forbes Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000726|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Campania, South, Tasmania","id":"49000668|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Plenty, South, Tasmania","id":"49003007|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Southport, South, Tasmania","id":"49003393|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tea Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49003594|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Howden, South, Tasmania","id":"49001749|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Geeveston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001412|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Woodbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004130|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lutana, South, Tasmania","id":"49005914|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mountain River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002603|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Waddamana, South, Tasmania","id":"49003868|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oatlands, South, Tasmania","id":"49002846|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny, South, Tasmania","id":"49006616|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Port Huon, South, Tasmania","id":"49003036|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dynnyrne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005173|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gardners Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001400|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Granton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001552|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"White Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49004028|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dover, South, Tasmania","id":"49001121|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kempton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001920|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Claremont, South, Tasmania","id":"49004927|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49005903|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cradoc, South, Tasmania","id":"49000961|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Queens Domain, South, Tasmania","id":"49025919|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"National Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49002709|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49006222|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bushy Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000621|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Maydena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002342|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Montagu Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006082|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dunalley, South, Tasmania","id":"49001141|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Berriedale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004605|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin, South, Tasmania","id":"49001367|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kellevie, South, Tasmania","id":"49001911|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ida Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025950|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glen Huon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001456|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dulcot, South, Tasmania","id":"49001138|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mt Nelson, South, Tasmania","id":"49006161|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tarraleah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Battery Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49004549|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tunbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49003773|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001981|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bellerive, South, Tasmania","id":"49004581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gretna, South, Tasmania","id":"49001588|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenfern, South, Tasmania","id":"49014454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Miena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002406|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cygnet, South, Tasmania","id":"49001029|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Moonah, South, Tasmania","id":"49006088|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cockle Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000833|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Desolation Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001084|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart City, South, Tasmania","id":"49005601|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Huonville, South, Tasmania","id":"49001764|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ranelagh, South, Tasmania","id":"49003112|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sorell, South, Tasmania","id":"49003368|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lune River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002231|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fern Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49005308|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hamilton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001653|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Seven Mile Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49006706|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Howrah, South, Tasmania","id":"49005632|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lewisham, South, Tasmania","id":"49002127|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Birchs Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000334|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49001982|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Austins Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49004485|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Liawenee, South, Tasmania","id":"49025663|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Deep Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001066|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Acton Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49025723|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mornington, South, Tasmania","id":"49006103|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Broadmarsh, South, Tasmania","id":"49000517|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bream Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000493|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Midway Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49002405|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lindisfarne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005866|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Marion Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49002300|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wayatinah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003963|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Apslawn, South, Tasmania","id":"49025877|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lake St Clair, South, Tasmania","id":"49002072|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49006617|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bagdad, South, Tasmania","id":"49000140|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Wyena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004184|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Norwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006299|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Glengarry, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001470|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Poatina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003008|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Triabunna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003737|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Western Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004013|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Epping Forest, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001239|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Low Head, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002204|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ringarooma, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003171|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Coles Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000842|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Musselroe Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025114|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Derby, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001082|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Westbury, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004010|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rossarden, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003219|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"George Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001416|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001560|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mowbray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006152|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nabowla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002682|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Windermere, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004078|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside North, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lebrina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002102|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swanwick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003517|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Helens, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003427|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Killiecrankie, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001952|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kings Meadows, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005753|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Winnaleah, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004092|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hadspen, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001641|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Karoola, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001897|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deviot, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001086|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003001|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Powranna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003060|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Liffey, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002132|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Friendly Beaches, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001380|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Carrick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000715|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Trevallyn, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006985|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Flinders Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001330|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Targa, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Four Mile Creek, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001361|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Newstead, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Robigana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003181|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Sidmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003342|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Paper Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002910|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cranbrook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000965|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rowella, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Maria Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002297|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Marys, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003434|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Golden Valley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Youngtown, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49007252|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Whitemark, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004034|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hagley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001643|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Exeter, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001282|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lilydale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002137|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scamander, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003289|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers River, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003002|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Invermay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005658|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Evandale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001275|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Fingal, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001310|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Binalong Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000323|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"East Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026079|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Jackeys Marsh, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026143|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mathinna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002332|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Branxholm, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000485|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000268|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lalla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002075|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Greens Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001577|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rosevears, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003211|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ross, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003216|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hillwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001721|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Perth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002974|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Blessington, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000373|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Inveresk, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005657|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gladstone, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001445|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Conara Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000862|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006573|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bicheno, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000308|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002091|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006757|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Leake, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002067|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Leonards, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006806|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swansea, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003515|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect Vale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006496|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston City, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005838|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Mount Cameron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025829|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Avoca, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deloraine, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001074|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kayena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001903|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nile, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002759|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beauty Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000235|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Quamby Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003090|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Moorina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002503|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"West Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Relbia, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003150|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pyengana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003084|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002107|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Orford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002872|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Little Swanport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002160|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Longford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002183|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lulworth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002229|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Weldborough, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003981|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scottsdale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003296|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legerwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002108|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin Village, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005356|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Underwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003814|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nunamara, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002822|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bridport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000506|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Falmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001290|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cressy, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000973|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kelso, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001914|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Clarence Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000791|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Campbell Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000670|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"White Hills, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004030|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lady Barron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002047|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaumaris, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gravelly Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001557|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Grindelwald, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001592|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"North West, Tasmania","id":"|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Liena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002130|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Howth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001753|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Chudleigh, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000785|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Weegena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003969|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Naracoopa, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002691|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Nietta, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001087|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Three Hummock Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003651|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Tullah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Valley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000960|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Bakers Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49026061|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Crayfish Creek, North 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Wales","id":"29001930|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"North Haven, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002782|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Camden Haven, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29000664|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Millers Point, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014925|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Rushcutters Bay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014929|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Walsh Bay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014936|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Kings Cross, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014924|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Haymarket, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014919|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014930|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Pyrmont, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014928|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Circular Quay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014904|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Ultimo, Sydney City, New South 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Wales","id":"29015917|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Elderslie, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015942|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Nulkaba, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015859|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Gowrie, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015788|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Quorrobolong, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015877|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lochinvar, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015816|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Cedar Creek, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29000742|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Duckenfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015767|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Wollombi, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015914|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Howes Valley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001751|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Morpeth, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015843|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Glendon Brook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001468|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Fordwich, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015775|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lovedale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015827|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Carrowbrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015698|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Mount View, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002593|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kearsley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015804|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rosebrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015882|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Pokolbin, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015875|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rothbury, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015883|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lower Belford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29017296|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Paxton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015869|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Oakhampton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015861|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Bulga, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015693|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Bellbird, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015668|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Phoenix Park, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002981|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Thornton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015899|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"East Maitland, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015770|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Greta, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015794|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Middle Falbrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002399|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Maitland, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015834|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Branxton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015683|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Cessnock, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015700|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Millfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015840|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Leconfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015814|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kitchener, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015806|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Belford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015667|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Allandale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015659|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kurri Kurri, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002037|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Abernethy, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015658|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lambs Valley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002076|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Milbrodale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015838|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Abermain, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015657|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Ellalong, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015772|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Richmond Vale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29014521|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Aberdare, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015656|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Laguna, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015808|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Neath, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015858|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Paterson, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015867|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rutherford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015885|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Singleton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015894|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"North Rothbury, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015884|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Broke, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015686|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lorn, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015825|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Heddon Greta, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001694|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Purlewaugh, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29003081|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coolah, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29000890|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coonamble, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015559|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coonabarabran, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29000903|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Gulargambone, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015569|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Quambone, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015570|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Mendooran, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015567|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Baradine, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015561|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Binnaway, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015560|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Dunedoo, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29001144|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bawley Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000224|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Dolphin Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001106|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Coolangatta, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000892|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001244|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Fishermans Paradise, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001319|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003337|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bendalong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000271|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"West Cambewarra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003994|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pebbly Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002946|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Brogers Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014585|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Greenwell Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001579|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cudmirrah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000997|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002805|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra Hill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002806|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Yatte Yattah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014536|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Manyana, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002290|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Sussex Inlet, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003503|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Woodhill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004138|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bolong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000410|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pretty Beach Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003069|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tapitallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003563|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wairo Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003879|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berrara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000289|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Conjola, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002058|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Basin View, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000213|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Broughton Vale, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000535|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000299|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29017406|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Worrigee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004166|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Burrill Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000615|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shallow Crossing, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003321|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mogood, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014784|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Culburra Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000998|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"St Georges Basin, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003426|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kings Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001974|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Swanhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004342|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Jaspers Brush, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001823|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Falls Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001289|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cunjurong Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001010|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003338|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Termeil, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003612|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002464|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"North Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002785|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Numbaa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002815|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bewong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004338|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Yalwal, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004205|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pyree, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003085|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tomerong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003695|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Crookhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000979|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bangalee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014522|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berringer Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000297|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Old Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002857|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Ulladulla, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003806|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Jervis Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001837|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Vincentia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003862|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tabourie Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003528|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wandandian, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003913|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Narrawallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002703|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Beaumont, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000232|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Currarong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001022|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Woollamia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004152|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kioloa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001992|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Myola, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014535|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Morton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014781|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Callala Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000649|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Huskisson, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001765|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cambewarra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000658|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wrights Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29018040|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Terara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003611|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Orient Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002874|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Durras North, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001166|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kangaroo Valley, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001887|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Hyams Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001766|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Sanctuary Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003264|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bomaderry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000414|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"South Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003385|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Burrier, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000614|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Milton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002424|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Callala Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000650|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Young, New South Wales","id":"|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Boorowa, Young, New South Wales","id":"29000445|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Harden, Young, New South Wales","id":"29001665|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Rye Park, Young, New South Wales","id":"29003243|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Wombat, Young, New South Wales","id":"29004121|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Young, Young, New South Wales","id":"29004255|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Murrumburrah, Young, New South Wales","id":"29002660|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Murringo, Young, New South Wales","id":"29002658|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Galong, Young, New South Wales","id":"29001390|29000109|NSW"}]}
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| Australia |
Edgar, Berlioz and Billy Boss are all characters in which animated Disney film? | Port Augusta City Council - Flinders Ranges
Flinders Ranges
Home > Attractions >Flinders Ranges
Flinders Ranges
Port Augusta has long been known as the "Crossroads of Australia" and the "Gateway to the Outback". It is also a gateway to the northern and central Flinders Ranges. The Flinders Ranges are a range of mountains stretching some 400 kilometers in length. They commence 200 kilometers north of Adelaide at Crystal Brook. They can be easily accessed from all states of Australia. From the Eastern states via Adelaide, Mildura or Broken Hill. From the Northern Territory and Western Australia via Port Augusta and also from the Birdsville & Strzelecki Tracks will lead through the Flinders Ranges.
The Central Flinders Ranges
This area of the Flinders Ranges stretches from Hawker in the south to the Parachilna and Blinman area in the north. The main features of this area is the magnificent Wilpena Pound, the Brachina and Bunyeroo Gorges and the Parachilna Gorge which cuts through the ranges from Parachilna to Blinman. A considerable amount of this area is encompassed in the Flinders Ranges National Park. To the South rise the imposing Elder and Chase Ranges while to the east the Bunkers Range separates the ranges from the vast plains to the east while the Heysen Range stretches northward from Wilpena Pound to the Parachilna Gorge.
The Northern Flinders Ranges
The rugged northern Flinders Ranges stretches from Parachilna through to Lyndhurst in the west and from Blinman through to Arkaroola and the northern tip of the ranges near Moolawatana on the eastern side of the range. The main feature of this area is the spectacular country of the Gammon Ranges National Park and the privately owned Arkaroola Resort. On the western side of the ranges is the coal mining town of Leigh Creek and just north of this is the small township of Lyndhurst at the start of the Strzelecki Track leading to Innamincka. Access to the Gammon Ranges and the Arkaroola area is by good quality unsealed roads from Yunta and Blinman in the south and from Copley in the east.
The Southern Flinders Ranges
The Southern Flinders Ranges stretches from Port Augusta and Quorn in the West through to Peterborough on the Barrier Highway in the South East. The township of Port Germein on the shore of Spencer Gulf through to Wilmington, Carrieton, Melrose, Booleroo, Orroroo and Wirrabara, which are situated on the eastern side of the range, offering a diverse and interesting area of not only spectacular scenery but a range of activities and attractions that are second to none.
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In the game of darts, what is the maximum score that can be achieved in one throw of three darts? | Basics of Darts : World Darts Federation
THE BASICS OF DARTS IN 7 EASY STEPS
STEP 1: KNOW THE DARTBOARD.
Figure 1: A standard dartboard
Figure 2: The official WDF Dartboard setup.
STEP 3: SELECTING A SET OF DARTS:You should not rush into buying a set of darts. The weight and shape of darts varies enormously, as do the shapes of the flights. We recommend that you try as many different types of darts and flights as possible before making a purchase. After a while you will soon become aware that each different type of dart behaves differently when YOU throw it. Take your time, find a set that you feel comfortable with BEFORE you buy.
STEP 4: DARTS TERMINOLOGY: Here is a brief glossary of some of the common and most used terms and phrases used in darts:
“Game on”:-Advises all players that the match has now started.
“Ochie” (pronounced “okkey”) :- The name of the throwing line.
“Leg shot”:- Signifies that a player has completed (Won) the “leg”.
“Game shot”:- Signifies that the match winning double has been hit.
“Bust”:- Means a player has scored more than the score required.
“Double in”:- A double is required before scoring can commence.
“Straight start”:- No double required to start.
“Ton”:- Means a score of 100 points or more.
“Ton-forty”:- Means a score of 140 points or more.
“Ton-eighty” or “Maximum”:- Means a score of 180 points.
STEP 5: THE BASICS OF A GAME OF DARTS.
A game of darts always starts, and ends, with a handshake.
A game of darts can be played in played in several forms. The most common forms are:- One player against another which is known as “Singles” or teams of two players per team which is known as “Doubles” or “Pairs”. A game of darts is played over an agreed number of sections which are known as “legs”. The number of “legs” in a game is always an odd number usually 1, 3, 5, or 7 “legs”. Matches are played as (for example) “Best of 5 “legs”. This means that the first player or team to win 3 “legs” win the match.
Players throw alternately in “Singles” matches. In “Doubles” or “Pairs” matches each “Pair” throws alternately with each player in the respective “Pair” also throwing alternately. A “Throw” consists of “3” darts. If a player completes the “Leg” or the match in less than three darts the remaining dart or darts are not thrown.
Matches usually start from 501 in competition darts but other common starts are 301, 401, 701, and even 1001. Sometimes darts matches are played where a “double” is required to start each “Leg” of the match. However, the most common form of play is “straight start” which means that players/teams can begin to score points immediately with the first dart thrown. Both teams start on the agreed starting number and the object is to score down to zero as quickly as possible. The value of the different sectors of the dartboard can be seen in Fig 1. above. Each section or “leg” of the match must be finished with a “double”, this means the outer scoring ring. For example as one approaches the end of a “leg” a player or team may have 40 points left to score. This means Double 20 is required and to end the “Leg” a dart must be thrown into the “double” section of the “20” sector. Should the thrower miss “double” 20 and hit (for example) a single 1, the the thrower would require 39 to win the “leg” where a single 7 then “double” 16 could be an option. Another example could be the player or team require 51 points. Then there would be several alternatives to end the “leg”. The usual route would be either a single 11 and then “double” 20, or perhaps a single 19 and then “double” 16. The first player or team to hit the required “double” wins the “leg”. A new leg is then started and the procedure repeated until one of the players or teams has won the required number of “legs” to win the match.
STEP 6: HOW TO KEEP SCORE.
The scoreboard starts as a blank sheet of paper which is usually hung on the wall about 50 cm or 1.5 feet to the left of the dartboard and at about the same height as the dartboard itself. The sequence below shows how a game is scored and how the scorecard takes form. The score shown in red is the last score thrown.
Scorecard: View 1
3 darts used
STEP 7: LEARN THE RULES PROPERLY
This has been a very simplified introduction into the game of Darts. Your next step should be a look at the the complete rules for Tournament Darts. Here you will find all you need to know about the rules of darts. The rules can be found in the main menu on the opening page of this website.
ADDITIONAL INFO: LEARN HOW TO FINISH
Once you have got the hang of things its time to start learning how to finish your “legs” and matches in the quickest possible way. There are many, many ways to “finish”. The tables below show you the target numbers you should be aiming at.
Scores which can be obtained using 2 darts
“T” = Treble “D” = Double
| 180 |
The infamous Insein Prison is in which Asian country? | JUST DARTS RULE BOOK
As Team Captain you will be expected to:
1. Attend any meetings called by the League Director that require your presence.� If you are not able to attend then make sure the co-captain is present.
2. Make sure you have a full team on league nights.
3. Perform any and all talking for your team in league play.
4. Be responsible for your team�s conduct during league play.
5. Collect all money for your team before the match.� No Pay � No Play!
6. Be sure the correct handicaps are entered into the dart machine before league play starts.
7. Notify Just Darts of any player changes, rescheduled matches or matches played early.
8. Our rule book is a set of guidelines to help captains solve a problem if a disagreement arises.� Common sense and good sportsmanship are to be used if a solution is not explicit in the rules.� Remember to have fun and enjoy yourselves.
� Must play a minimum of 120 League Games per qualifying year.
� Sub games are eligible, games frame July 14 - July 15 of year.
� Held annually following the Fall, Spring and Summer league seasons.
� Must be a player in good standing with Just Darts.
� Events will be separated by gender and skill ranking with Just Darts.
�
Male / Female Darter of the Year Awards.
� Earn TOC points !
�
OFFICIAL SKILL RATING PROCEDURE
Points Per Dart (PPD) and Marks Per Round (MPR) are the official means of classifying and ranking players.
PPD:��� Points Per Dart is used for all �01 games, (301, 501, etc.).� To obtain a PPD, divide the total points by the number of actual darts thrown.� Example:� Player #1 wins the game with his 12th dart.� He has achieved a total of 301 points.� His PPD is 25.08 (301 / 12 = 25.08).� The winner of the game will use the total points of the game, (301, 501, etc.) all other players will use the actual points scored as reported by the machine.
MPR:��� Marks Per Round is used for all Cricket games.� To obtain a MPR, divide the total number marks scored by the actual number of darts thrown then multiply by three (3).� Example:� Player #1 wins the game with their 46th dart.� They have achieved a total of 59 marks.� Their MPR is 3.85 (59 / 46 x 3 = 3.85).
JUST DARTS LEAGUE PLAYER RANKINGS
� Just Darts will re-evaluate player rankings after every league season.
� A new unranked player must complete a minimum of 24 league games to establish a skill ranking.
� Player known ability will also rank players.
� Players that represent two different PPD and MPR divisions will be ranked with the higher stat.
HOW TO READ YOUR STAT SHEETS
X01:
Win %�������� Total wins based on total games played.� Wins divide by games played.
Gam���������� Total number of games played.
Win������������ Total number of games won.
SSPRE������ Super S.P.R.E. A system that allows the combining of Cricket, 301 and 501 stats to give a player one overall rank, instead of three separate ones. This has generally been superseded by Marks Per Round, and Points Per Dart ratings.
PPD���������� Points Per Dart.� Total points divide by the number of darts thrown.
6DO���������� 6 dart out.
7DO���������� 7 dart out.
8DO���������� 8 dart out.
9DO���������� 9 dart out.
4RO����������� 4 round out or 10 � 12 darts thrown to win.
T80������������ 3 triple twenties scored.
3BD����������� 3 triples thrown in the same number.
HAT����������� All 3 darts registering in the Bull�s eye in one turn.
HTN����������� High Ton.� A score of 151 � 180 points in one turn.
LTN����������� Low Ton.� A score of 100 � 150 points in one turn.
6 DART OUT & 10 DART OUT AWARDS
Award Jacket, shirt, or hat will be given to those regular team members who throw a true 6 dart out (Starting a game at 301 points)
Player needs to notify Just Darts as soon as a 6 or 10 dart out is hit.� One award per player every three years.
CRICKET:
Win %�������� Total wins based on total games played.� Wins divide by games played.
Game�������� Total number of games played.
Win������������ Total number of games won.
SSPRE������ Super S.P.R.E. A system that allows the combining of Cricket, 301 and 501 stats to give a player one overall rank, instead of three separate ones. This has generally been superseded by Marks Per Round, and Points Per Dart ratings.
AST����������� Assist - A standard feat. When two players play Cricket on one score, the player taking the game out, gets the Win. The other player gets an Assist.
MPR���������� Marks Per Round.� Total number of marks divide by number of darts thrown multiply by three.
5MR���������� Registering 1 triple and 1 double, 1 triple and 2 singles, 2 doubles and 1 single in one turn.
6MR���������� Registering 2 triples, 1 triple and 1 double and 1 single, 3 doubles in one turn.
7MR���������� Registering 2 triples and 1 single, 1 triple 2 doubles in one turn.
8MR���������� Registering 2 triples and 1 double in one turn.
9MR���������� Registering same 2 triples and 1 different triple, same 3 triples.
WHS���������� 3 darts registering 3 different triples in one turn that have not previously been marked or scored upon by your team.
HAT����������� All 3 darts registering in the Bull�s eye in one turn.
SANDBAGGING
��Sandbagging� � The intentional distorting of rating stats either via the throwing or the recording of darts.
If a player misses his out, is that �sandbagging�?
Not necessarily.� It may be a momentary response to a competitive situation.� It may be the reflection of dedication and practice.� It may be a
high point
in the normal fluctuations (hot and cold) that are part of a player�s rating.
However, if there is a consistent pattern to a player scoring higher in non-stat games, matches and/or events said player scores when stats are being recorded; it is sandbagging!
�Sandbagging� is winning outside the defined, established, and accepted ethics and rules of the sport.
�Sandbagging� is receiving prize money that rightfully belongs to others.
Solution � Just Darts cannot solve sandbagging.
�Sandbagging� will only be minimized (never totally eliminated) through the combined efforts of the players, the location owners, the Executive Board and Just Darts.
Players:
� Do not shoot with �sandbaggers� in leagues and/or tournaments.
� Assist your location in identifying in-house sandbaggers.
� Provide Just Darts and the Executive Board with the objective information needed to enforce the �sandbagging� policy.
Location Owners:
� Exclude �sandbaggers� from your dart program.
� Alert Just Darts of your in-house �sandbaggers�.
� Recognize your responsibility to all the players in the league.� Tolerating �sandbaggers� is an inequity to every one of your legitimate, honorable players.
Just Darts:
� Be willing to decline teams from locations that promote, tolerate, and/or ignore �sandbaggers� within their operations.� �Sandbagging� will be reviewed and disciplined on an individual basis by the Executive Board.
A continuing program presence of �sandbaggers� within a location will cause said location to be excluded from the Just Darts Leagues.
It will not be tolerated for a player or handful of players to compromise the program to the competitive disadvantage of the players who are playing with honor and within the rules.
This rule is effective immediately and will be enforced.
The following is a list of rules and guidelines.
1. The two captains should settle all misunderstandings with their fullest cooperation in a spirit of sportsmanship and common sense.� On the 1st Night of league play make sure the correct ranking book stats are entered for each player handicap, unranked players must use these stats for first night only (men= 27.0,3.0 / women 17.0, 1.8).
2. Only a player/team competing against said player/team may submit a protest.� A written protest must be submitted to Just Darts within 48 hours of the match.�
3. Players pay league fees each week up until the last week of play (or as indicated on the schedule) and also pay own quarters for all matches.� League fees are $6.00 per player per night or $10.00 per player for Big Money Leagues.� Game fees are indicated on the dart machine.�
4. Teams will consist of regular players plus any substitutes.� All players must be 21 years of age.� You may register for any team you wish.� However, you are not officially a member of that team until you have played at least one week.� Any roster changes must be reported to Just Darts.
5. No new unranked subs or new regular players are allowed to play in the last two weeks of league play.� It is the responsibility of the team captain to make sure his team roster is the way he wants it before this date.� Only in the case of extenuating circumstances and with Just Darts approval can a team replace a regular player within the last two weeks.� Once removed the initial player cannot play in that league again.
6. Replacing a regular player in a league are as follows:� For the 1st half of the league you can meet the original requirements of the league (if it's an open league, then you can replace the player with anyone), In the 2nd half of the league you must use same rank or less of the player you are replacing.
7. In mixed leagues, the ladies must be placed in positions #1 and #2 on the machine.� If you change your team line-up before the match begins the ladies must stay in positions #1 and #2.
8. Sanctions fees are $12.00 per player.� Sanctions are paid annually and expire on August 31st of each active year.� If the player sanctions fees are not paid, then the fees will be paid from the league ending payout.
���� 10.�� A player can play in 2 league matches at the same time, however this is not recommended! This is good if ��������� you have extenuating circumstances or a rescheduled match to make up, as we like to see all league matches played before the end of the league.� If a player is playing in 2 leagues at the same time the highest ���������� sportsmanship standards must be used.� Delay Time between matches is disrespectful to the players and the �������� teams that signed up for the league.� Just Darts reserves the right to issue 1 warning as a first offense, ���� followed by a replacement of yourself in 1 of the leagues as a second offense, to the player or the team that is �������� abusing a Delay Time between � the 2 league matches.� Be very considerate to your fellow league players.� If a � player is playing in 2 Remote Leagues on the same night, then you cannot play in an In-House League on the �������� same night.
9. Subs:� Spot Points / Spot Marks Handicap Leagues.
� Subs may be of equal STATS or less of the player your subbing out.
� PPD & MPR must be equal too or lower than the player stats your subbing out.
Subs:� Spot Dart Handicap Leagues.
� Spot darts are to be thrown for the first round only.� After the first round play will continue as normal.
� A sub may be of equal rank or lower.� Spot darts are as follows:
Ranking����������� Male���������������� Female
Master������������� 0 darts������������� 1 dart
A��������������������� 1 dart��������������� 2 darts
B��������������������� 2 darts������������� 3 darts
10. A Team may acquire a substitute player as long as the sub meets all sub requirements and all requirements of the league that the player is playing in.� Such as limit 1 master per team.�� At least one regular player per team must be present.
11. If you start a match and forget to enter a sub or the sub is not listed on team line-up, then you must restart the match and enter the correct sub.� However, this will require a re-entry of your league fees ($6 per person, $10 per person in $big money$ leagues), quarter money will still be in board.� You must report this to Just Darts in order to get a refund (League Fees Only) at the end of league.
12. If at anytime a player or sub fails to show up for league play you can sub the player out for a Blind player.� A Team is only allowed to use the 151 Rule for one player per team.� 301 games will be played under 151 Rule for the entire match.
� The word Blind is entered in for the absent player.
� Blind score is pushed to 151 in handicap rounds for 301 games only.
� Blind partner may take game out until frozen by opposing team.
� Blind will be pushed off for all rounds once pushed to 151.
� In 501 and 701 games, the Blind score is pushed off each round � No 151 Rule.
� In Cricket, the Blind score is pushed off each round � No 151 Rule.
13. Any team allowing a player to play under another player�s name or on the Blind score will be removed from the league, suspended for one year and placed on probation for an additional year.
14. League play will begin at 7:30 pm Mon-Thur (Sat & Sun leagues will have different starting times).� At that time the team not present will forfeit one (1) win; at 7:40 pm they will forfeit a second win; at 7:50 pm they will forfeit a third win.� If they have not arrived by 8:00 pm they will forfeit the match with no right to a reschedule.� If at 7:30 pm you have a partial team (waiting on one or two players) the two captains can determine how long they will wait before forfeiting of wins will begin.� All decisions on forfeited matches will be decided before the match is played.� Both captains must sign forfeited match on the back of the league envelope (if used) and the captain must call Just Darts by 10:00 am the next day.� If both teams are present before 8:00 pm the match will be played in its entirety.� Just Darts will adjust the wins and losses from the team that was late.
15. In the case of extenuating circumstances, play can be rescheduled if arrangements are made up one day in advance of the scheduled match.� In case of a medical emergency, an approved sub may play or Just Darts will automatically reschedule the match.� The team asking for the reschedule must now play at the opposing teams bar.� The team causing the reschedule is now the visiting team in any situation.� Even if the two teams are playing out of the same bar.� If you are in the middle of a match and a medical emergency arises, then you must play under 151 Rule for that player that needs to leave.� If a medical emergency arises and 50% or more of your team needs to leave, then the remaining games must be played at a rescheduled date.
16. Just Darts must be notified of any rescheduled matches or any matches that are being played early.� Rescheduled dates for play to be made up must be reported to Just Darts as soon as a date is planned.
17. No non-established unranked new subs are allowed for rescheduled matches.
18. If rescheduled matches cannot be played before the end of the league, it will be considered a forfeited match.� The non-forfeiting team will be awarded their team winning % at the end of the league � the forfeiting team will receive 0 wins for the match + a loss of 3 games penalty.� A team is allowed 2 forfeit per league.� The 3rd will result in a team drop out of� the league with no refunds & no payout.� League fees are still due for forfeited matches.� Please make all attempts to play rescheduled matches.� Player probation from league and tournament may be a penalty.� Extenuating circumstances need approved from Just Darts.
19. All teams must play according to their league schedule.� Any team that does not play according to the scheduled location (without Just darts approval) will lose all games for that match.� No exceptions.� Just Darts must approve extenuating circumstances.
20. Any player/team dropping out of a league, before its completion, without a good reason shall be suspended for one league season and placed on probation for an additional year.� Any such suspension or probation can only be lifted by action of the Executive Board of Just Darts.
21. All league games are to be played on properly identified Just Darts machines.� Any matches played on unauthorized machines will result in forfeiture of all league games that night for the home offending team.� No dart machines are to be moved for any reason without approval from Just Darts.� Doing so may result in a loss of games for the team that took action.
22. Any team that forfeits three consecutive matches in a league season (without extenuating circumstances) will be eliminated from the league.� No money will be refunded.� All games played by that team will be deleted from the standings.
23. Any team that has a player barred from location must use an approved sub or the Blind 151 Rule on league night.� No reschedules are allowed unless it is approved by Just Darts.
24. All Just Darts leagues payback 100% in trophies, prize money and the Just Darts City Championships.
25. League matches will be called official after they have been posted for 2 days from the date of the match.
26. League award ceremonies will be held on the same league night one week following the last week of league play.� The sponsoring bar of the first place team will host the ceremony.
27.
If there is a tie for first place at the end of a league season, Match Wins will determine the winner.� If Match Wins are also tied, then a playoff match may be played to determine the winner.
RULES OF PLAY � X01
1. The game is 301/501 Any In � Any Out or Any In � Double Out.� The Bull�s Eye will count 50 points.
2. All players start with X01 points and attempts to reach zero.� If a player scores more than the total required reaching zero, the player �busts� and the score returns to the score that existed at the start of the turn.
3. When a player reaches zero, the game is over.� The winning team is the team with the lowest combined score.� If a player reaches zero when they are �frozen�, they will not be credited with any individual stats and the win will be credited to the opposing team.
4. Freeze Rule � The teammate of the player that takes out the game must have an equal or lower score than the total of the opposing team score.
5. Leagues with Double-In/Double-Out games must score a true Double-In and Double-Out.� If you Bull-In or Bull-Out, you lose the game.
RULES OF PLAY � CRICKET
1. The game of Cricket will be played with a double Bull�s Eye.
2. The object will be to close the numbers 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, and Bull�s Eye in any order before your opponent(s).� The player/team that closes all numbers and the Bull�s Eye first, and has a greater or equal point score, wins.
3. An outer Bull�s Eye will count 25 points and an inner Bull�s Eye will count 50 points.
GENERAL RULES AND FOULS
1. Players stand at a �throw� line, 96 inches horizontally from the face of the dart board.� They may step on, but not across the line.� If a player steps over the line, but does not throw a dart, they may return to the line and throw remaining darts.� If a player throws a dart with their foot over the line:
� One warning will be given.
� Loss of next dart after one warning is issued.
� If a player ends the game, that player�s team loses game.
2. Players may use bar darts or purchase custom pro darts as long as they do not exceed 20 grams in weight or exceed 8� in length.
3. Each player throws a maximum of three darts per turn.� Darts must be thrown only when the machine instructs to �Throw Darts� and the proper player�s number is lit.
4. It is not required for a player to throw all three darts on every turn.� A player may pass or throw fewer than three darts.
5. Any dart thrown counts as a throw, whether or not it is registered on the machine.� A throw counts if it misses the board and bounces out, or if it misses the board completely.� A player may not throw any darts over again.� Dropped darts may be thrown again.
6. Darts on the board may not be touched until the turn is over, the �Player Change� is activated, and the machine recognizes the end of the turn.� Exception:� When a dart is in the board and machine reads �Stuck Segment�, that dart must be removed by opposing team captain before other darts are thrown.
7. Distracting behavior by opponents while a player is throwing is not allowed, and constitutes a foul.� The player will lose their next turn.
8. It is the player�s responsibility to see that the machine is displaying the appropriate player�s number prior to throwing the darts.� Play is stopped immediately when the infraction is noticed.
� If a player throws out of turn on their opponents score, the machine is advanced to the correct position and that player will throw all three darts.� The game then proceeds normally.
� If a player throws out of turn on their teammates score, the correct player will throw any remaining darts and the player throwing out of turn will lose their next turn.
� If the player throwing out of turn causes their opponents to be �frozen�, the freeze rule will not apply
� If a player throws out of turn and ends the game on that turn, their team loses that game.
9. A manually scored point on an opponents score constitutes a foul.� Advance player change button to the correct player position and continue play, except that the player that committed the foul loses their next turn.� A manually scored point on own score constitutes a foul.� Advance player change button to the correct player position and continue play, except that both players from that team lose their next turn.
10. If a player throws too many Spot Darts on their handicap round in X01, the player will lose their next turn.
11. If a player throws too many Spot Darts on their handicap round in Cricket, the player along with his teammate will lose their next turn.
12. If a machine resets due to power failure or other reason beyond control, the game will reboot and inform you that league play has been interrupted, to continue press enter.� The machine will then start the match where it was last played.� League play will then continue as normal.
13. Any machine reset, tilt, or malfunction due to intentional player action shall result in loss of game for the team committing the action.
14. Any player found to be using overweight darts or otherwise illegal darts shall cause the team to forfeit all games in the match that they are currently shooting.� The match will then continue with all players using legal darts.� Any protest about weight of darts must be made before the completions of the match, and will not be allowed once a match has been concluded.
15. Any physical violence may result in the player or players being expelled from the league and forfeiting all stats and monies paid.
16. A team gets no more than 2 minutes between shooters and 5 minutes between games.� If violated, player causing the delay will lose their next turn.� ONE warning will be given.
HOW TO PLAY AUTOMATED LEAGUES
The following are instructions on how to setup the dart boards for automated league play:
1. Drop at least one quarter into the machine.
IMPORTANT:� Deposit quarters game by game in case of machine malfunction.
2. From the main menu, select League Play and Press Enter
3. Select Play League, Press Enter
4. Select the Name of your League.
5. Select Home Team First, Press Enter
6. Make sure Home Team Line-up is correct and Handicaps are correct.� If Home Team needs to Substitute a player or adjust a players Handicap, then do so now before the match starts.� Select the player you want to sub for and press enter, then it will ask you to choose an existing sub or create a new one.� When using a Sub make sure you input complete first and last names.� To adjust a players handicap, select the players X01 or Cricket and use the buttons to adjust up or down on the machine.� When all else fails, read the instructions on the screen.
7. If Leagues are automated the Home Team will enter their Leagues Fees into the dart machine now when prompted.� If league requires the use of an envelope then place all league fees for both teams into the envelope along with both team captain�s signatures and drop inside the dart machine.
8. Select the Visiting Team, Press Enter
9. Follow steps 6 and 7 as did before with the Visiting Team.
10. Select the Start Match and Press Enter
11. Home Team starts the first game with the loser starting the next game.� If the game malfunctions, call Just Darts at 899-8009 for service or continue play on a score sheet.
Good Luck...� Good Darts!!!
SCORING ON THE ELECTRONIC DART MACHINE
The score recorded by the machine is the score that the player receives.� The players accept that the machine is always right.� The only exception will be on the �Last Dart � Winning Dart� that meets the following criteria:
� The �Last Dart � Winning Dart� must stick.
� The machine was displaying the �Throw Darts� message and all other rules were followed.� Then, no matter if the machine fails to score, or scores incorrectly, the player/team will be credited with the win in that game.� Example:� Player�s score is 24 at the beginning of their turn.� Their first dart hits and sticks in the 9, but does not register or score.� Their second dart scores a single 15, leaving the player on 9.� The third dart is then thrown in the single 9, but does not register or score.� Since it was the �Last Dart � Winning Dart�, that player wins the game.
A dart that sticks in the board but does not activate the electronic scoring may be manually scored as long as the �Throw Darts� message was displayed and the dart machine reads that only two darts have been thrown.
If there is a question to whether the machine is scoring or working properly, STOP THE GAME.� Do not remove darts or activate the �Player Change�.� The team captains must try to solve the problem.� If a restart of game is necessary, scores will be re-entered and play will continue.� If they are unable to do so, they will need to call for service, make up the rest of the games on a Just Darts score sheet, or reschedule the remaining match within a two (2) week period.
If a dart bounces off the board it is considered a dart thrown even if it does not score.� It may not be thrown again.
If a dart is thrown before the �Throw Darts� message lights, the dart will not score and is considered a dart thrown.� It may not be thrown again.
| i don't know |
Hepatitis is the inflammation of which part of the body? | Effects of Hepatitis C on the Body
Musty Mouth
Skin and Eyes
Hepatitis C is a viral disease that primarily causes inflammation of the liver, but the effects can be felt throughout the body.
The Effects of Hepatitis C on the Body
Hepatitis C is caused by a virus that is passed through contact with the blood of an infected person. The infection leads to inflammation of the liver.
The liver processes blood and filter toxins so they don’t cause damage to your body. The liver also produces bile, which helps you to digest food and stores glucose and vitamins. Inflammation makes it difficult for the liver to perform these vital functions. In time, the hepatitis C infection can affect the entire body.
Early symptoms, including yellowing skin and fatigue, may be mild and easily dismissed. Chronic infection can cause scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). As the disease progresses, symptoms such as skin problems, blood disorders, and fever may appear.
In the long term, hepatitis C can lead to severe liver damage, liver cancer, and liver failure. Early treatment can help delay or prevent serious damage.
Digestive System
A healthy liver performs many functions that are crucial to your health. The liver is responsible for producing bile, a substance needed to break down fats. The body stores bile in the gallbladder, then sends it to the beginning section of the small intestine (duodenum). Bile is then combined with stomach acids and digestive fluids from the pancreas, which help the intestines absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
Hepatitis C can severely hinder the liver’s ability to produce bile. Inflammation of the gallbladder can make it painful to digest fatty foods. Therefore, people with hepatitis C may feel some pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen. This may be due to a build-up of fluid in the stomach (ascites). This occurs when the damaged liver doesn’t produce enough albumin, a substance that regulates the amount of fluid in cells.
Other digestive symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Stool may become pale or clay-colored, and urine may darken.
Central Nervous System
When the liver doesn’t filter toxins from the blood, they can damage the central nervous system (hepatic encephalopathy). This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including sweet or musty breath, weakening of small motor skills, and sleep disturbances. Dry eyes and mouth are sometimes associated with hepatitis C.
A build-up of toxins in the brain can cause confusion, forgetfulness, poor concentration, and personality changes. Advanced symptoms include abnormal shaking, agitation, disorientation, and slurred speech. Severe cases may cause coma.
Circulatory System
The liver filters toxins out of your bloodstream. It also produces proteins needed for healthy blood and helps to regulate blood clotting. A poorly functioning liver can create blood flow problems and increase pressure in the vein that leads to the liver (portal vein). This can cause portal hypertension, which may force blood to find an alternate vein. The vein can burst if it’s too small, causing serious internal bleeding (variceal bleeding).
A poorly functioning liver is unable to properly extract iron from the blood and store it for later use. This can result in anemia.
A healthy liver also helps convert sugars into glucose and store it for energy. Too much sugar in the bloodstream can lead to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.
Blood tests can reveal the presence of hepatitis C antibodies in the bloodstream. If you have antibodies, it means you’ve been exposed to the virus. In most cases, a second blood test is used to confirm a hepatitis C diagnosis.
Skin, Hair, and Nails (Integumentary System)
A protein molecule called hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin transports oxygen and iron to cells throughout the body. Iron is crucial in sustaining cells that make up healthy skin, fingernails, toenails, and hair.
Bilirubin is another important substance in hemoglobin. When the liver can’t do its job, bilirubin can build up and cause your skin and the whites of your eyes to turn yellow (jaundice).
Endocrine and Immune Systems
The endocrine system regulates hormones. As part of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland delivers hormones into the bloodstream. Sometimes hepatitis C can cause the immune system to mistakenly attack or damage thyroid tissue. This can cause an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), which can lead to sleep disorders and weight loss. Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can make you feel sluggish. According to The Hepatitis Trust , this is more common in women than in men.
Overall Health
Many people infected with hepatitis C have no symptoms, especially in the earliest stages. Some report general fatigue, fever, or non-specific aches and pains.
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Which US singer released a 1962 album entitled ‘Pot Luck’? | Hepatitis C FAQs for the Public | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC
Hepatitis C FAQs for the Public
Overview
What is hepatitis?
“Hepatitis” means inflammation of the liver. Toxins, certain drugs, some diseases, heavy alcohol use, and bacterial and viral infections can all cause hepatitis. Hepatitis is also the name of a family of viral infections that affect the liver ; the most common types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
What is the difference between Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis A , Hepatitis B , and Hepatitis C are diseases caused by three different viruses. Although each can cause similar symptoms, they have different modes of transmission and can affect the liver differently. Hepatitis A appears only as an acute or newly occurring infection and does not become chronic. People with Hepatitis A usually improve without treatment. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can also begin as acute infections, but in some people, the virus remains in the body, resulting in chronic disease and long-term liver problems. There are vaccines to prevent Hepatitis A and B; however, there is not one for Hepatitis C. If a person has had one type of viral hepatitis in the past, it is still possible to get the other types.
What is Hepatitis C?
Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease that ranges in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness that attacks the liver. It results from infection with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is spread primarily through contact with the blood of an infected person. Hepatitis C can be either “acute” or “chronic.”
Acute Hepatitis C virus infection is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the Hepatitis C virus. For most people, acute infection leads to chronic infection.
Chronic Hepatitis C virus infection is a long-term illness that occurs when the Hepatitis C virus remains in a person’s body. Hepatitis C virus infection can last a lifetime and lead to serious liver problems, including cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer.
Statistics
How common is acute Hepatitis C in the United States?
In 2014, there were an estimated 30,500 cases of acute hepatitis C virus infections reported in the United States.
How common is chronic Hepatitis C in the United States?
An estimated 2.7-3.9 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis C.
How likely is it that acute Hepatitis C will become chronic?
Approximately 75%–85% of people who become infected with Hepatitis C virus develop chronic infection.
Transmission / Exposure
How is Hepatitis C spread?
Hepatitis C is usually spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. Today, most people become infected with the Hepatitis C virus by sharing needles or other equipment to inject drugs. Before 1992, when widespread screening of the blood supply began in the United States, Hepatitis C was also commonly spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants.
People can become infected with the Hepatitis C virus during such activities as
Sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment to inject drugs
Needlestick injuries in health care settings
Being born to a mother who has Hepatitis C
Less commonly, a person can also get Hepatitis C virus infection through
Sharing personal care items that may have come in contact with another person’s blood, such as razors or toothbrushes
Having sexual contact with a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus
Can Hepatitis C be spread through sexual contact?
Yes, but the risk of transmission from sexual contact is believed to be low. The risk increases for those who have multiple sex partners, have a sexually transmitted disease, engage in rough sex, or are infected with HIV. More research is needed to better understand how and when Hepatitis C can be spread through sexual contact.
Can you get Hepatitis C by getting a tattoo or piercing?
A few major research studies have not shown Hepatitis C to be spread through licensed, commercial tattooing facilities. However, transmission of Hepatitis C (and other infectious diseases) is possible when poor infection-control practices are used during tattooing or piercing. Body art is becoming increasingly popular in the United States, and unregulated tattooing and piercing are known to occur in prisons and other informal or unregulated settings. Further research is needed to determine if these types of settings and exposures are responsible for Hepatitis C virus transmission.
Can Hepatitis C be spread within a household?
Yes, but this does not occur very often. If Hepatitis C virus is spread within a household, it is most likely a result of direct, through-the-skin exposure to the blood of an infected household member.
How should blood spills be cleaned from surfaces to make sure that Hepatitis C virus is gone?
Any blood spills — including dried blood, which can still be infectious — should be cleaned using a dilution of one part household bleach to 10 parts water. Gloves should be worn when cleaning up blood spills.
How long does the Hepatitis C virus survive outside the body?
The Hepatitis C virus can survive outside the body at room temperature, on environmental surfaces, for up to 3 weeks.
What are ways Hepatitis C is not spread?
Hepatitis C virus is not spread by sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, holding hands, coughing, or sneezing. It is also not spread through food or water.
Who is at risk for Hepatitis C?
Some people are at increased risk for Hepatitis C, including:
Current injection drug users (currently the most common way Hepatitis C virus is spread in the United States)
Past injection drug users, including those who injected only one time or many years ago
Recipients of donated blood, blood products, and organs (once a common means of transmission but now rare in the United States since blood screening became available in 1992)
People who received a blood product for clotting problems made before 1987
Hemodialysis patients or persons who spent many years on dialysis for kidney failure
People who received body piercing or tattoos done with non-sterile instruments
People with known exposures to the Hepatitis C virus, such as
Health care workers injured by needlesticks
Recipients of blood or organs from a donor who tested positive for the Hepatitis C virus
HIV-infected persons
Children born to mothers infected with the Hepatitis C virus
Less common risks include:
Having sexual contact with a person who is infected with the Hepatitis C virus
Sharing personal care items, such as razors or toothbrushes, that may have come in contact with the blood of an infected person
What is the risk of a pregnant woman passing Hepatitis C to her baby?
Hepatitis C is rarely passed from a pregnant woman to her baby. About 6 of every 100 infants born to mothers with Hepatitis C become infected with the virus. However, the risk becomes greater if the mother has both HIV infection and Hepatitis C.
Can a person get Hepatitis C from a mosquito or other insect bite?
Hepatitis C virus has not been shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes or other insects.
Can I donate blood, organs, or semen if I have Hepatitis C?
No, if you ever tested positive for the Hepatitis C virus (or Hepatitis B virus), experts recommend never donating blood, organs, or semen because this can spread the infection to the recipient.
Symptoms
What are the symptoms of acute Hepatitis C?
Approximately 70%–80% of people with acute Hepatitis C do not have any symptoms. Some people, however, can have mild to severe symptoms soon after being infected, including:
Fever
Jaundice (yellow color in the skin or eyes)
How soon after exposure to Hepatitis C do symptoms appear?
If symptoms occur, the average time is 6–7 weeks after exposure, but this can range from 2 weeks to 6 months. However, many people infected with the Hepatitis C virus do not develop symptoms.
Can a person spread Hepatitis C without having symptoms?
Yes, even if a person with Hepatitis C has no symptoms, he or she can still spread the virus to others.
Is it possible to have Hepatitis C and not know it?
Yes, many people who are infected with the Hepatitis C virus do not know they are infected because they do not look or feel sick.
What are the symptoms of chronic Hepatitis C?
Most people with chronic Hepatitis C do not have any symptoms. However, if a person has been infected for many years, his or her liver may be damaged. In many cases, there are no symptoms of the disease until liver problems have developed. In persons without symptoms, Hepatitis C is often detected during routine blood tests to measure liver function and liver enzyme (protein produced by the liver) level.
How serious is chronic Hepatitis C?
Chronic Hepatitis C is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer, or even death. It is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation in the United States. Approximately 19,000 people die every year from Hepatitis C related liver disease.
What are the long-term effects of Hepatitis C?
Of every 100 people infected with the Hepatitis C virus, about
75–85 people will develop chronic Hepatitis C virus infection; of those,
60–70 people will go on to develop chronic liver disease
5–20 people will go on to develop cirrhosis over a period of 20–30 years
1–5 people will die from cirrhosis or liver cancer
Tests
Can a person have normal liver enzyme (e.g., ALT) results and still have Hepatitis C?
Yes. It is common for persons with chronic Hepatitis C to have a liver enzyme level that goes up and down, with periodic returns to normal or near normal. Some infected persons have liver enzyme levels that are normal for over a year even though they have chronic liver disease. If the liver enzyme level is normal, persons should have their enzyme level re-checked several times over a 6–12 month period. If the liver enzyme level remains normal, the doctor may check it less frequently, such as once a year.
Who should get tested for Hepatitis C?
Talk to your doctor about being tested for Hepatitis C if any of the following are true:
You were born from 1945 through 1965
You are a current or former injection drug user, even if you injected only one time or many years ago.
You were treated for a blood clotting problem before 1987.
You received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before July 1992.
You are on long-term hemodialysis treatment.
You have abnormal liver tests or liver disease.
You work in health care or public safety and were exposed to blood through a needlestick or other sharp object injury.
You are infected with HIV.
If you are pregnant, should you be tested for Hepatitis C?
No, getting tested for Hepatitis C is not part of routine prenatal care. However, if a pregnant woman has risk factors for Hepatitis C virus infection, she should speak with her doctor about getting tested.
What blood tests are used to test for Hepatitis C?
Several different blood tests are used to test for Hepatitis C. A doctor may order just one or a combination of these tests. Typically, a person will first get a screening test that will show whether he or she has developed antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus. (An antibody is a substance found in the blood that the body produces in response to a virus.) Having a positive antibody test means that a person was exposed to the virus at some time in his or her life. If the antibody test is positive, a doctor will most likely order a second test to confirm whether the virus is still present in the person's bloodstream.
Treatment
Can acute Hepatitis C be treated?
Yes, acute hepatitis C can be treated. Acute infection can clear on its own without treatment in about 25% of people. If acute hepatitis C is diagnosed, treatment does reduce the risk that acute hepatitis C will become a chronic infection. Acute hepatitis C is treated with the same medications used to treat chronic Hepatitis C. However, the optimal treatment and when it should be started remains uncertain.
Can chronic Hepatitis C be treated?
Yes. There are several medications available to treat chronic Hepatitis C, including new treatments that appear to be more effective and have fewer side effects than previous options. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maintains a complete list of approved treatments for Hepatitis C .
Is it possible to get over Hepatitis C?
Yes, approximately 15%–25% of people who get Hepatitis C will clear the virus from their bodies without treatment and will not develop chronic infection. Experts do not fully understand why this happens for some people.
What can a person with chronic Hepatitis C do to take care of his or her liver?
People with chronic Hepatitis C should be monitored regularly by an experienced doctor. They should avoid alcohol because it can cause additional liver damage. They also should check with a health professional before taking any prescription pills, supplements, or over-the-counter medications, as these can potentially damage the liver. If liver damage is present, a person should check with his or her doctor about getting vaccinated against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B.
Vaccination
Is there a vaccine that can prevent Hepatitis C?
Not yet. Vaccines are available only for Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B. Research into the development of a vaccine is under way.
Hepatitis C and Employment
Should a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus be restricted from working in certain jobs or settings?
CDC's recommendations for prevention and control of the Hepatitis C virus infection state that people should not be excluded from work, school, play, child care, or other settings because they have Hepatitis C. There is no evidence that people can get Hepatitis C from food handlers, teachers, or other service providers without blood-to-blood contact.
Hepatitis C and Co-infection with HIV
What is HIV and Hepatitis C virus coinfection?
HIV and Hepatitis C virus coinfection refers to being infected with both HIV and the Hepatitis C virus. Coinfection is more common in persons who inject drugs. In fact, 50%–90% of HIV-infected persons who use injection drugs are also infected with the Hepatitis C virus. To learn more about coinfection, read HIV and Viral Hepatitis [PDF - 2 pages] .
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Which car manufacturer is named after the Latin translation of the founder’s surname, Horch? | Horch - Wikicars
Horch
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Defunct
Horch was the popular name for high-performance luxury motor cars manufactured in Germany by the company, August Horch & Cie, at the beginning of the 20th century.
Founder
The company was established by August Horch , a former production manager for Karl Benz , and a partner on November 14, 1899 with a capital of 30,000 Goldmark at Ehrenfeld, near Cologne. Horch was also later the founder of the German automaker, Audi , which is named after the Latin translation of his surname (latin word for the regional Saxon expression, horch, which is the imperative form of “hark” - "listen to me" in German).
1938 Horch 853 Sport Cabriolet
Initial cars
The company initially began producing 5 and 10 hp twin-cylinder engine automobiles near Cologne in 1901.
The first Horch had a 4.5 hp engine, with an alloy crankcase, a unique achievement in those days. It had an open-body design, with lighting provided by lanterns with candles in them. In contrast with the powerful cars of later years, the first Horch could barely reach a top speed of 32 km/h. It was significant at that time because it used a friction clutch, and also had a drive shaft to power the wheels.
The firm soon ran into financial troubles, not surprising considering the pioneering nature of the automobile business at that time. Horch had to seek new partners.
The company was moved to Reichenbach (Vogtland) in March, 1902, where it produced a 20 hp four-cylinder car with a shaft drive. Horch cars were considered much advanced and superior to those being then built by Mercedes or Benz (who were then separate manufacturers).
By 1903, Horch had built a car with a four-cylinder engine. In March of the following year, he introduced his new car at the Frankfurt Fair.
In 1904, Horch was forced to convert the firm into a joint-stock company, A. Horch & Cie. Motorwagen-Werke AG, an action that he was to later regret.
On May 10, 1904, he moved the new corporation to Zwickau, a city to the southwest of Chemnitz, in the eastern German state of Saxony.
The first six-cylinder Horch appeared in 1907.
Audi connection
In 1909, the supervisor board (German equivalent of the Board of Directors) of this corporation forced out Horch. Horch went on to found Audi , Audiwerke GmbH, which became effective on 25 April 1910. The name was a solution to the legal dispute with his old company over use of the Horch brand.
In 1928, the company was acquired by Jörgen Skafte Rasmussen, owner of DKW (which comes from the German word, Dampfkraftwagen), who bought the same year the remains of the US automobile manufacturer, Rickenbacker , including the manufacturing equipment for eight-cylinder engines.
Eventually, on 29th June, 1932 Audi merged with Horch, DKW and Wanderer to form the Auto Union . The current Audi four-ring logo is the Auto Union logo. In the 1930s Horch introduced a new line of smaller and cheaper, but still presentable, V8 automobiles.
Auto Union became a major supplier of automobiles to the German armed forces. Civilian production was suspended after March 1940.
Trabant connection
During the Second World War, the factories suffered heavy bomb damage. Later, the advancing Soviet forces captured the area, and it became part of the Soviet sector of divided Germany in 1945, and later became part of East Germany.
The factory was renamed as the Sachsenring factory after the East German firm IFA took it over, and produced the Sachsenring "P-240" in 1955. It produced the initial Trabant "P-50" model from 1957. [1]
Rare Collectibles
On Saturday, June 24th, 2006, an incredibly rare 1937 Horch 853A Sport Cabriolet in original unrestored, unprepared condition sold at auction in Cortland NY for $299,000 US. [2]
Famous Horch models
Some famous Horch automobiles (year introduced):
Horch 350/375/400/405 (1928-1931)
Horch 853 Sport Cabriolet (1937)
Horch 853A Erdmann-Rossi Sport Cabriolet (1937)
Horch 853A Voll-Ruhrbeck Sport Cabriolet (1938)
Horch 855 Roadster (1939)
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Who wrote the short story ‘Rip Van Winkle’, published in 1819? | 1939 Horch 853A - Conceptcarz
conceptcarz
Cabriolet
By 1938 the top model produced by the Horch Company was the Horch 853A. It was a more powerful version of the 853 fitted with a 120 bhp version of the 5-litre Horch straight eight. Many bodies on the shorter 853 A chassis were highly regarded, and the sporty cabriolets were among the most beautifully styled cars of their era. Over 350 cars were built between 1938 and 1939 and although expensive, they were cheaper than their Mercedes-Benz rival the 540K.
This car was bought in Munich by a US airman in 1951 and shipped to the US. Sadly he died before he was able to enjoy the car and it was sold for the price of $10! Since then it has been fully restored and shown at many events including the Audi 80th anniversary.
August Horch began producing vehicles with Karl Benz prior to 1899, after which he began building vehicles under his own name, August Horch & Cie. In 1909, after disputes with shareholders, he departed from his company and founded Audi, which is the Latin translation of his surname. The production of the Horch automobile continued without their founder using his name.
In the early part of the 20th century, the automobiles began to appear less like horseless carriages and more like automobiles. The tiller steering and high buggy wheels became a thing of the past and the engine found its way to the front of the vehicle.
In 1926, a new model was introduced powered by a straight eight engine. This engine was used by the company for many years. Over the years it displacement size grew as did the horsepower rating. This engine was instrumental in providing the power-plant necessary to propel the luxurious Horch automobiles to quick speeds while maintaining a competitive price. As was the case with most early automotive manufacturers, Horch would either build the entire vehicle or merely supply the chassis for a coachbuilder to outfit the vehicle.
Horch was instrumental in continuing the growth of Audi as a company and on the race track. During World War I, the direction of Audi switched to producing vehicles for the military.
As was the case for most automotive companies, times were changing and becoming increasingly difficult to stay competitive and stay in business. In 1932, due to financial problems, August sold Audi. It became part of Auto Union. Auto Union was comprised of Horch, Das Kleine Wunder, Audi, and Wanderer. The Union was essential a way to continue production of automobiles while providing financial support necessary to fuel automotive racing and technology.
The Horch Series 850 featured the 100 horsepower straight eight engine, luxury, style and sophistication. The Model 853 was fitted to a shorter wheelbase and used a DeDion axle rear suspension. In an effort to stay competitive, The Model 853A became available in 1937 and featured a 120 horsepower straight eight engine.
When World War II began, production of the Horch Automobiles ceased.
By Daniel Vaughan | Oct 2008
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The medical condition anhidrosis is the inability to do what? | Anhidrosis - Mayo Clinic
Anhidrosis
By Mayo Clinic Staff
Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat normally. When you don't sweat (perspire), your body can't cool itself, which can lead to overheating and sometimes to heatstroke — a potentially fatal condition.
Anhidrosis — sometimes called hypohidrosis — can be difficult to diagnose. Mild anhidrosis often goes unrecognized. Dozens of factors can cause the condition, including skin trauma and certain diseases and medications. You can inherit anhidrosis or develop it later in life.
Treatment of anhidrosis involves addressing the underlying cause, if one can be found.
Goldsmith LA, et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th ed. New York, N.Y.: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=740. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
Bolognia JL, et al. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2012. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
Tay LK, et al. Acquired idiopathic anhidrosis: A diagnosis often missed. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2014;71:499.
Kliegman RM, et al. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
Extreme heat prevention guide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/extremeheat/heat_guide.asp. Accessed Nov. 10, 2014.
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Which English Rugby Union team play their home games at Welford Road? | Hypohidrosis (Absent Sweating)
Hypohidrosis (Absent Sweating)
Written by Rachel Nall, RN, BSN, CCRN
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What Is Hypohidrosis?
Sweating is your body’s way of cooling itself off. Some people aren’t able to sweat normally because their sweat glands are no longer functioning properly. This condition is known as hypohidrosis, or anhidrosis. It can affect your entire body, a single area, or scattered areas.
The inability to sweat normally can cause overheating. This can lead to heat stroke, which is a potentially life-threatening condition.
Hypohidrosis can be difficult to diagnose. This means that mild hypohidrosis often goes unnoticed. The condition has many causes. It can be inherited at birth or develop later in life.
What Causes Hypohidrosis?
As you age, it’s normal for your ability to sweat to diminish. Conditions that damage your autonomic nerves, such as diabetes, also make problems with your sweat glands more likely.
Nerve Damage
Any condition that causes nerve damage can disrupt the functioning of your sweat glands. This includes:
Ross syndrome, which is a rare disorder characterized by sweating and pupils that don’t dilate properly
ichthyosis
Medications
Taking certain medications, particularly those known as anticholinergics, can result in reduced sweating. These medications have side effects that include a sore throat, dry mouth, and reduction in perspiration.
Inherited
Some people may inherit a damaged gene that causes their sweat glands to malfunction. An inherited condition called “hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia” causes people to be born with either very few or no sweat glands.
What Are the Symptoms of Hypohidrosis?
The symptoms of hypohidrosis include:
minimal sweating even when other people are sweating heavily
dizziness
a flushed appearance
feeling overly hot
Mild hypohidrosis may go unnoticed unless you engage in vigorous exercise and become overheated because you’re not sweating normally.
How Is Hypohidrosis Diagnosed?
Your doctor will need to take a thorough medical history to diagnose this condition. You should share all symptoms that you’ve experienced with your doctor. This includes breaking out in a red rash or skin flushing when you should be sweating. It’s important to tell them if you sweat in some parts of your body but not in others.
Your doctor may use any of the following tests to confirm a diagnosis of hypohidrosis:
During the axon reflex test, small electrodes are being used to stimulate your sweat glands. The volume of sweat produced is measured.
The silastic sweat imprint test measures where you sweat.
During the thermoregulatory sweat test, your body is coated with a powder that changes color in areas where you sweat. You enter a chamber that causes your body temperature to reach a level at which most people would sweat.
During a skin biopsy, some skin cells and perhaps some sweat glands are removed and examined under a microscope.
How Is Hypohidrosis Treated?
Hypohidrosis that affects only a small part of your body usually won’t cause problems and may not require treatment. If an underlying medical condition is causing hypohidrosis, your doctor will treat that condition. This may help reduce your symptoms.
If medications are causing your hypohidrosis, your doctor may recommend trying another medication or reducing your dosage. While this isn’t always possible, adjusting medications may help to improve sweating.
Can Hypohidrosis Be Prevented?
It may not be possible to prevent hypohidrosis, but you can take steps to avoid serious illnesses related to overheating. Wear loose clothing that’s in light colors, and don’t overdress when it’s hot. Stay inside if possible, and take care not to overexert yourself when it’s hot.
You can also take steps to cool your body off and avoid overheating. This includes applying water or cool cloths to your skin to make you feel like you're sweating. When the water evaporates, you’ll feel cooler.
If it’s left untreated, hypohidrosis can cause your body to overheat. Overheating requires quick treatment to prevent it from worsening into heat exhaustion or heat stroke. Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition. You should call 911 or visit an emergency room if you’re having a heat stroke.
Article Resources
Article resources
Cheshire, W. P., & Fealey, R. D. Drug-induced hyperhidrosis and hypohidrosis: Incidence, prevention and management [Abstract]. (2008). Drug Safety, 31(2), 109-126. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18217788
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, December 13). Anhidrosis: Definition. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anhidrosis/basics/definition/con-20033498
Pariser, D. M. (2013, April). Hypohidrosis. Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/sweating-disorders/hypohidrosis
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Who founded the British Union of Fascists in 1932? | British Union of Fascists - Wikipedia
British Union of Fascists
Larger part of the British Fascists
Succeeded by
Elections
The British Union of Fascists, or BUF, was a Fascist political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by Oswald Mosley . It changed its name to the "British Union of Fascists and National Socialists" in 1936 and, in 1937, to "British Union." It was finally disbanded in 1940 after it was proscribed by the British government, following the start of the Second World War .
The BUF emerged in 1932 from the British far-right , following the electoral defeat of its antecedent, the New Party , in the 1931 general election . The BUF's foundation was initially met with popular support and developed a sizeable following. The press baron Lord Rothermere was a notable early supporter. As the party became increasingly radical, however, support declined. The Olympia Rally of 1934, in which a number of anti-Fascist protestors were attacked, isolated the party from much of its following. The party's embrace of Nazi -style anti-semitism in 1936 led to increasingly violent clashes with opponents, notably the 1936 Battle of Cable Street in London 's East End . The Public Order Act 1936 , which banned political uniforms and responded to increasing political violence, had a particularly strong effect on the BUF whose supporters were known as "Blackshirts" after the uniforms they wore.
Growing British hostility towards Nazi Germany , with which the British press persistently associated the BUF, further contributed to the decline of the movement's membership. It was finally banned by the British government in 1940 after the start of the Second World War, amid suspicion that its remaining supporters might form a pro-Nazi " fifth column ". A number of prominent BUF members were arrested and interned under Defence Regulation 18B .
Contents
Background[ edit ]
Flowchart showing the history of the early British fascist movement.
Oswald Mosley was the youngest elected Conservative MP before crossing the floor in 1922, joining first Labour and, shortly afterwards, the Independent Labour Party . He became a minister in Ramsay MacDonald 's Labour government , advising on rising unemployment.[ citation needed ]
In 1930, Mosley issued his 'Mosley Memorandum', which fused protectionism with a proto- Keynesian programme of policies designed to tackle the unemployment problem, and he resigned from the Labour party soon after, in early 1931, when the plans were rejected. He immediately formed the New Party , with policies based on his memorandum. Despite winning 16% of the vote at a by-election in Ashton-under-Lyne in early 1931, however, the party failed to achieve any other electoral success.[ citation needed ]
During 1931, the New Party became increasingly influenced by Fascism . [1] The next year, after a January 1932 visit to Benito Mussolini in Italy , Mosley's own conversion to fascism was confirmed. He wound up the New Party in April, but preserved its youth movement, which would form the core of the BUF, intact. He spent the summer that year writing a fascist programme, The Greater Britain, and this formed the basis of policy of the BUF, which was launched in October 1932. [1]
Early success and growth[ edit ]
The Olympia Exhibition Centre in London , site of the party's 1934 rally sometimes cited as the beginning of the movement's decline.
Italy's Duce Benito Mussolini (left) with Leader Oswald Mosley (right) during Mosley's visit to Italy in 1936.
The BUF claimed 50,000 members at one point, [2] and the Daily Mail , running the headline "Hurrah for the Blackshirts!", was an early supporter. [3] The first Director of Propaganda, appointed in February 1933, was Wilfred Risdon , who was responsible for organising all of Mosley's public meetings. Despite strong resistance from anti-fascists, including the local Jewish community , the Labour Party , the Independent Labour Party , and the Communist Party of Great Britain , the BUF found a following in the East End of London , where in the London County Council elections of March 1937, it obtained reasonably successful results in Bethnal Green , Shoreditch , and Limehouse , polling almost 8,000 votes, although none of its candidates was elected. [4] The BUF never stood in a General Election .[ citation needed ]
Having lost the funding of newspaper magnate Lord Rothermere that it had previously enjoyed, at the 1935 General Election the party urged voters to abstain, calling for "Fascism Next Time". [5] There never was a "next time", as the next General Election was not held until July 1945, five years after the dissolution of the BUF.[ citation needed ]
Towards the middle of the 1930s, the BUF's violent clashes with opponents began to alienate some middle-class supporters, and membership decreased. At the Olympia rally in London, in 1934, BUF stewards violently ejected anti-fascist disrupters, and this led the Daily Mail to withdraw its support for the movement. The level of violence shown at the rally shocked many, with the effect of turning neutral parties against the BUF and contributing to anti-fascist support. One observer claimed: "I came to the conclusion that Mosley was a political maniac, and that all decent English people must combine to kill his movement." [6]
Decline and legacy[ edit ]
Modern depiction of the Battle of Cable Street The event is frequently invoked in contemporary British politics
The BUF briefly drew away from mainstream politics and towards antisemitism over 1934-35 owing to the growing influence of Nazi sympathisers within the party, such as William Joyce and John Beckett , which provoked the resignation of members such as Dr. Robert Forgan . This anti-semitic emphasis and these high-profile resignations resulted in membership dropping to below 8,000 by the end of 1935 and, ultimately, Mosley shifted the party's focus back to mainstream politics. The party continued to clash with anti-fascists, most famously at the Battle of Cable Street in October 1936, when organised anti-fascists prevented the BUF from marching through Cable Street. However, the party later staged other marches through the East End without incident, albeit not on Cable Street itself.
BUF support for Edward VIII and the peace campaign to prevent a second World War saw membership and public support rise once more. [7] The government was sufficiently concerned by the party's growing prominence to pass the Public Order Act 1936 , which banned political uniforms and required police consent for political marches.
In 1937, William Joyce and other Nazi sympathisers split from the party to form the National Socialist League , which quickly folded, with most of its members interned . Mosley later denounced Joyce as a traitor and condemned him for his extreme anti-semitism. The historian Stephen Dorril revealed in his book Blackshirts that secret envoys from the Nazis had donated about £ 50,000 to the BUF. [8]
By 1939, total BUF membership was probably approaching 20,000. [7] In May 1940, the BUF was banned outright by the government and Mosley, along with 740 other fascists, was interned for much of the Second World War. After the war, Mosley made several unsuccessful attempts to return to politics, notably in the Union Movement .
See also: British Fascism
The Flash and Circle flag of the British Union of Fascists.
Mosley, known to his followers as The Leader, modelled his leadership style on Benito Mussolini and the BUF on Mussolini's National Fascist Party in Italy , including an imitation of the Italian Fascists' black uniforms for members, earning them the nickname " Blackshirts ". The BUF was anti-communist and protectionist , and proposed replacing parliamentary democracy with executives elected to represent specific industries, trades or other professional interest groups—a system similar to the corporatism of the Italian fascists. Unlike the Italian system, British fascist corporatism planned to replace the House of Lords with elected executives drawn from major industries, the clergy, and colonies. The House of Commons was to be reduced to allow for a faster, "less factionist" democracy. [9]
The BUF's programme and ideology were outlined in Mosley's Great Britain (1932) and A. Raven Thompson's The Coming Corporate State (1938). Many BUF policies were built on isolationism , prohibiting trade outside an insulated British Empire . Mosley’s system aimed to protect the British economy from the fluctuations of the world market, especially during the Great Depression , and prevent "cheap slave competition from abroad." [9]
Relationship with the Suffragettes[ edit ]
In a January 2010 BBC documentary, Mother Was A Blackshirt, James Maw reported that in 1914 Norah Elam was placed in a Holloway prison cell with Emmeline Pankhurst for her involvement with the Suffragette movement, and again in 1940 was returned to the same prison with Diana Mosley, this time for her involvement with the fascist movement. Another leading suffragette, Mary Richardson , became head of the women's section of the BUF.
The report described how Elam's fascist philosophy grew from her suffragette experiences, how the British fascist movement became largely driven by women, how they targeted young women from an early age, how the first British fascist movement was founded by a woman, and how the leading lights of the Suffragettes had, with Oswald Mosley , founded the BUF. [10]
Mosley's electoral strategy had been to prepare for the election after 1935, and in 1936 he announced a list of BUF candidates for that election, with Elam nominated to stand for Northampton. Mosley accompanied Elam to Northampton to introduce her to her electorate at a meeting in the Town Hall. At that meeting Mosley announced that "he was glad indeed to have the opportunity of introducing the first candidate, and ... [thereby] killed for all time the suggestion that National Socialism proposed putting British women back into the home; this is simply not true. Mrs Elam [he went on] had fought in the past for women's suffrage ... and was a great example of the emancipation of women in Britain." [11]
Prominent members and supporters[ edit ]
Despite the short period of operation the BUF attracted prominent members and supporters. These included:
Henry Williamson was a writer. [25]
In popular culture[ edit ]
The Channel 4 television serial Mosley (1998) portrayed the career of Oswald Mosley during his years with the BUF. The four-part series was based on the books Rules of the Game and Beyond the Pale, written by Mosley's son, Nicholas Mosley . [26]
In the film It Happened Here , the BUF appears to be the ruling party of German-occupied Britain. A Mosley speech is heard on the radio in the scene before everyone goes to the movies.
The first depiction of Mosley and the BUF in fiction occurred in Aldous Huxley 's 1932 novel, Point Counter Point , where Mosley is depicted as Everard Webley, the murderous leader of the "BFF", the Brotherhood of Free Fascists, and comes to a nasty end.
Emblem of P.G. Wodehouse 's fictional Black Shorts movement that appeared in the television series Jeeves and Wooster .
Harry Turtledove 's alternative history novel, In the Presence of Mine Enemies , is set in 2010 in a world where the Nazis were triumphant, the BUF governs Britain – and the first stirrings of the reform movement come from there. The BUF and Mosley also appear as background influences in Turtledove's Colonization trilogy which follows the Worldwar tetralogy and is set in the 1960s.
James Herbert 's 1996 novel '48 features a protagonist who is hunted by BUF Blackshirts in a devastated London after a biological weapon release in the Second World War. The history of the BUF and Mosley is recapitulated.
In Ken Follett 's novel Night Over Water , several of the main characters are BUF members. In his book Winter of the World , the Battle of Cable Street plays a role and some of the characters are involved in the BUF or in the anti-BUF organisations.
The BUF is also in Guy Walters ' book The Leader (2003), where Mosley is the dictator of Britain in the 1930s.
The British humorous writer P. G. Wodehouse satirized the BUF in books and short stories. The BUF was satirized as "The Black Shorts" [27] (shorts being worn as all the best shirt colours were already taken) and their leader was Roderick Spode , owner of a ladies' underwear shop.
The British novelist Nancy Mitford satirized the BUF and Mosley in Wigs on the Green , initially published in 1935 and republished in 2010. Diana Mitford , the author's sister, had been romantically involved with Mosley since 1932.
In the 1992 Acorn Media production of Agatha Christie 's One, Two, Buckle My Shoe with David Suchet and Philip Jackson , one of the supporting characters (played by Christopher Eccleston ) secures a paid position as a rank-and-file member of the BUF.
| Oswald Mosley |
In the Bible, what are the first three words of Genesis? | British Union of Fascists | British political organization | Britannica.com
British Union of Fascists
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in Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet
English politician who was the leader of the British Union of Fascists from 1932 to 1940 and of its successor, the Union Movement, from 1948 until his death. Those groups were known for distributing anti-Semitic propaganda, conducting hostile demonstrations in the Jewish sections of east London, and wearing Nazi-style uniforms and insignia.
in anti-Semitism: Nazi anti-Semitism and the Holocaust
...but also inspired anti-Jewish movements elsewhere. Anti-Semitism was promulgated in France by the Cagoulards (French: “Hooded Men”), in Hungary by the Arrow Cross, in England by the British Union of Fascists, and in the United States by the German-American Bund and the Silver Shirts.
in fascism: National fascisms
The British Union of Fascists, led by Oswald Mosley, had some 50,000 members. In Belgium the Rexist Party, led by Léon Degrelle, won about 10 percent of the seats in the parliament in 1936. Russian fascist organizations were founded by exiles in Manchuria, the United States, and elsewhere; the largest of these groups were the Russian Fascist Party (VFP), led by Konstantin Rodzaevsky, and...
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In the human body, erythrophobia is the abnormal fear of doing what? | Definition of Erythrophobia
Definition of Erythrophobia
Gallery of Skin Problems Pictures
Erythrophobia: An abnormal and persistent fear of blushing. Sufferers of erythrophobia experience undue anxiety even though they realize their fear is irrational. Their anxiety results from worry about being the focus of attention and the subject of embarrassment. Attempts to suppress blushing often have the opposite effect. Sufferers of erythrophobia tend to avoid social gatherings and workplace projects that require them to interact with, or speak before, groups of co-workers.
"Erythrophobia" also can refer to fear of the color red because of what it may symbolize, such as blood. The terms "redcoat" (British soldier in the American Revolution) and "red" (synonym for "communist") gave Americans valid reasons to fear red. Other terms with "red" that have a negative connotation include "redeye" (an overnight air flight), "caught red-handed" (caught with evidence of guilt) "red-herring" (a deceptive tactic), "red ink" (a financial loss) and "seeing red" (angry).
"Erythrophobia" is derived from the Greek "erythros" (red) and "phobos" (fear). "Erythros" also gives us the English words "erythema" (inflammation of the skin that causes reddening) and "erythrocyte" (a red blood cell).
Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016
| Blushing |
‘Jeudi’ is French for which day of the week? | Definition of Fear of blushing
Definition of Fear of blushing
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Slideshow
Fear of blushing: An abnormal and persistent fear of blushing. Sufferers of this fear experience undue anxiety even though they realize their fear is irrational. Their anxiety results from worry about being the focus of attention and the subject of embarrassment. Attempts to suppress blushing often have the opposite effect. Sufferers of erythrophobia tend to avoid social gatherings and workplace projects that require them to interact with, or speak before, groups of co-workers.
The fear of blushing is termed "erythrophobia," which also can refer to fear of the color red because of what it may symbolize, such as blood. The terms "redcoat" (British soldier in the American Revolution) and "red" (synonym for "communist") gave Americans valid reasons to fear red. Other terms with "red" that have a negative connotation include "redeye" (an overnight air flight), "caught red-handed" (caught with evidence of guilt) "red-herring" (a deceptive tactic), "red ink" (a financial loss) and "seeing red" (angry).
"Erythrophobia" is derived from the Greek "erythros" (red) and "phobos" (fear). "Erythros" also gives us the English words "erythema" (inflammation of the skin that causes reddening) and "erythrocyte" (a red blood cell).
Last Editorial Review: 6/9/2016
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Brazil is made up of how many states? | Brazil - States And Municipalities
BRAZIL
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Brazil - States And Municipalities
The beautiful South American country of Brazil is made up of 26 states, over 5 500 municipalities and a Federal District in which the capital city, Brasilia, is located. The states and municipalities of Brazil are divided up as such mainly for geographical and administrative purposes. The regions, on the other hand, are purely geographical. They can be characterised as:
• The Northern Region
• The Southern Region
MUNICIPALITIES
There are currently more than 5 500 individual municipalities in Brazil, each classified as an administrative division of the state that they occupy. Each municipality represents an average of about 35 000 residents and each state has an average of 214 municipalities. The administrations, or local governments, are autonomous, granting them a measure of independence from the political regions around them. They can create their own laws (within reason), collect taxes from their residents and receive funds from the state.
Each municipality is headed by an elected mayor and a legislative body that handles the legal aspects of running the municipal area. The elections take place across Brazil at the same time.
The state with the least number of municipalities is Roraima, which only has 15 such bodies in place. On the other hand, Minas Gerais has the largest number of municipalities, which number 853. The Federal District cannot, by law, be divided into municipal areas.
The political power of the municipality limits it from any judicial matters or actions. Therefore, courts are only organised at a state level.
Municipal administrations will be located in a denominated city, which must bear the same name as its municipality. If necessary, one or more municipalities can be split or merged together within the same state, as long as they are still under the Federal Constitution with no ulterior motive to rebel. Therefore, no municipalities can join forces to separate themselves from or oppose the state or the union.
STATES
There are 27 individual states or Federative Unions that make up the country of Brazil. To be precise, there are 26 states and a Federal District. The geographical borders of each state were largely decided on through the course of history, changing and developing over time.
States were first defined (although not officially) during the 16th century, when land was leased to Portuguese nobles and merchants, who were instructed to colonise their portion and make it their home. There was the facility granted for these ones to leave their land to their sons after their own deaths, thereby keeping them under Portuguese control, but also defining very strict boundaries for each person. However, the Monarchy of Portugal retained its ultimate power over these districts and eventually retrieved direct control during the same century.
When Brazil gained its independence in 1822, the colony became the empire and all these captaincies, or districts, were classified as provinces. Some minor changes were made at this point. These provinces were then made into states in 1889, when the country became a republic.
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Which US singer had hits with ‘Crazy in Love’ and ‘Baby Boy’? | Brazil - The New York Times
The New York Times
Brazil
News about Brazil, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More
Brazil is the largest country in South America in area and population. It was one of the world’s fastest-growing economic powerhouses from 2000 to 2010, but the boom appeared to sputter in 2011. The country’s meteoric rise occurred under the stewardship of Luiz Inacio da Silva , who served as president from 2002 to 2011.
Brazil’s current administration, headed by Dilma Rousseff , has faced discontent from a growing middle class over its preparations for the World Cup in 2014 and an array of lavish projects conceived when economic growth was surging that now stand abandoned, stalled or wildly over budget. Despite facing fierce criticism over her economic policies, Rousseff was narrowly re-elected to a second term as president on October 26, 2014.
Scroll below to learn more about Brazil using our article archive and chronology of breaking news.
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Which heavyweight boxing champion retired in April 1956 without losing a professional boxing match? | 1000+ images about Rocky Marciano on Pinterest | September 1, The krays and The rock
Fist of Boxing Heavyweight Contender Rocky Marciano Outside at His Training Camp at Grossinger's
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Which composer wrote the music for the ballet ‘Mother Goose’ in 1910? | Irish American Boxers
BORN : Jan. 16, 1891; County Roscommon, Ireland
DIED : Dec. 20, 1959; Dublin, Eire
HEIGHT : 6-1 WEIGHT : 210 lbs
MANAGER : Billy Gibson
For Coffey's record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/coffey-j.htm
Steve Collins (Born July 21, 1964, in Dublin, Ireland), nicknamed 'The Celtic Warrior', is a former world boxing Champion. He is considered to be one of the toughest boxers of the past century, never having been stopped in a high profile career. The Irishman was part of a golden age of European Supermiddleweight boxing, along with Chris Eubank, Joe Calzaghe and Nigel Benn. He was trained by Freddie Roach throughout his career. Collins started boxing profesionally in 1986. However he was long considered the nearly man of boxing, after losing 3 World Title fights on points. It was not until Collins reached his 30's that he fulfilled his potential, becoming the WBO Middleweight champion and later the WBO Supermiddleweight champion.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Collins
William David Conn (October 8, 1917 in Pittsburgh-May 29, 1993), better known in the boxing world as Billy Conn, was a boxer who was world's Light-Heavyweight champion.
Conn debuted as a professional boxer on June 28, 1934, losing to Dick Woodard by a decision in four rounds. His first win came almost a month later, on July 20, against Johnny Lewis, by a knockout in three rounds.
Conn is now a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota, New York.
He had a professional boxing record of 63 wins, 11 losses and 1 draw, with 14 wins by knockout. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Conn"
For Conn's record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/conn.htm
Jack Doyle
"The Gorgeous Gael"
Irish boxer, known as "The Gorgeous Gael." Born at 12 Queen's Street in Queenstown (now Connolly Street in Cobh), he joined the Irish Guards at the age of 17 and boxed for the British Army, winning all 28 of his bouts, 27 of them by knockouts. He was brought out of the Army by a promoter named Dan Sullivan. In his first professional fight, he K.O.'d Chris Goulding, and won nine further bouts that year, all within the first two minutes. In July 1933 at the White City Stadium (now demolished) in London, he fought Jack Petersen of Wales for the British Heavyweight title, but was disqualified in the second round for punching below the belt and was suspended for six months. In his comeback fight, he knocked out Frank Borrington within 83 seconds. He then went to America, where he fought four times but was knocked out by Buddy Baer in the first round, and abandoned boxing for a while. He appeared in two Hollywood B-movies: "Navy Spy" (1934) and, three years later, in the title role of "McGlusky the Sea Rover" (a.k.a. "Hell's Cargo.") On his return to the British Isles, in his second comeback fight, against Alf Robinson, he was, again, disqualified. However, he beat Harry Staels in the sixth round and King Levinsky on points (the picture shows him after the Levinsky fight), only to be knocked out twice (1938 and 1939) by Eddie Phillips. His last fight was in 1942, in Dublin's Dalymount Park, against Chris Cole, who knocked him out in the first round; it is said that Doyle had spent far too much time in the hotel bar before the fight. Doyle was married twice: firstly, to the Hollywood actress Judith Allen, who divorced him, citing one Delphine Dodge as the "other woman"; and, in 1939, to Movita, who played Tehanni in the 1935 version of "Mutiny on the Bounty." That, too, ended in divorce in 1944, and she went on to marry Marlon Brando. Although Doyle had won 17 of his 23 professional bouts, he became an alcoholic, was declared bankrupt on two occasions, and spent a fortnight in Mountjoy Prison for assaulting a detective. It is said that, during his final years, his only sources of income were the �25 per month he received from Movita as part of their divorce settlement, and a remittance of �100 per month from the Dodge family, which was paid on the understanding that he had no further contact with their daughter. (bio by: Iain MacFarlaine)
Death: Dec. 13, 1978 Burial:Cobh Old Church Cemetery Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
For more on Doyle - http://www.terracetalkireland.com/profiles/jack_doyle.htm
John Duddy
Born in County Derry, Ireland, the young lad was raised around boxing with his father fighting as a professional boxer in the lightweight division in the early 1980's. At seven John stepped in the ring as an amateur and went on to compile a 100-30 record, winning the Irish National Junior, Intermediate and Senior Light Middleweight Championships. He earned a Silver Medal in the European qualifier but suffered a broken jaw and couldn�t continue to the finals. John set his sights on America and moved to Brooklyn, NY, and in 2003 embarked on his professional career stopping his opponent in round one of his pro debut. The great cut man Al Gavin served in John�s corner in four of his professional bouts. Since his 2003 debut John has stopped all seven of his opponents by knockout, five in the first round. In January of 2004 John stepped in the ring with 10-4-1 Ken Hock, who had stopped seven of his opponents by knockout prior to facing the then 3-0 Duddy. The young Irishman would dispose of his prey in four rounds and then go on to battle it out against the then undefeated Victor Paz, 7-0, nine months later. He needed only one round out of the scheduled six round bout to stop the southpaw. John is honest, hard working and very humble for a guy who is no doubt set to be a future star in the sweet science. In a candid interview Doghouse Boxing conducted with the rising star, the fighting Irishman gives his thoughts on his past and present as well as his future, which seems to be headed for the top.
Paddy Duffy (Welterweight Champion)
For more on George Gardner � http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/gardner.htm
Jimmy Gardner
Gardner was a scrappy competitor who knew how to fight; He was not a great power hitter but was clever and difficult to beat; He lost only four fights in his first 11 years in the ring and was knocked out only twice during his career.
Among those he defeated during his career were Belfield Walcott, Jack Carrig, Tommy Devine, Patsy Sweeney, Kid Griffo, Jimmy Kelly, George Memsic, Willie Fitzgerald, Jack O'Keefe, Rube Smith, Charley Sieger, Rufe Turner, Young Erne, Otto Sieloff, Harry Lewis, Clarence English, Joe Walcott, Jimmy Clabby, Jack Fitzgerald, Bill McKinnon, and Terry Martin
Gardner was a brother of George Gardner (once Light Heavyweight Champion) and Billy Gardner, and a brother-in-law to Joe Thomas, hard-hitting middleweight of the teens.
BORN: Dec. 25 1885; Lisdoonvarna, County Clare, Ireland
DIED: Deceased
For Jimmy Gardner's record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/gardner-j.htm
Michael John "Jack" Gibbons
1912-1998
Saint Paul Light Heavyweight
Active in the 1930's, the son of the legendary "St. Paul Phantom" Mike Gibbons, included among his opponents; Lee Savold, Frank Battaglia and Fred Lenhart.
Jack Gibbons fought when there was a single championship in each of the eight classic weight divisions. He was the No. 4-ranked middleweight in the world in 1935-36 and was the No. 6-ranked light heavyweight in 1936-37. He never lost as an amateur boxer, and he compiled a stunning record as a professional, winning 101 of 107 bouts from 1932 to 1938, including a 10-round decision over the rugged Tony Zale, who later defeated Rocky Graziano for the world middleweight title.
For more on Jack Gibbons - http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/tmgps3/jackgibb.html
Mike Gibbons
Professional Record: 57-4-1 ( 47 kayoes) 43 ND, 1 NC
Inductee International Boxing Hall of Fame: 1993
Ring Boxing Hall of Fame: 1963
Tommy Gibbons was an outstanding fighter who contended in the late teens and early 20's from Middleweight to Heavyweight. Gibbons, like his older brother Mike Gibbons , was a very clever fighter that knew every trick in the book and was very difficult to hit. Gibbons' most famous moment came in defeat, when in 1923 he challenged Jack Dempsey for the Heavyweight crown. Gibbons who was desperate for a title shot agreed to take the fight while only being paid expense, while Dempsey was paid $200,000. During the fight Gibbons made Dempsey look bad, but ultimately lost the 15 round decision. Gibbons fought on till 1925 when he was stopped by Gene Tunney. In retirement, Gibbons was elected to the post of Sheriff four times, and remained a pillar of his community till his death.
For more on Gibbons - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/gibbons-t.html
(John Joseph Killion)
Kilrain was a bouncy, durable fighter with a solid punch and great stamina
He was recognized by Richard K. Fox (of the Police Gazette) as the Heavyweight Champion of the World in 1887.
BORN: February 9, 1859; Greenpoint, New York
DIED: December 22, 1937; Quincy, Massachusetts
For Kilrain's record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/kilrain.htm
(Thomas Patrick Loughran)
1927-29 Undefeated Light-Heavyweight Boxing Champion
Loughran was a master boxer with a perfect stance; He was quick on his feet and possessed excellent ring savvy.
Both Nat Fleischer and Charley Rose ranked Loughran as the #4 All-Time Light Heavyweight.
BORN : November 29 1902; Philadelphia, PA
DIED : July 7 1982; Altoona, PA
HEIGHT : 5-11
MANAGER : Joe Smith
From the BoxingTimes.com Website:
Tommy Loughran World light heavyweight champion 1927 to 1929. "The Phantom Of Philly" a scientific boxer with an educated left hand, he expertly jabbed and stabbed his way over the best of his day. "They have to hit me to hurt me," said Tommy. "And they can't hit me." Few did.
For more info on Tommy Loughran visit http://www.tunney.org/loughran/
For Loughran's record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/loughran.htm
Joe Lynch
Born Joseph Aloysius Lynch on November 30, 1898 in New York, NY. During an era replete with talented bantamweights, Lynch was one of the standouts. He turned pro in 1915 following a brief six-month amateur career. Tall for a 118-pounder, the 5'7 �", Lynch appeared frail but was anything but. He possessed a hard right hand that was often set up by an effective left jab. An extremely active fighter, he fought as often as two or three times a week. Bouts with Memphis Pal Moore, Frankie Burns, Monte Attell, Johnny Ertle, Charles LeDoux, Abe Goldstein, Jack Sharkey, Kid Williams and Pete Herman propelled him to the top of the talented division. While in the Navy, Lynch boxed two bouts with flyweight Jimmy Wilde (Exh. L3, L15) in 1918 and 1919 respectively. Upon returning home in 1919, he was soon poised to box for the bantam title. On December 22, 1920 he defeated Pete Herman for the world championship, only to lose it back in 1921. Following a win over Midget Smith, he regained his lost laurels with a 14th-round TKO over Herman's conqueror, Johnny Buff. After a successful title defense over Smith he dropped the title to Abe Goldstein in 1924 in his next defense. Lynch continued to box, including two draws with rival Moore, before retiring from the ring in 1926 having competed in nearly 160 bouts (71-17-12, 57 ND (38KOs). In retirement he lived on a small farm in New City, NY, where he served as postmaster for many years. Lynch was also appointed a judge by the NYSAC. On August 1, 1965, Lynch died from accidental drowning in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, NY.
MANAGER : Billy Madden (Some sources name Arthur Lumley as manager and backer)
For McAuliffe�s record - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/mcaul.htm
Dominick McCaffrey (Heavyweight Champion)
McCaffrey was a popular and sociable man; He was a first class boxer who moved quickly and boxed well; He often fought heavyweights much larger than himself.
BORN : September 24 1863; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
(Some sources report September 9 1863)
DIED : December 30 1926; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
HEIGHT : 5-8 1/2 (Some sources report 5-9)
WEIGHT : 160-168 lbs
MANAGERS : Billy O'Brien, George Brotherton
August 29, 1885 - Boxing's 1st heavyweight title fight with 3-oz gloves and 3-minute rounds fought between John L Sullivan and Dominick McCaffrey
For more on McCaffrey - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/mccaffry.htm
Charles "Cal" McCarthy
McCarthy was quick and "cat-like" in his movements and possessed a great left-hand jab. He used a cautious, deliberate syle of fighting but quickly took advantage of openings; In his day, he was called a "Wonder" and the most accomplished little man since Dick Hollywood. He fought two great fights with George Dixon -- a 70-round draw followed by a hard fought 22-round loss. McCarthy has been vastly underrated over the years.
BORN : 1869; McClintockville, Pennsylvania
Irish Bob Murphy
Bob Murphy, (July 22, 1922-August 1, 1961), was an American light heavyweight boxer who fought from 1945 to 1954. He was born Edwin Lee O'Connely in Flagler, Colorado, but fought out of San Diego, California. Murphy, who was a southpaw, made the Ring Magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.
He unsuccessfully challenged Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship on August 22, 1951. Although Murphy entered the ring as the favorite, Maxim clearly out boxed him and won a unanimous 15 round decision.
Murphy's biggest win came on June 27, 1951 against former middleweight champion Jake LaMotta, who had moved up to the lightheavyweight division after losing his crown to Sugar Ray Robinson. La Motta appeared poorly prepared for the bout and was stopped when he could not answer the bell for the eighth round. The two fought a rematch on June 11, 1952, and La Motta won the decision.
Murphy was killed in an automobile accident in 1961.
O'Dowd was slippery and very difficult to hit with a solid punch;
He was knocked out only once in his long career -- in his last fight.
BORN : April 5 1895; St. Paul, Minnesota
DIED : July 28 1957; St. Paul, Minnesota
HEIGHT : 5-9
MANAGERS : Mike McNulty, Jack Reddy, Paddy Mullins
For more on O�Dowd - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/odowd-m.htm
Sean O'Grady (1959- ).
Professional boxing champion Sean O'Grady was born in Austin, Texas, on February 10, 1959. The son of Pat and Jean O'Grady, Sean moved with his family to Oklahoma City in 1969. After a brief amateur boxing career O'Grady turned professional at age fifteen in January 1975.
Trained, promoted, and managed by his father, O'Grady had an eight-year career in which he compiled a record of eighty-one wins and five losses, with seventy wins by knockout. On July 27, 1980, O'Grady won the United States Boxing Association lightweight championship in Omaha, Nebraska, with a twelve-round decision over Gonzallo Montellano. Fighting in Glasgow, Scotland, on November 1, 1980, the young boxer failed to capture the World Boxing Council lightweight title from champion Jim Watt. On April 12, 1981, he won the World Boxing Association (WBA) lightweight championship in Atlantic City, New Jersey, defeating Hilmer Kenty over fifteen rounds. The WBA soon removed O'Grady as champion for not defending against their top contender. In response, Pat O'Grady formed the World Athletic Association with Sean as lightweight champion, a title he lost in his first defense. After two additional losses O'Grady retired in 1983. A popular fighter, Sean O'Grady was inducted into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in1992. Since retiring, O'Grady has worked as a boxing analyst for several television networks.
Paddy Ryan
BORN : March 14 1851; Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland (not 3/15/53)
(Ryan lived in Troy, New York, USA)
DIED : December 14 1900; Green Island, New York
(near Troy, NY, some sources report 1901)
HEIGHT : 5-11 (Reports vary between 5-11 and 6-1 1/2)
WEIGHT : 195-220 lbs
Ryan was a boxer-wrestler who possessed bull-strength; He was a better wrestler than a boxer; He was not brought along properly to improve his boxing skills before taking on the better men of his day; Had he been taught correctly, he might have been much better. Elected to the Ring Boxing Hall of Fame in 1973
For more on Ryan - http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/ryan-p.htm
"Sailor" Tom Sharkey
Sharkey was a short, squat battler who was the near-equal of the modern fighter, Rocky Marciano; He was powerful, durable, rough, and dirty
Sharkey fought during the time of Jim Jeffries, Jim Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons; his 1896 bout with Fitzsimmons was billed as a Heavyweight Title Fight, but his crown evaporated once Corbett made clear his intent to return to the ring. He was elected to the Ring Boxing Hall of Fame in 1959
BORN : Thomas J. Sharkey, Nov. 26 1873; Dundalk, Ireland
DIED : April 17 1953; San Francisco, California
HEIGHT : 5-8 1/2
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What is the official language of the Dominican Republic? | Dominican Republic - Language, Culture , Customs and Etiquette
Dominican Republic Guide
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Dominican Republic Guide
Language, Culture , Customs and Etiquette
Welcome to our guide to the Dominican Republic. This is useful for anyone researching the culture, customs, manners, etiquette, values and wanting to understand the people better. You may be going to the Dominican Republic on business, for a visit or even hosting colleagues or clients in your own country. Remember this is only a very basic level introduction and is not meant to stereotype all Dominican people you may meet!
Facts and Statistics
Location: Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti
Capital: Santo Domingo
Climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Population: 10,349,741 (July 2014 est.)
Ethnic Make-up: white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
Religions: Roman Catholic 95%
Government: representative democracy
Language in the Dominican Republic
Spanish is the official language of the country and which street signs and restaurant menus are written in. Even though the people linked to the tourist trade generally speak English, knowing some Spanish is a great advantage.
It is important to point out that "Dominicanese" (the local way of speaking Spanish, interspersed with Dominican elements) is the everyday life experience of the peasant's soul and wisdom, expressed with a rustic accent and with inland flavor. As in all countries, each region has its charm and accentuates its expressions in a peculiar way, identifying the speaker from the first words uttered in his conversation.
Dominican Society & Culture
Dominican Family Values
The family forms the basis of stability.
The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the extended family, which generally encompasses three generations.
When possible, the extended family lives together or within the same vicinity.
Loyalty to the family comes before any other social relationship, even business.
Nepotism is considered a good thing, since it implies employing people one knows and trusts, which is of primary importance.
The oldest male in the extended family makes decisions affecting the balance of the family.
Dominican Hospitality
Dominicans pride themselves on their hospitality.
When someone visits, Dominicans go out of their way to make guests feel welcome and comfortable
House guests are treated royally and Dominicans attempt to cater to their every desire.
Appearances Matter
In Dominican society appearance is very important.
People are extremely fashion conscious and believe that clothes indicate social standing and success.
They take great pride in wearing good fabrics and clothes of the best standard they can afford.
Designer labels, particularly those from the USA, are looked upon favourably.
Class in the Dominican Republic
Racial and economic issues determine social stratification in the Dominican Republic.
The upper class are descended from the European settlers and have lighter skin than the lower class who are darker skinned and descended from African slaves or Haitians.
The middle class is comprised of mulattoes who are of mixed African and European ancestry and form the majority of the population.
Social class determines access to power and position, although in the large cities, the lines of demarcation often blur slightly.
Status is defined more by family background than by absolute wealth.
There is little social mobility.
Religion in The Dominican Republic
The Dominican constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
Over 90% of the population is nominally Roman Catholic.
For most people religious practice is limited and formalistic.
Popular religious practices are far removed from Roman Catholic orthodoxy.
People respect the advice of their local priest, or their bishop, with regard to religious matters; however, they often reject the advice of clergy on other matters on the assumption that priests had little understanding of secular affairs.
Etiquette & Customs in the Dominican Republic
Meeting Etiquette
A handshake, with direct eye contact and a welcoming smile is standard.
Maintaining eye contact is crucial as it indicates interest.
When shaking hands, use the appropriate greeting for the time of day - "buenos dias", "buenas noches", or "buenas tardes".
Gift Giving Etiquette
If invited to dinner at a Dominican's home bring a gift such as chocolates or pastries.
Avoid gifts that are black or purple. They are considered mourning colours.
Gifts are opened when received.
Dining Etiquette
If you are invited to a Dominican's house:
Dress well - Dominicans take pride in their appearance and judge others on their clothing.
Although punctuality is considered a good thing, guests are not expected to arrive on time for social occasions. Arriving between 15 and 30 minutes later than the stipulated time is considered on time.
Often several generations live in the same house. Show deference to the family elders.
Watch your table manners!
Wait for the host or hostess to tell you where to sit. There may be a seating plan.
able manners are Continental -- the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating.
Meals are generally served family style or buffet style.
Guests are served first.
The host says "buen provecho" ("enjoy" or "have a good meal") as an invitation to start eating.
Always keep your hands visible when eating, but do not rest your elbows on the table.
You may leave a small amount of food on your plate when you have finished eating.
When you have finished eating, place your knife and fork across your plate with the prongs facing down and the handles facing to the right.
Business Etiquette and Protocol
Relationships & Communication
Networking is important part of business since it broadens your base of contacts, and therefore, people who can smooth the way for you.
This is a country where knowing the right person is often more important than what you know. Doing favours and collecting favours owed is a highly developed art form.
Name-dropping is commonplace and nepotism does not have the negative connotation it has in many other countries.
Trust is crucial to developing relationships.
It is important that you treat business colleagues with respect and not do anything to cause them loss of face.
Appearances matter. Dress conservatively but well.
Senior positions in business are predominately held by the upper class; therefore, it is important that you pay attention to the hierarchy and show appropriate deference and respect to those in positions of authority.
Dominicans can be direct communicators and are not afraid to say what they feel.
Business Meeting Etiquette
Business appointments are required and can often be scheduled on short notice; however, it is best to make them 2 to 3 weeks in advance by telephone, email or fax.
Arrive on time for meetings. Dominicans strive for punctuality, but they do not always achieve their goal.
The first meeting is often quite formal.
Small talk helps establish a rapport. Do not immediately begin discussing business.
Have all written material available in both English and Spanish.
Meetings are often interrupted and several people may speak at the same time.
Be careful with facial expression and bodily movements - gestures are context sensitive and do not always translate well between countries.
Patience is important.
Business Negotiation Etiquette
Expect small talk before getting down to business since Dominicans want to get to know people before doing business.
It will take several meetings to come to an agreement. Negotiation and time for consultation are important.
Relationships are viewed as more important than business documents.
Negotiations and decisions take a long time.
Hierarchy is important, although not always apparent. Defer to the person with the most authority, as they are most likely the decision maker.
There are often long bureaucratic delays in reaching decisions. Be patient. If you try to rush the process, you will be thought both rude and aggressive.
Avoid high-pressure sales tactics.
Dominicans are skilled negotiators and drive hard bargains.
Dress Etiquette
Appropriate business attire is expected.
Men should wear good quality, conservative, dark coloured business suits.
Women should wear stylish suits or dresses. They should dress elegantly, including make-up and jewellery.
Business Cards
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How many fluid ounces are in one quarter of an imperial pint? | Language in the Dominican Republic | Useful Tips Punta Cana
The Language
Official language: Spanish
In Punta Cana and also in the rest of the Dominican Republic the official language is Spanish. Most people who work in tourism, understand and speak English. In some places with more tourists from a particular region, the people also speak German, French or Portuguese. But the farther one travels outside of a tourist regions, the less likely it is that people there talk or understand anything other than Spanish. It is not necessary to speak Spanish to visit Punta Cana, but learning a few words and phrases will sweeten your visit in any case.
Simple sentences in Spanish
Here you will find some basic phrases in Spanish, you can use around Punta Cana:
Sí
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What is the name of the literary magazine launched by Francis Ford Coppola in 1997? | Francis Ford Coppola, Magazine Publisher - latimes
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Francis Ford Coppola, Magazine Publisher
Publications: With Zoetrope Short Stories, the film director has put on another hat. His new quarterly is dedicated to short fiction.
February 24, 1997 |SCOTT COLLINS | TIMES STAFF WRITER
Francis Ford Coppola has never been satisfied being just a movie director. So over the years he has dabbled as, among other things, a vintner, cigar maker, resort innkeeper and studio chief.
Now the director of "The Godfather" trilogy has added another line to his resume: magazine publisher.
Over the past few weeks, Coppola and his minions have begun mailing copies of Zoetrope Short Stories, a new quarterly literary magazine dedicated to short fiction. The first issue runs 60 pages and includes seven stories and one essay, plus a letter to the reader from Coppola, who is listed on the masthead as publisher and founding editor.
"I do hope that this publication will form a bridge to storytellers at large, encouraging them to work in the natural format of a short story," Coppola writes in the letter.
Like many Coppola projects, Zoetrope Short Stories seems a mix of the whimsical and grandiose. The publication was launched with a minimum of fanfare, quietly mailed out to writers, editors and students after its official start Jan. 30 (issues will also be available free at selected coffeehouses). John Masterton, an editor at the New York-based trade journal Media Industry Newsletter, said he was unaware of its existence until a reporter called to inquire about it.
On the other hand, Coppola, 57, appears to have great expectations for his latest venture. The initial press run is 50,000 copies, which is five to 10 times the circulation for many established literary magazines. According to Editor Adrienne Brodeur, Coppola is planning what he describes as "barn-raising" parties in several large cities, including Los Angeles, to celebrate the magazine. (Coppola was said to be editing a trailer for his latest film, "The Rainmaker," and unavailable for an interview, although he did respond to some questions by fax.)
But the magazine may serve another purpose beyond the sheer love of letters. Coppola's letter to readers disdains the current state of screenwriting ("I have never met a person in the film business who enjoys reading a screenplay") and takes the unusual step of warning writers not to submit scripts or treatments. Screenwriters have strayed from the "storytelling tradition" of John O'Hara, Dorothy Parker, Ring Lardner, F. Scott Fitzgerald and others, Coppola writes.
But he adds: "If Zoetrope publishes a single short story that evolves into a memorable film then, in my mind, it would more than justify our efforts to produce this magazine."
Brodeur, 31, whose resume includes a six-month stint at Paris Review, confirms the magazine may prove useful to Coppola's San Francisco-based production company, American Zoetrope.
"If [Coppola] fell madly in love with a story, he would certainly pursue developing it" as a movie, Brodeur said. As if to telegraph that goal, the first issue concludes with a reprint of "The Wisdom of Eve," Mary Orr's 1947 short story that was the basis of the 1950 film "All About Eve."
*
Whatever its exact mission, Zoetrope Short Stories has dedicated itself to an increasingly marginal genre. Once a staple of popular magazines, short fiction has recently grown harder to find at the newsstand. The New Yorker, for instance, roughly halved the number of short stories it published after Editor Tina Brown took over in 1992. Over time, fiction has become the province of academic journals, the Internet, grass-roots newspapers and other relatively esoteric outlets.
"I don't think there is a strong demand for magazine fiction," says Masterton, the industry newsletter editor, adding that readers apparently prefer to read fiction in novel form.
Reginald Gibbons, editor of TriQuarterly, a respected 5,000-circulation literary journal based in Evanston, Ill., received the first issue of Zoetrope in the mail and his initial reaction was favorable. "I welcome anything that increases the audience for short fiction, that's for sure," Gibbons said. "I only read the first story [a commissioned piece by Sara Powers called "The Baker's Wife"], but [the magazine] looks pretty lively. . . . Everything in there would be seriously considered [for publication] here."
Although Gibbons said he believed the magazine was aimed at readers in their late 20s, Brodeur disputed that view: "I don't think there is a single story aimed exclusively toward a particular age group."
Budget figures were unavailable, but Brodeur says Coppola is supporting the publication for now. The magazine has a full-time staff of two, including the editor, although a number of part-timers and volunteers also work in its New York offices, Brodeur says. The first issue, published on relatively inexpensive newsprint, contains no advertising and offers free subscriptions to readers who mail back address cards.
While Coppola seems committed for the long haul, he has been forced to scale back or abandon ambitious projects in the past. He lost his studio, also called American Zoetrope, to creditors in 1983, after the disastrous reception to his movie "One From the Heart." And after government officials in Belize hesitated to embrace his vision of a high-tech utopia in their country, Coppola built a luxury resort hotel there instead.
But for now, Zoetrope Short Stories is marching headlong into the future. Asked how the magazine might change over time, Brodeur responded, "We prefer to keep our readers surprised."
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In British history, how many Tolpuddle Martyrs were there? | Wiki: Francis Ford Coppola - upcScavenger
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Francis Ford Coppola (; born April 7, 1939) is an American film director , Film producer , and screenwriter . He is considered to have been a central figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking.
After directing The Rain People (1969), he won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay as co-writer, with Edmund H. North, of Patton in 1970. His directorial prominence was cemented with the release in 1972 of The Godfather , a film which revolutionized movie-making in the gangster genre,
earning praise from both critics and the public before winning three Academy Awards—including his second Academy Awards (Best Adapted Screenplay, with Mario Puzo ), Best Picture, and his first nomination for Best Director.
He followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Highly regarded by critics, it brought him three more Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Director and Best Picture, and made him the second director, after Billy Wilder , to be honored three times for the same film. The Conversation , which he directed, produced and wrote, was released that same year, winning the Palme d'Or at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. He next directed 1979's Apocalypse Now . Notorious for its over-long and strenuous production, the film was nonetheless critically acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War , winning the Palme d'Or at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. In 1990, he directed the second Godfather sequel, The Godfather Part III, which he considers to be the series' epilogue . Coppola is one of only eight filmmakers to win two Palme d'Or awards.
While a number of Coppola's ventures in the 1980s and 1990s were critically lauded, he has never quite achieved the same commercial success with films as in the 1970s.
Early life
Coppola was born in Detroit , Michigan, to father Carmine Coppola (1910–1991),
a flute with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and mother Italia (née Pennino; 1912–2004). Coppola is the second of three children: his older brother was August Coppola , his younger sister is actress Talia Shire . Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his paternal grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda , Basilicata .
Peter Cowie
(1988). 9780306805981, Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306805981
His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, immigrated from Naples , Italy.
Coppola received his middle name in honor of Henry Ford , not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-father's association with the automobile manufacturer. At the time of Coppola's birth, his father was a flautist as well as arranger and assistant orchestra director for The Ford Sunday Evening Hour, an hour-long concert music radio series sponsored by the Ford Motor Company.
Two years after Coppola's birth, his father was named principal flautist for the NBC Symphony Orchestra and the family moved to New York, settling in Woodside, Queens, where Coppola spent the remainder of his childhood.
Contracting polio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for large periods of his childhood, allowing him to indulge his imagination with homemade puppet theater productions. Reading A Streetcar Named Desire at age 15 was instrumental in developing his interest in theater.
Eager to be involved in film-craft, he created 8mm features edited from home movies with such titles as The Rich Millionaire and The Lost Wallet.
As a child, Coppola was a mediocre student, but he was so interested in technology and engineering that his friends nicknamed him "Science".
Trained initially for a career in music, he became proficient on the tuba and won a music scholarship to the New York Military Academy.
Overall, Coppola attended 23 other schools
before he eventually graduated from the Great Neck North High School.
He entered Hofstra University in 1955 with a major in theater arts. There he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater despite the disapproval of his father, who wanted him to study engineering.
Coppola was profoundly impressed after seeing Sergei Eisenstein 's , especially with the movie's quality of editing. It was at this time Coppola decided he would go into cinema rather than theater.
Coppola says he was tremendously influenced to become a writer early on by his brother, August,
in whose footsteps he would also follow by attending both of his brother's alma maters: Hofstra and UCLA . Coppola also gives credit to the work of Elia Kazan and for its influence on him as a director.
1960s
Coppola enrolled in UCLA Film School for graduate work in film.
There he directed a short horror film called The Two Christophers inspired by Edgar Allan Poe's "William Wilson", and Ayamonn the Terrible, a film about a sculptor's nightmares coming to life,
before directing the experimental softcore comedy Tonight for Sure in 1962.
At UCLA, Coppola met Jim Morrison . He later used Morrison's song "The End" in Apocalypse Now.
The company that hired him for Tonight for Sure brought him back to re-cut a German film titled Mit Eva fing die Sünde an directed by Fritz Umgelter . He added some new 3-D color footage and earned a writer's and director's credit for The Bellboy and the Playgirls, also a box-office failure. Coppola was hired as an assistant by Roger Corman and his first job for Corman was to dub and re-edit a Russian science fiction film, Nebo zovyot, which he turned into a sex-and-violence monster movie entitled Battle Beyond the Sun, released in 1962.
Impressed by Coppola's perseverance and dedication, Corman hired him as dialogue director on Tower of London (1962), sound man for The Young Racers (1963) and associate producer of The Terror (1963).
While on location in Ireland for The Young Racers in 1963, Corman, ever alert for an opportunity to produce a decent movie on a shoestring budget, persuaded Coppola to make a low-budget horror movie with funds left over from the movie.
Coppola wrote a brief draft story idea in one night, incorporating elements from Alfred Hitchcock Psycho,
and the result impressed Corman enough to give him the go-ahead. On a budget of $40,000 ($20,000 from Corman and $20,000 from another producer who wanted to buy the movie's English rights),
Coppola directed in a period of nine days Dementia 13, his first feature from his own screenplay. The film recouped its expenses and later became a cult film among horror buffs. It was on the sets of Dementia 13 that he met his future wife Eleanor Coppola .
In 1965, Coppola won the annual Samuel Goldwyn Award for the best screenplay ( Pilma, Pilma) written by a UCLA student.
This secured him a job as a scriptwriter with Seven Arts. In between, he co-wrote the scripts for This Property Is Condemned (1966) and Is Paris Burning? (1966). However, with fame still eluding him and partly out of desperation, Coppola bought the rights to the David Benedictus novel You're a Big Boy Now and fused it with a story idea of his own, resulting in You're a Big Boy Now (1966). This was his UCLA thesis project that also received a theatrical release via Warner Bros.
This movie brought him some critical acclaim and eventually his Master of Fine Arts Degree from UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television in 1967.
"Profile: Francis Ford Coppola" , UCLA School of Theater, Film, and Television, Executive Board
Following the success of You're a Big Boy Now, Coppola was offered the reins of the movie version of the Broadway musical Finian's Rainbow, starring Petula Clark in her first American film and veteran Fred Astaire . Producer Jack L. Warner was nonplussed by Coppola's shaggy-haired, bearded, "hippie" appearance and generally left him to his own devices. He took his cast to the Napa Valley for much of the outdoor shooting, but these scenes were in sharp contrast to those obviously filmed on a Hollywood soundstage, resulting in a disjointed look to the film. Dealing with outdated material at a time when the popularity of film musicals was already on the downslide, Coppola's result was only semi-successful, but his work with Clark no doubt contributed to her Golden Globe Best Actress nomination. The film introduced to him George Lucas , who became his lifelong friend as well as production assistant in his next film The Rain People in 1969. It was written, directed and initially produced by Coppola himself, though as the movie advanced, he exceeded his budget and the studio had to underwrite the remainder of the movie.
The film won the Golden Shell at the 1969 San Sebastian Film Festival.
In 1969, Coppola took it upon himself to subvert the studio system which he felt had stifled his visions, intending to produce mainstream pictures to finance off-beat projects and give first-time directors their chance to direct. He decided he would name his future studio "Zoetrope" after receiving a gift of from Mogens Scot-Hansen, founder of a studio called Lanterna Film and owner of a famous collection of early motion picture-making equipment. While touring Europe , Coppola was introduced to alternative filmmaking equipment and inspired by the bohemian spirit of Lanterna Film, he decided he would build a deviant studio that would conceive and implement creative, unconventional approaches to filmmaking. Upon his return home, Coppola and George Lucas searched for a mansion in Marin County to house the studio. However, in 1969, with equipment flowing in and no mansion found yet, the first home for American Zoetrope became a warehouse in San Francisco on Folsom Street.
The studio went on to become an early adopter of digital filmmaking, including some of the earliest uses of HDTV . In his book The American Cinema, Andrew Sarris wrote, "Coppola is probably the first reasonably talented and sensibly adaptable directorial talent to emerge from a university curriculum in film-making... He may be heard from more decisively in the future."
Andrew Sarris (1968). The American Cinema (Paperback ed.). New York, NY: EP Dutton and Co., Inc. p. 210.
Patton (1970)
Coppola co-wrote the script for Patton in 1970 along with Edmund H. North. This earned him his first Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. However, it was not easy for Coppola to convince Franklin J. Schaffner that the opening scene would work. Coppola later revealed in an interview:
"When the title role was offered to George C. Scott, he remembered having read Coppola's screenplay earlier. He stated flatly that he would accept the part only if they used Coppola's script. 'Scott is the one who resurrected my version,' says Coppola."
Gene Phillips
(2016). 9780813123042, The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813123042
The movie opens with Scott's rendering of Patton's famous military "Pep Talk" to members of the Third Army, set against a huge American flag. Coppola and North had to tone down Patton's actual language to avoid an R rating; in the opening monologue, the word "fornicating" replaced "fucking" when criticizing the The Saturday Evening Post. Over the years, this opening monologue has become an iconic scene and has spawned parodies in numerous films, political cartoons and television shows.
The Godfather (1972)
The release of The Godfather in 1972 was a milestone in cinema. The near 3-hour-long epic, which chronicled the saga of the Corleone family , received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and fetched Coppola the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, which he shared with Mario Puzo and two Golden Globe Awards: for Best Director and Best Screenplay. However, Coppola faced several difficulties while filming The Godfather. He was not Paramount Pictures first choice to direct the movie; Italian director Sergio Leone was initially offered the job, but declined in order to direct his own gangster opus, Once Upon a Time in America.
Christopher Frayling
Coppola's next film, The Conversation, further cemented his position as one of the most talented Auteur theory of Hollywood.
The movie was partly influenced by Michelangelo Antonioni's Blowup (1966)
Murch in Ondaatje, 2002, p. 152
and generated much interest when news leaked that the film utilized the very same surveillance and wire-tapping equipment that members of the Nixon administration used to spy on political opponents prior to the Watergate scandal . Coppola insisted that this was purely coincidental. The script for The Conversation, was completed in the mid-1960s (before the election of Richard Nixon); the spying equipment used in the film was developed through research and use of technical advisers and not by newspaper stories about the Watergate break-in. However, the audience interpreted the film to be a reaction to both the Watergate scandal and its fallout. The movie was a critical success and Coppola won his first Palme d'Or at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival.
During the filming of The Conversation, Coppola wrote the screenplay for The Great Gatsby. However, in the commentary track to the DVD of The Godfather Coppola states, "I don't think that script was actually made."
Commentary track, The Godfather, The Godfather Collection 2008 Blu-ray, ASIN: B000NTPDSW,
The Godfather Part II (1974)
Coppola shot The Godfather Part II parallel to The Conversation and it was the last major American motion picture to be filmed in Technicolor . George Lucas commented on the film after its five-hour-long preview, telling Coppola: "You have two films. Take one away, it doesn't work", referring to the movie's portrayal of two parallel storylines; one of a young Vito Corleone and the other of his son Michael Corleone . In the director's commentary on the DVD edition of the film (released in 2002), Coppola states that this film was the first major motion picture to use "Part II" in its title. Paramount was initially opposed to his decision to name the movie The Godfather Part II. According to Coppola, the studio's objection stemmed from the belief that audiences would be reluctant to see a film with such a title, as the audience would supposedly believe that, having already seen The Godfather, there was little reason to see an addition to the original story. However, the success of The Godfather Part II began the Hollywood tradition of numbered sequels. The movie was released in 1974 and went on to receive tremendous critical acclaim, with many deeming it superior to its predecessor.
It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and received 6 Oscars, including 3 for Coppola: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director.
The Godfather Part II is ranked as the #1 greatest movie of all time in TV Guide's "50 Best Movies of All Time"
and is ranked at #7 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the "100 Greatest Movies of All Time".
The film is also featured on movie critic Leonard Maltin 's list of the "100 Must-See Films of the 20th Century",
as well as Roger Ebert's "Great Movies" list.
It was also featured on Sight & Sound's list of the ten greatest films of all time in 2002, ranking at #4.
Coppola was the third director to have two nominations for Best Picture in the same year. Victor Fleming was the first in 1939 with Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz; Alfred Hitchcock repeated the feat the next year with Foreign Correspondent and Rebecca. Since Coppola, two other directors have done the same: Herbert Ross in 1977 with The Goodbye Girl and The Turning Point, and Steven Soderbergh in 2000 with Erin Brockovich and Traffic. Coppola, however, is the only one to have produced the pictures.
Apocalypse Now (1979)
Following the success of The Godfather, The Conversation and The Godfather Part II, Coppola began filming Apocalypse Now, an adaptation of Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness set in Cambodia during the Vietnam War (Coppola himself briefly appears as a TV news director). The production of the film was plagued by numerous problems, including , nervous breakdowns, the firing of Harvey Keitel , Martin Sheen 's heart attack, extras from the Philippine military and half of the supplied helicopters leaving in the middle of scenes to go fight rebels and an unprepared Marlon Brando with a bloated appearance (which Coppola attempted to hide by shooting him in the shadows). It was delayed so often it was nicknamed Apocalypse When?
The 1991 documentary film , directed by Eleanor Coppola (Francis's wife), Fax Bahr and George Hickenlooper, chronicles the difficulties the crew went through making Apocalypse Now and features behind-the-scenes footage filmed by Eleanor. After filming Apocalypse Now, Coppola famously stated:
"We were in the jungle, there were too many of us, we had access to too much money, too much equipment and little by little, we went insane."
The film was overwhelmingly lauded by critics when it finally appeared in 1979 and was selected for the 1979 Cannes Film Festival, winning the Palme d'Or along with The Tin Drum, directed by Volker Schlöndorff. When the film screened at Cannes, he quipped:
"My film is not about Vietnam, it is Vietnam." Apocalypse Now's reputation has grown in time and it is now regarded by many as a masterpiece of the New Hollywood era and is frequently cited as one of the greatest movies ever made.
Roger Ebert considers it to be the finest film on the Vietnam war and included it on his list for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll for the greatest movie of all time.
In 2001, Coppola re-released Apocalypse Now as Apocalypse Now Redux, restoring several sequences lost from the original 1979 cut of the film, thereby expanding its length to 200 minutes.
One from the Heart (1982)
Apocalypse Now marked the end of the golden phase of Coppola's career.
His musical fantasy One from the Heart, although pioneering the use of video-editing techniques which are standard practice in the film industry today, ended with a disastrous box-office gross of $636,796 against a US$26 million budget,
far from enough to recoup the costs incurred in the production of the movie and he was forced to sell his 23-acre Zoetrope Studio in 1983.
He would spend the rest of the decade working to pay off his debts. (Zoetrope Studios finally filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990, after which its name was changed to American Zoetrope ).
Hammett (1982)
Following the disastrous One from the Heart, Coppola co-directed Hammett along with Wim Wenders in the same year. Although Coppola was not credited for his effort, according to one source, "by the time the final version was released in 1982, only 30 percent of Wenders' footage remained and the rest was completely reshot by Coppola, whose mere 'executive producer' credit is just a technicality."
The Outsiders (1983)
In 1983, he directed The Outsiders, a film adaptation of the novel of the same name by S. E. Hinton. Coppola credited his inspiration for making the film to a suggestion from middle school students who had read the novel. The Outsiders is notable for being the breakout film for a number of young actors who would go on to become major stars. These included major roles for Matt Dillon , Ralph Macchio and C. Thomas Howell. Also in the cast were Patrick Swayze , Rob Lowe , Emilio Estevez , Diane Lane and Tom Cruise . Matt Dillon and several others also starred in Coppola's related film, Rumble Fish , which was also based on a S. E. Hinton novel and filmed at the same time as The Outsiders on-location in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Carmine Coppola wrote and edited the musical score, including the title song "Stay Gold", which was based upon a famous Robert Frost poem and performed for the movie by Stevie Wonder . The film was a moderate box-office success, drawing a revenue of $25 million
against a budget of $10 million.
Rumble Fish (1983)
Rumble Fish was based on the novel of the same name by S. E. Hinton, who also co-wrote the screenplay. Shot in black-and-white as an homage to German expressionist films, Rumble Fish centres on the relationship between a revered former gang leader ( Mickey Rourke ) and his younger brother, Rusty James ( Matt Dillon ). The film bombed at the box office, earning a meagre $2.5 million against a budget of $10 million
and once again aggravated Coppola's financial troubles.
The Cotton Club (1984)
In 1984 Coppola directed the Robert Evans-produced The Cotton Club. The film was nominated for several awards, including Golden Globes for Best Director and Best Picture (Drama) and the Oscars for Best Film Editing and Best Art-Direction. However, the film failed miserably at the box-office, recouping only $25.9 million of the $47.9 million privately invested by brothers Fred and Ed Doumani.
Peggy Sue Got Married (1986)
In 1986 Coppola released the comedy Peggy Sue Got Married starring Kathleen Turner , Coppola's nephew Nicolas Cage , and Jim Carrey . Much like The Outsiders and Rumble Fish , Peggy Sue Got Married centered around teenage youth. The film earned Coppola positive feedback and provided Kathleen Turner her first and only Oscar nomination. It was the first box-office success for Coppola since Apocalypse Now
and the film ranked number 17 on Entertainment Weeklys list of "50 Best High School Movies".
Gardens of Stone (1987)
The following year, Coppola re-teamed with James Caan for Gardens of Stone, but the film was overshadowed by the death of Coppola's eldest son Gian-Carlo Coppola during the film's production. The movie was not a critical success and performed poorly at the box office, earning only $5.6 million against a budget of $13 million.
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988)
Coppola directed Tucker: The Man and His Dream the following year. A biopic based on the life of Preston Tucker and his attempt to produce and market the Tucker automobile , Coppola had originally conceived the project as a musical with Marlon Brando after the release of The Godfather Part II. Ultimately it was Jeff Bridges who played the role of Preston Tucker. Budgeted at $24 million, the film received positive reviews and earned three nominations at the 62nd Academy Awards, although its $19.65 million box office was a disappointment. Two awards came its way: Martin Landau won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor and Dean Tavoularis took BAFTA's honors for Best Production Design.
New York Stories (1989)
In 1989 Coppola teamed up with fellow Academy Award -winning directors Martin Scorsese and Woody Allen for an anthology film called New York Stories. Coppola directed the Life Without Zoë segment, starring his sister Talia Shire and also co-wrote the film with his daughter Sofia Coppola . Life Without Zoë was mostly panned by critics and was generally considered the segment that brought the film's overall quality down.
Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a particularly scathing review, stating that "It's impossible to know what Francis Coppola's Life Without Zoë is. Co-written with his daughter Sofia, the film is a mystifying embarrassment; it's by far the director's worst work yet."
The Godfather Part III (1990)
In 1990, he released the third and final chapter of The Godfather series: The Godfather Part III. While not as critically acclaimed as the first two films,
it was still a box office success, earning a revenue of $136 million against a budget of $54 million.
Some reviewers criticized the casting of Coppola's daughter Sofia Coppola , who had stepped into the leading role of Mary Corleone which had been abandoned by Winona Ryder just as filming began.
The Godfather Part III . Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Despite this, The Godfather Part III went on to gather 7 Academy Award nominations, including Best Director and Best Picture. The film failed to win any of these awards, the only film in the trilogy not to do so.
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
In 1992, Coppola directed and produced Bram Stoker's Dracula. Adapted from Bram Stoker 's Dracula , it was intended to be more faithful to the book than previous film adaptations.
Coppola cast Gary Oldman in the film's title role, with Keanu Reeves , Winona Ryder and Anthony Hopkins in supporting roles. The movie became a box-office hit, grossing $82,522,790 domestically, making it the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.
It fared even better overseas grossing $133,339,902 for a total worldwide gross of $215,862,692 against a budget of $40 million,
making it the 9th highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.
The film won Academy Awards for Costume Design, Makeup and Sound Editing.
Jack (1996)
Coppola's next project was Jack, which was released on August 9, 1996. It starred Robin Williams as Jack Powell, a ten-year-old boy whose cells are growing at four times the normal rate, so at the age of ten he looks like a 40-year-old man. With Diane Lane , Brian Kerwin and Bill Cosby , Jack also featured Jennifer Lopez , Fran Drescher and Michael McKean in supporting roles. Although a moderate box-office success, grossing $58 million domestically on an estimated $45 million budget, it was panned by critics, many of whom disliked the film's abrupt contrast between actual comedy and tragic melodrama. It was also unfavourably compared with the 1988 film Big, in which Tom Hanks also played a child in a grown man's body. Most critics felt that the screenplay was poorly written, not funny and the dramatic material was unconvincing and unbelievable. Other critics felt that Coppola was too talented to be making this type of film. Although ridiculed for making the film, Coppola has defended it, saying he is not ashamed of the final cut of the movie. He had been friends with Robin Williams for many years and had always wanted to work with him as an actor. When Williams was offered the screenplay for Jack, he said he would only agree to do it if Coppola agreed to sign on as director.
The Rainmaker (1997)
The last film Coppola directed in the 90s, The Rainmaker, was based on the 1995 novel of the same name by John Grisham . An ensemble courtroom drama, the film was well received by critics, earning an 88% rating on Rotten Tomatoes .
Grisham said of the film, "To me it's the best adaptation of any of my... I love the movie. It's so well done."
The film grossed about $45 million domestically.
This would be more than the estimated production budget of $40 million, but a disappointment compared with previous films adapted from Grisham novels.
Pinocchio dispute with Warner Bros.
In the late 1980s, Coppola started considering concepts for a motion picture based upon the 19th century novel The Adventures of Pinocchio and in 1991, Coppola and Warner Bros. began discussing the project as well as two others involving the life of J. Edgar Hoover and the children's novel The Secret Garden. These discussions led to negotiations for Coppola to both produce and direct the Pinocchio project for Warners, as well as The Secret Garden (which was made in 1993 and produced by American Zoetrope , but directed by Agnieszka Holland ) and Hoover, which never came to fruition. (A film was eventually to be made by Clint Eastwood in 2011 as J. Edgar, which was distributed by Warners.)
But, in mid-1991, Coppola and Warners came to disagreement over the compensation to be paid to Coppola for his directing services on Pinocchio.
The parties deferred this issue and finally a settlement was reached in 1998, when the jurors in the resultant court case awarded Coppola $20 million as compensation for losing the Pinocchio film project. However, they also awarded him a further $60 million in punitive damages on top, stemming from his charges that Warner Bros. sabotaged his intended version. This is the largest civil financial verdict ever against a Hollywood studio.
Contact dispute with Carl Sagan/Warner Bros.
During the filming of Contact on December 28, 1996, Coppola filed a lawsuit against Carl Sagan and Warner Bros. Sagan had died a week earlier
and Coppola claimed that Sagan's novel Contact was based on a story the pair had developed for a television special back in 1975, titled First Contact.
Under their development agreement, Coppola and Sagan were to split proceeds from the project with American Zoetrope and Sesame Workshop , as well as any novel Sagan would write. The TV program was never produced, but in 1985, Simon & Schuster published Sagan's Contact and Warner Bros. moved forward with development of a film adaptation. Coppola sought at least $250,000 in compensatory damages and an injunction against production or distribution of the film.
Even though Sagan was shown to have violated some of the terms of the agreement, the case was dismissed in February 1998 because Coppola had waited too long to file suit.
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The Schonbrunn Palace is in which European city? | Like Palaces, Gardens & Zoos? Visit Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna!
Like Palaces, Gardens & Zoos? Visit Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna!
© Chad Goddard Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna
https://www.flickr.com/photos/39537600@N04/8063596163/
Most of the time we focus on the best way to travel between your favorite European cities – but what about traveling within the city once you get there? Metro trains and inner city trams are equally as efficient as inter-city trains, and they are just as integral to the classic European experience. Vienna is a great city to use as an example due to its extremely efficient public transportation system. Here we will show you how easy it is to travel within the city of Vienna by highlighting one of its most striking monuments: the Schonbrunn Palace.
What is the Schonbrunn Palace?
The “palace” as a structure is such a quintessentially European landmark, and Vienna’s Schonbrunn Palace is no exception. Like many others throughout the continent, this palace was once used as a royal summer home. Its architecture represents the ideals of the Rococo era and its décor is a faithful depiction of the tastes of Vienna’s most famous monarchs, the Hapsburgs. Go for the gardens and stay for an unexpected benefit: the zoo!
It would be cool enough if the most remarkable thing about this zoo is that it exists on the grounds of a classic European palace, but there’s more: it’s the oldest existing zoo in the world and today, it is considered to be one of the most modern as well. If palace gardens aren’t your thing, this might be the perfect alternative.
And while you stroll through the gardens or the zoo (or both, perhaps?), should you find yourself in need of a refreshment, Cafe Gloriette is right at your service. Offering top notch pastries alongside top notch views of Vienna, this cafe is the ideal place to gather your thoughts and look through your pictures before heading off to your next stop.
Schonbrunn Palace © Martin Shuck https://www.flickr.com/photos/martinshuck/536607441/
How to Travel to the Schonbrunn Palace from Vienna
Taking public transportation to the Palace is quite easy, since pretty much all types of transport in Vienna have a stop near the palace. If riding the subway, get off at the U4 Schonbrunn station. If riding a bus, use line 10A. When riding Vienna’s tram system, use trams numbered 10, 58, or 60. You can view the maps for the trams and subway system here .
How to Travel with a Vienna Card
If the palace is only the first of many stops on your itinerary, you may want to look into the Vienna Card . City cards are extremely convenient and can save a lot of stress – they cover your transportation and offer discounts into many monuments and museums. The Vienna card covers transportation on all buses, metros and trams within the city, in addition to these benefits:
17% discount on Vienna Airport and City Airport Lines
Discounts on guided tours, music, theatre, shopping, and restaurants
Valid for 72 hours
Includes a coupon book listing all discounts and instructions (provided when you exchange your voucher for the Card)
Don’t forget that after you purchase your voucher for the Vienna Card, you must exchange the voucher within 6 months of the issue date. Once you decide when you’d like to start using the Card, have it validated in one of the blue validation machines prior to your first journey. The Card’s validity period begins at the moment you validate the Card, not at the moment you exchange the voucher.
So what are you waiting for? It’s time to plan out the rest of the stops you’ll make with the Vienna Card — and maybe glance at a few of the other European cities that are ready to be explored if you ever decide to leave Vienna (but we’ll understand if that time never comes).
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About the Author
Jackie is a freelance writer from Los Angeles currently living in Brooklyn. She worked as a travel consultant at Rail Europe for two years before switching over to Marketing & Community Manager (focusing on social media) in June 2014. In her free time Jackie travels whenever possible & maintains a personal travel blog at www.jackietravels.com.
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November 16, 2016
| Vienna |
Who played the role of ballerina Victoria Page in the 1948 film ‘The Red Shoes’? | City Tour & Schönbrunn Palace - VIENNA SIGHTSEEING
We are sorry, but this tour is fully booked. Please contact us +43 1 712 46 83 or [email protected] . We will try to offer an alternative to you.
Please select at least one person.
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City Tour & Schönbrunn Palace
Enjoy a city tour along the famous Ringstrasse and see the most important tourist attractions Vienna has to offer. Afterwards, we show you the magnificent Schönbrunn Palace with its beautiful showrooms.
Things to see in Vienna / Ringstrasse
Our sightseeing tour starts at the Südtiroler Platz and takes you to the Ringstrasse boulevard, where you pass many popular tourist attractions.
First take a look at the impressive Vienna State Opera. It is home of the famous "Opera Ball" which takes place every year. Not far from the Opera, the grand Hofburg Palace is located, the former winter residence of the imperial family.
Next you will see the monumental buildings of the Museum of Art History and the Museum of Natural History. Further sights on our tour are the neoclassical Parliament, the acclaimed Burgtheater and the striking City Hall, where the legendary Life Ball takes place.
Guided tour of Schloss Schönbrunn
On arrival at Schönbrunn Palace our guided tour starts at once, no need to wait for Austria’s most popular tourist attraction! The former imperial summer residence is a listed World Heritage Site and attracts millions of people from all over the world every year.
We visit the historic state-rooms and see how the imperial family once lived. Afterwards you have time to take a stroll through the palace gardens or enjoy a cup of original Viennese coffee and a piece of delicious apple strudel.
Optional: Belvedere Palace
At the end of our tour you can visit the Belvedere Palace for a discounted entry fee.
The former summer palace of Prince Eugen of Savoy houses a great art collection. The main attraction being, Gustav Klimt’s famous painting "The Kiss". In case the museum is already closed you can get a voucher for a discounted entry fee for the next day.
Our city tour ends at the Südtiroler Platz. From there we offer you a free transfer to the State Opera.
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‘Homage to Catalonia’ was written by which British author? | Homage To Catalonia Essay Examples | Kibin
Homage To Catalonia Essay Examples
7 total results
A Book Review of George Orwell's "Homage to Catalonia"
George OrwellHomage To CataloniaPublished by Harvest books (New York) in June 1969,264 pgsBook Review of Homage to CataloniaGeorge Orwell, noted writer and journalist, arrived in Barcelona, Spain in late 1936 to cover the fight against fascism. Being an avid fan of socialism, he was amazed to see the small glimpse of social...
1,257 words
A Look at the Early Life of Salvador Dali and Surrealistic Painting Works
The Outline I. The early life of Dali : A- The Place and Time of his birth. B-The incident of his dead brother. C-The effect of his brother on him. D- His study and the beginning of his drwings. II. The Surrealistic era and Dali : A-The two important gifts. B-The price of the gifts. C-Loosing his paintings before t...
816 words
An Essay on Speakers in the Stories Homage to My Hips and Her Kind
Two Different Attitudes, Two Different Worlds In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the speakers and the stories of Homage to my Hips and Her Kind. The speakers in this stories have very different attitudes, and approaches in telling their story about the same topic. While talking about the oppression of wom...
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Ramses II: The Great Pharaoh of the Land of Egypt
Userare Setepnere (Ramses II) is one of the few pharaohs who emerges from history with a personality. Early Egyptologists bestowed on him the title of The Great for he bequeathed to posterity a series of monuments executed on a staggering scale. He was a lavish usurper of the buildings of his forerunners and an untiring fab...
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A Literary Analysis and a Comparison of Homage to My Hips and Her Kind
ifferent Worlds
In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the speakers and the stories of “Homage to my Hips” and “Her Kind”. The speakers in this stories have very different attitudes, and approaches in telling their story about the same topic. While talking about the oppression of women, both Lucille Clifton and An...
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A Comparison and Contrast of the Two Stories, Homage to my Hips and Her Kind
Two Different Attitudes, Two Different Worlds In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the speakers and the stories of Homage to my Hips and Her Kind . The speakers in this stories have very different attitudes, and approaches in telling their story about the same topic. While talking about the oppression of women,...
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An Analysis of the Homage to Paul Cezanne by Charles Wright
Edward Hirsch The Southern Cross is a complex gesture to the past bracketed by two complementary long poems, "Homage to Paul Cézanne," a hypnotic, highly figurative litany for the unnamed dead, and the title piece. . . . "Homage to Paul Cézanne" is an attempt to amplify voices that have become too f...
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| George Orwell |
Austrian-born Hermann Maier is a former world champion in which sport? | George Orwell's Barcelona - Telegraph
Telegraph
Articles
George Orwell's Barcelona
Most of the action in Homage to Catalonia takes place in and around the artery of Las Ramblas
Nigel Richardson , Travel writer
21 April 2013 • 12:00am
George Orwell? “Of course I’ve heard of him,” said Jose Luis Izuel, and reeled off the titles of some of Orwell’s early, lesser-known works: “Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Coming Up for Air, the one about Burma.” Izuel runs one of the bric-a-brac stalls that are set up every Thursday in front of La Seu cathedral in Barcelona. Among the old soda siphon bottles and shoe lasts I had just found copies of La Vanguardia newspaper from 1936 and 1937, full of smudgy photographs of bombings and trench warfare in the Spanish civil war.
Orwell may well have seen the very same newspapers, as he was in Barcelona at this time, fighting on the Republican side in the war. “And Homage to Catalonia of course,” added Izuel, referring to Orwell’s account of that turbulent time and the part he played in it.
Next Thursday, April 25, marks the 75th anniversary of the publication of Homage to Catalonia, which struck me as an excuse not just to reread it but to visit the city that comes alive in its pages. It is lauded as one of the great books on the reality of warfare, and the particular awfulness of fellow countrymen killing each other.
It is also a remarkable portrait of Barcelona at a crucial moment in its history. Yet this topographical aspect has been neglected. Few visitors view Barcelona through Orwell’s pages, despite his having made it easy for us, and the modern tourist city largely ignores the terrible and momentous things that happened here less than a lifetime ago.
The most visible legacy of the war is tucked away in one of the city’s quietest squares, the Plaça Sant Felip Neri near La Seu. In January 1938, the square and its church were hit by a bomb dropped by Mussolini’s air force; 42 people were killed, many of them children. The wall of the church is heavily pocked with shrapnel damage; someone has scrawled: “Always remember the victims of Fascist regimes.”
As for Orwell, the only reference is a small square named after him, which in any case is known locally by another name, “Plaça del Tripi”, or “Acid Square”: the Plaça de George Orwell, complete with Big Brother-ish surveillance cameras, is where Barcelona’s youth kick back on illicit substances.
There’s one obvious reason for the apparent amnesia when it comes to the civil war. The conflict — and the long aftermath of Franco’s dictatorship — left scars that few Spanish care to scratch. “This is a country built upon 40 years of silence,” said Pau Rubio, a Barcelona journalist who is researching his grandfather’s and great-uncle’s experiences in the civil war. Jose Izuel, the market stall holder, was unusual in knowing so much about el escritor inglés. Many of Rubio’s friends haven’t even heard of him.
Pau Rubio and I met in Café Zurich in Plaça Catalunya, brought together by an English teacher and historian, Alan Warren, who lives in the city. Warren offers guided tours of revolutionary Barcelona, as seen through Homage to Catalonia. “It’s all here but nobody knows about it,” he said. “It’s a bit of Barcelona people don’t usually come by.” So precise and limpid is Orwell’s prose that his descriptions of Barcelona read in part like stage directions: nearly all the places he mentions still exist, and you can work out exactly what happened where and when. Most of the action takes place in and around the artery of Las Ramblas, covering an area scarcely bigger than a cricket pitch.
Orwell arrived in Barcelona in December 1936 to find a city in the grip of idealistic fervour, with red and black Anarchist flags fluttering everywhere and loudspeakers on Las Ramblas “bellowing revolutionary songs all day and far into the night”. He signed up with a militia of the Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and served on the Aragon front before returning to Barcelona on leave in late April 1937.
“When he came back the revolution had fizzled out,” said Warren as we strode from the Café Zurich into the maelstrom of humanity on Las Ramblas. Beneath leafless plane trees and a winter-blue sky, human statues were setting up their pitches and tourists strolled.
Back in 1937, things had changed utterly in a short time. “The smart restaurants and hotels were full of rich people wolfing expensive meals,” wrote Orwell, who could as easily have been describing now rather than then. He also noted a “horrible feeling of political rivalry and hatred”.
This experience of infighting and misinformation would later feed into some of his greatest works. “From it came Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm,” said Warren. “He had seminal experiences here.” Orwell and his wife, Eileen, checked into the Hotel Continental — still there, on the left at number 138, as you walk down. On May 3 he was crossing the hotel lobby (now a Desigual clothes shop) when a friend casually mentioned “some kind of trouble at the telephone exchange” (also still there) in Plaça Catalunya.
The various Leftist factions that had come together to fight Franco and Fascism were splitting apart. Barcelona was about to tip into violent insanity, and Orwell was at the centre to record what happened.
After his encounter in the hotel he walked down Las Ramblas and had almost reached the Liceu opera house when shooting started. Youths in Anarchist colours were firing at a gunman in “a tall octagonal tower”. Warren positioned us in a side street, the Carrer de Sant Pau, where Orwell must have stood.
Across Las Ramblas was the octagonal tower of the church of Santa Maria del Pi. “And there’s the Metro station,” said Warren, referring to the entrance in the middle of Las Ramblas into which Orwell says the crowd was surging to take cover as the bullets flew.
Orwell hurried on down Las Ramblas to the Hotel Falcon, which was being used by POUM militiamen on leave and is now a library named after the leader of the POUM, Andreu Nin (the building has a pink façade and stands behind the statue to Frederic Soler). Finding a crowd “seething in the entrance-hall” of the hotel, he immediately crossed Las Ramblas to the building opposite, an old “cabaret-theatre” (the Teatro Principal) that served as the “Comité Local” of the POUM.
The Teatro Principal is still there, and still has the ramshackle air that Orwell described. Warren marched us boldly up an ornate marble staircase into one of the theatres, the decorative mouldings of its dome discoloured by age and neglect, a vast censer-like chandelier hanging beneath it, and beneath that a handful of green baize tables, for it is now a snooker club.
“He said he went around getting lost here,” said Warren. “Such a rambling place. He ripped up a curtain to use as a blanket and was afraid one of the crude bombs he carried would go off as he slept.”
At one point Orwell popped back to the Hotel Continental, calling in at the “food-market” — the Boqueria — on the way. Nowadays each stall is a still-life of burnished produce, but all Orwell managed to procure was “a wedge of goat’s-milk cheese”, which he said he was glad of a few days later.
As Barcelona descended into “evil days of street warfare”, Orwell was ordered to defend the “POUM Executive Building”, now the Hotel Rivoli Rambla at number 128 Ramblas. Next door in the Café Moka — still there but “brutally modernised”, said Warren — 20 or 30 Assault Guards were poised to attack, so Orwell positioned himself on the roof of the building opposite, a “cinematograph” called the Poliorama, to keep an eye on them. Look up and you will see the rooftop observatory and the twin domes he describes. For three days and nights he stayed up there amid “a tropical rainstorm” of shooting, reading a succession of Penguin Library books to pass the time.
“What the devil was happening, who was fighting whom and who was winning, was at first very difficult to discover,” he wrote.
Orwell survived the street fighting of May 1937 and returned to the front, where he was shot in the throat (his description is memorable). Recuperating back in Barcelona, he became a fugitive when the POUM was declared an illegal organisation. In late June 1937 he and Eileen managed to escape to France, and from there to the “deep, deep sleep of England” where he wasted no time in writing one of the 20th century’s great books about war.
“They say if you understand the Spanish civil war, you don’t understand it,” Warren told me wryly. Gazing up at the roof of the Poliorama, we imagined Orwell still sitting up there, gnawing at his wedge of goat’s cheese and “marvelling at the folly of it all”.
Getting there
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In which year did Oliver Cromwell become Lord Protector? | Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector
Oliver Cromwell
Lord Protector
In 1649, after the proclamation of the republican Commonwealth, Cromwell led a punitive expedition into Ireland, especially remembered for the massacre of the royalist garrison at Drogheda. He then initiated a policy of systematic dispossession of the Irish, transferring their lands to Protestant proprietors. In 1650 he invaded Scotland and routed the Scottish royalists at Dunbar; later he defeated the Scots and Charles II himself at Worcester (1651) and left the rest of the conquest of Scotland to Gen. George Monck.
Cromwell, now virtual dictator of the Commonwealth, dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653 after it had failed to effect reforms demanded by the army and had sought to perpetuate its power. His attempt to replace it by the Nominated (Barebone's) Parliament (see Barebone, Praise-God ), appointed by himself from nominations of the Independent congregations, resulted in a reckless, hopelessly divided body that was finally forced to dissolve itself. A group of army officers then drew up the constitutional document known as the Instrument of Government (1653), by which Cromwell became lord protector (see Protectorate ). The Parliament of 1654, which was elected under the terms of the same document, wanted to prepare a new constitution and was soon dissolved.
After that Cromwell resorted to open military government, dividing England into 11 districts, each administered by a major-general. Another, more amenable Parliament was summoned in 1656, and in 1657 it presented to Cromwell a new constitution known as the Humble Petition and Advice and offered him the crown. He declined the crown but accepted (with some modifications) the Humble Petition, which further increased his power and set up a second legislative chamber. The second session of this same Parliament, however, challenged the new constitution, and Cromwell dissolved it (1658) seven months before his death.
Cromwell's foreign policy was governed by the need to expand English trade and prevent the restoration of the Stuarts, and by the desire to build up a Protestant league and enhance the prestige of the English republic. He approved the Navigation Act of 1651, which led to the first (1652–54) of the Dutch Wars , and he pressed the war against Spain (1655–58) as a means of encroaching on Spanish rights of colonization in America. The Dutch war resulted in several important naval victories for the English under Admiral Robert Blake , but the Spanish war, apart from the sinking of a Spanish fleet (also by Blake), brought only Jamaica and imposed a great strain on English finances.
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| one thousand six hundred and fifty three |
What does the Latin phrase ‘Ab hinc’ translate to in English? | Oliver Cromwell - British History - HISTORY.com
Oliver Cromwell
A+E Networks
Introduction
English solider and statesman Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was elected to Parliament in 1628 and 1640. The outspoken Puritan helped organize armed forces after the outbreak of civil war in 1642, serving as deputy commander of the “New Model Army” that decimated the main Royalist force at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. After the death of Charles I, Cromwell served in the Rump Parliament and set to reform the legal system in part through the establishment of the Blue Laws. He commanded campaigns in Ireland and Scotland in the early 1650s, and served as “lord protector” of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland from 1653 until his death.
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Although he became one of the most famous figures in English history, Oliver Cromwell began life as an ordinary country gentleman; when the English Civil War broke out in 1642, he was a middle-aged father of five children with no military training. Yet within a decade, according to one leading Royalist statesman and historian, he “mounted himself into the throne of the three kingdoms [England, Wales, and Scotland] without the name of a king but with greater power and authority than had ever been exercised or claimed by any king.”
Cromwell’s power stemmed from his military ability and his unique relationship with his troops. As soon as the war began, the creation of a pious and professional army to serve the English Parliament became his principal concern, and in 1645 he pushed for the formation of a standing army, with central funding and central direction. Under the command of Thomas Fairfax, with Cromwell as his deputy, this “New Model Army” quickly routed the main Royalist force at the Battle of Naseby (June 14, 1645), marking the beginning of a string of remarkable victories that within a year forced Charles I to surrender. Cromwell always led his cavalry from the front, although it took its toll: he sustained combat injuries and often laughed hysterically immediately before and after action. But close contact with his troops paid dividends, for Cromwell managed to lead his “Ironsides” back into battle when other units paused to plunder.
The decision to execute the king in 1649 provoked a Royalist reaction in Ireland and Scotland that threatened the security of the new republic in England and forced Cromwell back into the field. He began his Irish offensive with a massacre of the combined forces of the Catholic Confederates and the Protestant Royalists at Drogheda (September 1649); the following month the town of Wexford, base of the Irish navy, met a similar fate. Scotland’s decision to invade England in support of Charles II in 1650 forced Cromwell to leave the completion of the reconquest of Ireland to others while he focused his efforts on subduing the Scots. His stunning victories first at the Battle of Dunbar (September 3, 1650) and then at Worcester (September 3, 1651) not only forced Charles II to flee to the Continent for nearly ten years, but also effected the political integration of the three kingdoms-ruled after 1653 by Cromwell as lord protector, advised by the Council of State, and with a single Parliament meeting at Westminster-for the first time in their history.
Cromwell, a committed Puritan, and his godly “Ironsides” attributed their successes on the battlefield to divine intervention and now set out to create a godly society by establishing a body of evangelical preachers, by reforming the legal system, and by introducing legislation such as the Blue Laws (1650) against blasphemy, cursing, drunkenness, and adultery. Cromwell believed in liberty of conscience for his fellow Christians-“I meddle not with any man’s conscience”; a truly revolutionary concept for the day-but in every other respect he remained a social conservative. He feared the democratic ideas of the so-called Levellers (English radicals); he believed in rule by the godly, not by the people in general. After 1649 he genuinely strove to reconcile the traditional political nation to his regime; yet in 1657 he rejected a proposal, known as the “Humble Petition and Advice,” which implored him to become king.
That the Protectorate rested on a bed of pikes-with a standing army of some sixty thousand men, together with a large navy-is no myth; but it was not until a Royalist rising broke out in March 1655 that Cromwell finally resorted to blatant military rule, placing the various regions of England and Wales under the command of senior army officers. In addition, his government pursued an aggressive foreign policy, fighting wars first against the Dutch (1652-1654) (see Anglo-Dutch Wars) and then against Spain (1656-1659).
Excoriated as a usurper and hypocrite by his adversaries and venerated as a savior and hero by his supporters, Cromwell died on September 3-the anniversary of two of his greatest victories-in 1658 of “a bastard tertian ague” (probably malaria). Almost as soon as his son, Richard, took over the reins of power, his subordinates in Scotland and Ireland began to plot the restoration of Charles II. The “British Republic” gave way to monarchy again in 1660.
The Reader’s Companion to Military History. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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Who played Will Hunting in the 1997 film ‘Good Will Hunting’? | Good Will Hunting (1997) - IMDb
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A touching tale of a wayward young man who struggles to find his identity, living in a world where he can solve any problem, except the one brewing deep within himself, until one day he meets his soul mate who opens his mind and his heart. Written by Dima & Danielle
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Wildly charismatic. Impossibly brilliant. Totally rebellious. For the first 20 years of his life, Will Hunting has called the shots. Now he's about to meet his match. See more »
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Rated R for strong language, including some sex-related dialogue | See all certifications »
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9 January 1998 (USA) See more »
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En busca del destino See more »
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$272,912 (USA) (5 December 1997)
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Trivia
After Mel Gibson dropped out of directing, Michael Mann expressed interest in directing. However, he wanted to make two major changes: He wanted Will and his friends to be car thieves, and he did not want Matt Damon for the lead role since he was still relatively unknown then. The producers, who wanted Damon, suggested the Mann film some screen tests with Damon and Ben Affleck . After Mann filmed the screen tests, he went back to the producers and said he still did not want Damon in the lead, so the producers and Miramax parted ways with Mann since the film was Damon and Affleck's project from the start. See more »
Goofs
The location of the writing that Will puts on the chalkboards in the hallway. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Lambeau : Mod fx... squared... dx. So please finish Parceval, by next time. I know many of you had this as undergraduates, but it won't hurt to brush up.
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Crazy Credits
At the end of the credits, the film is dedicated to the memory of poet Allen Ginsberg and writer William S. Burroughs, both of whom died in 1997. See more »
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A slow burner, a fine achievement
17 March 1999 | by Stephen-12
Sure, this film's plot is fairly predictable. Sure, if you boiled it down to its essential components it wouldn't amount to much. Sure, Will Hunting's genius is profoundly unrealistic.
Yet I'm giving this one 10 out of 10.
I don't know whether Matt and Ben have ever been in therapy, but they certainly understand a lot about the human psyche, how it ducks responsibility, and pushes blame onto others, how it dismisses the real gifts it has and concentrates on running itself down. How many of us suffer from the same problems as Will? Only those who deny their own vulnerability will remain unaffected by this film.
Not only is the script powerful, but the dynamics between the characters - all of them selfish, even Skylar - is vividly and plausibly executed. The film just about manages to avoid easy answers, preferring to acknowledge (indeed, highlight) the complexity and pain of personal growth and self-realisation.
You could read a lot of self-help books, but they won't bring across to you as powerfully as this film what it's like to be scared, what it's like to experience loss, how difficult it is to shake off your old ways of thinking, how important honesty to yourself is. If this is the kind of revelation Matt and Ben are going to come up with, I look forward to their future efforts.
The first time I saw it, I felt moved as the credits rolled. On my way home from the cinema, I felt sombre. When I got home, I finally burst into tears. This film burns slowly, inside you.
As cinema, it's fair to middling. The performances are all first class. The script is a jewel. As wisdom, it's second to none. A fine achievement.
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In the UK television game show ‘The Exit List’, how many rooms are there altogether? | Affleck and Damon’s Good Will Hunting debuts - Dec 02, 1997 - HISTORY.com
Affleck and Damon’s Good Will Hunting debuts
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On this day in 1997, Good Will Hunting, a movie that will earn childhood friends Ben Affleck and Matt Damon a Best Screenplay Oscar and propel them to Hollywood stardom, premieres in Los Angeles.
Good Will Hunting, which opened in wide release across America on January 9, 1998, featured Damon in the title role as a troubled math genius from South Boston. Directed by Gus Van Sant (Drugstore Cowboy, My Own Private Idaho), the film co-starred Robin Williams as Will’s psychologist and Minnie Driver as Will’s girlfriend; Affleck played Will’s best friend, Chuckie. A big box-office success, Good Will Hunting received nine Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Damon) and Best Supporting Actress (Driver) and won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar (Williams) in addition to the gold statue for Best Original Screenplay.
Before the success of Good Will Hunting, Damon and Affleck had achieved some notice in Hollywood but were far from household names. Matthew Paige Damon, who was born on October 8, 1970, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attended Harvard University but left before graduating in order to pursue an acting career. He made his big-screen debut with a small role in 1988’s Mystic Pizza, which co-starred a then up-and-coming Julia Roberts. Damon went on to rack up acting credits in such films as School Ties (1992), with Brendan Fraser, Chris O’Donnell and Affleck; Courage Under Fire (1996), in which he lost some 40 pounds to portray a heroin-addicted former soldier; and director Francis Ford Coppola’s The Rainmaker (1997) which was based on a John Grisham novel and released shortly before Good Will Hunting.
After Damon’s star-making turn in Good Will Hunting, he appeared in such critically and commercially acclaimed movies as director Steven Spielberg’s Saving Private Ryan (1998), with Tom Hanks; The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), in which he played a bisexual murderer opposite Jude Law and Gwyneth Paltrow; Syriana (2005), with George Clooney; and director Martin Scorsese’s The Departed (2006), with Leonardo DiCaprio and Jack Nicholson. Damon also co-starred along with Clooney and Brad Pitt in the popular caper film Ocean’s Eleven (2001) and its two sequels, Ocean’s Twelve (2004) and Ocean’s Thirteen (2007). In 2002, Damon took on the role of the amnesiac spy Jason Bourne in the action-thriller The Bourne Identity (2002), which spawned two hit sequels, The Bourne Supremacy (2004) and The Bourne Ultimatum (2007). Damon married Luciana Bozan Barroso in 2005; the couple has three daughters, including one from Barroso’s first marriage.
Born on August 15, 1972, in Berkeley, California, Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt was raised in the Boston area, where he became involved with acting as a child. His early film credits include writer-director Richard Linklater’s 1993 cult comedy Dazed and Confused (which also featured the then relatively unknown Matthew McConaughey) and writer-director Kevin Smith’s slacker comedies Mallrats (1995) and Chasing Amy (1997). After Good Will Hunting, Affleck co-starred in such Hollywood blockbusters as Armageddon (1998), with Bruce Willis, and Pearl Harbor (2001), with Josh Hartnett, Jon Voight and Alec Baldwin. He made his directorial debut to positive reviews with 2007’s Gone Baby Gone, a drama about the investigation of a Boston-based child kidnapping that Affleck adapted from a Dennis Lehane novel of the same name. The film co-starred Affleck’s younger brother Casey (Good Will Hunting, The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford), along with Morgan Freeman, Ed Harris, Michelle Monaghan and Amy Ryan, who earned a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her performance.
In addition to his hit films, Affleck has made such notorious clunkers as Gigli (2003), which co-starred his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez; the media dubbed the high-profile couple “Bennifer.” In 2005, Affleck became part of “Bennifer II” when he married the actress Jennifer Garner (TV’s Alias, Catch Me if You Can, Juno), his co-star in the 2003 superhero movie Daredevil. The couple’s first daughter, Violet, was born in late 2005, and a second daughter, Seraphina, was born in January 2009.
Both Damon and Affleck have had the honor of being named People magazine’s “Sexiest Man Alive”–Affleck in 2002, and Damon in 2007.
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What was the name of the German artist who painted ‘Washington Crossing the Delaware’ in 1851? | Emanuel Leutze’s Symbolic Scene of Washington Crossing the Delaware | EDSITEment
Emanuel Leutze’s Symbolic Scene of Washington Crossing the Delaware
The Boat | The Hero & The Men | The Flag & The River | Weather & Background | Trenton & Composition | Picturing America & Student Interactive | Featured Lessons | About the Image
NEW! Metropolitan Museum of Art Podcast
This December, EDSITEment is enhancing this feature with Metropolitan Museum of Art, (New York) Curator Carrie Rebora Barratt's podcast narration of one of the great icons of American painting.
Brrrrr!!! What a way to spend the holidays! On Christmas Night, December 25, 1776, George Washington led Continental army soldiers across the Delaware River to attack Britain’s Hessian army at Trenton, New Jersey. This successful surprise attack provided a much-needed victory for Britain’s former colonies as they struggled for freedom.
At the mention of this event, most Americans picture a heroic George Washington standing in a small boat. That’s how Emanuel Leutze pictured it in his huge painting that has been reproduced in history textbooks and hung in American classrooms for the past 150 years.
But there are a lot of surprises about this most famous icon of American history. First a German artist painted it in response to German politics. Emanuel Leutze, born in Germany in 1816, moved to America as a child, but returned to Germany to study art in 1840. With a strong belief in liberal democracy, he painted this American Revolution scene to inspire German reformers. When his first painting of Washington’s crossing became popular in Europe, he shipped this second huge version to the United States in 1851. It became an instant success with more than fifty thousand people coming to see it. Today it is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
But is it accurate? Is this really how it happened? Yes, and no. Leutze got the spirit of ’76 right and that was his main purpose. He created an inspirational vision of brave and upright men from a variety of backgrounds standing up and fighting together against incredible odds for the common cause of liberty. However, the details of the scene are more symbolic than accurate. Leutze exercised his artistic license to create a powerful composition.
The Boat
The boat in the painting is much smaller than the Durham boats that Washington had requested to ferry his army back and forth across the Delaware. If he had stood in a boat this small, he probably would have tipped it over. Leutze made it small to emphasize the almost life-size figures. The boat represents the revolutionary cause, carrying and uniting the men towards a common goal of liberty.
The Hero
George Washington, the commanding general, seems much older in this painting than others of him that were painted from life not too long after the Revolution. (See Charles Wilson Peale’s portrait of Washington at Princeton .) Wearing his Continental army uniform, tricorne hat, boots, and a red-lined cape, he holds a brass telescope symbolizing his visionary leadership. His prominent saber suggests that he is a powerful warrior. Standing on one leg, he is one of the few objects in the painting that is not moving. He looks forward to the New Jersey shore and the upcoming battle. (There is a useful discussion of his strategy on the eve of the battle in section three “ George Washington as Military Leader ” from the PBS website Rediscovering George Washington .)
The Men
Twelve diverse, determined soldiers, including Washington, crowd the main boat. They wear clothing distinctive to their region. In addition to Washington, another Virginian and future president, who may represent Lieutenant James Monroe holds the flag. Western frontiersmen guide the boat, a man wearing a Scotch hat rows. Is he a recent immigrant? An African American man rows on the far side. He could represent one of the Massachusetts seamen who played an important role in ferrying the army back and forth across the river. Leutze was an ardent abolitionist. See the EDSITEment lesson plan African-American Communities in the North Before the Civil War .
A hatless figure in a man’s red shirt is rowing. There were women on Washington’s ration list and some historians guess that this figure could be a woman. Farmers huddle in blankets and broad-brimmed hats. One holds a double-barreled rifle. By this time in the war, many of Washington’s army no longer had shoes and wrapped their bleeding, freezing feet in rags. Leutze dressed models in colonial clothing to pose for his painting. See the EDSITEment unit and lesson plans The American War for Independence.
The Flag
The flapping flag in the painting features a circle of stars on a blue field and red and white stripes. It represents the unity of the states, but was not designed until 1777, after this event. On the night of the crossing each unit carried their own distinctive flag or that of their state. See the EDSITEment lesson plan Stars and Stripes Forever: Flag Facts for Flag Day .
The River
As the temperature dropped on Christmas Day, ice was forming in the swollen Delaware River. Washington decided to cross the river in a blinding snow storm because he feared that once the river froze, the Hessians would easily move their heavy artillery, horses, and army over the ice to attack Philadelphia. Leutze modeled the river in the painting after Germany’s Rhine River. Ice on this section of the Delaware River usually forms in large flat sheets, not chunks pictured in the painting. Washington had divided his army into several groups with each to cross the river at a different place, but due to river and weather conditions only Washington’s contingent made it across the river that night. Although a few fell overboard, they all survived the crossing. See the EDSITEment lesson plan What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader?
— Back to Top —
The Weather
Foul weather played a much more important role in the actual crossing than in Leutze’s painting. A powerful nor’easter pelted snow and sleet, blocking out the sky. The crossing began in late afternoon as the sun sank and continued until about 4 a.m. Darkness covered Washington’s advance to Trenton. The painting is much lighter than the actual event. Leutze’s dawn promises a new day and bright future for the new nation.
The Background
Distant small indistinct light figures of men and horses in the background suggest the size of Washington’s army. 2400 men with horses and cannon crossed the river from Pennsylvania to attack 1500 Hessians in Trenton. The horses and cannon were probably loaded onto flat ferries rather than Durham boats. The rearing horses and disarray of oars suggest the excitement of the moment.
The Battle of Trenton
After this scene, Washington marched his men quickly to Trenton to attack the surprised Hessian army. They captured 900 Hessians and ferried them back across the treacherous river to Pennsylvania. Although no Americans were killed in the battle, two froze to death on the march to battle. This victory greatly boosted the Continental army’s morale.
The Composition
Leutze arranged the figures in a triangular composition. The main triangle extends from the top of the flag to the boat’s bow and back to its stern. Other triangles are in the figure groupings. One extends from Washington’s head to the bow and back to the extended arms of the red shirted figure.
The figures look to the left of the painting showing the progressive movement towards their objective. The figures are clad in dull, muted colors except for the accents of bright red. Leutze unifies the composition by overlapping figures and repeating various shades of blue through out the painting. Light and shadows show the depth and form of the figures. Students may explore this composition in depth on the Metropolitan Museum’s museumkids website . See the EDSITEment lesson plans An Introduction to the Relationship Between Composition and Content in the Visual Arts and What’s in a Picture? An Introduction to Subject in the Visual Arts .
— Back to Top —
The Knockoffs
Hundred of cartoons are based on Leutze’s famous painting. See political cartoons such as suffragist Rosalie Jones Crossing the Delaware and Far Side creator Gary Larson’s Washington Crossing the Street . The painting is even reproduced on the back of the 1999 New Jersey State quarter .
Picturing America Resources
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Who played Blott in the 1985 British tv comedy series ‘Blott on the Landscape’? | Emanuel Leutze | Washington Crossing the Delaware | The Met
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Emanuel Leutze (American, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1816–1868 Washington, D.C.)
Date:
149 x 255 in. (378.5 x 647.7 cm)
Classification:
Gift of John Stewart Kennedy, 1897
Accession Number:
97.34
On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 760
Leutze's depiction of Washington's attack on the Hessians at Trenton on December 25, 1776, was a great success in America and in Germany. Leutze began his first version of this subject in 1849. It was damaged in his studio by fire in 1850 and, although restored and acquired by the Bremen Kunsthalle, was again destroyed in a bombing raid in 1942. In 1850, Leutze began this version of the subject, which was placed on exhibition in New York during October of 1851. At this showing Marshall O. Roberts bought the canvas for the then-enormous sum of $10,000. In 1853, M. Knoedler published an engraving of it. Many studies for the painting exist, as do copies by other artists.
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The 1987 film ‘Roxanne’ was adapted by actor Steve Martin from which Edmond Rostand play? | Roxanne (1987) Full Movie Online - movienightseries.com
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Based on the play "Cyrano de Bergerac", large nosed C.D. Bales falls for the beautiful Roxanne while she falls for his personality but another man's looks.
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What is the capital of the Northern Cape Province in South Africa? | Roxanne 1987 TV Spot - YouTube
Roxanne 1987 TV Spot
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June 1987 TV spot for the romantic comedy "Roxanne", a modern retelling of Edmond Rostand's 1897 verse play "Cyrano de Bergerac", adapted by Steve Martin and starring Martin and Daryl Hannah.
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‘The River of Woe’ is the nickname of which Underworld river in Greek mythology? | The Underworld Rivers
The Underworld Rivers
In Greek mythology, the underworld was seperated from the land of the living in most part by five primary rivers. They were Acheron, Cocytus, Phlegethon, Lethe, and Styx. Each of them served their own purpose.
Acheron - The word Acheron itself means the "river of woe". A fitting name indeed for this river. This is the river that the old ferryman Charon ferried the dead across from the land of the living to the realm of Hades.
Cocytus - The word Cocytus means "river of lamentation". Those who died and were not properly buried were stuck walking about the banks of this river for most of their afterlife.
Phlegethon - This was the river of fire in Hades. It's said that while the fire burned, it did not consume anything within it's flames.
Lethe - The word Lethe means "forgetfulness". This is the river where the dead had to drink from to completely forget about their lives on Earth.
Styx - Probably the most famous of the five lakes. The word Styx means "hate". This is the actual river that seperates the land of the living from the realm of the dead. Many accounts say that it wraps around Hades nine times. The river was also a sacred place to both gods and men. Those who broke any oath made upon the river Styx, were made to drink from it by Zeus. By doing this, it made the drinker lose their voice for long period of time.
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The famous Cobblers Cove Hotel is on which Caribbean island? | Styx (River) | Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Inhabitants
Charon and the souls of the dead
The Styx river is a location in Greek mythology . Located in the Underworld , it is a river that serves as a barrier separating the world of the living from the world of the dead. It is also in this river where Thetis dipped her son Achilles , in order for him to gain the power of invulnerability. It is one of five underworld rivers; the others being the Phlegethon (or Pyriphlegethon ), Lethe , Cocytus and Acheron rivers.
In order to cross the River Styx and reach Hades , a dead person must pay a fee to the ferryman, Charon . If the correct fee is paid, Charon will take the dead across. If the dead cannot afford the fee, however, they will be forced to wander the banks of the River Styx as Wraiths for eternity (or one hundred years, depending on the recount).
The greatest oath that a god can make is to swear on the river Styx. When a god swears on the River Styx, they're bound for all eternity to keep that promise or else be paralysed for a year and a day, and even then, risk being ostracized from Mount Olympus and their duties and immortality being removed and given to another god.
Bodies dipped into the river will receive the gift of immortality; one famous example is when Thetis , mother of the demigod Achilles , dipped him into the river by his heel. This ensured he could only be harmed at his heel, a fact exploited by Apollo and later giving rise to the phrase "Achilles' heel". Styx can also be considered a goddess in her own right.
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Who was the Prime Minister of Canada from 1980 to 1984? | CanadaInfo: Government: Federal: Prime Minister: Former Prime Ministers: Trudeau
Appointed Jeanne Sauve Canada's first woman Govenor General 1984
Descriptive Biography
Pierre Trudeau held his philosophy of one Canada and a strong federal government before he became prime minister and he maintained it throughout his political career. His response to the FLQ Crisis, his rejection of the Quebec separatist movement, as well as his patriation of the Constitution and promotion of official bilingualism are all manifestations of this belief.
Pierre Elliott Trudeau was born in Montreal in 1919, his father was Québécois, his mother of Scottish descent. He went to a local school, Académie Querbes, and then to the Jesuit college, Jean de Brébeuf. In spite of the Depression, Trudeau's father had become a wealthy man in the 1930s and the family toured Canada and Europe frequently. In 1940, Trudeau began studying law at the University of Montreal. As a student, he was required to join the Canadian Officers Training Corps during the war, but like many Quebeckers, Trudeau was opposed to conscription.
After graduating in 1943, he passed his bar exams, and then enrolled in a Master's program at Harvard. In 1946, he went to Paris to study at the École des sciences politiques, and then at the London School of Economics in Britain. By 1948, Trudeau was on a backpacking tour of Eastern Europe, the Middle and Far East, areas of considerable turbulence in the post-war world. After many adventures, he arrived back in Canada the following year.
Trudeau worked in Ottawa as advisor to the Privy Council before returning to Montreal. He began supporting labour unions, especially during in the Asbestos Strike, and criticized the repression of the Union Nationale under Premier Duplessis. With other outspoken intellectuals, Trudeau started the journal Cité Libre as a forum for their ideas. In 1961, he began teaching law at the University of Montreal.
In 1965, the Liberal party was looking for potential candidates in Quebec, Trudeau and two of his colleagues, Jean Marchand and Gérard Pelletier were invited to run for the party in the federal election that year. They won their seats, and in April 1967, Trudeau became Minister of Justice. Within a year, he had reformed the divorce laws and liberalized the laws on abortion and homosexuality.
When Lester Pearson resigned as prime minister in 1968, Trudeau was invited to run as a candidate. He won the Liberal leadership convention and called an election immediately after. Capitalizing on his extraordinary popular appeal, labelled "Trudeaumania" by the press, he won a majority government in the June election. One of the most important bills passed by his government was the Official Languages Act, guaranteeing bilingualism in the civil service.
A serious threat to national security occurred in 1970, when the terrorist group, Front de libération du Quebec, kidnapped a British diplomat. Upon the request of Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa, Trudeau imposed the War Measures Act. The situation was quickly resolved and the terrorists apprehended, but not before Quebec Cabinet Minister Pierre Laporte was murdered and hundreds of people arrested and held without charges.
In 1972, the Liberals were returned with a minority government, but regained a majority in 1974. This decade experienced a period of high inflation, which Trudeau's government attempted to contain with wage and price controls. These economic difficulties and a sense of alienation in Western Canada led to the defeat of the Liberals in 1979. Deciding not to serve as leader of the Opposition, Trudeau announced his resignation from politics. However the Conservative comeback was shortlived; their minority government was defeated within six months. Trudeau was persuaded to return as party leader and the Liberals won the election the following year.
His last term in office was devoted to national unity in opposition to the separatist goals of the Parti Québécois who governed Quebec. Trudeau campaigned vigorously for the "No" supporters in the Quebec referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. He also set about patriating the Constitution and drafted a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The cooperation of the provinces was required to accomplish this; the eighteen-month federal- provincial negotiations were drawn - out and highly contentious, with dissenting ministers and rulings from the Supreme Court and various provincial courts. Consent was finally achieved in 1982, but without the cooperation of Quebec Premier René Lévesque. In a ceremony on Parliament Hill, the Queen signed Canada's new Constitution Act on April 17, 1982.
Having accomplished his goal of strengthening Canadian federalism, Trudeau turned his attention to international affairs, campaigning for world peace and improving the relationship between the industrialized nations and Third World countries.
After a total of sixteen years as prime minister, he resigned from politics in 1984. Since his retirement, Trudeau returned to practising law until just before his death in the autumn of 2000.
SOURCE: Library and Archives Canada.
See also
| Pierre Trudeau |
What is the title of singer Beyonce’s album, released in June 2011? | Who Is Justin Trudeau? Things to Know About the Canadian Prime Minister
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Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has captivated his nation – and now ours – with his yoga skills, his knowledge of quantum computing, and of course, his unabashed identification as a feminist.
Even President Obama joked about his friend Trudeau’s popularity in his final White House Correspondents’ Dinner speech : “Somebody recently said to me, ‘Mr. President, you are so yesterday. Justin Trudeau has completely replaced you. He’s so handsome, he’s so charming. He’s the future! And I said, Justin, just give it a rest.’ I resented that.”
Here are five more things to know about Trudeau.
1. He’s a feminist (in his words and his actions.)
Trudeau turned heads when he appointed a 50 percent female cabinet after his election. When asked why he felt gender equality in his cabinet was important, he simply said, “Because it’s 2015.”
Trudeau has repeatedly declared that he is a feminist, and says he’ll continue to do so until people stop talking about his stance on women’s rights. “Quite frankly I talk about the fact that I’m a feminist as often as I can, and every time I do it gets huge reaction and media reacts and the Twitterverse explodes and things like that, because here I am saying ‘I’m a feminist,’ ” he told Vox . “I will keep saying that until there is no more reaction to that when I say it, because that’s where we want to get to.”
2. He’s part of a political dynasty.
What makes Trudeau a “Canadian Kennedy” – apart from the handsome looks? The political pedigree. His father, Pierre Trudeau, was prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and then again from 1980 to 1984. Like his father, Trudeau is a member of the country’s Liberal party.
3. He’s a yogi.
Trudeau showed off some serious strength in a 2013 snap where he balanced himself in “peacock pose,” with his legs fully off the ground and his entire body weight resting solely on his arms. Hey, if he can carry his body weight on his arms, then he can surely carry Canada’s burdens on his shoulders.
RT @gregkolz : JT is level-headed & able to bring Canada to new heights. That's why he's my choice for #Liberal Leader pic.twitter.com/ooUfOLVnfX
| i don't know |
The ‘Speedmaster’, also known as the ‘Moonwatch’, is produced by which watch-making company? | Model # List
About Speedmaster
While the original 1957 Omega Speedmaster was produced as a sports and racing chronograph, the line is better known as the first watch on the moon. The Speedmaster Professional, also known as the "Moonwatch" model after its Apollo 11 debut, is one of the longest-produced models from Omega, and remains the only watch qualified by NASA for use during extravehicular activity. While the newer Speedmaster Co-Axial Chronograph comes in the line's standard stainless steel, Omega has produced versions in platinum and 18 karat orange gold, which are powered by the Co-Axial calibre 9301 that includes an 18 karat red gold rotor and balance bridge. Other changes to the newer model include two sub-dials instead of three, a slimmer body design, and a non-magnetic silicon balance spring.
| Omega |
Which Olympic event is Ben Ainslie famous for competing in? | 1000+ images about Omega on Pinterest | Omega seamaster planet ocean, Astronauts and Watches
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Omega
Driven by a pioneering spirit Omega has been part of six lunar landings, is the first diver's watch and the world’s only certified marine chronometer wristwatch. It's also the watch of choice for James Bond. According to the company no other watch company in the world holds more records for accuracy, hence its role as the undisputed world leader in sports timekeeping. Omega specialises in creating extraordinary and highly coveted timepieces. To see our range contact us at [email protected]
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The book entitled ‘The Fake’s Progress’ is about which infamous English art forger? | 9 Famous Art Forgers | Art World Intrigue & Culture
9 Famous Art Forgers
April 9, 2012 08:02am ET
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Credit: Dottie Stover, University of Cincinnati
Forgery Artists
"To trick the art world has been the primary motivation of nearly all of history's known forgers," writes Noah Charney, a professor and author who specializes in art history and crime, in text for an exhibit focused on one such forger who appears to break this rule.
The subject of a University of Cincinnati exhibit, Mark Landis , is unusual in this regard. Landis says he was first motivated to donate a fake drawing to a museum by a desire to please his mother and honor his father, then became addicted to the VIP treatment he received from museum staff. "Landis is more of a footnote to the history of art forgery, warranting his own chapter, rather than part of the larger continuum of famous forgers who work for revenge and money," Charney writes.
Here's a look at some of the most intriguing art forgers, including Landis. (Above, on the right, a copy Landis created of a watercolor by the French painter Paul Signac, using an image from a catalogue on the left.)
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Credit: Dottie Stover, University of Cincinnati
Mark Landis (b. 1955)
Mark Landis is believed to have presented more than 100 forged works of art to museums across 20 U.S. states. To make these donations seem authentic, Landis used aliases and even dressed as a Jesuit priest. He says he was first motivated by a desire to please his mother and honor his father, then became addicted to the VIP treatment he received from museum staff. He never received money or tax benefits. The work above is a copy Landis made of one of Picasso's paintings, based on the image in the catalog to the left, and donated to a museum in Florida.
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Credit: Georgios Kollidas | Shutterstock
Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564)
Yes, this is the Michelangelo of the Sistine Chapel. He began his sculpting career by passing off his early marble sculpture, Sleeping Eros as an ancient Roman statue in order to fetch a much better price. With help from a dealer, Michelangelo damaged and buried the sculpture in the dealer's yard, in order to "discover" it as an ancient sculpture, according to Charney.
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Icilio Federico Joni (1866-1946)
Joni spent many years as a successful art forger, fooling the art historian Bernard Berenson. When Berenson realized he had purchased fakes, he traveled to Italy to meet Joni, expressing his admiration. It is said that Berenson sold several of Joni's works as originals afterward, while keeping a few of the pieces in his collection as reminders. In 1936, Joni published a memoir titled "Affairs of a Painter," in spite of antique dealers' attempts to bribe him into not to publishing, according to Charney.
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Credit: Public Domain
William Sykes (18th century)
Forgery isn't just about making a convincing copy. During the 18th century, William Sykes convinced the Duke of Devonshire that an anonymous painting of an unidentified saint was actually a portrait by Jan van Eyck, whose works claimed the highest prices at auction of any artist at the time, according to Charney.
(Shown here, a 1434 van Eyck painting called "Virgin and Child with Canon van der Paele," a renowned example of Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting.)
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Credit: Public Domain
Han van Meegeren (1889-1947)
The Dutch forger's work was uncovered after World War II, when a previously unknown Johannes Vermeer painting turned up in a Nazi leader's collection. The painting was traced back to Van Meegeren, who had been dismissed as an original artist; he was charged with selling a Dutch national treasure and collaborating with the enemy. Facing the possibility of the death penalty, Van Meegeren confessed forging the painting, but the work was so good he had to prove his guilt by forging another painting while in prison, according to Charney.
(Shown here, one of van Meegeren's best-known original drawings, "The Fawn," one of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands' deer.)
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Credit: Oleg Golovnev | Shutterstock
Tom Keating (1917-1984)
This British artist, too, turned to forgery after the art world dismissed his original works. He created more than 2,000 forgeries of works from more than 100 artists. After being caught and serving time, Keating starred in a popular British TV series, in which he taught aspiring painters how to copy famous works. In 1984, when he died, Christie's auctioned 204 of his works, according to Charney.
(Shown here, a reproduction of Vermeer's "Girl with a glass" painting.)
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Credit: Antonov Roman | Shutterstock
John Myatt (b. 1945)
Myatt collaborated with his dealer, John Drewe, forging work by Chagall, Giacometti and others to match fake records for the work, which Drewe created. These were inserted into real archives, so scholars would later "discover" them. Although the con has been uncovered, along with 60 of the fakes, the potential for damage lingers, because 140 remain unfound, creating the potential for scholars to mistake them for the real thing. After serving his prison sentence, Myatt helped track down other forgers. He now sells "genuine fakes" bearing his own signature, and George Clooney is reportedly interested in turning Myatt's life story into a film.
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Eric Hebborn (1934-1996)
A graduate of London's Royal Academy of Art, Hebborn began making forgeries after a famous London art dealer bought a real drawing from him, then sold it for many times more. Hebborn claimed to have produced approximately 1,000 forgeries of drawings by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, Raphael, Anthony van Dyck, Nicolas Poussin, and 18th-century painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, among many others. These were sold by noted auction houses to numerous prestigious collections. He wrote two memoirs of his career, including one that explained his tricks for aspiring forgers. In 1996, he was murdered in Rome, according to Charney.
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Shaun Greenhalgh (b. 1961)
Convicted of forgery in November 2008, Greenhalgh and his octogenarian parents were involved in the most wide-reaching forgery campaign of all time. Greenhalgh created works of astounding diversity, from 20th-century British sculpture to an Egyptian statue purportedly from 1350 B.C., fooling Christie's, Sotheby's and The British Museum, as well as other illustrious victims. The Greenhalghs were caught when a British Museum expert noted that Assyrian sculptural relief tablets, supposedly created in Mesopotamia in 700 B.C., contained misspellings in cuneiform, the ancient writing, according to Charney.
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| Tom Keating |
What is the capital of Liberia? | ��ࡱ� > �� w y ���� v �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� [� �� B@ bjbj���� .� ΐ ΐ B8 �� �� �� � � � � � � � � ���� � � � � � � , � �0 � � � � 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 $ .2 � �4 d =0 � # � � # # =0 � � � R0 z& z& z& # � � 0 z& # 0 z& z& V �+ @ g, ���� ��`�7� � % � , 0 h0 0 �0 , T 45 �% v 45 g, 45 � g, � � � � � z& l , � ~ � � � =0 =0 d& � � � �0 # # # # ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� 45 � � � � � � � � � � � : The Original, The Copy and the Fake* � talk for 25 June 2010 I changed the title of this talk when someone told me that my original title � The Fake�s Progress - was used by Frank and Geraldine Norman for their book on the forger Tom Keating in 1977. Please accept my assurance that the talk you are about to hear is in fact genuine. Cover of The Burlington Magazine, June 2010 Readers of this month�s Burlington Magazine will know that fakes are fashionable this year. Its cover image shows Dirk Hannema, the Director of Rotterdam�s Museum Boymans in 1938, scrutinising the celebrated fake Vermeer The Supper at Emmaus. An exhibition on its forger Hans van Meegeren is running at the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, and next week the show Close Examination: Fakes, Mistakes & Discoveries opens at the National Gallery in London. The Arts and Antiques Squad of the Metropolitan Police organised a display of fakes at the Victoria and Albert Museum earlier this year which attracted 35,000 visitors in four weeks: spectacular numbers for a small display. I have been a curator for thirty years, the last ten as head of paintings at the V&A. I specialise in Renaissance paintings and miniatures, but many of my enquiries concern works attributed to John Constable, as the V&A has the largest collection of his work. In my talk today I will first discuss some copies and then a few fakes. In my experience, the terms �fake� and �forgery� are applied too loosely, as many so-called forgeries are not actually inauthentic. 2. Maria Theresa thalers [obverse and reverse] Counterfeit money is probably the most common category of forgery. These two silver Maria Theresa thalers � later provided with rings for use as pendants - were acquired recently in Ethiopia. Such coins were first minted in 1740 during the reign of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. On account of their high and reliable silver content, they became popular as currency in large parts of Africa and Arabia. In 1858 they ceased to be official tender in Austria, and millions of copies, of identical fineness and weight, were struck by the Imperial powers of England, Belgium, and France for use in their colonies. As the coins were then no longer used in Austria, these are not technically forgeries. What is, or is not, false is in many respects a matter of consensus. 3. Mahongwe reliquary 4. photo in Arts D�Afrique Noir 5. Mahongwe reliquary? Louvre For example, when we move from Art History to Ethnography, our terms of reference for �authenticity� and �originality� change completely. The object on the left is a Mahongwe reliquary figure from Gabon, made of copper plates and wire applied to a wooden core. Such figures were fixed to baskets of human remains as part of an ancestor cult, which was gradually abandoned between the 1940s and 1960s. Good examples are rare and can cost $50,000 and more. That on the left was acquired by the Mus�e de l�Homme before 1886 and is a canonical example, now on display in the Louvre. These reliquaries fascinated the Surrealists, such as Juan Gris, who in the 1920s found them already too expensive, and therefore made a cardboard replica for his own use. The example on the right was seen in a Paris antique shop last March at a price of 800 Euros. It is structurally identical to a Mahongwe reliquary, but it has no verifiable provenance. The magazine cutting in the middle, published in Arts D�Afrique Noir shows Simon Mis�re � the descendent of a Mahongwe craftsman - in Libreville in 1974, making such a reliquary for commercial sale. For ethnographers the �acid test� of authenticity is whether or not an object was actually used in a tribal context. If two Mahongwe reliquaries were made at the same time by the same craftsman, and one was used for ritual purposes while the other was sold to a tourist, only the former would be considered truly authentic. Such terms of reference are quite foreign to an art historian, who would hardly distinguish between two versions of a religious painting by Titian because one had been used as an altarpiece while the other was made for an art collector. In Europe, copying has always been an essential and respectable part of the artist�s curriculum. 6. J. Bailey, A Master in the Grand Style 7. Raphael Gallery at V&A ca. 1880 For over 200 years the most exemplary pictures to copy in England were the Raphael Cartoons, described in 1725 as �the best history pictures that are anywhere now in being�.which are generally allowed even by foreigners�. This caricature of 1818 shows Raphael�s Cartoon of The Conversion of the Proconsul being copied at full scale, on three separate canvases, by the artist Benjamin Haydon and his pupils. After the Raphael Cartoons were moved to the V&A in 1865, copying of them became a fixed part of the curriculum for students at the Royal College of Art. The photograph shows a student�s day around 1880, with the Raphael Gallery filled with large scale copies of parts of the Cartoons. 8. Jacob Ruisdael, Landscape 9. Copy of Ruisdael, Landscape by Constable Copies can equal or even exceed their model. A spectacular example is this landscape by the Dutch painter Jacob Ruisdael and its copy by the English painter John Constable of around 1832. They hang side by side in Dulwich Picture Gallery. Constable�s copy was sold after his death for five guineas (just under �6 ), which seems paltry until one considers that his oil sketches, now so highly prized, were sold in lots of 2-8 works for as little as 1 � guineas (slightly over �1.50). In the era before photography, Constable called his exact copies �facsimiles� - a �lasting remembrance� which he could �drink at again & again�. The process of copying is central to their meaning of such copies. 10. Constable, Old Sarum 11. after Constable, Old Sarum 12. Constable, Stour at Flatford 13. after Constable, Stour at Flatford My advice was recently sought on some less inspiring copies. The drawings on the right copy the Constable sketches on the left, at the National Gallery of Ireland and the Victoria Art Gallery in Bath. The qualitative gulf between them exemplifies the dictum of the French painter Ingres that �drawing is the integrity of art�. The copies fall vastly short of Constable�s standard. That on the upper right lacks atmospheric quality, and the silhouette of the mound fails to suggest the curved contours of the ground, which Constable so economically delineated. In that on the bottom right, the pencil lines are inorganic; filling up space rather than defining forms, and there is little sense of pictorial recession. Connoisseurship is sometimes ridiculed in England, because of its pompous name, but it is simply the application of visual intelligence and memory to questions of attribution. I doubt that these copies were intended to deceive. As the originals they copy were with Constable�s descendants until 1877, they may even be by one of his children. Other artists used a favourite prototype as a starting point for very different excursions of their own. An example is Van Gogh, who described J.F. Millet as �father Millet�counsellor and mentor in everything for young artists�. 14. J.F. Millet, Midday 15. Vincent Van Gogh The Siesta Boston, MFA Paris, Mus�e d�Orsay One can see that the Van Gogh is based upon an engraving after the Millet, as its composition is reversed. Van Gogh copied Millet most frequently towards the end of his life. At the asylum at Saint Remi in 1889-90, he made 21 copies after Millet, which he justified thus: �If someone plays Beethoven, he adds his own personal interpretation�I am trying to create something�for my own pleasure. I put the black and white print after Millet�to use as a motif. And then I improvise in colour�but the memory, the vague consonances of colours which are at least correct in spirit, that is my interpretation�. 16. Delacroix, Greece Expiring on the 17. Patrick Caulfield Greece Expiring Ruins of Missolonghi, 1826, on the Ruins of Missolonghi, after Bordeaux, Musee des Beaux Arts Delacroix, 1963, Tate Gallery, London By the 1960s, students at the Royal College of Art had moved on from making painstaking copies after the Raphael Cartoons, as their predecessors had until the 1930s, but their final year curriculum still included making �transcriptions�, by which they translated celebrated paintings into their personal idiom. In 1963 the �Pop� artist Patrick Caulfield transcribed a black and white reproduction of Delacroix�s masterpiece: Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi. He observed: �My idea was to just copy the painting but to make it even more positive than it was, to emphasise the image�where Delacroix had dark browns with things vaguely going on, I would make them black just to get rid of all that dubious sort of stuff which is merely to do with putting the figure in a space and making the figure stronger�. The Van Gogh and the Caulfield are clearly independent works of art. Literal copies are much more numerous, and pose especial problems when distinctions become blurred over time. 18. La Belle Ferronniere 19. Version of La Belle Ferronniere La Belle Ferronniere on the left was painted by Leonardo da Vinci or a follower in the 1490s, entered the French royal collections in the sixteenth century, and hangs in the Louvre. The picture next to it, in oil on canvas, is first documented in France in 1847, and was given to an American couple Mr and Mrs Hahn as a wedding present in 1920. They agreed to sell it to Kansas City Museum for $250,000. When asked his opinion by a journalist, the leading art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen pronounced it a copy, and was sued for slander by its owners. Respected experts testified in Duveen�s favour, but when pressed on how they had arrived at their conclusions, could only make vague and circular statements. The jury failed to reach a verdict. Duveen settled out of court, paying $60,000 damages. Tainted, the painting proved un-saleable, and in 1946 Mr Hahn wrote a book The Rape of La Belle, which has been described as �a classic of conspiracy theory applied to the art world�. He also promoted a scheme offering shares in the painting which would be paid when it was successfully sold. At the last count, there were 29 shares, theoretically worth $42 million. Last January (28/1/2010), the Hahn La Belle Ferronniere sold at Sotheby�s New York with the interesting attribution �Follower of Leonardo da Vinci, probably before 1750�. Its pre-sale estimate of $300,000-500,000 seemed ambitious, but in the event, the picture realised over $1.5 million � more than most uncontested Renaissance portraits. In the long run, celebrity has made this work distinctly marketable. Unlike connoisseurship, science holds out the hope of objective proof. 20. Anon. portrait of Edward VI 21. X-ray of portrait 22. Newspaper cutting This portrait of Edward VI was bequeathed to the V&A in 1876 by John Forster, a friend of Charles Dickens. Radiography was a revolutionary technique in 1936 when this picture was x-rayed. This revealed that it was painted over a seventeenth century Dutch painting of a little girl. The later painter skilfully adapted the earlier portrait, extending the hairline but closely following the contours of the lace, hands and sleeves. This discovery caused a flurry of interest, and The Daily Herald firmly announced �Boy king Picture A Fake�. A V&A curator more charitably proposed that the portrait was created �to fill a gap in a gallery of historic personages rather than an exercise in purely venal faking�. In 2008 the V&A acquired an interesting group of �genuine forgeries�. 23. Spanish Forger [E.528-2009] 24. Spanish Forger [E.527-2009] These are illuminated manuscript leaves by the so-called �Spanish Forger�, active around 1900, who has been called �one of the most skilful, successful and prolific forgers of all time�. His identity remains unknown, but he received a retrospective at the Morgan Library, New York, in 1978. Just as the painter of the Edward VI portrait re-used an old panel, the Spanish Forger painted on fragments cut from old manuscripts. Technical analysis by Raman microscopy reveals his use of synthetic colours such as chrome yellow, Scheele�s green and synthetic ultramarine, all unavailable before the nineteenth century. 25. Botticelli, Birth of Venus 26. Spanish Forger Susannah leaf However, the Forger had already betrayed himself by his unhistorical combination of motifs and costume harvested from different schools and centuries. Here, a nude derived from Botticelli�s Birth of Venus appears in a miniature of Susanna and the Elders imitating Franco-Flemish miniatures of around 1400. Such anachronisms often give away forgeries. Master paintings and drawings are complex artefacts. They offer many opportunities for formal, qualitative or material error and are correspondingly difficult to forge convincingly. 27. Andy Warhol silkscreen In the 20th century, the cult of quality has given way to one of originality, providing scope for new categories of forgery. An edition of 10 silk-screen Red Portraits of Andy Warhol was recently in the news. These were made in 1965 from a transparency based on a photo-booth picture, and run off by a commercial silk-screen printing firm. This was Warhol�s standard procedure. The ongoing debate over their authenticity revolves around the question of whether or not he authorised their printing. Neither connoisseurship nor technical analysis can help much here. 28. �Metro� story on Banksy, 11 June 2010 I will close with a final newspaper report. A few weeks ago, a London newspaper reported how on 8 June a hooded figure was filmed overnight by a security camera while spray painting a wall in the beer garden of a London pub. Is the mural by the English guerrilla graffiti artist known only as �Banksy�? Last year thousands queued to see his award-winning retrospective in Bristol. Banksy�s identity is secret, and his agent will neither confirm nor deny his authorship. Experts cannot confirm if this work is an authentic Banksy or an imitation. Is the pub owner a victim of criminal vandalism or the lucky recipient of a modern masterpiece? Whatever the case, it should help to sell beer. I suppose every age gets the fakes it deserves. Thank you. $ % 1 9 = > ? M R z � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! 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| i don't know |
Which actor starred opposite Claire Bloom in the 1952 film ‘Limelight’? | Claire Bloom | Biography and Filmography | 1931
Led the cast of "Conversations After a Burial", produced in London
1998
Portrayed a former silent movie star running a New Jersey rooming house in Laurie Weltz's "Wrestling With Alligators"
1998
Had stage triumph as Clytemnestra in a staging of Sophocles' "Electra", starring Zoe Wanamaker; garnered Tony nomination
1997
Was underutilized as the agreeably disagreeable widow Tynan in CBS' "Hallmark Hall of Fame" presentation "What the Deaf Man Heard"
1996
Played Mary Tyrone as an angry anything-but-a-victim in American Repertory Theatre presentation of Eugene O'Neill's "Long Day's Journey into Night"
1996
Acted the part of upper-class society doyenne Eleanor Trilling in "Daylight", starrring Sylvester Stallone
1995
Portrayed chorus role in Allen's "Mighty Aphrodite"
1995
Appeared briefly as Orlena Grimaldi on the CBS daytime drama "As the World Turns"
1989
First collaboration with Woody Allen, playing Miriam Rosenthal, wife of Judah (Martin Landau) in "Crimes and Misdemeanors"
1988
Reteamed with director Tony Richardson for CBS miniseries "Beryl Markham: A Shadow in the Sun"
1985
Co-starred in British TV production of "Shadowlands" (shown in USA in 1986 on PBS and again in 1989 on A&E)
1984
Acted in "American Playhouse" (PBS) adaptation of then-companion Philip Roth's "The Ghostwriter"
1982
Appeared as Lady Marchmain opposite Olivier in the British miniseries "Brideshead Revisited" (shown in the USA on PBS); garnered an Emmy nomination
1981
Played Hera to Olivier's Zeus in "Clash of the Titans"
1976
Last Broadway appearance for 22 years, "The Innocents", an adaptation of Henry James' "Turn of the Screw" directed by Harold Pinter; a scathing review by Clive Barnes doomed it to a short run of 10 days
1974
Acted the part of Blanche DuBois in London revival of Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar Named Desire"
1973
Essayed the role of Nora opposite Anthony Hopkins in stagy film of Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House"; Bloom also played the role several times on stage
1972
Returned to Broadway as Mary, Quenn of Scots in "Vivat! Vivat! Regina!"
1968
Starred opposite husband Rod Steiger in two films, "Three Into Two Won't Go" and "The Illustrated Man"
1968
Portrayed sympathetic caseworker who becomes attatched to "Charly" (Cliff Robertson); role earned Robertson the Best Actor Oscar
1965
Reteamed with Burton for Martin Ritt's "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold"
1963
Exhibited lesbian tendencies and an extraordinary sense of ESP in Robert Wise's "The Haunting"
1959
Co-starred with soon-to-be husband Rod Steiger in Broadway's "Rashomon"
1959
Acted opposite Burton in Tony Richardson's film version of "Look Back in Anger"
1956
American TV debut, Roxanne opposite Jose Ferrer's "Cyrano de Bergerac" for "Producers Showcase" (NBC)
1956
Broadway debut, "Romeo and Juliet"; appeared with Old Vic Company
1956
First film with Burton, "Alexander the Great"
1955
Played Lady Anne to Laurence Olivier's "Richard III"
1952
Acted opposite Chaplin in "Limelight"
1952
Was member of the Old Vic Company; appeared in numerous Shakespearean roles including Juliet, Ophelia in "Hamlet" (opposite Richard Burton) and Cordelia in "King Lear"
1950
Performed in Peter Brook's staging of Jean Anouihl's "Ring Around the Moon" (also starring Scofield), which brought her to the attention of Charlie Chaplin
1948
Portrayed Ophelia opposite Paul Scofield's "Hamlet" at Stratford-on-Avon
1948
Feature film acting debut in "The Blind Goddess"
1947
London stage debut, "The White Devil"
1946
Stage acting debut at age 15 with the Oxford Repertory Company
1942
Returned to England
1940
| Charlie Chaplin |
In the UK, what is the name of the pedestrian crossing with traffic lights which only go green again when no more pedestrians are detected on the crossing? | Claire Bloom - Biography - IMDb
Claire Bloom
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trivia (19) | Personal Quotes (2)
Overview (3)
5' 3" (1.6 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Age has not taken the flower off this Bloom. The well-known and respected stage, screen and television actress Claire Bloom, originally named Patricia Claire Blume, continues to be in demand as a septuagenarian actress and looks as beautiful as ever.
She was born Patricia Claire Bloom on February 15, 1931 in Finchley, North London, to Elizabeth (Grew) and Edward Max Blume, who worked in sales. Her parents were both from Jewish families (from Belarus). Educated at Badminton School in Bristol and Fern Hill Manor in New Milton, Claire expressed early interest in the arts and was stage trained as an adolescent at the Guildhall School, under the guidance of Eileen Thorndike, and then the Central School of Speech and Drama.
Marking her professional debut on the BBC radio, she subsequently took her first curtain call with the Oxford Repertory Theatre in 1946 in the production of "It Depends What You Mean". She then received early critical accolades for her Shakespearean ingénues in "King John", "The Winter's Tale" and, notably, her Ophelia in "Hamlet" at age 17 at Stratford-on-Avon opposite alternating Hamlets Paul Scofield and Robert Helpmann . By 1949 Claire was making her West End debut with "The Lady's Not For Burning" with the up-and-coming stage actor Richard Burton .
A most becoming and beguiling dark-haired actress whose photogenic, slightly pinched beauty was accented by an effortless elegance and poise, Claire's inauspicious film debut came with a prime role in the British courtroom film drama The Blind Goddess (1948). It was her second film, when Charles Chaplin himself selected her specifically to be his young leading lady in the classic sentimental drama Limelight (1952), that propelled her to stardom. Her bravura turn as a young suicide-bent ballerina saved from despair by an aging music hall clown (Chaplin) was exquisitely touching and sparked an enviable but surprisingly sporadic career in films.
Despite the sudden film attention, Claire continued her formidable presence on the Shakespearean stage. Joining the Old Vic Company for the 1952-1953 and 1953-1954 seasons, she appeared as Helena, Viola, Juliet, Jessica, Miranda, Virgilia, Cordelia and (again) Ophelia in a highly successful tenure. Touring Canada and the United States as Juliet, she made her Broadway bow in the star-crossed lover role in 1956, also playing the Queen in "Richard II". A strong presence on both the London and New York stages over the years, other powerful performances came with "The Trojan Women", "Vivat! Vivat! Regina!", "Hedda Gabler", "A Doll's House" and "A Streetcar Named Desire". Much later in life she performed in a superb one-woman show entitled "These Are Women: A Portrait of Shakespeare's Heroines" that included monologues from several of her acclaimed stage performances.
Claire's stylish and regal presence was simply ideal for mature period films and she appeared opposite a roster of Hollywood most talented leading men as such, including Laurence Olivier in the title role of Richard III (1955); Richard Burton and Fredric March in Alexander the Great (1956); Yul Brynner in The Brothers Karamazov (1958) and Brynner and Charlton Heston in the DeMille epic The Buccaneer (1958) in which she had a rare dressed-down role as a spirited pirate girl. On the more contemporary scene she appeared with Burton in two classic film dramas: the stark "kitchen sink" British stage piece Look Back in Anger (1959) and the Cold War espionage thriller The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965). In addition she courted tinges of controversy playing a housewife gone bonkers in the offbeat sudser The Chapman Report (1962) and a lesbian in the supernatural chiller The Haunting (1963).
Claire met first husband Rod Steiger while performing with him on stage in 1959's "Rashomon". They married that year and had daughter Anna in 1960 who grew up to become a well-regarded opera singer. Claire and Rod appeared in two lesser films together, The Illustrated Man (1969) and Three Into Two Won't Go (1969), both released the same year they divorced after 10 tumultuous years.
As with other maturing actress during the 1970s, Claire looked toward classy film roles in TV-movies for sustenance and found among them Backstairs at the White House (1979), as First Lady Edith Wilson, and Brideshead Revisited (1981), in which she was nominated for an Emmy. Also lauded were the epic miniseries Ellis Island (1984); a remake of Terence Rattigan 's Separate Tables (1983), and Philip Roth 's acclaimed adaptations of American Playhouse: The Ghost Writer (1984) and Shadowlands (1985), the latter earning her a British Television Award. Speaking of Roth, Claire married the writer (her third) in 1990 after a brief second marriage to producer Hillard Elkins (1969-1972). The union with Roth lasted five years. Claire appeared in several Shakespearean teleplays over the decades while also portraying a choice selection of historical royals including Czarina Alexandra and Katherine of Aragon. One of her most recent appearances on TV was the miniseries version of The Ten Commandments (2006). On daytime drama, she delightfully played matriarch and murderess Orlena Grimaldi on the daytime drama As the World Turns (1956) in 1993. She left the role in 1995 and was replaced.
Claire wrote two memoirs. The first was the more career-oriented "Limelight and After: The Education of an Actress", released in 1982 Her more controversial second book focused on her personal life: "Leaving a Doll's House: A Memoir", published in 1996.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Gary Brumburgh / [email protected]
Spouse (3)
Daughter, opera singer Anna Steiger , by her ex-husband, actor Rod Steiger .
She won rave reviews for her performances as Blanche Du Bois ("A Streetcar Named Desire") in London, Nora ("A Doll's House") on Broadway, and Madame Ranevskaya ("The Cherry Orchard") at Boston's prestigious American Repertory Theatre.
An Associate Member of RADA.
Was nominated for Broadway's 1999 Tony Award as Best Actress (Featured Role - Play) for "Electra."
Her second book, "Leaving a Doll's House: A Memoir" was published in 1996, and went into greater details about her personal life; she discussed not only her failed marriages, to the dismay of a disgruntled Philip Roth , but her romantic relationships with Richard Burton and Laurence Olivier .
According to Richard Burton 's biography "And God Created Burton" he was responsible for taking Bloom's virginity in 1949 when they began an affair days after the actor's wedding to Sybil Williams ; the affair carried on intermittently until 1957.
She was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours List for her services to drama.
Release of her book, "Limelight and After: The Education of an Actress". [1982]
Starring in "Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks" with Billy Zane on the West End in London. [March 2006]
London SW6, England: Actress [June 2013]
Filming a major cameo in The Doctor Who Christmas special [April 2009]
Currently appearing in "Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket London from 29th November 2006 - 27 February 2007. [November 2006]
Release of her book, "Leaving a Doll's House: A Memoir". [1996]
Her parents were both from Ashkenazi Jewish families (from Russia and Latvia). Her family's original surname was "Blumenthal".
She played Laurence Olivier 's wife in both Richard III (1955) and Clash of the Titans (1981).
Won the prestigious London Evening Standard Best Actress Award for her stage performance as Blanche DuBois in Tennessee Williams' 'A Streetcar Named Desire'.
Although she played Derek Jacobi 's mother in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1980), she is only seven years his senior.
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First developed by John Salk, the vaccine for which childhood illness was first tested in 1952? | A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Salk produces polio vaccine
Salk produces polio vaccine
1952
Poliomyelitis has been around since ancient times. There is still no cure for the disease. But at the peak of its devastation in the United States, Jonas Salk introduced a way to prevent it.
This infectious viral disease attacks the nerve cells and sometimes the central nervous system, often causing muscle wasting and paralysis and even death. Since 1900 there had been cycles of epidemics, each seeming to get stronger and more disastrous. The disease, whose early symptoms are like the flu, struck mostly children, although adults, including Franklin Roosevelt, caught it too.
As a medical student and later a researcher at the University of Michigan, Salk studied viruses, such as influenza, and ways to vaccinate against them. Successful vaccines already existed for diseases such as smallpox. For each virus, a vaccine must be custom-made, but the principles are the same: if your body is exposed to a very weak or small amount of the disease virus, it will produce antibodies, chemicals to resist and kill the virus. Then when a full-strength version of the disease virus comes along, your body is prepared to fight it.
In 1947 Salk became head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. He began investigating the poliovirus. To start with, he had to sort the 125 strains of the virus. He found that they fell into three basic types and knew that a vaccine would have to include these three types to protect against all polio. One of the hardest things about working with poliovirus was manufacturing enough to experiment with�and to make vaccine production practical.
In 1948 researchers at Harvard (J.F. Enders, T.H. Weller, and F.C. Robbins) made a breakthrough with this. They found that the virus could grow on scraps of tissue, without needing an intact organism like a chick embryo. Bacteria usually contaminated the tissue, but Enders' team was now able to get penicillin -- discovered 20 years earlier by Alexander Fleming and developed in the 1940s by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey -- and prevent the bacterial growth. Now viruses like mumps or polio could be created in large quantities for study. This team won the 1954 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine.
Now Salk could speed up his research. Using formaldehyde, he killed the polio virus but kept it intact enough to trigger the body's response. On July 2, 1952, Salk tried a refined vaccine on children who'd already had polio and recovered. After the vaccination, their antibodies increased. He then tried it on volunteers who had not had polio, including himself, his wife, and their children. The volunteers all produced antibodies, and none got sick.
In 1953 Salk reported his findings in The Journal of the American Medical Association. A nationwide testing of the vaccine was launched in April 1954 with the mass inoculation of school children. The results were amazing -- 60-70 percent prevention -- and Salk was praised to the skies. But suddenly, some 200 cases of the disease were caused by the vaccine and 11 people died. All testing was halted. It seemed that people's hopes were dashed until investigators found that the disease-causing vaccine all came from one poorly made batch at one drug company. Higher production standards were adopted and vaccinations resumed, with over 4 million given by August 1955. The impact was dramatic: In 1955 there were 28,985 cases of polio; in 1956, 14,647; in 1957, 5,894. By 1959, 90 other countries used Salk's vaccine.
Another researcher, Albert Sabin, didn't think Salk's killed-virus vaccine was strong enough. He wanted to mimic the real-life infection as much as possible; that meant using a weakened form of the live virus. He experimented with more than 9,000 monkeys and 100 chimpanzees before isolating a rare form of poliovirus that would reproduce in the intestinal tract but not in the central nervous system. In 1957 he was ready for human trials of an vaccine people could swallow, not get in a shot. It was tested in other countries, including the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In 1958 other researchers tested a strain in the U.S. and they tried to cast doubts on Sabin's "communist vaccine." In spite of this, his vaccine was licensed in 1962 and quickly became the vaccine of choice. It was cheaper to make and easier to take than Salk's injectable vaccine.
In the U.S., cases of polio are now extremely rare, and ironically, are almost always caused by the Sabin vaccine itself -- being live, the virus can mutate to a stronger form. Elsewhere there are still about 250,000 cases per year, mostly in developing nations where vaccination has not become widespread. The World Health Organization has goals to eradicate polio completely in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
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What age was Queen Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953? | Before the age of vaccination
Before the age of vaccination
Tuesday, October 31, 2000
This is what life was like in the United States before vaccines were developed to prevent most major childhood illnesses, according to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
Polio
Before Jonas Salk began testing a polio vaccine in 1952, an average of between 13,000 and 20,000 polio cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were reported yearly (In fact in 1952, the number of polio cases nationally peaked at 58,000).
These annual epidemics often left thousands of people -- mostly children -- in braces, crutches, wheelchairs and iron lungs.
The Salk and Sabin vaccines have eliminated paralytic polio in the Western hemisphere, although as many as 5,000 cases were reported last year in other parts of the world.
Although the broad use of the oral live virus Sabin vaccine resulted in rare but serious cases of vaccine-induced paralytic polio until the late 1990s, new guidelines call for administering four doses of the inactivated Salk vaccine from 2 months to 4 to 6 years, eliminating the risk of vaccine-related polio.
Measles
Before the vaccine, nearly everyone in the United States got measles. There were roughly 3 million to 4 million cases each year, and an average of 450 measles-associated deaths reported annually between 1953 and 1963.
More than 90 percent of people who are not immune will get measles if they are exposed to the virus. No measles cases were reported in Allegheny County in 1999 or 2000.
Hib meningitis
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in U.S. infants and children before the vaccine was introduced in December 1987. Hib meningitis killed 600 children each year and left many survivors with deafness, seizures or mental retardation.
This disease was a common, devastating illness as recently as 1990; now, most pediatricians just finishing training have never seen a case.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Before the vaccine, nearly all children developed whooping cough. Each year, there were 150,000 to 260,000 cases reported, resulting in 9,000 deaths.
Pertussis causes prolonged coughing spells that can last many weeks. These spells can make it difficult for a child to eat, drink and breathe, and younger children can easily become dehydrated. In infants, it can cause pneumonia and lead to brain damage, seizures and mental retardation.
The older pertussis vaccine caused adverse side effects in some people, which prompted passage of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act in 1986 and creation of a federal vaccine injury compensation program for people harmed by the whole cell pertussis vaccine. The newer (acellular or DTaP) vaccine has been available since 1991, resulting in fewer mild and moderate adverse reactions compared with the older doses.
Despite the vaccine, there are still a number of pertussis cases reported in Allegheny County each year, with 50 cases reported in both 1998 and 1999 -- the highest in a decade. Only five cases were reported in 1990 and 10 in 1991. As of Oct. 14 this year, 45 cases have been logged, said Guillermo Cole, spokesman for the Allegheny County Health Department.
Rubella (German measles)
While rubella is usually mild in children and adults, up to 90 percent of infants born to mothers infected with rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy will develop congenital rubella syndrome, resulting in heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation and deafness.
In 1964-65, before immunization, 20,000 infants were born with this syndrome. Of these, 11,600 babies were deaf, 3,500 were blind and 1,800 were mentally retarded.
Mumps
Mumps was a major cause of deafness in children, occurring in approximately 1 of every 20,000 cases. Rare conditions such as swelling of the brain, nerves and spinal cord can lead to serious side effects such as paralysis, seizures and fluid in the brain.
There were 212,000 cases of mumps in the United States in 1964. After immunization began in 1967, cases dropped dramatically. There were 606 cases reported in 1998. A second dose of mumps vaccine recently was added to the vaccine schedule to ensure total immunity.
Varicella (chickenpox)
Before licensing of the chickenpox vaccine in 1995, nearly all people in the United States got chickenpox by adulthood. It was responsible for 4 million cases, 11,000 hospitalizations and 100 deaths a year.
Chickenpox is usually mild, but may be severe in some infants, adolescents and adults. Some people who get chickenpox suffer secondary bacterial infections, dehydration, pneumonia and problems with the central nervous system. In addition, only people who have had chickenpox in the past can get shingles, a painful nerve inflammation. There are about 300,000 cases of shingles that occur each year when inactivated chickenpox virus is activated in people who have had varicella.
Hepatitis B
Five percent of Americans -- 1.25 million -- have been infected with hepatitis B virus. Each year, 4,000 to 5,000 of them die from related liver disease.
Infants and children who become infected with hepatitis B are at highest risk of developing lifelong infection. Before the immunization program, 45,000 children became infected with hepatitis B, 12,000 of whom acquired the virus from infected mothers.
The hepatitis B vaccine has been the target of a strong backlash from parents claiming the vaccine is harming more people than health officials will acknowledge.
Armed with federal statistics, foes say the vaccine has caused thousands of "adverse reactions" -- including conditions similar to rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. But federal public health officials insist the vaccine is one of the safest and most useful ever devised.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is caused by poison produced from the bacteria, causing heart and nerve problems. In the 1920s, diphtheria was a major cause of illness and death for U.S. children. The vaccine was developed in 1923. In 1998, only one case of diphtheria was reported in the United States.
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In 1953, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first men to reach the summit of which mountain? | Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay - 1953 Everest
Article
Everest 1953: First Footsteps - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
National Geographic revisits the 1953 British summit to Everest when the first people stood atop the world's highest mountain.
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Edmund Hillary (left) and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the 29,035-foot summit of Everest on May 29, 1953, becoming the first people to stand atop the world's highest mountain.
Photograph by AP
Excerpted From "50 Years on Everest," by Contributing Editor David Roberts, National Geographic Adventure, April 2003
By today's standards, the 1953 British expedition, under the military-style leadership of Sir John Hunt, was massive in the extreme, but in an oddly bottom-heavy way: 350 porters, 20 Sherpas, and tons of supplies to support a vanguard of only ten climbers. "Our climbers were all chosen as potential summiters," recalls George Band, 73, who was one of the party. Fifty years later, Band's memory of the campaign remains undimmed. "The basic plan was for two summit attempts, each by a pair of climbers, with a possible third assault if necessary. On such expeditions the leader tends to designate the summit pairs quite late during the expedition, when he sees how everybody is performing." Anxiety over who is chosen for the summit team would be a hallmark of major Everest expeditions for decades to come. But never again would the stakes be quite so high.
By the spring of 1953, the ascent of the world's highest mountain was beginning to seem inevitable. First attempted in 1921 by the British, Everest had repulsed at least ten major expeditions and two lunatic solo attempts. With the 1950 discovery of a southern approach to the mountain in newly opened Nepal, and the first ascent of the treacherous Khumbu Icefall the following year, what would come to be known by the 1990s as the "yellow brick road" to the summit had been identified.
At first it seemed the Swiss would claim the prize. In 1952 a strong Swiss team that included legendary alpinist Raymond Lambert had pioneered the route up the steep Lhotse Face and reached the South Col. From that high, broad saddle, Lambert and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay then pushed all the way to 28,210 feet (8,598 meters) on the Southeast Ridge before turning back—probably as high as anyone had ever stood on Earth.
Now the British were determined to bring every possible advantage to their spring 1953 offensive—including hiring Tenzing, 38, as their lead Sherpa, or sirdar. Earlier British expeditions, though impressive in their accomplishments, were often charmingly informal in style. Hunt's intricately planned assault, on the other hand, was all business. "You get there fastest with the mostest," observes mountaineering pundit Ken Wilson. "You have a military leader who is totally in tune with that philosophy, and you don't dink around in an amateur sort of clubby way."
From the start, the 33-year-old beekeeper Edmund Hillary (not yet Sir Edmund) was a strong contender for one of the summit slots. "It was his fourth Himalayan expedition in just over two years and he was at the peak of fitness," Band says. The heavily glaciated peaks of his native New Zealand had proved a perfect training ground for the Himalaya. Hillary earned respect early in the expedition by leading the team that forced a route through the Khumbu Icefall. "A sleeves-rolled-up, get-things-done man," Wilson calls him.
Still, logistical snafus, the failure of a number of stalwarts to acclimatize, and problems with some of the experimental oxygen sets stalled the expedition badly. The team took a troubling 12 days to retrace the Swiss route on the Lhotse Face (in part, perhaps, because the British were not as experienced on difficult ice). In despair, Hunt began to wonder whether his party would even reach the South Col.
The expedition finally gained the col—the vital staging area for a summit push—on May 21. This was late enough to be worrisome, for the monsoon, whose heavy snows would prohibit climbing, could arrive as early as June 1.
Because they became the first men to reach the summit of Everest, Hillary and Tenzing would earn a celebrity that has scarcely faded in 50 years. Who today remembers Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans? Yet Hunt's plan called for Bourdillon, a former president of the Oxford Mountaineering Club, and Evans, a brain surgeon, to make the first summit bid.
Despite a relatively late start and problems with Evans's oxygen set, Bourdillon and Evans crested the South Summit—at 28,700 feet (8,748 meters), only 330 feet (101 meters) short of the top—by 1 p.m. on May 26. But Evans was exhausted, and both men knew they would run out of oxygen if they went on. They agreed to turn back. Says Michael Westmacott, Bourdillon's closest friend on the 1953 team: "It was a decision Tom always regretted."
So it was that three days later Hillary and Tenzing set out for the top. Their pairing was hardly an accident. "It had always been Hunt's intention, if feasible, to include a Sherpa in one of the summit teams, as a way of recognizing their invaluable contribution to the success of these expeditions," Band says. "Tenzing had already proved he had summit potential by his performance the previous year with Lambert.
In fact, he had been at least 4,000 feet (1,219 meters) higher than any of us!" Indeed, Tenzing (who died in 1986) was the most experienced Everest veteran alive, having participated in six previous attempts on the mountain dating all the way back to 1935. (To those who criticize the practice of leading paying clients on Everest, Himalayan Experience founder and longtime Everest guide Russell Brice has a barbed, half-joking response: "You know who the first guided client on Everest was? Ed Hillary.")
But Hillary, too, had proved his worth, seeming to grow stronger as the expedition progressed. Band notes that Hillary had also realized what a powerful team he and Tenzing would make. "During the expedition, with hindsight, one can see that he made a deliberate effort to develop a good partnership with Tenzing," Band says. "It paid off. Hillary and Tenzing were the logical second party for the summit. But this was not determined at the outset, only during the course of the expedition as it evolved."
With an earlier start from a higher camp than Bourdillon and Evans's, Tenzing and Hillary reached the South Summit by 9 a.m. But the difficulties were far from over. After the South Summit, the ridge takes a slight dip before rising abruptly in a rocky spur some 40 feet (12 meters) high just before the true summit. Scraping at the snow with his ax, Hillary chimneyed between the rock pillar and an adjacent ridge of ice to surmount this daunting obstacle, later to be known as the Hillary Step. The pair reached the highest point on Earth at 11:30 a.m. on May 29.
The men shook hands, as Hillary later wrote, "in good Anglo-Saxon fashion," but then Tenzing clasped his partner in his arms and pounded him on the back. The pair spent only 15 minutes on top. "Inevitably my thoughts turned to Mallory and Irvine," Hillary wrote, referring to the two British climbers who had vanished high on Everest's Northeast Ridge in 1924. "With little hope I looked around for some sign that they had reached the summit, but could see nothing."
As the two men made their way back down, the first climber they met was teammate George Lowe, also a New Zealander. Hillary's legendary greeting: "Well, George, we knocked the bastard off!"
Their fame was spreading even as Hillary and Tenzing left the mountain. "When we came out toward Kathmandu, there was a very strong political feeling, particularly among the Indian and Nepalese press, who very much wanted to be assured that Tenzing was first," Sir Edmund recalls today. "That would indicate that Nepalese and Indian climbers were at least as good as foreign climbers. We felt quite uncomfortable with this at the time. John Hunt, Tenzing, and I had a little meeting. We agreed not to tell who stepped on the summit first.
"To a mountaineer, it's of no great consequence who actually sets foot first. Often the one who puts more into the climb steps back and lets his partner stand on top first." The pair's pact stood until years later, when Tenzing revealed in his autobiography, Tiger of the Snows, that Hillary had in fact preceded him.
Neither man anticipated how much, in the wake of their success, the appeal of that patch of snow more than five miles in the sky would grow. "Both Tenzing and I thought that once we'd climbed the mountain, it was unlikely anyone would ever make another attempt," Sir Edmund admits today. "We couldn't have been more wrong."
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| Mount Everest |
What was the name of the 42 year old African-American who became famous for refusing to give her seat up to a white bus passenger in Alabama in 1955? | Everest anniversary: facts about the first ascent - Telegraph
Mount Everest
Everest anniversary: facts about the first ascent
On the 60th anniversary of the triumphant 1953 British expedition to Everest approaches, here are some facts about the first ascent of the world's highest mountain:
Sir Edmund Hillary (L) and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953 Photo: Getty Images
8:28AM BST 29 May 2013
:: Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first men to reach the 29,028ft (8,848 metres) summit on May 29, 1953.
:: When he reached the top, Sir Edmund turned to a member of his team and said: "We knocked the b*****d off," referring to the mountain.
:: Previous adventurers George Mallory and Sandy Irvine began climbing Everest in 1924 wearing hobnail boots and heavy tweed clothing.
:: Both men disappeared on June 8, 1924, having been last seen within 2,000ft of the world's highest peak.
:: Mallory's body was found in 1999 but the discovery was unable to help answer the mountain's great question - did Mallory and Irvine reach the summit and die on their descent?
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Who became Prime Minister of Cuba in 1959? | Castro sworn in - Feb 16, 1959 - HISTORY.com
Castro sworn in
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On February 16, 1959, Fidel Castro is sworn in as prime minister of Cuba after leading a guerrilla campaign that forced right-wing dictator Fulgencio Batista into exile. Castro, who became commander in chief of Cuba’s armed forces after Batista was ousted on January 1, replaced the more moderate Miro Cardona as head of the country’s new provisional government.
Castro was born in the Oriente province in eastern Cuba, the son of a Spanish immigrant who had made a fortune building rail systems to transport sugar cane. He became involved in revolutionary politics while a student and in 1947 took part in an abortive attempt by Dominican exiles and Cubans to overthrow Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo . In the next year, he took part in urban riots in Bogota, Colombia. The most outstanding feature of his politics during the period was his anti-American beliefs; he was not yet an overt Marxist.
In 1951, he ran for a seat in the Cuban House of Representatives as a member of the reformist Ortodoxo Party, but General Batista seized power in a bloodless coup d’etat before the election could be held.
Various groups formed to oppose Batista’s dictatorship, and on July 26, 1953, Castro led some 160 rebels in an attack on the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba–Cuba’s second largest military base. Castro hoped to seize weapons and announce his revolution from the base radio station, but the barracks were heavily defended, and more than half his men were captured or killed.
Castro was himself arrested and put on trial for conspiring to overthrow the Cuban government. During his trial, he argued that he and his rebels were fighting to restore democracy to Cuba, but he was nonetheless found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison.
Two years later, Batista felt confident enough in his power that he granted a general amnesty for all political prisoners, including Castro. Castro then went with his brother Raul to Mexico , and they organized the revolutionary 26th of July Movement, enlisting recruits and joining up with Ernesto “Che” Guevara, an idealist Marxist from Argentina.
On December 2, 1956, Castro and 81 armed men landed on the Cuban coast. All of them were killed or captured except for Castro, Raul, Che, and nine others, who retreated into the Sierra Maestra mountain range to wage a guerrilla war against the Batista government. They were joined by revolutionary volunteers from all over Cuba and won a series of victories over Batista’s demoralized army. Castro was supported by the peasantry, to whom he promised land reform, while Batista received aid from the United States, which bombed suspected revolutionary positions.
By mid-1958, a number of other Cuban groups were also opposing Batista, and the United States ended military aid to his regime. In December, the 26th of July forces under Che Guevara attacked the city of Santa Clara, and Batista’s forces crumbled. Batista fled for the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959. Castro, who had fewer than 1,000 men left at the time, took control of the Cuban government’s 30,000-man army. The other rebel leaders lacked the popular support the young and charismatic Castro enjoyed, and on February 16 he was sworn in as prime minister.
The United States initially recognized the new Cuban dictator but withdrew its support after Castro launched a program of agrarian reform, nationalized U.S. assets on the island, and declared a Marxist government. Many of Cuba’s wealthier citizens fled to the United States, where they joined the CIA in its efforts to overthrow Castro’s regime.
In April 1961, with training and support by the CIA, the Cuban exiles launched an ill-fated and unsuccessful invasion of Cuba known as the “Bay of Pigs.” The Soviet Union reacted to the attack by escalating its support to Castro’s communist government and in 1962 placed offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba. The discovery of the missiles by U.S. intelligence led to the tense “ Cuban Missile Crisis ,” which ended after the Soviets agreed to remove the weapons in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba.
Castro’s Cuba was the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere, and he would retain control of it into the 21st century, outlasting 10 U.S. presidents who opposed him with economic embargoes and political rhetoric. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro lost a valuable source of aid, but he made up for it by courting European and Canadian investment and tourism. In July 2006, Castro temporarily ceded power to his brother Raul after undergoing intestinal surgery. His struggles with illness continued, and he officially stepped down in February 2008. Castro died on November 25, 2016, at 90.
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Fidel Castro
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Introduction
Cuban leader Fidel Castro (1926-2016) established the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere after leading an overthrow of the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959. He ruled over Cuba for nearly five decades, until handing off power to his younger brother Raúl in 2008. During that time, Castro’s regime was successful in reducing illiteracy, stamping out racism and improving public health care, but was widely criticized for stifling economic and political freedoms. Castro’s Cuba also had a highly antagonistic relationship with the United States–most notably resulting in the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The two nations officially normalized relations in July 2015, ending a trade embargo that had been in place since 1960, when U.S.-owned businesses in Cuba were nationalized without compensation. Castro died on November 25, 2016, at 90.
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Fidel Castro: Early Years
Castro was born on August 13, 1926, in Birán, a small town in eastern Cuba. His father was a wealthy Spanish sugarcane farmer who first came to the island during the Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898); his mother was a domestic servant for his father’s family who bore him out of wedlock. After attending a couple of Jesuit schools–including the Colegio de Belén, where he excelled at baseball–Castro enrolled as a law student at the University of Havana. While there, he became interested in politics, joining the anti-corruption Orthodox Party and participating in an aborted coup attempt against the brutal Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo .
Did You Know?
In addition to the Bay of Pigs invasion, the United States made several failed attempts on Fidel Castro's life, including poisoning his cigars with Botox.
In 1950, Castro graduated from the University of Havana and opened a law office. Two years later, he ran for election to the Cuban House of Representatives. The election never happened, however, because Batista seized power that March. Castro responded by planning a popular uprising. “From that moment on, I had a clear idea of the struggle ahead,” he said in a 2006 “spoken autobiography.”
Castro’s Revolution Begins
In July 1953, Castro led about 120 men in an attack on the Moncada army barracks in Santiago de Cuba. The assault failed, Castro was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison, and many of his men were killed. The U.S.-backed Batista, looking to improve his authoritarian image, subsequently released Castro in 1955 as part of a general amnesty. Castro ended up in Mexico , where he met fellow revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Guevara and plotted his return.
The following year, Castro and 81 other men sailed on the yacht “Granma” to the eastern coast of Cuba, where government forces immediately ambushed them. The estimated 18 survivors, including Castro, his brother Raúl and Guevara, fled deep into the Sierra Maestra Mountains in southeastern Cuba with virtually no weapons or supplies.
According to Castro, the revolutionaries started reorganizing with only two rifles,. But by early 1957 they were already attracting recruits and winning small battles against Rural Guard patrols. “We’d take out the men in front, attack the center, and then ambush the rear when it started retreating, in the terrain we’d chosen,” Castro said in his spoken autobiography. In 1958, Batista tried to snuff out the uprising with a massive offensive, complete with air force bombers and naval offshore units. The guerrillas held their ground, launched a counterattack and wrested control from Batista on January 1, 1959. Castro arrived in Havana a week later and soon took over as prime minister. At the same time, revolutionary tribunals began trying and executing members of the old regime for alleged war crimes.
Castro’s Rule
In 1960, Castro nationalized all U.S.-owned businesses, including oil refineries, factories and casinos. This prompted the United States to end diplomatic relations and impose a trade embargo that still stands today. Meanwhile, in April 1961, about 1,400 Cuban exiles trained and funded by the CIA landed near the Bay of Pigs with the intent of overthrowing Castro. Their plans ended in disaster, however, partially because a first wave of bombers missed their targets and a second air strike was called off. Ultimately, more than 100 exiles were killed and nearly everyone else was captured. In December 1962, Castro freed them in exchange for medical supplies and baby food worth about $52 million.
Castro publicly declared himself a Marxist-Leninist in late 1961. By that time, Cuba was becoming increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union for economic and military support. In October 1962, the United States discovered that nuclear missiles had been stationed there, just 90 miles from Florida , setting off fears of a World War III. After a 13-day standoff, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the nukes against the wishes of Castro, who was left out of the negotiations. In return, U.S. President John F. Kennedy publicly consented not to reinvade Cuba and privately consented to take American nuclear weapons out of Turkey.
Cuban Life under Castro
After taking power, Castro abolished legal discrimination, brought electricity to the countryside, provided for full employment and advanced the causes of education and health care, in part by building new schools and medical facilities. But he also closed down opposition newspapers, jailed thousands of political opponents and made no move toward elections. Moreover, he limited the amount of land a person could own, abolished private business and presided over housing and consumer goods shortages. With political and economic options so limited, hundreds of thousands of Cubans, including vast numbers of professionals and technicians, left Cuba, often for the United States.
From the 1960s to the 1980s, Castro supplied military and financial aid to various leftist guerilla movements in Latin America and Africa. Nonetheless, relations with many countries, with the notable exception of the United States, began to normalize. Cuba’s economy foundered when the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s and the United States expanded sanctions even further. Yet Castro, who by this time had switched his title from prime minister to president, found new trading partners and was able to cling to power until 2006, when he temporarily gave control of the government to Raúl after undergoing emergency intestinal surgery. Two years later, in 2008, he permanently resigned.
In 2015, U.S. and Cuban officials announced they had agreed to terms on the normalization of relations between the two nations, with mutual embassies and diplomatic missions opening in each country.
Castro died on November 25, 2016, at the age of 90. His death was announced on state television and later confirmed by his brother Raúl. Castro will be laid to rest in the city of Santiago de Cuba.
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What was Elvis Presley’s first number one hit single, released in January 1956? | Elvis Presley [1956] - Elvis Presley | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Elvis Presley [1956]
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AllMusic Review by Bruce Eder
Today it all seems so easy -- RCA signs up the kid from Memphis, television gets interested at around the same time, and the rest is history. The circumstances surrounding this album were neither simple nor promising, however, nor was there anything in the history of popular music up to that time to hint that Elvis Presley was going to be anything other than " Steve Sholes ' folly," which was what rival executives were already whispering. So a lot was unsettled and untried at the first of two groups of sessions that produced the Elvis Presley album -- it wasn't even certain that there was any reason for a rock & roll artist to cut an album, because teenagers bought 45s, not LPs. The first of Elvis ' RCA sides yielded one song, "Heartbreak Hotel," that seemed a potential single, but which no one thought would sell, and a few tracks that would be good enough for an album, if there were one. But no one involved knew anything for sure about this music. Seventeen days later, "Heartbreak Hotel" was released, and for about a month it did nothing -- then it began to move, and then Elvis appeared on television, and had a number one pop single. The album Sholes wanted out of Elvis came from two groups of sessions in January and February, augmented by five previously unissued songs from the Sun library. This was as startling a debut record as any ever made, representing every side of Elvis ' musical influences except gospel -- rockabilly, blues, R&B, country, and pop were all here in an explosive and seductive combination. Elvis Presley became the first rock & roll album to reach the number one spot on the national charts, and RCA's first million dollar-earning pop album.
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In 1954, which British athlete broke the Four Minute Mile? | Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley (January 8, 1935 August 16, 1977) was an American singer, musician and actor. One of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as "the King of Rock and Roll", or simply, "the King".
His music career began there in 1954, and his first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number-one hit. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African-American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.
After two years of military service, he resumed his recording career in 1960.
Along with Frank Sinatra, Presley is one of the most celebrated musicians of 20th-century. His versatile voice and wide success encompassed many genres, including country, pop music, gospel, and blues. He is the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music.
Frank Sinatra (December 12, 1915 May 14, 1998) was a very popular American singer and film actor. Beginning his musical career in the swing era as the boy singer with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra found unprecedented success as a solo artist from the early to mid-1940s. His professional career had stalled by the 1950s, but it was reborn in 1953 after he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here to Eternity. He was a founding member of the "Rat Pack" and fraternized with celebrities and statesmen, including John F. Kennedy.
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In which US state did the first Disney theme park open in 1955? | Disneyland opens - Jul 17, 1955 - HISTORY.com
Disneyland opens
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Disneyland, Walt Disney’s metropolis of nostalgia, fantasy, and futurism, opens on July 17, 1955. The $17 million theme park was built on 160 acres of former orange groves in Anaheim, California, and soon brought in staggering profits. Today, Disneyland hosts more than 14 million visitors a year, who spend close to $3 billion.
Walt Disney, born in Chicago in 1901, worked as a commercial artist before setting up a small studio in Los Angeles to produce animated cartoons. In 1928, his short film Steamboat Willy, starring the character “Mickey Mouse,” was a national sensation. It was the first animated film to use sound, and Disney provided the voice for Mickey. From there on, Disney cartoons were in heavy demand, but the company struggled financially because of Disney’s insistence on ever-improving artistic and technical quality. His first feature-length cartoon, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1938), took three years to complete and was a great commercial success.
Snow White was followed by other feature-length classics for children, such as Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). Fantasia (1940), which coordinated animated segments with famous classical music pieces, was an artistic and technical achievement. In Song of the South (1946), Disney combined live actors with animated figures, and beginning with Treasure Island in 1950 the company added live-action movies to its repertoire. Disney was also one of the first movie studios to produce film directly for television, and its Zorro and Davy Crockett series were very popular with children.
In the early 1950s, Walt Disney began designing a huge amusement park to be built near Los Angeles. He intended Disneyland to have educational as well as amusement value and to entertain adults and their children. Land was bought in the farming community of Anaheim, about 25 miles southeast of Los Angeles, and construction began in 1954. In the summer of 1955, special invitations were sent out for the opening of Disneyland on July 17. Unfortunately, the pass was counterfeited and thousands of uninvited people were admitted into Disneyland on opening day. The park was not ready for the public: food and drink ran out, a women’s high-heel shoe got stuck in the wet asphalt of Main Street USA, and the Mark Twain Steamboat nearly capsized from too many passengers.
Disneyland soon recovered, however, and attractions such as the Castle, Mr. Toad’s Wild Ride, Snow White’s Adventures, Space Station X-1, Jungle Cruise, and Stage Coach drew countless children and their parents. Special events and the continual building of new state-of-the-art attractions encouraged them to visit again. In 1965, work began on an even bigger Disney theme park and resort near Orlando, Florida. Walt Disney died in 1966, and Walt Disney World was opened in his honor on October 1, 1971. Epcot Center, Disney-MGM Studios, and Animal Kingdom were later added to Walt Disney World, and it remains Florida’s premier tourist attraction. In 1983, Disneyland Tokyo opened in Japan, and in 1992 Disneyland Paris–or “EuroDisney”–opened to a mixed reaction in Marne-la-Vallee. The newest Disneyland, in Hong Kong, opened its doors in September 2005.
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Which US actor, who appeared in the film ‘East of Eden’, died in a car accident in 1955? | Disneyland Opens in 1955
By Jennifer Rosenberg
Updated October 16, 2015.
On July 17, 1955, Disneyland opened for a few thousand specially invited visitors; the following day, Disneyland officially opened to the public. Disneyland, located in Anaheim, California on what used to be a 160-acre orange orchard, cost $17 million to build. The original park included Main Street, Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland.
Walt Disney's Vision for Disneyland
When they were little, Walt Disney would take his two young daughters, Diane and Sharon, to play at the carousel at Griffith Park in Los Angeles every Sunday. While his daughters enjoyed their repeated rides, Disney sat on park benches with the other parents who had nothing to do but watch. It was on these Sunday excursions that Walt Disney began to dream of an activity park that had things for both children and parents to do.
At first, Disney envisioned an eight-acre park which would be located near his Burbank studios and be called, " Mickey Mouse Park ." However, as Disney began to plan themed areas, he quickly realized that eight-acres would be way too small for his vision.
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Although World War II and other projects put Disney's theme park on the back burner for many years, Disney continued to dream about his future park. In 1953, Walt Disney was finally ready to start on what would become known as Disneyland.
Finding a Location for Disneyland
The first part of the project was to find a location. Disney hired the Stanford Research Institute to find an appropriate location that consisted of at least 100-acres, was located near Los Angeles, and could be reached by a freeway. The company found for Disney a 160-acre orange orchard in Anaheim, California.
Financing a Place of Dreams
Next came finding funding. While Walt Disney put up much of his own money to make his dream a reality, he didn't have enough personal money to complete the project. Disney then contacted financiers to help. But however much Walt Disney was enthralled with the theme park idea, the financiers he approached were not.
Many of the financiers could not envision the monetary rewards of a place of dreams. To gain financial support for his project, Disney turned to the new medium of television. Disney made a plan with ABC: ABC would help finance the park if Disney would produce a television show on their channel. The program Walt created was called "Disneyland" and showed previews of the different themed areas in the new, upcoming park.
Building Disneyland
On July 21, 1954, construction on the park began. It was a momentous undertaking to build Main Street, Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland in only one year. The total cost of building Disneyland would be $17 million.
Opening Day
On July 17, 1955, 6,000 by-invitation-only guests were invited for a special preview of Disneyland before it opened to the public the following day. Unfortunately, 22,000 extra people arrived with counterfeit tickets.
Besides the huge numbers of extra people on this first day, many other things went wrong. Included in the problems were a heat wave that made the temperature unusually and unbearably hot, a plumber's strike meant only a few of the water fountains were functional, women's shoes sunk into still soft asphalt which had been laid the night before, and a gas leak caused several of the themed areas to be closed temporarily.
Despite these initial setbacks, Disneyland opened to the public on July 18, 1955, with an entrance fee of $1. Over the decades, Disneyland has added attractions and opened the imaginations of millions of children.
What was true when Walt Disney stated it during the opening ceremonies in 1955 still stands true today: "To all who come to this happy place - welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. Thank you."
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What type of animal was Laika, who was the first living animal to orbit the Earth in Sputnik 2, launched by Russia? | Laika the Dog - First Animal in Outer Space, 1957
Laika the Dog
Laika the Dog
The First Animal in Orbit
Laika, Russian cosmonaut dog, 1957. Laika was the first animal to orbit the Earth, travelling on board the Sputnik 2 spacraft launched on 3 November 1957. (Photo by Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
Updated November 03, 2015.
Who Was Laika the Dog?
Aboard the Soviet's Sputnik 2, Laika, a dog, became the very first living creature to enter orbit. However, since the Soviets did not create a re-entry plan, Laika died in space. Laika's death sparked debates about animal rights around the world.
Dates: Launched on November 3, 1957
Also Known As: Kudryavka; Layka; Muttnik
Three Weeks to Build a Rocket
The Cold War was only a decade old when the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States began. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets were the first to successfully launch a rocket into space with their launch of Sputnik 1, a basketball-sized satellite.
Approximately a week after Sputnik 1's successful launch, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev suggested that another rocket be launched into space to mark the 40th anniversary of the Russian Revolution on November 7, 1957. That left Soviet engineers only three weeks to fully design and build a new rocket.
Choosing a Dog
The Soviets, in ruthless competition with the United States, wanted to make another "first;" so they decided to send the first living creature into orbit.
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While Soviet engineers hurriedly worked on the design, three stray dogs (Albina, Mushka, and Laika) were extensively tested and trained for the flight.
The dogs were confined in small places, subjected to extremely loud noises and vibrations, and made to wear a newly created space suit. All of these tests were to condition the dogs to the experiences they would likely have during the flight. Though all three did well, it was Laika who was chosen to board Sputnik 2.
Into the Module
Laika, which means "barker" in Russian, was a three-year old, stray mutt that weighed 13 pounds and had a calm demeanor. She was placed in her restrictive module several days in advance.
Right before launch, Laika was covered in an alcohol solution and painted with iodine in several spots so that sensors could be placed on her. The sensors were to monitor her heartbeat, blood pressure, and other bodily functions to understand any physical changes that might occur in space.
Although Laika's module was restrictive, it was padded and had just enough room for her to lay down or stand as she wished. She also had access to special, gelatinous, space food made for her.
Launch
On November 3, 1957, Sputnik 2 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome (now located in Kazakhstan near the Aral Sea ). The rocket successfully reached space and the spacecraft, with Laika inside, began to orbit the Earth. The spacecraft circled the Earth every hour and 42 minutes, traveling approximately 18,000 miles per hour.
As the world watched and waited for news of Laika's condition, the Soviet Union announced that a recovery plan had not been established for Laika. With only three weeks to create the new spacecraft, they did not have time to create a way for Laika to make it home. The de facto plan was for Laika to die in space.
Laika Dies in Space
Although all agree that Laika made it into orbit, there had long been a question as to how long she lived after that.
Some said that the plan was for her to live for several days and that her last food allotment was poisoned. Others said she died four days into the trip when there was an electrical burnout and the interior temperatures rose dramatically. And still others said she died five to seven hours into the flight from stress and heat.
The true story of when Laika died was not revealed until 2002, when Soviet scientist Dimitri Malashenkov addressed the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas. Malashenkov ended four decades of speculation when he amitted that Laika had died from overheating just hours after the launch.
Long after Laika's death, the spacecraft continued to orbit the Earth with all its systems off until it reentered Earth's atmosphere five months later, on April 14, 1958, and burned up on reentry.
A Hero
Laika proved that it was possible for a living being to enter space. Her death also sparked animal rights debates across the planet. In the Soviet Union, Laika and all the other animals that made space flight possible are remembered as heroes.
In 2008, a statue of Laika was unveiled near a military research facility in Moscow.
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Which film, starring Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr, was released in June 1956? | What was the first animal in space? - Ask History
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April 29, 2015 By Nate Barksdale
Laika, the first dog in space, in the Sputnik 2 capsule.
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Though far less famous than later non-human astronauts, the first animals in space were a group of fruit flies, launched to an altitude of 42 miles at the tip of a Nazi-designed V-2 rocket by American military scientists on February 20, 1947. The flies, members of the often-studied species Drosophila melanogaster, made their journey alongside packets of rye and cotton seeds as part of an experiment to study the effects of cosmic rays on living organisms. The flies’ container parachuted to the ground and the insects were retrieved in perfect health.
The first vertebrates sent into space were a series of ill-fated monkeys and mice launched between 1948 and 1951 by American researchers. On June 14, 1949, a Rhesus monkey named Albert II blasted to an altitude of 83 miles in a V-2, surviving the flight but dying on impact. A year later, the U.S. launched a mouse and photographed its behavior in a weightless state, although it too was not recovered alive.
The Soviet Union had better luck, launching (to 62 miles) and recovering a pair of dogs, Tsygan and Dezik, on July 22, 1951. Two months later, the U.S. launched and retrieved an anesthetized monkey named Yorick along with 11 mice. Alas, poor Yorick died after his capsule overheated in the New Mexico sun while awaiting recovery, though nine of the mice survived. Six years later the Soviet Sputnik II probe carried the first animal into orbit, a former stray dog named Kudryavka (“curly”) but later known to the world as Laika (“barker”). She died in her orbiting capsule—no provisions had been made to return her to earth alive—sparking debate in the West over the ethics of sacrificing animals to advance science. In 1960, the Soviet’ Sputnik 5, carrying two dogs as part of its animal-laden cargo, was successfully recovered after orbit. The following year, despite Cold War tensions, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev gave the puppy of one of Sputnik 5’s dogs to young Caroline Kennedy. Pushinka, as she was known, eventually gave birth to four puppies of her own, which President John F. Kennedy referred to as the “pupniks.”
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Born on 20th July 1956, who was the original drummer in the punk rock band The Sex Pistols? | Paul Cook — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
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Paul Cook, born on 20 July 1956, is an English drummer and member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols .
Cook was raised in Hammersmith, London. He attended the Christopher Wren school in White City Estate, Shepherds Bush, where he met Steve Jones . In 1972-1973, Cook and Jones, along with their school friend Wally Nightingale, formed a band, The Strand . Within the next three years The Strand evolved into the Sex Pistols.
After Sex Pistols split in 1978, Cook… read more
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Invented by Dr David Warren in the 1950’s, what is the ‘Flight Data Recorder’ better known as? | Paul Cook (Drummer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Paul Cook
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Born Jul 20, 1956
Paul Thomas Cook is an English drummer and member of the punk rock band Sex Pistols.
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'WASHINGTON -- A large number of House Republicans voted against raising the nation\'s borrowing cap Tuesday, even though they supported a budget in December that required a debt ceiling increase. \nA total of 201 lawmakers cast votes against allowing the U.S. Treasury Department to borrow more money to pay for the bills that Congress appropriated. Of those, 143 had previously voted for the Murray-Ryan budget bill that set spending levels at $1.012 trillion in 2014 and $1.014 trillion in 20...
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LATimes - Jul 16, 2012
' After workers had tabulated just six precincts, congressional candidate Phil Liberatore called a halt to his recount request, county elections officials said. \n Liberatore had come in third in the June 5 primary, behind anti-illegal immigration activist Gregg Imus and Assemblyman <mark>Paul Cook</mark>. All are Republicans. \n Michael J. Scarpello, San Bernardino County registrar of voters, said Liberatore, who was required to pay for the recount, asked to stop it three hours after it be...
Liberatore Gets Recount In Congressional District Race
LATimes - Jul 11, 2012
'  \n Phil Liberatore, the third-place finisher in a 13-candidate congressional race, has asked for a recount of ballots cast in the June 5 primary, San Bernardino County elections officials confirmed Wednesday. \n Liberatore, a Republican accountant and anti-IRS tax crusader, finished 240 votes behind Assemblyman <mark>Paul Cook</mark> (R-Yucca Valley) in the preliminary race for the 8th Congressional District. The top vote-getter was anti-illegal immigration activist Gregg Imus, als...
Fenmen Lose To Champions
Fenland Citizen - Apr 18, 2012
' Wisbech Town 1, Wroxham 2 THE Fenmenâs run of six games unbeaten came to an end when they gifted the Ridgeons League champions two goals at the Elgoodâs Fenland Stadium on Tuesday night. The defeat also makes things very difficult now for Steve Applebyâs side to overhaul Brantham in the final two games and snatch third place in the table. Appleby said: âI think that game pretty well sums up our season - so near but not quite there. We have had the better chances on the night but have ...
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Paul Cook.
CHILDHOOD
1956 Birth Born on July 20, 1956.
TEENAGE
1972 15 Years Old Cook was raised in Hammersmith and attended the Christopher Wren School, now Phoenix High School, London in White City Estate, Shepherds Bush, where he met Steve Jones. In 1972â1973, Cook and Jones, along with their school friend Wally Nightingale, formed a band, The Strand. … Read More
Paul Cook first met Steve Jones at Christopher Wren Secondary School in Shepherds Bush. The pair became good friends and while bunking off school in 1972 decided to form a band along with Wally Nightingale. Within the next three years The Strand evolved into the Sex Pistols. Read Less
TWENTIES
1978 21 Years Old After the Sex Pistols suddenly broke up after their final concert in San Francisco on 14 January 1978, Cook and Jones initially worked on the soundtrack to Julien Temple's film, The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. … Read More
The two also recorded a few songs using the Sex Pistols name, Cook singing lead on the album version of the song "Silly Thing". The pair then started a new band, The Professionals, with Andy Allan. Allan caused some legal problems; he played bass on "Silly Thing" and the first few Professionals recordings, but had no recording contract and had been neither credited nor paid. Consequently, the Virgin Records compilation album Cash Cows, which featured The Professionals' track "Kick Down the Doors", was withdrawn. Cook and Jones played together on Johnny Thunders' solo album, So Alone.<br /><br /> They released four singles, recorded a self-titled LP that was shelved until 1990, and released I Didn't See It Coming in November 1981. The band's American tour to promote the album was cut short when band members Cook, Paul Myers, and Ray McVeigh were injured in a car accident. While The Professionals did return to America in the Spring of 1982 after recovery, Jones and Myers' drug problems further hampered the band's prospects. They declined an opening spot offer on tour for The Clash, and broke up. Read Less
1982 25 Years Old …
In the early 1980s, Cook, along with Jones, discovered the English new wave girl-group Bananarama. Read Less
Cook helped the trio record their debut single, "Aie a Mwana", and acted as a producer on their 1982 debut album Deep Sea Skiving. … Read More
In the late 1980s, Cook surfaced with the group Chiefs of Relief with former Bow Wow Wow guitarist Matthew Ashman, and, after a period out of the music industry, played with Phil Collen in the 1990s. Read Less
THIRTIES
1996 39 Years Old He reunited with the surviving Sex Pistols in 1996 for the Filthy Lucre world tour.
FIFTIES
2007 50 Years Old The Sex Pistols, including Paul Cook, played a gig for the 30th anniversary of Never Mind The Bollocks at the Brixton Academy on 8 November 2007. … Read More
Due to popular demand, two further gigs were announced on 9 and 10 November, and four further dates were added.<br /><br /> In 2008, the Sex Pistols appeared at the Isle Of Wight Festival as the headlining act on the Saturday night, the Peace and Love Festival in Sweden, the Live at Loch Lomond Festival in Scotland, and the Summercase Festival in Madrid. Read Less
2008 51 Years Old Cook drummed with Man-Raze, which also featured Phil Collen from Def Leppard and their friend Simon Laffy who used to play in Collen's pre-Leppard band, Girl. They released a debut album Surreal in 2008, and toured throughout the UK in late 2009.
2011 54 Years Old In 2011, Cook joined Vic Godard and Subway Sect, and renewed his collaborations with Paul Myers from The Professionals. … Read More
Cook has worked with Godard, on and off, for the past two decades. They toured throughout 2012 and, in March 2012, recorded 1978 Now with Edwyn Collins. Read Less
2015 58 Years Old In celebration of the release of a three disc set (The Complete Professionals) by Universal Music Group for October 16, 2015, Cook, with Tom Spencer filling in for Steve Jones, reunited with The Professionals for a concert at the 100 Club. … Read More
In January 2016, the band announced a three show tour for March 17 to 19. A joint headline show featuring Rich Kids has also been announced at Londonâs O2 Shepherds Bush Empire for May 16. The show has been reschedule for June 23 due to the ongoing structural work at the venue.<br /><br /> Cook lives in Hammersmith with his wife, Jeni Cook, formerly of Culture Club, and their daughter, Hollie Cook, a solo musician. He works as a session musician for Edwyn Collins. Cook also played football for Hollywood United. Read Less
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cook .
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Named after her daughter, Ruth Handler invented which doll in 1959? | History of Barbie Doll and Inventor Ruth Handler
Inventors
The first Barbie doll shown at New York Toy Fair in 1959. Courtesy of Barbie Media & Mattel
The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 by Ruth Handler (co-founder of Mattel ), whose own daughter was called Barbara. Barbie was introduced to the world at the American Toy Fair in New York City. Barbie's job was teenage fashion doll. The Ken doll was named after Ruth's son and was introduced two years after Barbie in 1961.
Barbie Facts & Technology
The full name of the first doll was Barbie Millicent Roberts, from Willows, Wisconsin. Barbie's job was that of teenage fashion model. However, the doll has been made in versions connected to over 125 different careers.
She came as either a brunette or blond, and in 1961 red hair was added. In 1980, the first African American Barbie and Hispanic Barbie were introduced, however, Barbie did have a black friend named Christie who was introduced in 1969.
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The first Barbie was sold for $3. Additional clothing based on the latest runway trends from Paris were sold, costing from $1 to $5. In the first year (1959), 300,000 Barbie dolls were sold. Today, a mint condition "#1" (1959 Barbie doll) can fetch as much as $27,450. To date, over 70 fashion designers have made clothes for Mattel, using over 105 million yards of fabric.
There has been some controversy over Barbie Doll's figure when it was realized that if Barbie was a real person her measurements would be an impossible 36-18-38. Barbie's "real" measurements are 5 inches (bust), 3 ¼ inches (waist), 5 3/16 inches (hips). Her weight is 7 ¼ ounces, and her height is 11.5 inches tall.
In 1965, Barbie first had bendable legs, and eyes that open and shut.
In 1967, a Twist 'N Turn Barbie was released that had a moveable body that twisted at the waist.
The best-selling Barbie doll ever was 1992 Totally Hair Barbie , with hair from the top of her head to her toes.
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Who wrote the 1934 novel ‘I, Claudius’? | Ruth Handler | Lemelson-MIT Program
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Ruth Handler
The Barbie Doll
In 1959, Ruth Handler invented something that became so quintessentially American as to be included in the official "America's Time Capsule," buried at the celebration of the Bicentennial in 1976: the Barbie doll.
In the early 1950s, Handler saw that her young daughter, Barbara, and her girlfriends enjoyed playing with adult female dolls as much or more than with baby dolls. Handler sensed that it was just as important for girls to imagine what they themselves might grow up to become as it was for them to focus on what caring for children might be like.
All of the adult dolls that were currently available on the market were made out of paper or cardboard, so Handler decided to create a three-dimensional adult female doll. A doll that was lifelike enough to serve as an inspiration for her daughter's dreams of her future. Handler took her idea to the ad executives at Mattel Corp., the company that she and her husband, Elliot, had founded in their garage some years before. The all-male committee rejected the idea, saying it was too expensive and had little potential for wide market appeal.
Soon thereafter, Handler returned from a trip to Europe with a "Lilli" doll, which was modeled after a character in a German comic strip. Handler spent some time designing a doll that was similar to Lilli and even hired a designer to make realistic doll clothes. The result was the Barbie doll (named in honor of the Handlers' daughter), a pint-sized model of the "girl next door."
Mattel finally agreed to back Handler's efforts, and the Barbie doll debuted at the American Toy Fair in New York City in 1959. Girls clamored for the doll, and Barbie set a new sales record for Mattel its first year on the market (351,000 dolls were sold at $3 each). Since then, Barbie's popularity has rarely flagged. Today, with over one billion dolls sold, the Barbie product line is the most successful product line in the history of the toy industry.
Barbie has faced criticism from the beginning. The major accusation, from feminists and others, has been that she reinforces sexism, representing a young woman with questionable intelligence and a near-impossible physique. The late 1960s even saw the creation of the "Barbie Liberation Organization," after Mattel introduced "Ken" (named after the Handlers' son) as Barbie's "handsome steady." Despite such criticisms, playing with Barbie dolls seems to enhance girls' self-image and expand their sense of their potential. This has become more true over the years, as Barbie herself has expanded her horizons. She has now appeared as a doctor, astronaut, businesswoman, police officer, UNICEF volunteer, and athlete.
Ruth Handler undeniably invented an American icon that functions as both a steady cynosure for girls' dreams and an ever-changing reflection of American society. This can be seen in the history of Barbie's clothes, in her various "face lifts" that suit the times, in her professional, political, and charitable endeavors, and more recently, in the multi-culturalizing of her product line. There is little doubt that Barbie will accompany America into the new millennium.
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Who played Dorothy Zbornak in the US tv show ‘The Golden Girls’? | Dorothy Zbornak | Golden Girls Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
" Shady Pines , Ma!"
-Dorothy's favorite threat against her mother, Sophia Petrillo
Dorothy Zbornak (née Petrillo), portrayed by Beatrice Arthur , is a fictional character from the TV series The Golden Girls . Dorothy was the strong, sarcastic, sometimes intimidating, and arguably, most grounded of the four women in the house. In the 1,000th issue of Entertainment Weekly, Dorothy Zbornak was selected as the Grandma for "The Perfect TV Family". In flashback sequences in various episodes, a much younger Dorothy is played by actress Lynnie Greene .
A much younger Dorothy, played by actress Lynnie Greene , in a "flashback" scene in an episode of "The Golden Girls".
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Dorothy was born in Brooklyn, New York on a pinochle table at McSoley's bar (as stated by Sophia) to Italian immigrants Sophia Petrillo and Salvadore "Sal" Petrillo . She had two younger siblings: brother Phillip "Phil" Petrillo , a cross-dresser, who died in December 1990 ( Ebbtide's Revenge ); and a sister, Gloria Petrillo-O'Connor , who married into money, and with whom Dorothy was sometimes estranged.
In the fourth season episode Foreign Exchange , Dorothy wondered whether she is the biological daughter of the Petrillos, since Dominic Bosco and Philomena Bosco claimed that the hospital switched babies. However, in the third season episode "Mother's Day," Sophia's mother Eleanor Grisanti is also played by Bea Arthur , so it's implied that Dorothy and Sophia are biologically related. She was the tallest baby in New York, and had a rash on her head until she was two.
Dorothy was a "bookworm", and an over-achiever in high school (according to the episode Even Grandmas Get the Blues , Sophia reveals that Dorothy's IQ is 173, which would rank her as possessing a genius level intellect), but was a lie that was revealed in the same episode. Yet, she suffered from low self-esteem because one previous boyfriend was emotionally abusive, while another one supposedly stood her up on the night of her prom. In reality, he did show up, but he was disrespectful toward Sophia, who did not like the way he was dressed or his attitude, so she turned him away without telling Dorothy.
Dejected, she later accepted a date with Stanley "Stan" Zbornak ( Herb Edelman ) because she "felt she couldn't do any better". She became pregnant while still in high school, resulting in a shotgun wedding to Stan. The marriage produced two children: Kate Zbornak-Griffiths and Michael Zbornak , who both appeared on the show. However, both were presented as being in their 20s during their appearances on the show, making them too young to have been the cause of the shotgun wedding.
At some point during their marriage (1946-1984), Stan and Dorothy moved to Miami , but divorced after 38 years due to Stan's infidelity. In first season episode The Return of Dorothy's Ex , Stan mentions how they bought property together when honeymooned in Miami.
Career
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Dorothy worked as a high school substitute teacher of American History (her college major) and English. She also taught a night-school course for adults wishing to complete their high school equivalency.
Dorothy also had summer and part-time jobs, which included tutoring and working alongside Blanche Elizabeth Marie Devereaux at the museum (causing jealousy after Dorothy appeared to have become the boss's favorite).
Characteristics
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While often mocked as manly and odd by her two housemates due to her height and deep voice, Dorothy is also in possession of many talents. In one episode, she is able to upstage Blanche at the latter's favorite bar, The Rusty Anchor , by singing and thus winning the admiration of Blanche's many suitors. At another point, remembering how funny she could be in high school, Dorothy tries her hand at doing stand-up comedy, in the end winning over her audience by poking fun at her own life and bringing such subjects up as menopause with its hot flashes.
Dorothy can be extremely sarcastic, especially towards her less-sharp housemate, Rose. Her mother Sophia has a tendency to borrow money from her, with or without Dorothy's permission. Despite the ridicule, Dorothy regards the three other women to be family, comforting to them and often giving good advice.
Quotes
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"I taught a class today. The finest school in Dade County. Two girls had shaved heads and three boys had green hair". (First line)
"Oh, shut up, Rose." (Dorothy's exasperated, often used reply to one of Rose Nylund 's stories or ideas.
"Shady Pines, Ma." (Often used against her mother Sophia, when the latter gets on her nerves.)
Major events
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After her divorce, Dorothy moved into a home in Miami , Florida, with Blanche Devereaux and Rose Nylund . Shortly thereafter, her mother, Sophia , moved in after her nursing home, Shady Pines, burnt down. Dorothy shared a unique relationship with her housemates, one often laced with her famously sardonic comments; the four shared a home for seven years, and in more than one episode it was pointed out that, despite a lack of blood relation, they were as much a family as any other.
During the course of the show, Dorothy saw both of her children get married: Kate, to a podiatrist named Dennis; and Michael, to a woman named Lorraine, a singer in his band whom he had gotten pregnant. Lorraine was African-American, and almost twice Michael's age, which initially did not sit well with Dorothy because she felt Lorraine was far too old for Michael (ironically, Lorraine's family didn't want her to marry Michael because he was white). Kate's husband, Dennis, cheated on her at one point, but she ultimately forgave him, almost causing Dorothy and Kate to stop speaking, but they also quickly reconciled. Lorraine left Michael later in the series, and there was no specific mention of his child with Lorraine (Dorothy's grandchild) thereafter. Dorothy did have grandchildren, but it was never specified whether they were Michael's or Kate's children.
Like the other women living in the house, the series saw Dorothy progress through her fair share of romances, with her love life often coming into criticism by her mother. Her ex-husband Stanley made regular attempts throughout the series to "win her back", and he nearly re-married Dorothy. In the end she called it off after Stanley and his lawyer presented her with a prenuptial agreement to sign.
Some of Dorothy's suitors turned out to have less-than-virtuous characters. Elliot Clayton, a respected doctor, made a pass at Blanche, and when Blanche told Dorothy about it, Dorothy accused Blanche of making it all up, and wanting Elliot for herself. Blanche, deeply hurt that Dorothy would believe Elliot's word over hers, announced she was kicking Dorothy out of the house, and this would have ended their friendship for good had Rose not exposed Elliot for the liar he was on the day Dorothy was to move out. Another suitor turned out to be a married man, which led Dorothy to end the relationship because she remembered how much it hurt to be cheated on by her ex-husband. She dated him again a few years later when he was divorced, but she broke it off again because she felt that he only wanted to be with her because he didn't like being divorced and alone. Yet another prospect, named Eddie, was the best lover Dorothy ever had, but Dorothy finally had to break up with Eddie as well because their relationship never progressed past the physical stage. Her high school teacher, Mr. Gordon, whom she had a crush on, came back into her life many years later, only to take credit for an article that she had written. Stan's brother, Ted, told her that he had a crush on her since they were young, and then he "spent the night" with her, nearly destroying her friendship with Blanche, who had gone out with Ted earlier that night. Later, Ted asked Dorothy to babysit children belonging to a stewardess that he wants to date, humiliating Dorothy. However, Dorothy got her revenge when she announced to everyone in the nightclub they were meeting at that he was impotent before promptly leaving.
A few other suitors were portrayed by well-known actors, including Dick Van Dyke and Leslie Nielsen , whose character ( Lucas Hollingsworth , an uncle of Blanche's) she married in the two-part finalé episode.
In spite of her strength, Dorothy has several phobias including hospitals and flying. She eventually managed to conquer both her fears with the help of her friends.
In keeping with the show's practice of raising social awareness, a two-part episode involved Dorothy suffering from extreme exhaustion, which was ultimately determined to be Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Susan Harris , the show's co-writer, also suffered from the then-unknown condition. In an earlier episode, Dorothy's friend, Jean , a lesbian, came to Miami for a visit, and struck up a close friendship with Rose, with whom Jean soon realized she was in love. Dorothy was also shown to have a recurring gambling problem that eventually caused her to seek help through Gamblers Anonymous. She started smoking cigarettes again after quitting many years earlier, because of stress from her mother's re-marriage and work. Presumably, she was able to kick the habit, since she was never seen with a cigarette again. In the episode Stan Takes A Wife , Dorothy states that she is a Leo during a conversation, which would make the January 31st birthday in the character information incorrect.
| Bea Arthur |
Who became Chancellor of West Germany in 1969? | 20 Fun Facts About 'The Golden Girls' | Mental Floss
20 Fun Facts About 'The Golden Girls'
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The Golden Girls made its debut over 30 years ago, but the series still remains fresh for generations of new viewers thanks to great writing and syndicated reruns. Here are 20 things you might not have known about Dorothy, Rose, Blanche, and Sophia.
1. LEE GRANT WAS SERIES CREATOR SUSAN HARRIS'S FIRST CHOICE FOR DOROTHY.
Grant had starred in Harris's short-lived 1978 sitcom, Fay. Grant, however, was unenthusiastic about playing a grandmother, so the part was eventually offered to Bea Arthur. Though not immediately.
2. NBC WAS AGAINST CASTING BEA ARTHUR.
Harris actually wrote the role of Dorothy with Arthur in mind, having worked with the actress on several episodes of Maude. But then-NBC president Brandon Tartikoff was against the idea, stating that Arthur’s “Q” score (a rating system of a performer’s audience appeal) was too low—she was recognizable, but not “loveable,” thanks to Maude’s liberal leanings. Broadway legend Elaine Stritch was a contender for the part, but she alienated the producers by improvising her dialogue and dropping an “F” bomb during her audition.
3. RUE MCCLANAHAN PUSHED BEA ARTHUR TO PURSUE THE PART.
Rue McClanahan gave her reluctant Maude co-star the final push to convince her to give The Golden Girls a try. According to McClanahan , she phoned Arthur and asked her incredulously, “Why are you going to turn down the best script that’s ever going to come across your desk as long as you live?”
4. BETTY WHITE AND RUE MCCLANAHAN PASSED THE TIME WITH WORD GAMES.
Betty White had always been a fierce competitor when she appeared on Password back in the day, and she found a kindred spirit in Rue McClanahan when it came to word games. The two ladies frequently played alphabet games in between takes throughout the entire day of taping.
5. ESTELLE GETTY WAS ONE YEAR YOUNGER THAN HER TV DAUGHTER.
During the show's first season, it took the makeup department 45 minutes to transform Getty into Sophia Petrillo. That aging process became even more complex when Getty turned up looking even younger when season two began (she’d had a facelift during the summer hiatus).
6. GETTY SUFFERED FROM EXTREME STAGE FRIGHT.
Rue McClanahan recalled that Getty would seem to have a “black cloud” hanging over her head beginning Thursdays during dress rehearsal. During Friday tapings she would often freeze on camera. She was the least experienced actress of the four, and it intimidated her. In a 1988 interview she stated that working every week with talent like Bea Arthur and Betty White scared her out of her wits. She felt like a fraud and worried that the fans would “find out” that she wasn’t as good as her co-stars.
7. MCCLANAHAN'S FAVORITE EPISODE WAS "JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF ATTENTION."
It's the season seven episode in which Dorothy uncharacteristically becomes popular at The Rusty Anchor, Blanche’s favorite place for meeting men. At McClanahan's request, the producers hired choreographer Gregory Scott Young to carefully stage the scene where Blanche seductively sings “I Want to Be Loved by You” on top of a grand piano while encountering one mishap after another.
8. QUEEN ELIZABETH IS A HUGE GOLDEN GIRLS FAN.
The Queen invited the stars of the show to perform live at 1988’s Royal Variety Performance in London. The Girls reenacted two of their kitchen table scenes (with a bit of censoring, so as not to offend any royal sensibilities). One line that was surprisingly left intact was Sophia’s interjection to Dorothy’s question to Blanche about how long she had waited to have sex again after her husband had died. The then-88-year-old Queen Mum was spotted in the Royal Box chuckling heartily at Sophia’s risqué response: “Until the paramedics came.”
9. THERE WERE ONLY THREE CHAIRS AT THE KITCHEN TABLE.
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Eagle-eyed fans have noticed over the years that although there were four women living in the Miami house, there were always only three chairs around that famous kitchen table. That was strictly due to the limitations of filming—to avoid either squeezing all four shoulder-to-shoulder or having one actress with her back to the camera. Bea was always given the center chair, both because of her height and also in order to catch her priceless facial expressions.
10. THE OTHER CHARACTERS' PLACEMENT AT THE TABLE WAS SITUATION-DEPENDENT.
The placement of the other characters around the table depended upon the particular situation, and which character might need to exit the kitchen. On those occasions when all four characters had to be seated, a tall stool was scooted up to the outskirt of the conclave.
11. THE KITCHEN SET WAS A HAND-ME-DOWN.
Speaking of that iconic kitchen: the main reason for its particular design was that it was a set leftover from another short-lived Harris sitcom called It Takes Two. It starred Richard Crenna and Patty Duke Astin as a dual-career couple—he was a doctor, she was a lawyer—with two teenaged children.
12. DOROTHY BORROWED HER LAST NAME FROM THE SHOW'S STAGE MANAGER.
Dorothy’s last name was lifted from Kent Zbornak , who worked as the stage manager for the show for the entire run of the series. Susan Harris had worked with Kent on Soap in 1977 and fell in love with his surname.
13. BETTY WHITE'S FAVORITE EPISODE WAS "A LITTLE ROMANCE."
In this first season episode, Rose is reluctant to introduce the ladies to her new boyfriend, psychiatrist Dr. Jonathan Newman, because he is a little person. White said that despite the fact that “every ‘short’ joke in the book” was used, none of the humor was truly hurtful.
14. BEA ARTHUR DID NOT HAVE PIERCED EARS.
All of those “crazy earrings” (Arthur's words) that Golden Girls stylist Judy Evans gave Dorothy were clip-ons. Arthur loved the dramatic effect of the jewelry, but hated that her ears were numb with pain by the end of the day.
15. ESTELLE GETTY HAD A PHOBIA ABOUT DEATH.
Which was a definite handicap when starring in a show about four senior women. It was a tribute to Getty's acting skills that Sophia always seemed very nonchalant and effortlessly tossed off quips in funeral home scenes.
16. RUE MCCLANAHAN GOT TO KEEP BLANCHE'S CLOTHES.
Rue McClanahan had a clause written into her contract that allowed her to keep all of Blanche’s custom-made clothing. She reportedly had 13 closets full of the designer duds.
17. ONE EPISODE WAS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL FOR SUSAN HARRIS.
The two-part episode entitled “Sick and Tired” was based on Susan Harris’ real-life struggle with chronic fatigue syndrome, and Dorothy’s struggle to find a doctor who would take her symptoms seriously is still relevant for many women. A 2011 study showed that 62 percent of doctors referred men to cardiologists when they complained of chest pain and shortness of breath, while less than 30 percent did the same for their female patients—instead, they counseled those women to “take it easy” and prescribed them anti-anxiety medications.
18. BLANCHE'S MIAMI HOME WAS LOCATED IN LOS ANGELES.
Even though the Girls’s official address was 6151 Richmond Street in Miami, Florida, the original exterior shots of Blanche’s house were of a home located at 245 North Saltair Avenue in Los Angeles, California. According to real estate records , that 2901-square-foot house has four bedrooms and four bathrooms and is valued at a little over $3 million. The house is still there, but is now surrounded by high walls and foliage to discourage curious fans.
Tim Allen, Flickr
19. DOROTHY'S FLAT SHOES WERE A NOD TO BEA ARTHUR'S PERSONAL STYLE.
The nearly 5-foot-10-inch actress once stated in an interview that when she was younger she wished she could wear heels, but that would have meant towering over most of her dates in high school, then later over the actors she worked with in the theater. By the time “heightism” was no longer a concern, Arthur found that she couldn’t balance properly or walk elegantly in even one-inch heels.
20. THE SHOW INTRODUCED A NEW WORD TO TELEVISION VIEWERS.
The Golden Girls introduced a new word to non-Floridian viewers: lanai. Architecturally speaking, a lanai is a porch or veranda with a cement floor and an awning and is sometimes also enclosed by screens. Of course, we can always count on Sophia to simplify matters:
Dorothy: We are throwing a surprise birthday party for Blanche. I want you to go out to the lanai and mingle with the other guests.
Sophia: Check! ...What's a lanai?
Dorothy: The porch!
Sophia: Excuse me, Krystle Carrington!
All images courtesy of Getty Images, unless otherwise stated
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Which former US President had a pet Labrador Retriever called Buddy? | Dogs in the White House | First Dogs of Presidents
A Photo of the Kennedy Family and Their Dogs
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson loved dogs, especially beagles. He kept a total of five dogs during his term in office. The most famous of the lot were two beagles that were simply named Him and Her. There was also another beagle called J. Edgar, a white collie named Blanco, and Yuki, a mixed breed.
LBJ stirred up controversy in 1964 when he was photographed lifting his dogs by their ears.
Johnson also had several other dogs, including one of Her’s puppies called Kim and Freckles. These puppies were given to Johnson’s daughter, Luci.
Dogs of Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon’s loyal four-legged friend was a Cocker Spaniel named Checkers. The dog actually became quite famous when he was mentioned in a speech. Before he was President, Nixon had been accused of accepting thousands of dollars worth of gifts, but he publicly declared that the only gift he had received was the dog, who he intended to keep. This famous speech came to be known as the Checkers Speech, and the phrase is now used in reference to overly emotional political speeches.
Checkers actually died before he could ever live in the White House!
Nixon’s other dogs included Vicky (a poodle), King Timahoe (an Irish Setter), and Pasha (a terrier).
A Copy of Nixon's Checker's Speech
Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford first received his golden retriever, Liberty, as an eight month old pup. They quickly became close friends, with Liberty spending much of her time in the Oval Office. According to one rumor, Ford had trained Liberty to disrupt conversations that had run on for too long by approaching the guest in a friendly manner. Liberty became so well-known that the White House distributed printed photographs of the dog, complete with a paw print autograph!
Gerald Ford found his dog through his photographer, David Kennerly.
When Liberty had puppies, Ford kept one and named it Misty.
More Information About Liberty
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter’s primary dog was an Afghan hound, a unique type of dog breed that he named Lewis Brown. His family was also given another dog, a border collie that they named Grits when he was a puppy. Grits was a gift for Carter’s daughter, Amy, from her teacher. He had to be returned a little later, however, for some unknown reason.
Lewis Brown and Grits had to share the White House with another family pet: a Siamese Cat with the unusual name, Misty Malarky Ying Yang.
Amy Carter with Grits
Ronald Reagan
Rex, Ronald Reagan’s Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, was the very first official First Dog. He was actually given to Reagan’s wife as a gift, but became very attached to the President. Rex made such an impact with the staff, press, and public, that upon leaving the White House, he received a special dog house modeled after the White House. The Reagan's also had a Bouvier des Flandres named Lucky.
Rex didn’t like the Lincoln Bedroom, which some people believe is haunted by Lincoln’s ghost.
When the Reagans first received Rex, in the same week he made his first public move by helping to turn on the lights for the National Christmas Tree.
More Information About Rex and Lucky
George H.W. Bush
Unlike many presidents who preceded him, the senior George Bush had one main dog in his life, Mildred. She was an English Springer Spaniel. Millie made the news when Bush was running for a re-election. In one of his speeches where he was speaking out against Bill Clinton and Al Gore, he mentioned, “My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos.”
Mildred’s full name was Mildred “Millie” Kerr Bush.
Millie was featured or portrayed in several TV show episodes, such as Murphy Brown, The Simpsons, and Who’s the Boss.
George H.W. Bush and Millie
Bill Clinton
Buddy was a Labrador Retriever who lived with the Clintons. They received Buddy when he was a mere three months old. The dog was named after Henry Oren “Buddy” Grisham, Bill Clinton’s great-uncle. Sadly, Buddy passed away at age four, after he was hit by a car while chasing after someone.
Hillary Clinton published a book of children’s letters to Buddy and Socks.
Buddy and the other White House pet, Socks the cat, were unfortunately not very fond of each other! They had to be kept in separate areas.
Tidbits about Buddy and Socks
George W. Bush
Although George Bush had three dogs, only one of them, Barney, was known as the First Dog. Barney was a small, black, Scottish Terrier. He got on quite well with Miss Beazley, the other White House dog at the time, who was incidentally his niece. Other pets in the Bush household included Spot, an English Springer Spaniel, and a black cat called India.
Bush’s dog, Barney, became an Internet hit through his series of videos filmed by the Barney Cam. They depicted life in the President’s quarters, as seen by Barney.
Barney was the first White House pet to have his very own official page on the White House website.
Spot and Barney at the Crawford Ranch
Barack Obama
The Obamas did not have a dog when they first came to live at the White House. This was mainly because Malia Obama is allergic to dog fur. There was much media scrutiny as the Obamas tried to find a hypoallergenic dog breed. They eventually settled on Bo, a Portuguese Water dog. Naturally, one of his first public appearances included an introduction to the press, along with a photo shoot in front of the White House.
Bo was named after the famous singer, Bo Diddley.
The Obamas received Bo from a litter produced by Cappy, a dog in the Kennedy family.
| Bill Clinton |
Who played Jenna Wade in the US tv series ‘Dallas’? | Presidential Pets
Science > Animals > Animals and People
Presidential Pets
U.S. presidents and their families have typically liked animals. Creatures from mice to bears have made a home at the White House and its grounds. The following list of presidential pets is not complete, however, as no doubt many a presidential cat or cow passed through without much public notice.
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President Harding with his dog Laddie
President
Polly the parrot; 36 hounds; horses
John Adams
a mockingbird; two bear cubs, a gift from Lewis and Clark
James Madison
horses named Truxton, Sam Patches, Emily, Lady Nashville, and Bolivia; Pol the parrot; ponies
Martin Van Buren
Le Beau, a greyhound; a horse named The General
James Knox Polk
Lara, a Newfoundland; an eagle; an elephant
Abraham Lincoln
Jack the turkey; goats named Nanny and Nanko; ponies; cats; dogs; pigs; a white rabbit
Andrew Johnson
white mice
Ulysses S. Grant
Faithful, a Newfoundland; horses named Jeff Davis, Julia, Jennie, Mary, Butcher Boy, Cincinnatus, Egypt, and St. Louis; ponies named Reb and Billy Button; pigs; dogs; a parrot; roosters
Rutherford B. Hayes
Siam, a Siamese cat; Grim, a greyhound; Duke, an English mastiff; Hector, a Newfoundland; Dot, a terrier; canaries; cows; horses; goats; other dogs
James Garfield
Kit the horse; Veto the dog; fish
Chester Alan Arthur
a poodle; canaries and mockingbirds
Benjamin Harrison
Dash the dog; Whiskers the goat; dogs; an opossum
William McKinley
a parrot; an Angora cat and her kittens
Theodore Roosevelt
Sailor Boy, a Chesapeake Bay retriever; Manchu, a Pekingese; Skip, a mutt; terriers named Jack and Pete; cats named Tom Quartz and Slippers; Josiah the badger; Algonquin the pony; Eli the macaw; Jonathan the piebald rat; Emily Spinach, a garter snake; twelve horses; five bears; five guinea pigs; other snakes; two kangaroo rats; lizards; roosters; an owl; a flying squirrel; a raccoon; a coyote; a lion; a hyena; a zebra
William Taft
Old Ike the ram; sheep; chickens; cats
Warren Harding
Laddie Boy, an Airedale; Old Boy, a bulldog; canaries
Calvin Coolidge
Peter Pan, a terrier; Paul Pry (née Laddie Buck), an Airedale; Calamity Jane, a sheepdog; Boston Beans, a bulldog; King Cole, a shepherd; Palo Alto, a birder; collies named Rob Roy (née Oshkosh), Prudence Prim, Ruby Rough, and Bessie; chows named Blackberry and Tiny Tim; canaries named Nip, Tuck, and Snowflake; cats named Bounder, Tiger, and Blacky; raccoons named Rebecca and Horace; Ebeneezer, a donkey; Smokey, a bobcat; Old Bill, a thrush; Enoch, a goose; a mockingbird; a bear; an antelope; a wallaby; a pygmy hippo; some lion cubs
Herbert Hoover
Glen, a collie; Yukon, a malamute; Patrick, an Irish wolfhound; Eaglehurst Gillette, a setter; Weejie, an elkhound; fox terriers named Big Ben and Sonnie; shepherds named King Tut and Pat; an opossum
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Fala, a Scottish terrier; Meggie, a Scottish terrier; Major, a German shepherd; Winks, a Llewellyn setter; Tiny, an English sheepdog; President, a Great Dane; Blaze, a mastiff
Harry S Truman
Feller “the unwanted dog” (adopted by Truman's personal physician); Mike, an Irish setter (belonged to Margaret Truman)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Heidi, a Weimaraner
John F. Kennedy
Tom Kitten the cat; Robin the canary; Zsa Zsa the rabbit; Sardar the horse; ponies named Macaroni, Tex, and Leprechaun; parakeets named Bluebell and Marybelle; hamsters named Debbie and Billie; Charlie, a Welsh terrier, plus dogs named Pushinka, Shannon, Wolf, and Clipper, plus Pushinka and Charlie's pups: Blackie, Butterfly, Streaker, and White Tips
Lyndon Johnson
Him and Her, beagles; Freckles, a beagle (Him's pup); Blanco, a collie; Edgar, a mutt (née J. Edgar); Yuki, a mutt; hamsters and lovebirds
Richard Nixon
Checkers, a cocker spaniel; Vicky, a poodle; Pasha, a terrier; King Timahoe, an Irish setter; fish
Gerald Ford
Liberty, a Golden retriever; Chan, a Siamese Cat
Jimmy Carter
Grits the dog; Misty Malarky Ying Yang, a Siamese cat
Ronald Reagan
Rex, a King Charles spaniel; Lucky, a Bouvier des Flandres sheepdog
George H. W. Bush
Millie, a Springer spaniel; Ranger, one of Millie's pups
Bill Clinton
Socks the cat; Buddy, a chocolate Labrador retriever
George W. Bush
Spot, a Springer spaniel, born in the White House in 1989 to George H. W. Bush's Millie (died Feb. 21, 2004); Barney, a Scottish terrier; India (“Willie”) the cat. The Bushes' orange-striped polydactyl cat Ernie was judged too wild for White House life and now lives with a family in California. In 2004, the President gave his wife Laura a Scottish terrier puppy named Miss Beazley for the First Lady's birthday.
Barack Obama
Bo, a Portuguese water dog, joined the Obama family on April 14, 2009. The family took its time selecting a breed, which had to be hypoallergenic because Malia has allergies. The Obamas introduced another Portuguese water dog, Sunny, to the family on August 19, 2013.
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What is the name of the small town in Australia which is famous for outlaw Ned Kelly’s Last Stand? | Ned Kelly’s Last Stand at Glenrowan, Australia
Ned Kelly’s Last Stand at Glenrowan, Australia
Dean Wickham
April 11, 2013
As we turned off the main freeway to head to the town of Glenrowan in the North of Victoria, Australia , I wasn’t really sure what I would find. This town is the site of Australia’s most famous bushranger battle – Ned Kelly’s Last Stand. I remember learning all about Ned Kelly in school, and although he was an outlaw, it was his story that I found most interesting.
Ned Kelly’s story takes us back to the 1800’s, when the country of Australia didn’t even exist yet. Back then, the country was split into several different colonies of the British Empire that now make up the states of Australia. Ned’s parents originated from Ireland, his father (John Kelly) a former convict who moved to Victoria on release met Ned’s mother (Ellen Kelly). The Kellys had seven children, the oldest son being Edward (Ned) Kelly.
Ned was brought up in a tough and unfair environment, surrounded by crime and convictions. His family was suspected of horse and cattle stealing, and his father ended up in prison to serve 6 months for stealing a farmer’s calf. His Irish heritage meant that he was treated poorly in the prison, which ultimately led to his death. This was just the start of Ned’s anger towards the authorities.
Statue of Ned Kelly in Glenrowan
What followed was a lot of different charges against the Kelly family, most of which were false and led to the obvious targeting of the family by the police.
Ned Kelly’s bushranging days came about after a police officer (Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick), drunk and against orders, went to the Kelly house to arrest Ned’s brother Dan for horse stealing while Ned was away. He waited at the Kelly house for Dan to return, where he made his arrest. Unable to provide a warrant, Ned’s mother Ellen challenged him, where Fitzpatrick pulled a revolver on them and threatened them all. Dan then managed to corner him and relieve him of his revolver and was sent on his way.
Fitzpatrick then rode onto Benalla where he claimed that he was attacked and shot by Ned, Dan, Ellen, Bricky Williamson and Bill Skillion who he claimed were armed with revolvers. Ned told the police that he was not present at the time of the incident and that Fitzpatrick’s wounds were self inflicted. Police arrested and imprisoned his mother Ellen along with Bricky Williamson and Bill Skillion and a reward was offered for Ned’s arrest.
Furious with the injustice, Ned and Dan went into hiding in the bush where they were joined by their friends, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart who formed the infamous Kelly Gang.
The Kelly Gang was hunted for a couple of years by the police as they continuously robbed banks and stole horses in their rebellion. Ned Kelly’s last stand happened in the town of Glenrowan where they planned on stopping the police train by pulling up some tracks in the town. With the town’s residents as hostages in Ann Jones’ Inn, Ned, Dan, Joe and Steve faced off against the huge police force wearing homemade iron armour suits. Their suits each weighed about 44 kilograms covering their torsos and heads, but leaving their legs unprotected. The weight of the armour heavily limited their movements.
The railway station in Glenrowan
Their attempt to derail the train failed due to a released hostage waving down the train before it got there. The police therefore laid siege against the Kelly Gang inside the inn. It was at dawn on the 28th of June, 1880, when the firing began. Both parties fired on each other throughout the day, with the police receiving reinforcements from nearby stations. Joe Byrne had been shot while drinking whisky at the bar. Amongst the firing, Ned had somehow moved out of the inn to attack the police from the rear, firing upon them with a single revolver while using the surrounding trees as cover, despite being injured. The police charged him, firing upon him heavily without affect due to his armour. When they realised that his legs were unprotected, he was brought down with two shots where he was finally captured. He was brought to the train station where his wounds were treated, six bullet wounds in total.
Site of Ann Jones’ Inn in Glenrowan
The siege on the inn continued during this time while Dan Kelly and Steve Hart released the hostages and continued to fire on the police, their armour protecting them. Eventually, the firing stopped and the police set the inn on fire. When Dan and Steve’s burnt bodies were found, it was believed that they had shot each other. It is still unknown whether they were shot during the siege or committed suicide.
Ned Kelly stood trial on the 19th October, 1880, and was hung on the 11th of November at Melbourne Gaol. A petition to spare his life apparently attracted around 30,000 signatures. Ned had a great following of sympathizers.
The spot where Ned Kelly was shot down and captured
As I wondered around Glenrowan, it was hard to picture such a bloody battle happening here. I walked across the railway line to where the siege took place, stood at the site of the inn where the gang made their last stand and where Dan, Joe and Steve died. I then walked past the old police station to the spot where Ned had finally been shot down and arrested. I had no idea what to think. Was Ned really a bad person? Sure, he had done some bad things, but his ultimate demise was due to his anger at the injustice towards his family. I imagine that if I was in his shoes back in those days, I would have been just as angry. Ned wasn’t a blood thirsty killer as he was made out to be. He simply wanted a fair go. He simply loved his family.
It was only at the beginning of this very year, nearly 133 years after his death, that Ned Kelly’s remains were finally returned to his family. His last wish was to be buried at the Greta Cemetery with the rest of his family. I went there to pay my respects.
Ned and the Kelly Family’s tomb stone in Greta Cemetery. The graves are unmarked.
He now rests in an unmarked grave with the rest of his family, along with his mother Ellen and his brother Dan. Finally, he can rest in peace.
| Glenrowan, Victoria |
Who was the father of English monarch Queen Mary I? | Australia: Living legend of a ruthless killer - Telegraph
Australia
Australia: Living legend of a ruthless killer
Criminal-or folk hero? Either way, the memory of Ned Kelly, Australia's most famous outlaw, lives on. Anthony Gardner hits the trail.
12:01AM GMT 11 Feb 2003
Ned Kelly was born in a ramshackle hut,
He battled since he was a kid;
He grew up with bad men, robbers and thieves
And learnt all the things that they did.
Ballads of this kind play all day long on the main street of Glenrowan. To call the place a one-horse town would be generous, but it has one claim to fame, and it is determined to make the most of it. It was here on June 28, 1880, that Ned Kelly was finally captured by the Victoria police, after a bloody siege at Anne Jones's Inn.
Prolonged exposure to such doggerel has clearly taken its toll on the populace, which includes an unusual number of eccentrics. Outside Kate Kelly's Tea House, a 24-foot statue of Ned in his home-made armour stands as a monument to their lost sense of proportion. Farther down the road, Ned Kelly's Last Stand - an animated theatre featuring mechanical figures, lasers, giant spiders and an artificial shower of rain - is so heroically tacky that you can only gaze at it in wonder.
Glenrowan is a headache for the Australian Tourist Commission, which would like to take more tasteful advantage of the impending Ned Kelly boom. Following the success of Peter Carey's True History of the Kelly Gang, two feature films about the country's most famous criminal - or folk hero, as others would have it - are about to turn him into an international icon. But while the tourist commission dreams of a Ned Kelly Trail with a serious historical centre (preferably in the picturesque town of Beechworth, where Kelly was indicted) the Glenrowan Gang is no more inclined than Ned himself to co-operate with central government.
Kelly country lies two hours north of Melbourne, but finding your way round is not easy, partly because the sites of interest are widely scattered, and partly because road signs bearing his name tend to be removed either by souvenir-hunters or by locals keen to stem the tourist invasion. Glenrowan has the advantage of being both central to the story and easily accessible - hence its status as Kelly capital.
The town has two rough-and-ready museums: Kate's Cottage, a replica of Ned's childhood home, and the basement of Glenrowan Cobb & Co, a souvenir shop whose proprietor sports a Ned Kelly beard and requires little prompting to share his exhaustive knowledge of the outlaw's family tree. As for the siege site, it is marked out with a bizarre collection of 10-foot painted wooden figures representing bushrangers, policemen, railway passengers and so on.
Beechworth, half an hour's drive away through broad avenues of eucalyptus, bordering neat farmland, is quite another matter. Its Historic and Cultural Precinct, of 19th-century granite buildings, is impeccably signposted and conserved, from the police stables to the still-functioning telegraph office. The courtroom is almost unchanged since Ned Kelly stood in the dock, while in the Burke Museum you can peer at newspaper reports and photographs of the gang, and relics of the 1852 gold rush that brought the town into being.
To explore farther, however, you need a local guide such as Pat Doyle, who led me to the site of Aaron Sherritt's house a few miles outside the town. Sherritt, a suspected informer, was murdered here by the Kelly Gang while the four policemen assigned to protect him cowered under his bed. There is nothing to mark the spot apart from an enduring patch of irises from his garden, but squinting up at the rough hills where the gang kept look-out - and the caves where the police lay in wait for them - one gets a far stronger sense of the story's drama than anywhere in Glenrowan.
Stringybark Creek, where the gang claimed its first victims - three pursuing policemen - lies due south in the splendidly named Wombat Ranges, and the drive up to it is an idyllic one. The road from Benalla via Tatong winds up through heavily wooded hills, past banks of red earth and purple flowers, and crimson rozellas perched in the tall eucalypts.
Beside the creek, a plaque on a boulder commemorates the policemen who died "during the execution of their duty in a gunfight with a group of men later known as the 'Kelly Gang'." Standing there in the dappled sunlight, listening to exultant birdsong and the wind in the trees, it seems an extraordinary peaceful site for one of the country's most notorious crimes.
If you prefer not to spend the entire time thinking about murder and mayhem, there is a more cheerful alternative, because this area is also known for its food and wine. Heading south on the Hume Freeway via Euroa - scene of one of the Kelly Gang's bank robberies - you will find the Strathbogie and Nagambie Lakes wine regions, and the small town of Avenel, whose Harvest Home Hotel boasts an exceptionally good restaurant.
It was in Avenel that the 11-year-old Ned demonstrated his fearless character by plunging into Hughes Creek to save his schoolmate Robert Shelton from drowning. The Shelton homestead still stands, operating as a b & b, in what its owners call "a state of arrested decay", with scraps of Victorian paper clinging to the walls. The creek is best avoided in dry weather, when it becomes popular with snakes - as does the small cemetery where Ned's father is buried.
The last stop on the road to Melbourne is the hamlet of Beveridge, where Ned was born. Here, too, the signposts are hard to find, but persistence will lead you to "Woebegone", a tumbledown property, fenced off with a notice reading "Please keep out - unstable premises." This is the ramshackle hut of the ballad, built by Ned's father in 1854, and it will be lucky to celebrate its 150th birthday.
But if Ned's birthplace has been somewhat neglected, the same cannot be said of the scene of his death. Old Melbourne Gaol (a location for Mick Jagger's Ned Kelly) is run by Australia's National Trust, and the main cell block - a grim three-storey building based on Pentonville - has been turned into a macabre museum. The cells tell the story of individual prisoners, and through them the history of the city (which began as a penal settlement). Exhibits include an iron mask, and a pair of leather gloves designed to prevent inmates from practising self-abuse. By way of Kellyana, there is Ned's pistol and death mask, and the suit of armour worn by his brother Dan.
There is the cell in which Ned spent his last hours and the scaffold from which he was hanged. His mother, who was a prisoner in the women's section, was working in a laundry 30 yards away at the time. With its discoloured walls and grimy, heavily barred window, the condemned cell cannot fail to give you the creeps, while the scaffold - though decommissioned - will have you treading gingerly around its edge.
By chance, the day of my visit (November 11) was the anniversary of Ned's death, and a party of visitors had sneaked in a colourful wreath to place on the scaffold's trap. They came, the manager told me, every year, leaving a card with a short, defiant inscription: "They hanged the man - but they will never kill the legend."
| i don't know |
‘The Kiss’ is an 1889 work by which French sculptor? | Auguste Rodin: The French sculptor's five most iconic works - pictures - Mirror Online
Auguste Rodin: The French sculptor's five most iconic works - pictures
The father of modern sculpture's best-known masterpieces include The Kiss, The Thinker and The Burghers of Calais
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Father of modern sculpture: Auguste Rodin (Photo: Getty)
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Google is celebrating the 172nd birthday of Auguste Rodin , the universally accepted father of modern sculpture.
The French sculptor's work was initially unpopular, but in his later years he became a world-renowned artist.
Today's Google doodle iincorporates one of Rodin's best-known works, The Kiss.
Tribute: Google's version of The Kiss
Here we take a closer look at Rodin's five most famous sculptures.
The Kiss
This 1889 marble sculpture of an embracing couple depicts the 13th-century Italian noblewoman Francesca da Rimini from Dante's Inferno, who falls in love with her husband's younger brother Paolo.
The couple are discovered and killed by Francesca's husband.
The lovers' lips do not actually touch in the sculpture, suggesting that they were interrupted and met their demise without them ever having kissed.
The Kiss (Photo: Getty)
The Thinker
Probably the best known of Rodin's monumental works, this depicts a man in sober meditation battling with a powerful internal struggle.
First conceived circa 1880–1881 as a depiction of Dante, the image evolved to represent all poets and creators.
It now lives in the Rodin Museum in Paris, and is often used to represent philosophy.
The Thinker (Photo: Getty)
The Burghers of Calais
Also completed in 1889, this sculpture serves as a monument to the moment in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War when Calais was captured by the English.
Edward III offered to spare the people if any six of the French port's top leaders would surrender themselves to him almost naked, with nooses around their necks, and carrying the keys to the city and castle.
One of the wealthiest of the town leaders, Eustache de Saint Pierre, volunteered first, and five other burghers soon followed suit, stripping down to their breeches.
This poignant mix of defeat, heroic self-sacrifice, and willingness to face imminent death was captured by Rodin in his sculpture.
Burghers of Calais (Photo: Getty)
The Gates of Hell
This sculptural group work depicts a scene from "The Inferno" and contains 180 figures ranging in size from 15cm high up to more than one metre.
It was commissioned in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885, but Rodin continued to work on and off on the project for 37 years until his death in 1917.
Rodin worked on The Gates of Hell at the Hôtel Biron in Paris, and in 1919, two years after his death, the hotel became the Musée Rodin for the world to enjoy his work.
The Gates of Hell (Photo: Getty)
The Age of Bronze
This bronze statue of a life-size nude man was first exhibited in 1877 in Paris, when Rodin was falsely accused of having made it by casting a living model.
He vigorously denied the charge, but the controversy benefited him, as members of the public were so eager to see his work and decide for themselves.
The figure was created to suggest heroism and suffering, what many of Rodin's countrymen went through while fighting in the Franco-Prussian War from 1870 to 1871.
The Age of Bronze (Photo: Getty)
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| Auguste Rodin |
In which European country is Lake Bolsena? | Auguste Rodin Biography - Infos - Art Market
Paris 1840 -
Meudon 1917
The French sculptor, illustrator, graphic artist, and painter Fran�ois Auguste Ren� Rodin was born on November 12, 1840 in Paris. He is considered to be the founder of Impressionist style in the art of the sculpture. During his studies at the �cole Imp�riale Sp�ciale de Dessin et de Math�matiques (called La Petite �cole) in the years 1854 � 1857, Rodin attended classes by Lecoq de Boisbaudran and Jean-Baptiste Belloc. After he discovered his interest in sculpting, he made three attempts to be accepted at the �cole des Beaux-Arts, but failed the entrance examination.
In the following years, the artist worked for various decorators and decoration painters. When his sister Maria died in 1862, Auguste Rodin fell into a personal crisis and joined the order of the P�res du Tr�s-Saint Sacrament. However, the abbot soon encouraged him to devote his life to art. Starting in 1864, the artist worked for the sculptor Albert Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (1824 � 1887) and was his student. That same year, he met his life companion Rose Beuret, who he did not marry until 1917. In 1870, Rodin followed Carrier-Belleuse to Brussels. However, the paths of the sculptors soon separated again after intense clashes. In the following period, Auguste Rodin accepted public commissions and worked as an assistant to the Belgian sculptor Antoine Joseph van Rasbourg (1831 � 1902). During the years 1875-76, he took a trip to Italy in order to study the works of Michelangelo and Donatello.
Rodin succeeded in his breakthrough as a sculptor with "The Age of Bronze" (1876). In order to study the Gothic cathedrals, he traveled through France in 1877 and published the treatise "Les Cath�drales de France", which contains his studies of architectural details and observations about the Gothic style in 1914. From 1879 � December 1882, the artist worked in the porcelain factory in S�vres. During this time, he received the state commission for "The Gates of Hell", the portal for the Mus�e des Arts d�cortaifs in Paris with the theme of "Dante�s Inferno". Although the work on it lasted until Rodin�s death, it could not be completed. The figures "The Kiss", "Ugolino", "Adam", "Eve", and "The Thinker" are seen as independent works. In 1883, Auguste Rodin met the French sculptress Camille Claudel (1864 � 1943), who was initially his student and his mistress until 1898. In 1885, he received the commission for the bronze figure group "The Burghers of Calais" (erected in 1895). Another state commission followed in 1889 for the sculpture of Victor Hugo (unfinished) for the Pantheon and the sculpture of Claude Lorraine (erected in 1892 in Nancy). In addition, Rodin received the commission for a monument of Honor� de Balzac (1892 � 97) in 1891 from the Soci�t� the Gens de Lettres.
In 1894, the artist moved to Meudon. During the following period, he participated in many exhibitions (Prague, D�sseldorf, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, Tokyo, New York, Lyon, etc.) and received honorary doctorates from the Universities of Glasgow (1906) and Oxford (1907). He also participated in the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 with 171 works. In the years 1905-06, Rainer Maria Rilke (1875 � 1926) worked as Auguste Rodin�s private secretary and wrote a biography of the artist. In 1907, the sculptor moved into his city studio at the H�tel Biron, where he lived until his death. Because three of his works were given as gifts to the French state (1916), it was possible to open the Mus�e Rodin here in 1919.
Fran�ois Auguste Ren� Rodin died on November 17, 1917 in Meudon.
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In medicine, glomerulonephritis affects which part of the body? | Glomerulonephritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Complement levels
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause of the disorder, and the type and severity of symptoms. Controlling high blood pressure is usually the most important part of treatment.
Medicines that may be prescribed include:
Blood pressure drugs, most often angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Corticosteroids
Drugs that suppress the immune system
A procedure called plasmapheresis may sometimes be used for glomerulonephritis caused by immune problems. The fluid part of the blood that contains antibodies is removed and replaced with intravenous fluids or donated plasma (that does not contain antibodies). Removing antibodies may reduce inflammation in the kidney tissues.
You may need to limit salt, fluids, protein , and other substances.
People with this condition should be closely watched for signs of kidney failure. Dialysis or a kidney transplant may eventually be needed.
Support Groups
You can often ease the stress of illness by joining support groups where members share common experiences and problems.
Outlook (Prognosis)
If you have nephrotic syndrome and it can be controlled, you may also be able to control other symptoms. If it cannot be controlled, you may develop end-stage kidney disease.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if:
You have a condition that increases your risk for glomerulonephritis
You develop symptoms of glomerulonephritis
Prevention
Most cases of glomerulonephritis can't be prevented. Some cases may be prevented by avoiding or limiting exposure to organic solvents, mercury , and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Alternative Names
Glomerulonephritis - chronic; Chronic nephritis; Glomerular disease; Necrotizing glomerulonephritis; Glomerulonephritis - crescentic; Crescentic glomerulonephritis; Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Images
Kidney anatomy
References
Appel GB, Radhakrishnan JAI, D'Agati VD. Secondary glomerular disease. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 32.
Cattran DC, Reigh HN. Overview of therapy for glomerular disease. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 33.
Nachman PH, Hennette JC, Falk RJ. Primary glomerular disease. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Yu ASL, Brenner BM, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 31.
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| Kidney |
Which country hosted the 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup? | Glomerulonephritis - Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders - Merck Manuals Consumer Version
Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders
Find information on medical topics, symptoms, drugs, procedures, news and more, written in everyday language.
* This is the Consumer Version. *
(See also Overview of Kidney Filtering Disorders .)
Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli (clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered). It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, and the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by various disorders, such as infections, an inherited genetic disorder, or autoimmune disorders.
Diagnosis is based on tests of blood and urine and sometimes imaging tests, a biopsy of the kidneys, or both.
People often need to restrict salt and protein intake and take diuretics or antibiotics until kidney function improves.
Glomerulonephritis can be
Acute: Develops over a short time
Chronic: Develops and progresses slowly
In 1% of children and 10% of adults who have acute glomerulonephritis, it evolves into rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, in which most of the glomeruli are destroyed, resulting in kidney failure .
Causes
Primary, originating in the kidneys
Secondary, caused by a vast array of disorders
The disorders that cause secondary glomerulonephritis may affect parts of the body other than the kidneys.
Acute glomerulonephritis
Acute glomerulonephritis most often occurs as a complication of a throat or skin infection with streptococcus, a type of bacteria. Acute glomerulonephritis that occurs after a streptococcal infection (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis) typically develops in children between the ages of 2 and 10 after recovery from the infection. Infections with other types of bacteria, such as staphylococcus and pneumococcus, viral infections, such as chickenpox , and parasitic infections, such as malaria , can also result in acute glomerulonephritis. Acute glomerulonephritis that results from any of these infections is called postinfectious glomerulonephritis.
Acute glomerulonephritis may also be caused by noninfectious disorders, including membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, immunoglobulin A–associated vasculitis , systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), cryoglobulinemia , Goodpasture syndrome , and granulomatosis with polyangiitis . Acute glomerulonephritis that develops into rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis most often results from conditions that involve an abnormal immune reaction.
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Often, chronic glomerulonephritis seems to result from some of the same conditions that cause acute glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Sometimes, acute glomerulonephritis does not resolve and instead becomes long lasting (chronic). Occasionally, chronic glomerulonephritis is caused by hereditary nephritis , an inherited genetic disorder. In many people with chronic glomerulonephritis, the cause cannot be identified.
Some Causes of Glomerulonephritis
Bacterial infections (for example, with streptococcus, staphylococcus, or pneumococcus)
Fungal infections
Viral infections (for example, hepatitis B and hepatitis C or HIV infections)
Vasculitis(blood vessel inflammation)
Drugs (for example, quinine, gemcitabine, or mitomycin C)
Symptoms
About half of the people with acute glomerulonephritis have no symptoms. If symptoms do occur, the first to appear are tissue swelling (edema) due to fluid retention, low urine volume, and production of urine that is dark because it contains blood. Edema may first appear as puffiness of the face and eyelids but later is prominent in the legs. Blood pressure increases (see Figure: Regulating Blood Pressure: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System ) as kidney function becomes impaired. Some people become drowsy or confused. In older people, nonspecific symptoms, such as nausea and a general feeling of illness (malaise), are more common.
When rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis develops, weakness, fatigue, and fever are the most frequent early symptoms. Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain are also common. About 50% of people have a flu-like illness in the month before kidney failure develops. These people have edema and usually produce very little urine. High blood pressure is uncommon and rarely severe when it does occur.
Because chronic glomerulonephritis usually causes only very mild or subtle symptoms, it goes undetected for a long time in most people. Edema may occur. High blood pressure is common. The disease may progress to kidney failure, which can cause itchiness, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
Diagnosis
Urine tests
Kidney biopsy
Doctors investigate the possibility of acute glomerulonephritis in people who develop symptoms that suggest the disorder. They also investigate the possibility in people whose laboratory test results (which may be done to evaluate nonspecific symptoms or as part of a routine medical evaluation) indicate kidney dysfunction or blood in the urine. Laboratory tests show variable amounts of protein and blood cells in the urine and often kidney dysfunction, as shown by a high concentration of urea and creatinine (waste products) in the blood.
In people with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, casts (clumps of red blood cells or white blood cells) are often visible in a urine sample that is examined under a microscope. Blood tests usually detect anemia .
When doctors suspect glomerulonephritis, a biopsy of a kidney is usually done to confirm the diagnosis, help determine the cause, and determine the amount of scarring and potential for reversibility. Kidney biopsy is done by inserting a needle in one of the kidneys under ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) guidance to obtain a small amount of kidney tissue. Although kidney biopsy is an invasive procedure and occasionally can become complicated, it is usually safe.
Chronic glomerulonephritis develops gradually, and therefore, a doctor may not be able to tell exactly when it began. It may be discovered when a urine test, done as part of a medical examination, reveals the presence of protein and blood cells in the urine in a person who is feeling well, has normal kidney function, and has no symptoms. Doctors usually do an imaging test of the kidneys, such as ultrasonography or CT.
A kidney biopsy is the most reliable way to distinguish chronic glomerulonephritis from other kidney disorders. A biopsy, however, is rarely done in advanced stages. In these cases, the kidneys are shrunken and scarred, and the chance of obtaining specific information about the cause is small. Doctors suspect that the kidneys are shrunken and scarred if kidney function has been poor for a long time and the kidneys appear abnormally small on an imaging test.
Determining the cause of glomerulonephritis
Additional tests are sometimes helpful for identifying the cause. For example, in the diagnosis of postinfectious glomerulonephritis, a throat culture may provide evidence of streptococcal infection. Blood levels of antibodies against streptococci may be higher than normal or progressively increase over several weeks. Acute glomerulonephritis that follows an infection other than strep throat is usually easier to diagnose because its symptoms often begin while the infection is still obvious. Cultures and blood tests that help identify the organisms that cause these other types of infections are sometimes needed to confirm the diagnosis.
When doctors suspect an autoimmune cause for glomerulonephritis, they do blood tests for antibodies directed against some of the body's own tissues (called autoantibodies) and tests that assess the complement system, a system of proteins involved in the body's immune system.
Prognosis
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis resolves completely in most cases, especially in children. About 1% of children and 10% of adults develop chronic kidney disease .
The prognosis for people with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis depends on the severity of glomerular scarring and whether the underlying disease, such as infection, can be cured. In some people who are treated early (within days to weeks), kidney function is preserved and dialysis is not needed. However, because the early symptoms can be subtle and vague, most people who have rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis are not aware of the underlying disease and do not seek medical care until kidney failure develops.
If treatment occurs late, the person is more likely to develop chronic kidney disease with kidney failure. Because kidney failure tends to develop before people notice it, 80 to 90% of people who have rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis become dependent upon dialysis. The prognosis also depends on the cause, the person's age, and any other diseases the person might have. When the cause is unknown or the person is older, the prognosis is worse.
In some children and adults who do not recover completely from acute glomerulonephritis, other types of kidney disorders develop, such as asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria syndrome or nephrotic syndrome . Other people with acute glomerulonephritis, especially older adults, often develop chronic glomerulonephritis.
Primary Glomerular Disorders That Can Cause Glomerulonephritis
Disorder
Prognosis
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis
In this rare disease, abnormal proteins are deposited around the glomerulus. It may also cause nephrotic syndrome.
The prognosis is poor. A severe decline in kidney function (end-stage kidney failure) occurs in half of people within 4 years. It is not clear whether treatment (with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants) helps.
Primary rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
This group of disorders causes microscopic damage to the glomeruli and progress rapidly. Sometimes they are caused by an infection or other treatable disorder. Kidney biopsy is required for diagnosis.
The prognosis is poor. At least 80% of people who are not treated develop end-stage kidney failure within 6 months. The prognosis is better for people younger than 60 years and when an underlying disorder causing the glomerulonephritis responds to treatment. With treatment, 43% of people develop end-stage renal disease within 12 months.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy
The most common form of glomerulonephritis in the world is caused by immune complexes (combinations of antigens and antibodies) deposited in the kidneys.
Usually the disorder progresses slowly. End-stage kidney failure develops in about 25% of people after 20 years. The disorder progresses more slowly in children.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
This uncommon type of glomerulonephritis occurs primarily between the ages of 8 and 30. The disorder is caused by immune complexes (combinations of antigens and antibodies) attaching to the kidneys, but sometimes why the complexes attach to the kidneys is unknown.
If the cause is known and can be treated, a partial remission may occur. The outcome is not as good in people in whom the cause remains unknown. About half of people progress to end-stage kidney failure within 10 years, and 90% within 20 years.
Treatment
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Pattaya, Phucket and Koh Samui are tourist destinations in which country? | Thailand curfew lifted in Phuket, Koh Samui and Pattaya - Telegraph
Telegraph
Thailand curfew lifted in Phuket, Koh Samui and Pattaya
The streets and beaches of Phuket have been quiet in the last few days
Natalie Paris , Travel writer
3 June 2014 • 12:00am
A nightly curfew that kept both tourists and locals indoors was imposed following a military coup on May 22. It initially took effect between 10pm to 5am but was later shortened to between midnight and 4am.
It has now been lifted in three beach resorts that are "peaceful and free from political protests", according to the AP news agency, but will remain in Bangkok and elsewhere in the country.
Visitor numbers to Thailand have been down as a result of the coup, prompting concerns among tourist industry officials. Tourism accounts for about 7 per cent of the country's economy.
On Koh Phangan, a Gulf Coast island with a party reputation, Wannee Thaipanich, president of the Tourism Promotion Association, sent a letter to the local army asking them to ease the curfew to allow a full moon party on June 12 to continue all night, according to a report in the Bangkok Post.
But the island, while it is next to Koh Samui, has not been named as one of the three areas that are now outside the curfew.
The popular beach resort of Phuket however has been made an exception by the military. The streets and beaches have been quiet in the last few days, probably as much to do with the coup as the arrival of the rainy season.
“All the beach bars and restaurants are trading but they’ve told me they are quieter than usual,” said Lee Cobaj, our Phuket expert, yesterday.
“We’ve still not seen any military, though,” she added, “and have had foreign TV channels almost the entire time.” Some national and international television channels were temporarily banned from broadcasting in some parts of the country.
The midnight to 4am curfew will remain in the capital Bangkok for the time being, to the disappointment of hotel, bar and restaurant owners.
Five-star hotel owners in the city told Lee Cobaj that they were running at about 30 per cent occupancy. “They’ve also had to close some of their restaurants as they just can’t fill them,” she said. “The curfew is really hitting the hospitality industry hard up here.”
Troops and police were deployed into central Bangkok on Sunday to stop anti-coup protests, which were mostly limited to small gatherings held around shopping malls.
The military has banned political gatherings of five or more people.
The latest advice from the Foreign Office ( gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/thailand ) warns British tourists to be wary about making political statements in public.
Some protestors have begun adopting a three-fingered salute as a sign of protest against the coup, which is similar to that used by characters in the film the Hunger Games. A spokesman for the military reportedly said today it would consider taking action against those using the salute in large groups.
The Foreign Office’s website advises: “It is illegal to criticise the coup and you should be wary of making political statements in public. Some anti-coup demonstrations are taking place in Bangkok and some other cities. These could become violent.
“You should exercise extreme caution and remain alert to the situation. If you’re in any doubt about your safety, stay in your accommodation. You should avoid all protests sites, political gatherings, demonstrations and marches.”
Authorities have advised that the curfew does not apply to those travelling to or from airports, but departing or arriving travellers should have their passports and tickets with them for presentation.
Natai Beach, Thailand
9 Telegraph expert rating
| Thailand |
What is the science which maps the main features of the heavens and the earth, including astronomy, geography and geology? | Thailand Luxury Villa Destinations | The Boutique Villas Phuket, koh Samui, Thailand
Koh Samui
Thailand As A Holiday Destination
Thailand is a Southeast Asian, predominantly Buddhist kingdom almost equidistant between India and China. For centuries known by outsiders as Siam, Thailand has been something of a Southeast Asian migratory, cultural and religious cross-roads. With an area of some 510,000 square kilometres and a population of some 57 million, Thailand is approximately the same size as France.
Bangkok is Thailand's capitol and major gateway. Most visitors arrive through Suvarnabhumi International Airport which is connected by daily flights to Europe, North America, Asia and Australia aboard the world's major airlines. Further international flights, mostly from Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Hong Kong, land on a less regular basis at the southern airports of Phuket and Hat Yai and Chiang Mai in northern Thailand. Charter flights from Europe and the Orient sometimes land in Bangkok, Phuket, Chiang Mai, Hat Yai and at U-Taphao for Pattaya.
Thailand , also known as "the land of smiles", is perhaps one of the most visited tourist destinations in South East Asia. It seems that this beautiful country encompasses everything you as a visitor can dream of. It is s a tropical country blessed with the most beautiful beaches, limestone islands, jungles, mountains, rivers and waterfalls, big cities, traditional markets and villages, temples, smily people and last but not least, amazing food - Thai Cuisine.
Thailand enjoys a tropical climate with 3 distinct seasons – summer from March through May, rainy with plenty of sunshine from June to September and cool from October through February. The average annual temperature is 28°C (83°F), ranging, in Bangkok, for example, from 30°C in April to 25°C in December.
In addition to Bangkok, the most popular toursit destination within Thailand are Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai in the north of the country, Hua Hin and Pattaya just outside of Bangkok and of course the many islands in the south, particularly Phuket and Koh Samui .
| i don't know |
Which element does Zn represent in the Periodic Table? | Zinc»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table]
CAS Registry ID : 7440-66-6
Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous metal. It is brittle at ambient temperatures but is malleable at 100 to 150°C. It is a reasonable conductor of electricity, and burns in air at high red heat with evolution of white clouds of the oxide.
The picture above shows the result from burning a mixture of zinc metal powder and sulphur (only to be demonstrated by a professionally qualified chemist).
Zinc: historical information
Zinc was discovered by Andreas Marggraf in 1746 at Germany. Origin of name : from the German word "zink".
Centuries before zinc was recognized as a distinct element, zinc ores were used for making brass (a mixture of copper and zinc). A brass dating from between 1400-1000 BC has been found in Palestine. An alloy containing 87% zinc was found in prehistoric ruins in Transylvania. The smelting of zinc ores with copper was apparently discovered in Cyprus and was used later by the Romans. Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century in India by reducing calamine (zinc carbonate, ZnCO3) with organic substances such as wool.
The metal was rediscovered later in Europe. William Champion set up a zinc industry in Bristol (England) in the 1740s. Other plants were established a little later in Belgium and Silesia.
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for zinc is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]
Zinc around us
Read more »
Zinc is essential in the diets of plants and animals. Zinc shortage in soils around the world is an important problem. Zinc is the key component of many enzymes. The protein hormone insulin contains zinc.
Zinc plays a role in reproduction and also sexual maturation. Zinc deficiency resluts in stunted growth and in male sexual immaturity. This is reversed on the addition of zinc in the diet. Some organisms seem to accumulate zinc.
Zinc is never found as the free metal but there are a number of important ores such as sphalerite (zincblende, zinc sulphide, ZnS), smithsonite (zinc carbonate, ZnCO3), zincspar (also zinc carbonate, ZnCO3), and marmatite (zinc sulphide, ZnS, containing some iron sulphide, FeS). Zinc is wide spread around the world. Important deposits are located in North America and Australia.
Abundances for zinc in a number of different environments. More abundance data »
Location
Second ionisation energy : 1733.3 kJ mol‑1
Isolation
Isolation : zinc metal is readily available commercially so it is not normally necesary to make it in the laboratory. Most zinc production is based upon sulphide ores. These are roasted in industrial plants to form zinc oxide, ZnO. This may be reduced with carbon to form zinc metal, but in practice ingenious technology is required to ensure that the resulting zinc does not contain oxide impurities.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
ZnO + CO → Zn + CO2
CO2 + C → 2CO
The other type of extraction is electrolytic. Dissolution of crude zinc oxide, ZnO, in sulphuric acid gives zinc sulphate, ZnSO4 in solution. Cadmium is an impurity and this is removed as a precipitate of cadmium sulphate by the addition of zinc dust. Electrolysis of the ZnSO4 solution using aluminium cathodes and lead alloyed with silver anodes gives pure zinc metal coated on the aluminium. Oxygen gas is liberated at the anode.
Very pure zinc may be formed from crude zinc by zone refining and single crystals can be grown with purities of better than 99.9999%.
Zinc isotopes
Read more »
Zinc isotopes are used extensively in both industrial and medical applications. Depleted Zn-64 is added to the cooling water of nuclear reactors in the form of oxide or acetate to prevent stress corrosion cracking. It also reduces the release of (stable) Co-59 into the cooling water by forming a thin spinel layer on the Co containing steel surfaces. Neutron irradiation of Co-59 will result in the formation of Co-60, a radioisotope which emits high energy gamma radiation and is a major contributor to the dose rate of personnel working in the reactor. Enriched Zn-67 is often used in biological research into the uptake of Zn in the human body. It can also be used for the production of radioactive Ga-67 in smaller cyclotrons. However, by far most Ga-67 is made from Zn-68. Zn-67, Zn-68 and Zn-70 can all be used for the production of the therapeutic isotope Cu-67. Zn-66 has been proposed as an alternative target for the production of Cu-64 and Ga-67. Finally Zn-70 is also used in biological research and in research into super-heavy elements.
| Zinc |
In entertainment, which Marx Brothers real name was Leonard? | Pictures, stories, and facts about the element Zinc in the Periodic Table
Larger | Spin | 3D Candle wicks with zinc cores.
Apparently candle wicks sometimes need to be made stiffer than they ordinarily would be, and thus have wire cores put in them. I first heard about this in connection with a recall of candles that turned out to contain lead wires, which turn into lead vapor as the candle is burned. This used to be common, but is now considered something to panic about, due to the toxic nature of lead.
This candle wick, one of a pack of 100 I got on eBay, supposedly has a zinc wire, not lead, which will burn up into relatively harmless zinc oxide as the candle burns. (In high concentrations over long periods of time inhaled zinc oxide can be harmful, but it's not a cumulative poison in the way lead is, so very low levels of exposure such as you would get from a candle do not add up to a problem over the long run.)
Larger | Spin | 3D Split penny.
There's a guy, Gunther von Hagens , who creates museum exhibits that consist of human bodies that have been split open and displayed as perfectly preserved cross sections or expanded versions of their natural state. This is the same idea, only applied to a 1990 US penny.
Modern pennies consist of a zinc core with a copper plating. See the previous sample for information about how remove the copper and leave the zinc core, and this sample for information about how to remove the zinc core and leave the copper foil.
Do both and glue them together with a tiny stick of pencil lead, and you have this expanded penny, which I used in a Popular Science column. Watch the rotation video to see if from all sides.
Larger | Spin | 3D Zinc penny, modern.
This is an amazing object: A modern (1990) penny from which the copper plating has been completely removed. US pennies made after 1982 have a zinc core with a copper plating over it. Removing the zinc from inside, leaving a thin foil of copper, is actually quite easy: Just sand off some of the copper around the edge and then soak the penny in hydrochloric acid (HCl, also called muriatic acid in hardware stores). I have an example of that listed under copper.
But doing the converse is much harder. Any acid that will dissolve copper will dissolve zinc much faster, so it cannot be done using acid. I was at a loss, and the internet did not reveal anyone else who had done it. Fortunately Tryggvi, my chemist friend, took on the project, and found a way using cyanide complexation. Cyanide ions wrap themselves tightly around copper ions in solution, forming what's known as a complex. They do not, on the other hand, care much for zinc at all. In a concentrated solution of potassium cyanide copper is rendered slightly more vulnerable to oxidation than zinc. Under just the right conditions (cool temperatures and gentle agitation) the oxidizer potassium persulfate, combined with concentrated potassium cyanide, will slowly remove copper without touching zinc. It took Tryggvi many tried, and many ruined pennies, to get the procedure just right, but the result was perfection itself.
See the next sample for a clever example of what you can do with disassembled pennies.
Larger | Spin | 3D Crow's foot zinc.
The February 2007 issue of Popular Science magazine (for which I write a monthly column has my article about making an antique-style "gravity cell", a type of battery made with a solution of copper sulfate and an electrode made of cast zinc. These were known a hundred years ago as "crow's foot zincs", and were available at that time in any corner general store. But these batteries have not been used for at least 60 years, and not even on eBay can you buy a crow's foot zinc, so I was forced to machine a graphite mold to use to cast my own brand new copies, based on a photograph I found on the internet. (Within days of the article reaching subscribers I got an email from someone wondering where I got the crow's foot zincs, and if they could get some too. I had to tell them that I've probably made the first new ones manufactured in many decades, and so far as I know there is simply no source for them. Except, of course, my little graphite mold.)
Actually there's no need for such a fancy shape of electrode, any old hunk of zinc would work reasonably well. I was just showing off by making a replica of an antique style electrode: I wanted the pictures to look pretty in the magazine.
Purity: 99.99%
Larger Concrete parting tool.
This is a tool used to create the sort of line you see in sidewalks about every 4-5 feet. After the concrete is partly set, but still soft, you run this tool along a straight board held over the concrete, forming a neat line with rounded edges. The purpose of this line is to weaken the concrete along that line, so that when the concrete cracks, it will do so at the bottom of the scribed line, where you won't see the crack. (With concrete slabs larger than a certain size, it's not a question of if, but when, it will crack. Better to have neat-looking, regularly spaced lines that look like you meant for them to be there, than irregularly spaced cracks that look like obvious defects. It's purely a question of hiding flaws, nothing that actually improves the performance of the concrete.)
This tool says on its label that it's made of zinc, and the surface looks a lot like zinc to me. It's quite heavy, presumably to make it easier to push along the concrete without riding up. Alloys referred to as "pot metal", which often contain zinc, are commonly used to cast simple shapes like this which don't need to be particularly strong, but this one claims to be all zinc, which is unusual and makes me think maybe it is. No idea why this would be better than pot metal: Maybe it's cheaper.
Purity: 99.99%
Larger Assorted glow-in-the-dark paints.
This lovely array of glow-in-the-dark (phosphorescent) powders illustrates the range of colors and the brightness of modern luminous paints. Green and aqua are europium doped strontium aluminate, the brightest of all the modern phosphorescent powders. Blue is a alkali earth silicate, while red and orange are older, noticeably less bright zinc sulfides. (The difference in brightness is so great it was difficult to get a photograph that showed the glowing of the zinc sulfide without overexposing the other colors!) The powder packets are meant to be mixed with paint, nail polish, or whatever, rendering them luminous. The bottle in the back is ready-made paint, while the small tub is a heat-and-dip powder.
This set was kindly donated by Ready Set Glo: Visit their website at www.readysetglo.com or their eBay store .
(The "purity" listed below doesn't mean a whole lot since this is a mixture of several different compounds: I'm just indicating that this sample is not a simple element but rather a mixed compound.)
Larger | 3D Museum-grade sample.
In early 2004 Max Whitby and I started selling individual element samples identical or similar to the samples we use in the museum displays we build. These are top-quality samples presented in attractive forms appropriate to the particular element. They are for sale from Max's website and also on eBay where you will find an ever-changing selection of samples (click the link to see the current listings).
This cast ball is designed to show what the surface of the metal looks like when hammered: By comparing with similar hammered balls of other metals an idea of the hardness and working characteristics of the metal is given. (We use approximately the same hammering force on each ball, so lead will show much deeper hammer marks than zinc, for example.)
Larger | 3D Museum-grade sample.
In early 2004 Max Whitby and I started selling individual element samples identical or similar to the samples we use in the museum displays we build. These are top-quality samples presented in attractive forms appropriate to the particular element. They are for sale from Max's website and also on eBay where you will find an ever-changing selection of samples (click the link to see the current listings).
This "crystal nest" is formed by allowing a cup of the molten metal to half-solidify, then pouring the liquid center off. Different metals form surprisingly diverse types of crystals using this very simple technique. The size and shape of the crystals is very sensitive to the purity of the material: This bullet lead is relatively low purity and therefor forms relatively small crystals: As a rule the higher the purity, the larger the crystals, with the most spectacular example being bismuth of 99.99% or better purity.
Larger | 3D Museum-grade sample.
In early 2004 Max Whitby and I started selling individual element samples identical or similar to the samples we use in the museum displays we build. These are top-quality samples presented in attractive forms appropriate to the particular element. They are for sale from Max's website and also on eBay where you will find an ever-changing selection of samples (click the link to see the current listings).
This ingot is designed to show what the surface of the metal looks like when hammered: By comparing with similar hammered ingots of other metals an idea of the hardness and working characteristics of the metal is given. (We use approximately the same hammering force on each ingot, so lead will show much deeper hammer marks than zinc, for example.)
Larger | 3D Museum-grade sample.
In early 2004 Max Whitby and I started selling individual element samples identical or similar to the samples we use in the museum displays we build. These are top-quality samples presented in attractive forms appropriate to the particular element. They are for sale from Max's website and also on eBay where you will find an ever-changing selection of samples (click the link to see the current listings).
This ingot shows two kinds of surfaces, one where the metal cooled in contact with a graphite mold, and the top that was in contact with the air. The top surface is particularly interesting in that it shows the degree of contraction when the metal cools and sometimes crystal structures that give the surface a wrinkled appearance as in copper or tin.
Sample Group: RGB Samples
Larger 8.4V zinc-air batteries.
These batteries are the size and shape of a standard 9V battery, but they are air-breathing half-fuel cells instead. See the previous sample for more information about how zinc-air batteries work. Note that these come sealed in a metalized Mylar vacuum pack: As long as the package remains unopened their shelf-life is virtually unlimited, because one of the components needed to make the battery work, air, has been excluded. My understanding is that after you open the package it takes a couple of minutes for the voltage to build up, then the battery is ready to use.
Purity: 10%
Larger Zinc-air hearing aid batteries.
Batteries generate electricity by allowing two chemicals to react with each other in a way that releases electrons, which are tapped and fed through a wire to do useful work. In most batteries both chemicals are present in the battery and they stay there: It's a sealed system. Fuel cells, like the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells that are looking so promising, use the same idea except instead of being sealed, they accept a continuous flow of the two chemicals from storage tanks: This allows them to operate indefinitely.
These zinc-air batteries are exactly half way in between. The chemical reaction they use is the oxidation of zinc metal by the oxygen in air. The zinc is built in to the battery and can't be replaced, while the air flows in as needed to replenish air used up in generating electricity. So, it's a fuel cell with regards to oxygen and a conventional battery with regards to zinc.
These batteries provide a very large amount of energy per unit weight, because they only have to carry half the chemicals, the rest coming from the air. It's the same reason jet engines can go further than rockets on the same weight of fuel: The jet is taking half its "fuel" from the surrounding air. And just like with jets and rockets, the reason not all batteries are zinc air batteries is that you can't get as much instantaneous power out of them, because you have to wait for enough air to get into the system.
In a conventional battery you can draw a very large amount of current if you want, because both chemicals you need are right there ready to react. Same in a rocket. In a zinc-air battery you can only draw as much current as their is air flow to sustain it. Same in a jet engine. As a result, zinc-air batteries are used in applications that require slow, steady amounts of power, like a hearing aid or monitoring device. Similarly, jet engines are used in places where you need a steady amount of power for a long time, like a transatlantic flight. Rockets are used when you want a huge amount of power in a very short time, or, of course, in places where there is no air. That's right, zinc-air batteries would not work in space.
Purity: 99%
Larger Link in multi-metal chain.
I had been wondering about how hard it would be to make a multi-part graphite mold with which I could cast chain links around each other. That is, given an existing link, cast a new one interlinked with it. This turns out to be quite do-able: Here is the mold I made (using my drill press as a vertical mill and a round-ended router bit):
In case you ever want to try this, I'll give you an important hint: The third link is the real test, not the second one.
Using this mold I have cast a chain out of all the metals I can easily cast. Click the Sample Group link below to see all the links together.
This chain (counted as one sample) is the 600th sample added to my collection.
Click here to buy a book, photographic periodic table poster, card deck, or 3D print based on the images you see here!
Larger Water dropped blobs.
I made these at a cookout at the farm to amuse some guests, by pouring just-molten zinc into a large stainless steel mop bucket (which I got at the closing out auction of the Lincoln Developmental Center in Lincoln Illinois, which was at one time the world's largest mental hospital, in case you're interested). The nodules are needle sharp! I poked myself on them as did the guests. When they first came out of the water they were bright and shiny, but unfortunately being zinc they did not stay that way: This picture was taken just a couple of days later and as you can see, they are already starting to turn dull and gray.
The shapes you get from water-dropped metals are quite variable, from rounded aluminum blobs to stringy lead ropes. It also depends on how high above the melting point the metal is: For example if you heat aluminum to well beyond its melting point before pouring into water, it fragments into almost a powder when it hits the water, while if it's just barely molten, you get smooth round nodules. This zinc was just barely above its melting point.
Price: $1/pound for scrap zinc
Size: 0.75"
Purity: >90%
Larger | Spin | 3D Mini periodic table table for Popular Science.
In early 2003 I got an email from an editor at Popular Science column asking if I'd like to write a monthly column. Of course I said yes, and the second article (in the August, 2003 issue) is a story about lost wax casting as I did it when I was fifteen or so. For the photographs in the article I made a few little periodic table tables out of various metals: This one is made of zinc, and I also made ones out of copper , silver , and bismuth .
Larger | Spin | 3D Oil tank sacrificial anodes.
These little zinc balls are put into oil tanks to prevent rust: The idea is that the zinc oxidizes more easily than iron, so it gets consumed before the iron does. As long as you keep some zinc around, the iron will generally speaking not rust. The same idea is used to protect boat hulls, railroad tracks, and other steel structures. The zinc is simply buried in the ground near the iron and connected with a wire.
I chose this sample to represent its element in my Photographic Periodic Table Poster . The sample photograph includes text exactly as it appears in the poster, which you are encouraged to buy a copy of.
Purity: >99%
Larger Sample from the Everest Set.
Up until the early 1990's a company in Russia sold a periodic table collection with element samples. At some point their American distributor sold off the remaining stock to a man who is now selling them on eBay. The samples (except gases) weigh about 0.25 grams each, and the whole set comes in a very nice wooden box with a printed periodic table in the lid.
To learn more about the set you can visit my page about element collecting for a general description and information about how to buy one, or you can see photographs of all the samples from the set displayed on my website in a periodic table layout or with bigger pictures in numerical order .
Click here to buy a book, photographic periodic table poster, card deck, or 3D print based on the images you see here!
Larger Sample from the RGB Set.
The Red Green and Blue company in England sells a very nice element collection in several versions. Max Whitby , the director of the company, very kindly donated a complete set to the periodic table table.
To learn more about the set you can visit my page about element collecting for a general description or the company's website which includes many photographs and pricing details. I have two photographs of each sample from the set: One taken by me and one from the company. You can see photographs of all the samples displayed in a periodic table format: my pictures or their pictures . Or you can see both side-by-side with bigger pictures in numerical order .
The picture on the left was taken by me. Here is the company's version (there is some variation between sets, so the pictures sometimes show different variations of the samples):
Larger | Spin | 3D Photo Card Deck of the Elements.
In late 2006 I published a photo periodic table and it's been selling well enough to encourage me to make new products. This one is a particularly neat one: A complete card deck of the elements with one big five-inch (12.7cm) square card for every element. If you like this site and all the pictures on it, you'll love this card deck. And of course if you're wondering what pays for all the pictures and the internet bandwidth to let you look at them, the answer is people buying my posters and cards decks. Hint hint.
| i don't know |
Poul Schluter became Prime Minister of which country in September 1982? | BBC News - Denmark country profile
Denmark country profile
23 December 11 11:55 GMT
The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in a referendum in September 2000. Analysts believe that Danish fears of loss of political independence and national sovereignty outweighed any economic arguments about the benefits of joining the eurozone.
Denmark's euroscepticism put it at odds with many of its European partners seven years previously when Danish voters rejected the Maastricht Treaty which proposed monetary union and a common European defence force. Denmark had to be granted opt-outs from these provisions before the treaty was approved in 1993.
The Social Democrats led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the last century in a country generally known for its liberal traditions.
Poul Schluter then became the first-ever Danish prime minister representing the Conservative People's Party in 1982, leading a centre-right coalition until 1993, when he was succeeded by the Social Democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen.
A new centre-right coalition headed by Anders Fogh Rasmussen came to power in November 2001 promising tighter immigration controls.
A third successive centre-right Rasmussen, Lars Lokke, took over as prime minister in April 2009. His government, dependent as it is on the right-wing populist People's Party to push through legislation, has witnessed immigration and integration emerge as major issues of public debate.
Denmark's progressive tightening of its immigration laws has led to charges that its strict rules violate European norms.
The country has won plaudits for its healthy economy. Its employment levels are the envy of many industrialised countries and it accommodates a competitive economic edge as well as a generous social security system.
Danish cinema has won international recognition, not least for its willingness to experiment. Through the late 1990s and early 2000s the Dogme movement directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against high-tech, big-budget cinema.
Greenland and the Faroe Islands are self-governing territories of Denmark.
Queen: Margrethe II
Prime Minister: Helle Thorning-Schmidt
Helle Thorning-Schmidt became Denmark's first female head of government after her alliance secured a narrow majority in parliament following elections in September 2011.
The opposition parties ousted the rightist coalition of Lars Lokke Rasmussen in a closely fought election.
Ms Thorning-Schmidt was a member of the European Parliament before taking over as leader of the Social Democrats in 2005. She led them to defeat in the 2007 election, having campaigned to relax immigration rules and oppose tax cuts.
Taxation and immigration remain controversial issues among the parties of Ms Thorning-Schmidt's coalition.
Born in 1966, Helle Thorning-Schmidt studied political science in Denmark and Belgium before working as a Danish trade union consultant in Brussels. She married Stephen Kinnock, the current head of the World Economic Forum and son of British Labour politicians Neil and Glenys Kinnock, in 1996. They have two daughters.
Ms Thorning-Schmidt is known in Denmark for her stylish dress sense, leading some papers to dub her "Gucci Helle". Less helpful was an official investigation into her tax affairs last year, in which she acknowledged having made a mistake in declaring Mr Kinnock a non-resident. The couple were cleared of wrongdoing.
Denmark's public broadcaster, Danmarks Radio (DR), operates two TV networks and national and regional radio stations. It is funded by a licence fee.
TV2, a government-owned commercial broadcaster, operates regional outlets and an internet-based on-demand service. Private stations are available via satellite and cable.
There are some 250 local commercial and community radio stations, as well as national and semi-national commercial networks.
Freedom of expression is provided for in law. The principle was cited by the Jyllands-Posten daily amid a backlash by some Muslims in 2006 over its publication of cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad. The images sparked violent protests in some countries.
There were around 4.8 million internet users by June 2010 (Internetworldstats.com).
The press
- public, operates DR1 and DR2
- state-owned, national
- public, operates P1, P2, P3, P4 national networks
- commercial
| Denmark |
What is fictional Inspector Maigret’s first name? | Denmark Government 1989 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts
Leaders: @m5Chief of State--Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968); @m5Head of Government--Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years; last election 10 May 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Svend Auken; Liberal, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul Schluter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilnjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Flemming Kofoed-Svendsen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress Party, Mogens Glistrup; Socialist Workers Party, no chairman; Communist Workers' Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza; Common Course, Preben Mooller Hansen
Voting strength: 10 May 1988 parliamentary election (179 seats)--Social Democratic 55 seats, Conservative 35 seats, Socialist People's 24 seats, Liberal 22 seats, Progress 16 seats, Radical Liberal 10 seats, Center Democratic 9 seats, Christian People's 4 seats, Common Course no seats, Left Socialist no seats; includes 2 seats Greenland, 2 seats Faroe Islands; note--a party must have at least 2% of the vote to be in parliament
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EMS, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eigil JORGENSEN; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates General at Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York; US--Ambassador Keith L. BROWN; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjold Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO New York 09170); telephone �45� (1) 42 31 44
Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side and that design element of the @m5Dannebrog (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by all other Scandinavian countries
NOTE: The information regarding Denmark on this page is re-published from the 1989 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Denmark Government 1989 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Denmark Government 1989 should be addressed to the CIA.
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| i don't know |
‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ is the first line of ‘Endymion’ by which poet? | Endymion, Book I, [A thing of beauty is a joy for ever] - Poems | Academy of American Poets
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Serenity by Edward Rowland Sill
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English Romantic poet John Keats was born on October 31, 1795, in London. The oldest of four children, he lost both his parents at a young age. His father, a livery-stable keeper, died when Keats was eight; his mother died of tuberculosis six years later. After his mother's death, Keats's maternal grandmother appointed two London merchants, Richard Abbey and John Rowland Sandell, as guardians. Abbey, a prosperous tea broker, assumed the bulk of this responsibility, while Sandell played only a minor role. When Keats was fifteen, Abbey withdrew him from the Clarke School, Enfield, to apprentice with an apothecary-surgeon and study medicine in a London hospital. In 1816 Keats became a licensed apothecary, but he never practiced his profession, deciding instead to write poetry.
Around this time, Keats met Leigh Hunt, an influential editor of the Examiner, who published his sonnets "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" and "O Solitude." Hunt also introduced Keats to a circle of literary men, including the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Wordsworth . The group's influence enabled Keats to see his first volume, Poems by John Keats, published in 1817. Shelley, who was fond of Keats, had advised him to develop a more substantial body of work before publishing it. Keats, who was not as fond of Shelley, did not follow his advice. Endymion, a four-thousand-line erotic/allegorical romance based on the Greek myth of the same name, appeared the following year. Two of the most influential critical magazines of the time, the Quarterly Review and Blackwood's Magazine, attacked the collection. Calling the romantic verse of Hunt's literary circle "the Cockney school of poetry," Blackwood's declared Endymion to be nonsense and recommended that Keats give up poetry. Shelley, who privately disliked Endymion but recognized Keats's genius, wrote a more favorable review, but it was never published. Shelley also exaggerated the effect that the criticism had on Keats, attributing his declining health over the following years to a spirit broken by the negative reviews.
Keats spent the summer of 1818 on a walking tour in Northern England and Scotland, returning home to care for his brother, Tom, who suffered from tuberculosis. While nursing his brother, Keats met and fell in love with a woman named Fanny Brawne. Writing some of his finest poetry between 1818 and 1819, Keats mainly worked on "Hyperion," a Miltonic blank-verse epic of the Greek creation myth. He stopped writing "Hyperion" upon the death of his brother, after completing only a small portion, but in late 1819 he returned to the piece and rewrote it as "The Fall of Hyperion" (unpublished until 1856). That same autumn Keats contracted tuberculosis, and by the following February he felt that death was already upon him, referring to the present as his "posthumous existence."
In July 1820, he published his third and best volume of poetry, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems. The three title poems, dealing with mythical and legendary themes of ancient, medieval, and Renaissance times, are rich in imagery and phrasing. The volume also contains the unfinished "Hyperion," and three poems considered among the finest in the English language, "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy," and "Ode to a Nightingale." The book received enthusiastic praise from Hunt, Shelley, Charles Lamb, and others, and in August, Frances Jeffrey, influential editor of the Edinburgh Review, wrote a review praising both the new book and Endymion.
The fragment "Hyperion" was considered by Keats's contemporaries to be his greatest achievement, but by that time he had reached an advanced stage of his disease and was too ill to be encouraged. He continued a correspondence with Fanny Brawne and—when he could no longer bear to write to her directly—her mother, but his failing health and his literary ambitions prevented their getting married. Under his doctor's orders to seek a warm climate for the winter, Keats went to Rome with his friend, the painter Joseph Severn. He died there on February 23, 1821, at the age of twenty-five, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery.
Selected Bibliography
The Poems of John Keats (1978)
The Poems of John Keats (1970)
The Poems of John Keats (1970)
Collections: The Poetical Works of Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats (1831)
Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820)
Endymion: A Poetic Romance (1818)
Poems (1817)
Letters of John Keats: A New Selection (1970)
The Letters of John Keats (1958)
Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)
Drama
Otho The Great: A Dramatic Fragment (1819)
King Stephen: A Dramatic Fragment (1819)
John Keats , 1795 - 1821
Book I A thing of beauty is a joy for ever: Its loveliness increases; it will never Pass into nothingness; but still will keep A bower quiet for us, and a sleep Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing. Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing A flowery band to bind us to the earth, Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth Of noble natures, of the gloomy days, Of all the unhealthy and o'er-darkened ways Made for our searching: yes, in spite of all, Some shape of beauty moves away the pall From our dark spirits. Such the sun, the moon, Trees old and young, sprouting a shady boon For simple sheep; and such are daffodils With the green world they live in; and clear rills That for themselves a cooling covert make 'Gainst the hot season; the mid forest brake, Rich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms: And such too is the grandeur of the dooms We have imagined for the mighty dead; All lovely tales that we have heard or read: An endless fountain of immortal drink, Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink. Nor do we merely feel these essences For one short hour; no, even as the trees That whisper round a temple become soon Dear as the temple's self, so does the moon, The passion poesy, glories infinite, Haunt us till they become a cheering light Unto our souls, and bound to us so fast, That, whether there be shine, or gloom o'ercast, They alway must be with us, or we die. Therefore, 'tis with full happiness that I Will trace the story of Endymion. The very music of the name has gone Into my being, and each pleasant scene Is growing fresh before me as the green Of our own vallies: so I will begin Now while I cannot hear the city's din; Now while the early budders are just new, And run in mazes of the youngest hue About old forests; while the willow trails Its delicate amber; and the dairy pails Bring home increase of milk. And, as the year Grows lush in juicy stalks, I'll smoothly steer My little boat, for many quiet hours, With streams that deepen freshly into bowers. Many and many a verse I hope to write, Before the daisies, vermeil rimm'd and white, Hide in deep herbage; and ere yet the bees Hum about globes of clover and sweet peas, I must be near the middle of my story. O may no wintry season, bare and hoary, See it half finished: but let Autumn bold, With universal tinge of sober gold, Be all about me when I make an end. And now at once, adventuresome, I send My herald thought into a wilderness: There let its trumpet blow, and quickly dress My uncertain path with green, that I may speed Easily onward, thorough flowers and weed. Upon the sides of Latmos was outspread A mighty forest; for the moist earth fed So plenteously all weed-hidden roots Into o'er-hanging boughs, and precious fruits. And it had gloomy shades, sequestered deep, Where no man went; and if from shepherd's keep A lamb strayed far a-down those inmost glens, Never again saw he the happy pens Whither his brethren, bleating with content, Over the hills at every nightfall went. Among the shepherds, 'twas believed ever, That not one fleecy lamb which thus did sever From the white flock, but pass'd unworried By angry wolf, or pard with prying head, Until it came to some unfooted plains Where fed the herds of Pan: ay great his gains Who thus one lamb did lose. Paths there were many, Winding through palmy fern, and rushes fenny, And ivy banks; all leading pleasantly To a wide lawn, whence one could only see Stems thronging all around between the swell Of turf and slanting branches: who could tell The freshness of the space of heaven above, Edg'd round with dark tree tops? through which a dove Would often beat its wings, and often too A little cloud would move across the blue. Full in the middle of this pleasantness There stood a marble altar, with a tress Of flowers budded newly; and the dew Had taken fairy phantasies to strew Daisies upon the sacred sward last eve, And so the dawned light in pomp receive. For 'twas the morn: Apollo's upward fire Made every eastern cloud a silvery pyre Of brightness so unsullied, that therein A melancholy spirit well might win Oblivion, and melt out his essence fine Into the winds: rain-scented eglantine Gave temperate sweets to that well-wooing sun; The lark was lost in him; cold springs had run To warm their chilliest bubbles in the grass; Man's voice was on the mountains; and the mass Of nature's lives and wonders puls'd tenfold, To feel this sun-rise and its glories old. Now while the silent workings of the dawn Were busiest, into that self-same lawn All suddenly, with joyful cries, there sped A troop of little children garlanded; Who gathering round the altar, seemed to pry Earnestly round as wishing to espy Some folk of holiday: nor had they waited For many moments, ere their ears were sated With a faint breath of music, which ev'n then Fill'd out its voice, and died away again. Within a little space again it gave Its airy swellings, with a gentle wave, To light-hung leaves, in smoothest echoes breaking Through copse-clad vallies,—ere their death, oer-taking The surgy murmurs of the lonely sea. And now, as deep into the wood as we Might mark a lynx's eye, there glimmered light Fair faces and a rush of garments white, Plainer and plainer shewing, till at last Into the widest alley they all past, Making directly for the woodland altar. O kindly muse! let not my weak tongue faulter In telling of this goodly company, Of their old piety, and of their glee: But let a portion of ethereal dew Fall on my head, and presently unmew My soul; that I may dare, in wayfaring, To stammer where old Chaucer used to sing. Leading the way, young damsels danced along, Bearing the burden of a shepherd song; Each having a white wicker over brimm'd With April's tender younglings: next, well trimm'd, A crowd of shepherds with as sunburnt looks As may be read of in Arcadian books; Such as sat listening round Apollo's pipe, When the great deity, for earth too ripe, Let his divinity o'er-flowing die In music, through the vales of Thessaly: Some idly trailed their sheep-hooks on the ground, And some kept up a shrilly mellow sound With ebon-tipped flutes: close after these, Now coming from beneath the forest trees, A venerable priest full soberly, Begirt with ministring looks: alway his eye Stedfast upon the matted turf he kept, And after him his sacred vestments swept. From his right hand there swung a vase, milk-white, Of mingled wine, out-sparkling generous light; And in his left he held a basket full Of all sweet herbs that searching eye could cull: Wild thyme, and valley-lilies whiter still Than Leda's love, and cresses from the rill. His aged head, crowned with beechen wreath, Seem'd like a poll of ivy in the teeth Of winter hoar. Then came another crowd Of shepherds, lifting in due time aloud Their share of the ditty. After them appear'd, Up-followed by a multitude that rear'd Their voices to the clouds, a fair wrought car, Easily rolling so as scarce to mar The freedom of three steeds of dapple brown: Who stood therein did seem of great renown Among the throng. His youth was fully blown, Shewing like Ganymede to manhood grown; And, for those simple times, his garments were A chieftain king's: beneath his breast, half bare, Was hung a silver bugle, and between His nervy knees there lay a boar-spear keen. A smile was on his countenance; he seem'd, To common lookers on, like one who dream'd Of idleness in groves Elysian: But there were some who feelingly could scan A lurking trouble in his nether lip, And see that oftentimes the reins would slip Through his forgotten hands: then would they sigh, And think of yellow leaves, of owlets cry, Of logs piled solemnly.—Ah, well-a-day, Why should our young Endymion pine away! Soon the assembly, in a circle rang'd, Stood silent round the shrine: each look was chang'd To sudden veneration: women meek Beckon'd their sons to silence; while each cheek Of virgin bloom paled gently for slight fear. Endymion too, without a forest peer, Stood, wan, and pale, and with an awed face, Among his brothers of the mountain chase. In midst of all, the venerable priest Eyed them with joy from greatest to the least, And, after lifting up his aged hands, Thus spake he: "Men of Latmos! shepherd bands! Whose care it is to guard a thousand flocks: Whether descended from beneath the rocks That overtop your mountains; whether come From vallies where the pipe is never dumb; Or from your swelling downs, where sweet air stirs Blue hare-bells lightly, and where prickly furze Buds lavish gold; or ye, whose precious charge Nibble their fill at ocean's very marge, Whose mellow reeds are touch'd with sounds forlorn By the dim echoes of old Triton's horn: Mothers and wives! who day by day prepare The scrip, with needments, for the mountain air; And all ye gentle girls who foster up Udderless lambs, and in a little cup Will put choice honey for a favoured youth: Yea, every one attend! for in good truth Our vows are wanting to our great god Pan. Are not our lowing heifers sleeker than Night-swollen mushrooms? Are not our wide plains Speckled with countless fleeces? Have not rains Green'd over April's lap? No howling sad Sickens our fearful ewes; and we have had Great bounty from Endymion our lord. The earth is glad: the merry lark has pour'd His early song against yon breezy sky, That spreads so clear o'er our solemnity." Thus ending, on the shrine he heap'd a spire Of teeming sweets, enkindling sacred fire; Anon he stain'd the thick and spongy sod With wine, in honour of the shepherd-god. Now while the earth was drinking it, and while Bay leaves were crackling in the fragrant pile, And gummy frankincense was sparkling bright 'Neath smothering parsley, and a hazy light Spread greyly eastward, thus a chorus sang: "O THOU, whose mighty palace roof doth hang From jagged trunks, and overshadoweth Eternal whispers, glooms, the birth, life, death Of unseen flowers in heavy peacefulness; Who lov'st to see the hamadryads dress Their ruffled locks where meeting hazels darken; And through whole solemn hours dost sit, and hearken The dreary melody of bedded reeds— In desolate places, where dank moisture breeds The pipy hemlock to strange overgrowth; Bethinking thee, how melancholy loth Thou wast to lose fair Syrinx—do thou now, By thy love's milky brow! By all the trembling mazes that she ran, Hear us, great Pan! "O thou, for whose soul-soothing quiet, turtles Passion their voices cooingly 'mong myrtles, What time thou wanderest at eventide Through sunny meadows, that outskirt the side Of thine enmossed realms: O thou, to whom Broad leaved fig trees even now foredoom Their ripen'd fruitage; yellow girted bees Their golden honeycombs; our village leas Their fairest-blossom'd beans and poppied corn; The chuckling linnet its five young unborn, To sing for thee; low creeping strawberries Their summer coolness; pent up butterflies Their freckled wings; yea, the fresh budding year All its completions—be quickly near, By every wind that nods the mountain pine, O forester divine! "Thou, to whom every fawn and satyr flies For willing service; whether to surprise The squatted hare while in half sleeping fit; Or upward ragged precipices flit To save poor lambkins from the eagle's maw; Or by mysterious enticement draw Bewildered shepherds to their path again; Or to tread breathless round the frothy main, And gather up all fancifullest shells For thee to tumble into Naiads' cells, And, being hidden, laugh at their out-peeping; Or to delight thee with fantastic leaping, The while they pelt each other on the crown With silvery oak apples, and fir cones brown— By all the echoes that about thee ring, Hear us, O satyr king! "O Hearkener to the loud clapping shears, While ever and anon to his shorn peers A ram goes bleating: Winder of the horn, When snouted wild-boars routing tender corn Anger our huntsman: Breather round our farms, To keep off mildews, and all weather harms: Strange ministrant of undescribed sounds, That come a swooning over hollow grounds, And wither drearily on barren moors: Dread opener of the mysterious doors Leading to universal knowledge—see, Great son of Dryope, The many that are come to pay their vows With leaves about their brows! Be still the unimaginable lodge For solitary thinkings; such as dodge Conception to the very bourne of heaven, Then leave the naked brain: be still the leaven, That spreading in this dull and clodded earth Gives it a touch ethereal—a new birth: Be still a symbol of immensity; A firmament reflected in a sea; An element filling the space between; An unknown—but no more: we humbly screen With uplift hands our foreheads, lowly bending, And giving out a shout most heaven rending, Conjure thee to receive our humble Paean, Upon thy Mount Lycean! Even while they brought the burden to a close, A shout from the whole multitude arose, That lingered in the air like dying rolls Of abrupt thunder, when Ionian shoals Of dolphins bob their noses through the brine. Meantime, on shady levels, mossy fine, Young companies nimbly began dancing To the swift treble pipe, and humming string. Aye, those fair living forms swam heavenly To tunes forgotten—out of memory: Fair creatures! whose young children's children bred Thermopylæ its heroes—not yet dead, But in old marbles ever beautiful. High genitors, unconscious did they cull Time's sweet first-fruits—they danc'd to weariness, And then in quiet circles did they press The hillock turf, and caught the latter end Of some strange history, potent to send A young mind from its bodily tenement. Or they might watch the quoit-pitchers, intent On either side; pitying the sad death Of Hyacinthus, when the cruel breath Of Zephyr slew him,—Zephyr penitent, Who now, ere Phoebus mounts the firmament, Fondles the flower amid the sobbing rain. The archers too, upon a wider plain, Beside the feathery whizzing of the shaft, And the dull twanging bowstring, and the raft Branch down sweeping from a tall ash top, Call'd up a thousand thoughts to envelope Those who would watch. Perhaps, the trembling knee And frantic gape of lonely Niobe, Poor, lonely Niobe! when her lovely young Were dead and gone, and her caressing tongue Lay a lost thing upon her paly lip, And very, very deadliness did nip Her motherly cheeks. Arous'd from this sad mood By one, who at a distance loud halloo'd, Uplifting his strong bow into the air, Many might after brighter visions stare: After the Argonauts, in blind amaze Tossing about on Neptune's restless ways, Until, from the horizon's vaulted side, There shot a golden splendour far and wide, Spangling those million poutings of the brine With quivering ore: 'twas even an awful shine From the exaltation of Apollo's bow; A heavenly beacon in their dreary woe. Who thus were ripe for high contemplating, Might turn their steps towards the sober ring Where sat Endymion and the aged priest 'Mong shepherds gone in eld, whose looks increas'd The silvery setting of their mortal star. There they discours'd upon the fragile bar That keeps us from our homes ethereal; And what our duties there: to nightly call Vesper, the beauty-crest of summer weather; To summon all the downiest clouds together For the sun's purple couch; to emulate In ministring the potent rule of fate With speed of fire-tailed exhalations; To tint her pallid cheek with bloom, who cons Sweet poesy by moonlight: besides these, A world of other unguess'd offices. Anon they wander'd, by divine converse, Into Elysium; vieing to rehearse Each one his own anticipated bliss. One felt heart-certain that he could not miss His quick gone love, among fair blossom'd boughs, Where every zephyr-sigh pouts and endows Her lips with music for the welcoming. Another wish'd, mid that eternal spring, To meet his rosy child, with feathery sails, Sweeping, eye-earnestly, through almond vales: Who, suddenly, should stoop through the smooth wind, And with the balmiest leaves his temples bind; And, ever after, through those regions be His messenger, his little Mercury. Some were athirst in soul to see again Their fellow huntsmen o'er the wide champaign In times long past; to sit with them, and talk Of all the chances in their earthly walk; Comparing, joyfully, their plenteous stores Of happiness, to when upon the moors, Benighted, close they huddled from the cold, And shar'd their famish'd scrips. Thus all out-told Their fond imaginations,—saving him Whose eyelids curtain'd up their jewels dim, Endymion: yet hourly had he striven To hide the cankering venom, that had riven His fainting recollections. Now indeed His senses had swoon'd off: he did not heed The sudden silence, or the whispers low, Or the old eyes dissolving at his woe, Or anxious calls, or close of trembling palms, Or maiden's sigh, that grief itself embalms: But in the self-same fixed trance he kept, Like one who on the earth had never stept. Aye, even as dead-still as a marble man, Frozen in that old tale Arabian. Who whispers him so pantingly and close? Peona, his sweet sister: of all those, His friends, the dearest. Hushing signs she made, And breath'd a sister's sorrow to persuade A yielding up, a cradling on her care. Her eloquence did breathe away the curse: She led him, like some midnight spirit nurse Of happy changes in emphatic dreams, Along a path between two little streams,— Guarding his forehead, with her round elbow, From low-grown branches, and his footsteps slow From stumbling over stumps and hillocks small; Until they came to where these streamlets fall, With mingled bubblings and a gentle rush, Into a river, clear, brimful, and flush With crystal mocking of the trees and sky. A little shallop, floating there hard by, Pointed its beak over the fringed bank; And soon it lightly dipt, and rose, and sank, And dipt again, with the young couple's weight,— Peona guiding, through the water straight, Towards a bowery island opposite; Which gaining presently, she steered light Into a shady, fresh, and ripply cove, Where nested was an arbour, overwove By many a summer's silent fingering; To whose cool bosom she was used to bring Her playmates, with their needle broidery, And minstrel memories of times gone by. So she was gently glad to see him laid Under her favourite bower's quiet shade, On her own couch, new made of flower leaves, Dried carefully on the cooler side of sheaves When last the sun his autumn tresses shook, And the tann'd harvesters rich armfuls took. Soon was he quieted to slumbrous rest: But, ere it crept upon him, he had prest Peona's busy hand against his lips, And still, a sleeping, held her finger-tips In tender pressure. And as a willow keeps A patient watch over the stream that creeps Windingly by it, so the quiet maid Held her in peace: so that a whispering blade Of grass, a wailful gnat, a bee bustling Down in the blue-bells, or a wren light rustling Among seer leaves and twigs, might all be heard. O magic sleep! O comfortable bird, That broodest o'er the troubled sea of the mind Till it is hush'd and smooth! O unconfin'd Restraint! imprisoned liberty! great key To golden palaces, strange minstrelsy, Fountains grotesque, new trees, bespangled caves, Echoing grottos, full of tumbling waves And moonlight; aye, to all the mazy world Of silvery enchantment!—who, upfurl'd Beneath thy drowsy wing a triple hour, But renovates and lives?—Thus, in the bower, Endymion was calm'd to life again. Opening his eyelids with a healthier brain, He said: "I feel this thine endearing love All through my bosom: thou art as a dove Trembling its closed eyes and sleeked wings About me; and the pearliest dew not brings Such morning incense from the fields of May, As do those brighter drops that twinkling stray From those kind eyes,—the very home and haunt Of sisterly affection. Can I want Aught else, aught nearer heaven, than such tears? Yet dry them up, in bidding hence all fears That, any longer, I will pass my days Alone and sad. No, I will once more raise My voice upon the mountain-heights; once more Make my horn parley from their foreheads hoar: Again my trooping hounds their tongues shall loll Around the breathed boar: again I'll poll The fair-grown yew tree, for a chosen bow: And, when the pleasant sun is getting low, Again I'll linger in a sloping mead To hear the speckled thrushes, and see feed Our idle sheep. So be thou cheered sweet, And, if thy lute is here, softly intreat My soul to keep in its resolved course." Hereat Peona, in their silver source, Shut her pure sorrow drops with glad exclaim, And took a lute, from which there pulsing came A lively prelude, fashioning the way In which her voice should wander. 'Twas a lay More subtle cadenced, more forest wild Than Dryope's lone lulling of her child; And nothing since has floated in the air So mournful strange. Surely some influence rare Went, spiritual, through the damsel's hand; For still, with Delphic emphasis, she spann'd The quick invisible strings, even though she saw Endymion's spirit melt away and thaw Before the deep intoxication. But soon she came, with sudden burst, upon Her self-possession—swung the lute aside, And earnestly said: "Brother, 'tis vain to hide That thou dost know of things mysterious, Immortal, starry; such alone could thus Weigh down thy nature. Hast thou sinn'd in aught Offensive to the heavenly powers? Caught A Paphian dove upon a message sent? Thy deathful bow against some deer-herd bent, Sacred to Dian? Haply, thou hast seen Her naked limbs among the alders green; And that, alas! is death. No, I can trace Something more high perplexing in thy face!" Endymion look'd at her, and press'd her hand, And said, "Art thou so pale, who wast so bland And merry in our meadows? How is this? Tell me thine ailment: tell me all amiss!— Ah! thou hast been unhappy at the change Wrought suddenly in me. What indeed more strange? Or more complete to overwhelm surmise? Ambition is no sluggard: 'tis no prize, That toiling years would put within my grasp, That I have sigh'd for: with so deadly gasp No man e'er panted for a mortal love. So all have set my heavier grief above These things which happen. Rightly have they done: I, who still saw the horizontal sun Heave his broad shoulder o'er the edge of the world, Out-facing Lucifer, and then had hurl'd My spear aloft, as signal for the chace— I, who, for very sport of heart, would race With my own steed from Araby; pluck down A vulture from his towery perching; frown A lion into growling, loth retire— To lose, at once, all my toil breeding fire, And sink thus low! but I will ease my breast Of secret grief, here in this bowery nest. "This river does not see the naked sky, Till it begins to progress silverly Around the western border of the wood, Whence, from a certain spot, its winding flood Seems at the distance like a crescent moon: And in that nook, the very pride of June, Had I been used to pass my weary eves; The rather for the sun unwilling leaves So dear a picture of his sovereign power, And I could witness his most kingly hour, When he doth lighten up the golden reins, And paces leisurely down amber plains His snorting four. Now when his chariot last Its beams against the zodiac-lion cast, There blossom'd suddenly a magic bed Of sacred ditamy, and poppies red: At which I wondered greatly, knowing well That but one night had wrought this flowery spell; And, sitting down close by, began to muse What it might mean. Perhaps, thought I, Morpheus, In passing here, his owlet pinions shook; Or, it may be, ere matron Night uptook Her ebon urn, young Mercury, by stealth, Had dipt his rod in it: such garland wealth Came not by common growth. Thus on I thought, Until my head was dizzy and distraught. Moreover, through the dancing poppies stole A breeze, most softly lulling to my soul; And shaping visions all about my sight Of colours, wings, and bursts of spangly light; The which became more strange, and strange, and dim, And then were gulph'd in a tumultuous swim: And then I fell asleep. Ah, can I tell The enchantment that afterwards befel? Yet it was but a dream: yet such a dream That never tongue, although it overteem With mellow utterance, like a cavern spring, Could figure out and to conception bring All I beheld and felt. Methought I lay Watching the zenith, where the milky way Among the stars in virgin splendour pours; And travelling my eye, until the doors Of heaven appear'd to open for my flight, I became loth and fearful to alight From such high soaring by a downward glance: So kept me stedfast in that airy trance, Spreading imaginary pinions wide. When, presently, the stars began to glide, And faint away, before my eager view: At which I sigh'd that I could not pursue, And dropt my vision to the horizon's verge; And lo! from opening clouds, I saw emerge The loveliest moon, that ever silver'd o'er A shell for Neptune's goblet: she did soar So passionately bright, my dazzled soul Commingling with her argent spheres did roll Through clear and cloudy, even when she went At last into a dark and vapoury tent— Whereat, methought, the lidless-eyed train Of planets all were in the blue again. To commune with those orbs, once more I rais'd My sight right upward: but it was quite dazed By a bright something, sailing down apace, Making me quickly veil my eyes and face: Again I look'd, and, O ye deities, Who from Olympus watch our destinies! Whence that completed form of all completeness? Whence came that high perfection of all sweetness? Speak, stubborn earth, and tell me where, O Where Hast thou a symbol of her golden hair? Not oat-sheaves drooping in the western sun; Not—thy soft hand, fair sister! let me shun Such follying before thee—yet she had, Indeed, locks bright enough to make me mad; And they were simply gordian'd up and braided, Leaving, in naked comeliness, unshaded, Her pearl round ears, white neck, and orbed brow; The which were blended in, I know not how, With such a paradise of lips and eyes, Blush-tinted cheeks, half smiles, and faintest sighs, That, when I think thereon, my spirit clings And plays about its fancy, till the stings Of human neighbourhood envenom all. Unto what awful power shall I call? To what high fane?—Ah! see her hovering feet, More bluely vein'd, more soft, more whitely sweet Than those of sea-born Venus, when she rose From out her cradle shell. The wind out-blows Her scarf into a fluttering pavilion; 'Tis blue, and over-spangled with a million Of little eyes, as though thou wert to shed, Over the darkest, lushest blue-bell bed, Handfuls of daisies."—"Endymion, how strange! Dream within dream!"—"She took an airy range, And then, towards me, like a very maid, Came blushing, waning, willing, and afraid, And press'd me by the hand: Ah! 'twas too much; Methought I fainted at the charmed touch, Yet held my recollection, even as one Who dives three fathoms where the waters run Gurgling in beds of coral: for anon, I felt upmounted in that region Where falling stars dart their artillery forth, And eagles struggle with the buffeting north That balances the heavy meteor-stone;— Felt too, I was not fearful, nor alone, But lapp'd and lull'd along the dangerous sky. Soon, as it seem'd, we left our journeying high, And straightway into frightful eddies swoop'd; Such as ay muster where grey time has scoop'd Huge dens and caverns in a mountain's side: There hollow sounds arous'd me, and I sigh'd To faint once more by looking on my bliss— I was distracted; madly did I kiss The wooing arms which held me, and did give My eyes at once to death: but 'twas to live, To take in draughts of life from the gold fount Of kind and passionate looks; to count, and count The moments, by some greedy help that seem'd A second self, that each might be redeem'd And plunder'd of its load of blessedness. Ah, desperate mortal! I ev'n dar'd to press Her very cheek against my crowned lip, And, at that moment, felt my body dip Into a warmer air: a moment more, Our feet were soft in flowers. There was store Of newest joys upon that alp. Sometimes A scent of violets, and blossoming limes, Loiter'd around us; then of honey cells, Made delicate from all white-flower bells; And once, above the edges of our nest, An arch face peep'd,—an Oread as I guess'd. "Why did I dream that sleep o'er-power'd me In midst of all this heaven? Why not see, Far off, the shadows of his pinions dark, And stare them from me? But no, like a spark That needs must die, although its little beam Reflects upon a diamond, my sweet dream Fell into nothing—into stupid sleep. And so it was, until a gentle creep, A careful moving caught my waking ears, And up I started: Ah! my sighs, my tears, My clenched hands;—for lo! the poppies hung Dew-dabbled on their stalks, the ouzel sung A heavy ditty, and the sullen day Had chidden herald Hesperus away, With leaden looks: the solitary breeze Bluster'd, and slept, and its wild self did teaze With wayward melancholy; and r thought, Mark me, Peona! that sometimes it brought Faint fare-thee-wells, and sigh-shrilled adieus!— Away I wander'd—all the pleasant hues Of heaven and earth had faded: deepest shades Were deepest dungeons; heaths and sunny glades Were full of pestilent light; our taintless rills Seem'd sooty, and o'er-spread with upturn'd gills Of dying fish; the vermeil rose had blown In frightful scarlet, and its thorns out-grown Like spiked aloe. If an innocent bird Before my heedless footsteps stirr'd, and stirr'd In little journeys, I beheld in it A disguis'd demon, missioned to knit My soul with under darkness; to entice My stumblings down some monstrous precipice: Therefore I eager followed, and did curse The disappointment. Time, that aged nurse, Rock'd me to patience. Now, thank gentle heaven! These things, with all their comfortings, are given To my down-sunken hours, and with thee, Sweet sister, help to stem the ebbing sea Of weary life." Thus ended he, and both Sat silent: for the maid was very loth To answer; feeling well that breathed words Would all be lost, unheard, and vain as swords Against the enchased crocodile, or leaps Of grasshoppers against the sun. She weeps, And wonders; struggles to devise some blame; To put on such a look as would say, Shame On this poor weakness! but, for all her strife, She could as soon have crush'd away the life From a sick dove. At length, to break the pause, She said with trembling chance: "Is this the cause? This all? Yet it is strange, and sad, alas! That one who through this middle earth should pass Most like a sojourning demi-god, and leave His name upon the harp-string, should achieve No higher bard than simple maidenhood, Singing alone, and fearfully,—how the blood Left his young cheek; and how he used to stray He knew not where; and how he would say, nay, If any said 'twas love: and yet 'twas love; What could it be but love? How a ring-dove Let fall a sprig of yew tree in his path; And how he died: and then, that love doth scathe, The gentle heart, as northern blasts do roses; And then the ballad of his sad life closes With sighs, and an alas!—Endymion! Be rather in the trumpet's mouth,—anon Among the winds at large—that all may hearken! Although, before the crystal heavens darken, I watch and dote upon the silver lakes Pictur'd in western cloudiness, that takes The semblance of gold rocks and bright gold sands, Islands, and creeks, and amber-fretted strands With horses prancing o'er them, palaces And towers of amethyst,—would I so tease My pleasant days, because I could not mount Into those regions? The Morphean fount Of that fine element that visions, dreams, And fitful whims of sleep are made of, streams Into its airy channels with so subtle, So thin a breathing, not the spider's shuttle, Circled a million times within the space Of a swallow's nest-door, could delay a trace, A tinting of its quality: how light Must dreams themselves be; seeing they're more slight Than the mere nothing that engenders them! Then wherefore sully the entrusted gem Of high and noble life with thoughts so sick? Why pierce high-fronted honour to the quick For nothing but a dream?" Hereat the youth Look'd up: a conflicting of shame and ruth Was in his plaited brow: yet his eyelids Widened a little, as when Zephyr bids A little breeze to creep between the fans Of careless butterflies: amid his pains He seem'd to taste a drop of manna-dew, Full palatable; and a colour grew Upon his cheek, while thus he lifeful spake. "Peona! ever have I long'd to slake My thirst for the world's praises: nothing base, No merely slumberous phantasm, could unlace The stubborn canvas for my voyage prepar'd— Though now 'tis tatter'd; leaving my bark bar'd And sullenly drifting: yet my higher hope Is of too wide, too rainbow-large a scope, To fret at myriads of earthly wrecks. Wherein lies happiness? In that which becks Our ready minds to fellowship divine, A fellowship with essence; till we shine, Full alchemiz'd, and free of space. Behold The clear religion of heaven! Fold A rose leaf round thy finger's taperness, And soothe thy lips: hist, when the airy stress Of music's kiss impregnates the free winds, And with a sympathetic touch unbinds Eolian magic from their lucid wombs: Then old songs waken from enclouded tombs; Old ditties sigh above their father's grave; Ghosts of melodious prophecyings rave Round every spot where trod Apollo's foot; Bronze clarions awake, and faintly bruit, Where long ago a giant battle was; And, from the turf, a lullaby doth pass In every place where infant Orpheus slept. Feel we these things?—that moment have we stept Into a sort of oneness, and our state Is like a floating spirit's. But there are Richer entanglements, enthralments far More self-destroying, leading, by degrees, To the chief intensity: the crown of these Is made of love and friendship, and sits high Upon the forehead of humanity. All its more ponderous and bulky worth Is friendship, whence there ever issues forth A steady splendour; but at the tip-top, There hangs by unseen film, an orbed drop Of light, and that is love: its influence, Thrown in our eyes, genders a novel sense, At which we start and fret; till in the end, Melting into its radiance, we blend, Mingle, and so become a part of it,— Nor with aught else can our souls interknit So wingedly: when we combine therewith, Life's self is nourish'd by its proper pith, And we are nurtured like a pelican brood. Aye, so delicious is the unsating food, That men, who might have tower'd in the van Of all the congregated world, to fan And winnow from the coming step of time All chaff of custom, wipe away all slime Left by men-slugs and human serpentry, Have been content to let occasion die, Whilst they did sleep in love's elysium. And, truly, I would rather be struck dumb, Than speak against this ardent listlessness: For I have ever thought that it might bless The world with benefits unknowingly; As does the nightingale, upperched high, And cloister'd among cool and bunched leaves— She sings but to her love, nor e'er conceives How tiptoe Night holds back her dark-grey hood. Just so may love, although 'tis understood The mere commingling of passionate breath, Produce more than our searching witnesseth: What I know not: but who, of men, can tell That flowers would bloom, or that green fruit would swell To melting pulp, that fish would have bright mail, The earth its dower of river, wood, and vale, The meadows runnels, runnels pebble-stones, The seed its harvest, or the lute its tones, Tones ravishment, or ravishment its sweet, If human souls did never kiss and greet? "Now, if this earthly love has power to make Men's being mortal, immortal; to shake Ambition from their memories, and brim Their measure of content; what merest whim, Seems all this poor endeavour after fame, To one, who keeps within his stedfast aim A love immortal, an immortal too. Look not so wilder'd; for these things are true, And never can be born of atomies That buzz about our slumbers, like brain-flies, Leaving us fancy-sick. No, no, I'm sure, My restless spirit never could endure To brood so long upon one luxury, Unless it did, though fearfully, espy A hope beyond the shadow of a dream. My sayings will the less obscured seem, When I have told thee how my waking sight Has made me scruple whether that same night Was pass'd in dreaming. Hearken, sweet Peona! Beyond the matron-temple of Latona, Which we should see but for these darkening boughs, Lies a deep hollow, from whose ragged brows Bushes and trees do lean all round athwart, And meet so nearly, that with wings outraught, And spreaded tail, a vulture could not glide Past them, but he must brush on every side. Some moulder'd steps lead into this cool cell, Far as the slabbed margin of a well, Whose patient level peeps its crystal eye Right upward, through the bushes, to the sky. Oft have I brought thee flowers, on their stalks set Like vestal primroses, but dark velvet Edges them round, and they have golden pits: 'Twas there I got them, from the gaps and slits In a mossy stone, that sometimes was my seat, When all above was faint with mid-day heat. And there in strife no burning thoughts to heed, I'd bubble up the water through a reed; So reaching back to boy-hood: make me ships Of moulted feathers, touchwood, alder chips, With leaves stuck in them; and the Neptune be Of their petty ocean. Oftener, heavily, When love-lorn hours had left me less a child, I sat contemplating the figures wild Of o'er-head clouds melting the mirror through. Upon a day, while thus I watch'd, by flew A cloudy Cupid, with his bow and quiver; So plainly character'd, no breeze would shiver The happy chance: so happy, I was fain To follow it upon the open plain, And, therefore, was just going; when, behold! A wonder, fair as any I have told— The same bright face I tasted in my sleep, Smiling in the clear well. My heart did leap Through the cool depth.—It moved as if to flee— I started up, when lo! refreshfully, There came upon my face, in plenteous showers, Dew-drops, and dewy buds, and leaves, and flowers, Wrapping all objects from my smothered sight, Bathing my spirit in a new delight. Aye, such a breathless honey-feel of bliss Alone preserved me from the drear abyss Of death, for the fair form had gone again. Pleasure is oft a visitant; but pain Clings cruelly to us, like the gnawing sloth On the deer's tender haunches: late, and loth, 'Tis scar'd away by slow returning pleasure. How sickening, how dark the dreadful leisure Of weary days, made deeper exquisite, By a fore-knowledge of unslumbrous night! Like sorrow came upon me, heavier still, Than when I wander'd from the poppy hill: And a whole age of lingering moments crept Sluggishly by, ere more contentment swept Away at once the deadly yellow spleen. Yes, thrice have I this fair enchantment seen; Once more been tortured with renewed life. When last the wintry gusts gave over strife With the conquering sun of spring, and left the skies Warm and serene, but yet with moistened eyes In pity of the shatter'd infant buds,— That time thou didst adorn, with amber studs, My hunting cap, because I laugh'd and smil'd, Chatted with thee, and many days exil'd All torment from my breast;—'twas even then, Straying about, yet, coop'd up in the den Of helpless discontent,—hurling my lance From place to place, and following at chance, At last, by hap, through some young trees it struck, And, plashing among bedded pebbles, stuck In the middle of a brook,—whose silver ramble Down twenty little falls, through reeds and bramble, Tracing along, it brought me to a cave, Whence it ran brightly forth, and white did lave The nether sides of mossy stones and rock,— 'Mong which it gurgled blythe adieus, to mock Its own sweet grief at parting. Overhead, Hung a lush screen of drooping weeds, and spread Thick, as to curtain up some wood-nymph's home. "Ah! impious mortal, whither do I roam?" Said I, low voic'd: "Ah whither! 'Tis the grot Of Proserpine, when Hell, obscure and hot, Doth her resign; and where her tender hands She dabbles, on the cool and sluicy sands: Or 'tis the cell of Echo, where she sits, And babbles thorough silence, till her wits Are gone in tender madness, and anon, Faints into sleep, with many a dying tone Of sadness. O that she would take my vows, And breathe them sighingly among the boughs, To sue her gentle ears for whose fair head, Daily, I pluck sweet flowerets from their bed, And weave them dyingly—send honey-whispers Round every leaf, that all those gentle lispers May sigh my love unto her pitying! O charitable echo! hear, and sing This ditty to her!—tell her"—so I stay'd My foolish tongue, and listening, half afraid, Stood stupefied with my own empty folly, And blushing for the freaks of melancholy. Salt tears were coming, when I heard my name Most fondly lipp'd, and then these accents came: ‘Endymion! the cave is secreter Than the isle of Delos. Echo hence shall stir No sighs but sigh-warm kisses, or light noise Of thy combing hand, the while it travelling cloys And trembles through my labyrinthine hair." At that oppress'd I hurried in.—Ah! where Are those swift moments? Whither are they fled? I'll smile no more, Peona; nor will wed Sorrow the way to death, but patiently Bear up against it: so farewel, sad sigh; And come instead demurest meditation, To occupy me wholly, and to fashion My pilgrimage for the world's dusky brink. No more will I count over, link by link, My chain of grief: no longer strive to find A half-forgetfulness in mountain wind Blustering about my ears: aye, thou shalt see, Dearest of sisters, what my life shall be; What a calm round of hours shall make my days. There is a paly flame of hope that plays Where'er I look: but yet, I'll say 'tis naught— And here I bid it die. Have not I caught, Already, a more healthy countenance? By this the sun is setting; we may chance Meet some of our near-dwellers with my car." This said, he rose, faint-smiling like a star Through autumn mists, and took Peona's hand: They stept into the boat, and launch'd from land.
This poem is in the public domain.
This poem is in the public domain.
John Keats
Born in 1795, John Keats was an English Romantic poet and author of three poems considered to be among the finest in the English language.
| John Keats |
Who was the longest-serving presenter of UK children’s tv show ‘Blue Peter’? | Endymion Summary - eNotes.com
Endymion Summary
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Endymion: A Poetic Romance, Keats’s first major work, represents the poet’s first sustained attempt to explore the relationship between the real world of human experience and the ethereal world of an idealized existence. Divided into four books, the poem traces Endymion’s progress from his initial desire to rise above his earthly existence by cultivating his love for Diana, the goddess of the moon, who represents ideal love, to his gradual reconciliation, in the end, to his mortal condition and the love that he feels for an Indian maiden whom he meets during his quest. Upon realizing the dangers of trying to deny his own human nature, Endymion suddenly discovers that the Indian maiden, his mortal counterpart, is really Diana, his immortal desire, in disguise. In the end, Endymion learns that he can only rise above his mortal nature and achieve some kind of idealized existence if he first accepts “his natural sphere.” Keats’s point, as in other poems, is that any attempt to achieve an abstract ideal must begin with an acceptance of concrete human experience.
Book 1, which opens with the often-quoted line, “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever,” describes the source of Endymion’s discontent with his life as a local chieftain. His life as a man of action and worldly concerns is disrupted by a dream in which he imagines himself carried through the skies by a goddess. When she finally returns him to earth, he suddenly finds that his...
(The entire section is 593 words.)
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