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In horse racing, during which month is the Cheltenham Cup run? | Cheltenham Festival 2014: live - Telegraph
Cheltenham Festival
Cheltenham Festival 2014: live
Follow minute-by-minute commentary of day four of the Cheltenham Festival on Friday March 14 2014, including the Gold Cup at 15.20 (GMT)
Glaring error: A jockey is unseated during the third day's racing at the 2014 Cheltenham Festival Photo: REUTERS
• Ruby Walsh breaks his right arm in the first race
• Tiger Roll kicks off Michael O'Leary's four on the day
• County Hurdle breaks Nicholls duck for Daryl Jacob
• But Jacob's next horse bolts into rail before Albert Bartlett
• Nasty injury for the jockey... Very Wood wins that race
• LORD WINDERMERE WINS THRILLING GOLD CUP
• Stewards' enquiry finds hampering of runner-up not crucial
• Tammy's Hill wins Foxhunter | Don Poli takes the Martin Pipe
• Bookies' joy: 10/1, 11/1, 33/1, 20/1, 15/2, 12/1 and 16/1 winners
17.35 Well, an astonishing day of sport. Had almost everything. A thrilling Gold Cup, with a side-order of controversy and a stewards' enquiry. A wonderful redemption story for jockey Davy Russell. Yet more demonstrations of extreme courage from jockeys and horses alike. Unfortunately, some injuries to jockeys Ruby Walsh and Daryl Jacob. All that the day really lacked was a big win for the punters. Still, that's racing. Thanks very much for following it with us over these last four days. Cheers.
17.30 No doubt as to the happiest of the day: the men of Gigginstown Stud. A fourth win for them. Runners-up must be our esteemed friends the bookies, who have enjoyed a series of 10/1, 11/1, 33/1, 20/1, 15/2, 12/1 and 16/1 winners.
Cheltenham 5.15
1 Savello (D N Russell) 16-1
2 Ned Buntline (P Carberry) 6-1 Jt Fav
3 Claret Cloak (N Fehily) 6-1 Jt Fav
4 Next Sensation (R Johnson) 7-1
23 ran Non Runner: 14
Tote: win £21.10 places £4.40 £2.20 £2.30 £2.40
Tote Exacta: £165.00 CSF: £102.54 Tricast: £674.60
No 14 Oscar Hill (66-1) was withdrawn not under orders. Rule 4 does not apply.
Next Sensation and Changing The Guard head them off, goodness me, Next Sensation is haring away from the field. His Excellency and Mr Mole get a mention towards the back. Anquetta is in second but Next Sensation is fully 15 lengths clear as they come to turn downhill. Oiseau De Nuit and Shooters Wood up there. Competitive Edge the faller.Mr Mole making some progress. Oiseau has fallen. It's a thrilling finish with Savello powering through for the win, poor old Next Sensation overhauled at the death, and that's another great win for Davy Russell. What a day he has had!
They're off, finally!
17.15 They're about to go off in the last race, the Johnny Henderson... There is a delay while they wait for Oscar Hill. Oh no! He's run off miles away, he's out on the cross country course. Our much loved colleague Giles Mole has put the Mole fortune on a horse called Mr Mole. Well, you have to, don't you?
17.10 Pick the winner of this and you'll have earned yourself a very large drink indeed. I personally am out.
17.05 Time, then, for one more race. It's a two mile chase, it is run over three miles.
16.56 Well, that's me busted flat. I'm not in Baton Rouge, but still. The winners today: 10/1, 11/1, 33/1, 20/1, 15/2 and 12/1 with one race to go. Ouch.
16.55 Good news for fans of uncomfortable air travel. That Don Poli has given MIchael O'Leary a triple on the day.
Cheltenham 4.40
1 Don Poli (M P Fogarty) 12-1
2 Thomas Crapper (Joseph Palmowski) 10-1
3 Caid Du Berlais (Harry Derham) 9-1
4 Urbain De Sivola (Mr A Guerin) 33-1
24 ran Also: 9-2 Fav Full Shift
Tote: win £14.10 places £3.50 £2.70 £3.00 £6.80
Tote Exacta: £241.10 CSF: £113.83 Tricast: £1169.04
Tote Trifecta: £1,960.00
They're off in the Martin Pipe! Vieu Lion De Rouge, Caid De Berlais also involved, Carlo Brigante also. One Lucky Lady in third now. Three out now... Dolatulo leads them. Turning at the top and coming to the second last Thomas Crapper is leading, One Lucky Lady, Don Poli. Don Poli is out in front with Thomas Crapper and Don Poli wins it for Willie Mullins. Not a mention of Full Shift as far as I could tell. Hope nothing's happened to him. Oh, he was under pressure early on, and did not rise to the occasion.
16.40 More false start tomfoolery at the start of this one. I'm not going to lie to you readers, I need Full Shift to win this one. Frankly I don't care what happens to the rest of them
16.35 One of the Channel 4 presenters, Graham Cunningham, is asking [I paraphrase] "how can they say it has not affected the result when the winning margin is a short head, a few hundredths of a second?" A fair point, but the counter-argument who surely be that On His Own's jockey did not have to stop riding, didn't have to break stride really or anything like that, and that the winner looked to have more to give.
All things considered, I think the greater injustice would be to over-turn it now.
Kevin Perry, racing editor, says he thinks it unlikely that On His Own's connections will appeal now. "Graham Wylie is such a sporting bloke, he won't want to win a Gold Cup on appeal. I don't think they will appeal."
16.32 More Gold Cup quotes.
Graham Wylie, owner of On His Own, said: "I just think my horse has run a fantastic race. I wasn't expecting to come here and win it. We knew there were good horses in the race. The way he battled up the hill, I was so proud of him."
Mullins said: "I thought he was interfered with and he was beaten a short head and was in front after the line. The stewards felt he didn't deserve to get it and what more can I do at this stage David (Casey) was disappointed at the outcome of the inquiry."
Asked if he might appeal, Mullins said: "I'll have a chat with the owners and see what they want to do. I'll have a chat with David and then speak to people who are more experienced than me on appeals in England.
"Four weeks ago he was just a handicapper going for the Grand National, then he ran a terrific race in the Bobbyjo and we said we'd go to Punchestown for the Gold Cup there, then I got home and thought why not go for the Gold Cup in England.
"I had a look at the supplementary fee and talked to Graham and he said yes.
"Coming here this morning if I thought we'd get second I'd have been delighted.
"He'll go back to Punchestown."
<noframe>Twitter: John Stern - <a href="http://www.twitter.com/alantyers" target="_blank">@alantyers</a> shut your eyes and i reckon nicky henderson sounds just like ronnie corbett</noframe>
16.30 Not Paul Casey though, interviewed now as he talks about riding the second in the Gold Cup. "To be honest, I thought I might get it [in the steward's enquiry]. And I might have got up in the race."
16.25 It's 15-10 in favour of Britain in the Prestbury Cup. The Irish have had a good day today though.
Cheltenham 4.00
1 Tammys Hill (Mr J J Smyth) 15-2
2 Carsonstown Boy (Mr N McParlan) 40-1
3 On The Fringe (Ms N Carberry) 11-2
24 ran Also: 5-1 Fav Harbour Court, 8-1 Pearlysteps 4th
CSF: £281.37 Tricast: £1812.28
16.15 They're off in the Foxhunter With four to jump it is Carsonstown Boy is leading them, any number are in with a shout, Made in Time also going strongly, Gambay falls and DIvine Intervention is brough down at the third last... Tammy's Hill looking dangerous in third... Pearly Steps running on... Made In Time falls.... Tammy's Hill and Carstonstown Boy over the last in the lead, and it's going to be between those two, Tammy's Hill is staying on the best..... Tammy's Hill wins. Carstonstown Boy a game second. On The Fringe under Nina Carberry secures third place
16.13 So dramatic was all of that, we've not had a second to tell you about the next race, which is a great shame because the Foxhunter Chase is an interesting one in its own right.
16.12 And here is the winner!
16.11 Just going to grab a report off the news wire
Connections of Lord Windermere survived a lengthy stewards' inquiry to take glory at Cheltenham after the eight-year-old came from last to first to snatch victory in the Betfred Gold Cup.
Trained by Jim Culloty, who won three Gold Cups on Best Mate as a jockey, last year's RSA Chase hero just prevailed from On His Own after an amazing run to the line.
Silviniaco Conti led over the last, but he was collared by Davy Russell on Lord Windermere (20-1), who just held the Willie Mullins-trained On his Own (16-1) by a short head.
The Giant Bolster (14-1) stayed on strongly to finish third, three-quarters of a length back.
After two false starts, Knockara Beau was quickly away, although On His Own soon took it up while Lord Windermere was a few lengths detached in last place after a few fences.
Teaforthree and Lyreen Legend were others to join in with pace-making duties and then Last Instalment unseated his rider at the fifth-last fence.
Silviniaco Conti led three out and last year's winner Bobs Worth was also in with a chance as the pack closed in a wide-open race.
Lord Windermere joined in the fight late, but he veered right on the punishing dash to the line, resulting in an inquiry, as he just kept On His Own at bay.
An anxious wait followed before the stewards announced the placings would remain unaltered.
Russell said: "I can't believe it, I was never on the bridle.
"I was never in the race, the whole field was in front of me for the whole race, I had to sit and suffer the whole way.
"I didn't use any petrol, I went around the inside and he jumped great.
"The whole way round I was hunting, I thought the race had gone - the credit has to go to Jim Culloty, what a man."
Russell went on: "I was on the best horse in the race. He was very idle, like he was last year.
"Silviniaco Conti veered over and startled him a little bit.
"I wanted to do the right thing for the horse. I couldn't ride a winner for Jim all year, but he kept saying to me wait for Cheltenham."
Culloty said: "To be fair halfway round Davy Russell was getting the sack!
"He was beaten 26 lengths at Leopardsstown last month, but Davy said take no notice, it will be a different ball game at Cheltenham.
"I knew he'd take his time but that was waiting tactics exaggerated.
"I can't believe it. The horses just weren't right this season, but God they have come right at the right time."
16.08 Racing editor Kevin Perry: "I'm satisfied with the result of that enquiry. The best horse in the race [on the day] won the race. At the time of the interference, On His Own's jockey Paul Casey was really working on his horse, but the winner had more in him. Every time On His Own came, Lord Windermere had more. At the end of the day, the interference has not affected the result."
Cheltenham 3.20
1 Lord Windermere (D N Russell) 20-1
2 On His Own (D J Casey) 16-1
3 The Giant Bolster (T Scudamore) 14-1
13 ran Also: 6-4 Fav Bobs Worth, 11-4 Silviniaco Conti 4th
Non Runner: 3 Tote: win £23.40 places £4.50 £3.60 £2.50
Tote Exacta: £358.20 CSF: £272.86 Tricast: £4559.62
Result Stands After a stewards inquiry, the placings remained unaltered Tote Trifecta: £5,628.50
16.07 Nicky Henderson says that Bob's Worth is fine but was just disappointing.
16.06 Here's the head steward. "Clearly there was interference. He [the winner] has shifted to the right. We looked at how the jockeys were riding, and how the horses were going at that time. We didn't feel that there was enough interference to change the result."
16.05 Great performance in the race from Davy Russell, and a great performance in the weighing room as well, defending himself superbly to convince the stewards.
16.02 Davy Russell "I wasn't in an ideal position for where Jim [Culloty] wanted me. I was following AP. It is a lesson for anyone who gets knocks in life to keep trying, you never know what's around the corner."
16.00 Graham Wylie, a true sportsman, says he is proud to own the runner up and that he didn't feel he was hampered.
15.56 Great TV - we are live in the stewards' room as Tom Scudamore, Davy Russell and Noel Fehily explain how it shook-down in that run in. Davy Russell is saying, I think, that S Conte forced his horse across, and that took him into the path of the runner up. LORD WINDERMERE KEEPS THE RACE
15.55 Marcus Armytage"feels sure that he wiil keep it".
15.52 Bobs Worth ran very flat, he got on the tails of the leaders but never really delivered a challenge. Silviniaco Conte ran well and had every chance, but seemed to tire quite badly. Heroic efforts by both Lord Windermere, and On His Own, and now we wait to see what the stewards say...
15.50 Still awaiting confirmation. Incredible day's racing... What next?!
15.48 Huge tension here as we await confirmation of that result. Lord Windermere, On His Own were the one two. The Giant Bolster in third. There was some intereference, probably, the question is who caused it and whether it affected the result. The question to ask is if the second would have beaten the winner had he not been interfered with... The Giant Bolster's third place is safe whatever.
15.45 There is a stewards' enquiry. Lord Windermere has drifted into on On His Own after they went over the last. Has he hampered him?
15.35 They're off! All over the first safely enough and it's Knockara Beau who lead them away, On His Own next, all over the second okay as well. The Giant Bolster prominent as they go over the water, Houblon Des Obeaux also going along well and there are 15 to jump, everyone's over safely... Last Instalment moves to take up the lead, Cloudy Two travelling well outside him.... They turn in front of the stands as they embark on the final circuit, it's On His Own (with my dosh on board) who leads... With nine to jump On His Own, Tea For THree and CLoudy Two are the front three, Silviniaco looking nice, Bobs Worth quiet in mid field, Last Instalment looking like he is fading.... and he has fallen...
Barry G gives Bobs Worth a bit of a squeeze... Silviniaco moving up to challenge On HIs Own... it's those two who take the third last... here comes Bobs Worth though as they come up to the second last Silviniaco Conte and On His Own, take it up and this is a fantastic contest with four or five in it.... As they take the last it looks like Silviniaco Conte and Bobs Worth, but there are several comes with excellent late runs... Lord Windermere beats On His Own by a head... Jim Culloty, who rode Best Mate, looks like he will be the fourth man to ride and train a Gold Cup winner... There is a photo but it looks quite clear to me... Lord Windermere first past the post in the Gold Cup... STEWARDS ENQUIRY
15.34 The starter gathering everyone back to the start again. It's all a bit confusing. Things seem to have sorted themselves out again.... Unknowable factor really as to which horses react well or badly to this.
15.33 There is a false start. Knockara Beau is the keenest amongst them. Everyone manages to get his mount back in order reasonably quickly.
15.32 Bobs Worth looking a picture going down to the start. Lord Windermere is sweaty. They're ready to go
15.26 Bobs Worth, dressed as Paris St Germain, leads the parade. Houblon Des Obeaux described by Clare Blading as "looking jiggy." If you say so. Here's Lord Windermere "getting quite wound up." LEAVE IT LORDY. On His Own looking well. There's Gold Cup stalwart The Giant Bolster, he's been placed twice, bless his heart. 13 horses will contest the biggest jumps race of them all.
15.24 Nicky Henderson, bless him, looks really nervous. "Bob's been good so far," he says. "But this waiting is the horrible bit." The horse looks in lovely condition.
15.23 Here are some quite astonishing tweets about Ruby Walsh, for those who like that sort of thing.
One user posted: “Haha @Ruby_Walsh karma is a bitch ain't it. #w*nker.”
Another wrote: “@Ruby_Walsh - Karma is a bitch eh? maybe you should think twice before making pig ignorant comments in future.”
One more said: “I do believe that is Karma!!Expect all racehorses are having a good laugh about your ‘primary’ safety concerns#beingputdown?”
And there was also: “@Ruby_Walsh standing by with the humane dispatch pistol... #smallmansyndrome #jockeys are disposable.”
15.20 Jim Culloty bids to be the fourth man to train and ride a Gold Cup winner. He'll be saddling Lord Windermere, who won the RSA Chase in 2013 but hasn't really trained on.
15.19 Michael O'Leary says "Bobs Worth will be impossible to beat."
And here is Paul Hayward on O'Leary:
"They [the crowd] could be booing, cheering, I wouldn't give a rat's backside," Michael O'Leary, the owner of Last Instalment, told the Racing Post. The horse's trainer Philip Fenton was charged with possession of steroids and other banned substances. Booing is unlikely, but the atmosphere would be strained.
15.18 Here is Marlborough's take on the Gold Cup
Having sided with SILVINIACO CONTI a year ago, I cannot desert him. He came down three fences out when travelling well and has done nothing wrong since, including having won the King George with authority. Bobs Worth, last year’s winner, had looked in trouble when Silvinaco Conti exited the race, but his stamina kicked in and he powered clear after the final fence to win by seven lengths. Triolo D’Alene attempts to follow the same path stablemate Bobs Worth trod a year ago, winning the Hennessy and running in the Gold Cup next time out. He is progressive and Tony McCoy will give him every chance.
15.14 Briar Hill is okay, but has fractured an eye socket. As I understand it, that's not too serious. Paul Townend stood himself down before that race because he has a bad shoulder. Paul Casey, who stepped in, is alright after falling off Briar Hill. Ruby Walsh is in hospital. Painkillers all round at Casa Mullins, by the sounds of it.
15.09 The Gold Cup will be delayed by a few minutes...
15.07 Mark Lovell writes:
Another one for Michael O'Leary.......another blow for disgruntled Ryan Air customers
15.05 Well, what drama before that race. And during it, heartbreak for punters as Briar Hill fell, Kings Palace the second favourite also nowhere in that. Not too sure if he fell actually. Anyhow, certainly another hammer blow for gamblers at this Festival.
Cheltenham 2.40
1 Very Wood (P Carberry) 33-1
2 Deputy Dan (L Aspell) 10-1
3 Apache Jack (B J Geraghty) 20-1
18 ran Also: 2-1 Fav Briar Hill, 14-1 Champagne West 4th
Non Runners: 2,12 CSF: £315.12 Tricast: £6656.10
No 12 Port Melon (33-1) was withdrawn not under orders. Rule 4 does not apply.
Cheltenham 2.40 They're off. It's Urban Hymn leading them off, Deputy Dan prominent, King's Palace travelling nicely in second.. Over the eighth last and starting to climb the hill, there's a bout a circuit to go, The Job Is Right is also up there, and Briar Hill is in the centre of the field, middle of the pack. Briar Hill falls at the sixth last. David Casey is up. Disaster for punters. Jockey's up, horse "looks a bit stiff" according to the commentator on the TV. Rydon Pynes falls at the next. Captain Cutter making progress... with two to jump it is Deputy Dan, Kings Palace who lead it ... Champagne West also in the picture.... over the last, it's going to be Deputy Dan who takes it in front, but Apache Jack has him in his sights... The leader fades badly, he's going backwards now, and it is Very Wood who is staying on! Super staying performance from him, and Paul Carbery has ridden him home in some style... Bookies delight as a 33/1 shot takes this, well done Very Wood.
14.52 Who knows how the rest of the horses will react to that drama?
14.47 Back to Daryl Jacob. He's conscious, he says he is fine. He has hurt his leg and his elbow. Start of the next race is to be at 14.52.
14.45 Also on the subject of injuries, here's an update on another fellow who is in out thoughts.
<noframe>Twitter: OffTheBridle.com - Irish Turf Club Medical Officer, Dr Adrian McGoldrick has described Bryan Cooper's injury as ''the worst I have ever seen.''</noframe>
14.42 He's being given oxygen, unclear exactly what the injury is at the moment. The horse lunged towards the rail, and right at a cameraman. Good grief. Talk about getting up close to the action.
All these grabs from Channel 4's excellent coverage...
14.39 Delay while they tend to Daryl.
14.37 The horse spooked on the way down to the start, Daryl ejected onto the tarmac.
14.35 If Briar Hill doesn't win here, the bookies' are going to be in hog heaven. Port Melon has crashed into the rails on the way to the start! My God, what was he thinking?! Well, probably not a lot: he's a horse. Poor Daryl Jacob, he's on the floor and that looked bloody painful. Talk about triumph to disaster... Wow.
14.30 The next assignment is the Albert Bartlett, it's the stayers novice hurdle, and a lot of people are fancying Briar Hill. He'll now be ridden by David Casey, who replaces Paul Casey, who in turn replaced Ruby Walsh. All that has pushed his price out to 2/1. "The joceky change doesn't affect my confidence," says racing editor Kevin Perry. "He's a very capable jockey. 2/1 is a big price."
14.15 "Daryl needed that more than anything," says Paul Nicholls'. "He gave it a great ride." Daryl's stirrup leather broke in the TRiumph hurdle when he was going well on Calipto, and Nicholls had questioned his desire after the jockey declined the chance to ride stable star Big Buck's.
Cheltenham 2.05
1 Lac Fontana (D A Jacob) 11-1
2 Arctic Fire (D J Casey) 7-1
3 Montbazon (R Thornton) 20-1
4 Diakali (D E Mullins) 25-1
28 ran Also: 5-1 Fav Cheltenian
CSF: £66.26 Tricast: £1572.01
Vincent O'Brien County Handicap Hurdle is upon us.. they're off... Cheltenian is prominent early... With five to jump it's Master Of The Game leading this huge field... good pace... Cheltenian, Rainbow Peak and Barizan up there....Cheltenian takes it up on the inside two out, Jump's Road is also going well... over the second last Cheltenian from Rainbow Peak... Coming up to the last it's Cheltenian and Rainbow Peak, with Montbazon putting up a show, but now Lac Fontana and Arctic Fire are taking it up, and it's Lac Fontana who is staying on the best... Lac Fontana wins it for Paul Nicholls and Daryl Jacob. He's been under pressure, Daryl, and this is a popular win.
14.02 Lot of money for Cheltenian, the Hobbs stable have been in some form.
13.58 Oh dear. Ruby Walsh will be out for the rest of the day, he has broken his right arm. Obviously, he'll be out for a bit longer than that, although with these jockey nutters, who knows? Paul Townend will ride Briar Hill now, and also On His Own in the Gold Cup.
13.55 What have we got in the next, then?
Marlborough: The sustained gamble on ARCTIC FIRE could prove well founded. He has smart form at the top level and this handicap company should be less demanding. Cheltenian represents the in-form Hobbs yard and this consistent type should figure. Master Of The Game has scope to improve and should enjoy the ground.
<noframe>Twitter: Suave - There's two bookies in billericay high Street and both are rammed today. Cheltenham makes these chaps a hell of a lot of money.</noframe>
13.50 Nice stuff about Arkle on the TV now. No time for reflection here though, sadly,
13.45 Ben Rumsby: "A nasty accident and a Michael O'Leary winner in the first race. Perhaps the omens aren't so good after all..."
Cheltenham 1.30
1st 15 Tiger Roll (IRE) 10/1
2nd 9 Kentucky Hyden (IRE) 20/1
3rd 8 Guitar Pete (IRE) 7/1
Tiger Roll wins "Life has thrown a lot of worse things at a lot of people," says Davy Russell, who lost his job as the top jockey at owner Michael O'Leary's Gigginstown operation, but was handed the ride today due to an injury to the intended jockey Bryan Cooper, who replaced him in that post. Bryan Cooper broke his leg earlier in the festival, riding O'Leary's Clarcam in the Fred Winter Juvenile Handicap Hurdle.
Nasty looking fall for Ruby, he's up but it looks like he has broken a collar bone or wrist... Both of the horses are up okay... More on that ASAP...
They're off! Abyssaial and Plinth leading the way.. Nasty fall for Abbyssial and Ruby Walsh and they have brought down Adrianna Des Mottes... Coming to the third last, it's Plinth and AP leading the way, Guitar Pete up there too.... Royal Irish Hussar looking in fine fettle and as they come to the top of the hill with two to jump it is Plinth and Kentucky Hyden.... Guitar Pete and Kentucky Hayden coming round the last turn TIger Roll coming to join them coming to the last it's Tiger Roll taking the last in front then Kentucky Hyden... Davy Russell with the win on Tiger Roll Hard lines for Daryl Jacob in that, he lost his irons, was going quite well on Calipto
13.30 Ready to go in the first...
Mark Lovell writes
Achtung Achtung Uli Hoeness Bayern President 3.5 year sentence confirmed. I note Achtung is a runner in first race. And his Jockey just got done on the old breathing device.......
13.28 Royal Irish Hussar a nice looking fellow. Broughton is sweating up.
13.24 Jockey Chris Timmins has failed a breathalyser test and will miss the first. Blimey! He doesn't get many rides, as I understand it, so that's a bit of a choker for him. Personally, I'd definitely want a couple of bracers if I had to get on a horse.
13.20 Lovely day there now. Ten minutes until the off on the fourth and final day.
13.15 They're betting Royal Irish Hussar in the first, he has taken the favouritism from Calipto.
<noframe>Twitter: Ian Parker - Horses occasionally dying in jumps racing an unfortunate fact of life. No news there at all. <a href="http://www.twitter.com/alantyers" target="_blank">@alantyers</a></noframe>
13.10 What word from Marlborough about the first?
PEARL CASTLE may not have been that impressive at Doncaster last time but the slow pace did not help and he is better judged on a 16-length victory at the track previously. His speed could be decisive. Stablemate Rutherglen, Guitar Pete and Broughton are others for the shortlist.
13.05 Prior to that, though, it's the Triumph Hurdle, which is run over tw miles one furlong and is for four year olds. I'm looking at Plinth, a former flat horse trained by Aidan O'Brien, ridden by AP, available at a decent price.
13.03 Briar Hill is my bet of the day, I'm hoping that Willie Mullins can make it three out of three in these novice hurdles. If he runs like Faugheen and Vautour, he's going to take some beating.
13.00 More from Ben Rumsby: "It's turned positively tropical at Cheltenham this afternoon. Should've packed the sun cream..."
12.50 News now of last night's charity race... Rishi Parsad Channel 4's man in it. I find Rishi rather enjoyable. Seven weeks of prep for him to ride in that last night! Came in seventh, battling a slipped saddle in the process. Raced 20 grand for Cancer Research, bless him.
<noframe>Twitter: Cheltenham Festival - Bad news for First Lieutenant backers as he has been taken out of the Gold Cup after not eating up <a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&q=%23CheltenhamFestival" target="_blank">#CheltenhamFestival</a></noframe>
12.44 "With the exception of Silviniaco Conti, they've all got to improve to beat Bobs Worth," says AP McCoy. "It's a long way up that hill and they have to stay."
On a much more important note, he has news on his son Archie.
"He's doing well, he's been in a lot of pain, but he's improving. He's been crying which isn't like him, but he was smiling this morning. He's doing well."
12.40 Sports news correspondent Ben Rumsby reports:
"Much more relaxed atmosphere in the parade ring today following a fatality-free day for horses and injury- free day for jockeys yesterday. Obviously, were something to go wrong on the Festival's big day, that could quickly change."
12.38 Nice day at Cheltenham now, could be some good times run today.
12.37 Non runner in the Gold Cup: First Lieutenant.
12.35 Ted Walsh says "it's very hard to even get a horse back the year after a win. The rate of attrition for these staying chasers is so high. One year to the next is like four years for human, it's like one Olympics to the next."
12.30 It takes some horse to win back-toback Gold Cups. Can Bobs Worth do it?
Cleb watch at Cheltenham. It's the unlikely trio of...
Princess Anne...
... Jeremy Clarkson...
... and Lily Allen ...
12.15 Here's Paul Hayward on Arkle, and speaking to Sir Peter O’Sullevan , the voice of racing for many, and a man forever linked with the greatest jumps horse of them all.
On the 50th anniversary of Arkle’s first Gold Cup win there was a case for bringing the great Sir Peter O’Sullevan to Cheltenham on a sedan chair, but the Voice of Racing thought better of it. “I’m not moving well enough,” he said. “I’m absolutely shuffling about.”
Now 96 – an occasion that was celebrated earlier this month with a good lunch – O’Sullevan was as perky as ever at the end of the phone line. Friday is a day for appreciating not only Arkle, the first equine household name, but all the horses and people who have made Cheltenham such a special repository of shared love for a fairly crazy activity.
Listen to O’Sullevan’s commentary of the first of Arkle’s three Gold Cup victories and you return to a time when the race itself was everything. The horses, jockeys and trainers were centre stage in a world before sport became mass consumption, big business, light entertainment. O’Sullevan describes Arkle’s stunning victory over the mighty Mill House with precision, economy and respect for the silences we all need (but seldom get) in order to soak up the action, rather than the rattling voice of the commentator.
12.05 All manner of interesting morsels in this column by Marcus Armytage, including news of racing poet Henry Birtles:
On the 10th anniversary of Best Mate’s third Gold Cup, the ‘Racing Poet’ Henry Birtles will be declaiming ‘Best Mate’ – Don’t judge him upsides Arkle/ if you don’t judge men by God/but see him as a winter king/ who never spared the rod – besides the great horse’s statue at midday today.
Things have moved on apace since Birtles first declaimed ‘Best Mate’ in 2006. That evening he was assaulted during a pub reading of his poem by a well-oiled racegoer, who made it clear to the bard, who he then had in a headlock, that he had come to listen to “a band not an ‘effin” poet.”
11.55 An update on the reaction to the sad horse deaths on days one and two . Ben Rumsby reports:
There was relief among the organisers of the Cheltenham Festival on Thursday night after a fatality-free day – but they could still come under pressure to make changes for next year’s Festival following three deaths on the opening two days.
The RSPCA said it would “thoroughly investigate” the falls which led to Our Conor, Akdam and Stack the Deck being put down on Tuesday and Wednesday to establish whether any more could have been reasonably done to prevent their injuries.
11.45 Talking of AP McCoy, here's a thing.
The Telegraph was given unique access to fly the Prestbury Park course one month ahead of the festival, before the course had been set up for the four day event.
In this exclusive video, National Hunt racing's perennial champion AP McCoy shares his expert view on the most famous steeplechase course of all.
McCoy, who rides Triolo D'Alene for Nicky Henderson in this year's race, describes the three miles two and a half furlongs test as "the most prestigious race of the whole season."
"It's such a physically demanding race. There is no quarter given from start to finish." He said.
"It's a frenetic gallop and horses have to really stay and have a great will to win and a great heart."
<noframe>Twitter: Paul Hayward - Punters "backing the ears off" Bobs Worth (13-8) say Gold Cup sponsors, but plenty fancy Triolo d'Alene at 12-1.</noframe>
11.35 Meanwhile, here is the man himself on what has been, and what might be later today.
Bobs Worth looks a very worthy favourite for the Betfred Gold Cup (3.20). He loves Cheltenham and the ground and, after the disappointment of his run behind Cue Card in the Betfair Chase I was very impressed with him in the Lexus Chase at Leopardstown.
As far as I can see, there is only one negative, which is that it is all too easy to forget how hard it is to win back-to-back Gold Cups. Best Mate’s achievement of winning three on the bounce just shows what a good horse he was, but before him you had to go back to L’Escargot in 1970 and 1971 for a dual winner. Even two-time winner Kauto Star did not win it in consecutive years.
To me, Silviniaco Conti looks the danger but Bobs Worth loves this place so much I think he will prove hard for the Paul Nicholls horse to overcome.
Beyond the top two, there are loads of us in with place chances and my ride, Triolo D’Alene, is one of them. He first sprung to prominence at Aintree last April and continued with his improvement when taking the Hennessy in November. His goal since that Aintree win had been the Grand National, but he has been working so well at home that Nicky Henderson thought the Gold Cup was a better option than a handicap with top weight. He has kept surprising the trainer and let us hope that does not stop today.
11.30 By a quirk of fate, AP McCoy has now rejected two winners at the Festival this week. Here's Marcus Armytage on that:
Tony McCoy was supposed to be spilling only crumbs for others from his Festival table this week, but the 18-time champion jockey dropped a second juicy steak for his Irish compatriot, Barry Geraghty, to devour on Thursday and kept only morsels for himself.
Two days after Geraghty had dropped in for the Champion Hurdle winner Jezki, after McCoy opted for the runner-up My Tent Or Yours, he picked up another championship- winning spare ride when the unbeaten More Of That, a well-backed 15-2 shot but technically another JP McManus second-string, inflicted a first defeat on the Irish mare, Annie Power, in the Ladbrokes World Hurdle.
This time, instead of being touched off into second, McCoy’s choice of rides, At Fishers Cross, was a creditable five-length third. But McCoy is not about thirds. While ordinary, mortal jockeys might regret decisions made on the track, he was left ruing those made off it.
Ultimately, the mistake of packaging an 11-runner race as a two-horse contest, in this case the up-and-coming Annie Power against four-time World Hurdle winner Big Buck’s, was never better demonstrated as the pair were eclipsed by a rapidly improving rival who is a virtual novice.
11.15 So can Bobs Worth doing it again? JA McGrath, for one, is confident that he can.
Good horses win Cheltenham Gold Cups, but only the greats win two, which explains the enormity of the task facing Bobs Worth, an equine terrier whose profile at Nicky Henderson’s Seven Barrows is so low, he could be described as jump racing’s equivalent to the Invisible Man.
Arkle, Best Mate and Kauto Star are multiple winners over the past 50 years. All champions of their respective era, all greats. If Bobs Worth can win on Friday, against a field at least as strong as the one he beat last year, then he deservedly earns elevation to that elite group.
Henderson, the most successful trainer in Cheltenham Festival history, has had setbacks this season. Despite housing battalions of contenders at Seven Barrows, in 2014 he is notably without his flagship horse Sprinter Sacre, as well as Simonsig and Finian’s Rainbow, other talented previous winners here.
Unquestionably, Henderson’s fortunes at this Festival will be defined by the outcome of the Gold Cup and, in the favourite Bobs Worth, he has one of the most reliable Cheltenham horses of modern times. The nine-year-old loves the course, and remains unbeaten after five visits to Prestbury Park. He has won at each of the past three Festivals.
Each of those wins was authoritative, but none more so than in 2013 when he powered away from the last fence to beat Sir Des Champs, Long Run and The Giant Bolster. At the top of the hill, Barry Geraghty was niggling, and Bobs Worth’s followers were concerned, but rounding the home bend this brave horse refilled his lungs, got his second wind, and flew the final fence.
It is remarkable to think that he drew away to win by seven lengths, but such is his liking for the stamina-sapping hill at Cheltenham, that he ultimately made it look easy. Bobs Worth will have the beating again of those who finished behind him, I have no doubt, but the one nagging question is whether he would have mastered Silviniaco Conti, that day had things turned out differently.
11.10 And news on the Gold Cup from Ben...."The nightmare scenario of a Philip Fenton Gold Cup win is on this morning following confirmation morning that Last Instalment will run in the Festival's blue-ribband event. There had been doubt over whether the ground would be too quick for Ryanair boss Michael O'Leary's horse but he was given the all-clear this morning. Typically outspoken, O'Leary said he could not give a "rat's backside" if the crowd boo a Last Instalment triumph as a result of Fenton facing trial for possession of anabolic steroids."
11.05 An early report from Ben Rumsby: "Weather-wise, the fog initially looked as thick as yesterday this morning but it has already made way for bright sunshine. Hopefully, that is an omen." Too right. A lot of punters had a bit of a hammering yesterday with Annie Power and Big Buck's being turned over.
11.00 Morning! Tyers here, excited to bring you all the good things ahead of the final day of the Cheltenham Festival. Gold Cup day.
***
09.45 Liveblogging's Alan Tyers will be here shortly to bring the very best coverage of day four of the Cheltenham Festival . In the meantime why not have a look at our day three tips and play our free Fantasy Racing: Cheltenham 2014 game .
And here is some more reading:
| March |
Which British explorer arrived in Tahiti in 1769? | Irish Gold Cup odds-on shot Road To Riches on course for Leopardstown | Sport | The Guardian
Irish Gold Cup odds-on shot Road To Riches on course for Leopardstown
• Noel Meade happy with the hot favourite for Saturday’s contest
• Cheltenham Gold Cup third has recovered after missing Lexus
Classy chaser Road To Riches was third in last year’s Cheltenham Gold Cup, Photograph: Pat Healy/racingfotos.com/Rex/Shutterstock
Tuesday 2 February 2016 12.02 EST
Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 07.13 EDT
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This article is 12 months old
Road To Riches, third home behind Coneygree and Djakadam in last season’s Cheltenham Gold Cup , is odds-on across the board to win Saturday’s Irish Gold Cup at Leopardstown after 10 horses were entered for the race on Tuesday. The nine-year-old is top-priced at 4-5 for Ireland’s final Grade One chase before Cheltenham, a race Noel Meade, his trainer, has yet to win.
Road To Riches is also 12-1 to improve two places on his finishing position at Cheltenham last March, and if that is not quite “forgotten horse” territory, Saturday’s race would still be an ideal moment to remind punters he remains a live Gold Cup contender. He was beaten by a total of three-and-a-half lengths at last year’s Festival, and while Meade ruled him out of the Lexus Chase at Christmas because of a minor infection, Road To Riches seemed as good as ever in his previous start at Clonmel in November.
Coneygree gives huge crowd heartwarming win in Cheltenham Gold Cup
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“His blood went a little wrong at Christmas and his scope wasn’t 100%, so we gave him antibiotics for about four days and then off we went again,” Meade said. “Running in races like that, you have to be 100%.
“He doesn’t know what price he is [for the Gold Cup] and we don’t really care but I suppose it’s because he’s hasn’t been out, and what you don’t see, you don’t think about maybe. We actually thought when he won at Clonmel he was better [than last season]. He had a pretty long season last year, he started in Galway [in July] and he was very flat after Cheltenham [when third in a Grade One at Punchestown], because he had a very hard race at Cheltenham, it was a real grueller.
“It didn’t surprise me he didn’t run as well at Punchestown as he did at Cheltenham, as he’d been trained for Cheltenham. Perhaps in hindsight it wasn’t a good idea to run him, but it’s easy to say that afterwards.”
Road To Riches is also relatively lightly raced for a nine-year-old, with 18 starts in all and only 13 over fences, and did not start to find his best form until his second season in chases.
“He came a long way last season,” Meade said. “We had a bit of a problem with him at one stage when he lost his form and he did the same thing over hurdles. We found his diet was all wrong and we had to change that, and he just took off after that.
“He was suffering from ulcers a bit and when we realised we were able to sort it out and keep it under control. Ulcers used to be something I never thought about even 10 years ago and when I look back at my time training and some of the horses that I had, they must have been suffering with ulcers and we didn’t know. Now, it’s one of the first things we look for.”
Foxrock, the runner-up behind Carlingford Lough in the Hennessy 12 months ago, is the second favourite for Saturday’s race at 7-1. First Lieutenant, who along with Road To Riches is one of five possible runners in the race for Michael O’Leary’s Gigginstown Stud operation, is an 8-1 chance, while Gilgamboa, who was one of Tony McCoy’s final Grade One winners in a novice event at Fairyhouse in April, is 9-1.
Nicky Henderson has confirmed Peace And Co, last year’s Triumph Hurdle winner, will attempt to establish himself as Britain’s best hope for the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham when he lines up for the Contenders Hurdle at Sandown Park on Saturday.
The five-year-old was due to take on The New One in Haydock’s Champion Hurdle Trial in January but was ruled out shortly before the final declaration stage with a minor problem.
“It was very minimal what forced us out of Haydock, I’d have loved to run there,” Henderson said on Tuesday. “He’s back moving really well again, he’s perfectly OK. He must have pulled a muscle in his back and he moved badly for about three or four days.”
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Who played the title role in the 1975 film ‘Barry Lyndon’? | Barry Lyndon (1975) - IMDb
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An Irish rogue wins the heart of a rich widow and assumes her dead husband's aristocratic position in 18th-century England.
Director:
Stanley Kubrick (written for the screen by), William Makepeace Thackeray (novel)
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Won 4 Oscars. Another 13 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards »
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A middle-aged college professor becomes infatuated with a fourteen-year-old nymphet.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
After refusing to attack an enemy position, a general accuses the soldiers of cowardice and their commanding officer must defend them.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
A New York City doctor, who is married to an art curator, pushes himself on a harrowing and dangerous night-long odyssey of sexual and moral discovery after his wife admits that she once almost cheated on him.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Crooks plan and execute a daring race-track robbery.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
The slave Spartacus leads a violent revolt against the decadent Roman Republic.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
An insane general triggers a path to nuclear holocaust that a war room full of politicians and generals frantically try to stop.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
A pragmatic U.S. Marine observes the dehumanizing effects the Vietnam War has on his fellow recruits from their brutal boot camp training to the bloody street fighting in Hue.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Ready to catch a train to his hometown, a washed up boxer tells us about the strange and twisty events that happened to him the past couple of days.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Humanity finds a mysterious, obviously artificial object buried beneath the Lunar surface and, with the intelligent computer H.A.L. 9000, sets off on a quest.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.3/10 X
In future Britain, Alex DeLarge, a charismatic and psycopath delinquent, who likes to practice crimes and ultra-violence with his gang, is jailed and volunteers for an experimental aversion therapy developed by the government in an effort to solve society's crime problem - but not all goes according to plan.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
Four soldiers trapped behind enemy lines must confront their fears and desires.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
A family heads to an isolated hotel for the winter where an evil and spiritual presence influences the father into violence, while his psychic son sees horrific forebodings from the past and of the future.
Director: Stanley Kubrick
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Storyline
In the Eighteenth Century, in a small village in Ireland, Redmond Barry is a young farm boy in love with his cousin Nora Brady. When Nora gets engaged to the British Captain John Quin, Barry challenges him to a duel of pistols. He wins and escapes to Dublin but is robbed on the road. Without an alternative, Barry joins the British Army to fight in the Seven Years War. He deserts and is forced to join the Prussian Army where he saves the life of his captain and becomes his protégé and spy of the Irish gambler Chevalier de Balibari. He helps Chevalier and becomes his associate until he decides to marry the wealthy Lady Lyndon. They move to England and Barry, in his obsession of nobility, dissipates her fortune and makes a dangerous and revengeful enemy. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
At long last Redmond Barry became a gentleman -- and that was his tragedy. See more »
Genres:
18 December 1975 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Marisa Berenson described Stanley Kubrick as being uncharacteristically shy around her, and that he would often prefer to communicate his direction with numerous handwritten notes. See more »
Goofs
In this story set in the 18th century, Lady Honoria's makeup makes her look like a woman of the 1970s. See more »
Quotes
[two figures visible on the horizon prepare to duel. Three witnesses stand between them]
Second: Gentlemen, cock your pistols! Gentlemen...
Narrator : Barry's father...
Second: ...aim your pistols!
Narrator : ...had been bred, like many other young sons of a genteel family, to the profession of the law.
Second: One!
Narrator : And there is no doubt he would've...
Second: Two!
Narrator : ...made an eminent figure in his profession...
[...]
Great Paintings Come To Life
20 April 2009 | by ccthemovieman-1
(United States) – See all my reviews
Some movies - I wish there were more of them - simply look like a series of great paintings. This film has that look. You could freeze-frame many of the scenes and swear you were looking at a Gainsborough, a Vermeer, a Hogarth or similar work of art by one the great artists of three to five centuries ago. It's just beautiful.
For that, we have Director Stanley Kubrick and Photographer John Alcott to thank. Being a three-hour movie, there are plenty of wonderful shots to admire, too. In addition, the costumes are lavish and authentic and the scoring is notable. It's no accident that Oscars were garnered for art/set direction, cinematography, costume design and scoring. Yeah, if you enjoy classical music, you'll really enjoy the soundtrack, too, under the guidance of conductor Leonard Roseman.
Not to be overlooked is the fine acting and the interesting and underrated story. I say "underrated" because this film, from what I've read, bored a lot of people and and it was a box-office flop. That's too bad because, frankly, I found the story (outside of the first 10--15 minutes) to be fascinating. As I watched, I kept wondering what strange occurrences will happen next to the lead character, "Redmond Barry/Barry Lyndon," played beautifully by Ryan O'Neal. (For most of the movie, he's called "Redmond Barry," so I will refer to him as that.)
Overall, this was a low-key adventure story about the rise-and-fall of a "scoundrel" back in late 18th century Englishman. "Mr. Barry" is an Irishmen living in England who winds up dealing with a number of people: Irish, English, Prussian, French. His dealings with these people are bizarre at times. While he mainly is shown doing what he can to promote himself, for either monetary gain and prestige of a name and power, he's not all bad. There is a compassionate side to him, but it only shows itself in small doses. It makes him all the more interesting to watch, because you don't always know how he's going to react to his circumstances, which change radically every few years.
We witness his rise to prominence and then his fall when his "sins begin to find him out," as the Bible would describe. It's quite a roller coaster ride.
This is an emotional, involving story, and a feast for the eyes and ears. It's quite different, too, certainly not the average fare from Kubrick. I can only hope this comes out on a high-definition disc some day. Admirers of this film need to see this in all its glory.
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| Ryan O'Neal |
In 1907, which ill-fated liner of the Cunard Line made its maiden voyage? | Ryan O'Neal | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos | AllMovie
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Biography by Sandra Brennan
Though his early career seemed to hold the promise of major stardom for actor Ryan O'Neal , matters didn't pan out and he has become more famous for his long-term live-in relationship with 1970s poster girl-turned-movie star-of-the-week actress Farrah Fawcett than any of his '80s and '90s films. Still, O'Neal is an appealing actor and his clean-cut good looks and reddish- blond hair give him an exuberant boyishness that belies his age. His first major role was that of Rodney Harrington on the television soap opera Peyton Place (1964-1969).
O'Neal is the son of screenwriter Charles O'Neal and actress Patricia Callaghan O'Neal . A California native, he spent much of his childhood living abroad. As a young man, O'Neal sometimes got into trouble and at one point served a 51-day jail sentence for assault and battery after getting into a fight at a New Year's party. Before becoming an actor, O'Neal was a lifeguard and an amateur boxer who was a one-time Golden Gloves contender. In film and television, O'Neal started out as a stunt man on Tales of the Vikings, a German television series. His parents were working on the same show. Upon his return to the States, O'Neal continued finding work in small parts on television shows, getting his first regular acting job on the Western Empire (1962). Following the demise of Peyton Place , O'Neal made his feature debut in The Big Bounce (1969), but did not get his big break until he was chosen from 300 auditioners to play Oliver Barrett opposite Ally McGraw in Arthur Hiller 's maudlin adaptation of Erich Seagal's best-seller Love Story- (1970). The film was a smash hit and landed O'Neal an Oscar nomination. Two more starring roles followed this success but it was not until he played an uptight professor who finds himself beleaguered by a free-spirited, love-struck Barbra Streisand in Peter Bogdanovich 's What's Up Doc? (1972) that he rivaled the success of Love Story. It has been in light, romantic fare such as this that O'Neal has excelled. His next popular role was that of an exasperated con man in Paper Moon, the charming comedy that netted his co-star and real-life daughter, Tatum O'Neal , an Oscar. O'Neal then played the title role in Stanley Kubrick 's slow-paced epic Barry Lyndon (1975). By the late '70s, O'Neal's career had gone into decline and he had begun appearing in such dismal outings as Oliver's Story (the 1978 sequel to his first big hit) and The Main Event (1979) which reteamed him with Streisand. The '80s were even tougher for O'Neal, even though he appeared regularly onscreen. In 1989, O'Neal turned up in the wrenching made-for-TV-movie Small Sacrifices, which starred his lover Fawcett. Two years later, he and Fawcett starred in the short-lived television sitcom Good Sports. He followed that up with a part in the body-switch comedy Chances Are. In the nineties he appeared in the showbiz satire Burn Hollywood Burn, and the quirky detective tale Zero Effect. As the 21st century began he could be seen opposite Al Pacino in People I Know, and in the 2003 comedy Malibu's Most Wanted. After seven years away from screen, he appeared in 2012's Slumber Party Slaughter.
Before hooking up with Farrah in the early '80s, O'Neal was married to actresses to Joanna Moore and Leigh Taylor-Young . His children from those marriages, Tatum and Griffin O'Neal , are both actors as is his brother Kevin O'Neal .
Movie Highlights
Made his start in movies as a stunt man.
His father, Charles, was a Hollywood screenwriter.
Was a talented Golden Gloves boxer in his teens.
Selected for his role in Love Story (for which he won an Oscar) out of a pool of 300 hopefuls.
Considered for the role of Michael Corleone in The Godfather, which eventually went to Al Pacino.
Longtime partner of 1970s sex symbol Farrah Fawcett, with whom he had a son.
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Aravind Adiga’s novel ‘The White Tiger’ won which prestigious award in 2008? | Aravind Adiga wins literature's Man Booker prize - USATODAY.com
Aravind Adiga wins literature's Man Booker prize
Updated
Aravind Adiga's novel The White Tiger scored the Man Booker prize.
LONDON (AP) Aravind Adiga has won the prestigious Man Booker prize for his first novel.
Adiga's novel The White Tiger features a protagonist who will use any means necessary to fulfill his dream of escaping impoverished village life for success in the big city.
The judges also praised the book's humor. The 34-year-old Adiga is the youngest of the finalists for the prize.
Irish writer Sebastian Barry was the bookies' favorite Tuesday in a wide-open field of finalists for the prestigious Man Booker prize for fiction.
Barry's The Secret Scripture, a story of misery, memories and secrets in 1930s Ireland, was 5/2 front-runner among six contenders for the award, according to bookmakers William Hill. Rival bookies Ladbrokes had Barry as 2/1 front-runner.
Both firms had Indian writer Amitav Ghosh as second-favorite for Sea of Poppies. The winner will be announced late Tuesday.
The 50,000 pound (US$88,000) prize is among the world's highest-profile literary awards, open to novels in English by writers from Britain, Ireland or the Commonwealth of former British colonies. Winning brings a big boost in profile, and usually in sales.
Playwright and novelist Barry was previously nominated in 2005 for A Long Long Way. Victory would make him the third Irish winner in four years. The 2005 prize went to John Banville for the The Sea, and last year's winner was Ireland's Anne Enright for The Gathering. The 2006 winner was India's Kiran Desai for The Inheritance of Loss.
This year's Booker shortlist lacks the star power and household names of some previous contests.
Few of the six shortlisted authors are household names, and two are first-time authors: Indian novelist Aravind Adiga, nominated for The White Tiger— the story of a man's dreams of escaping poor village life for success in the big city — and Australia's Steve Toltz, shortlisted for sprawling father-son saga A Fraction of the Whole.
Two English authors are also in the running — Linda Grant for The Clothes on Their Backs and Philip Hensher for The Northern Clemency.
Among those snubbed by the judging panel was Salman Rushdie, who was on the prize's 13-book long-list for the Enchantress of Florence. In July, Rushdie was named the greatest-ever winner of the literary prize for Midnight's Children, which took the Booker in 1981.
Graham Sharpe, Booker expert at bookies William Hill, said the judges' decision to omit another highly praised book, Joseph O'Neill's post-9/11 New York saga Netherland, from the shortlist was inexplicable.
"It's certainly not a vintage year either for the quality of the books or the gambling on the outcome," Sharpe said. "You haven't got the big names, the controversy — anything to spark a flame of interest in the shortlist."
William Hill put 7/2 odds on Ghosh and Grant, followed by Toltz at 9/2. Adiga and Hensher were both 5/1 outsiders.
The award was founded in 1969 and was long known as the Booker Prize. It was renamed when the financial services conglomerate Man Group PLC began sponsoring it five years ago.
On the Net: http://www.themanbookerprize.com
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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| Man Booker Prize |
NaCl is the chemical compound of which common substance? | The White Tiger: Amazon.co.uk: Aravind Adiga: 9781416562597: Books
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Publisher: Free Press; 1 edition (1 April 2008)
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Winning the Man Booker prize is something that most authors dream of, although -- ironically -- the reputation of the prize itself was under siege a few years ago. Books that won the award were acquiring a reputation of being difficult and inaccessible, but those days appear to be over -- and unarguable proof may be found in the 2008 winner, The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga. Apart from its considerable literary merit, the novel is the most compelling of pageturners (in the old-fashioned sense of that phrase) and offers a picture of modern India that is as evocative as it is unflattering. The protagonist, too, is drawn in the most masterly of fashion.
Balram Halwai, the eponymous white tiger, is a diminutive, overweight ex-teashop worker who now earns his living as a chauffeur. But this is only one side of his protean personality; he deals in confidence scams, over-ambitious business promotions (built on the shakiest of foundations) and enjoys approaching life with a philosophical turn of mind. But is Balram also a murderer? We learn the answer as we devour these 500 odd pages. Born into an impoverished family, Balram is removed from school by his parents in order to earn money in a thankless job: shop employee. He is forced into banal, mind-numbing work. But Balram dreams of escaping -- and a chance arises when a well-heeled village landlord takes him on as a chauffeur for his son (although the duties involve transporting the latter's wife and two Pomeranian dogs). From the rich new perspective offered to him in this more interesting job, Balram discovers New Delhi, and a vision of the city changes his life forever. His learning curve is very steep, and he quickly comes to believe that the way to the top is by the most expedient means. And if that involves committing the odd crime of violence, he persuades himself that this is what successful people must do.
The story of the amoral protagonist at the centre of this fascinating narrative is, of course, what keeps the reader comprehensively gripped, but perhaps the real achievement of the book is in its picture of two Indias: the bleak, soul-destroying poverty of village life and the glittering prizes to be found in the big city. The book cleverly avoids fulfilling any of the expectations a potential reader might have -- except that of instructing and entertaining. The White Tiger will have many readers anxious to see what Adiga will do next. --Barry Forshaw -- Dieser Text bezieht sich auf eine vergriffene oder nicht verfügbare Ausgabe dieses Titels.
Review
"The perfect antidote to lyrical India." - "Publishers Weekly"
"Compelling, angry, and darkly humorous, "The White Tiger" is an unexpected journey into a new India. Aravind Adiga is a talent to watch." -- Mohsin Hamid, author of "The Reluctant Fundamentalist"
"Aravind Adiga's "The White Tiger" is one of the most powerful books I've read in decades. No hyperbole. This debut novel from an Indian journalist living in Mumbai hit me like a kick to the head -- the same effect Richard Wright's "Native Son" and Ralph Ellison's "Invisible Man" had. - "USA Today"
""The White Tiger" echoes masterpieces of resistance and oppression (both "The Jungle" and "Native Son" come to mind) [and] contains passages of startling beauty." - Lee Thomas, "San Francisco Chronicle"
"This is the authentic voice of the Third World, like you've never heard it before. Adiga is a global Gorky, a modern Kipling who grew up, and grew up mad. The future of the novel lies here." - John Burdett, author of "Bangkok 8 "
"Compelling, angry, and darkly humorous, The White Tiger is an unexpected journey into a new India. Aravind Adiga is a talent to watch." -- Mohsin Hamid, author of The Reluctant Fundamentalist
"An exhilarating, side-splitting account of India today, as well as an eloquent howl at her many injustices. Adiga enters the literary scene resplendent in battle dress and ready to conquer. Let us bow to him." -- Gary Shteyngart, author of Absurdistan and The Russian Debutante's Handbook
"The perfect antidote to lyrical India." - Publishers Weekly
"This fast-moving novel, set in India, is being sold as a corrective to the glib, dreamy exoticism Western readers often get...If these are the hands that built India, their grandkids really are going to kick America's ass...BUY IT." - New York Magazine
"Darkly comic...Balram's appealingly sardonic voice and acute observations of the social order are both winning and unsettling." - The New Yorker
"Aravind Adiga's The White Tiger is one of the most powerful books I've read in decades. No hyperbole. This debut novel from an Indian journalist living in Mumbai hit me like a kick to the head -- the same effect Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man had. - USA Today
"Extraordinary and brilliant... At first, this novel seems like a straightforward pulled-up-by-your-bootstraps tale, albeit given a dazzling twist by the narrator's sharp and satirical eye for the realities of life for India's poor... But as the narrative draws the reader further in, and darkens, it becomes clear that Adiga is playing a bigger game... Adiga is a real writer - that is to say, someone who forges an original voice and vision. There is the voice of Halwai - witty, pithy, ultimately psychopathic... Remarkable... I will not spoil the effect of this remarkable novel by giving away ... what form his act of blood-stained entrepreneurship takes. Suffice to say that I was reminded of a book that is totally different in tone and style, Richard Wright's Native Son, a tale of the murderous career of a black kid from the Chicago ghetto that awakened 1940s America to the reality of the racial divide. Whether The White Tiger will do the equivalent for today's India - we shall see." - Adam Lively, The Sunday Times (London)
"Fierce and funny...A satire as sharp as it gets." - Michael Upchurch, The Seattle Times
"There is a new Muse stalking global narrative: brown, angry, hilarious, half-educated, rustic-urban, iconoclastic, paan-spitting, word-smithing--and in the case of Aravind Adiga she hails from a town called Laxmangarh. This is the authentic voice of the Third World, like you've never heard it before. Adiga is a global Gorky, a modern Kipling who grew up, and grew up mad. The future of the novel lies here." - John Burdett, author of Bangkok 8
"Adiga's training as a journalist lends the immediacy of breaking news to his writing, but it is his richly detailed storytelling that will captivate his audience...The White Tiger echoes masterpieces of resistance and oppression (both The Jungle and Native Son come to mind) [and] contains passages of startling beauty...A book that carefully balances fable and pure observation." - Lee Thomas, San Francisco Chronicle -- Dieser Text bezieht sich auf eine vergriffene oder nicht verfügbare Ausgabe dieses Titels.
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Which actress played the role of identical twins, Susan and Sharon, in the 1961 film ‘The Parent Trap’? | The Parent Trap (1961) | The Parent Trap Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Parent Trap Wiki
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The Parent Trap is a 1961 Walt Disney film.[[|[1]]][[|[2]]] It stars Hayley Mills , Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith in a story about teenage twins and their divorced parents. The screenplay by the film's director David Swift was based upon the book Lottie and Lisa (Das Doppelte Lottchen) by Erich Kästner . Kastner derived his version from a Deanna Durbin film Three Smart Girls . The Parent Trap was nominated for two Academy Awards , was broadcast on television, saw three television sequels, was remade in 1998 with Lindsay Lohan , and has been released to VHS and DVD. The original film was Mills' second of six films for Disney
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Identical twins Susan Evers and Sharon McKendrick ( Hayley Mills ) meet at summer camp, unaware that they are sisters. Their identical appearance initially creates rivalry, and they continually pull pranks on one another. Eventually, their mischief ruins the camp dance. As punishment, they must live together in an isolated cabin for what remains of the summer. After both admit they come from broken homes, they soon realize they are twin sisters and that their parents, Mitch and Maggie ( Brian Keith and Maureen O'Hara ), divorced shortly after their birth, with each parent having custody of one of them. The twins, each eager to meet the parent they never knew, switch places. While Susan is in Boston masquerading as Sharon, Sharon goes to California pretending to be Susan.
Sharon telephones Susan in Boston with news that their father is planning to marry a gold-digger , and their mother needs to be rushed to California to prevent the union. In Boston, Susan tells her mother the truth about the switched identities and the two fly there.
With all four in California, the twins set about (with mild approval from their mother) sabotaging their father's marriage plans. Mitch's money-hungry, and much-younger, fiance, Vicki Robinson ( Joanna Barnes ), receives rude, mischievous treatment from the girls and some veiled cattiness from Maggie. One evening, the girls recreate their parents' first date at an Italian restaurant with a gypsy violinist. The former spouses are gradually drawn together, though they quickly begin bickering over minor things and Vicki.
To delay Maggie's return to Boston with Sharon, the twins dress and talk alike so their parents are unable to tell them apart. They will reveal who is who only after everyone goes on the annual family camping trip. Mitch and Maggie reluctantly agree, but when Vicki objects to the plan, Maggie tricks her into taking her place. The girls effect the coup de grace : Vicki spends her time swatting mosquitoes and being awakened in terror by two bear cubs licking the honey the twins put on her feet. Exasperated, Vicki angrily slaps one of the girls, and Mitch ends the relationship. Mitch and Maggie rekindle their love, and the two remarry in the final scene with the twins in the wedding party.
Cast
Joanna Barnes as Vicky Robinson
Susan Henning as Susan/Sharon double
==Production Notes==
The screenplay originally called for only a few trick photography shots of Hayley Mills in scenes with herself; the bulk of the film was to be shot using a body double. When Walt Disney saw how seamless the processed shots were, he ordered the script reconfigured to include more of the special effect. Disney also wanted Mills to appear on camera as much as possible, knowing that she was having growth spurts during filming.
The film was shot mostly at various locales in California . The summer camp scenes were filmed at Cedar Lake Camp , in the San Bernardino Mountains near the city of Big Bear Lake in Southern California . The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish 's 5,200 acres (21 km2) ranch in Carmel , Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built. It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design.[ citation needed ] Of course, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina .
Musical Numbers
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Richard and Robert Sherman provided the songs, which, besides the title song " The Parent Trap ", includes " For Now, For Always ", and " Let's Get Together ". "Let's Get Together" (sung by Annette Funicello) is heard playing from a record player at the summer camp; the tune is reprised by the twins when they restage their parents' first date. The title song was performed by Tommy Sands and Annette Funicello , who were both on the studio lot shooting Babes in Toyland at the time.
Awards and Nominations
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards : one for Sound by Robert O. Cook , and the other for Film Editing by Philip W. Anderson .
Subsequent Developments
The film was theatrically re-released in 1968. The Disney Studios produced three television sequels The Parent Trap II (1986), The Parent Trap III (1989), and The Parent Trap IV: Hawaiian Honeymoon (1989). In 1963, the ABC television sitcom The Patty Duke Show debuted using similar filming techniques in a series about teenage cousins (played by Patty Duke ) with identical twin appearances but with completely different personalities. The original film was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan .
In 1965, a similar Tamil film called Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum starring Kutty Padmini released, which was later remade into Telugu as Letha Manasulu and in Hindi as Do Kaliyaan starring Neetu Singh in the double role.
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The Big Muddy River in Southern Illinois joins which other river? | The Parent Trap (Film) - TV Tropes
The Parent Trap
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It's Hayley Mills... and Hayley Mills!
The Parent Trap is a Disney live-action film that has been filmed twice. The 1961 original starred Hayley Mills and yielded three sequels which are hard to fit into one continuity (and are pretty much forgotten about ). The 1998 remake starred a young Lindsay Lohan , Dennis Quaid , and Natasha Richardson .
Twin sisters have been separated nearly at birth when their parents divorced. The year their father is considering remarrying, the sisters meet each other at summer camp. On meeting, they plot to get their parents back together, a plot that involves each pretending to be the other. Hilarity Ensues .
The movie is based on a 1949 book, Das doppelte Lottchen , which has also been filmed as Das doppelte Lottchen (a version that retains author Erich Kästner as narrator and uses actual twins), Twice Upon a Time and Hibari�s Lullaby (a Japanese telling).
The Parent Trap provides examples of:
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Cool Old Guy : The grandfathers in both films.
Coordinated Clothes : The twins wear matching outfits several times, sometimes to confuse the others about which twin is which. When the mother sees both her daughters for the first time since their separation, each is dressed in yellow and white. She tells them not to do this to her because she's already seeing double and asks who is who.
Disneyfication : The original story was far more serious than the Disney movies—the father was distant, the mother was a wreck, and one twin falls ill.
Divorce Is Temporary : The twins actively invoke this.
Escalating War : The prank war between the twins.
Evil-Detecting Dog : Sharon isn't exactly evil, but Susan's dog still figured out that she's an impostor much earlier than the father and the maid do. The same happens in the remake.
Fiery Redhead : The first movie has the Mother and Sharon's camp friend Ursula. The second movie has both Annie and Hallie, especially at camp.
First Father Wins : Gender Inverted. Both Maureen O'Hara and Natasha Richardson get back the guy, while the Gold Digger runs off in defeat.
"Good Luck" Gesture : Both versions of have a special gesture. They cross fingers (for luck) on both hands, with arms crossed (symbolizing the girls' Twin Switch). It was used much more in the original Haley Mills film.
Hilarity Ensues
His and Hers : Discussed trope. Once they discover each other, neither twin is happy that in the original divorce, the twins were treated as "his and hers", as if they were a set of matched towels.
Horrible Judge of Character : The father in both versions toward his gold digger fiancé. She is extremely rude to not only the girls, but also his housekeeper.
Important Haircut : Susan gives one to Sharon in the 1961 version and Hallie does the same to Annie in the 1998 version.
Infodump : For everyone who is involved in the main plot.
It's a Small World After All : Lampshaded.
Karma Houdini : The parents in both versions, who pay for willingly denying their children the chance to know about one another and having multiple family members and friends lie to them for years by being reunited as a couple and a family.
No Sympathy : In the 1961 version, Susan and her bunkmates slip into Sharon's cabin and trash the place while Sharon and her bunkmates are asleep. Even though the damage is clearly the work of saboteurs, Sharon and her bunkmates are punished for having a messy cabin. The 1998 version makes more sense, with the cabin sabotage being the climax of the prank war that gets them both in trouble, and Annie being responsible for inviting Marva inside to get caught in Hallie's trap rather than warning her from the window.
Now You Tell Me : A lot of characters find things out the hard way.
Off to Boarding School : What would have happened if the fiancee married the father.
One True Pairing : established in-universe, between Maggie McKendrick and Mitch Evers in the original, and Elizabeth James and Nick Parker in the remake-the daughters' reason for the trap.
Setting Update : Both films move the setting to contemporary America.
Sibling Team : Once the girls discover they're sisters.
Solomon Divorce : One of the best-known examples.
The Talk : The first movie has Maggie cancel a very important meeting with the Red Cross because she's afraid her daughter might want to have sex and takes her for a picnic to have that woman-to-woman talks. Meredith gives one to Annie (as Hallie), albeit about using sex appeal.
Tomboy and Girly Girl : Sharon is a girly girl, having been raised as a child of Boston high society; Susan is the tomboy. In the remake, there's the determined American, Hallie Parker, and the proper Brit, Annie James.
Tomboy with a Girly Streak : Susan remarks she feels just "naked" without her lipstick and doesn't usually dress any more boyish than Sharon; Hallie has pierced ears and nail polish; both are adept in homemade haircuts.
Twin Switch
What Does She See in Him? : Wondered by both maids about the Gold Digger dating the Father, not that the Father is ugly, but he's usually a Regular Joe and isn't very witty or "one of those charm fellows", think Leonard Hofstadder if he was a wealthy rancher.
Animated Credits Opening : With stop-motion.
Artistic License � Music : Hayley Mills is not moving her fingers when playing guitar Beethoven's 5th Symphony. Then on "Let's Get Together" her strumming does not match the music (in addition to not moving her fingers).
Colonel Bogey March : The other girls at the camp whistle this as the twins are escorted to the Isolation Cabin.
Cool Old Guy : Dr. Mosby, the preacher, he is utterly charmed by Maggie.
Covers Always Lie : The case
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of the Vault Disney Collection DVD seems to place too much emphasis on the parents, to the extent that the movie seems more like an oddly-titled adult romance than a kid-centric comedy.
Doomed New Clothes : Susan's new dress is ruined by Sharon as part of their prank war.
Foregone Conclusion : The opening credits tell us the story in clay animation.
Friendship Song : "Let's Get Together" is this for the original film.
Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : Hayley Mills plays two Americans from vastly different regions of the United States. From character to character and scene to scene, her accent veers from flat-voweled generic American to vaguely British and back again.
Panty Shot : From one of the pranks during the dance, when Sharon surreptitiously cuts the back off the skirt of Susan's party dress.
The Remake : The third adaptation of the same book, Erich Kästner's Das doppelte Lottchen, and thus can itself legitimately be described as a Foreign Remake .
Shout-Out : The title sequence references Stan Freberg 's "John and Marsha" skit twice.
Take That : A subtle one to Boston when Susan finds out that Sharon knows nothing about Teen Idol Ricky Nelson and asks if she's from outer space, Sharon replies where she's from and then Sharon snootily replies as though that explains everything; likely more to the Boston elite being very out-of-touch with social changes and fashion.
Vinyl Shatters : When the girls upset the table with the records while fighting.
The 1998 Remake
Abbey Road Crossing : A second-long freeze frame as "Here Comes The Sun" plays in the background.
Adaptation Expansion : The original movie ended with Mitch and Maggie falling back in love.
Adaptational Nationality : The original film had both twins as Americans (though ironically played by a British girl), while the remake makes one twin British. By extension, the mother becomes British and so does her father.
Adults Are Useless : The Marvas are strangely absent for a lot of scenes where their discipline would be required - especially with the stunt where Hallie and friends had their beds put on the cabin roof. There's also a rather suspicious lack of other counsellors around.
Author Appeal : As in many Nancy Meyers movies, the setting is California. Notable because in the original, the story alternated between Boston and California - and Boston is replaced with London in the remake.
Author Avatar : Annie and Hallie were named after director Nancy Meyers and producer Chuck Shyer's daughters
Big Eater : Hallie, but not Annie. This, (along with Sammy the dog barking and growling at "Hallie") makes Chessy realize the truth
Bilingual Bonus : Annie takes news of her father remarrying so harshly, she rants in French.
Bitch in Sheep's Clothing : The soon-to-be- Step-Mom for Hallie.
Blonde, Brunette, Redhead : Elizabeth and Meredith act as the blondes, depending on the scene. Chessy is the brunette, while the twins are the redheads.
Bookends : As part of Alan Silvestri 's score, short, dramatic instrumentals of "Let's get together, yeah, yeah, yeah," accompany both the opening Walt Disney Pictures logo and the last few seconds of the end credits.
Britain Is Only London : Justified since Elizabeth is a successful fashion designer and would naturally be based in London.
British Stuffiness : One of the twins is American and the other is British. Guess which is the proper one and which is the spunky one.
Camp Straight : If Martin doesn't qualify, we don't know who does. (see Little Black Dress below)
Chekhov's Skill : During the poker game, Hallie mimics Annie's voice. This also acts as Foreshadowing that she's got a good ear for imitating voices.
Country Mouse , City Mouse : Hallie is the Country Mouse coming from a vast vineyard in Northern California while Annie is the City Mouse coming from downtown London. Played with, though, in that Annie adjusts very well to camping in the forest. Meredith however is a much straighter City Mouse, coming directly from San Francisco.
The Ditz : Both Marvas are quite bubble brained.
Evil-Detecting Dog : In addition to the example listed in the top folder, Hallie's dog barks at Meredith in the hotel.
Foot Focus : When (drunk!) Elizabeth arrives at the San Francisco hotel, she gives Martin her bare foot instead of her hand.
Elizabeth: (to Hallie) You're not to worry, okay?
(cut)
Gone Swimming, Clothes Stolen : The Strip Poker payoff at camp.
Gray Rain of Depression : When it looks like the plan has failed and the two families part, it's pouring down rain in California when Elizabeth and Annie leave and in London when they arrive.
Grounded Forever : "We've been grounded till the end of the century." Which would have been much more threatening if the movie wasn't released in the Summer of 1998, but then again, "grounded till the end of the century" was most likely an exaggeration.
Hate at First Sight : Hallie and Annie hate each other from the moment they first see each other and see they look exactly alike.
Heavy Sleeper :
Annie and her bunkmates. The girls from Hallie's cabin booby trap Annie's cabin while Annie and her cabinmates were asleep. This included pouring honey on one girl, shaving cream on another, stringing the entire cabin, placing water balloons to fall on the girls, and placing feathers on the top of the ceiling fan so that they would float down when the fan was turned on, which was also booby trapped by pulling on a certain string. That had to take hours and involve ladders moving around the cabin.
Justified with Meredith on the camping trip. She stated she was going to take a sleeping pill.
Hideous Hangover Cure : Elizabeth panicked during the flight and drank everything in sight, so this was necessary.
Intimate Open Shirt : Meredith suggests Nick wear his shirt with three buttons undone.
"I like it when I can see a little chest hair" *Cue* Sexophone .
Intoxication Ensues : Elizabeth may not drink much, but she's a total lightweight.
It Tastes Like Feet : The bartender's Hideous Hangover Cure tastes and looks like tar.
Kindly Housekeeper : Chessy, when she finds out, wants to coddle Annie and tries to cook everything in the kitchen for her
Lampshade Hanging : The last line of dialogue in the film is Hallie exclaiming, "I can't believe we actually did it!"
Little Black Dress :
Martin, Elizabeth's butler and friend, suggests she take one on the trip to see Nick and switch the girls back. She's actually wearing it when they all go out to dinner.
Meredith is also wearing one when Nick meets her parents at the hotel, though she covers it with a coat later in the day.
Logo Joke : The Walt Disney Pictures logo is accompanied by an orchestral version of an excerpt from "Let's Get Together" from the original movie.
Madonna�Whore Complex : Done subtly. Elizabeth - the wholesome mother - is given a more earthy look, with soft make-up and modest clothes. Meredith - the vampy evil girlfriend - is done up in sexier clothes, with more fashionable hair and make-up. Further underlining things is the colours they wear in the first scene they appear in together - Elizabeth in white and Meredith in black.
The Magic Poker Equation : When Annie and Hallie play poker, Annie gets straight in diamonds while Hallie gets a royal flush.
Montages : The movie makes liberal use of them:
See Hard Work Montage in the "Both Movies" folder.
Hallie's first day in London has at least two.
At the end of the movie, Elizabeth and Nick remarry, Martin proposes to Chessy, and Chessy says yes.
Mythology Gag :
A few sentences from "Let's Get Together" song (made famous in the Hayley Mills version) are hummed/spoken by Lindsay Lohan at one point.
Meredith's mother is not only named Vicki, but played by the same actress as her from the original movie, Joanna Barnes.
Mildred, Annie's pretend friend who is a cover for Hallie, is a possible reference to Haley Mills.
Nice to the Waiter :
Chessy and Martin are like family to their respective employers. Averted with Meredith who treats Chessy like a talking dog who would be summoned with a bell.
Chessy is even treated nicely by Elizabeth who was intoxicated at the time of their meeting again after years apart.
Chessy: [upon seeing Elizabeth after so many years] Hi, you probably don't remember me. I...
Elizabeth: [gives her a kiss on the cheek] Chessy!
Chessy: I knew I always liked her.
Offscreen Teleportation : Hallie, an energetic 11-year-old, is shown running several minutes through the streets of London in a series of JumpCuts to reach a phone booth away from the house to make her phone call. Her elderly grandfather shows up outside the phone booth less than a minute behind her and he's not even breathing hard.
Old Man Marrying a Child : Used as an indirect accusation, delivered with Sugary Malice . When Nick tells his daughter that Meredith is about to become part of the family, she surely understands right away that he's talking about marriage. However, she pretends to innocently misunderstand him and get all ecstatic about how he's finally getting one more daughter by adopting her. Annie (pretending to be Hallie) immediately asks Meredith her age and points out that she's only fifteen years older.
A similar line happens in the original version ("I always wanted a sister!") but doesn't have the same insinuation as that version of the fiancee clearly looked like an adult.
Ooh, Me Accent's Slipping : Happens to both Hallie and Annie, more often to whoever has a British accent at the moment. Often it's the In-Character version of the trope. Lohan had to play four accents — American, British, American pretending to be British, and British pretending to be American. The latter two had accents slipping. Lohan does a remarkable job in the scene at the hotel where she's basically playing four characters at once - Hallie, Annie, Hallie pretending to be Annie and Annie pretending to be Hallie. She switches up the accents just enough to do exactly what Hallie and Annie were after (confuse the heck out of Mom and Dad).
Parent Service : Meredith's outfits are usually tight, flattering and showing plenty of leg.
Parental Substitute : Chessie acted like a second mother for Hallie and Martin acted like a father to Annie. Makes sense seeing as how they were certain that the girls would never meet their other parent.
Parents Know Their Children : Sort of—the father looks each twin in the eye and declares which one is Hallie; however, it's not made clear if he's right, since the twins keep playing up the charade and make him question his own judgement.
Pet Homosexual : Meredith's sassy gay assistant: "Ooh, Ice Woman!"
The Remake : Of the 1961 film (see above).
The Reveal : In-universe, several times: first Hallie and Annie to each other (twice), then Annie to Chessy, then Hallie to her grandfather, then Hallie to her mother. And then Elizabeth dealing with the additional reveal of Nick's engagement to Meredith.
Rhetorical Question Blunder : When Elizabeth is getting emotional about the thought of meeting Nick for the first time after so many years, she spouts off several of these to Martin—as well as insisting him not to answer any of them.
Sand In My Eyes : Elizabeth is pleased that Nick still remembers the wine from their first wedding.
Scatter Brained Senior : Marva Sr, though with a bit of lampshade hanging. She believes she's been talking to the same girl when she first meets both Annie and Hallie.
"First day of camp, you'll have to excuse the old girl."
Scenery Porn : Hallie arriving in London is of course an excuse for plenty of shots of the various landmarks. To a lesser degree, Annie arriving in California.
Scream Discretion Shot : When Hallie pierces Annie's ears, and when the girls drag Meredith's mattress into a lake.
Servile Snarker : Nick's housekeeper, Chessy, and Elizabeth's butler, Martin. They also become attracted to each other at first sight and end up being the Beta Couple .
She Cleans Up Nicely : Nick has a reaction like this when Elizabeth gets dressed up for the dinner on the ship because he's only seen her half hungover, though of course the audience has seen her looking flawless before.
She's Got Legs : Discussed about both Elizabeth and Meredith:
Martin suggests a Little Black Dress for Elizabeth with her legs.
A very drunk ("totally zonked!") Elizabeth attempts to get out of the cab at the hotel feet first, showing serious leg.
Martin: Other end, Madam.
After seeing Nick in the elevator, his arms wrapped around a young lady, Elizabeth refers to her as "leggy".
Meredith is called Cruella DeVil several times.
"The man went completely ashen, like I was the bloody Ghost of Christmas Past !"
"Is that my little girl? That tall, gangly thing?"
"Shut Up" Kiss : Nick to Elizabeth as they get back together at the end.
Strange Minds Think Alike :
One of the first signs that something is funny about them is the fact that both of them like to eat Oreos topped with peanut butter, which everybody else seems to find disgusting for some odd reason; (try dipping Oreos in peanut butter yourself; they actually go quite nicely together. Yum!)
More so because both Oreos and peanut butter are far less commonly sold in Britain than they are in America. So the fact that the English-raised Annie likes that particular combination would be rather unusual...
Sword Fight : Hallie and Annie's first meeting is through an absurdly over-the-top "fencing match" at camp. The girls have fencing masks on as a way to save on special effects, to cover the faces of the stunt people, and for the big reveal that they both look alike when they take the masks off and face each other.
Take a Third Option : When Chessy welcomes Annie!Hallie home, Chessy asks her if she'd like to eat lunch after upacking, before unpacking, or-to Annie's surprise-while unpacking.
The Talk : Meredith tries to give it to Annie!Hallie, but she's more knowledgeable about it than she realises.
Tempting Fate : Annie waking up at the cabin disaster dodges several water balloons. "Gosh she didn't get me." and smiles with satisfaction. Then a HUGE water balloon falls on top of her soaking her.
Tomboy with a Girly Streak : Hallie is sporty, outdoorsy and sassy, but also really likes her funky nail polish and accessories.
True Blue Femininity : Annie, the more graceful and feminine of the twins, wears a blue dress for the dinner with the parents.
Villainous Breakdown : Meredith has one after being pranked by the twins and Nick dumps her.
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Marie Antoinette was married to which French King? | Marie-Antoinette - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Marie Antoinette: Early Life
Marie Antoinette, the 15th child of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and the powerful Habsburg empress Maria Theresa, was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1755–an age of great instability for European monarchies. In 1766, as a way to cement the relatively new alliance between the French and Habsburg thrones, Maria Theresa promised her young daughter’s hand in marriage to the future king Louis XVI of France. Four years later, Marie Antoinette and the dauphin were married by proxy in Vienna. (They were 15 and 16 years old, and they had never met.) On May 16, 1770, a lavish second wedding ceremony took place in the royal chapel at Versailles. More than 5,000 guests watched as the two teenagers were married. It was the beginning of Marie Antoinette’s life in the public eye.
Did You Know?
There is no evidence that Marie Antoinette ever said that starving peasants should “eat cake” if they had no bread. In fact, the story of a fatuous noblewoman who said “Let them eat cake!” appears in the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions, which was written around 1766 (when Marie Antoinette was just 11 years old).
Marie Antoinette: Life at Versailles
Life as a public figure was not easy for Marie Antoinette. Her marriage was difficult and, as she had very few official duties, she spent most of her time socializing and indulging her extravagant tastes. (For example, she had a model farm built on the palace grounds so that she and her ladies-in-waiting could dress in elaborate costumes and pretend to be milkmaids and shepherdesses.) Widely circulated newspapers and inexpensive pamphlets poked fun at the queen’s profligate behavior and spread outlandish, even pornographic rumors about her. Before long, it had become fashionable to blame Marie Antoinette for all of France’s problems.
Marie Antoinette: The French Revolution
In fact, the nation’s difficulties were not the young queen’s fault. Eighteenth-century colonial wars–particularly the American Revolution , in which the French had intervened on behalf of the colonists–had created a tremendous debt for the French state. The people who owned most of the property in France, such as the Catholic Church (the “First Estate”) and the nobility (the “Second Estate”), generally did not have to pay taxes on their wealth; ordinary people, on the other hand, felt squeezed by high taxes and resentful of the royal family’s conspicuous spending.
Louis XVI and his advisers tried to impose a more representative system of taxation, but the nobility resisted. (The popular press blamed Marie Antoinette for this–she was known as “Madame Veto,” among other things–though she was far from the only wealthy person in France to defend the privileges of the aristocracy.) In 1789, representatives from all three estates (the clergy, the nobility and the common people) met at Versailles to come up with a plan for the reform of the French state, but noblemen and clergymen were still reluctant to give up their prerogatives. The “Third Estate” delegates, inspired by Enlightenment ideas about personal liberty and civic equality, formed a “National Assembly” that placed government in the hands of French citizens for the first time.
At the same time, conditions worsened for ordinary French people, and many became convinced that the monarchy and the nobility were conspiring against them. Marie Antoinette continued to be a convenient target for their rage. Cartoonists and pamphleteers depicted her as an “Austrian whore” doing everything she could to undermine the French nation. In October 1789, a mob of Parisian women protesting the high cost of bread and other goods marched to Versailles, dragged the entire royal family back to the city, and imprisoned them in the Tuileries.
In June 1791, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette fled Paris and headed for the Austrian border–where, rumor had it, the queen’s brother, the Holy Roman Emperor, waited with troops ready to invade France, overthrow the revolutionary government and restore the power of the monarchy and the nobility. This incident, it seemed to many, was proof that the queen was not just a foreigner: She was a traitor.
Marie Antoinette: The Terror
The royal family was returned to Paris and Louis XVI was restored to the throne. However, many revolutionaries began to argue that the most insidious enemies of the state were not the nobles but the monarchs themselves. In April 1792, partly as a way to test the loyalties of the king and queen, the Jacobin (radical revolutionary) government declared war on Austria. The French army was in a shambles and the war did not go well—a turn of events that many blamed on the foreign-born queen. In August, another mob stormed the Tuileries, overthrew the monarchy and locked the family in a tower. In September, revolutionaries began to massacre royalist prisoners by the thousands. One of Marie Antoinette’s best friends, the Princesse de Lamballe, was dismembered in the street, and revolutionaries paraded her head and body parts through Paris. In December, Louis XVI was put on trial for treason; in January, he was executed.
The campaign against Marie Antoinette likewise grew stronger. In July 1793, she lost custody of her young son, who was forced to accuse her of sexual abuse and incest before a Revolutionary tribunal. In October, she was convicted of treason and sent to the guillotine. She was 37 years old.
Marie Antoinette: Legacy
The story of revolution and resistance in 18th-century France is a complicated one, and no two historians tell the story the same way. However, it is clear that for the revolutionaries, Marie Antoinette’s significance was mainly, powerfully symbolic. She and the people around her seemed to represent everything that was wrong with the monarchy and the Second Estate: They appeared to be tone-deaf, out of touch, disloyal (along with her allegedly treasonous behavior, writers and pamphleteers frequently accused the queen of adultery) and self-interested. What Marie Antoinette was actually like was beside the point; the image of the queen was far more influential than the woman herself.
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Marie Antoinette
The teenage queen was embraced by France in 1770. Twenty-three years later, she lost her head to the guillotine. (But she never said, "Let them eat cake")
Marie-Antoinette, her children, and Madame de Tourzel face the mob at the Tuleries on June 20th, 1792. ( The Tuileries, 20th June 1792 )
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November 2006
Late September sunlight filters onto the blue velvet furnishings of the jewel-box theater built for Marie Antoinette at Versailles. The painted, original backdrop depicts a rustic farmhouse hearth, and I can just imagine the young queen reveling in her role as a shepherdess while her witty friends and dull husband, French king Louis XVI, applaud politely.
At the time I was there, the theater was closed to most visitors (it is now open to the public from April 1 through October 31), and I wanted to take full advantage of my access. "Go ahead. Have a good, long look," said Christian Baulez, Versailles' chief conservator.
On the way out, Baulez, who has worked at the former royal palace for four decades, locked the gate with a heavy iron key. "From time to time, you have to visit a spot like the theater when there's no one else around to give the place a chance to trigger an emotional reaction," he said. "You're thinking about other things, then all of a sudden, you're totally surprised. It's a state of grace, an aura you sense—even after 40 years here."
The frivolous 14-year-old Austrian princess who came to France to marry the future king, Louis XVI, developed strength and character over the years. (Public Domain)
To escape palace life, Marie Antoinette built a hideaway for herself and her intimate friends that included cottages equipped with couches, stoves, and billiard tables. ( Creative Commons )
"The moment when my ills are going to end is not the moment when courage is going to fail me," the former queen (sketched en route to the guillotine) said shortly before her execution. (Public Domain)
Thought of as the power behind the throne, Marie Antoinette prophesied, "They are going to force us to go to Paris, the King and me, preceded by the heads of our bodyguards on pikes." (Public Domain)
The Austrian Empress Maria Theresa gave birth to her fifteenth child, Marie Antoinette, on November 2, 1755. (Wikipedia.com)
After Louis XVI's execution, Marie Antoinette was transferred to the Conciergerie Prison, dubbed "death's antechamber." (Public Domain)
(© Bettmann/CORBIS)
King Louis XVI with Marie and their children (© Bettmann/CORBIS)
Arrest of Marie and Louis XVI at Varennes (© Bettmann/CORBIS)
Marie and children embracing King Louis XVI before his execution
Marie condemned by the Revolutionary Tribunal (© Bettmann/CORBIS)
I did not commune with Marie Antoinette's ghost, as some claim to have done. But I had to admit that there is a poignancy about the playhouse and its fantasy world. Less than a decade after the theater's inauguration in 1780, the curtain would come crashing down on the French monarchy and its Austrian-born queen, who seemed to grow in moral stature as she approached the guillotine.
With the possible exception of the Corsican-born Napoleon, another outsider who overstayed his welcome, no one haunts French history like the Hapsburg princess. The frivolous, high-spirited tomboy who arrived at Versailles at age 14 was quickly embraced by her subjects. Yet by the time of her execution 23 years later, she was reviled.
Thrust into a social and political hurricane, Marie Antoinette, biographer Stefan Zweig wrote in the 1930s, was "perhaps the most signal example in history of the way in which destiny will at times pluck a mediocre human being from obscurity and, with commanding hand, force the man or woman in question to overstep the bounds of mediocrity." Ultimately, even Marie Antoinette herself grasped how suffering gave her fortitude. "Tribulation first makes one realize what one is," the queen wrote in August 1791, soon after the royal family's failed escape attempt from their detention in Paris.
Marie Antoinette's fairy tale turned tragedy has spawned biographies, fictionalizations, operas, plays, ballets and memoirs. Even her hairdresser and her executioner published ghostwritten recollections. And, like the 300 gowns the queen ordered each year, the story is a perfect fit for Hollywood. The 1938 film Marie Antoinette, starring Norma Shearer and Robert Morley, is considered a classic of historical melodrama. Now, Sofia Coppola has directed a new interpretation, with Kirsten Dunst and Jason Schwartzman in the lead roles. Based largely on British biographer Antonia Fraser's 2001 biography, Marie Antoinette: The Journey , the new film, also called Marie Antoinette , was released in the United States last month. "I was struck by the fact that Louis and Marie were teenagers—he was 19 when he was crowned, she was 18—in charge of France at the most vulnerable time in its history," says Coppola. "I didn't set out on a campaign to correct the misperceptions about her; I just wanted to tell the story from her point of view."
Each year millions of visitors flock to Versailles and Fontainebleau, where the queen maintained a second palace, to admire her exuberant tastes in furniture and décor. But it is her furtive love life that arouses the deepest interest—and sympathy. Tarred by pamphleteers for sexual wantonness, she was actually rather prudish, at least according to her brother, Austrian emperor Joseph II. Despite a number of innocent flirtations, she deeply loved—probably with Louis' tacit approval, according to a confidante—only one man: Swedish military attaché Count Axel Fersen.
Although Marie Antoinette initially condescended to her husband, she eventually developed a genuine fondness for him. For his part, Louis was completely devoted to her and never took a mistress, exhibiting a restraint virtually unheard of in an 18th-century French king.
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Who was replaced by Sid Vicious as bassist in the punk rock band The Sex Pistols? | Sid Vicious - Singer, Bassist - Biography.com
Sid Vicious
Punk rocker Sid Vicious became famous as bassist for the Sex Pistols before his entanglement with drugs and Nancy Spungen ended his career and life.
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Synopsis
Sid Vicious was born John Simon Ritchie on May 10, 1957, in London. As a high school dropout, his "punk" look captured the eye of Malcom McLaren, creator of the Sex Pistols. After the band broke up in 1978, Vicious holed up in New York's Chelsea Hotel with his girlfriend Nancy Spungen. Their relationship was full of ups and downs, leading to the eventual mysterious murder of Spunger. Not long after, on February 2, 1979, Vicious was found dead in New York City.
Early Life
Musician and singer Sid Vicious was born John Simon Ritchie on May 10, 1957, in London, England. One of the most mythic figures of the 1970s punk explosion, Sid Vicious became famous for his edgy, rebellious persona and his self-destructive tendencies. As a teenager, he floundered, dropping out of school. Hanging around London, he was one of the many disaffected youth to embrace the punk spirit of anarchy and rebellion.
With his spiky hair, disheveled appearance, and bad attitude, Vicious was considered the ideal person to join the leading punk group, the Sex Pistols. He was brought in by the band's manager, Malcolm McLaren, to replace original bassist Glen Matlock in 1977, even though he didn't even know how to play the instrument.
Sex Pistols
McLaren had created the Sex Pistols in 1975. One of the leading forces in punk music, the band played fast-paced short songs, expressing angst and frustration about the social and political conditions of the time. Unlike music acts from previous generations, the group had no interest in producing hit records or pleasing anyone other than themselves. Even before Vicious joined, the Sex Pistols were known for causing quite a stir. During a live television interview in 1976, they spewed so many profanities that they were soon dropped by their record company.
Vicious was on board, however, for some of the group's biggest sensations. On the single "God Save the Queen," singer John Rotten (the stage name of John Lyndon) insulted Queen Elizabeth II, saying that she "ain't no human being" and had a "fascist regime." This upset many Britons, especially since 1977 was Queen's Jubilee, the celebration of her 25 years as the reigning monarch. As a result, the band was physically attacked several times and unable to find places to play in the United Kingdom.
Still The Sex Pistols managed to sell a lot of records, especially considering the single was banned and many retailers refused to sell the resulting album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols. There was no denying that they struck a chord with punk music fans.
Sid and Nancy
That same year, Vicious met an American woman named Nancy Spungen. The two became inseparable. She accompanied him on the Sex Pistols' brief tour of the United States in early 1978. The group only played eight concerts together before the band fell apart. The dissolution of the Sex Pistols was fed, in part, by escalating drug use and personal conflicts, including tension between Spungen and Vicious's bandmates. It has been reported that Rotten encouraged Vicious to break off his relationship to Spungen.
After the break-up of the Sex Pistols, Vicious and Spungen spent time in London before moving to New York City. They stayed at the Chelsea Hotel, home to many artists, writers, and musicians over the years. Spungen took over as Vicious's manager and got him a few gigs, but his performances were lackluster as he was strung out on drugs at the time. The two tried to get clean briefly, but they soon spent most of their time feeding their drug habit, which included heroin, barbiturates, and a synthetic form of morphine.
Tragic End
Sometime during the early hours of October 12, 1978, the couple's downward spiral reached a tragic end. Spungen was found dead on the bathroom floor in their room at the Chelsea Hotel. She had been stabbed with a knife she had given Vicious as a present. Vicious was later found in the hallway in a complete drug-induced fog. He alternated between saying that he couldn't remember what happened and confessing that he killed her. Vicious was charged with second-degree murder.
A few days later, Vicious was released on bail, using money put up by his record company. Despondent over Spungen's death, he tried to commit suicide after leaving jail. After a fight in a New York City club, Vicious was locked up again. He spent seven weeks in the prison on Riker's Island. On February 1, Vicious was released. He celebrated his newfound freedom with a party at the home of actress Michelle Robinson. Sometime that evening, Vicious returned to using heroin. The next morning he was found dead of a drug overdose.
His sudden death only fueled his legacy as a punk rock icon. His twisted love affair with Spungen was the inspiration for the 1986 film Sid and Nancy, starring actor Gary Oldman as Vicious.
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Which singer released the single ‘Lonely’ in 2005? | The Sex Pistols | Rolling Stone
artists > T > The Sex Pistols > Bio
The Sex Pistols Bio
Unabashedly crude, intensely emotional, and calculated to exhilarate and offend, the Sex Pistols' music and stance were in direct opposition to the star trappings and complacency that, by the mid-Seventies, had rendered much of rock & roll stagnant. Over the course of their short, turbulent existence, the group released a single studio album that changed the course of popular music. While the Sex Pistols were not the first punk rockers (that distinction probably goes to the Stooges), they were the most widely identified with the genre — and, to appearances, the most threatening. Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols unquestionably ranks as one of the most important rock & roll records ever, its sound a raw, snarling, yet mesmerizing rejection of and challenge to not only rock & roll music and culture but a modern world that offered, as Rotten sang in "God Save the Queen," "no future."
The Sex Pistols were the brainchild of young entrepreneur Malcolm McLaren. The owner of a London clothes boutique, Sex, which specialized in "anti-fashion," McLaren had conceived the idea of a rock & roll act that would challenge every established notion of propriety when, in 1975, he found himself managing the New York Dolls in their final months as a group. A part-time employee of Sex, Glen Matlock, played bass with Paul Cook and Steve Jones; he let McLaren know they were looking for a singer. McLaren approached 19-year-old John Lydon, whom he had seen hanging around the jukebox at Sex and who was known mainly for his rudeness.
Lydon had never sung before, but he accepted the invitation and thoroughly impressed the others with his scabrous charisma. McLaren had found his act, which he named the Sex Pistols. Allegedly, Lydon's disregard for personal hygiene prompted Jones to dub him Johnny Rotten. Ten minutes into their first gig at a suburban art school dance on November 6, 1975, the school's social programmer literally pulled the plug. In the early months of 1976, McLaren's carefully cultivated word-of-mouth about the Sex Pistols made the band the leader of the nascent punk movement. Their gigs inspired the formation of the Clash, Buzzcocks, X-Ray Spex, Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and countless other rebel groups in the second half of the Seventies.
The press and the record industry ignored the Sex Pistols at first, but by the end of the summer the uproar — both acclamatory and denunciatory — was too loud to be ignored. In November EMI outbid Polydor with a recording contract worth £40,000. The Sex Pistols' first single, "Anarchy in the U.K.," was released in December. That month the band used the word "fucker" in a nationally televised interview. The consequent outrage led promoters and local authorities to cancel all but five of the dates scheduled on the group's national tour and EMI to withdraw "Anarchy in the U.K." (Number 38 on the U.K. chart in January 1977) from circulation and terminate its contract with the Sex Pistols.
In March, Matlock left to form the Rich Kids and was replaced by John Richie, a previously nonmusical friend of Rotten, who named him Sid Vicious. That same month A&M signed the Pistols for £150,000; just a week later the company fired them for a balance payment of £75,000. In May Virgin signed the Pistols and released their second single, "God Save the Queen," timed to coincide with the Queen's Silver Jubilee that June. The song was immediately banned from airplay in England. Nonetheless it was a top-selling single (cited as a blank at the Number Two position on official charts, listed as Number One on independent charts).
In late 1977, the band released Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols, which was full of angry anthems ("Pretty Vacant," "No Feelings") ragged guitar ¬riffs, and Rotten's mocking, scornful vocals. When no British hall would book the Pistols, the group went abroad — to the continental Europe in July and to the U.S. in December. In America the band were mostly met with curiosity, which turned to hostility when the group made only halfhearted attempts to live up to its reputation for savagery. Rotten was characteristically critical of the sensationalism and opportunism that had been attached to the Pistols (for which he blamed McLaren), and on January 14, 1978, immediately after a concert in San Francisco, he announced the breakup of the group.
Jones and Cook remained active in the punk movement and formed the Professionals; Jones materialized in the mid-Eighties in the hard rock band Chequered Past, featuring former Blondie rhythm section Nigel Harrison and Clem Burke, ex-Iggy Pop sideman Tony Sales, and veteran glam singer Michael des Barres. Vicious initiated a haphazard solo career, which ended when he was imprisoned in New York on charges of stabbing his girlfriend Nancy Spungen to death in their Chelsea Hotel room. He died of a heroin overdose while out on bail before he could be tried.
Dismissing the Sex Pistols as "a farce" and reverting to his given name, Lydon went on to form Public Image, Ltd, which went on to score six albums in the U.K. Top Forty. In 1986 the surviving members of the Sex Pistols, along with Vicious' mother, won a lawsuit against McLaren, charging he had tied up their royalties in two management companies. The plaintiffs were later awarded approximately $1.44 million. That same year, the critically acclaimed Alex Cox film Sid and Nancy was released.
In 1996 all four original members reunited to embark on a world tour, including Europe, North and South America, Japan, and Australia, dubbed the Filthy Lucre Tour. The Sex Pistols, uncharacteristically "professional" onstage, nonetheless attacked the old repertoire with a fury. Filthy Lucre Live, which documented the re-formed band's London performance, was released in the States in time for the tour's U.S. arrival. In 2000 Julien Temple's The Filth and the Fury documentary on the Pistols included some of the footage originally released as The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle in 1980.
Jones debuted Jonesy's Jukebox, a successful L.A. radio show, in 2004; Rotten, meanwhile, appeared on a British reality show as well as his own Discovery Channel nature series. Though the group still reforms for the occasional short-lived tour, one live gig they didn't make was the 2006 Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame induction ceremony: Before the Sex Pistols could be inducted, the band members posted a message on their website, saying "were [sic] not your monkeys." The band reunited again to play a handful of shows in late 2007 and in 2008 embarked on a European summer festival tour called the "Sex Pistols: Combine Harvester Tour."
Portions of this biography appeared in The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Chuck Eddy contributed to this article.
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In Greek mythology, what is the name of the nymph who was pursued by Apollo and transformed by the gods into a laurel bush? | Daphne (Greek mythology) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus
New World Dictionary:
Daphne
a feminine name | [Greek mythology] a nymph who is changed by her father into a laurel tree so that she may escape Apollo's advances | any of a genus ...
(28 of 51 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation, 1 image )
Collins Dictionary:
daphne | Daphne
any shrub of the Eurasian thymelaeaceous genus "Daphne", such as the ... | [Greek mythology] a nymph who was saved from the amorous attentions of ...
(24 of 396 words, 2 definitions, 5 usage examples, pronunciations)
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Daphne
in Greek mythology, a nymph. She was loved by Apollo and by Leucippus, a mortal who disguised himself as a nymph to be near her. When Leucippus ...
(27 of 58 words, pronunciation)
Random House Dictionary:
Daphne
[classical mythology] a nymph who, when pursued by Apollo, was saved by being changed into a laurel tree. | "daphne": [botany] any Eurasian shrub ...
(23 of 51 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation)
| Daphne |
In botany, what is the decay-resistant outer coating of a pollen grain or spore called? | Daphne (mythology) facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Daphne (mythology)
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
daphne, common name for, and genus name of, certain low deciduous or evergreen shrubs native to Eurasia. In the United States several naturalized species are cultivated for their handsome foliage and fragrant flowers, e.g., D. mezereum and D. laureola, commonly called spurge-laurel and olive-spurge respectively but unrelated to the true spurge or laurel. The dried bark of D. mezereum was used medicinally, but the plant is poisonous. D. genkwa has been used in China as an effective abortifacient. Daphnes are classified in the division Magnoliophyta , class Magnoliopsida, order Myrtales, family Thymelaeaceae.
Cite this article
Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes
© Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes 2007, originally published by Oxford University Press 2007.
daphne •Annie, ca'canny, canny, cranny, Danny, fanny, granny, nanny, tranny • Ariadne , Evadne •daphne •Agni, Cagney •acne, Arachne , hackney •hootenanny •Afghani, ani, Armani, Azerbaijani, Barney, biriani, blarney, Carney, frangipani, Fulani , Galvani, Giovanni, Hindustani , Killarney, maharani, Mbabane , Modigliani, Omani, Pakistani, Rafsanjani, Rajasthani, rani, sarnie •McCartney •antennae, any, Benny, blenny, Dene, fenny, jenny, Kenny, Kilkenny, Lenny, many, penne, penny, Rennie •catchpenny • pinchpenny •pyrotechny •Bahraini, brainy, Chaney, Eugénie, grainy, Janey, Khomeini, rainy, veiny, waney, zany •halfpenny, shove-halfpenny, twopenny-halfpenny •Athene, bambini, beanie, Bellini, Bernini, bikini, Boccherini, Borromini, capellini, catenae, Cellini, Cherubini, Cyrene, Fellini, fettuccine, genie, greeny, grissini, Heaney, Houdini, Jeanie, linguine, martini, Mazzini, meanie, Mussolini, Mycenae, Paganini, Panini, porcini, Puccini, queenie, Rossellini, Rossini, Santoríni, Selene, sheeny, spaghettini, Sweeney, teeny, teeny-weeny, tortellini, Toscanini, Trini, tweeny, wahine, weeny, zucchini •monokini
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Actor Nicholas Cage plays gun-runner Yuri Orlov in which 2005 film? | Lord of War (2005) - IMDb
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An arms dealer confronts the morality of his work as he is being chased by an Interpol agent.
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Title: Lord of War (2005)
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Storyline
This film charts the rise and fall of Yuri Orlov, from his early days in the early 1980s in Little Odessa, selling guns to mobsters in his local neighbourhood, through to his ascension through the decade of excess and indulgence into the early 90s, where he forms a business partnership with an African warlord and his psychotic son. The film also charts his relationship through the years with his younger brother, his marriage to a famous model, his relentless pursuit by a determined federal agent and his inner demons that sway between his drive for success and the immorality of what he does. Written by [email protected]
Where There's A Will, There's A Weapon. See more »
Genres:
Rated R for strong violence, drug use, language and sexuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
16 September 2005 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
El señor de la guerra See more »
Filming Locations:
$9,390,144 (USA) (16 September 2005)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The character of Andre Baptiste is loosely based on famous warlord, and ex-leader of Liberia, Charles Taylor . See more »
Goofs
When narrating the story about early stages of his business in 1980s, Yuri Orlov mentions that he has carried several passports at that time, including the Ukrainian passport. Ukraine didn't get to issue its own passports until 1992. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Yuri Orlov : There are over 550 million firearms in worldwide circulation. That's one firearm for every twelve people on the planet. The only question is: How do we arm the other 11?
Courtesy of Latin Thug Records
By Arrangement with Media Creature Music
User Reviews
Another powerful well-made political drama with an excellent story and a powerful performance by Nicolas Cage
16 September 2005 | by MovieManMenzel
(United States) – See all my reviews
"Lord of War" is about a man named Yuri (Nicolas Cage) who in the early 80's decides that he doesn't want to just work in a restaurant for the rest of his life and decides that instead he wants to be an arms dealer. Once he makes his first sale, Yuri is hooked on the feeling of making big money for selling firearms, and continues to sell the firearms but he wants more and more of a profit and more and more of a challenge. It's not until an Interpol agent (Ethan Hawke) is hot on Yuri's case that he begins to question the nature of his business and whether what he is doing for a living is moral and if he should be responsible for the hands these weapons get into and what they are used for. A powerful performance by Nicolas Cage, as well as a great thought-provoking movie ensues
I love movies like this one for a few reasons. The main reason is that for the most part you can't predict what is going to happen next or where the film is going. Another reason I like movies like this is because it's powerful and its makes you think. And lastly I like a movie like this because it doesn't end in a typical way and actually leaves you feeling blown-away and surprised.
The filmed starred Nicolas Cage who lately has done of some the best work of his career. His performance here is top-notch and powerful. There are so many other people in the film including Jared Leto, Ian Holm, Ethan Hawke and Bridget Moynahan to name a few who are also very good at the roles they played. This film is written and directed by Andre Niccol the same man who wrote "The Terminal" and "The Truman Show" so I guess I shouldn't be so surprised by why I actually liked this film so much, it had a good lead actor and a good screenwriter.
I guess this movie all comes down to how open minded the movie-goers who see this are. I guess it also amounts to where you stand on the political fence. The film is not for those who don't have an open mind about things that are going on in the world today. The movie is based on true events so be warned that some of things shown in the film are happening in real life or did happen at one point in time. To be honest, I do believe what the film states in the end, it doesn't seem at all far fetched. It's like Yuri says in the film "it's not our war and no matter what we do we can't stop it" and that's true it's like smoking kills people every day but there are people who run cigarette companies everyday knowing that they are killing people every single day and getting people addicted to something that in the end will kill them. Is that moral? What can we do to stop it? These are questions this film asks and leaves it to the viewer to decide on.
So in the end, this movie isn't for everyone. In a sense this film is kind of like the movie "Blow" because it's about a man who feels his life isn't complete without selling something that is bad. He has everything he could ever want but still needs to sell the firearms. It's an amazing and powerful story which I feel really puts things in perspective as far as us Americans look at things. Nicolas Cage's performance is incredible as he seems to not care at all for the people's lives he puts at stake every day and when it comes to his own life he still seems unemotional and doesn't seem to worry. Personally I think this is one of the best film's of year and is in fact just as good as the other political drama currently released called "The Constant Gardner" so if you have an open mind about things and enjoy movies that will make you think, well check out "Lord of War" because it's well worth the price of admission at the theater.
MovieManMenzel's final rating for "Lord of War" is a 9/10.
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| Lord of War |
The first Stock-Exchange in America was founded in which city? | Lord of War - Movies & TV on Google Play
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Synopsis
The 20-year arms dealing career of Queens, N.Y., outcast Yuri Orlov (Nicolas Cage) serves as a window onto the end of the Cold War and the emergence of worldwide terrorism. He finds himself reassuring his more ethically challenged younger brother, Vitaly (Jared Leto), while adeptly sidestepping the pursuit of federal agent Jack Lawrence (Ethan Hawke). The globetrotting arms dealer also pursues the woman of his dreams, supermodel Ava Fontaine (Bridget Moynahan).
My review
1 3
Dave Calhoun
Niccol is no stranger to hot-button issues, but he outdoes his previous efforts by injecting this satire of war profiteering in the Halliburton age with a wicked arsenic wit.
Stephanie Zacharek
Even though Niccol sometimes puts unnecessary homilies in the mouths of his characters, he mostly pulls off the tricky feat of being direct and breezy at the same time. "Lord of War" skims along like a dance routine.
Keith Phipps
Lord Of War drops the hammer slowly, laying out the fascinating parameters of Cage's world before opening up its argument in an astonishing denouement.
Jonathan Rosenbaum
A caustic satire masquerading as an action adventure.
David Denby
A raffishly ironic and insinuating movie -- and probably the most sheerly enjoyable film of the year so far.
Mick LaSalle
There are the makings here of a really good feature or an even better documentary, but as it stands, Lord of War is not quite either.
Critic reviews
Dave Calhoun
Niccol is no stranger to hot-button issues, but he outdoes his previous efforts by injecting this satire of war profiteering in the Halliburton age with a wicked arsenic wit.
Full Review
Stephanie Zacharek
Even though Niccol sometimes puts unnecessary homilies in the mouths of his characters, he mostly pulls off the tricky feat of being direct and breezy at the same time. "Lord of War" skims along like a dance routine.
Full Review
Keith Phipps
Lord Of War drops the hammer slowly, laying out the fascinating parameters of Cage's world before opening up its argument in an astonishing denouement.
Full Review
David Denby
A raffishly ironic and insinuating movie -- and probably the most sheerly enjoyable film of the year so far.
Full Review
Mick LaSalle
There are the makings here of a really good feature or an even better documentary, but as it stands, Lord of War is not quite either.
User reviews
A Google User September 30, 2012
Disappointing I am a fan of Nicholas cage. I also like my gritty reality 'real' and this film is much too contrived in nature to be believable. I could list all of the scenes that made me want to stop watching but there are too many. I managed to stick it out till the end but only just.
Full Review
Kevin Didlick December 21, 2012
Great film. Its funny how all the people that gave this film a 1-3 star rating, have either poor grammar or spelling lol. Just goes to show the kind of person. And since when has Nicolas cage been in a super real nitty gritty film any way ( to the people moaning about how unrealistic this is). This is what you expect when you see his name. A fun, slightly real, a bit over the top and black comedy. 4-5 stars is a perfect reflection of this film. Enjoy it while its 99p
Full Review
Paul FitzGerald December 9, 2015
Brilliant movie Seriously loved this film and people saying its not realistic yes it is gun running is a very important industry and its what kept the IRA going for years so please if you dont like this movie dont watch it
Full Review
A Google User May 27, 2012
No subtitles or closed captions This video doesn't have a closed captions or subtitles that I can see, so can't review :-(
A Google User October 2, 2012
Average Nick cage rocks but the story is to far fetched and lets him down
Paul Drewery February 6, 2015
Lord of war Great film just makes me want to do loads of coke :)
Full Review
barry finnerty May 7, 2015
I am not a big fan off nick cage but i have to say ,, what a very good part he played and it is very good film
Full Review
A Google User September 27, 2012
Absolute must! One of best movies ever made. See the true face of "world peace" in this underrated classic.
Jayden Curpanen December 27, 2012
War lord Great film.
Warren Markwell February 16, 2014
Bloody brilliant I love this film.
A Google User September 21, 2012
One of my favourite films Lord of War is full of action, drama and excitement.
Full Review
Lee Ball December 22, 2012
Great film I've got this on DVD. A great little film. This film is also based on several true stories and true accounts.
A Google User September 30, 2012
Brilliant A great movie for when the other half is out!
Sean Millar December 30, 2012
Nicolas at His Best A must-watch.
Darryl Chapman August 13, 2013
.......... I like it alot =D
A Google User September 30, 2012
Amazing Could watch it other and other agin
Junaid Azhar November 29, 2013
Awesome Plain awesome!
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Which 18th Century scientist and politician invented a glass harmonica (or ‘armonica) in 1761? | franklin - society Glass Armonica • Invented in 1761 • One of the most
franklin
franklin - society Glass Armonica • Invented in 1761 •...
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Benjamin Franklin • Born in Boston, Mass. On January 17,1706 • Grew up in this house on Milk St. Background • At age 12 he was an apprentice to his father who was a candle maker • At age 14 he was an apprentice to his brother who was a printer • At 17 he moved to Philadelphia • Married Deborah Reed on Oct. 1, 1730 Major inventions • Lightning Rod • Bifocals • Odometer • Glass Armonica • Franklin Stove • Catheter Lightning Rod • One of Franklin’s major works in electricity • Vital to society and science • Used to protect buildings and homes against the awesome power of lightning • Composed of an iron rod mounted on top of a edifice • Attracts lightning currents and channels it to the ground Bifocals • Perfect example of one of Ben’s famous quotes “Necessity is the mother of invention” • Allows user to use one set of glasses for myopic and hyperopic vision handicaps Odometer • Designed to measure distance by using gears • Very important and useful in today’s
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Unformatted text preview: society Glass Armonica • Invented in 1761 • One of the most celebrated musical instruments of the 18th century • Sound is produced by vibrations from the glasses in the armonica Franklin Stove • An iron stove used to produce heat in homes then were ten poorly insulated • Very important because it replaced the use of fires in homes that were made of all wood Catheter • Invented in December of 1752 • Thin flexible tube • It is inserted into bodily passage or cavity in order to allow fluids to pass into or out of • mechanism was constructed for his brother john, who was extremely ill Interesting facts • At age 16 Ben experimented vegetarianism to save money to buy more books • At age 70 Ben was the oldest delegate to sign the Declaration of Independence • In 1778 Ben was so impressed by a bust of himself that was sculpted by Jean Antoine Houdon he invited Houdon to the states to sculpt a similar one of George Washington...
University of South Florida - Tampa
EGN 3000 - Spring 2009
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Here, a simple tube and two lenses had made a rod for bea
galileo
| Benjamin Franklin |
British tv ‘Dragon’ Theo Paphitis was the chairman of which London football club for eight years until 2006? | Benjamin Franklin - Biography, Facts and Pictures
Benjamin Franklin
Lived 1706 – 1790.
Benjamin Franklin lived his life in the spirit of a renaissance man: he was deeply interested in the world around him, and he excelled in several widely differing fields of human endeavor.
He had a profound effect on our understanding of electricity and shaped the language we use when we talk about it, even today.
Here we shall concentrate on his life as a scientist and an inventor, only briefly touching on his other achievements.
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Benjamin Franklin’s Early Life and Education
Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston, Massachusetts. His father, Josiah, was a tallow chandler, candle maker, and soap boiler who had moved to the American Colonies from England. His mother, Abiah Folger looked after the home and was the mother of ten children, including Benjamin, who was the eighth child in the family. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts.
Benjamin only had two years of formal education, which finished when he was ten years old, because his family could not afford the fees. His informal education then accelerated, because his mind was too restless to stop learning.
He had to work in his father’s business, but in his spare time he read everything he could, about every subject under the sun.
When he was twelve, Benjamin began working as an apprentice in a printing shop owned by one of his elder brothers, James. When his brother started printing a newspaper, Benjamin wrote to it in the name of “Mrs. Dogood” in defense of freedom of speech.
Aged 17, Benjamin Franklin left for Philadelphia, escaping from his apprenticeship, which was against the law. He was, however, free. After a few months in Philadelphia he left for London, England, where he learned more about printing, before returning to Philadelphia at the age of 20 to continue his career in printing.
Benjamin Franklin – Publisher
By the age of just 23, Franklin had become the publisher of the Philadelphia Gazette.
Aged 27, in December 1732, the first editions of the publication that would make him a wealthy man rolled off his printing press: Poor Richard’s Almanac, which Franklin would publish annually for the next 25 years. It was a general interest pamphlet offering interest and amusement for its readers, including: ‘how to’ guides, practical tips, stories, astrological forecasts, and brain teasers.
With each year he published the Almanac, his financial position grew more secure, and Franklin’s fertile mind began looking for new outlets.
He continued reading as much as he could, increasing his knowledge of science and technology until he was in a position to begin innovating himself.
Benjamin Franklin’s Science, Innovation, and Inventions
Franklin was an original thinker, scientist and inventor. Dating his inventions is not always easy, because Franklin did not patent what he invented. He said that anyone who wanted to make money from his ideas was free to do so. This means the dates given to his inventions are approximate.
Bifocal Spectacles
Franklin wore spectacles for most of his life.
He felt limited by the spectacles of his day, because a lens that was good for reading blurred his vision when he looked up. Working as a printer, this could be infuriating.
He defeated this problem in about 1739, aged 33, with his invention of split-lens bifocal spectacles. Each lens now had two focusing distances. Looking through the bottom part of the lens was good for reading, while looking through the upper part offered good vision at a greater distance.
The Franklin Stove
As Franklin read more about science, he learned more about heat transfer. He looked at the design of a typical stove and concluded that it was inefficient. Much more heat was lost up the flue than necessary.
He decided to redesign the stove using the concept of heat-exchange/heat recovery.
The idea was that hot gases which would normally simply go up the flue would exchange their heat with cold air from the room, heating it up, and so heating the room up.
In 1741, the Franklin Stove came on to the market, allowing homeowners to get more heat into their homes for each unit of fuel they burned.
Cold air (blue) gains heat from contact with the hot stove. As this warming air continues on its path, it gains more heat through contact with metal, the other side of which is in contact with the hot smoke (red) going to the flue.
Franklin wrote:
The use of these fireplaces in very many houses, both of this and the neighboring colonies, has been, and is, a great saving of wood to the inhabitants.
American Philosophical Society
In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society. (In those days, scientists were called philosophers.) The Society offered a scientific forum for new ideas, including Franklin’s electrical theories.
The Size of the Units of Matter
Benjamin Franklin performed a beautiful experiment using surfactants; on a pond at Clapham Common, he poured a small amount of oleic acid, a natural surfactant which tends to form a dense film at the water-air interface. He measured the volume required to cover all the pond. Knowing the area, he then knew the height of the film, something like three nanometers in our current units.
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, 1932 to 2007
Electricity
In summer 1743, Franklin visited his hometown of Boston. Always seeking new knowledge, he visited a science show. There he saw Dr. Archibald Spencer, who had arrived from Scotland, demonstrating a variety of scientific phenomena. The electrical part of the show intrigued Franklin most: it featured the effects of static electricity.
Franklin left the show determined to learn more about electricity. It seemed to him that Dr. Spencer didn’t really understand it. This, of course, was true: nobody understood it! It was more a source of entertainment than a science.
In 1747, Franklin got hold of a long glass tube for the efficient generation of static electricity from Peter Collinsion in London.
Soon, Franklin was spending much of his time studying electricity. He wrote:
“For my own part, I never was before engaged in any study that so totally engrossed my attention and my time as this has lately done.”
Shaping our understanding of electricity
Franklin’s observations soon began to shape the world’s understanding of electricity and shape the language we use even today when we talk about it.
He identified that there was an electrical fluid that could flow from A to B. To describe the process he coined the terms positive and negative to describe the difference between A and B after the electrical fluid had flowed. Of course, today we would call the electrical fluid electrons, but remember: this was 1747; J.J. Thomson’s discovery of the electron lay 150 years in the future!
Franklin found that an excess of fluid led to positive charge (okay, we’ll have to pretend that electrons are positively charged for this) and a deficit of fluid led to negative charge.
Franklin was the first to write that electric charge cannot be created; it can only be ‘collected.’ This is a fundamental law of physics – the Law of Conservation of Electric Charge. It means that you cannot create (or destroy) electric charge.
Franklin was also the first person to use the words electrical battery. His meaning was not the same as ours though. His battery was made of capacitors (known as Leyden jars) wired together in series to store more charge than one alone could. This enabled Franklin to produce a bigger discharge of static electricity in his experiments.
In 1751, Franklin published the fruits of his labors in a book called Experiments and Observations on Electricity, which was widely read in Britain and then Europe, shaping a new understanding of electricity.
In 1752 Franklin’s most famous scientific work was carried out – the proof that lightning is electricity.
Franklin had an idea for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity, making use of another of his own discoveries in electricity: that static electricity discharges to a sharp, pointed object more readily than to a blunt object.
And now here are Benjamin Franklin’s own words on the subject:
From Benjamin Franklin’s Experiments and Observations on Electricity
Benjamin Franklin
“As electrified clouds pass over a country, high hills and high trees, lofty towers, spires, masts of ships, chimneys, etc, as so many prominences and points, draw the electrical fire, and the whole cloud discharges there…
“If these things are so, may not the power of points be of use to mankind, in preserving houses, churches,… from the stroke of lightning, by directing us to fix on the highest parts of those edifices, upright rods of iron made sharp as a needle… and from the foot of those rods a wire down the outside of the building into the ground…?
Benjamin Franklin’s Proposed Sentry Box
“I would propose an experiment… On the top of some high tower or steeple, place a kind of sentry-box big enough to contain a man and an electrical stand. From the middle of the stand, let an iron rod rise and pass bending out of the door, and then upright 20 or 30 feet, pointed very sharp at the end. If the electrical stand be kept clean and dry, a man standing on it when such clouds are passing low might be electrified and afford sparks, the rod drawing fire to him from a cloud. If any danger to the man should be apprehended (although I think there would be none) let him stand on the floor of his box, and now and then bring near to the rod a loop of wire that has one end fastened to the leads he his holding by a wax handle; so the sparks, if the rod is electrified, will strike from the rod to the wire and not affect him.”
King Louis XV saw a translation of Experiments and Observations on Electricity, and he asked French scientists to test Franklin’s lightning rod concept.
Jean Francois Dalibard used Franklin’s idea to confirm by experiment that lightning was indeed electrical in Paris in May 1752. Franklin himself carried out similar work in 1752, using a kite with a metal key connected to a Leyden Jar to prove his own theory. He didn’t write about his own experiment, however, until 1772.
The significance of the experiment was that it established the study of electricity as a serious scientific discipline.
Franklin had shown how to prove that electrical phenomena were a fundamental force of nature. Electricity would never again be thought of as just an interesting plaything for scientists and showmen to conjure up using glass rods.
Very soon, in 1753, when he was aged 47, the transformation in science that Franklin had brought about was recognized. Britain’s Royal Society honored his electrical work with its highest award, the Copley Medal – the equivalent of a modern Nobel Prize.
The Lightning Rod
A building protected by a lightning rod. A cable carries electricity from lightning to ground.
Even today, we still use Benjamin Franklin’s lightning rod.
Like his other ideas, he did not patent it: he profited from the lightning rod intellectually, not financially.
Since the time he invented it, it has saved societies all over the world great amounts of time and money by protecting buildings from damage. It has also, of course, saved countless lives.
Refrigeration
In 1758, working with John Hadley in Cambridge, England, Franklin investigated the principle of refrigeration by evaporation.
In a room at 18 °C (65 °F) , the scientists repeatedly wetted a thermometer with ether, then used bellows to quickly evaporate the ether.
They were finally able to achieve a temperature reading on the thermometer of -14 °C (7 °F).
We now know the reason for the refrigeration effect. We have learned that molecules in a liquid have a range of energies. Some have high energy, and some have low energy. Molecules carrying the most energy escape from the liquid most easily – they evaporate. This leaves the lower energy, colder molecules in the liquid. The result is that the temperature of the liquid falls.
Of his discovery, Franklin said:
“One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer’s day.”
In fact, the principle of cooling by evaporation had been publicly demonstrated by William Cullen in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1756. Cullen had used a pump to lower the pressure above ether in a container.
The reduced pressure caused the ether to evaporate rapidly through boiling, absorbing heat from the air around it, and causing some ice to form on the container sides.
Meteorology
By observation of storms and winds, Franklin discovered that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind. This was an important discovery in the development of the scientific discipline of meteorology.
More than a Scientist and Inventor
Franklin lived in turbulent times, which culminated in the United States’ Declaration of Independence in 1776: Franklin was one of the five men who drafted it. He had previously acted as British postmaster for the colonies; he was the American Ambassador in France from 1776 – 1785; and the governor of Pennsylvania from 1785 – 1788.
The End
Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at the age of 84. He was killed by pleurisy – a lung inflammation.
His wife, Deborah, had died sixteen years earlier. Franklin was survived by his daughter, Sarah, who looked after him in his later years and his son, William. William left America to live in Britain in 1782.
Today, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, named in Franklin’s honor, is one of the most prestigious awards in science. Its winners include Alexander Graham Bell, Marie and Pierre Curie, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
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12 scientists and their brilliant inventions
11 great scientists who were part-timers
Rosalind Franklin
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Which two mainland European countries compete in the Six Nations Rugby Tournament? | Rugby Union
Main Page | See live article | Alphabetical index
Rugby Union
Supposedly invented during a football game by William Webb Ellis at Rugby School , the game of Rugby Union is a team sport contested with an ovoid ball by two teams of 15 players, the object being to outscore the opposing team. The ball is carried in the hand and may be passed backwards or laterally across the pitch or kicked in any direction. The opposing players attempt to halt the ball-carrier by tackling him or her with their arms and bodies. On being tackled, the ball carrier must release the ball, at which time a contest for posession of the ball commences (either a ruck or a maul).
The sport is governed by the International Rugby Board , founded in 1886 , who also publish the game's laws .
Table of contents
6 See also
History
Rugby originated in England and is played throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland . As a result of the British Empire , it has also become popular in many former colonies such as Australia , South Africa and New Zealand , where it helped to build a sense of community amongst colonial men.
In fact, in these isolated and rugged outposts, the popularity of the sport developed to a much greater extent than on continental Europe ; where it was largely viewed as a violent and uncultured game. These European countries have therefore always tended to prefer football. However it is often said that "Football is a gentlemen's game played and enjoyed by louts, rugby is a game for louts played and enjoyed by gentlemen".
Nowadays, rugby is played in most European mainland countries, most notably in France and Italy who now both compete in the Six Nations Rugby Tournament. It is also popular in the Pacific Islands of Tonga , Samoa and Fiji , as well as Japan , and is gaining ground in South America , with Argentina regularly defeating European teams, and Uruguay having won a game at the two most recent World Cups. There are 94 members (October 2003) of the International Rugby Board . The rugby playing world is often divided between the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere teams, and the latter have often dominated international tournaments.
After decades of domination by New Zealand , South Africa , and most recently Australia , England is as of 2003 regarded as the best team in world rugby with a dominant 2002 and 2003 culminating in a nailbiting extra-time win against Australia in the final of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup . New Zealand and France were the other semi-finalists and the only other teams close to the strength of the English.
Six Nations Rugby Tournament
The first steps towards the modern day Six Nations tournament took place in 1871 when England played Scotland. In the 1880s , both Wales and Ireland joined and the Home International Championships was born. France joined the tournament in the 1900s and in 1910 the term Five Nations was first coined. However, France had such a dismal run of games that in 1931 they were excluded by the Home Nations (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland). France then rejoined in 1939 - 1940 , though the Second World War halted proceedings for a further eight years. Very recently ( 2000 ), Italy also joined the tournament, leading to the modern day Six Nations competition that is run annually. If a team wins all five of their games this is termed a Grand Slam.
Rugby Union has been a sport four times at the modern Olympic Games .
1900 Paris, France - Three teams entered - France, Germany and Britain. France won the gold, winning 27-17 against Germany, who were awarded the silver medal. Britain lost 27-8 to France in the only other match, and were awarded the bronze.
1908 London, United Kingdom - Two teams entered - Britain, the hosts, and Australia. Just one match was played, a straight final, won by Australia, 32-3.
1920 Antwerp, Belgium - Two teams entered - USA and France. The USA caused a shock by winning the only match 8-0 to take the gold medal.
1924 Paris, France - Three teams entered - France, USA and Romania. Each country played two games. Both France and USA beat Romania, who were awarded the bronze medal. France won 59-3, scoring 13 tries including four by the fine Stade Francais winger Adolphe Jaureguy. The USA then defeated Romania 39-0. The final was played at Colombes stadium, Paris on 18 May 1924 and the USA took the gold with a 17-3 victory before 30,000. The Americans, from Stanford University, scored five tries, (Farrish(2), Patrick, Rogers and Manelli), with a conversion by Doe. Gallau scored the lone French try. The match finished in uproar, when Gideon Nelson, one of the French reserves, was flattened by a walking stick. The American anthem was jeered, and rugby ceased at the Olympics.
There has been talk of reinstating rugby at the Summer Olympics, either as the full 15 a side game or as the 7 a side game. Currently no firm plans have been made.
The schism
A group of Northern English clubs separated from Rugby Union in the 1890s to form (the game of) Rugby League , which though similar has a very different flow of play to Rugby Union. The split was largely between the industrial north of England and the more white-collar south and was initiated by charges that the northern teams were becoming professional (i.e. playing as a career, rather than as a game). One of the major changes from rugby union was the reduction of the number of players from 15 to 13.
How points are scored
There are several methods of scoring points in the game:
touching the ball down over the opponents goal line (a try, worth 5 points).
kicking the ball above the crossbar and between the uprights of a large 'H' shaped set of posts. This may either be done from a place kick following a law infringement (a penalty goal) or kicked from the hand, providing the ball strikes the ground before being kicked (a drop goal). Both types of goal are worth 3 points.
a conversion, which is attempted after a try has been scored, and is similar to a penalty goal except worth only 2 points.
Some positions have alternative names, in New Zealand in particular:
Scrum Half is known as Halfback
Fly Half is known as First five-eighths
Inside Centre is known as Second five-eighths
Outside Centre is known as Centre
Second Row players are more often called locks throughout the English-speaking world
Teams
| france and italy |
Which US city is the setting for the 1987 film ‘Robocop’? | The History Of The RBS 6 Nations, 6 Nations History, 6 Nations Guide
» The History of the RBS 6 Nations
History of the Rugby Six Nations Championship
Rugby fans know the Six Nations as the premier rugby union tournament in Europe, with six of the best European sides battling for national pride. But the competition wasn’t always such a European affair. While the Six Nations Championship has grown to include France and Italy, its origin is firmly rooted are within the United Kingdom.
Origins
The origins of the Six Nations Championship date back to 1871, when teams from England and Scotland played in the first-ever rugby union international match. In 1879, the Calcutta Cup was created as a prize for the winner of occasional matches played between teams from the two countries. Other Home Countries also became interested in international rugby union, leading to the creation of the Home International Championship in 1883, the first-ever international rugby tournament with teams from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
England and Scotland dominated the early years of the Home International Championship, with the two teams combining to win nine of the first ten championships. Increased interest in the sport lead to greater parity, with Wales and Ireland winning four of the last five championships contested at the end of the 19th century.
France join the fray
The growth of rugby union throughout Europe in the early part of the 20th century brought opportunities to expand the championship outside of the Home Nations, with France showing a particularly keen interest. After competing unofficially in the tournament for a few seasons, France officially became one of the teams in 1910, with the tournament renamed the Five Nations to reflect the new structure. However, France initially was hardly a competitive factor, as they won just one game in their first four years of tournament play.
Outbreak of war
The growth of the Five Nations was slowed by the outbreak of World War I in Europe, as the tournament was shut down from 1914 until 1920. France continued to struggle competitively after the tournament resumed, and were dropped in 1931 because of mismanagement in their administration and allegations that their amateur players had been paid to play at a club level. The tournament reverted back into a Home Nations contest until 1939, when the outbreak of World War II forced a halt to athletic competitions throughout Europe.
Five Nations
When the tournament resumed in 1947, France was brought back into the mix and allowed to compete in the Five Nations structure. Within a decade, the French would establish themselves as not just a competitive side but one of the dominant forces in international rugby union. They shared the Five Nations title in 1954 and 1955 and then had a streak of four consecutive championships from 1959-1962.
Italy make it Six
The tournament continued with the four Home Nations sides and France until 2000, when Italy joined the renamed Six Nations Championship. The Italians had an auspicious start, claiming a victory in their first-ever tournament match when they defeated Scotland in Rome. However, Italy are still clearly the minnows of the Six Nations teams; their best-ever finish in the tournament was fourth in 2007 after claiming back-to-back wins against Scotland and Ireland, and they’ve won just eight of their 60 matches played through the 2011 tournament.
Winning a Six Nations Championship is a point of pride for any side, but there are additional accolades available within the structure. The most glamorous is for a side to earn the Grand Slam by winning all five of their matches. The French squad of 2010 was the last team to accomplish this feat. In addition, trophies are awarded to the winners of certain matches: the Calcutta Cup for the winner of the England vs. Scotland match and the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy for the victor between Italy and France are two examples.
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The Karoo is a semi-desert region of which country? | In Arid South African Lands, Fracking Controversy Emerges by Todd Pitock: Yale Environment 360
In Arid South African Lands,
Fracking Controversy Emerges
The contentious practice of hydrofracking to extract underground natural gas has now made its way to South Africa’s Karoo, a semi-desert known for its stark beauty and indigenous plants. But opposition is growing amid concern that fracking will deplete and pollute the area’s scarce water supplies.
by todd pitock
On a cool day in May, Jonathan Deal, the 52-year-old owner of an ecotourism farm called Gecko Rock, strikes up a steep kopje at a pace most people maintain going downhill. As he leads a few visitors on an all-day hike across his 10,000-acre property in the South African bush, he steps onto boulders covered in red lichen and points out — in Latin, Afrikaans, and English — the species of the indigenous flora called fynbos, whose flowers and shoots color this vast semi-desert of the Karoo.
Deal is obviously in his element. But it’s also apparent that he is more full of zeal than joy, his mood betrayed by his preoccupied gaze.
“Look at this,” he says, fingering a hundred-year-old creeping aloe thriving on the hillside. “Once this is gone, it cannot be replaced. They say they’ll leave it all better than they found it. How is that possible? I tell you, it is not possible.”
“They” are a group of global energy companies — including Royal Dutch Shell, South Africa’s SASOL, and others — that have leased rights to an immense shale field that runs across the country’s midsection. The companies have promised billions in revenue, much-needed jobs, and energy security for all.
But the issue here — as in similar natural gas-rich shale fields in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere — is largely over how the gas is harvested, namely a process known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, which uses a
South Africa has placed a moratorium on future fracking permits until the environmental impacts can be evaluated.
combination of water, sand, and chemicals to crack the subterranean rock where gas (and oil) are trapped. And as intensifying publicity about the environmental risks of fracking has spread from the United States to South Africa, opposition to hydrofracturing in the Karoo has grown, prompting the South African government to place a moratorium on all future fracking permits until the practice’s environmental impacts can be evaluated.
The controversy has put the government in a tough spot. Seventeen years after the end of apartheid, the African National Congress-led government is under pressure to deliver jobs, services, and greater prosperity to the country’s largely impoverished and increasingly impatient population. The sparsely populated, semi-desert Karoo has a mixed-ethnic population of 300,000, including native Khoisan people, other black Africans, and white farmers. Many of the region’s residents live in squalid settlements that are a remnant of the apartheid era, and the government clearly hoped that a hydrofracturing boom would bring jobs and greater prosperity to the region.
Opposition to fracking in the Karoo has been centered not in the black settlements, but more among the white farmers and landowners who fear that the industry will pollute and deplete already scarce water supplies in this rain-starved region. Each fracking drilling well requires millions of liters of water and produces large quantities of tainted wastewater that must be treated.
Photo courtesy of Todd Pitock
The semi-desert Karoo is known for its variety of endemic flora and fauna, including succulent plants and small reptiles.
In February, Deal, along with an environmentalist named Lewis Pugh, formed Treasure the Karoo Action Group , or TKAG, to organize opposition. The two men say they have spent a combined $60,000 of their own money, plus another $26,000 raised in small donations. Pugh, whose mother’s family first came to the Karoo almost 200 years ago, is a well-known figure here who has drawn attention to water-related issues by swimming in extreme environments wearing just a Speedo, cap, and goggles.
“‘Karoo’ comes from a Khoisan word for ‘thirsty land’,” Pugh told me in Cape Town. “Even if the chemicals were safe, and they are not, there just isn’t enough water to spare. Water is going to be a source of conflict. Do you think the Karoo farmers are going to let Shell show up and destroy their farms? They’re going to grab their rifles.”
Shell and other oil and gas companies say that hydrofracturing can be done in an environmentally safe way, and would bring jobs and lease income to the people of the Karoo. But Pugh and other opponents counter that the wells will produce for as few as five years, so the jobs and the benefits will be temporary. The damage, however, will be permanent, says Pugh, including the infrastructure required to retrieve the gas and the heavy trucks and equipment that will rumble through, turning parts of one of the planet’s most pristine and biodiverse environments into an industrial zone.
Interest in natural gas fracking in the Karoo is, as in many other places, a relatively new phenomenon, in large part because new horizontal drilling technology enables gas companies to drill a single well and exploit gas reserves for many miles to the side. In the Karoo, industry officials argue that there is no risk to water and the environmental impact, above or below the surface, will be minimal. The natural gas they’re harvesting, they say, is at an average depth of 2,500 meters — 2,000 meters below the deepest aquifers. The companies say their drill bits, the size of a coffee table, run through a poured concrete funnel within stainless steel casing, forming an impermeable barrier. Because of horizontal drilling, Shell says it intends to drill only 8 to 24 wells over a 35,000-square-mile area.
South Africa divides land ownership between surface and subsurface rights. The “split estate” means that farmers and homeowners own the land they can see, while rights to any minerals or resources that lie below are the government’s to exploit. The fact that Karoo farmers and landowners do not stand to directly earn royalties, as they would in many parts of the U.S.,
‘How will these companies be made accountable for the damages they might do?’ asked one farmer.
is one reason residents in the Karoo are more resistant to fracking.
TKAG, with a handful of core leaders and about 100 volunteers, has emerged as the main opposition group to fracking in the Karoo. Greenpeace is active, too. Another group, Earthlife Africa — a volunteer-based civil society organization — has called for a boycott of Shell. Muna Lakhani, 54, the volunteer branch coordinator in Cape Town for Earthlife Africa, criticized Shell for ignoring the interests of the Karoo’s black residents, significantly overstating fracking’s economic benefits while underplaying the environmental impacts.
“The bottom line is that the poor people in the Karoo have not been engaged by the Shell environmental management plan,” said Lakhani. “Some of them are living right on the edge, very precariously, and of course they don’t have everything they should have. One of the most precious resources is water. They don’t have the resources or the capacity to fight in court or to truck in water as wealthy people can. Shell has made it clear they’ll only consider compensation if it can be proved that the contamination came from their wells. Think of someone poor. How on Earth will they be able get justice?”
The more prosperous white farmers in the Karoo also worry about water contamination and water shortages that could be caused by fracking. In June, a delegation of Karoo farmers visited Pennsylvania and New York, where gas fracking in the Marcellus Shale is intensifying. The visit seemed to do little to allay their fears, according to a report in the Huffington Post.
After listening to a representative from a landowner group that supports fracking, Karoo farmer Doug Stern reportedly said, “He speaks so glibly about the acreage he represents and how safe everything is. But how will these companies be made accountable for the damages they might do?”
In his speeches opposing fracking in the Karoo, Pugh — whose supporters include Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Bishop Desmond Tutu — reminds listeners that South Africans had died for inalienable rights enshrined in the country’s 1994 Constitution, including access to clean water and a
The worry is that the Karoo will become the arid twin to another drilling center, the Niger delta.
healthy environment. Fracking in the Karoo threatens those rights, said Pugh.
In May, a Shell official and Deal debated at the University of Cape Town’s School of Business. Bonang Mohale, chairman and vice president of Shell South Africa Marketing (Pty) Limited, argued that Shell had been fracking for 60 years and had not had a single incident at any of its 800,000 wells. “We use between three and eight chemicals per well, and never more than eight,” he later told me. “They’re all 100 percent biodegradable.”
If the claim was surprising — until late June, the makers of fracking chemicals in the U.S. had refused even to disclose the chemicals, saying they were proprietary secrets — his message was nonetheless a promise of hope: jobs and prosperity for a region where economic opportunity has dried up. He extolled Shell’s 109-year record in South Africa, saying it employs 1,400 people directly and has created 20,000 related jobs. At its facility in Durban, which it operates as a joint venture with BP, it produces 180,000 barrels of oil per day, and it was the first international oil company in South Africa to attain the government’s highest rating on affirmative action, Mohale said.
The need for development is undeniable. The failure to deliver services is the African National Congress’s Achilles heel. The government has increased access to water and electrification, but it hasn’t managed to seriously dent the intractable poverty.
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One of TKAG’s weaknesses is that while it is clear what the group opposes, it lacks an alternative vision for development. “The Karoo is just fine as it is, thank you,” Mark Van Tubbergh, a TKAG loyalist from Cape Town told me. But that’s debatable. The only people making money in the Karoo are a relative handful of landowners who have turned their properties into hunting lodges. The farmers are either relatively affluent people like Deal, whose property is a second home, or poor people just getting by.
En route to the beauty so beloved by environmentalists, you see passels of men braving windswept plains as they peddle boxes of fruit they’ve taken from fields. They are the ones who will doubtless suffer most acutely from water contamination or water shortages. But even as they live at the epicenter and stand to lose the most, they’re barely in the discussion.
The worry is that the Karoo will become the arid twin to another drilling center, the Niger Delta in Nigeria — where local people have largely remained destitute as foreign oil companies have contaminated the land and the water. “You can’t put energy security ahead of water security,” Pugh said. “Water is life. There is nothing without it.”
Correction, August 4, 2011: An earlier version of this story incorrectly identified the South African firm, Sasol Ltd., as a state-owned company.
| South Africa |
In the human body, the pollex is which part of the hand? | The Karoo - AfricanSeer.com
The Karoo
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The Karoo (a Khoisan word of uncertain etymology) is a semi-desert natural region of South Africa. Its inland section, the Nama Karoo, has two main sub-regions - the Great Karoo in the north and the Little Karoo in the south. The western section is the Succulent Karoo, situated in a winter rainfall region near the Atlantic coast.
In geological terms the Karoo Supergroup refers to an extensive and geologically recent (100 to 260 million years old) sequence of sedimentary and igneous rocks, which is flanked to the south by the Cape Supergroup, and to the north by the more ancient Witwatersrand Supergroup. It covers two-thirds of South Africa and extends in places to 8,000 m below the land surface, constituting an immense volume of rocks which was formed, geologically speaking, in a short period of time.
Geological history
Lystrosaurus
The Great Karoo has an area of more than 400,000 square kilometers. From a geological point of view it has been a vast inland basin for most of the past 250 million years. At one stage the area was glaciated and the evidence for this is found in the widely-distributed Dwyka tillite. Later, at various times, there were great inland deltas, seas, lakes or swamps. Enormous deposits of coal formed and these are one of the pillars of the economy of South Africa today. Ancient reptiles and amphibians prospered in the wet forests and their remains have made the Karoo famous amongst palaeontologists. About 180 million years ago, volcanic activity took place on a titanic scale, which brought an end to a flourishing reptile evolution. The following genera represent some of the extinct animals of the Karoo:
Mesosaurus, aquatic Dwyka carnivore
Massospondylus, late Triassic to early Jurassic herbivorous, bipedal dinosaur
Megazostrodon, early mammal
The first Karoo fossils were discovered in 1838 by Scots-born Andrew Geddes Bain at a road cutting near Fort Beaufort. He sent his specimens to the British Museum, where fellow Scotsman Robert Broom recognised the Karoo fossils' mammal-like characteristics in 1897.
Modern history
The first European settlers who landed in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, began to move inland when the arable land around the Cape became scarce. The Europeans that first settled in the Karoo were the trekboers in the mid 1700s. Before that time, large herds of antelope, zebra and other large game roamed the grassy flats of the region. The Khoi and Bushmen, last of the southern African Stone Age peoples, wandered far and wide. The Bantu people to the east of the Karoo did not occupy this arid region due to the lack of summer rainfall preventing the farming of cattle. The two ethnic groups mentioned above differed substantially in their cultures and lifestyles; the Hottentots were described as grazers of sheep and cattle, while the Bushmen were hunter-gatherers. (These were the original names given to these tribes by the Dutch. The terms may not be regarded as politically correct today). With the occupation of the region by European settlers, sheep gradually replaced the game and the cover of grass degenerated, owing to changes in the pattern of grazing and in the climate.
Starting in the middle years of the 19th century, a railway track was extended into the Karoo from Worcester in the south. This was eventually extended into Bechuanaland, South West Africa, Johannesburg, Rhodesia and far beyond. The impact of this railroad on the history of southern Africa is difficult to exaggerate.
During the Second Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, three Republican commando units, reinforced by the rebels from the Cape Colony, conducted widespread operations throughout the Karoo. Countless skirmishes took place in the region, with the Calvinia magisterial district, in particular, contributing a significant number of fighters to the Republican cause. Fought both conventionally and as a guerrilla struggle over the Karoo's vast expanses, it was a bloody war of attrition wherein both sides used newly developed technologies to their advantage. Numerous abandoned blockhouses can still be seen at strategic locations throughout the Great Karoo; a prime example is located next to the Geelbeks River, 12 kilometres outside the town of Laingsburg.
Currently sheep farming is still the economic backbone of the Karoo, with other forms of agriculture established in areas where irrigation is possible. Lately game farms and tourism have also started to make an economic impact.
Little Karoo
As the name implies, the Little Karoo is the smaller (and more southerly) of the two Karoo sub-regions. Locally it is usually called the Klein Karoo, which is Afrikaans for Little Karoo. Geographically it is a fertile valley (bounded on the north by the Swartberg, and on the south by the Langeberg and Outeniqua mountains). Although the boundaries of the region are not strictly defined, most people consider the western limit of the Little Karoo to be in the region of Barrydale and the eastern extremity around Uniondale.
The main town of the region is Oudtshoorn. Other towns/settlements in the region include Ladismith, Calitzdorp, De Rust,and well-known mission stations such as Zoar, Amalienstein, Barrydale and Dysselsdorp.
This area was explored by European settlers in the late 17th century, who encountered Khoisan people living in this rather dry area. Modern farming methods have brought productivity and wealth to this district.
Karoo in literature
Poet Thomas Hardy wrote in his poem The Dead Drummer:
Young Hodge the Drummer never knew -
Fresh from his Wessex home -
The meaning of the broad Karoo,
The Bush, the dusty loam,
And why uprose to nightly view
Strange stars amid the gloam.
A blockhouse in the eastern Karoo
In Bridge-Guard in the Karroo, Rudyard Kipling evoked the loneliness experienced by blockhouse soldiers at Ketting station on the Dwyka River while guarding the Karoo railway track, a lifeline during the South African War (excerpts):
Sudden the desert changes,
The raw glare softens and clings,
Till the aching Oudtshoorn ranges
Stand up like the thrones of Kings –
We hear the Hottentot herders
As the sheep click past to the fold –
And the click of the restless girders
As the steel contracts in the cold –
And the solemn firmament marches,
And the hosts of heaven rise
Framed through the iron arches –
Banded and barred by the ties, ...
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Which Austrian composer wrote the music for the German National Anthem? | Germany – nationalanthems.info
Germany
The text of the anthem has been written in 1841 by the liberal poet and professor August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, using the melody of the Austrian imperial anthem “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (God save Franz our Emperor) , which has been composed by the famous classical composer Joseph Haydn in 1797 and which appears in his “Emperor Quartet”. Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote his text on the small island of Helgoland off the Northwest German coast, which at that time was under British rule. He had been deported from the Kingdom of Hannover because of his liberal ideas, which included the demand to establish Germany as a unified nation. Consequently, the first verse of the “Lied der Deutschen”, beginning with the words “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles” (Germany, Germany above all) was originally meant as an appeal that the idea of a unified Germany should be more important than the many particular principalities which existed at that time.
However, when Germany became a united country in 1871, the “Lied der Deutschen” was ignored officially despite it still being a popular anthem; rather the the former Prussian royal anthem “Heil Dir im Siegerkranz” was used unofficially. Although Germany had been proclaimed a Republic on 9th November 1918 upon its defeat in World War I, it needed nearly four years until the “Deutschlandlied” was declared the new national anthem by the social democratic President Friedrich Ebert on August 11th, 1922, although it was used on state occasions in the intervening years. At that time, all three verses were used and was commonly (but unofficially) known by the opening line of the first verse, “Deutschland Über Alles” (Germany Above All).
The anthem was even retained when the Nazis seized power in 1933, however the first verse of Hoffmann von Fallersleben’s lyrics was misused as a slogan that Germany should rule “above all” other countries, and the anthem was added with the party song of the Nazi party, the Horst Wessel Lied and known collectively as “Lieder der Nation” (Song of the Nation). In 1945, the use of all national symbols of Nazi Germany, including the “Deutschlandlied” was prohibited by the Allies.
In 1945, Germany was governed by the Allied powers and thus had no official anthem. And when West and East Germany were founded in 1949, initially neither state wished to use the “Deutschlandlied” because of its association with the Nazi government and its misuse of the sentiment in the lyrics.
After Germany had become reunified on 3rd October 1990, Federal President Richard von Weizsaecker confirmed in a letter to Chancellor Helmut Kohl, dated 19th August 1991, that the third verse of Hoffmann von Fallersleben’s “Lied der Deutschen” with Joseph Haydn’s melody are the official national anthem of the reunified Germany. (Between the time of reunification in 1990 and the official adoption of the third verse of the “Deutschlandlied”, the West German anthem was in use, which is essentially identical to the current anthem.) Contrary to popular belief, no stanza is currently forbidden to be sung, however only the third stanza is the official national anthem, sung on official state occasions; other stanzas may be performed for other uses. (Performance of the first verse, though, is often seen as an extremist, right-wing act.)
The regions of Germany also have their own local anthems, some have been used for centuries, some are new inventions after the war.
Special thanks to: Jan Scotland and Reinhard Popp for some of this information and to Klaus Caussmacher for information on the lyrics and for the sheet music.
| Joseph Haydn |
Muharram is the first month in which religious calender? | Joseph Haydn Austrian and Croatian composer died 200 years ago
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Joseph Haydn Austrian and Croatian composer died 200 years ago
Joseph Haydn exploited themes from Croatian musical folklore
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809), born in a Croatian ethnic enclave in Burgenland (Gradi��e) in Austria.
Pencil sketch by George Dance, 1794.
"V jutro rano se ja stanem" - "I wake up early in the morning", Croatian folk tune which was the basis for Joseph Haydn's Volkslied (Folk song), as he named it.
Later this Haydn's tune became Austrian national anthem. Now it is the German national anthem that everybody knows. Sheet music by Sir William Hadow, from his monograph "A Croatian Composer", London 1897.
ďż˝
by Sir William H. Hadow
First edition in 1897, London (Seely and co. limited),
reprinted in 1972, New York (Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, New York)
...if we accept the historical statement as true, we do something to rescue a musical nation from undeserved neglect. The race which has given to a master not only birth but inspiration may surely claim from us someting better than oblivion into which we have allowed its name to fall.
[from Hadow's PREFACE, Oxford, 1897]
EXCERPTS from the book:
Subsection titles given by Darko Zubrinic. Hadow's original text goes in continuo.
Related references:
Frano Kuhac: Josip Haydn i hrvatske narodne popijevke, Vienac, Zagreb, 25. ozujka 1880. (Joseph Haydn and the Croatian Folk-songs, Agram, 1880);
Academician Lovro Zupanovic
Andjelko Nedo Paveskovic (Monte Carlo): Skladatelj Josip Haiden (Haydn) Hrvat ili Nijemac? (Was Josip Haiden Croatian or German?), Poljica, Gata, 2001, broj 26, pp. 61-107;
word files (in Croatian): 61-62.doc , 63-67.doc , 68-79.doc , 80-89.doc , 90-99.doc , 100-107.doc (here with kind permission of Rev. Frane Mihanovic, editor in chief of Poljica)
several interesting items from this long paper:
Until 1954, the well known Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, London, accepted the opinion of Haiden (Haydn) as the Croat (and since that year accepted the opinion of Schmid about his alledged German roots)
Dutch historian of art Henrik van Loon (in 1937) and Canadian historian Murray Gibbon (in 1938) pointed out to the political motivations in these questions, and that it should not be alowed to "Teutons" to deny Croatian roots of Haiden
Larousse Musique in 1957 considers the Slavic - Croatian roots of Haydn possible.
Sir Kenneth Clark, in his TV presentation The Civilisation (famous for his book having the same title), shown by Swiss - Italian TV in 1970s, claims Haiden to be the Croat
Anthony Hodgson in his book The Music of Joseph Haydn (London, 1976) considers Hayden to be the Croat born in Trstenik (Rohrau), and stresses notable presence of Croatian folk melodies in Heidens's famous symphonies
[Remark by D.Z.: Let us mention a very nice and lively presentation of Haydn's person and music by Leonard Bernstein, USA, in his TV show, where Bernstein was obviously citing long passages from Hadow's book (stressing among others "non-Teutonic" character of Haydn's music and his personal appearance), without mentioning neither the book, nor its significant title, which we recall again:
A Croatian Composer;
Notes towards the study of Joseph Haydn]
Hayden included in his music about 30 Croatian folk melodies!
Haydn's melody Gott erhalte (German National Anthem) is evidenced from Croatian Littoral and environs of Zagreb to Medjimurje on the North, and to Gradisce (Burgenland) in Austria
El compositor Jose Haiden (Haydn, 1732-1809) y los Croatas (La presencia croata en Gradisce)
Franz Joseph Haydn , based on the Encyclopaedia Britannica from 1911
Sir William H. Hadow, Croatian Composer, Hrvatski Skladatelj, Josip Haiden, (Croatian - English edition), Naklada E. Cic, Zagreb, 2005, 160 pp, ISBN 953-98968-3-5
ďż˝
Here we reproduce the concluding paragraph of Haydn's short biography presented by MusicaClassica:
A distinguishing trait of Haydn's works was his frequent use of Croatian folk music for his melodic material. Wrote W. H. Hadow : "The Croatian melodies are bright, sensitive, piquant, but they seldom rise to any high level of dignity or earnestness. They belong to a temper which is marked rather by feeling and imagination than by any sustained breadth of thought, and hence, while they enrich their own field of art with great beauty, there are certain frontiers which they rarely cross, and from which, if crossed, they soon return." Even many of Haydn's original melodies are characterized by typical rhythmic and melodic qualities to be found in the Croatian folk songs. However, as Franze Bellinger has added, "Haydn's speech, like that of every genius, was not only that of his race, but of the world." To these Croatian characteristics, Haydn added his high inspiration and sensitivity, and produced a type of melody which, for the most part, is unmistakably his.
Haydn is a common Croatian family name. In the Croatian telephone book you can see the names of Hajdin, Hajdina, Hajdinjak, Hajdinac, Hajdinovic: 63 families in the Zagreb county, 91 families in Medimurje and Varazdin counties, 65 families in Primorsko-Goranska county; and altogether 320 families in the whole Croatia (1999). There is a village of Hajdine near Vrbovsko in Croatia, on the main road to Rijeka, and the village of Hajdin near Vojnic. The name Hajdin (= hajda's) is derived from hajda = buckwheat.
Parents of Franz Joseph Haydn are Mathias Haiden and Anna Maria Haidin, as can be seen on their grave in the Rohrau cemetery even today. This is stated by outstanding Croatian musicologist academician Lovro Zupanovic in his afterword to the book of [ Kuhac , pp 305-306]. Academician Zupanovic stated also the following:
"It is a pity that in his time Kuhac did not know for team work, or could not (was not allowed to?) accomplish. Otherwise - the redactor [ie. Zupanovic] is firmly convinced on the basis of own experience - ... that for half of names listed [by Kuhac] in his Hystorical introduction he would have no problems in proving their Croatian descent. This especially holds for Franz Joseph Haydn..." (see [ Kuhac , p. 305]).
Joseph Haydn (1732–1809), born in a Croatian ethnic enclave in Burgenland (Gradi��e) in Austria.
Pencil sketch by George Dance, 1794. Source of the photo Classical Music Pages .
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A Scotch Argus is what type of creature? | UK Butterflies - Scotch Argus - Erebia aethiops
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Introduction
Despite its name, the Scotch Argus is not only found in Scotland; it is also found at two sites in the north of England. A freshly-emerged Scotch Argus is a sight to behold, the dark brown velvety uppersides making the butterfly appear almost jet black from a distance. The butterfly is unmistakable when seen basking with its wings open, when orange bands containing distinctive spots are revealed. This butterfly lives in well-defined colonies that are often very large.
Like the Mountain Ringlet, the ability of this butterfly to survive cool temperatures means that it was probably one of the first species to recolonise the British Isles after the last ice age, over 10,000 years ago. The English colonies, Arnside Knott and Smardale Gill, are both found in Westmorland . Colonies are much more numerous in Scotland, where this butterfly can be found in most of northern, western and south-west Scotland. This butterfly is absent from the lowlands of central Scotland, many of the western isles (including the Outer Hebrides ), Orkney and Shetland .
A colony at Grassington in Mid-west Yorkshire , famous for a particular race that had reduced orange markings, became extinct in 1923. According to Dennis (1977) "This colony which used to occupy parts of Grass Wood was last observed by Clutten in 1923. The orange markings on the upperside of the males were nearly obsolete; and this feature in the females was scarcely better developed than in ordinary males".
-18
+24
The table above shows the occurrence (distribution) and abundance (population) trends, using information from The State of the UK's Butterflies 2015 (Fox, 2015). Any UK BAP status is taken from the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) (2007 review).
Habitat
Most colonies are found in sheltered and damp areas. Bogs, woodland edges and riverbanks where the foodplant grows are typical habitats. The English colonies are situated in a different type of habitat, where sites are limestone grassland sheltered by adjoining woodland.
Distribution
Click here to see the distribution of this species or here to see the distribution of this species together with specific site information overlaid.
Life Cycle
The flight period is fairly short for a butterfly that can appear in significant numbers. Butterflies emerge at the end of July, peaking in early August, with a few individuals surviving into September. There is one generation each year.
Erebia aethiops ssp. aethiops
Erebia aethiops ssp. caledonia
The chart(s) above have been correlated with the phenology plot below, taken from the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme . The blue line gives average counts over the full data set from 1976 to date, and the red line gives the average for the last year.
Imago
The adults are often the first butterflies of the day to be seen at suitable sites, their dark brown wings presumably allowing them to warm up more quickly than other species. They fly only when the sun is shining, and tend to retreat among grasses as soon as clouds appear, their undersides closely resembling a dead leaf. They reappear as rapidly when the sun comes out again and it is fascinating to watch an apparently-barren grassland come to life with butterflies as the clouds move away. Both sexes feed from a variety of nectar sources.
Males adopt both perching and patrolling strategies when in search of a mate. Males will fly for long periods when patrolling, searching out any dark brown object that is a potential mate. Females are mated shortly after they emerge with no discernable courtship involved, and the pair remain coupled for a few hours.
When egg-laying, the female selects sites that are in full sunshine and that are sheltered. She will bask for a while before crawling down into the grass and laying a single egg either on the grass or on nearby vegetation or debris. Eggs tend to be laid on Purple Moor-grass in Scotland and Blue Moor-grass in the Lake District.
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How many edges does a cube have? | Butterfly Conservation - Northern Brown Argus
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Black spots
Northern Brown Argus (video)
Scientific name: Aricia artaxerxes
Brown with row of orange spots on outer wing edges, sometimes with white spot on forewing.
This small butterfly has a silvery appearance as it flies low to the ground over sheltered flowery grasslands. In Britain and mainland Europe, the pattern of wing spots is highly variable and many local races (and sub-species) have been described.
In Scotland, most individuals are of the race artaxerxes and have a characteristic white spot in the middle of the forewing (see photo). In northern England, this spot is generally dark brown or black. Similar to Brown Argus but differentiated by orange spots. The butterfly occurs mainly as small, scattered colonies and has declined in northern England.
Size and Family
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According to the Bible, Ham was the second son of who? | Ham (2) Definition and Meaning - Bible Dictionary
ham (cham; Cham):
1. The Youngest Son of Noah:
The youngest son of Noah, from whom sprang the western and southwestern nations known to the Hebrews. His name first occurs in Genesis 5:32 , where, as in 6:10 and elsewhere, it occupies the second place. In Genesis 9:18 Ham is described as "the father of Canaan," to prepare the reader for 9:25-27, where Noah, cursing Ham for having told Shem and Japheth of his nakedness, refers to him as Canaan. On account of this, it has been suggested that "Canaan" stood originally in all the passages where the three brothers are spoken of, and that this was later changed to "Ham," except in the verses containing the curse. It seems more likely, however, that the name "Canaan" is inserted prophetically, as Noah would not desire to curse his son, but only one branch of that son's descendants, who were later the principal adversaries of the Hebrews.
2. Ham as a Nationality:
The name given, in Psalms 105:23,17 ; 106:22 (compare 78:51), to Egypt as a descendant of Ham, son of Noah. As Shem means "dusky," or the like, and Japheth "fair," it has been supposed that Ham meant, as is not improbable, "black." This is supported by the evidence of Hebrew and Arabic, in which the word chamam means "to be hot" and "to be black," the latter signification being derived from the former.
3. Meaning of the Word:
That Ham is connected with the native name of Egypt, Kem, or, in full pa ta' en Kem, "the land of Egypt," in Bashmurian Coptic Kheme, is unlikely, as this form is probably of a much later date than the composition of Gen, and, moreover, as the Arabic shows, the guttural is not a true kh, but the hard breathing h, which are both represented by the Hebrew cheth.
4. The Nations Descending from Ham:
Of the nationalities regarded as descending from Ham, none can be described as really black. First on the list, as being the darkest, is Cush or Ethiopia ( Genesis 10:6 ), after which comes Mitsrayim, or Egypt, then PuT or Libyia, and Canaan last. The sons or descendants of each of these are then taken in turn, and it is noteworthy that some of them, like the Ethiopians and the Canaanites, spoke Semitic, and not Hamitic, languages--Seba (if connected with the Sabeans), Havilah (Yemen), and Sheba, whose queen visited Solomon. Professor Sayce, moreover, has pointed out that Caphtor is the original home of the Phoenicians, who spoke a Semitic language. The explanation of this probably is that other tongues were forced upon these nationalities in consequence of their migrations, or because they fell under the dominion of nationalities alien to them. The non-Sem Babylonians, described as descendants of Nimrod (Merodach), as is welI known, spoke Sumerian, and adopted Semitic Babylonian only on account of mingling with the Semites whom they found there. Another explanation is that the nationalities described as Hamitic--a parallel to those of the Semitic section--were so called because they fell under Egyptian dominion. This would make the original Hamitic race to have been Egyptian and account for Ham as a (poetical) designation of that nationality. Professor F. L. Griffith has pointed out that the Egyptian Priapic god of Panopolis (Akhmim), sometimes called Menu, but also apparently known as Khem, may have been identified with the ancestor of the Hamitic race--he was worshipped from the coast of the Red Sea to Coptos, and must have been well known to Egypt's eastern neighbors. He regards the characteristics of Menu as being in accord with the shamelessness of Ham as recorded in Genesis 9:20 .
See JAPHETH; SHEM; TABLE OF NATIONS.
T. G. Pinches
HAM (2)
(ham):
(1) A place East of the Jordan named between Ashteroth-karnaim and Shaveh-kiriathaim, in which Chedorlaomer smote the Zu-zim ( Genesis 14:5 ). No name resembling this has been recovered. Septuagint reads bahem "with them," instead of beham, "in Ham." Some have thought that "Ham" may be a corruption from "Ammon"; or that it may be the ancient name of Rabbath-ammon itself.
(2) A poetical appellation of Egypt:
"the land of Ham" ( Psalms 105:23 , etc.) is the land of Jacob's sojourning, i.e. Egypt; "the tents of Ham" ( Psalms 78:51 ) are the dwellings of the Egyptians. It may be derived from the native name of Egypt, Kemi, or Khemi.
See MIZRAIM; SHEM.
| Noah |
Oscar Wilde wrote about which English prison? | The Black Man the Father of Civilization: Proven by Biblical History, by James Morris Webb—A Project Gutenberg eBook
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Black Man, the Father of Civilization, by James Morris Webb This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Black Man, the Father of Civilization Proven by Biblical History Author: James Morris Webb Release Date: April 22, 2012 [EBook #39509] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BLACK MAN, FATHER OF CIVILIZATION *** Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
JAMES MORRIS WEBB, A. M.
Evangelist of the Church of God
(Acts 20-28, Biblical)]
PREFACE.
I have many objects in presenting this book to the public.
First: I love my race regardless of the prejudice against her, the unenviable position she holds, and the things she is falsely said to be guilty of.
I demonstrate my love for her by launching this book before the public as somewhat of a defense against the prejudice of ancient, as well as modern historical writers and lecturers, who have misrepresented her, and took from her the good deeds and honors that are justly due her.
Secondly: I realize that my race has had defenders, and has some now, men of my race and men of other races. But I am simply presenting this book as an humble race defender, in connection with the body of race defenders, and if my theory in this book is accepted as one of the little fingers of this splendid body, I will feel that I have accomplished some results and thus portrayed the story of “The Widow’s Mite”—she gave all she had, and I contribute likewise.
Thirdly: To appreciate my argument, the reader had best have a Bible at [Pg 4] his finger tips so as to examine my references and compare them with my statements, which I make wholly and solely upon the authorities found in the Bible, which in turn is the real and only authority on ancient history (again my authority is not inspired in the slightest degree with malice or hatred for the white race). My profession as a Minister of the Gospel of Jesus Christ would not permit me to defend in the name of justice, harboring malice and hatred or any ill feeling toward my white brethren. I am acting with that meek and humble spirit and with a gigantic pride in my race, which I hope, pleases God.
J. M. WEBB.
INTRODUCTION
The Bible gives the first and only true account of the origin of mankind. It is the only book containing an accurate record of the progress of man toward civilization, and it is the indispensable reference of all searchers after the real facts of the birth of humanity and its progress toward the civilization of today; beginning with his creation, it is the only authentic record of man; authentic because it is first hand, not a copy of something else or a scientific or literary review, but a dispassionate record of man’s creation and progress, untrimmed, unshaped and unvarnished, to suit prejudice. It would not be a complete record if it did not show with the rest of them the origin of the black man and “Woe for all these pinnacle thieves”—it shows that he, the “black man” is the “father of civilization.”
The black man has been misrepresented by prejudiced historians and lecturers. It has been and is now quoted that Ham, the father of the black man, was cursed by his father, Noah. Now, in regard to this [Pg 6] incident let us take the Biblical record for it, and anyone not totally blind with prejudice will be convinced by reading in the Book of Genesis the 9th Chapter from the 20th to the 27th verse inclusive, that Noah did not, “for he could not curse” Ham, although he did in a fit of intoxication pronounce a curse on Canaan, the son of Ham. In passing, I might mention that Canaan was never inconvenienced by the curse of Noah, because he was the Father of seven prosperous nations, foremost among them were the Canaanites, Phoenicians and Sidonians. The Sidonians sprang from Sidon, who was the first son of Canaan, according to Genesis 10th Chapter 15th verse. These same Sidonians are the men “descended from black men” whom Solomon ordered Hiram of Tyre to engage to do the skilled hewing and designing of the timber work on Solomon’s temple—Solomon declaring that these Sidonians, “black men” were the only men possessed with anywhere near sufficient skill to take charge of and successfully complete the artistic timber work on “His” Solomon’s temple. First Kings 5th Chapter 6th verse speaks very plainly of this fact. Solomon knew the black race was a superior, not an inferior race. He married Pharoah’s daughter—see 1st Kings, 3rd [Pg 7] Chapter 1st verse; 7th Chapter 8th verse, also the 9th Chapter and 16th verse. Solomon’s wife might have been of as dark skin or even as black as he was, for history shows that Egypt had two full blooded Ethiopian Pharoahs just before and during the reign of Solomon, according to Herodotus, the names of these two Ethiopians were Sabaco or “Sebichos” and Sethos, so Solomon surely got an Ethiopian “Negro or black” woman for a wife. This naturally increased the proportion of Negro blood in the veins of the future King of the Jews. Viewing the progress of the immediate descendants of Ham we learn that a curse laid upon one by a mortal of that day was as foolish and ineffective as it is in this, the story about this curse, also the story of the black man who contended that a black skin and woolly hair is a disgrace, has, according to the Bible, no foundation. Speaking of black skin, the greatest brain work and wisdom ever given to this world was given by men of black skins, or at least in whose veins the greatest portion of blood was Ethiopian or Negro blood. As to this assertion and King Solomon, see “Songs of Solomon 1st Chapter 6th verse.” Solomon’s dark skin should cause no surprise, because his mother, Hittite, was also the [Pg 8] widow of Uriah (see 2nd Samuels 12th Chapter 9th and 10th verses). The Hittites are the descendants of Heth and Heth was the second son of Canaan (see Genesis 10th Chapter 15th verse).
As to the woolly hair, Jesus, the Blessed Saviour of Mankind, will have His head covered with woolly hair when he comes to judge the world, (Daniel 7th Chapter 9th and 10th verses). Now, if Daniel’s prophecy is true that when Christ left this earth he had woolly hair, he naturally will return with woolly hair, and the pictures of Him today are an erroneous conception of Him, by the artists. This grand old book the Bible, does not show that God ever turned a man black to disgrace him for his sins, or anything else, but this same Bible does show that God’s power did turn a man white to disgrace him because of his sins, and said that his seed would be likewise forever. Facts are stubborn things and often very disagreeable, sometimes even sickening, and by reading carefully the 5th Chapter of the 2nd Kings, 25th, 26th and 27th verses, many of our highly civilized brethren “whose ancient ancestors disgraced them” will suffer an alarming fit of nausea. Among the many low cowardly things that [Pg 9] have been said and done against the Negro during this Christian era, one poor benighted individual published a “joke” in book form, in which he claims that, the Negro is a beast, the poor fellow tries to be serious, and no doubt thinks he is offering at least some proof of his assertion. The poor fellow of course, receives some sympathy, and would no doubt receive as much as any of the rest of his class, were it not for the fact that he holds a Professorship in one of our leading American Christian Universities. Of course the disgust, if any, is felt for those responsible for placing the poor devil in such a position, and the real and well placed sympathy is for the student, who must suffer because of this fellow. The fact remains, however, that regardless of what has been said and done against the Negro and of whatever might be said or done against him in future, he is the ONLY man who can trace himself back through the ages to his origin, and find monumental evidence of his unequaled greatness, his prowess, the laurels and great honors he won, the things he created and perfected which have a direct influence on our civilization of today.
The “black man” I boldly assert “was the Father of civilization,” born in the land [Pg 10] of Egypt, and the different branches of Science and Art were simply transmitted to other races, which, as the ages have rolled by have only been enlarged and to some extent improved upon. Even the modern American Negro has proven that he is original, for instance—as a Tonsorial Artist he has no superiors and no Negro was ever known to enter a “Barber College” to learn the trade. Negroes inherit the sweetest, most musical voices, and if you have not heard a Negro quartette or chorus after they have arranged the harmony of a piece they are to sing, you have not heard what is best and sweetest in vocal music. As instrumentalists “not forgetting the many others” I simply mention Blind Tom, and Blind Boone, the fame of these two men needs no comment. They only displayed that talent handed down to them through centuries by their black ancestors. As for the Negro being original, why the Negro has given great America the only claim she ever did or ever will have to a National music.
God honored the black man by allowing some of his Ethiopian blood to flow in the veins of His only Son Jesus Christ, and I unhesitatingly assert that Jesus would in [Pg 11] America be classed a NEGRO. I make this assertion only on the authority of the Bible, according to which Jesus was born out of the tribe of Judah. Judah had only five children and they were males, (1st Chron. 2nd ch. and 4th v.), three by his first wife and two by his second wife (1st Chron. 2nd ch. 3rd and 4th vs.), and both of his wives were descendants of Canaan, a black man who was the son of Ham (Genesis 10th ch. 6th v.). Tamar, Judah’s second wife, bore him two of these sons whose names were Phares and Zarah (1st Chron. 2nd ch. and 4th v.), these two names appear in the genealogy of Jesus Christ in the Book of Matthew (1st Chapter 3rd verse), so it is no trouble to see that Judah of whom Christ was to come, started out by presenting to the world children of Canaanite women who were Hamite descendants. Now, Virgin Mary, of whom Christ was born was beyond all doubt a woman out of the tribe of Judah, and every Bible reference proclaims that Jesus was to spring from this tribe of Judah (Genesis 49-10, Heb. 7-14, Rev. 5-5th). Our beloved St. Paul tells us in (Romans 1-3) that Jesus was of the seed of David according to the flesh. David is the 10th man named from Judah in the genealogy of Jesus Christ (Matthew 1st [Pg 12] Chapter, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th verses). Added to this David’s great, great grandfather “Booz” was born of the woman Rahab, who was a direct descendant of Ham (Matthew 1st Chapter 5th verse). This also shows that David, one of God’s greatest soldiers, was one who most successfully led his people and one who had Negro blood in his veins. Bible history is full of honors for the Black Man, Jethro the Ethiopian or Negro father-in-law of Moses, who was the author who first employed that, which is today, our judicial system, considerably twisted and revised to meet the changing conditions of civilization (Exodus 18th Chapter). This chapter tells of Jethro’s visit to Moses, and how he gave Moses the foundation of what is today our system of graded courts for pronouncing judgments. Again Moses “The Hebrew Emancipator” was named by a black woman “Pharoah’s daughter”—she said she called him Moses because she drew him out of the water (Exodus 2-10) and besides black men educated Moses. At any rate he received what education he had in the schools of the black people of Egypt (Acts 7th 22nd), so there is nothing remarkable in the fact that Dr. Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, W. S. Scarborough and [Pg 13] many other Negro or black men occupy places among the foremost and most eminent educators of the world, and why should they not? They are descended from fathers who ruled Egypt centuries ago and with their great wisdom layed the foundation of learning.
BISHOP H. M. TURNER, D.D., L.L.D.
The Most Fearless Defender the Afro-Americans Have
BISHOP H. M. TURNER, D.D., L.L.D.
Bishop H. M. Turner, born at Newbury, South Carolina, February 1st, 1833, is the senior Bishop of the A. M. E. Church. He has been Bishop for thirty-one years, and is quoted as the walking encyclopedia of Methodism, and for this cause the last general conference that convened at Norfolk, Va., on May, 1908, voted unanimously for the good Bishop to be the historian of the African-Methodist Episcopal Church. It is to be remembered that Bishop Turner was the first colored man to be a commissioned officer in the United States Army, which appointment he received from President Lincoln. The Bishop was twice a member of the Georgia Legislature, and also the first of his church to be elected Bishop to Africa.
FIRST CHAPTER.
“That time changes all things” is a saying so old and so true as to admit of no argument. It is exemplified in so many different ways as to require no comment, and yet when we hear the phrase used glibly and thoughtlessly, every day, it is but natural to wonder if the one who uses it realizes what he is saying, or rather, if he knows what those few commonplace words mean, when used to form that sentence.
It is a foregone conclusion that he does not. He never stopped, “he, of this enlightened age, I mean,” long enough to examine even a little of the abundance of indisputable proof that the saying “Time changes all things” applies to things and conditions, seldom if ever present, to his own narrow mind, and far away and beyond even his meaner and low prejudiced influence. If he did, his retrospective mood, would, before carrying him back to the very beginning, suffer something of a shock, and his attitude would change. Instead of delighting in history, modern, medieval and [Pg 16] ancient, his attitude would change so noticeably that an observer would imagine that his only interest was in tearing down and falsifying facts, and concealing records that he could not falsify. When we hear or read the sayings of some of our “misnamed” great men, but in reality disgustingly conspicuous public figures, we are fully justified in making the charge of falsifying and concealing such facts as they are not really ignorant of. One of these conspicuous public characters delights in making the assertion that the Hamite Ethiopian or Negro never amounted to anything, or possessed anything, never occupied an eminence, save to which the Semitic or white man had dragged or driven him up to. If ignorance alone was responsible for this glaring falsehood, a great deal of sympathy would go out to those who make the statement as well as those who believe it to be true because of their ignorance. As harsh as it may seem sympathy would be wasted for a great deal of the self asserted enlightenment of today is but egotism. Much of the so-called wisdom is self praise for successfully concealing, or at least surrounding historical facts with such mystery as to place the descendants of Shem upon an eminence which is not justly his and makes him in his own [Pg 17] opinion appear much larger than what he really is. And yet with all the egotism, some knowledge of the true origin of mankind exists, and it is this knowledge that causes the fasifying and hiding as much as possible the true historical records, especially of the black man. It cannot be said that the learned historical writers, the great Divines, Theological students and lecturers of today are ignorant of the history of Ham, the son of Noah, and his descendants, such as Nimrod, the founder of the great ancient city of Babylon, and also Menes the first King of Egypt and the founder of the great ancient city of Memphis.
Ridpath says that the traditions of antiquity points to Memphis and Babylon as the fountains of human wisdom. If those above-named are ignorant of the history of the last-named, they are doing the world a great injustice in assuming the position of teacher and leader. If they are familiar with the history of the races and the deeds of men, they will no doubt have for them and their kind good and sufficient reasons for making false and misleading statements as to some historical records, and totally forgetting or demeaning others.
An early Queen of Egypt was a descendant of the Ethiopian or Negro race. [Pg 18] This is conceded by some of the modern writers; some of them going so far as to say that her skin was very black, and a few of them acknowledge that it was this black queen who placed the first fleet of war ships on the river Nile. They have no doubt traced this woman back to where they are satisfied that she was descended in a direct lineal line from Zipporah, the black and Ethiopian wife of Moses. We read very little of these two women, because modern writers seek to obscure them, and our ministers of the gospel never preach or lecture on that part of the Bible in which they are mentioned. WHY? Because, if they do they must give credit to black people. In this connection, I do not speak of Biblical history only. Were it not for the fact that the dimensions of this book would be extended far beyond what was intended, I could begin even with Hannibal, the Carthagenian General, and record the accomplishments of black men without the intervening of any long periods of time, down to the time of Alexander Dumas, Toussant L’Overture, and Alexander Sergievitch Pouskin, Russo-African poet. I could do more, I could come into the borders of this Republic and beginning with Crispus Octikus, or Alexander Hamilton—record the [Pg 19] accomplishments of these same black descendants of Ham, down to this day. This modern record would contain many references to both the war of Independence and the war of the Rebellion. It would also mention a great many black men who can never forget El Caney and San Juan Hill. Besides the heroes of war, modern history is replete with the names of black men famous in peace for their accomplishments in science and letters of art. Space will not permit me to dwell upon these men and their accomplishments and the towering obstacles in spite of which they succeeded. I could not fail, however, to mention Frederick Douglas who was one of the greatest statesmen America ever had, even though he was born a slave. Dr. Booker T. Washington was also born a slave, and is one of the greatest educators the world has ever known. As to the many other great things black men have done and are doing, I cannot fail to mention the north pole, for, if human beings have stood on the spot claimed as the north pole, the black man was preceded by no one. I speak of Mr. Matt Henson, the Negro, who, if indeed, the pole ever was reached, was one of the first of the only two “to date” to reach it.
PROF. W. S. SCARBOROUGH
Prof. W. S. Scarborough is head of the Classical Department of Wilberforce University of Ohio, and Vice-President of the same institution. He, too, is a great writer in defense of the Afro-American race. Here are some of his remarks in his master-piece, “Race Integrity”: (See next page.)
“The truth is that the term ‘Caucasian’ has little or no meaning as it is now used. The word itself is a conventional term given at the first by Blumenbach to designate what he considered the highest type of the human family, shown by a skull from Mount Caucasus. When we attempt to trace those who would claim the name as an expression of their superiority we find the type has disappeared. There is no pure specimen now in existence. And if we ask what is ‘white’ we can only say, ‘that it is a term used to designate the absence of color’—that is all, and no sign whatever of ‘race integrity.’ We have already indicated that science and investigation point to the fact that primitive man was not white. It is no new theory, but it has seemed convenient for the Saxon to let it rest as much as possible in discrete oblivion. Bishop H. M. Turner of the African Methodist Episcopal church has often promulgated it in his own inimitable way, and Moncure D. Conway has also declared that the white people of the world today are only a reflex leprosy and that the natural color is brown or black.”
SECOND CHAPTER.
HIS FIRST HOME
God but faintly revealed the puzzle of civilization to Noah and his three sons, Shem, Ham and Japhet (Genesis 9th Chapter 1st seven verses), and it became their duty to start to work on the first moves of the puzzle, as well as to create nations. He, who would begin from the first, moves and works the matter out to perfection.
Ham, the father of the black man, located in Africa. Africa was his homestead, so to speak. David, the Psalmist, credited Ham with this territory in the 105th Psalm 23rd and 27th verses, and also in the 106th Psalm 22nd verse. Now, if this is not true, and we reject it on the ground of not being sufficient proof of the black man’s first and original home, we can on quite as good ground reject any and every other part of the Bible, for what I here state is no wild imagination, but FACTS taken from the Bible.
Cush, Mizriam, Phut and Canaan were the first sons of Ham (Genesis 10th [Pg 22] Chapter, 6th verse), and these four sons including Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, were the first to start work on the problem of civilization; in a word they were the pioneers and the very pillars of civilized governments.
Cush located in South Egypt on the River Nile. He became the father of the Ethiopians as well as the father of the Cushites through Nimrod who located on the Southern part of the Euphrates River. It is to be remembered that Nimrod is the founder of the Babylonian kingdom (Genesis 10th Chapter, 10th verse.) Mizriam located on the upper part of the River Nile, and he became the father of the Egyptians. Phut located in the Northern part of Africa. Canaan located in the land known as the old Palestine country, which is modern Turkey. Canaan became the father of the Canaanites (Genesis 10th Chapter, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th verses). According to the Bible the above is the exact location of the first sons of Ham, and the question which naturally follows is, “Was civilization born in their land and given birth by Ham’s first offspring?” It is conceded by John Clark Ridpath and a few other writers on ancient history that the Egyptians were the fathers of civilization, [Pg 23] according to the chronology of Manetho, an Egyptian priest. Egypt was founded in the year B. C. 3892, and Menes was the first mortal King. The all important question now arises, “Were the Egyptians descendants of black men, or were they descendants of white men? Were they descendants of Ham or Shem?” It is well known that students claim to be divided in their opinion as to the original stock from which the ancient Egyptians came. Ridpath, among others, says they were neither Semitic nor Negro, but concludes his remarks on the origin of the Egyptians by saying that the ancient Egyptians were considered a branch of that part of the Cushite family, which settled in Asia. Probably the little matter of the Cushites being the grand-children of Ham slipped Ridpath’s mind, else his statements would not have been so conflicting, because he just says that they were not Negroes, but ends his argument by saying that they were a branch of the Cushite family of Asia.
It requires no laborious research to establish the facts that Cush was the father of all Cushite nations. He was also the first son of Ham (Genesis 10th Chapter, 6th verse). Now then, if the Ethiopians and all other Cushite nations who sprang from this first son of Ham were not Negroes, will [Pg 24] some of our historians omit the word “probably,” so much used by them, and say what they were. It is fair to assume that with their boasted intelligence and superior brain power, by this time they would have been able to search out and connect at least some of the many facts, and plain, indisputable records in the Bible which leaves no room for doubt or “probably.”
We learn from the Bible that Ham is the father of the African family; the Ethiopian is the darkest or blackest tribe of the Hamites. Cush was the founder or father of this tribe. Moses selected his wife from this black or Ethiopian tribe (Numbers 12th Chapter, 1st verse). It must be plain to any one who will read the parts referred to in the Bible, that Ridpath’s contention that the Egyptians sprang from the Cushites was the wrong avenue to escape the blood of the Negro, or their relation to the black man’s family. I believe, however, that Ridpath wrote in good faith for the majority of the historical writers claim that the Egyptians descended from a white race, notwithstanding they admit that the Old Testament gives the truest, the most complete and reliable record on the origin of the Egyptians of any other book, so it is not unnatural to believe [Pg 25] that their opinions are influenced by racial prejudice.
Now it is true that the Bible contains the only authentic, and certainly the most ancient record of not only the Egyptians, but of all mankind, and I CAN and will PROVE by it that the Egyptian—Hamite—sprang from Mizriam.
According to the Biblical Gazette, the word “Egypt” is derived from the word Mizriam, and this word “Mizriam” was the name of one of the first sons of Ham (Genesis 10th Chapter, 6th verse). By the word “Egypt” being coined from the word “Mizriam,” it strengthens my contention that the Egyptian was descended from the black man. I will now dig down further into the rich earth of proof for more enlightenment out of the Book of Truth. By viewing the ancient Bible map of Africa and Asia, which map can be found in the back of the New Testament, one can readily pick out the spots upon which Shem, Ham and Japheth first located. You will notice that Mizriam, the second son of Ham, and the accredited father of the Egyptians located on the very spot, so to speak, where the great City of Memphis was built by Menes, the first King of Egypt. Again you will notice that all [Pg 26] the names within African borders are names of the sons of Ham, Shem and his offspring, located in Asia. Perhaps a better way to locate Ham, Shem and Japheth and their first offspring is first to read the 10th and 11th Chapters of Genesis, then locate their names on the map, and it will be seen that not a Shemite, or white man, originally located in Africa. All of the white men located in Asia, and according to the Bible white men never began to travel in Africa until Abraham’s time, B. C. 1921. The Egyptians lived in a high state of civilization near 2,000 years before Abraham’s first visit to Egypt, and the appearance of white people was a circus and a curiosity to the black people. Abraham realized this fact and commanded his wife to represent herself as his sister, because as he said, “she was fair to look upon,” white (Genesis 12th Chapter, 11th, 12th and 13th verses). This would indicate that the Egyptians were not white, and I will say without fear of my assertion being disproven, that until after the time of Abraham, the Egyptians were a simon pure black race. Shortly after Abraham’s visit, the Shemitic or white travellers began to pour into Egypt to such an extent that the Egyptians began inter-marrying with them, and of course, [Pg 27] this inter-marrying had its effect of contaminating the pure Negro blood, and this inter-marrying was the cause of the black man, or full blooded Egyptian losing the power of control in the Kingdom. In other words—this is the loop through which the Shepherd or white or Shemitic kings slipped through and took possession of the Egyptian kingdom.
DR. W. E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS
Dr. W. E. Burghardt DuBois is the most scholarly speaker and writer of the Afro-American race. He is the author of the book “Souls of Black Folk,” which is a marvellous book. On the following page are some of the phrases from his famous address to the Social Study Clubs of Chicago University.
February 13th, 1907, on Education and Civilization:
“The doing of the world’s work is a great duty and a great privilege. It is a thing not to be aimed at but to be aimed beyond. Just so soon as a nation or a country can put its foot upon this satisfaction of the lower wants and step upward to the greater aspirations of human brotherhood and the broader ideals of civilization, just so soon the real building of civilization begins. It seems to me, therefore, that the students of Chicago University and they that teach them, ought especially, on every occasion to impress this broader aspect of the race problem. That instead of putting it in its narrower, nastier channel, instead of stooping to listen to men, who themselves represent what is lowest and least in our national organization, that you should strive in every way to realize yourselves and to show others that this great broad question of humanity is not a question of petty crime, not a question of so many bales of cotton, not a question even of mere industrial development, but is a question of human aspiration, and that if here in America, on the very fore front of present advance, it is possible to murder the aspiration of 10,000,000 of men, then America is not yet civilized.”
THIRD CHAPTER.
HIS RULE IN EGYPT
Dr. Leonhard Schmitz, Ph. D., LL. D., F. R., S. E., says in his work on ancient Egyptian history, that these Hyksos or Shepherd Kings were Semite people. “White,” of course, and they comprised the 15th, 16th and 17th dynasties, which covered 511 years. Now, during this period, Jacob and his twelve sons and their families moved from Canaan to Egypt, and other Semite or whites from Asia did likewise, because the white man had begun to rule Egypt. At the 18th Dynasty, however, fortune turned against the white rulers of Egypt, and the black men or the Negroes regained possession of their country, and banished the whites from their land, except the Jews, whom they held as slaves. They reorganized the Kingdom with their own blood, “the blood of the Negro.” Aahmas was the first King after the whites were driven out, and his wife was Nefruari, the Ethiopian Princess, greatly celebrated for her dusky charms, her wealth and her [Pg 30] accomplishments. The beginning of this reorganization of a period is recorded in the 1st Chapter of the Book of Exodus, which shows that at the beginning of the slavery of the Jews, God told Abraham that his people would be held in bondage in Egypt for 400 years (Genesis 15th Chapter, 13th verse). Those 400 years marked the period of Egypt’s most rapid and substantial progress, as Dr. Schmitz says in writing on ancient Egyptian history, those years were the most brilliant in Egypt’s record, and the period at which her art reached its highest point. It is but reasonable to suppose this to have been so, for the Shepherd, or “white Kings” had destroyed all of the former brilliancy of Egypt, and did not because they could not do anything to replace or imitate its grandeur or beauty. The black people when they regained possession of their Kingdom and again began to rule, made slaves of the Jews and compelled them to do all the heavy, dirty, unskilled labor, such as carrying bricks and mortar and working in the field (Exodus 1st Chapter, 13th and 14th verses). While the Egyptians turned their attention to science and art and reorganizing and drilling their army, so as to be able to protect their country against all nations. As Dr. Schmitz [Pg 31] says, the Eastern boundaries of Egypt were well protected by strong fortresses. This is but natural, because on the East, the Semitic or white races reigned, and no doubt they were unfriendly to the Egyptians, or “black” people, because they had expelled the Shepherd or “white” Kings from their land. Now, when the Egyptians had attained “in that Age” to the highest degree of intelligence and wisdom, and were possessed of the greatest human power, God deemed it wise to make His own Infinite wisdom and power felt over that of human wisdom and power, by using Moses as an instrument to knock at the door of the Egyptian government and ask for the release of the enslaved Jews. Moses did not appear in Egypt by any human authority, or power, but by the authority and the power of God, for it would have been useless for not only Moses, but for any nation or number of nations to approach Egypt with hostile intentions, without God, because Egypt with her wisdom and power had the world at her mercy. There it required God with His immeasurable wisdom and power to overcome the wisdom and power of these black Egyptians. The evidence of God’s power was displayed to the “Pharoah Meneptah,” who is generally [Pg 32] conceded to be the “Pharoah of the Exodus,” by His, “God’s” instruments, Moses and Aaron who were to appear before the Pharoah and cast down their rods which turned to serpents (Exodus 7th Chapter, 10th verse). When they had cast down their rods before Pharoah, and they turned to serpents, Pharoah called the wise men, or magicians of Egypt with their enchantments, and they cast down their rods which also became serpents (Exodus 7th Chapter, 11th and 12th verses). This was the performing of two miracles, one by God’s power, and one by human power. This vieing with God, though only for an instance of time is what no white man has had the power to do since his creation. But, however, God, in order to demonstrate His supreme power, caused the serpents transformed from the rods of Moses and Aaron to swallow the serpents transformed from the rods of Pharoah’s or Egypt’s wise men (Exodus 7-12). This rod and serpent incident was the beginning of a series of plague miracles (read the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Chapters of Exodus), which wrecked the Egyptians’ or black man’s kingdom, and also destroyed that great power which he had over all other nations and released the Jews from slavery.
[Pg 33] The black man’s power, as the first power among the nations had now begun to decay, and as the black race began to die, as a power among nations, the white race began to rise to where it had never been before, but this was 2,500 years after the black man had worked out all the problems of civilization.
In reading Revelation, 13th Chapter, 11th verse, of St. John, the Divine, I am very much impressed by the description of one of his revelations which God unfolded to him, and which he describes as follows:
“I behold another beast coming up out of the earth and he had two horns, like lamb’s, and he spake as a dragon.” Now, to my mind, the foregoing vision of St. John the Divine, was this very country, the United States of America, revealed to him ages ago before this country was discovered and named, the two horns I interpret to be the two great political parties, that have done so much to corrupt this Government and misrule its people from their infancy to the present day. Again, the American Government spake like a dragon when it permitted slavery to exist, especially when its Constitution says “That ALL MEN WERE BORN FREE AND EQUAL.”
[Pg 34] Now, concerning the creating and enthralling of nations, their rise and fall, that is the will and the work of God. (75th Psalms, 6th and 7th verses.) (Jeremiah, 27th and 5th verses.) (Daniel, 2nd Chapter, 21st verse.) (Daniel, 4th Chapter, 17th verse.)
So, since it is true that the black man is the father of civilization, it is just as true that the white man is now at the helm, and the big “I AM” of the civilized world. But the fact remains that he took his civilization and his position after the black man had created it, and passed from the stage of action, just as the white man must do at God’s own appointed time, to make room for some other race, probably the yellow race, Chinese or Japanese. David, the Psalmist, said: “Egypt was the land of the black man—Ham not Shem, the white man,” and he further said that the Tabernacles which were the houses and dwellings from the lowest to the King’s palaces were Ham’s, and not Shem’s, the white man—(Psalms, 106th Chapter, 22nd verse; 105th Chapter, 23rd to 27th verse; 78th Chapter, 51st verse).
It is easy to understand why the Negro or black man is not identified with his Egyptian brother; that reason is seldom [Pg 35] honestly and earnestly sought for. The reason is—that the historians, with a very few exceptions, write from a prejudiced standpoint, together with the fact that they do not give credit to the Old Testament, if indeed, they study it at all, especially that part of it which is the most ancient, and beyond all shadow of a doubt the first and only TRUE account of the origin of mankind it is easy to understand.
It is impossible for God to forget that the black man and his land (Egypt) was the cradle of rescue that rocked and nursed the Son of God in his first two years of life, when Herod’s decree to destroy all children under two years of age was issued. It was known that the decree was issued for the express and only purpose of destroying the infant Christ, but God chose Egypt, the black man’s land, as a haven of rest and safety during the life of the displeased and would-be infant murderer, Herod. (Matt., 2nd Chapter.)
This might be the origin of that old, old saying, “Blood is thicker than water,” for Jesus in going into Egypt, went among black women and men, who were the founders of the tribe from which he sprang.
When God in His infinite wisdom, His great love, justice and mercy, and at His [Pg 36] own appointed time, summons mankind to take his rightful place in the wavering human line to be rewarded for that smallest of virtues, in proportion as he for the greatest of virtues, will say to the black man, who will be found heading the line, “Well done, thou good and faithful black servant, thou, My instrument, the Father of Civilization.”
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What is the national summer sport of Canada? | National Sports of Canada Act
National Sports of Canada Act
S.C. 1994, c. 16
Assented to 1994-05-12
An Act to recognize hockey and lacrosse as the national sports of Canada
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows:
Short Title
National Sports of Canada
Marginal note:Hockey and lacrosse to be national sports
2 The game commonly known as ice hockey is hereby recognized and declared to be the national winter sport of Canada and the game commonly known as lacrosse is hereby recognized and declared to be the national summer sport of Canada.
| Lacrosse |
Stone Mountain Park is in which US state? | Canada's National Summer Sport becoming more 'Nati | Inside Lacrosse
NLL
Canada's National Summer Sport becoming more 'Nati
With box lacrosse in Canada, two Provinces immediately jump to mind in the British Columbia Lacrosse Association (BCLA) with it's Junior 'A' programs and Senior 'A' Western Lacrosse Association (WLA) and the Ontario Lacrosse Association (OLA) with it's Junior 'A' clubs and Senior 'A' Major Series Lacrosse (MSL).
But they aren't the only Provinces with structured box lacrosse leagues in Canada. This year will see a Midget National Championships return to the highest level of minor lacrosse since the mid-eighties. Several Associations have indicated interest in the event that will feature championship teams from across Canada in the 15 and 16 year old age category.
That Midget National Championships will be hosted in Alberta, a Province that is quickly growing and becoming a more prominent figure in the Canadian box lacrosse scene. This year not only will Alberta host the Midget Nationals, they will also put on the Junior 'A' Minto Cup and Senior 'B' National Championship.
This post attempts to bring you up to speed in Alberta with a short Q&A from Duane Bratt, President of the Rocky Mountain Lacrosse League (RMLL).
What can fans expect to see in the RMLL this summer? And can you please give us a brief history of the league?
"Major lacrosse has existed in various forms in Alberta since the early 1970s. The Alberta teams were consistent attendees at the Presidents Cup (Canadian Senior B National Championships) and Founders Cup (Junior B National Championships).
In 1975, the Edmonton Fullers won the Presidents' Cup and in 1983 so did the Calgary Mountaineers. However, in the 1970s-1980s, leagues emerged and died.
The current Rocky Mountain Lacrosse League (RMLL) was formed in 1995 with a Senior and Junior team in both Edmonton and Calgary four teams in an interlocking league. That was it.
By 2008, the RMLL had six divisions (Senior B, Junior A, Junior B Tier I, Tier II and Tier III, plus Junior Ladies) with a total of 59 teams including teams from interior BC and Saskatchewan. Pretty impressive.
Not only have the number of teams increased, but so has the caliber. A number of NLL players are currently playing, or have played, in the RMLL. Names like Kaleb Toth, Jamie Bowen, Geoff Snider, Ben Prepchuck, Ryan McNish, Jimmy Quinlan, Jason Wulder, Taylor Wray, Blaine Manning, John Kilbride, Jamie Shewchuck, etc.
It is not just individual players, the teams have got better too. For example, the Sherwood Park Outlaws are the defending Presidents' Cup Champion."
How does the regular season and playoff format work with the RMLL?
"The regular season has teams play between 14-18 games depending on the division. The larger divisions have regional zones, but the smaller ones compete provincially.
Senior B and Junior A play an interlocking regular season, but separate at playoffs. There are two rounds of playoffs in both divisions.
Junior B Tier 1 has playdowns in a North and South division, with the winners meeting in the finals."
What's the brief five year plan for the league?
"Two major goals. First, continue to offer divisions for players of all calibers. We have a philosophy that every Junior aged player, no matter what skill level, should have an opportunity to play lacrosse. This is why we offer four tiered men's divisions and a ladies division.
Second, we want to continue to increase the quality of play. I believe that our Senior B league is the best in Canada. Not only do we have the defending Canadian champs, but some really solid teams in the case of the Okotoks Raiders, Airdrie Knights, and Spruce Grove Slash.
Our Junior A league, only six years old, is (also) on the verge of sending a message to other Junior A leagues in Canada."
Thoughts on RMLL being included in National championships like the Minto?
"We are very excited about hosting the 2008 Minto Cup in Calgary. It will be hosted by the Calgary Mountaineers and will be held in conjunction with the Canadian Midget nationals. This will be a first class event both on and off the floor.
The Calgary lacrosse community has really embraced the Minto and the stands will be flowing with eager spectators. Not only that, but in the north part of the province, the Presidents' Cup will be hosted by the Sherwood Park Outlaws. Lots of top end lacrosse will be in Alberta in August 2008!"
--
The return of a CLA Midget Nationals is scheduled to coincide with the Minto Cup this year. Midget players will compete for a title named the Tackaberry Trophy, while Junior 'A' players will battle for the Minto Cup.
Recently Junior 'A' in the CLA also expanded to a national structure. Up until 2003, the Minto Cup was a best-of-seven series pitting the OLA champion versus the BCLA champ, with the championship alternating coasts. Now the Minto Cup is a round-robin tournament with a one game final featuring Provincial championship teams from Ontario, BC and Alberta. The host city also receives an automatic bye making it a four team tourney.
Eight MA's or AMA's had indicated initial interest in participating in Midget Nationals - the Lacrosse Associations of Alberta (ALA), British Columbia (BCLA), Iroquois (ILA), Saskatchewan (SLA), Ontario (OLA), Federation de cross de Quebec (FCQ), Lacrosse Nova Scoatia (LNS) and New Brunswick (LNB).
The Senior 'B' National Championships feature seven championship teams from across the country.
Fastbreak Newsletter
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The substance propolis is also known as ‘what’ glue? | Learn about the benefits of propolis and how to use it for GIT diseases
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy
Propolis
Propolis (also known as ‘bee glue’) is a unique resinous aromatic substance collected by honeybees from the buds of willow, birch, poplar, spruce, fir, horse chestnut and other trees. This substance contains not only resins but also wax and plant pollen enriched with digestive enzymes and exposed to the process of lactic-acid fermentation in the digestive organs of bees. Depending on the species of plants from which bees collect propolis it may vary both in color and in its chemical composition. For example, if bees collect it from a birch tree, then it is greenish, if from a poplar – reddish, aspen – gray; you can also come across brown, reddish black and even almost black propolis. But fresh propolis is usually of a yellow or reddish color and when mixed with wax and dust it becomes darker. If speaking about the structure of this substance, it is a dense heterogeneous mass soluble in water and organic solvents.
A wonderful world of propolis
The chemical composition of this substance is not yet fully understood. It contains resins and balsams (about 50-55%), wax (30%), essential oils (10-15%) and pollen (5%). Besides that the following components can be found in it:
Over 50 organic components and mineral elements (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, aluminum, mercury, fluorine, antimony, cobalt, zinc, silicon, vanadium, iron, manganese, copper, strontium, selenium, zirconium, etc.);
About 10 essential vitamins including B1, B2, B6, A, E, nicotinic and pantothenic acid, etc;
17 amino acids (serine, asparagic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, valine, arginine, etc);
Propolis owes its most important therapeutic action to flavonoids (biologically active substances) which make propolis a highly effective anesthetic and wound healing agent. In addition, bee glue has a great antimicrobial effect. There was an interesting experiment which confirmed its high antimicrobial properties – a piece of raw meat was covered with a layer of propolis and left in the sun. It remained fresh for several weeks.
Therapeutic Value or Why do people use propolis?
Propolis has a broad spectrum of action that is applied to the whole body, to all its systems and organs.
Its main effect – bactericidal and bacteriostatic – is extensively used in medicine. Propolis has the power to inhibit the activity of a great variety of microorganisms as well as to kill many of them including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, protozoa (trichomonads), fungi (trichophytosis), candidiasis, viruses of influenza and hepatitis. Plus this substance destroys and removes foreign cells from the body with the native microflora of the host-organism saved intact. That’s why when propolis is used human gut flora suffers no damage, so you can avoid dysbiosis, unlike with antibiotics. It is true for both water and alcohol solutions of propolis. It is important to mention that microorganisms do not develop resistance to propolis during the whole period of use, no matter how long it lasts. That happens due to the fact that bees collect the material to produce propolis from a huge number of different plants each having its own specific characteristics which means that polyfloral propolis has the properties of many plants and, therefore, it is fatal for microbes. They just do not have time to adapt and develop resistance to bee glue. It is worth mentioning that when hives were studied for bacteria carrying (the study dates back to the 19th century) it was discovered that a healthy hive is completely sterile thanks to propolis;
This miraculous substance inhibits the growth of viruses (smallpox, herpes, influenza A virus, hepatitis virus). Not only it inhibits their growth but also is able to prevent viral infections of the body;
Simultaneous use of propolis together with antibiotics is quite rational, because in such case propolis enhances the action of antibiotics and at the same time preserves human gut flora;
Propolis not only affects microorganisms but also increases phagocytosis – the process that helps the body get rid of foreign material using special cells called phagocytes - and that contributes to lesser intoxication of an already diseased body. Propolis will help the body remove foreign material from it as well as to recover from the stress caused by infection;
Together with antibiotic action propolis shows anti-inflammatory effects which prevent, weaken and stop the progression of the inflammatory reaction caused by the foreign agents penetrated into the body;
It improves the immunity and increases the level of gamma globulins in the body (thus, a so-called specific immunity (immunity to certain factors) is improved);
It has antitoxic properties, thus, it is used for the treatment of various poisonings;
Propolis is a great painkiller and shows good local anesthetic properties in the treatment of:
the oral cavity, gums and teeth;
the gastric mucosa damage (to treat gastritis it should be taken by mouth);
otitis;
solid propolis (it should be chewed);
a part of comb honey;
a part of bee pollen;
water or alcoholic solutions (it should be drunk);
a part of comb capping.
Used topically as:
plates, applications, ointments and compresses. In addition, propolis oil is used in aromatherapy.
Propolis standing on guard of the human digestive system.
Here are some formulas that can be used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders.
For gastrointestinal and bile ducts diseases:
Propolis (10% tincture) – 10 parts
Sea buckthorn oil – 1 part
Propolis tincture should be mixed with sea buckthorn oil. Take the mixture as follows – 20-30 drops together with milk or water 3 times per day about 1 hour before meals.
OR
Propolis – 100 g (3.53 oz)
Milk – 15 l (7.11 pints)
Fresh whole milk to be boiled, removed from fire and cooled to 60-70°C (140 – 158°F). Add cut propolis to this milk and stir it slowly until propolis gets fully dissolved, after that filter the blend. When milk cools down remove the layer of solidified wax from its surface. Take 100 ml (3.38 fl oz) of propolis milk 3-4 times per day 30 minutes before meals.
For chronic gastritis with low acidity:
Honey – 78 g (2.75 oz)
Propolis (10% alcoholic extract) – 7 ml (0.24 fl oz)
Kalanchoe pinnate (juice) – 15 ml (0.51 fl oz)
Mix any light-colored honey, kalanchoe juice and extract of propolis, then keep it on a boiling-water bath at 45°C (113°F) for 20-30 minutes stirring it up constantly. Take one tablespoon of the blend 3 times per day about one hour before meals. The treatment course should last for 1 or 2 months.
For peptic ulcer:
Propolis (30% tincture) – 1 teaspoon
Water – 50 ml (1.70 fl oz)
Dilute propolis tincture with water and drink it about 30 minutes before your breakfast.
Treatment course should last for 2-3 weeks.
OR
Alcohol – 8 parts
Water – 1 part
Prepare a 10% alcoholic solution using 80% alcohol. Take this solution as follows – 1 tablespoon of the solution 10 minutes before meals. Once the ulcer is cicatrized, you should do a week break and after that take it every second day for 6 months. The whole course of treatment requires 180 ml (6.09 fl oz) of the solution.
For peptic ulcer disease:
Propolis – 100 g (3.53 oz)
Dairy butter – 1 kg (2.21 lb)
Melt the butter and make it boil in an enameled pot. Leave it on fire and add minced propolis to it. Boil the blend for 15 minutes at 80°C (176°F). Pass it through 1 layer of gauze. Take 1 teaspoon of the blend 3 times per day one hour before meals.
Treatment should last for 3 weeks.
OR
Propolis – 10 g (0.35 oz)
70% ethyl alcohol (rectified spirit) – 100 ml (3.38 fl oz)
Put minced propolis into a glass bottle and pour rectified ethyl alcohol into it, shake it up for 30 minutes and leave it for 3 days to get prepared, then shake it up again and leave it for 2 hours in the cold, after that pass it through a paper filter. The tincture should be taken as follows – 15-20 drops together with boiled milk or tea 3 times a day about an hour or an hour and an half before meals during 18-20 days. Repeat the course of treatment in 1 or 2 weeks.
For the healing of peptic ulcer disease and especially for ulcers in young people
Propolis – 10 g (0.35 oz)
Wild rose or sea buckthorn oil – 100 ml (3.38 fl oz)
Clean, thoroughly cut propolis should be mixed with wild rose oil (or you can use sea buckthorn oil). Keep this blend on a boiling-water bath for a half an hour stirring it slowly with a stirring rod, then filter it using 2 layers of gauze and pour it into dark glass vessels. Just before using it add 30% oily solution of vitamin E – 1 ml (0.03 fl oz) of the solution for 10 ml (0.34 fl oz) of the prepared propolis blend.
For chronic gastritis as well as for the exacerbation of chronic colitis
Propolis – 1 part
95% ethyl alcohol (rectified) – 5 parts
Granulated propolis should be mixed with rectified ethyl alcohol in a glass vessel and left in it for two days at room temperature. Then it should be filtered and diluted with cooled boiled water up to 30% of alcohol content. Take it as follows – 40 drops of the tincture for one glass of cooled tea or milk 3 times per day before your meals (as per your diet) for 10-15 days.
Also water solution of bee glue can be used to treat gastritis (1 tablespoon three times during a day half an hour or an hour before meals). At the same time you can combine the use of this solution with herbal teas that treat gastritis. Treatment lasts for 3-4 months.
Be careful while using bee glue because propolis may provoke allergic reactions such as rash, fever that disappears quite soon, hives, as well as breathing difficulties and edema. It has been noticed that such reactions are observed in people who have allergy to bees as well as in patients with allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, eczema, diathesis, nettle rash, etc.). Use propolis with caution if you have peptic ulcer disease.
In any case, before you start using propolis as a remedy you need to talk to your doctor.
Copyright © 2013 aHealthGroup . All Rights Reserved.
aHealthGroup.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.
| Bee |
Which German-born physicist was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics? | PROPOLIS
PROPOLIS
Also known as bee glue.
It is well known that Honey resists spoiling because it is free from germs. Honey has been put on wounds and Soviet surgeons often feed honey to their patients prior to surgery as a precaution to reduce infection.
Nature has provided Bees with a substance that keeps them and their hives free of germs in spite of 40,000- 50,000 bees being crammed into close quarters in the hive.
The protective substance is called "Propolis" which is a name derived from two Greek words meaning "defenses before a town". The bees places Propolis near the opening of the hive to sterilize anything entering it.
Bees encase any foreign object that entering the hive in a cocoon of propolis to prevent decay. Small creatures that have the misfortune of entering the hive are stung to death and entombed in propolis and wax.
Crude honey from natural hives contains bits of propolis which keeps it sterile. The Assyrians and Egyptians may have learned of the antiseptic and embalming property of propolis-rich honey from the bees. These ancients buried their dead in honey and wax.
Bees do not make propolis; they gather it from the buds of trees such as the poplar and horse-chestnut, and from cracks in the bark of trees such as spruce, larch and other conifers.
Propolis is not a single compound, but a varying mixture if many compounds including nutrients and the anti-bacterial galangin.
The amount of propolis present in refined honey has diminished due to modern beekeeping processing methods. Propolis is obtained by chipping it away from the hive.
Before modern medicine, history tells us that propolis was used as a remedy for slow healing sores and intestinal ailments. Hippocrites, the father of modern medicine, recommend honey (with its entrapped propolis) for sores and ulcers.
In the first century AD, Pliny, Celsus and Dioscorides described the use of bee propolis in health. Early herbalist such as John Greard's "The History of Plants" (1597), Nicholas Culpeper's, Complete Herbs" and " Green's"Universal Herbs" (1824). Described health uses of propolis, generally as an ointment taken directly from the tree as opposed to beehives.
It is reported that propolis was used on slow-healing wounds and sores during the Boer War and even during the Second World War in Russia.
Interest lessened in propolis with the advent of modern anti-bacterial such as penicillin.
Early tests showed propolis had direct anti-bacterial activity and later tests showed that propolis went beyond anti-bacterial activity. Propolis was determined to have anti-viral activity, anti-fungicodal activity and even enhanced the immune systems response.
EFFECTIVENESS
Propolis has been found to be highly effective against the following effects of these bacteria: B. subtilis (Caron), Staphylococus aureus, B. Alveiand Proteus vulgaris; Moderately effective against Salmonella Pallorum, Salmonella gallinarum, S. type Dublin, Escherichia coli, B., and Bacillus larvae; but not effective against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas Pyocyanea.
Dr. N. Likar, bacteriologist at the Institute of Microbiology in Ljubljana notes that propolis was the first substance known to inhibit the growth and activity of the microbe Proteus. Dr. Likar also reported that Propolis was effective against the worst of all bacteria Staphylococus aureus.
Dr. Maximillian Kerns, also of the Clinic of Ljubljana in Yugoslavia, has reported very good results for propolis against inflammation of the mucous membranes of the throat and mouth, halitosis and tonsillitis.
Dr. Franz K. Feiks of the Public Hospital at Klosterneuberg in Austria conducted a clinical trial of Propolis against ulcers. Fifteen ulcer patients were treated exclusively with propolis, whole seventeen patients were treated with conventional medication.
Fourteen of the fifteen propolis treated patients were cured while only six of the conventionally treated patients were cured.
In a second test, Dr. Feiks treated 294 hospitalized with ulcers Ninety percent of the 108 patients given propolis were free of symptoms after two weeks compared to 55 percent of the 186 conventionally treated patient. Dr. Fekis noted that 70 percent of the propolis group obtained relief after three days compared to only ten percent of the group receiving conventional medication.
Dr. Edit Lauda, a Soviet physician, reported in 1958 that a propolis tincture and ointment completely healed the vast majority of patients with various types of acne. One test involved 59 patients who still had severe acne after several years of antibiotics during treatment in dermatological clinics. Dr. Lauda reported that all 25 cases of acne simplex were completely healed in one week, and that 35 cases of acne simplex combined with acne pustules were healed within three weeks Clinic trials should be repeated to verify these earlier trials.
In 1955, A Soviet physician, Dr. Prokopivic determined that a quarter of a percent propolis solution was three timed more effective than a corresponding cocaine solution and more than 50 times as effective as a Novocain solution. In 1973, a report from the U.S.S.R. decribed a new anesthetic that was a mixture of Novocain and propolis. Soviet dentists have regularly used a 4 percent propolis solution as a pain killer.
Dr. P. Kravcuk of Kiev, U.S.S.R., found Propolis effective against sore throats and dry coughs in 90 percent of 260 patients.
Dr. Izet Osmanagic of Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, tested propolis against influenza during an epidemic. 270 Volunteers were studied, with 88 of them taking propolis. only seven percent of those taking propolis became ill compared to 63 percent of those not taking propolis.
Two international symposiums have been held in Czechoslovakia to discuss the many health benefits of propolis.
According to one report, propolis stimulates the body's immune system. The report states, "The mechanism for healing in propolis is based not only on its anti-bacterial propensity and the detoxifying effect, but also on defensive reactions of the organism."
Dr. Remy Chauvin of Pairs, France, concurs, "Propolis works by raising the body's natural resistance to infections through stimulating one's own immunity system."
SAFETY
No side effects has been reported for propolis, but perhaps a very small percentage (1/20th of one percent) of the population may be allergic to propolis; but as Susan Smith Jones commented in Let's Live, "Bee Propolis has been around for 40 million years! That's a reasonable testing period."
REFERENCES
1 Hill R., Propolis, The Natural Antibiotic, Thorsons, Wellingborough, England (1977)
2 Jones, S. Let's Live, 112-118 (Oct. 1979)
3 Churchill, R. American Chiropractor, 34-38 (Jan/Feb. 1980)
4 Kravcuk, P. Doctoral Dissertation, Kiev Univ., USSR (1971)
5 Vosnjak, M. The Miracle of Propolis, Thorsons, Wellingborough, England (1978)
6 First and Second International Symposia on Propolis , Czechoslovakia (1976-78)
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Which river in Australia does the Narrows Bridge cross? | The Bridges - Swan River, Perth Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
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Attraction details
Owner description: Perth's favourite playground, the Swan River is a stunning waterway which winds its way from the Darling Scarp to Fremantle. This natural attraction is popular location for Perth locals and visitors to enjoy a day out boating, fishing, skiing, paddling, swimming, picnicking or simply enjoying its vista.Rich in environmental and cultural values, the Swan River was named Derbal Yerrigan by the local Aboriginals who believe that the river was created by the rainbow serpent ‘Waugal’, a dreamtime spirit taking the form of a giant snake. It is believed that the Waugal created creeks, waterholes, lakes and valleys on its journey to the ocean.
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| Swan River |
Los Pumas is the nickname of which country’s national rugby union team? | The Bridges - Swan River, Perth Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor
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Attraction details
Owner description: Perth's favourite playground, the Swan River is a stunning waterway which winds its way from the Darling Scarp to Fremantle. This natural attraction is popular location for Perth locals and visitors to enjoy a day out boating, fishing, skiing, paddling, swimming, picnicking or simply enjoying its vista.Rich in environmental and cultural values, the Swan River was named Derbal Yerrigan by the local Aboriginals who believe that the river was created by the rainbow serpent ‘Waugal’, a dreamtime spirit taking the form of a giant snake. It is believed that the Waugal created creeks, waterholes, lakes and valleys on its journey to the ocean.
There are newer reviews for this attraction
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Joe Pesci, Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta played gangsters in which 1990 film? | Goodfellas (1990) - IMDb
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Henry Hill and his friends work their way up through the mob hierarchy.
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 37 wins & 35 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Henry Hill might be a small time gangster, who may have taken part in a robbery with Jimmy Conway and Tommy De Vito, two other gangsters who might have set their sights a bit higher. His two partners could kill off everyone else involved in the robbery, and slowly start to think about climbing up through the hierarchy of the Mob. Henry, however, might be badly affected by his partners' success, but will he consider stooping low enough to bring about the downfall of Jimmy and Tommy? Written by Colin Tinto <[email protected]>
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Taglines:
"As far back as I can remember, I've always wanted to be a gangster." -- Henry Hill, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1955. See more »
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21 September 1990 (USA) See more »
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Trivia
Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta also appeared together in Cop Land (1997). Incidentally Liotta co-starred with Stella Keitel - Lorraine Bracco's real-life daughter and Bracco played Liotta's onscreen wife - in Goodfellas (1990), then her dad Harvey Keitel in Cop Land (1997). Additionally De Niro and Liotta's first names start with the same letter and have a vowel as the second letter. See more »
Goofs
After Tommy shoots Spider Jimmy grabs the gun by the barrel but doesn't react to the heat from the gun generated from the shot. See more »
Quotes
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The Definitive Film of the 1990s
21 July 2000 | by tfrizzell
(United States) – See all my reviews
"GoodFellas" may be the most important film of the 1990s in the fact that its incredible success led to some of the other great movies of the decade. Films like "The Silence of the Lambs", "The Crying Game", "Pulp Fiction", "The Usual Suspects", "Fargo", and "L.A. Confidential" would have likely never been made as well as they were without the influence of Scorsese's "GoodFellas". The film is an intense study of a Mafia family over a 30-year stretch. Ray Liotta plays the half-Irish, half-Sicilian kid from Brooklyn whose only dream is to be a gangster. Although Liotta's story is at the heart of "GoodFellas", it is the supporting cast that is the film's calling card. Robert DeNiro gives one of his greatest performances, Paul Sorvino is quietly effective, and Lorraine Bracco (in an Oscar-nominated role) does the best work of her career. However, it is Joe Pesci (in his well-deserved Oscar-winning turn) who steals every scene as the one who does the "dirty work". This is probably the definitive film in a decade that produced many film-noir styled classics. 5 stars out of 5.
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| Goodfellas |
The resort town of Whistler is in which Canadian province? | Robert De Niro, Ray Liotta Reunite for ‘Goodfellas’ at Tribeca Fest | Variety
Mike Coppola/Getty Images
April 26, 2015 | 08:55AM PT
The 2015 Tribeca Film Festival closed Saturday night with a 25th anniversary gala screening of Martin Scorsese’s “ Goodfellas ,” held within the gold-spun rococo of the Upper West Side’s Beacon Theater. The screening was followed by a panel with stars Paul Sorvino, Ray Liotta , Lorraine Bracco, “Wiseguy” journalist and writer Nicholas Pileggi, and (inevitably) Tribeca co-founder Robert De Niro , moderated by “The Daily Show’s” Jon Stewart. (The comedian sometimes slipped into a slightly Pesci-esque accent, conceding that if anybody from the production met him right around the time “Goodfellas” came out, he would have been annoying as hell.)
De Niro and Tribeca’s other co-founder Jane Rosenthal introduced the film, with the movie icon offering that this year’s 14th iteration of the festival marked “13 more than we intended, and tomorrow we start work on the 15th.” He then went on to read a email from Joe Pesci (the arguable true star of “Goodfellas”) that was nothing more than a string of f-words, which De Niro duly translated: “Dear Bob /Sorry I can’t be there /Love to all /Best, Joe.”
Next, Scorsese and producer Irwin Winkler appeared in a brief video taken from the set of Scorsese’s upcoming period epic “Silence,” filming presently in Taipei — “which is in Taiwan,” he clarified, getting a huge laugh from the audience. Ever the woebegone auteur, Scorsese deadpanned about his decades-in-the-making shoot: “It’s… hot. And… Well, we’re shooting.” Moving on to “Goodfellas” with visible relief, Scorsese alluded to widespread controversy following its release. Citing his co-writer Pileggi from the audience, Scorsese described a nice Italian restaurant in Tribeca where the two would eat — only to be barred after the movie came out, because “we apparently denigrated a certain ethnic group in the picture.”
The crowd went wild when Scorsese mentioned the infamous midnight snacking scene , wherein Henry (Liotta), Tommy (Pesci) and Jimmy (De Niro) take a break from burying a body in the backyard of Tommy’s mother (Scorsese’s own mother, Catherine) to sit and eat at the dining room table. “There was only one or two written lines, about showing (her) paintings. The rest was pretty much what it was like to be around my mother, Joe, Bob, Ray… Her son was just coming home to say hello to her with his friends. He didn’t tell her about…. the body.”
Despite the heavy hitters on the panel, Scorsese may have received the most applause in total. The film (projected in a new digital remaster) was punctuated with shrieks of delight and rolling ovations from the audience, especially during the vaunted Steadicam shot as Henry and Karen enter the Copacabana floor through the restaurant kitchen, Pesci’s legendary “Funny how?” monologue, even at the cue of an in-prison closeup on a pair of hands slicing garlic knobs with a razor blade. Some attendees even saw fit to yell out dialogue before it was said onscreen, imbuing the event with midnight-movie moxie despite its ritzy trappings.
Stewart worked overtime to try keeping the panel lively; some members had clearly not been together in years if not decades. When asked how he became Paulie Cicero, Sorvino said, “A lot of actors talk about choices, but the fact of the matter is when you find the spine of the character, it’s kind of like an inhabitation, from which you might need an exorcism. And it makes all the decisions for you.” Toggling between an almost academic timbre and the slurred, husky Italian brogue he has in the film, Sorvino then clarified that he nearly left the production until he found Paulie’s inner life — which he found when he caught a glimpse of himself fixing his tie and said, “Oh, that’s the guy!”
On commingling real-life murderers with Hollywood actors, Pileggi said: “If that wiseguy has a very powerful character and is going in a different direction than the actor, that’s best. You don’t wanna confuse the situation.” Liotta said that he didn’t meet Henry Hill until after the picture had been shot, as Scorsese didn’t want him to get confused about his performance — but that he then ran into Hill in varying states of dereliction in later life. “After the movie, I got a call to meet him at a bowling alley in the Valley, in California, with his brother. So I went, and…. There’s Henry, I knew him from pictures, and uh, the first thing he said was: ‘Thanks for not making me look like a scumbag.’ I’m like, ‘Did you see the movie?!’”
De Niro offered that he was, by the time “Goodfellas” was in production, too old to play Hill but asked Scorsese to cast him as Jimmy “The Gent” Conway. Stewart asked De Niro if the filmmaker would, had he been in attendance, have still wanted to tweak the film — to which the tight-lipped star replied, “I can’t answer that.” Stewart then fired back: “No, but I want you to.” In fact, Pileggi described Stewart’s exact scenario taking place at the premiere in 1990, wherein Scorsese elbowed him and moaned in pain from audience about a shot that needed to be trimmed. “‘Marty,’ I said, ‘You’re in a tuxedo. It’s the opening of the movie. We’re in the Ziegfeld. Editing is over!’”
Following a D.O.A. quip from Stewart in admiration that they never greenlit the sequel “Greatfellas” and a standing ovation for the many cast members and extras from the film in attendance, the talent decamped to Central Park’s Tavern on the Green for the festival’s closing night party. Over butternut squash ravioli and tuna tartare, ever-emerging independent filmmakers sipped drinks with neon straws and rubbed elbows with industry vets, against a glistening — but hardly Scorsese-worthy — background of ’80s pop hits.
(Pictured: Ray Liotta, Lorraine Bracco, Robert De Niro, Paul Sorvino and moderator Jon Stewart at the Tribeca Film Festival closing night screening of “Goodfellas”)
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Who played Bubble in the UK tv comedy series ‘Absolutely Fabulous’? | Absolutely Fabulous (UK) - Season 1 Reviews - Metacritic
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Absolutely Fabulous (UK)
Universal acclaim- based on 8 Ratings
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Starring: Jennifer Saunders , Jane Horrocks , Joanna Lumley
Summary: Sin Is In!
This hit British comedy series began 1992 and remains one of the BBC's highest rated and most popular shows. Absolutely Fabulous follows the lives of three (and later four) generations of the Monsoon family and the people around them. It began as a short French & SaundersSin Is In!
This hit British comedy series began 1992 and remains one of the BBC's highest rated and most popular shows.
Absolutely Fabulous follows the lives of three (and later four) generations of the Monsoon family and the people around them.
It began as a short French & Saunders sketch with Jennifer Saunders in her familiar role as Edina and Dawn French playing her daughter. A pilot for the series was filmed with the comediennes in those respective roles but Julia Sawalha was cast to replace French. Add a dash of actress Joanna Lumley and the immensly popular and entertaining series was born.
Wheel's on fire,
Best notify my next of kin,
This wheel shall explode!… Expand
Genre(s): Comedy
Season 1 premiere date: Nov 12, 1992
Episode Length: 30
| Jane Horrocks |
Who invented the Miner’s Safety Lamp? | Bubble | Absolutely Fabulous Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Bubble is a recurring characters in the BBC programme Absolutely Fabulous , played by Jane Horrocks .
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She is Eddy's personal assistant. The character speaks with a strong Lancashire accent, exhibits a daft fashion sense, is emaciated like her brain (as stated by Patsy Stone ), and acts in an apparently foolish manner.
She is unable to remember the names of common objects or understand basic concepts. Frequent comedic dialogue between Edina and Bubble involves Edina dragging vital information out of her unresponsive PA. Bubble's function in the PR company is simply to flatter Edina's vanity by comparison.
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Markswoman and entertainer Phoebe Anne Mozee (or Moses) was better known by what name? | Annie Oakley - Tall Tale Heroes
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Annie Oakley
Oakley, Annie, 1860-1926, American theatrical performer, b. Darke co., Ohio. Her original name was Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee. From childhood on she was a "dead shot" with a rifle. She defeated in contest the noted marksman and vaudeville star Frank E. Butler, who subsequently married her and became her manager and assistant. As a major attraction (1885-1902) of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show she performed remarkable feats of marksmanship. In 1901 she was partially paralyzed in a railroad accident but continued to delight audiences with her brilliant shooting for 20 years. Her life was the basis for Irving Berlin's popular musical Annie Get Your Gun(1946).
Source Citation: "Oakley, Annie." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2000. Reproduced in Kids InfoBits. Detroit: Gale, 2013. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/KidsInfoBits
Suggested Reading
Title: Shooting Star: Annie Oakley, the Legend , written by Debbie Dadey, illustrated by Scott Goto 1997
Description: An exaggerated account of the life and exploits of the sharp-shooting entertainer.
An exaggerated account of the life and exploits of the sharp-shooting entertainer.
Ages: 9-12
Title: Bull's-Eye: A Photobiography of Annie Oakley , written by Sue Macy, 2001
Description: Presents the facts and the fiction about the American icon who made herself famous for her shooting skills.
Ages: 9-12
Reviews: Gr 3-6 –This book is exemplary nonfiction: well documented, lots of period photos with credits, a resource list, and a chronology. Equally important is its engaging and well-crafted account of this famous woman of the West. Some of the facts of Phoebe Ann Moses Butler's life before she became "AnnieOakley" are less well known: her family was Quaker, but extreme poverty led her to use a gun for hunting; she spent two years as a child laborer for an abusive farmer; and she was a strong advocate for women learning to use firearms, offering to train a women's home-front protection division during World War I. Macy has drawn on family members' stories as well as Oakley's unpublished autobiography in this writing. Bull's-Eye is for a younger audience than Jean Flynn's excellent AnnieOakley (Enslow, 1998) and would be a good replacement for Robert Quackenbush's Who's That Girl with the Gun? (Prentice-Hall, 1988; o.p.).–Nancy Collins-Warner, Neill Public Library, Pullman, WA --Nancy Collins-Warner (Reviewed October 1, 2001) (School Library Journal, vol 47, issue 10, p188)
*information from NoveList Plus
Title: Who Was Annie Oakley? by Stephanie Spinner, 2002
Description: Describes the life of the frontier woman and sharpshooter who achieved fame with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
Ages: 9-12
Reviews: Gr 3-5-AnnieOakley was born Phoebe Ann Moses in 1860 in Ohio. Her life story is told here-from her fatherless childhood through her marriage to Frank Butler and glory days traveling with Buffalo Bill's show to her death, 18 daysbefore her husband's, in 1926. "Little Sure Shot," as she was nicknamed by Sitting Bull, truly had a one-of-a-kind life. She raised herself upfrom a poor, abused baby-sitter to a sharpshooting show woman who enchanted Queen Victoria out of her post-Albert funk, no less. However, while her biographyis presented in full here, the prose is rather dry and uninviting. The black-and-white cartoons that pad the book are no better. Although two time lines areappended, there is no index. Sue Macy's Bull's-Eye (National Geographic, 2001) is a wonderful photobiography of Oakley that will be far more helpfulfor reports and is more enjoyable reading.-Anne Chapman Callaghan, Racine Public Library, WI Copyright 2002 Cahners Business Information. -School Library Journal
*information from NoveList Plus
| Annie Oakley |
What was the name of the clothes shop opened by Mary Quant on London’s King’s Road in 1955? | Oakley and Mock Named Great Ohioans for 2014 - Marion Online
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Oakley and Mock Named Great Ohioans for 2014
February 6, 2014 by Marion Online News
The Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (CSRAB) and the Capitol Square Foundation recently announced the 2014 Great Ohioans. The 2014 honorees were presented by the Capitol Square Foundation and unanimously approved by the twelve-member CSRAB. The two honorees were selected from nominations submitted by individuals and organizations throughout Ohio.
The 2014 Great Ohioans are: Annie Oakley, superstar sharpshooter and educator, and Jerri Mock, first woman to fly around the world.
“This year we honor two individuals who were pioneers in their fields. Both honorees gained international recognition for their extraordinary accomplishments. These two women have inspired, and continue to inspire, future generations of Ohioans with their skill and drive; they have set themselves apart as true global trailblazers,” said CSRAB Executive Director William Carleton.
The Great Ohioan Award commemorates Ohioans who have played a significant role in an event or series of events of lasting significance in World, American or Ohio history. To be selected for the Great Ohioan Award, the nominee must have resided in Ohio for a minimum of five years. In addition, at least 25 years must have passed since the event in which the nominee participated is being commemorated.
ANNIE OAKLEY
Annie Oakley was born August 13, 1860, in Darke County, Ohio. Her birth name was Phoebe Anne Mozee. Oakley received a limited formal education, but she became an expert markswoman at a young age. She assisted her parents in paying off the mortgage on the family farm by selling wild game that she killed in Cincinnati.
By the mid-1870s, Oakley had earned a name for herself thanks to her shooting skills. In 1875, she won a contest against Frank Butler, a marksman who earned a living by performing in circuses. Butler convinced Oakley to travel with him across the country, demonstrating her skills. The two performers eventually married.
In 1885, the couple joined “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show. Oakley became known as “Miss Annie Oakley, the Peerless Lady Wing-Shot.” In her act, Oakley routinely split a card in two edge-wise with a single shot from thirty paces. She shot cigarettes out of her husband’s mouth and, on a tour of Europe, even performed this same act with Crown Prince Wilhelm, who eventually became Kaiser Wilhelm II, the leader of Germany. Oakley also shot dimes thrown into the air.
Oakley remained with the Wild West Show until 1901, when she became partially paralyzed in a train accident. She eventually recovered and returned to show business. She died on November 3, 1926. The Broadway musical “Annie Get Your Gun” is a fictitious account of Oakley’s life.
JERRIE MOCK
Geraldine Fredritz Mock was born on November 22, 1925, in Newark, Ohio. Mock, better known as “Jerrie,” was the first woman to fly around the world. On March 9, 1964, Mock took off from Columbus in her plane, the “Spirit of Columbus, The “Spirit of Columbus” was a Cessna 180. Mock’s trip around the world took twenty-nine days, eleven hours, and fifty-nine minutes, with the pilot returning to Columbus on April 17, 1964.
She had flown 23,103 miles. On this flight, Mock had set the round-the-world speed record for planes smaller than 3,858 pounds. As a result of her flight, President Lyndon Baines Johnson awarded Mock the Federal Aviation Administration’s Exceptional Service Decoration. In 1975, Mock’s Cessna was donated to the National Air and Space Museum. For her contributions to flight, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale honored Mock with its Louis Bleriot Medal, the organization’s highest honor. Mock was the first woman and also the first U.S. citizen to receive the medal.
Mock leads an active life beyond flying. She served as producer of Youth Has Its Say, the first television program dedicated to allowing children to voice their opinions. She authored several magazine articles and a book, and Mock also wrote and directed a radio program, Opera Preludea. Mock resides in Quincy, Florida.
Since 2003, 30 other Great Ohioans have been recognized with the award for the special roles they played in history.
“Through their accomplishment, each Great Ohioan has changed the trajectory of the United State and the world. We hope that every Statehouse visitor is inspired by the narrative of each one of the men and women who we have recognized with this honor,” said Capitol Square Foundation Chairman Charles Moses.
Great Ohioan honorees and their achievements are archived in a permanent Great Ohioan exhibit, which is part of the Ohio Statehouse Museum. While countless Ohioans have performed great actions for their community and beyond, only a select few have been named a “Great Ohioan.” This exhibit allows visitors to have a greater understanding of the recipients of the Great Ohioan award and discover how they affected local, national and world history. The exhibit uses videos, photos, facts and web based technology to explore the life and legacy of each Great Ohioan.
Opened in 2009, the Ohio Statehouse Museum features high-tech, interactive exhibits that make learning about all three branches of state government immersive. The museum is packed with historical artifacts and images that detail how government works and who has come to serve their fellow citizens.
The Museum includes 5,000 square feet of exhibit space on the ground floor of the Ohio Statehouse that enriches the experience of school children and visitors. The Museum offers exhibits that encourage visitors to participate in the government process by making choices, expressing their opinions, comparing viewpoints and even becoming a part of an exhibit by giving a State of the State address. The museum’s “deep dive” approach to education enables visitors to better relate to the governing process.
All citizens, especially teachers and students, are encouraged to participate in the nomination process to select the 2015 class of honorees. A complete explanation of the nomination process and nomination forms can be found online at www.capitolsquarefoundation.org .
Story filed under: History , State of Ohio
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In 1958, who became the youngest footballer, at age 17, to play in a World Cup? | The World Cup of Soccer (Football): Great Players
The World Cup of Soccer (Football): Great Players
On This Site
The 2010 World Cup
The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup, an event that takes places every four years, has produced many memorable moments during the 80+ years of its existence. Some of the most famous soccer players of all time have found glory in World Cup matches.
Below are some highlights:
Pele won three times with Brazil. Widely considered to be the greatest soccer player ever, Pele (whose real name is Edison Arantes do Nascimento) is the only person to collect three winners' medals in the World Cup, winning in 1958, 1962, and 1970. In 1958, he became the youngest player ever to play in a World Cup final. He was 17 years and 249 days old. He scored two goals in his team's 5-2 win over Sweden. One of those goals is considered to be one of the finest ever in World Cup play.
Another star for Brazil is Ronaldo, who holds the record for the most goals scored in World Cup play with 15. He helped Brazil win the World Cup in 1994 and 2002. Ronaldo is one two men who have won the FIFA Player of the Year award three times. (The other is France's Zinedine Zedane.)
At the other end of the scoring spectrum was Lev Yashin, a Russian goalkeeper considered by many to be the best ever at his position. He recorded 150 career saves of penalty kicks. Also, 480 times in his career, he recorded a clean sheet, which is the same as a shutout: no goals scored by the opposing team.
Just one goal behind Ronaldo in all-time World Cup scoring was Germany's Gerd Muller, who scored four goals in 1974 and a remarkable 10 in 1970. Known for his rapid accelerations, Muller was a star in German football circles for many years.
France's Just Fontaine has 13 World Cup goals to his name, and he scored them all in the 1958 tournament (even though his team didn't even make it to the final).
Franz Beckenbauer of Germany is one of an elite group who have won the World Cup as a player and a manager. He captained (then West) Germany to victory in 1974 and then managed the (soon to be reunified) team to the title in 1990.
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| Pelé |
In which African country is Lake George? | Edison Arantes do Nascimento | Soccer Player Profile at Sports Pundit
Edison Arantes do Nascimento
23 Oct 1940 (76 years)
Nationality
New York Cosmos (1971–1985)
1975 - 1977
Santos
1956 - 1974
Edison (Edson) Arantes do Nascimento, KBE, popularly known as Pele, is a former Brazilian international football player who is regarded by many as the greatest ever footballer in the world. He featured prominently during the 1960s and 1970s. He played as a striker and won the World Cup thrice with Brazil. Pele is the all-time top scorer of Brazil and is the only football player to be part of three World Cup winning teams.
Pele is the son of a Fluminense footballer Dondinho and was named after the American inventor Thomas Edison but he prefers to call himself Edson. He was given the nickname “Pele” during his schooldays. He grew up in poverty and earned extra money by shining shoes at Bauru Athletic Club on matchdays. During his childhood Pele used to play football with either a sock stuffed with newspaper, tied with a string or a grapefruit.
Pele joined Brazilian giants Santos when he was 15 and played for the junior side for one season before joining the senior side. His debut for the first team was against Corinthians in a friendly match on September 7,1956 and he actually scored on his debut too. In the 1957 season, Pele became the top scorer in the league at only 16 years of age. He went on playing for Santos until 1974 and scored his 1000th goal in all competitions on November 19, 1969 against Vasco da Dama at the Maracana Stadium. It was a penalty.
Pele played for the New York Cosmos for two years between 1975 and 1977 and scored 31 goals in 56 league matches.
Pele made his international debut for Brazil on July 7,1957 against Argentina in a 2-1 defeat and scored in that match too. He was then still three months away from his 17th birthday. Pele went onto feature in four successive World Cup finals, winning three of them. He was the youngest player in the 1958 World Cup finals and became the youngest ever World Cup goalscorer at 17 years and 239 days when he scored against Wales in the quarter-finals. on June 19,1958 Pele became the youngest player to feature in a World Cup final match at 17 years and 249 days. He scored twice in the final and helped Brazil defeat Sweden 5-2 to lift the trophy.
Pele missed a major chunk of the 1962 World Cup finals after injuring himself in the match against the erstwhile Czechoslovakia. In the 1966 World Cup finals, Pele was kicked and booted out of the competition by Portuguese defenders although by that stage, he had already become the first player ever to score in three World Cup finals. Pele went onto win the 1970 World Cup finals with Brazil and had a great tournament.
Pele’s last international match was on July 18,1971 against erstwhile Yugoslavia in Rio de Janeiro.
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What is the name of the colliery in the 1939 film ‘The Stars Look Down’? | The Stars Look Down Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
34 out of 35 people found the following review useful:
Essential, dark drama
from United Kingdom
27 February 2005
Director Carol Reeds version of A.J. Cronins novel of poverty, greed and unfulfilled dreams still seems fresh today despite its sixty years.
Michael Redgrave stars as Davey Fenwick, a bright man from a poor mining background, who wins a scholarship to university. He hopes to graduate and then enter politics, so as to work to end the suffering of his kith and kin and their ilk.
However, his plans change when he meets and falls in love with Jenny Sunley (played by Margaret Lockwood), a strikingly beautiful but manipulative and materialistic little minx who has just been cruelly dumped (why???) by her boyfriend, Daveys old friend, the ruthlessly ambitious Joe Gowlan (Emlyn Williams). Understandably smitten, Davey marries the lovely but self-centred Jenny and, at her instigation, quits university and moves home to work as a schoolteacher. But his world is turned upside down when trouble at the pit, Jennys restlessness and the reappearance of Joe, whom Jenny still loves and who is now flashily well-to-do,combine.
At the time, this was one of the most expensive films ever made in Britain. But it was well worth the investment. It assured Carol Reeds reputation and gave to film audiences and to posterity a grimly realistic picture of life at the sharp end in 30s Britain. The all-star cast too got a chance to show their ability, giving terrific performances; Redgrave is superb as the disillusioned idealist, Williams is thoroughly unpleasant as the unfeeling, cynical Joe while Margaret Lockwood, one-time screen ingénue in her first wicked girl role, gives a wonderful performance as the drop-dead gorgeous, vixenish, gold-digging Jenny.
As social commentary this is a great movie, but, on another, more profound level,it works as a dark, despairing canvas depicting the often destructive nature of human relationships. Essential viewing!
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32 out of 32 people found the following review useful:
to say how much I enjoyed the social aspect of this movie
from Wexford, Ireland
26 May 2003
I recently purchased this outstanding movie on video. Michael Redgrave has always been one of the finest actors of his generation and his performance in this film only serves to strenghten my opinion. I was very surprised by the way a film of this era, concentrated so much on the social and economic deprivation of the mining community in Great Britan, surely one of the largest workforce of the time. The struggle for better conditions and the respect of their employers as workers and human beings is perhaps the crux of this story but the underlying sub-plots of human greed and subterfuge made sure my interest never waned. It is to me most memorable as a story of the ordinary man, struggling through adversity, always with dignity and self-respect. Despite the often bleak surroudings and the fact that it is also shot in B&W to maximize this atmosphere, it never depressed me and left me feeling good,long after the last of the credits had rolled.
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25 out of 26 people found the following review useful:
Thoughtful, Atmospheric, & Often Compelling Drama
from Ohio
4 January 2006
The story in this feature is pretty interesting, but even a description of the story by itself would probably not communicate how thoughtful and atmospheric the movie is. It also has some particularly compelling stretches that are hard to forget afterward. Director Carol Reed shows good insight into the characters and the story, the cast make the characters believable and worth caring about, and the technical aspects help you to feel almost part of the action.
Michael Redgrave stars as a young idealist, determined to get an education so that he can improve conditions in the mining town where he lives. Redgrave's performance quietly brings out a lot about his character, as he learns about reality while fighting for the truth. Emlyn Williams is also effective as Redgrave's boyhood friend, who takes an entirely different, amoral approach to the same situation. Margaret Lockwood, well-cast as the rather vain young woman who captivates both of them, adds an important dimension. Several of the supporting cast members also do a good job in limited screen time.
The highlight is the extended rescue sequence in the second half, and it is very effectively done. But one of the reasons that it works so well is that it was prepared by such a solid foundation, establishing the characters and issues carefully so that, when the crisis hits, everything takes on more meaning.
Many of the topics touched upon by the movie are still of significance in themselves, but even beyond that, it creates a good deal of worthwhile drama about society and human nature in general.
Was the above review useful to you?
22 out of 23 people found the following review useful:
A rare example of a British movie of the 30s-40s which deals sympathetically with "ordinary" people, here the coal miners of Northern England.
from United Kingdom
12 August 2007
I watched and thoroughly enjoyed "The Stars Look Down" which was screened today as part of the BBC's Summer Festival of historic British movies, having read and enjoyed the novel many years ago but having never previously had an opportunity to see the movie.
It was of particular interest because the novelist, A.J. Cronin actually set the novel near my home town of Ashington in the North East of England, and got it pretty well right as he'd worked as a medic in the area for some years. Interestingly enough, I noticed that many US critics refer to it as being set in a "Welsh" mining village. This may well be because they recognised Emlyn Williams's accent as Welsh and the rest were a pretty mixed bunch - I spotted only one genuine North-East accent! Like all "Socialist Realism" the melodrama was overplayed - nonetheless, there was some truth and accuracy in there and it was fascinating to see how the movie treats coal miners - rightly, in my opinion - as heroic figures.
An unjustly neglected classic.
from UK
3 March 2007
I'm obsessed with the Third Man, and forever looking for similar movies. I get the impression that Carol Reed never made anything comparable to that classic, but this is an interesting, unusual film that is worth seeing in its own right.
It is a political drama about the struggle to control the means of production - no, really. Michael Redgrave and Emlyn Williams play two young men from a dour north-east mining town who escape, separately, to the bright lights of Newcastle. Redgrave's character is a scholarship kid at the university, while Williams plays a spiv who starts out working as a bookie but soon finds other dubious business interests.
They return home for different reasons, and clash over the future of the mine, which the workers suspect is unsafe. It's a surprisingly anti-establishment film for 1940, when Britain was deep into the Second World War, especially given Churchill's famously harsh treatment of striking miners in the 1920s.
Was the above review useful to you?
16 out of 16 people found the following review useful:
Beware the Wicked Lady
from United Kingdom
2 June 2009
This appeared recently on BBC4's 'Coal night' - and seems an apposite choice given the subject matter.
My earliest memory of this story (I'm 42) is the 1974 serial produced when ITV still mattered and wasn't riddled with reality TV, puerile so called comedy and makeover shows. The 'drama' offered up by the third channel now is so lightweight the thought of the likes of the 21st century equivalent of Avril Elgar appearing it seems light years away from what could be described as reality (in the non vacuous sense). It was excellent, as I recall, but I didn't post this just to rant at the decline of ITV's quality standards, that's been done to death elsewhere.
So, the film - it's always refreshing and very pleasing to come across something 'new' from someone who has already earned their spurs elsewhere. Carol Reed needs no introduction to the cognoscenti of cinema - anyone who has seen 'The Third Man' or 'Fallen Idol' will testify to that! What's so good about this film is not only the beautiful evocation of a world long gone (it was made in 1939, just before the outbreak of WW2), but also gives an indication of just how difficult working class life must have been. If you did not work, you did not eat. Pretty much all the people who worked on this film are long dead, but watching it, and with an eye for the accuracy of how social history is portrayed, it's hard not to be moved by the grim reality of the inevitability of 'life down 'pit'. You're born into griding poverty, you grow up a friendly ragamuffin, you mine, you get old, you die.
Unless, of course, you're asked to mine Scupper Flats. The story itself is a strong one. In the days when mine owners swanned around in posh cars and deigned to show up at the pit once in a blue moon, the safety of being asked to mine a new face is called into question by idealistic young Davey Fenwick, who, having got his hands dirty down the mine, attempts a better life by breaking away and trying to earn a degree from the local university. Of course, a woman gets in the way, and the beautiful but manipulative and shallow Jenny Sunley (admirably played by Wicked Lady Margaret Lockwood) eyes an opportunity to 'better herself' financially and persuades Davey to drop out and become a school teacher. Eventually, Davey's idealism and pragmatic suspicions are proved correct, with tragic consequences.
Beautifully acted from a time when real craftsmanship went into British film making, the piece stands not only as great entertainment (though it won't engage 'movie' buffs with short attention spans who think anything pre 2008 isn't worth bothering with), but also as a wonderful piece of social history and a look at an age that's well and truly passed. The portentous voice over at the end reinforces this beautifully, and its idealistic call to action makes me wonder if we really have learned anything at all in the 70 years that followed.
Was the above review useful to you?
19 out of 23 people found the following review useful:
working class and academic thinking under fine cinematography
from Amsterdam, Netherlands
28 January 2002
The main storyline is concerned with workers, capitalists and academic thinkers (resp. 'down' and 'stars' ?). And it might become much more relevant again soon. What's the use of a college education in times of recession and strikes? Like Jack Palance said in le Mepris (1963, Godard) 'wise men don't humiliate others with their lesser abilities....'. 'On The Waterfront' was way better on this economic subject, but as far as I'm concerned that was merely because of its director and protagonist. Others might emphasize it is American and has more suspense, which is true.
The dialogues sound kind of flat or monotonous, but the story is absolutely entertaining enough and the cinematography by Mutz Greenbaum (Thunder Rock) is really fine. He especially knows his way with contrast and composition apparently. Carol Reed (Odd Man Out, Fallen Idol, Third Man) gently develops the story and the points he (and writer Alec Coppel, who also wrote Vertigo and Obsession) wants to make. The movie as a whole is a quite moralistic and a bit too sincere, but again the directing and the cinematography more than make up. At last but not least, Michael Redgrave (Thunder Rock, Mr. Arkadin, the Innocents) puts forward a great deal of realism, enforcing A. J. Cronin's points. A point is that different social classes should have more respect for each other because they are complements, not substitutes. Another point is that it is probably a personal story (Cronin's ?). 8/10
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9 out of 9 people found the following review useful:
Carol Reed's bleak depiction of a mining town
19 October 2008
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
The two things I remembered about this film (taken from the novel by A.J. Cronin) were Margaret Lockwood's portrayal of Davey's unfaithful wife, Jenny and Desmond Tester as Hughie Fenwick. It wasn't a big role but as usual Tester made you remember him. He didn't make many movies, this was the last but one before he settled in Australia but next to Nova Pilbeam he was the best British child actor of the 30s.
Neptune Colliery is closed due to a dispute between the miners and the mine owners. The miners refuse to work Skupper Flats, a very dangerous mine and the owners want to teach them a lesson. The Fenwicks are at breaking point - they are almost starving. Davey (Michael Redgrave) is studying, to help the miners find a better way of life. His mother, strangely enough, does not approve - she finds book learning "too high and mighty" - only his father is sympathetic. His kid brother Hughie (Desmond Tester) dreams of being a star footballer. Nancy Price is just a stand out as Martha Fenwick - so hard on the surface, but in the scene where Davey is leaving, she gives him his sandwich and turns away so he doesn't see the anxiety and longing in her face that the camera shows.
Joe (Emlyn Williams) is the bad lad of the town and takes advantage of a run on the local butcher shop (which he incites) to rob the till and leave town. Davey also leaves to further his studies. He meets Joe at Tyneside, along with Jenny (Margaret Lockwood). To make Joe jealous, Jenny flirts with Davey and ends up marrying him, bringing him nothing but grief. Davey wants to study for his degree but Jenny forces him to put his plans aside and take a job as a teacher. His unorthodox teaching methods draws scorn from the older teachers, he is sacked and turns to private tutoring. Joe also turns up - a successful businessman, wanting to re-open Scupper Flats. Davey goes on a crusade to keep the mine closed but it falls on deaf ears. Hughie is happy - he is finally getting a chance to play football for Tyneside on Saturday.
The inevitable happens and the mine caves in. Davey's father, and brother Hughie are among those trapped on the old side, including a young chap that had begged to go along that day. The last part of the film is just gripping as the miners enter their third entombed day. Desmond Tester is heartbreaking as Hughie, who keeps himself alive with his hope to play football on Saturday. As they sit there you see the game being played, Hughie's name has been crossed off the list.
Also of interest the beautiful Linden Travers plays a small part as Mrs. Laura Millington, Joe's mistress.
Carol Reed's direction is superb. With the blend of social commentary, mining scenes and domestic strife it is a film that really holds your interest. I think it is a far better film than "How Green Was My Valley".
Highly Recommended.
from Buffalo, New York
18 September 2011
For those whose taste in movies runs to films of social significance, you cannot go wrong with The Stars Look Down, a film from the United Kingdom about the coal mining industry in the days before the post World War II Labour Government nationalized the industry. Such a step would never have been contemplated in the mainstream political circles in the USA. The film makes a compelling case for it.
This film was a breakout success for Carol Reed who up to that time had been limited to what we call B picture features and what over the other side of the pond call quota quickies. It was produced by an independent studio called Grafton films and released here by the short lived Grand National Studios. Reed was contracted to Gainsborough Pictures and he was able to get fellow contractees Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, and Emlyn Williams for this production.
I don't think that Michael Redgrave was ever more idealistic on the screen than he was in The Stars Look Down. He plays a working class stiff who earns a scholarship to the university and he intends to use that education for the benefit of the miner class from where he comes. But this idealist is very human and he makes the wrong choice in a life partner in the form of pretty, but shallow Margaret Lockwood who sees him as a meal ticket to get ahead herself.
The guy who Lockwood was going with is Emlyn Williams who would be called a cad and a bounder over there. He's also a miner's kid, but his method of escape isn't exactly condoned in polite society, he becomes a bookmaker. Eventually he joins with management. One great thing about The Stars Look Down is we see where all these three characters came from and the values imparted to them.
Redgrave has two marvelous scenes that really stand out. The first is when he's in class and making an eloquent case in class for the government ownership of the coal mines. The second is before the Board of Trade arguing that the mine his father and others in his district is not safe because where they want to mine is holding back the sea itself. His own personal problems prevent the Board from listening to him. In both Redgrave personifies youthful idealism and impatience. In the end it's shown he has good reason to be impatient.
The film was shot on location at an actual colliery in Cumberland and the scenes depicting the mine disaster which is the climax of the film are frighteningly real and hold up well today. The film stands comparison to How Green Was My Valley which was a film on the same subject, but done in the poetical style of John Ford and done over here.
The Stars Look Down will still move the viewers and the problems of industrial safety are just as real today as they were when The Stars Look Down came out.
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7 out of 7 people found the following review useful:
Quite convincing...
21 April 2012
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
This film was perhaps Britain's answer to "How Green Was My Valley" (1940) or perhaps it was the other way around. However, unlike this Hollywood version of life for the British coal miners, "The Stars Look Down" seems much more like a film to promote political change. In many ways, this film seems to be an early British call for more than just stronger unions to protect the workers but nationalization. While I am loathe to admit it (as I am basically very pro-capitalism), the film makes a very good case for socialismat least in regard to the miners and their very dangerous jobs. "The Stars Look Down" features Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood and Emlyn Williamsbut mostly centers on Redgrave. He's the son of a coal miner and unlike most in his village, he loves education and sees as his way of helping his people. The unions appear indifferent to their plight and the mine owner seems very willing to risk his workers' lives---and Redgraves' character is determined to get a college education and enter, if possible, politics in order to force better working conditions. However, along the way his focus is diverted and his goal of nationalizing the industry seems at risk. Can he do something before more men are sacrificed for coal?
Considering the film stars the most excellent actor, Redgrave, it's not at all surprising that the acting was terrific and the story compelling. My only complaint, and it's a minor one, is that perhaps too much of the story is about this young man and not enough is about the miners. But, It's a small complaint and the film quite compelling. Too bad, however, that after receiving what they wanted that the industry has pretty much shut down in recent years.
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| neptune colliery |
Who was the longest-serving Australian Prime Minister? | The Stars Look Down Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
34 out of 35 people found the following review useful:
Essential, dark drama
from United Kingdom
27 February 2005
Director Carol Reeds version of A.J. Cronins novel of poverty, greed and unfulfilled dreams still seems fresh today despite its sixty years.
Michael Redgrave stars as Davey Fenwick, a bright man from a poor mining background, who wins a scholarship to university. He hopes to graduate and then enter politics, so as to work to end the suffering of his kith and kin and their ilk.
However, his plans change when he meets and falls in love with Jenny Sunley (played by Margaret Lockwood), a strikingly beautiful but manipulative and materialistic little minx who has just been cruelly dumped (why???) by her boyfriend, Daveys old friend, the ruthlessly ambitious Joe Gowlan (Emlyn Williams). Understandably smitten, Davey marries the lovely but self-centred Jenny and, at her instigation, quits university and moves home to work as a schoolteacher. But his world is turned upside down when trouble at the pit, Jennys restlessness and the reappearance of Joe, whom Jenny still loves and who is now flashily well-to-do,combine.
At the time, this was one of the most expensive films ever made in Britain. But it was well worth the investment. It assured Carol Reeds reputation and gave to film audiences and to posterity a grimly realistic picture of life at the sharp end in 30s Britain. The all-star cast too got a chance to show their ability, giving terrific performances; Redgrave is superb as the disillusioned idealist, Williams is thoroughly unpleasant as the unfeeling, cynical Joe while Margaret Lockwood, one-time screen ingénue in her first wicked girl role, gives a wonderful performance as the drop-dead gorgeous, vixenish, gold-digging Jenny.
As social commentary this is a great movie, but, on another, more profound level,it works as a dark, despairing canvas depicting the often destructive nature of human relationships. Essential viewing!
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32 out of 32 people found the following review useful:
to say how much I enjoyed the social aspect of this movie
from Wexford, Ireland
26 May 2003
I recently purchased this outstanding movie on video. Michael Redgrave has always been one of the finest actors of his generation and his performance in this film only serves to strenghten my opinion. I was very surprised by the way a film of this era, concentrated so much on the social and economic deprivation of the mining community in Great Britan, surely one of the largest workforce of the time. The struggle for better conditions and the respect of their employers as workers and human beings is perhaps the crux of this story but the underlying sub-plots of human greed and subterfuge made sure my interest never waned. It is to me most memorable as a story of the ordinary man, struggling through adversity, always with dignity and self-respect. Despite the often bleak surroudings and the fact that it is also shot in B&W to maximize this atmosphere, it never depressed me and left me feeling good,long after the last of the credits had rolled.
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25 out of 26 people found the following review useful:
Thoughtful, Atmospheric, & Often Compelling Drama
from Ohio
4 January 2006
The story in this feature is pretty interesting, but even a description of the story by itself would probably not communicate how thoughtful and atmospheric the movie is. It also has some particularly compelling stretches that are hard to forget afterward. Director Carol Reed shows good insight into the characters and the story, the cast make the characters believable and worth caring about, and the technical aspects help you to feel almost part of the action.
Michael Redgrave stars as a young idealist, determined to get an education so that he can improve conditions in the mining town where he lives. Redgrave's performance quietly brings out a lot about his character, as he learns about reality while fighting for the truth. Emlyn Williams is also effective as Redgrave's boyhood friend, who takes an entirely different, amoral approach to the same situation. Margaret Lockwood, well-cast as the rather vain young woman who captivates both of them, adds an important dimension. Several of the supporting cast members also do a good job in limited screen time.
The highlight is the extended rescue sequence in the second half, and it is very effectively done. But one of the reasons that it works so well is that it was prepared by such a solid foundation, establishing the characters and issues carefully so that, when the crisis hits, everything takes on more meaning.
Many of the topics touched upon by the movie are still of significance in themselves, but even beyond that, it creates a good deal of worthwhile drama about society and human nature in general.
Was the above review useful to you?
22 out of 23 people found the following review useful:
A rare example of a British movie of the 30s-40s which deals sympathetically with "ordinary" people, here the coal miners of Northern England.
from United Kingdom
12 August 2007
I watched and thoroughly enjoyed "The Stars Look Down" which was screened today as part of the BBC's Summer Festival of historic British movies, having read and enjoyed the novel many years ago but having never previously had an opportunity to see the movie.
It was of particular interest because the novelist, A.J. Cronin actually set the novel near my home town of Ashington in the North East of England, and got it pretty well right as he'd worked as a medic in the area for some years. Interestingly enough, I noticed that many US critics refer to it as being set in a "Welsh" mining village. This may well be because they recognised Emlyn Williams's accent as Welsh and the rest were a pretty mixed bunch - I spotted only one genuine North-East accent! Like all "Socialist Realism" the melodrama was overplayed - nonetheless, there was some truth and accuracy in there and it was fascinating to see how the movie treats coal miners - rightly, in my opinion - as heroic figures.
An unjustly neglected classic.
from UK
3 March 2007
I'm obsessed with the Third Man, and forever looking for similar movies. I get the impression that Carol Reed never made anything comparable to that classic, but this is an interesting, unusual film that is worth seeing in its own right.
It is a political drama about the struggle to control the means of production - no, really. Michael Redgrave and Emlyn Williams play two young men from a dour north-east mining town who escape, separately, to the bright lights of Newcastle. Redgrave's character is a scholarship kid at the university, while Williams plays a spiv who starts out working as a bookie but soon finds other dubious business interests.
They return home for different reasons, and clash over the future of the mine, which the workers suspect is unsafe. It's a surprisingly anti-establishment film for 1940, when Britain was deep into the Second World War, especially given Churchill's famously harsh treatment of striking miners in the 1920s.
Was the above review useful to you?
16 out of 16 people found the following review useful:
Beware the Wicked Lady
from United Kingdom
2 June 2009
This appeared recently on BBC4's 'Coal night' - and seems an apposite choice given the subject matter.
My earliest memory of this story (I'm 42) is the 1974 serial produced when ITV still mattered and wasn't riddled with reality TV, puerile so called comedy and makeover shows. The 'drama' offered up by the third channel now is so lightweight the thought of the likes of the 21st century equivalent of Avril Elgar appearing it seems light years away from what could be described as reality (in the non vacuous sense). It was excellent, as I recall, but I didn't post this just to rant at the decline of ITV's quality standards, that's been done to death elsewhere.
So, the film - it's always refreshing and very pleasing to come across something 'new' from someone who has already earned their spurs elsewhere. Carol Reed needs no introduction to the cognoscenti of cinema - anyone who has seen 'The Third Man' or 'Fallen Idol' will testify to that! What's so good about this film is not only the beautiful evocation of a world long gone (it was made in 1939, just before the outbreak of WW2), but also gives an indication of just how difficult working class life must have been. If you did not work, you did not eat. Pretty much all the people who worked on this film are long dead, but watching it, and with an eye for the accuracy of how social history is portrayed, it's hard not to be moved by the grim reality of the inevitability of 'life down 'pit'. You're born into griding poverty, you grow up a friendly ragamuffin, you mine, you get old, you die.
Unless, of course, you're asked to mine Scupper Flats. The story itself is a strong one. In the days when mine owners swanned around in posh cars and deigned to show up at the pit once in a blue moon, the safety of being asked to mine a new face is called into question by idealistic young Davey Fenwick, who, having got his hands dirty down the mine, attempts a better life by breaking away and trying to earn a degree from the local university. Of course, a woman gets in the way, and the beautiful but manipulative and shallow Jenny Sunley (admirably played by Wicked Lady Margaret Lockwood) eyes an opportunity to 'better herself' financially and persuades Davey to drop out and become a school teacher. Eventually, Davey's idealism and pragmatic suspicions are proved correct, with tragic consequences.
Beautifully acted from a time when real craftsmanship went into British film making, the piece stands not only as great entertainment (though it won't engage 'movie' buffs with short attention spans who think anything pre 2008 isn't worth bothering with), but also as a wonderful piece of social history and a look at an age that's well and truly passed. The portentous voice over at the end reinforces this beautifully, and its idealistic call to action makes me wonder if we really have learned anything at all in the 70 years that followed.
Was the above review useful to you?
19 out of 23 people found the following review useful:
working class and academic thinking under fine cinematography
from Amsterdam, Netherlands
28 January 2002
The main storyline is concerned with workers, capitalists and academic thinkers (resp. 'down' and 'stars' ?). And it might become much more relevant again soon. What's the use of a college education in times of recession and strikes? Like Jack Palance said in le Mepris (1963, Godard) 'wise men don't humiliate others with their lesser abilities....'. 'On The Waterfront' was way better on this economic subject, but as far as I'm concerned that was merely because of its director and protagonist. Others might emphasize it is American and has more suspense, which is true.
The dialogues sound kind of flat or monotonous, but the story is absolutely entertaining enough and the cinematography by Mutz Greenbaum (Thunder Rock) is really fine. He especially knows his way with contrast and composition apparently. Carol Reed (Odd Man Out, Fallen Idol, Third Man) gently develops the story and the points he (and writer Alec Coppel, who also wrote Vertigo and Obsession) wants to make. The movie as a whole is a quite moralistic and a bit too sincere, but again the directing and the cinematography more than make up. At last but not least, Michael Redgrave (Thunder Rock, Mr. Arkadin, the Innocents) puts forward a great deal of realism, enforcing A. J. Cronin's points. A point is that different social classes should have more respect for each other because they are complements, not substitutes. Another point is that it is probably a personal story (Cronin's ?). 8/10
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9 out of 9 people found the following review useful:
Carol Reed's bleak depiction of a mining town
19 October 2008
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
The two things I remembered about this film (taken from the novel by A.J. Cronin) were Margaret Lockwood's portrayal of Davey's unfaithful wife, Jenny and Desmond Tester as Hughie Fenwick. It wasn't a big role but as usual Tester made you remember him. He didn't make many movies, this was the last but one before he settled in Australia but next to Nova Pilbeam he was the best British child actor of the 30s.
Neptune Colliery is closed due to a dispute between the miners and the mine owners. The miners refuse to work Skupper Flats, a very dangerous mine and the owners want to teach them a lesson. The Fenwicks are at breaking point - they are almost starving. Davey (Michael Redgrave) is studying, to help the miners find a better way of life. His mother, strangely enough, does not approve - she finds book learning "too high and mighty" - only his father is sympathetic. His kid brother Hughie (Desmond Tester) dreams of being a star footballer. Nancy Price is just a stand out as Martha Fenwick - so hard on the surface, but in the scene where Davey is leaving, she gives him his sandwich and turns away so he doesn't see the anxiety and longing in her face that the camera shows.
Joe (Emlyn Williams) is the bad lad of the town and takes advantage of a run on the local butcher shop (which he incites) to rob the till and leave town. Davey also leaves to further his studies. He meets Joe at Tyneside, along with Jenny (Margaret Lockwood). To make Joe jealous, Jenny flirts with Davey and ends up marrying him, bringing him nothing but grief. Davey wants to study for his degree but Jenny forces him to put his plans aside and take a job as a teacher. His unorthodox teaching methods draws scorn from the older teachers, he is sacked and turns to private tutoring. Joe also turns up - a successful businessman, wanting to re-open Scupper Flats. Davey goes on a crusade to keep the mine closed but it falls on deaf ears. Hughie is happy - he is finally getting a chance to play football for Tyneside on Saturday.
The inevitable happens and the mine caves in. Davey's father, and brother Hughie are among those trapped on the old side, including a young chap that had begged to go along that day. The last part of the film is just gripping as the miners enter their third entombed day. Desmond Tester is heartbreaking as Hughie, who keeps himself alive with his hope to play football on Saturday. As they sit there you see the game being played, Hughie's name has been crossed off the list.
Also of interest the beautiful Linden Travers plays a small part as Mrs. Laura Millington, Joe's mistress.
Carol Reed's direction is superb. With the blend of social commentary, mining scenes and domestic strife it is a film that really holds your interest. I think it is a far better film than "How Green Was My Valley".
Highly Recommended.
from Buffalo, New York
18 September 2011
For those whose taste in movies runs to films of social significance, you cannot go wrong with The Stars Look Down, a film from the United Kingdom about the coal mining industry in the days before the post World War II Labour Government nationalized the industry. Such a step would never have been contemplated in the mainstream political circles in the USA. The film makes a compelling case for it.
This film was a breakout success for Carol Reed who up to that time had been limited to what we call B picture features and what over the other side of the pond call quota quickies. It was produced by an independent studio called Grafton films and released here by the short lived Grand National Studios. Reed was contracted to Gainsborough Pictures and he was able to get fellow contractees Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, and Emlyn Williams for this production.
I don't think that Michael Redgrave was ever more idealistic on the screen than he was in The Stars Look Down. He plays a working class stiff who earns a scholarship to the university and he intends to use that education for the benefit of the miner class from where he comes. But this idealist is very human and he makes the wrong choice in a life partner in the form of pretty, but shallow Margaret Lockwood who sees him as a meal ticket to get ahead herself.
The guy who Lockwood was going with is Emlyn Williams who would be called a cad and a bounder over there. He's also a miner's kid, but his method of escape isn't exactly condoned in polite society, he becomes a bookmaker. Eventually he joins with management. One great thing about The Stars Look Down is we see where all these three characters came from and the values imparted to them.
Redgrave has two marvelous scenes that really stand out. The first is when he's in class and making an eloquent case in class for the government ownership of the coal mines. The second is before the Board of Trade arguing that the mine his father and others in his district is not safe because where they want to mine is holding back the sea itself. His own personal problems prevent the Board from listening to him. In both Redgrave personifies youthful idealism and impatience. In the end it's shown he has good reason to be impatient.
The film was shot on location at an actual colliery in Cumberland and the scenes depicting the mine disaster which is the climax of the film are frighteningly real and hold up well today. The film stands comparison to How Green Was My Valley which was a film on the same subject, but done in the poetical style of John Ford and done over here.
The Stars Look Down will still move the viewers and the problems of industrial safety are just as real today as they were when The Stars Look Down came out.
Was the above review useful to you?
7 out of 7 people found the following review useful:
Quite convincing...
21 April 2012
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
This film was perhaps Britain's answer to "How Green Was My Valley" (1940) or perhaps it was the other way around. However, unlike this Hollywood version of life for the British coal miners, "The Stars Look Down" seems much more like a film to promote political change. In many ways, this film seems to be an early British call for more than just stronger unions to protect the workers but nationalization. While I am loathe to admit it (as I am basically very pro-capitalism), the film makes a very good case for socialismat least in regard to the miners and their very dangerous jobs. "The Stars Look Down" features Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood and Emlyn Williamsbut mostly centers on Redgrave. He's the son of a coal miner and unlike most in his village, he loves education and sees as his way of helping his people. The unions appear indifferent to their plight and the mine owner seems very willing to risk his workers' lives---and Redgraves' character is determined to get a college education and enter, if possible, politics in order to force better working conditions. However, along the way his focus is diverted and his goal of nationalizing the industry seems at risk. Can he do something before more men are sacrificed for coal?
Considering the film stars the most excellent actor, Redgrave, it's not at all surprising that the acting was terrific and the story compelling. My only complaint, and it's a minor one, is that perhaps too much of the story is about this young man and not enough is about the miners. But, It's a small complaint and the film quite compelling. Too bad, however, that after receiving what they wanted that the industry has pretty much shut down in recent years.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Introduction
Ho Chi Minh first emerged as an outspoken voice for Vietnamese independence while living as a young man in France during World War I. Inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution, he joined the Communist Party and traveled to the Soviet Union. He helped found the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930 and the League for the Independence of Vietnam, or Viet Minh, in 1941. At World War II’s end, Viet Minh forces seized the northern Vietnamese city of Hanoi and declared a Democratic State of Vietnam (or North Vietnam) with Ho as president. Known as “Uncle Ho,” he would serve in that position for the next 25 years, becoming a symbol of Vietnam’s struggle for unification during a long and costly conflict with the strongly anti-Communist regime in South Vietnam and its powerful ally, the United States.
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Ho Chi Minh: Early Life
Ho Chi Minh was born Nguyen Sinh Cung on May 19, 1890, in a village in central Vietnam (then part of French Indochina). In 1911, he found work as a cook on a French steamer and spent the next several years at sea, traveling to Africa, the United States and Britain, among other locations. By 1919, he was living in France, where he organized a group of Vietnamese immigrants and petitioned delegates at the Versailles Peace Conference to demand that the French colonial government in Indochina grant the same rights to its subjects as it did to its rulers.
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In February 1967, Ho Chi Minh responded to a personal message from U.S. President Lyndon Johnson by announcing that the North Vietnamese would never negotiate under the threat of bombing.
Inspired by the success of Vladimir Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution, he joined the new French Communist Party in 1920 and traveled to Moscow three years later. He soon began recruiting members of a Vietnamese nationalist movement that would form the basis of the Indochinese Communist Party (founded in Hong Kong in 1930) and traveled the world, including Brussels, Paris and Siam (now Thailand), where he worked as a representative of the Communist International organization.
Ho Chi Minh: Founding of the Viet Minh and North Vietnam
When Germany defeated France in 1940, during World War II , Ho saw it as an opportunity for the Vietnamese nationalist cause. Around this time, he began to use the name Ho Chi Minh (roughly translated as “Bringer of Light”). With his lieutenants Vo Nguyen Giap and Pham Van Dong, Ho returned to Vietnam in January 1941 and organized the Viet Minh, or League for the Independence of Vietnam. Forced to seek China’s aid for the new organization, Ho was imprisoned for 18 months by Chiang Kai-Shek’s anti-Communist government.
With the Allied victory in 1945, Japanese forces withdrew from Vietnam, leaving the French-educated Emperor Bao Dai in control of an independent Vietnam. Led by Vo Nguyen Giap, Viet Minh forces seized the northern city of Hanoi and declared a Democratic State of Vietnam (known commonly as North Vietnam) with Ho as president. Bao Dai abdicated in favor of the revolution, but French military troops gained control of southern Vietnam, including Saigon, and Chiang Kai-Shek’s Chinese forces moved into the north according to the terms of an Allied agreement. Ho began negotiations with the French in efforts to achieve a Chinese withdrawal as well as eventual French recognition of Vietnam’s independence and reunification of North and South Vietnam. But in October 1946, a French cruiser opened fire on the town of Haiphong after a clash between French and Vietnamese soldiers. Despite Ho’s best efforts to maintain peace, his more militant followers called for war, which broke out that December.
Ho Chi Minh: Toward War with the United States
During the First Indochina War, the French returned Bao Dai to power and set up the state of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in July 1949, with Saigon as its capital. Armed conflict between the two states continued until a decisive battle at Dien Bien Phu ended in French defeat by Viet Minh forces. The subsequent treaty negotiations at Geneva (at which Ho was represented by his associate Pham Van Dong) partitioned Indochina and called for elections for reunification in 1956.
Backed by the United States, the strongly anti-Communist South Vietnamese government of Ngo Dinh Diem refused to support the Geneva accords, and put off elections indefinitely. In 1959, armed conflict broke out again, as Communist guerrillas known as the Viet Cong began launching attacks on targets (including U.S. military installations) in South Vietnam. The Viet Cong appealed to North Vietnam for help, and that July the central committee of Ho’s Lao Dong (Worker’s Party) voted to link the establishment of socialism in the North to the cause of unification with the South.
Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War
At this same meeting, Ho ceded his position as party secretary-general to Le Duan. He would remain nominally as North Vietnam’s head of state during the Vietnam War , but would take a more behind-the-scenes role. To his people, “Uncle Ho” also remained an important symbol of Vietnam’s unification. The U.S. continued to increase its support of South Vietnam, sending economic aid and–beginning in December 1961–military troops. American air strikes against North Vietnam began in 1965, and in July 1966, Ho sent a message to the country’s people that “nothing is as dear to the heart of the Vietnamese as independence and liberation.” This became the motto of the North Vietnamese cause.
On the heels of North Vietnam’s Tet Offensive in early 1968, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson made the decision to halt escalation of the war and called for peace talks to begin. The conflict was still ongoing by September 2, 1969, when Ho Chi Minh died in Hanoi at the age of 79. The last U.S. troops left Vietnam in March 1973, and in April 1975 Communist forces seized control of Saigon, renaming it Ho Chi Minh City.
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| Ho Chi Minh City |
‘Do not go gentle into that good night…..Rage, rage against the dying of the light’ is from a poem by which British poet? | 2017: Best of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Tourism - TripAdvisor
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Vietnam's bustling largest city sets the cultural and economic pace for the country. The former Saigon boasts charming French colonial architecture and wide boulevards, usually thronged and choked with traffic. Taxis are an option for seeing the sprawling city. The War Remnants Museum shows the Vietnam War through Vietnamese eyes. Don't miss the impressive Jade Emperor Pagoda. Go to the frenetic Ben Thanh Market for food, flowers or frogs. Take a tour through the Mekong Delta, past rice paddies and houseboats.
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In Greek mythology, who unwittingly became the wife of her son Oedipus, and hanged herself when the relationship was discovered? | Oedipus | Greek mythology | Britannica.com
Greek mythology
Antigone
Oedipus, in Greek mythology , the king of Thebes who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. Homer related that Oedipus’s wife and mother hanged herself when the truth of their relationship became known, though Oedipus apparently continued to rule at Thebes until his death. In the post-Homeric tradition, most familiar from Sophocles ’ Oedipus Rex (or Oedipus the King) and Oedipus at Colonus, there are notable differences in emphasis and detail.
Oedipus and the Sphinx, interior of an Attic red-figured …
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According to one version of the story, Laius, king of Thebes, was warned by an oracle that his son would slay him. Accordingly, when his wife, Jocasta ( Iocaste ; in Homer, Epicaste), bore a son, he had the baby exposed (a form of infanticide ) on Cithaeron . (Tradition has it that his name, which means “Swollen-Foot,” was a result of his feet having been pinned together, but modern scholars are skeptical of that etymology.) A shepherd took pity on the infant, who was adopted by King Polybus of Corinth and his wife and was brought up as their son. In early manhood Oedipus visited Delphi and upon learning that he was fated to kill his father and marry his mother, he resolved never to return to Corinth.
The blind Oedipus asks Creon to banish him from Thebes.
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Traveling toward Thebes, he encountered Laius, who provoked a quarrel in which Oedipus killed him. Continuing on his way, Oedipus found Thebes plagued by the Sphinx , who put a riddle to all passersby and destroyed those who could not answer. Oedipus solved the riddle, and the Sphinx killed herself. In reward, he received the throne of Thebes and the hand of the widowed queen, his mother, Jocasta. They had four children: Eteocles, Polyneices, Antigone , and Ismene. Later, when the truth became known, Jocasta committed suicide, and Oedipus (according to another version), after blinding himself, went into exile, accompanied by Antigone and Ismene, leaving his brother-in-law Creon as regent. Oedipus died at Colonus near Athens , where he was swallowed into the earth and became a guardian hero of the land.
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Who wrote the thriller novel ‘Birds of Prey’? | Necklace of Harmonia | Mythology Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Though a goddess, Harmonia and her husband were briefly transformed into snakes in some versions of the myth. Harmonia bequeathed the necklace to her daughter Semele .
Semele
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Semele wore the necklace on the day her affair with Zeus was discovered by Hera . Hera tricked her into attempting to force Zeus to reveal who he was. This would require showing himself in his full glory; a sight fatal to any mortal. Undeterred by his pleas, Semele saw Zeus as a god and immediately burned to death. Zeus managed to save the unborn child within her.
Semele's sisters Ino , raised her nephew Dionysus and later wed Athamas . A jealous Hera turned Athamas mad and he attempted to kill Ino. She jumped into the ocean where Poseidon , in pity, transformed her into the goddess Leucothea. Another of Semele's sisters; Autonoe, had a son Actaeon, who saw Artemis while bathing and was turned into a deer and torn apart by his own hunting dogs. After Dionysus grew up, he rescued his mother from the Underworld and she became the goddess Thyone.
Laius, Jocasta and Oedipus
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The necklace was not worn until a great-grandson of Cadmus; King Laius , gave the jewellery to his wife; Jocasta . It allowed her to retain her beauty and she kept it after her husband was unwittingly killed by their abandoned son Oedipus . She later (ignorant of his identity) married Oedipus and, when she found out, hanged herself. Oedipus also gouged his eyes out. Their children; Antigone , Ismene , Polynices and Eteocles all suffered tragedies of their own.
Polynices, Antigone and Eteocles
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The throne was shared by Polynices and Eteocles, alternating rulership yearly. One day, Eteocles refused to give up the throne and banished his brother. Polynices, who inherited the neckalce, gave it to Eriphyle , Queen of Argos , to persuade her husband Amphiarus , to support him in attacking Thebes . Both Polynices and Eteocles were killed in the battle and Creon , brother of Jocasta and now King of Thebes, placed a death penalty on any who buried the Seven.
Antigone, wanting to ease her brother's lost soul, buried him against the warnings of her uncle and sister. She was to burn to death. Ismene, though innocent, wanted to share her sister's burden and said she shared the guilt. Creon's son Haemon, engaged to Antigone, confronted his father and later killed himself out of grief.
Eriphyle and Alcmaeon
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Eriphyle received the news of her husband's death and Alcmaeon, one of her sons, blamed her and killed her. He was pursued by the Erinyes to the court of a minor King Phegeus. Phegeus married his daughter to Alcmaeon and received the necklace as a gift. He then ordered his sons to kill Alcmaeon, and puts his daughter into a chest and threw her out to sea.
Amphilochus, fearing the curse of the necklace, approached an oracle for help. The oracle advised him to put the necklace to the temple at Delphi, to avoid hurting more human wearers.
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The 1999 film ’10 Things I Hate About You’ is based on which Shakespeare play? | 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) - IMDb
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10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 )
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A pretty, popular teenager can't go out on a date until her ill-tempered older sister does.
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Storyline
Adapted from William Shakespeare's play "The Taming of the Shrew," 10 Things I Hate About You starts off with Cameron, new student at Padua High, sitting in the office of the quirky guidance counselor Ms. Perky. He is then shown around the school by Michael, who will become his best friend. During his tour is when Cameron first sees Bianca Stratford, a beautiful sophomore with one problem: she isn't allowed to date. And neither is her "shrew" sister, Katarina, a senior who loves indie rock and feminist prose and hates conformity. But Kat and Bianca's father alters his house rule: now, Bianca can date... as long as Kat has a date, too. Now, in order for Cameron to date Bianca, he has to find someone to date Kat. So Michael helps him enlist the help of pretty-boy/jerk/model Joey Donner, tricking him into thinking that *he* will get to take Bianca out if he pays someone to take out Kat. His choice: Patrick Verona, a bad-boy with a mysterious reputation--some say he ate a live duck once, ... Written by Erica Baffa
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Trivia
During a Q&A with the screenwriters, Karen McCullah revealed where the title came from. "The title is based on a diary entry I made in high school," she explained. "I had a boyfriend named Anthony that I was frequently unhappy with. I made a list called Things I Hate About Anthony. When Kirsten [Smith] and I decided to write this, I went through all of my high school diaries to bone up on the angsty memories, and when I told her about that list, she was like, 'That's our title.'"
It turns out her ex-boyfriend likes the movie. "Anthony is very proud of that fact," McCullah said. "We're still friends today. And every now and then I'll get a random phone call in the middle of night: 'My nephew doesn't believe that this title is about me. Tell him.' On the phone, I'm like, 'Yes, I hated Anthony in high school.'" See more »
Goofs
The clasp on Bianca's necklace while in Kat's room. See more »
Quotes
Bianca : Can we for two seconds ignore the fact that you're severely unhinged and discuss my need for a night of teenage normalcy?
Walter Stratford : What's normal? Those damn Dawson's River kids, sleeping in each other's beds and whatnot?
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Crazy Credits
During the credits there are practical jokes made by cast and crew and also goofs - including scenes that didn't make the final cut. See more »
Connections
| The Taming of the Shrew |
Which American comedian always ended his CBS variety show with the phrase ‘Say goodnight, Gracie’? | Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation
The Postfeminist Mystique: Feminism and Shakespearean Adaptation in 10 Things I Hate About You and She's the Man
Jennifer Clement, University of Canterbury
Abstract | Katfighting | Absent Mothers, Frightened Fathers | ". . . Girls Who Can't Play Their Instruments" | "Girls Can't Beat Boys" | She's the Woman | Notes | References | Online Resources
Abstract
"The Postfeminist Mystique: Feminism and Shakespearean Adaptation in 10 Things I Hate About You and She's the Man" focuses on two recent teen adaptations of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and Twelfth Night, respectively. While I agree with those critics who read these films as conservative appropriations of Shakespeare's cultural capital, I focus specifically on how both movies exploit the generational divide between second and third-wave feminism in order to discredit feminism in general. As I show, 10 Things I Hate About You associates feminism with unproductive anger, absent or threatening older women, and the inability to form or maintain close relationships, while the more recent She's the Man suggests that the second-wave victory of Title IX is no longer necessary, since the really good female players can play with the "guys" and the others will not want to play, anyway. In other words, both movies flatten out the complex and often disturbing patterns of gender and sexuality in Shakespeare's plays to authorize a "postfeminist" view of society and to suggest that feminism is outdated, irrelevant, and even harmful.
In 10 Things I Hate About You, the 1999 adaptation of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, Katherine the shrew becomes Kat, the strident teen feminist who learns how to relax her feminism, help her sister, and fall in love. More recently, in She's the Man, 1 the 2006 adaptation of Twelfth Night, Viola becomes a tomboy who poses as her brother in order to try out for the boys' soccer team at his school, Illyria, and assert her right to play sports. Both movies invoke Shakespeare's cultural authority through character and place names and basic plot similarities, and both use feminism to suggest that they endorse the freedoms of modern girls to shape their own futures. As I will show, this is far from being the case. Rather, 10 Things and She's the Man should be read as postfeminist movies that advance a conservative view of gender and identity. More specifically, I argue that both movies exploit the generational divide between second and third-wave feminism in order to ridicule both forms of feminism and to suggest that feminism in general is outdated, irrelevant, and even harmful.
Postfeminism has come into general use as a term used to describe the world after feminism — sometimes in line with third-wave feminism, but more usually to imply that feminism is no longer necessary. As Angela McRobbie puts it, postfeminism describes the conservative backlash that "positively draws on and invokes feminism . . . to suggest that equality is achieved, in order to install a whole repertoire of new meanings which emphasize that it is no longer needed, it is a spent force" (2004, 255) . Here, McRobbie highlights the postfeminist gesture as a kind of cultural shorthand that enables the death of feminism to be taken for granted. In 10 Things and in She's the Man, this postfeminist shorthand is used to stereotype second and third-wave feminisms: In 10 Things, older women are threatening or absent, and for younger women, feminism becomes a barrier to establishing close relationships with other people, especially romantically and within the family circle; in She's the Man, third-wave feminism, and specifically the movement towards "girl power," also drives its story of a girl who poses as her brother to prove that she can play soccer on the boys' team at an exclusive private school. But the film negates the second-wave achievement of Title IX by suggesting that only exceptional girls really want to play sports, and that kind of girl can find a place on boys' teams.
Media representations of feminism are starting to gain increasing attention from feminist analysts, who argue that we need to acknowledge the power of those representations and the ways in which they shape current perceptions of feminism. 2 One of the most significant developments in the feminist movement in the last fifteen years — Rebecca Walker 's declaration that "We are the third wave" in 1992 — has aroused considerable media attention, often in the context of hopeful inquiries such as that of Time magazine in 1998: "Is Feminism Dead?" In fact, many feminists are now arguing that the unreflecting distinction between generational waves of feminism primarily serves the interests of conservative postfeminists. For example, Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake have argued that to accept the binary opposition between second and third-wave feminists is to endorse conservative postfeminist arguments and to oversimplify grossly the complex and often contradictory relationships among different kinds of feminisms ( Heywood and Drake 1997, 1-8 ), while the editors of the essay collection Third Wave Feminism note how "the third wave has been overly eager to define itself as something 'different' from previous feminisms" (Gillis, Howie, and Munford 2004, 2) . While few current feminist writers completely reject "wave terminology" and continue to find distinctions between second and third-wave feminism useful, they also express concern about the extent to which that terminology perpetuates media stereotypes. As Rory Dicker and Alison Piepmeier put it, "This emphasis on intergenerational conflict has certainly captured the media's attention: Typically, the media describe one generation as the victim and the other as the perpetrator, with frequent role reversals, depending on the cultural climate. Though there's not denying that this makes a good story, it's really just the latest incarnation of the feminist catfight" (2003, 15) .
Katfighting
I start here by examining the "Katfight" in 10 Things, a movie that has received much recent attention from film and literature critics, 3 who in general agree that it tends towards a conservative view of gender and identity, although they do not pay the kind of detailed attention to wave terminology that I do. However, Michael D. Friedman dissents from this view, arguing in a recent article, "The Feminist as Shrew in 10 Things I Hate About You ," that the film shows us a Kat who moves from second-wave feminism to third-wave, and that this move is progressive: "By my assessment, Kat evolves from a second-wave feminist, a follower of the old-school feminism of the 1970s, to a third-wave feminist, one who embraces the contradictions and personal empowerment fostered by the Riot Grrrl movement of the 1990s" (Friedman 2006, 46) . Friedman's identification of second-wave feminism as "old-school," implicitly outdated and outworn, echoes "postfeminist" relegations of second-wavers to the dusty past, and his reliance on the movie's screenplay to prove the more rigorously third-wave feminist intentions of the screenwriters ignores the fact that the cultural influence of the movie rises out of what viewers actually saw — that is, the final product on the screen, not what the screenwriters originally wrote.
While I find his overall argument unconvincing, I do find Friedman's article significant because as far as I can tell, it is the first to introduce the wave terminology typical of public debates over feminism into an analysis of 10 Things. But this movie is far more concerned with critiquing feminism than it is in making genuine distinctions among feminists with different concerns. Although 10 Things allows some space for considerations of sisterhood and female community, it nevertheless uses damaging stereotypes of both second and third-wave feminism to discredit and trivialize feminism in general. In my analysis of the movie, I examine Ms. Perky and Kat and Bianca's absent mother as figures who represent the damaging effects of second-wave feminism upon men and upon the girls and young women of the next generations and then show how the film's stereotypes of third-wave feminism fail to engage in any significant way with the issues of class, race, and sexuality that inform actual third-wave activism.
As Gillis, Howie, and Munford show, the "generational wave paradigm" overly stresses differences between the generations and also elides differences within generations, relying on a simplistic and distorting model based on birth date: "The historical narrative, underlying the generational account of stages of feminist theory and practice, overly simplifies the range of debates and arguments preceding the stipulated 'era,' and appears to be meshed in a sororal anxiety relating to inheritance" (Gillis, Howie, and Munford 2004, 4, 3) . 10 Things exploits this "sororal anxiety" by representing older women as absent or potentially abusive and their legacy as one of highly problematic and outdated concerns with sex, independence, and workplace equality. In fact, there are no positive adult female role models in the movie. The only grown woman who appears is Ms. Perky, the guidance counselor who stocks her office bookcase with romance novels and who is more interested in writing her own (heterosexual) erotic romance novel than in providing guidance. Though the second-wave women's movement is, admittedly, more usually accused today of downplaying or erasing sex as a feminist issue, Jane Gerhard has shown how the "blending of sexual freedom, broadly defined, and women's liberation was the characteristic feature of second-wave feminism" (2001, 194) . The emphasis on sexual freedom typical of early second-wave feminism aroused considerable anxiety about women's sexual behavior, and as Janice Radway points out, some of that anxiety focused on the increasing popularity of romance novels: " To a traditionally patriarchal culture, it appeared as threatening evidence of the so-called sexual revolution of the 1960s upon respectable women" (1999, 397) .
Overly sexed and independent of male control, Ms. Perky also evokes "ball-busting" female characters such as Alex Forrest in Fatal Attraction (1987), Isabelle de Merteuil in Dangerous Liaisons (1988), Catherine Tramell in Basic Instinct (1992), and Carolyn Burnham in American Beauty (1999). Like these characters, Ms. Perky is in control of her sexuality, yet frighteningly resistant to male restraint, and in 10 Things, she represents a threat to the healthy development of adolescents. Ms. Perky's obsession with erotica associates her with unrestrained sexuality and even goes so far as to suggest the possibility of her sexual predation on the students she is meant to be counseling. When Patrick is sent to her to be chastised for teasing the "lunch lady" with a bratwurst, pretending it is his penis, Ms. Perky looks suggestively at his crotch and says sarcastically, "Aren't we the optimist?" She sends him away briskly, but then sits down to her computer and writes in "bratwurst" instead of "member."
Ms. Perky at Work
While Ms. Perky controls the situation — she rejects Patrick's attempt at humor when he suggests that he enjoys "these little moments together," i.e., his frequent visits to her office to be disciplined for bad behavior — her control is sexualized by exchanges such as the above. Since this conversation with Patrick — a student — suggests the substitution of words in Ms. Perky's erotica, the film implies her inappropriate sexual interest in the attractive male teenagers with whom she works.
Moreover, Ms. Perky's interest in romance and sex inspires disdain in Kat, who is able to supply her with further metaphors for penile erection, but who clearly despises Ms. Perky's lack of intellectual depth. Although Richard Burt identifies Kat's friend Mandella and Bianca's friend Chastity as "bifurcated" aspects of the Widow in Shrew ( Burt 2002, 212 ), I believe that Ms. Perky takes on this role. Like the Widow, whose rudeness to Katherine is blatant, 4 Ms. Perky brusquely calls Kat a bitch to her face and suggests that she needs to modify her behavior. Also like the Widow, Ms. Perky is "lusty," or lustful ( 4.2.50 ) and is not submissive to male authority. In early modern society, widows were often depicted as frightening women whose sexual instincts had been awakened but contained during their marriage, but who were now free to indulge their desires at will. Jennifer Panek has argued that the figure of the lusty widow actually assuaged male anxieties, since she could be assigned the "feminized" sexual passion that was "dangerously demeaning when aroused in men" (2004, 82) . The excessive, uncontrollable female sexual passion associated with widows in the early modern period is associated in 10 Things with Ms. Perky through the feminized, erotic romance novel genre, precisely as a means of deflating and mocking the threat aroused by second-wave assertions of sexual freedom for women.
Absent Mothers, Frightened Fathers
The only other significant adult female role in 10 Things is that of the absent wife and mother, who left Kat and Bianca's father at some point prior to the film's beginning, who has no role or evident interest in her daughters' lives, and who, by her absence, stands for that most negative of female stereotypes, the "bad mother." Both Shrew and 10 Things feature absent mothers and domineering fathers. In Shrew, the mother is gone, presumably dead, and while Katherine and Bianca's father Baptista acts affectionately to Bianca, he regards Katherine with resignation, tempered by the desire to get her off his hands as soon as possible. His desire to marry off Katherine leads him to keep Bianca imprisoned within his house until the older sister is married, 5 a tactic Dr. Stratford employs for a rather different purpose in 10 Things.
The OBGYN as Father
As an ob-gyn specialist, Stratford claims to "be up to my elbows in placenta" delivering the babies of what Bianca, in a highly class-inflected moment, calls "crack whores." However, though Stratford's response to his position as single father is to restrict closely the social lives of his daughters for fear they might become pregnant, his desire to control his daughters is represented in the film as a sincere, albeit extreme, concern for their well-being. Given the difficulties single mothers face, it hardly seems unreasonable to want one's teenage daughters to avoid pregnancy. Stratford's intentions are not mercenary or malicious, and the absence of his divorced wife implies that he is merely overcompensating for the lack of trust in responsible female behavior with which his wife's departure left him.
Through its sympathetic portrayal of Stratford, the film suggests that he has been victimized by the effects of second-wave feminism, which has implicitly made divorce more prevalent and has undermined his ability to control his own life, even ruining his job. He acts as an abandoned husband doing his best to care for unruly daughters and to protect them from a world in which unrestricted female sexual freedom leads to pain and unwanted pregnancies. One could also trace the conservative anxiety about feminism and the canon here through Stratford as a stand-in for the patriarchal authority of Shakespeare himself. A common complaint from conservative "protectors" of the canon is that if schools start to include works from women and people of color, there will be no room for Shakespeare. Stratford's victimization by the after-effects of feminist empowerment suggests that the same could happen to Shakespeare. Just as Courtney Lehmann notes with regard to the 1999 film William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, 10 Things reminds us that not only are women hurt by feminism's false promises of "having it all," but also "that the true victims of . . . feminism, are not today's women, but rather today's men" (Lehmann 2002, 6) .
What Stratford does not know is that Kat has already had sexual intercourse one time, with the boy now pursuing Bianca — the arrogant Joey Donner. The bedroom scene in which Kat reveals this secret to Bianca is crucial to any feminist account of 10 Things. It is also the only scene in which the two sisters are alone together. Bianca is cross because she can only go to the prom if Kat goes, and Kat refuses to go. Bianca lies moodily on her bed, watching The Real World on TV — a none-too-subtle indication of her frustration of being shut out of the "real world" of dating and heterosexual relationships. Kat knocks on the door, entering at Bianca's "come in." Finding its music a distraction, Kat shuts off the TV, a significant departure from the standard teen-movie template, which usually relies on music quite heavily in order to cue an emotional response. 6 In contrast, this scene is played with no music whatsoever, suggesting the seriousness of what Kat has to tell Bianca — that she had sex with Joey in ninth grade.
Kat finally tells Bianca what happened by saying, "Joey never told you we went out, did he?" Bianca reacts to this incredulously, as well she should, since Kat obviously despises Joey. Kat says, "In ninth — for a month." Though Kat can't bring herself to say they had sex, her sidelong, uncomfortable glance makes what happened clear to Bianca. Significantly, Kat places this event as occurring "right after Mom left. Everyone was doing it — so I did it. After, I decided I wasn't ready . . . he got mad and dumped me." When Bianca asks Kat why she didn't tell her about this, Kat says, "I wanted you to make up your own mind about him." Bianca says, "Then why did you help Daddy hold me hostage?" Kat replies, "I guess I thought I was protecting you." Bianca's justifiably angry answer is, "By not letting me experience anything for myself?" This scene is unlike anything in Shakespeare's play, which, if anything, establishes an acute dislike between Katherine and Bianca. The one scene in Shrew where Katherine and Bianca are alone together shows Bianca submissive to her older sister's demand that she tell which man she likes best. Katherine, however, does not believe Bianca's statement that " of all the men alive, / I never yet beheld that special face / Which I could fancy more than any other" (2.1.10-12) and hits her. It is a very short incident, but hardly implies affection between the two sisters. Bianca will promise anything to get Katherine off her back, and Katherine is bitterly jealous of Bianca and of Baptista's affection for her younger sister.
In the film, however, Kat seems to really care for Bianca and to be worried about her welfare. For example, Kat chooses to attend Bogey Lowenstein's party because she wants to please Bianca, and she gets drunk because she cannot seem to prevent Bianca from succumbing to Joey's advances. Instead, it is Bianca who distrusts Kat. Kat's worry has made her buy into the patriarchal system of silent control; as Burt points out, instead of giving Bianca the information she needs to make a rational judgment, she has cooperated with their father's attempt to keep Bianca in ignorance ( 2002, 215 ). Bianca's hostility towards Kat comes largely from this cooperation — what Bianca wants is guidance, not isolation. The root of the sisters' problems appears to be their lack of a mother, a lack that also characterizes Shrew. In 10 Things, however, the lack of a mother is played out differently. Far from acting as a role model — a woman who has accepted her own role in the patriarchal order leading her daughters through the process of growing up — Kat and Bianca's mother has abandoned them, and, partly because of this, Kat has had sex too early and with the wrong person. Though Kat has decided to stop sleeping with Joey, asserting her right to choose how and when to have sex (a central focus of both second and third-wave feminism), that choice has led to her bitterness and alienation from everyone around her, a change from her prior popularity that Bianca, in an earlier scene, describes as an "unsolved mystery."
The film's brief suggestions of Kat and Bianca's negative maternal heritage strongly suggest that Kat needs to commit what Astrid Henry, drawing on second-wave feminist Phyllis Chesler's Letters to a Young Feminist , calls "psychological matricide" — a matricide that allows third-wave feminists to disavow their connections to second-wave feminism and "ensures that we listen to our peers, not our mothers" (Henry 2004, 10) . In Henry's analysis, this psychological matricide is a complex and contradictory force that enables third-wave feminists both to identify themselves as daughters, and, paradoxically, to resist that identification as they reject the second-wave feminist mother. In the film, this dynamic plays out in a far more simplified form. As long as Kat adheres to second-wave feminist theorists such as Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan, the film suggests, she will be unable to form close relationships with her peers and, most importantly, with her sister, because she will be identifying with her mother's generation of feminists. Kat needs to sever her attachment to the maternal and accept patriarchal standards of behavior, which will then enable her to relate to her peers and, especially, her sister.
Where Henry invokes "psychological matricide" to help explain how third-wave feminists often set themselves in opposition to second-wave feminists, even as they rely on the principles and advances made by those feminists, the film frames Kat's choices as far more limited. Kat must symbolically kill the mother, but instead of portraying third-wave feminism as a viable alternative to second-wave feminism, the film eliminates this option by depicting second-wave feminism as largely middle-class and obsessed with style, not substance. Heywood and Drake point out that third-wave feminists "grew up with equity feminism, got gender feminism in college, along with poststructuralism, and are now hard at work on a feminism that strategically combines elements of these feminisms, along with black feminism, women-of-color feminism, working-class feminism, pro-sex feminism, and so on" (1997, 3) . These multiple strands of feminist activism never appear in 10 Things as serious preoccupations, and certainly not as issues of which Kat takes much notice. The English teacher Mr. Morgan points out this limitation when Kat suggests that their English courses expand to include such female writers as de Beauvoir and Charlotte Bronte, sarcastically telling Kat, "The next time you white girls meet to complain about the lunch meat, or whatever . . . ask why the school can't buy a book by a black man!"
Ask why the school can't buy a book by a black man!
But far from suggesting that Kat devote some time to studying, for example, bell hooks, Mr. Morgan marginalizes women of color and suggests that women's rights are trivial compared to racial prejudice, as if the two were somehow opposed; if you work towards one, you can't work towards the other. His words suggest, in fact, that all men need equality before women's issues can be addressed, a point emphasized by two of the male, "wanna be" white Rasta students, who, as one of the main characters says, "think they're black." The "Rastas" rise up to support Mr. Morgan by cheering, whereupon the teacher says, "Don't get me started on you two!" Like the white "Rastas" and their adoption of a disempowered identity for which they are ludicrously unsuited, Kat's feminism appears as an oppositional identity without any grounding in her actual status as a privileged white woman from the upper middle classes.
Likewise, Kat's parroting of Marxist jargon merely earns her Bianca's and her friend Chastity's mocking takeover of her lines as they finish her critique of Bogey Lowenstein's party as an excuse for teens to drink and have sex to distract themselves from their "meaningless, consumer-driven lives." Kat's only response to the mockery of the younger girls is a mock-grin and a "hah," suggesting that in fact she has no adequate response because she is merely rattling off phrases she has learned by rote. As Melissa J. Jones notes, Bianca's "mockery suggests that such ideological criticism is predictable, empty, and quite frankly, boring" (2004, 142) , a suggestion reinforced by the setting and camera position. In a medium shot, Kat is confined between her father on one side and Chastity and Bianca on the other in a hallway that is, like the rest of her home, expensively decorated and clearly reflects upper-middle class status.
Kat Confined
Such surroundings only intensify the silliness of her words and her lack of any complex understanding of Marxist theory.
Kat's politics seem flimsy and outdated, and more seriously, they isolate her from everyone else. Kat has only one friend, Mandella, who considers herself to be romantically "involved" with Shakespeare, and who is also white, heterosexual, and, apparently, upper-middle class. Mandella does not entirely agree with Kat's feminism and does not accompany Kat to the supposed Riot Grrrl show at Club Skunk, the film's most self-conscious reference to third-wave "girl power" feminism. She would like to go to the prom, and when Kat says that by staying home they are making a statement, Mandella mockingly retorts, "Oh, goody! Something new and different for us." Mandella's romantic desire for Shakespeare certainly makes her rather odd — she even has his picture up in her locker — but she still conforms to traditional ideals of female identity that the movie associates with Shakespeare's cultural authority. Her relationship with the geeky, but self-confident, Michael begins and grows because he is able to quote Shakespeare to her, and she can respond. His invitation to the prom is signed "William S." Michael not only dresses in Elizabethan doublet and hose himself, but he also includes a "Renaissance" gown with the invitation, and Mandella is delighted with this dictation of her sartorial choices. A rather marginal character, Mandella appears more frequently as Michael's love interest than as Kat's friend or as a feminist herself. In fact, Mandella, who accepts Shakespeare as the authority on love, correspondingly rejects Kat's feminism as far too radical a mode of being.
". . . Girls Who Can't Play Their Instruments"
Kat's isolation presents a curious contrast to second and third-wave feminism's emphasis on community, especially in the context of a film designed to appeal to young women. Feminists such as Meenakshi Gigi Durham stress the shared experience of girlhood as a space in which resistance to patriarchal and sexist portrayals of adolescent girls may take root ( Durham 1999, 216) . 10 Things, however, gives Kat no such shared space. For example, one of the few moments in which Kat appears among other young women is when she goes to Club Skunk to see a Riot Grrrl show. However, the band playing is also the band most frequently seen and heard in the film, Letters to Cleo , which hardly qualifies as the "angry girl music" cited as typical of Kat's tastes. Certainly, this is a band with a prominent female lead singer, but the rest of the band — the ones who actually play the instruments — are male. Letters to Cleo — a band that, earlier in the 1990s, had appeared on the popular show "Beverly Hills, 90210 " to play at the Peach Pit (not quite a Riot Grrrl credential) — fits into the far more culturally acceptable category of male bands with a charismatic female singer exemplified by 10,000 Maniacs, the Cranberries, Garbage, and No Doubt (to name but a few). 7
The band's unthreatening image is matched by the women in the club, the vast majority of whom are white, middle-class, thin, and, by and large, well-dressed in body-revealing and fashionable, not Riot Grrrl punk, clothes. Though Kat usually appears at school in pants and a tight shirt, here she is wearing a tube top and skirt with a bead necklace, a very feminine look that strongly resembles her more formal outfit for the prom later in the movie.
The Prom
Kat speaks only briefly to the woman dancing next to her, and the only other person she interacts with is Patrick, who, by a casual reference to Bikini Kill and the Raincoats (a Riot Grrrl band and early punk band, respectively) grabs Kat's attention sufficiently that she follows him through the club. When he clumsily remarks that "I was watching you up there [dancing] before. I've never seen you look so sexy" as the music stops — arousing considerable laughter — Kat laughs too, but also seems quite flattered. Because the focus here is definitely on the evolution of Kat's relationship to Patrick, third-wave Riot Grrrl feminism is invoked only superficially and without connecting Kat in any significant way to its principles or its activism. Instead, Patrick's Riot Grrrl references enable Kat to relax her "feminazi" pose long enough to start falling for him.
Because Kat never engages with other feminists and because the film so frequently conveys her feminism through musical references that water down actual Riot Grrrl punk performances, Kat's feminism seems purely a matter of style, and thus typical of the stereotype of the publicity-obsessed third-wave feminist promoted by the media, often with the support of second-wave feminists. As I mentioned earlier, one famous example of this kind of skepticism was the 1998 Time issue of June 29, which featured the cover headline "Is Feminism Dead?" and included an article by Gina Bellafante that mocked "girl power" feminism as "that sassy, don't-mess-with-me adolescent spirit that Madison Avenue carefully caters to" (1998) . In the same issue, Nadya Labi argued that "The bustier-busting sloganeering" typical of bands like the Spice Girls "is the touchstone for much of what passes for commercial feminism nowadays, especially the kind marketed to the demographic group the Spices are proudly empowering: preteen and teenage girls. Or 'grrrls,' as that tiresome battle growl goes" (1998) . While aspects of these critiques have some merit — certainly, "girl power" as represented by the Spice Girls seemed more centered on clothes and makeup than on issues of equality and power — Bellafante and Labi seem to regard all third-wave feminism as marred by frivolity and superficiality. As Sarah Curtis-Fawley noted in her response to these articles, what is missing from Time's issue on feminism "is any attempt to analyze what real women think about feminist values and politics" (1998) or any indication that there might be a gap between the ways in which feminism is being represented and the ways in which actual feminists represent themselves. Instead, the Time articles are typical of the media's exploitation of second-wave resentment against third-wave feminists who seem to have rejected them. Though these resentments do have some grounds in reality, Time uses them to, as Jennifer L. Pozner writes, "erase real feminists from the picture" (2003, 34) and to represent feminism as a movement that has lost its purpose, energy, and will to live.
This absence of real feminist concerns is also typical of 10 Things and its portrayal of Kat as, supposedly, a "girl power" feminist. For example, the opening scene of the movie uses music to set up Kat's identity as an angry feminist, but avoids any indication of actual social issues that might be important to that feminism. This scene is set to the tune of " One Week " by the all-male band Barenaked Ladies — a song in which two lovers fight but, at the end, admit they were wrong and say, "I'm sorry." The song thus signals the plot of the film to come and, while the whole song does not play out in this sequence, it was a Top Ten hit in the summer of 1998, when the movie was being produced, and its basic theme would have been well-known to the audience of the film. As the camera pans across the Seattle skyline, it comes to rest by locating the source of the music in a very new and shiny convertible car with four teenage girls, two with ponytails and all wearing feminine tops, fairly heavy makeup, and jewelry, bopping along to the song and united in their enjoyment of Barenaked Ladies — a band whose name obviously draws attention to the ways in which women are subjected to male observation. As their car waits at a pedestrian crossing, suddenly "One Week" is drowned out by Joan Jett 's " Bad Reputation ." The camera pans left to discover the source — a rival, much more battered car, driven by Kat, alone, who looks over at the four girls with disdain and takes off the minute the street is clear. 8 In contrast to the girls, Kat listens alone to the tough female Joan Jett, an introduction that implies an adversarial, lonely feminism for Kat that is isolating her from healthy relationships with other people, while the more conventionally feminine behaviors of the girls are portrayed as more fun and more likely to encourage healthy interpersonal relationships.
Music also signifies Kat's attitude as the movie ends, but that attitude is no longer the "bad" one signaled by Joan Jett. Kat has realized that she really cares for Patrick, in spite of his mercenary, but temporary, collusion with Joey to get her to date. As the movie nears its ending, Kat comes out of school to find the guitar she has longed for in her car, and Patrick turns up to apologize for taking Joey's money.
The Guitar
The perceptive viewer realizes that Patrick has used Joey's last payoff to buy the guitar, which in an earlier scene Kat has handled at the guitar shop. This earlier scene is the only scene in which she actually plays, but rather than belting out a Riot Grrrl or Joan Jett song, she simply fingers a few chords, unaware that Patrick is watching her from behind. The non-diegetic music the audience hears is a plaintive, piano-based love song called "The Weakness in Me," sung by Joan Armatrading , rather than Kat's own playing. The romantic music indicates the scene's importance not in terms of Kat's empowerment through music, but rather in terms of the development of Kat and Patrick's relationship. Significantly, Kat does not hold the guitar standing, in the traditional male rock star pose; instead, she plays it sitting down, very hesitantly, in sharp contrast to the macho posing of male guitar players such as Jimmie Page or even Joan Jett herself. Such playing hardly accords with Riot Grrrl feminist Melanie Klein's description of women playing guitar as "thrilling," as a vision of "a strong woman with a power tool waiting to be bent to her will" (1997, 215) . Though Friedman argues that Kat's acceptance of the guitar signals her embrace of third-wave feminism ( 2006, 58 ), I see that acceptance as far more problematic. We never do see Kat forming her own girl band, or making any serious plans to do so. Furthermore, though Kat comes from an upper-middle-class family and appears to have no money problems whatsoever, Kat does not buy the guitar herself — it comes as a gift that enables her entry into the traditional heterosexual romance.
As a symbol of her new relationship with Patrick, the guitar continues Kat's inscription within the confines of heteronormative economic control, as indicated by Stratford's post-prom decision to allow Kat to attend Sarah Lawrence College, a progressive private college that was once female-only. Sarah Lawrence is also one of the most expensive colleges in the country, and thus is economically out of reach for all but the rich and those who qualify for financial aid — and, given her father's income, Kat is clearly not a possible candidate for the last condition. At the beginning of the movie, Kat is excited to be accepted to Sarah Lawrence, but her father balks, wanting to keep her close by him and under his control. After the prom, when Kat's increased closeness to Bianca indicates her newer, gentler persona, Stratford tells her that he has sent a deposit check to Sarah Lawrence and Kat, overcome, hugs him. However, athough her father's change of mind indicates his greater trust of her, it also emphasizes that Kat must rely completely on his financial support. There is never any suggestion that Kat might take a job and earn her way through school, or alternately, declare financial independence from her father in order to qualify for financial aid. The movie's conservatism demands that Kat wait to have her desires for music and for college validated by males, and economic independence — an issue centrally important to both second and third-wave feminisms — is ignored.
Though Kat and Bianca finally talk and form sisterly bonds that enable Bianca to attack Joey violently at the prom in retaliation for his schemes, female closeness is validated only within conventional standards of female behavior. Family bonds are naturalized as the ones that should take priority, and sisterhood extends not outwards but, rather, inwards, towards blood sisters rather than towards a sisterhood of all women. The heterosexual romance is the only viable alternative to family life depicted in the film. Though Kat will ostensibly leave for Sarah Lawrence , the movie's final shot of her and Patrick kissing leaves them in the romantic moment, reinforced by the camera's sweep up to the roof of the school, where Letters to Cleo are playing the Cheap Trick song, "I Want You to Want Me." The logic of romantic comedy is used to subvert the possibilities of third-wave feminism, as well as to silence Kat altogether. When Patrick gives her the guitar, Kat, pleased, still puts up a little resistance to the happy ending, saying, "You can't just buy me a guitar every time you mess up." Patrick says, "I know. But there's always drums, the bass, and maybe even someday a tambourine." He kisses her, and she says, "And don't just think you can . . ." — but he kisses her again, stifling Kat's protests. The "happy ending" is thus defined as the moment when Kat — like Katherine in Shrew — is finally silenced by her firm placement as the "femininely" passive member of a heterosexual relationship. In contrast, in the play Petruchio says, "Come on, and kiss me, Kate" (5.2.179-80) , thus giving Katherine the opportunity to perform her own action. Patrick, on the other hand, makes no invitation. He just goes ahead and kisses Kat, who becomes the passive recipient of Patrick's affection; and as the music swells up and takes over, we hear "I want you to want me, / I need you to need me, / I'd love you to love me, / I'm beggin' you to beg me . . ." — reinforcing the traditional romantic comedy message that any woman who says she doesn't need a man is fooling herself. As it depicts feminism as an artificial and damaging ideology that prevents women from engaging in truly fulfilling relationships, 10 Things also suggests that women need to acknowledge their own desires for men before they can become mature, adult individuals in a postfeminist world.
"Girls Can't Beat Boys"
Like 10 Things, She's the Man deploys Shakespeare's cultural capital to validate its essentialist views of gender and sexuality and to promote a conservative view of class and education through a canonical text, in this case Twelfth Night — a play in which, as Stephen Greenblatt puts it, "The transforming power of costume unsettles fixed categories of gender and social class . . . In Twelfth Night, conventional expectations repeatedly give way to a different way of perceiving the world" (1997, 1762) . However, although She's the Man employs the cross-dressing plot of Twelfth Night, it carefully reinforces "conventional expectations" about gender and sexuality by constantly reminding us that Viola is in fact female, through flaws in her performance of masculinity and through scenes in which she is dressed as a properly feminine girl. Furthermore, the movie's use of upper-class markers of privilege, such as private boarding schools, debutante balls, cars for the students, and enormous houses, naturalizes those privileges even more than 10 Things does.
She's the Man portrays Viola as the exceptional female who proves her ability to play with boys' team, implicitly suggesting that Title IX 's landmark assertion of girls' rights to play sports is irrelevant to contemporary girls. Viola is the only girl who manages to circumvent her school's cutting of the girls' soccer team, and her solution — to disguise herself as her brother Sebastian so that she can try out for his school's boys' team — isolates her as the exceptional female who can play with the boys, yet never lose her femininity or her attractiveness to males. Though Viola — like Kat, who also plays soccer — can be regarded as a kind of third-wave, girl-power feminist who combines athleticism and tomboyishness with makeup and romantic relationships, in fact the movie repeats 10 Things's split between second and third-wave feminism by deprecating the second-wave achievement of Title IX and reducing third-wave feminism to a single girl who displays only the most superficial signs of that feminism. Viola's dilemma is recast one not of survival, as in Twelfth Night, but rather as asserting her right to play soccer with the boys. More significantly, the blame for this dilemma rests with the girls of her school (Cornwall Academy), not enough of whom have signed up to play soccer to constitute a team. By assigning the blame for this problem to the girls themselves, who apparently do not appreciate the advantages granted them by Title IX, the focus on the split between second and third-wave feminism so central to 10 Things is used here to endorse the stereotype of third-wavers as frivolous girls and simultaneously suggest that the concerns of second-wave feminism are irrelevant to today's young women.
Like 10 Things, She's the Man restricts the primary adult female characters to one — Viola's mother — who is, however, no feminist, but rather a silly, upper-middle-class socialite. She is no Ms. Perky either, despite one brief moment of lust for Viola's ex-boyfriend, and in fact She's the Man avoids embodying second-wave feminist stereotypes in any specific character. However, the film does critique second-wave feminism through the specter of Title IX, the 1972 legislation that ensured equal support for male and female sports and academic activities in both public and private schools. Title IX was and is a major second-wave feminist triumph, and was one particular advance that allowed third-wave feminists to feel that they grew up with many opportunities that their mothers lacked. However, it has been much attacked by those who assert that it discriminates against male athletes and that it weakens all sports for both men and women. Title IX's status as the basis for non-discriminatory practices in educational athletics received a blow in 2005, when the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) of the Department of Education released a statement that purported to clarify Title IX's provisions. Assuring schools that they may use surveys to determine student interest in athletic participation, the statement argues that "results that show insufficient interest to support an additional varsity team for the underrepresented sex will create a compliance with part three of the three-part test [to ascertain a school's adherence to Title IX requirements] and the Title IX regulatory requirement to provide nondiscriminatory athletic participation opportunities" ("Additional Clarification" 2005) . In other words, lack of interest, as defined by a survey, would justify cutting girls' and women's teams and allow the school to avoid being censured under Title IX, an interpretation that has justifiably earned criticism from advocates of women's rights .
She's the Man begins as Viola learns that her high school girls' soccer team has been cut because not enough girls signed up. Horrified, the girls who want to play soccer confront the boys' coach, who is mildly sympathetic and tells them, "If there's anything I can do, just say the word." But when Viola suggests that she and her teammates try out for the boys' soccer team — a right that is, in fact, guaranteed them under the provisions of Title IX ( Women's Sports Foundation ) — the coach and the members of the boys' team laugh incredulously, and the coach slips into near-rhyme:
It's as simple as that.
When Viola reminds her boyfriend — the star of the boys' soccer team — that he has previously praised her as a better player than half the boys on his team, he chooses to lie rather than break solidarity with the other boys. The incident portrays males as smugly certain of their physical superiority as backed up by "scientific fact," yet also as threatened by athletic females.
Although if the girls had researched their legal rights at all, they would have had stronger grounds for their protest, there is a definite feminist element to this early scene, one that has considerable potential for a girl-power strategy. By grouping the girls tightly around the figure of the coach — who, as we see from a medium long shot, is actually watching the boys' team practice, while the girls are watching him — the scene suggests a female solidarity that empowers these girls to demand the right to play soccer.
The Girls Defend Their right to Play
While Viola has most of the lines in the scene, she does not have all of them, and the girls seem to be united in their friendship and their athleticism, a unity reinforced when Viola breaks up with her boyfriend for his attempt to dominate her. The camera leads us to identify with the girls, and especially with Viola, who gets several close-ups, as opposed to the boys, who get only medium shots, and the coach, whose only close-up is in profile and clearly intended to show his arrogance, as he laughs off Viola's request to be allowed to try out for the boys' team.
So far, so feminist, more or less. But the scene's portrayal of a female solidarity opposed to male insensitivity and discrimination does not last long. Viola counts on the help of three friends to support her impersonation of her brother — two fellow girl soccer players, and one apparently gay male hairdresser, Paul. But the primary ways in which she "proves" her maleness draw uncritically upon the most stereotypical aspects of American masculinity, ranging from groping her crotch to using an excruciatingly awkward form of hypermasculine slang — "What up?," "You know it bro,'" and, addressed to a woman in a bar, "Foxy momma" — to asserting her sexual potency through the display of what appear to be former girlfriends, dressed in tight revealing clothes and in sexy high heels, in front of her male teammates at a local restaurant.
Hypermasculine Viola
Viola's "girlfriends" are in fact her soccer friends, and all of them are being coached in their performances by Paul. But in spite of these faint elements of solidarity, the scene not only defines masculine behavior as aggressive, rude, and sexually harassing, but it also naturalizes that behavior as an essential part of what being male is all about. As the climax to the parade of "girlfriends," who have been patronized and slapped on the butt, Sebastian's actual girlfriend Monique shows up and thinks that Viola is in fact Sebastian. Monique has already been established as an insensitive bitch who is relentlessly pursuing Sebastian, and by humiliating her in front of the entire restaurant (Viola proclaims that "When my eyes are closed I see you for what you truly are — which is uuugly!"), Viola earns the applause and approval of her teammates, who include her own love interest, Duke. After this "taming" of the unruly woman, the males now address her as "man," and Duke tells her, "You're officially my idol now, man." After their assistance at the restaurant, Viola's friends reappear in a helpful way only once more, at the carnival, where they help Viola escape Monique's attentions. Thus, although Viola's success as a male impersonator does rely significantly on her friends' support, the movie restricts the implications of such support by its increasing focus on Viola's growing love for Duke and the complications that ensue once Sebastian returns from London and turns up at Illyria.
The name of the restaurant — Cesario's — in fact calls attention to a significant difference between 10 Things and Twelfth Night. Cesario is the pseudonym Viola uses in the play, because she does not pretend to be her brother but rather invents a new persona for herself as a "eunuch" who can sing to the duke: ". . . for I can sing, / And speak to him in many sorts of music / That will allow me very worth his service" (1.2.53-55) . In She's the Man, Viola is more constrained than Shakespeare's Viola. She has to use her brother's identity because this is the only way she will be accepted at Illyria as a possible soccer player, and her performance of "Sebastian" is marked by a hypersexual masculinity that is far removed from Shakespeare's Viola's construction of an androgynous persona that draws on both masculine and feminine gender stereotypes. This is all the more noticeable since the film's real Sebastian is actually a rather nuanced character, one who prefers rock music to sports and who writes sensitive song lyrics. Audiences are clearly meant to ponder the irony: The girl acts like a boy! The boy acts like a girl! However, Sebastian's rare appearances do not seriously disturb the film's essentialist view of gender, especially since his "sensitivity," which appears only on the paper on which his lyrics are written, does not prevent him from dropping his trousers to prove his maleness at the climactic soccer game, an act that thrills the girls and makes his father say, "That's my boy!"
She's the Woman
The movie avoids the potentially subversive implications of Viola's male impersonation by reminding us over and over that she is, in fact, female. Though Viola's act as "Sebastian" apparently fools everyone she meets, it is actually so inadequate that a charitable viewer can only assume that all the people around her are supposed to be blinded by their assumptions that no girl could act such a role. As Sebastian, Viola speaks in an inconsistently deeper voice that frequently shoots up the register towards a more "girly" high voice; displays inappropriately "feminine" sensitivity to feelings and injury; and seems oddly fashion-conscious, as when she notices Olivia's shoes and is surprised and pleased to hear that Olivia "got them at Anthropologie." While in real life these traits are hardly incompatible with maleness, in the world of the film they are clearly intended to remind viewers that Viola is only acting a role. These slippages in Viola's impersonation reinforce the film's conservative belief in essential gender roles; Viola may act tomboyishly at times, even when she is not in character, but she is so fundamentally a girl that she cannot maintain the "Sebastian" act consistently. More significantly, by interposing scenes of Viola's debutante activities with "Sebastian's" more masculine activities, the movie rarely goes more than one or two scenes without presenting Viola as a feminine, nubile, and desirable young woman. Her body-obscuring boy's clothes are regularly displaced by body-revealing dresses, and her short-hair wig comes off to remind viewers that, in fact, she has reassuringly feminine long hair — like Kat, in fact, who has long wavy blond hair that tends to be tightly tied back, but that is more loosely arranged in her more "feminine" scenes at Club Skunk and at the prom.
The Prom
Even in Viola's triumphant debut as a girl player on the boys' team, the film reminds us that she is still not quite one of the boys. After winning acceptance as a "man's man," Viola is able to earn a place on the first-string boys' varsity team, but only because she has been coached by Duke. The team's coach, played by the English former professional soccer player Vinnie Jones, routinely addresses his team demeaningly as "ladies," intimidating them with his special brand of "hard man" masculinity. 9 Viola's performance as her brother is dramatically unmasked at the game between her school (Cornwall) and her brother's school (Illyria), but the coach, rather against character, tears up the rule book that forbids girls to play on boys' teams and declares, "We don't discriminate based on gender!" However, though she plays a central role in the game, Viola makes no goals. Instead, she assists Duke to one goal and, through a slightly miscalculated foul shot, enables him to make the game-winning goal, as well. She may be good, but even within this team sport Viola supports the more effective male player, rather than becoming a star herself.
Between the game and the final shot, Viola makes her debut at the Stratford Country Club ball — no class-mixing prom for this movie. Dramatically late, Viola finally appears in the spotlight with Duke, dressed in a light green gown that reveals her figure extremely well, especially her cleavage. Once again, we are reminded that Viola is really female, a fact that Duke underscores right before the ball when he tells her, "Everything would be a whole lot easier if you just stayed a girl!" Viola says "I promise." The fluidity of gender so marked in Twelfth Night — in which Viola is never out of her boy's clothes — is firmly tamped down here in a strictly conventional and upper-middle class vision of female adulthood as sexually attractive, privileged, and heterosexual. This vision dissolves into the movie's final shot — Viola playing with the boys as a girl, her long hair flying — a filmic technique that suggests she may be able to move between her tomboy athleticism and her more conventionally feminine identity with ease. However, the final shot also suggests a vision of girls' athletics in which separate teams — and, implicitly, Title IX — will be unnecessary, as the best female players will rise to the top and be able to compete with even the toughest males. Such a vision, of course, endorses an individualistic, male-dominated hierarchy and relies on the antifeminist dismissal of sisterhood and its insistence that women must compete on men's terms and rely on themselves in order to succeed.
For both 10 Things and She's the Man, Shakespeare's plays are sources for romantic narratives that simplify the plays' far more complex and disturbing representations of gender, sexuality, and class into apparent celebrations of "girl power" and the opportunities today's girls enjoy for personal fulfillment. In the process, they also employ media stereotypes of second and third-wave feminism, playing one against the other to support essentialist views of gender and identity, and to suggest that late 1990s and early 2000s America is, indeed, a postfeminist society. In these fantasies of upper-middle-class American education, the principles and victories of second-wave feminism are portrayed as irrelevant to the current generation of girls; and third-wave feminism is reduced to being able to play with the boys while also remaining attractively girlish enough to guarantee romantic male attention. Given the influence films have in helping to shape teenage female identity, these representations of feminism deserve close attention, especially when they so clearly demonstrate how much the pinnacle of achievement in our society remains to be "the man." 10 Things and She's the Man, released seven years apart from one another, show graphically how Shakespeare's work continues to be invoked as the basis for conservative critiques of feminism that oversimplify feminist debates and market the movement as, at best, irrelevant, and at worst, harmful for teenage girls.
Notes
9.
In his soccer career, Jones displayed exceptional brutality and earned red and yellow cards for fouls with great frequency. Jones has translated his image as a tough fighter on the pitch into a number of film roles, most notably in Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels (1998) and Snatch (2000).
References
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Breakfast Club. 1985. Dir. John Hughes. Perf. Emilio Estevez, Molly Ringwald. A&M Films.
Burt, Richard. 2002. "Afterword: T(e)en Things I Hate About Girlene Shakesploitation Flicks in the Late 1990's, or, Not-So-Fast Times at Shakespeare High." In Spectacular Shakespeares. Edited by Lisa S. Starks and Courtney Lehmann. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 205-32.
Chesler, Phyllis. 1997. Letters to a Young Feminist. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
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Dangerous Liasons. 1988. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. Glenn Close, John Malkovich. Lorimar Film Entertainment.
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Durham, Meenakshi Gigi. 1999. "Articulating Adolescent Girls' Resistance to Patriarchal Discourse in Popular Media." Women's Studies in Communication 22.2: 210-29.
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Garrison, Ednie Kaeh. 2004. "Contests for the Meaning of Third Wave Feminism: Feminism and Popular Consciousness." In Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan. 24-36.
Gerhard, Jane. 2001. Desiring Revolution: Second-Wave Feminism and the Rewriting of American Sexual Thought, 1920 to 1982. New York: Columbia University Press.
Gillis, Stacy, Gillian Howie, and Rebecca Munford. 2004. Introduction to Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan. 1-6.
Grease. 1978. Dir. Randal Kleiser. Perf. John Travolta, Olivia Newton-John. Paramount Pictures.
Greenblatt, Stephen. 1997. Introduction to Twelfth Night. In The Norton Shakespeare. Edited by Stephen Greenblatt et al. New York: Norton.
Henry, Astrid. 2004. Not My Mother's Daughter: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Hentges, Sarah. 2006. Pictures of Girlhood: Modern Female Adolescence on Film. Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland.
Heywood, Leslie, and Jennifer Drake. 1997. Introduction to Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. 1-20.
Is Feminism Dead? 1998. Issue of Time Magazine, 29 June. Available online at: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601980629,00.html [cited 23 August, 2008].
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Klein, Melanie. 1997. "Duality and Redefinition: Young Feminism and the Alternative Music Community." In Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism. Edited by Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. 207-25.
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Lehmann, Courtney. 2002. "No Laughing Matter: Pop Feminism and the Flockhart Effect in Michael Hoffman's William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream." Paper given at the Shakespeare Association of America Conference. 15 March.
Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels. 1998. Dir. Guy Ritchie. Perf. Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher. HandMade Films.
McRobbie, Angela. 2004. "Post-Feminism and Popular Culture." Feminist Media Studies 4.3: 255-64.
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Online Resources
American Beauty. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=american+beauty.
"Bad Reputation" lyrics. http://www.lyricsfreak.com/j/joan+jett+and+the+blackhearts/bad+reputation_20072312.html.
Basic Instinct. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=basic+instinct.
Barenaked Ladies Homepage. http://www.bnlmusic.com/default2.asp.
Dangerous Liasons. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094947/.
Fatal Attraction. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093010/.
"I Want You to Want Me" lyrics. http://www.80smusiclyrics.com/artists/cheaptrick.htm.
Joan Armatrading Homepage. http://www.joanarmatrading.com/.
Letters to Cleo Homepage. http://www.letterstocleo.net/.
"One Week" lyrics. http://www.lyricsfreak.com/b/barenaked+ladies/one+week_20013398.html.
Raincoats Homepage. http://www.comnet.ca/~rina/raincoats.html.
Sarah Lawrence College website. http://www.slc.edu/index.php.
She's the Man. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454945/.
10 Things I Hate About You. Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0147800/.
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Who wrote the children’s series of ‘Mr Men’ books? | Adam Hargreaves: 'The Mr Men will always be part of me' - Telegraph
Author interviews
Adam Hargreaves: 'The Mr Men will always be part of me'
As the Mr Men books celebrate their 40th anniversary, Roger Hargreaves' son Adam reveals how, at the age of 8, he inspired his father to create the first character, Mr Tickle
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Adam Hargreaves, son of Mr Men creator Roger Hargreaves, at home in Stonegate, East Sussex Photo: GEOFF PUGH
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Eisoptrophobia is the irrational fear of which household items? | Roger Hargreaves | Mr. Men Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Charles Roger Hargreaves (9 May 1935 – 11 September 1988) was an English author and illustrator of children's books, notably the Mr. Men and Little Miss series, intended for very young readers. He is Britain's third best-selling author, having sold more than 100 million books.
Hargreaves was born in a private hospital at 201 Bath Road, Cleckheaton, West Yorkshire, England, to Alfred Reginald and Ethel Mary Hargreaves, and grew up in High Lees, 703 Halifax Road, also in Cleckheaton, outside of which there now is a commemorative plaque. He spent a year working in his father's laundry and dry-cleaning business before starting out in advertising. But his original ambition was to be a cartoonist; and, in 1971, while he was working as the creative director at a London firm, he wrote the first Mr. Men book, Mr. Tickle. He initially had difficulty finding a publisher; but, once he did, the books became an instant success, selling over one million copies within three years and spawning a BBC animated television series, narrated and voiced by Arthur Lowe.
By 1976, Hargreaves had quit his day job. In 1981, the Little Miss series of books began to appear. It, too, was made into a television series in 1983, which was narrated by John Alderton, who, with Pauline Collins, voiced the Men and Misses, respectively. Although Hargreaves wrote many other children's stories, including the Timbuctoo series of twenty-five books, John Mouse, and the Roundy and Squary books, he is best known for his 46 Mr. Men books and 33 Little Miss books.
With his wife, Christine, Hargreaves had four children: Adam, Giles, and twins Sophie and Amelia. The first of the Mr. Men characters is reported to have been created when Adam asked his father what a tickle looked like: Hargreaves drew a figure with a round orange body and long, rubbery arms, which became Mr. Tickle.
After Hargreaves died of a sudden stroke in 1988, Adam continued writing and drawing the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters in new stories. However, in April 2004, Christine sold the rights to the Mr. Men characters to the UK entertainment group Chorion, for £28 million.
Series by Roger Hargreaves
Mr. Men and Little Miss
Walter Worm
Albert Elephant, Count Worm and Grandfather Clock
Timbuctoo
Easy Peasy People (Also by Gray Jolliffe)
Roundy and Squarey
Some Mr. Men books have himself drawn in them. He appears in:
Mr. Small
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Who played Mike Young in the Australian tv soap ‘Neighbours’? | Mike Young | My Neighbours Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Michael “ Mike” Young is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours,
played by Guy Pearce. He made his first on- screen appearance on 20th January 1986. Mike’s storylines included being physically abused by his father, moving in with Des and Daphane Clarke, making friends with Charlene Mitchell and Scott Robinson, his relationship with Jane Harris and becoming a teacher. Mike departed Erinsborough to be with his mother, on 6th December 1989.
Character creation and casting
When he was 18, Pearce’s drama teacher advised him to TV companies asking for auditions and he wrote to the Grundy Organisation, which produced Neighbours at the time. Pearce was then the cast as the troubled and lonely Mike Young. Following his last year 12 exam, he began filming on 3rd December 1985. Seven Network dropped Neighbours shortly after Pearce joined the cast, but Network Ten soon picked the show up and Pearce’s debut was shown in episode number 171, the first episode broadcast on Ten. In 1989, the Neighbours producers did not want Pearce to play Errol Flynn in a biopic film and Pearce decided to leave the show. Of being apart of Neighbours, Pearce said “ I experienced hysteria at a pretty high pitch with that show. Pearce also added “ I’m not embarrassed by having done it now, not at all. It was an amazing experience, an amazing opportunity. And I was also 18.
Storylines
Background: Michael “ Mike” Young and his mother, Barbara, lived in fear of being beaten up and abused by Mike’s father, David, throughout Mike’s young life. This meant Mike grew up into a lonely, quiet young man who didn’t socialise much until he began attending Erinsborough High School and became good friends with Charlene Mitchell and Scott Robinson.
1986- 1989: Through his friendship with Scott, Mike came to Ramsay Street and befriend Scott’s neighbour Daphane Clarke, who cared for him, later giving him a part- time job at her coffee shop. Mike opened up to Daphane and Des about his problems at home with his father and Daphane tried to get Mike and Barbara away from David. However, Barbara was too scared of her husband and she didn’t want to leave, but Mike was determined to go and moved in with Des and Daphane when they offered to become his illegal guardians. Mike briefly dated Scott’s cousin Nikki Dennison, but he later fell for Jane Harris when she moved in with her grandmother, Mrs Mangle. Jane fell for Mike straight away, but it look a while before Mike realised his feelings due to Jane’s plain image. Helen Daniels and Daphane gave her a makeover for a school dance, which consisted of replacing her glasses with contacts, a new haircut and makeup. Mike liked her new image and they began dating. Mrs Mangle wasn’t happy that her granddaughter was dating Mike and when she received letters about Mike’s ’ reputation’ with other girls, Mrs Mangle stopped Jane from seeing him. Daphane eventually caught with school bully Sue Parker posting the letters because she was jealous of Mike and Jane’s relationship. Mrs Mangle then let Jane and Mike continue with their relationship. When Nikki Dennison returned to Ramsay Street, Mike helped comfort Nikki when her mother became ill, leading Jane to become jealous of their friendship. Mike also became jealous when Shane Ramsay showed attraction to Jane, but she told Mike that he was the only one for her. Following their final exams, Jane focused on a modelling career and Mike decided to become a teacher. As they were leading separate lives, Jane and Mike split up amicably and remained friends. Not long after, Daphane was killed in a car crash and Mike left feeling guilty as he hadn’t been round for weeks. Mike was angry and upset and he found the two men who had crashed into Daphne’s car and he attacked them and was later arrested. When Mike finished university, he got a job teaching Maths at Erinsborough High. Mike came close to one of his students, Jessie Ross, who admitted that she had an abusive father too. Mike confronted her father and became close to Jessie, even sharing a kiss with her. The principal, saw them together and suspended Mike, who left Erinsborough for a while on his motorbike. On his return, Mike found Des and Jane had a forged a strong friendship. Mike became moody as he settled in and when Jenny Owen’s came to see him, it was revealed that Mike and Jenny had a ride on his motorbike and they had an accident. Jenny fell from the bike and was left paralyzed and confided to a wheelchair for the rest of her life. Mike blamed himself of Jenny’s condition and couldn’t bring himself to accept that the event was an accident. Jenny eventually convinced him that it wasn’t his fault. At the same time, Des and Jane began dating and Mike was disgusted with the both of them. He refused to accept the relationship and left Erinsborough again. He returned in the middle if Des and Jane’s engagement party and Mike interrupted the party. Mike eventually accepted that Des and Jane loved each other and gave them his blessing. Mike began to feel like there wasn’t much for him at Erinsborough and when he heard that his mother had been in a plane crash, and with his father long dead, Mike decided to leave Ramsay Street and join her to help her recovery.
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The plant ‘Helianthus Annuus’ is more commonly known by what name? | Neighbours at 30: Memorable moments - BBC News
BBC News
Neighbours at 30: Memorable moments
By Genevieve Hassan Entertainment reporter
18 March 2015
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On 18 March 1985, Neighbours was first broadcast in Australia. Thirty years on it's still going strong and broadcast to more than 50 countries around the world.
To mark its 30th anniversary - and its 7,083rd episode - we give you 30 of the soap opera's memorable moments.
1. Scott and Charlene's wedding
Image copyright Fremantle
We begin with perhaps the most famous Neighbours moment. The wedding of Scott and Charlene Robinson - played by Jason Donovan and pop princess Kylie Minogue - was watched by some 20 million people in the UK when it was broadcast in November 1988.
There wasn't a dry eye in the house when Charlene walked down the aisle to Angry Anderson's power ballad Suddenly. And who caught the bouquet? Nosy neighbour Nell Mangel.
2. The only surviving cast member (just)
Image copyright Fremantle
Stefan Dennis - aka Paul Robinson - is the only actor from the first episode to remain on Ramsay Street.
Along the way, he's had five marriages, been held hostage, become mayor, survived a tornado and had his leg amputated (although eagle-eyed viewers will have spotted that the afflicted leg has changed from time to time).
For the show's 30th anniversary, the character will be mistakenly diagnosed with leukaemia.
"You are going to see a very, very different side of Paul," Dennis told Digital Spy . "He will take you on a rollercoaster. We will see a dark and very vulnerable side of him."
3. Famous Hollywood face #1 - Russell Crowe
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Oscar winning actor Russell Crowe appeared in four episodes of Neighbours in 1987. He may not have been memorable in his role as ex-con Kenny Larkin, but his mullet certainly was.
4. Famous guest star #1 - Lily Allen
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The pop star appeared on the soap as herself in 2009, appearing as a guest on Zeke Kinski's local radio show while a star-struck Karl Kennedy looked on. She even performed a couple of bars of her track 22.
5. Des and Daphne's wedding
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Des and Daphne appeared in the very first episode of Neighbours, where Daphne was a stripper at Des's stag party. After Des was jilted at the altar, Daphne moved in with him to help pay his mortgage and romance blossomed.
Their first attempt to get married ended in disaster after the wedding car was hijacked by a bank robber dressed in a gorilla suit. But after a six-month period apart, eventually made it down the aisle in 1986.
6. Daphne gives birth
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In Episode 544, Des and Daphne were out for a picnic when Daphne suddenly announced: "it's happening".
Although he was initially disappointed at forgetting to bring his cigars, Des rallied round and helped his wife breathe and push as the contractions became closer and closer.
With a bit of help from Jim Robinson and Beverly Marshall - who happened to be in the same area for a fishing trip - the baby boy was delivered safely. And all without Daphne removing her tights. Miraculous.
7. Famous Hollywood face #2 - Guy Pearce
Image copyright Fremantle
Memento/Iron Man 3/The Hurt Locker star Guy Pearce appeared as Mike Young from 1986-89, when he was a school friend of Scott and Charlene (and later Scott's best man). Abused by his violent father, Mike moved in with Des and Daphne after they offered to become his legal guardians. He was known for his relationship with Jane Harris, who later ended up engaged to Des, much to Mike's annoyance.
8. Famous guest star #2 - Paula Abdul
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The Opposites Attract singer dropped in at Lassiter's last year in a storyline which saw Karl reveal a long-time crush on the former American Idol judge. Sadly, Abdul was not accompanied by MC Skat Kat.
9. Henry gets locked out the house
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Played by Craig McLachlan, Henry Ramsay (brother to Charlene) was seen as the soap's prankster, always coming up with crazy schemes to make money... which inevitably failed.
One of his most memorable moments came when he was locked out of Bronwyn's house in nothing but a towel and was forced to make a hasty, naked retreat after the towel got caught in the door.
10. Bouncer's dream sequence
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In a bizarre moment in Neighbours history, Bouncer the dog got his own dream sequence . While watching a video of the wedding of his second owners Joe and Kerry Mangel, he dozed off and dreamt of marrying his sweetheart, Rosie the sheepdog, who lived next door.
Bouncer ended up moving to the country with the Mangels, but not before he fathered a litter of puppies in Anson's Corner.
11. Melanie Pearson's laugh
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Madcap Melanie (played by Lucinda Cowden) was best known on the soap for her foghorn, seal-like laugh and her frequent trips to the local Erinsborough astrologer, Madame Zolga.
She ended up marrying Joe Mangle, who fell in love with her after his wife Kerry was killed while out protesting a duck hunt. The marriage didn't last long though - they separated after a few years and Melanie moved to London.
12. Famous Hollywood face #3 - Alan Dale
Image copyright Fremantle
Alan Dale played Robinson family patriarch Jim Robinson for eight years, before falling out with producers over his pay. "I didn't like it there, they were not nice people," he later recalled .
Australia's loss was Hollywood's gain, as Dale became one of US television's most sought-after bit part players, with roles in Ugly Betty, The OC, The West Wing, ER and 24, in which he played the vice president.
For some reason, he always ended up dying... although nothing could top his Neighbours exit, in which Jim, mid-heart attack, knocked a fruit bowl to the floor in a suburban re-enactment of The Godfather's famous orange-spilling scene.
13. Famous guest star #3 - Little Britain
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Little Britain characters Lou and Andy made a cameo appearance in the background of a bar scene in 2007. True to form, Andy rose from his wheelchair to play a motorbike arcade game while Lou was given directions by Harold Bishop.
14. Lassiter's fire
Image copyright Fremantle
The Lassiter's complex has suffered a number of unfortunate incidents over the years. An explosion hit the area in 1993, destroying everything but the Waterhole pub; and an unknown arsonist (who later turned out to be Paul Robinson) set fire to two buildings in 2004, which devastated half the area - and handily led to a revamp of the soap's sets.
15. Mark and Annalise's wedding
Image copyright Getty Images
Mark Gottlieb and Annalise Hartman's wedding didn't quite go to plan in 1994. With both parties feeling pre-wedding jitters on the day, it was Mark who ended up backing out in the church. He later explained to his jilted bride it wasn't that he couldn't marry her, he couldn't marry anyone - and had decided to become a priest instead.
16. Helen Daniels' death
Image copyright Getty Images
Anne Haddy played Jim Robinson's mother-in-law Helen Daniels from the soap's start until 1997. Best friend to Madge, budding artist and head of the international Daniels Corporation, Helen was the caring grandmother of Ramsay Street.
Over her time, she was duped by a conman who took her life savings, had an affair with her daughter's fiance, fell down a flight of stairs and suffered a stroke.
Trying to settle a feud between the Ramsays and the Robinsons, Helen gathered the two families to watch Scott and Charlene's wedding. But as everyone remembered the old times and put their differences aside, Helen quietly passed away on the sofa.
17. The Lou, Madge and Harold love triangle
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The love triangle between Madge Ramsay (Anne Charleston), Harold Bishop (Iain Smith) and Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver) was a storyline that began before Neighbours even aired.
The trio first met at high school, where Madge first fell for the old "fuddy duddy" Harold, although she preferred the more roguish Lou. Then, unexpectedly, she married Fred Mitchell - a union that proved more than volatile.
Realising her mistake, Madge and Harold reunited and he proposed. But Lou flew down to Erinsborough to fight for Madge's affections, leading to many comedic moments. Madge ultimately chose Harold and they married in 1988.
After Harold's death, Lou pursued Madge again and they were set to be married, although he called it off when he realised he could never replace his love rival, whom he nicknamed "Jelly Belly".
18. Harold returns from the dead
Image copyright Fremantle
Loveable Harold was killed off in 1991 (aired in the UK in 1992), apparently swept out to sea when Madge's back was turned. All he left behind were his glasses.
Five years later he returned to Erinsborough, afflicted by that most convenient of soap opera diseases, amnesia. Ramsay Street stalwart Helen Daniels stumbled across him while in a Salvation Army shop and reunited him with his beloved Madge.
19. Madge's death
Image copyright Fremantle
Fiery Madge Bishop was a much-loved character on Ramsay Street - which was named after her grandfather - appearing from 1986-92, and again from 1996-2001.
After reuniting with Harold after he returned from the dead, the couple renewed their vows and took in foster child Paul McClain. But tragedy struck when Madge was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Told she only had months to live, it was further shortened when she developed septicaemia after cutting her finger.
Returning home, Lou confessed his never-ending love for her and she died in the arms of her beloved Harold.
20. Famous Hollywood Face #4 - Liam Hemsworth
Image copyright Fremantle
The Hunger Games star Liam Hemsworth starred as paraplegic Josh Taylor - who was injured in a surfing accident - from 2007-08. Caught in a love triangle between regular characters Bridget Parker and Declan Napier, he dated Donna Freedman to get back at Bridget, but ended up losing both girls in the process.
Liam wasn't the first Hemsworth brother to appear in the soap, either, Chris - aka Thor - played Jamie Kane in 2002; and older brother Luke played Nathan Tyson in 2001 and 2002.
21. Susan's memory loss
Image copyright Fremantle
You know the saying "don't cry over spilt milk?" Well, in Susan Kennedy's case, that is terrible advice.
In 2002, the character slipped on an upturned bowl of cereal and sustained a head injury, erasing 30 years of memories.
She started to believe that she was 16 years old again - a state of affairs that only got more complicated when she accidentally wandered into a 1970s theme party.
Jackie Woodburne, who plays the character, is Neighbours' longest-serving actress, having filmed more than 5,000 episodes of the show.
22. Toadie's weddings
Image copyright Fremantle
Jarrod "Toadfish" Rebecchi has been unlucky when it comes to weddings. His marriage to Dee Bliss in 2003 (above) came to an abrupt end within hours of their nuptials when he lost control of their car and drove off a cliff into the ocean. Her body was never found.
On his second wedding day in 2010, Toadie left Steph Scully at the altar after realising she didn't really love him.
And on his third, to Sonya Mitchell in 2013, a gas bottle exploded during the reception which destroyed their marquee, leaving Sonya with a fractured skull and no memory of the wedding. The explosion also killed characters Priya Kapoor and Rhys Lawson.
23. Like father, like son
Image copyright Fremantle
Following in his son Jason's footsteps, Terence Donovan joined the soap for a four-year stint in 1990 and came back for a brief appearance last year along with his on-screen wife, Pam, where it was discovered he was developing Alzheimer's Disease.
24. Characters return with a head transplant
Image copyright Fremantle
Neighbours has never been averse to sending a character away and bringing them back with another actor in the role.
Lucy Robinson has been played by no fewer than three different actresses - beginning with Kylie Flinker (1985-87), Sasha Close (1987-90) and Melissa Bell (pictured above, 1991 to date).
Other characters to be played by multiple actors include Cody Willis, Cheryl Stark, Summer Hoyland and current Ramsay Street residents Brad Willis and Lauren Turner (nee Carpenter).
25. Famous Hollywood face #5 - Margot Robbie
Image copyright Getty Images
Margot played feisty teen Donna Freedman in the soap from 2008-11 before she went on to disrobe in Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street, opposite Leonardo DiCaprio.
During her time on the show, Donna had numerous storylines which saw her search for her biological father, explore her bisexuality and get involved in numerous love triangles.
The 6,000th episode of the soap featured Donna's wedding to Ringo Brown (played by Sam Clarke, pictured above), but a month later the groom was run over by Steph Scully's motorbike and died. Donna ended up leaving Ramsay Street for a fashion design school in New York. Probably for the best.
26. Pop princesses
Image copyright Fremantle
Many who got their start in Neighbours went on to forge pop careers - although not all on the same scale as Kylie Minogue.
Holly Valance starred as Felicity "Flick" Scully (1999-2002), who was best known for chasing most of the neighbourhood boys and left Erinsborough to work for Lassiter's hotel branch in New York.
Delta Goodrem appeared as aspiring singer Nina Tucker (2002-05), written in to specially promote her single, Born to Try. Nina ended up finding success as a Bollywood star in Bombay, before becoming a film and TV star.
And Natalie Imbruglia played Beth Brennan (1992-94), a simple country girl who fled to Erinsborough after being abused by her stepfather. She was meant to marry Brad Willis, but left him at the altar after he admitted he was having an affair with her best friend Lauren.
27. The plane crash
In a storyline almost Hollywood-esque in ambition, a bomb on board an aeroplane killed off three characters - Harold's son David, daughter-in-law Liljana and grand-daughter Serena - back in 2005.
The Lassiter's 20th anniversary party ended in tragedy when the plane Paul Robinson had chartered for a joy flight exploded mid-flight and plunged into the sea.
Thanks to some strobe lights, dry ice and a wave machine, Ramsay Street residents were left fighting for their life while rescue helicopters scrambled to their aid - but it was too late for David who died. Liljana and Serena's bodies were never found and it was assumed they met a watery fate. Hmmm… does that sound a little familiar?
28. The Eclipse
Image copyright Fremantle
Set around an annular eclipse, episode 6,646 in May 2013 saw the lives of several Ramsay Street residents change. Detective Mark Brennan returned from the dead, Kyle Canning did serious damage to his eyesight by looking at the sun (after his dog Bossy ran away with his safety glasses) and there was also a child kidnapping.
It also saw the return of Brad Willis (complete with head transplant) to the street with his wife and two children (pictured above).
29. The Erinsborough tornado
Image copyright Fremantle
The residents of Ramsay Street were left in a spin when a tornado unexpectedly hit Erinsborough in August 2014.
There were broken ribs, the cracking of a prosthetic leg, and a marriage proposal, but it was unfortunate Kyle who was found trapped in a portable toilet when the wind hit. Let's hope he flushed first.
Poor Lou Carpenter became trapped in Harold's Store, lodging a piece of food in his throat. Luckily, Susan Kennedy was on hand to perform an emergency tracheotomy and save his life. As you do.
30. Neighbours vs Zombies
Image copyright Youtube
A 2014 web-only Halloween special saw several Neighbours characters come back to life... or, rather, death.
The cast included Drew Kirk (Dan Paris) who died in a horse riding accident in 2002, and Stingray Timmins (Ben Nicholas), who was written out with a brain aneurysm in 2007.
To give the spooky mini-series a twist, the dead were unaware they'd passed away. "Could a dead person punch you in the arm?" Stingray asked a slightly startled Bailey Turner.
The answer, it transpired, was yes.
Additional research by Mark Savage and Caroline Briggs.
| i don't know |
A probang is used to remove an object from, or apply medication to, which part of the body? | Foreign Body Retrieval
Site Index A-Z
Foreign Body Retrieval
Foreign body retrieval is the removal of objects or substances that have been introduced into the body. Objects may be inhaled into the airway, swallowed or lodged in the throat or stomach, or embedded in the soft tissues. About 80 percent of foreign body ingestions occur among children. Most foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without complication, and endoscopic or surgical intervention is required only 10 to 20 percent of the time.
Evaluation and treatment will depend on the type of foreign body and how it was introduced. If it was swallowed, you may undergo a direct examination of your throat and esophagus or an x-ray examination. If it is lodged in a soft tissue, such as a splinter embedded under the skin, you may undergo an ultrasound, x-ray or CT scan to locate and remove the object. Tell your doctor if there’s a possibility you are pregnant and discuss any recent illnesses, medical conditions, medications you’re taking and allergies, especially to iodinated contrast materials. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. You may be asked to wear a gown.
What are the limitations of foreign body detection and removal?
What is Foreign Body Retrieval?
Foreign body retrieval involves the removal of potentially dangerous objects or substances in the body that have been introduced from the outside. They can be inhaled into the airway or swallowed and enter the esophagus and stomach either accidentally or intentionally, or introduced into the soft tissues. Commonly swallowed objects include coins, buttons, pins, nails, glass pieces, toothpicks, batteries, small toys or pieces of toys and fish bones. Swallowing of magnets can cause significant problems including bowel blockages that may require surgical removal of magnets.
Children account for about 80 percent of foreign body ingestions. Sometimes problems occur when button batteries are swallowed as mercury within the batteries can leak into the bowel and cause mercury poisoning. Magnetic toys can obstruct the bowel when they stick together.
Foreign bodies in the throat or stomach:
Some ingested foreign bodies cause no symptoms. Alternatively, the patient may experience a sensation of something being stuck in their throat or esophagus. Drooling and difficulty swallowing are common symptoms. A small sharp object may become lodged in the esophagus and cause pain, even though they are able to swallow. Larger foreign bodies can partially or completely obstruct the stomach, the small intestine or, in rare cases, the large intestine, causing cramps, bloating, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sometimes fever. A sharp object that pierces the stomach or intestines can cause severe abdominal pain, fever, fainting and shock.
Foreign bodies in the airway:
Most foreign bodies in the airway are usually expelled through coughing. However, some foreign bodies may move from the throat into the bronchial branches. This can cause the patient to cough, but the foreign body remains trapped in the lung. This typically occurs in children and requires removal by bronchoscopy.
Foreign bodies in the soft tissues:
A soft tissue foreign body is an outside object like a splinter, rock or piece of metal or glass that gets embedded in the tissue under the skin. Soft tissue foreign bodies can cause infection and damage to surrounding tissues.
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What are some common uses of the procedure?
Foreign body retrieval is used to remove one or more foreign objects that have been ingested through the mouth or airway or introduced into the soft tissues. In some cases, objects can be dislodged rather than removed so that they pass safely through the digestive system.
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How should I prepare?
If you ingest a foreign body or witness a child ingest one or suspect the presence of a soft tissue foreign body, contact your physician immediately. Treatment will depend on the type of foreign body and nature of the symptoms.
You should inform your physician of any medications being taken and if there are any allergies, especially to iodinated contrast materials . Also inform your doctor about recent illnesses or other medical conditions.
You may need to fast for about four hours before direct examination of the esophagus , so that your stomach is empty as you may receive sedation.
If sedation is required, you will need to have a relative or friend accompany you and drive you home afterward.
Foreign bodies are typically dealt with in the emergency room and the x-ray department. Some patients require sedation before their imaging exam.
You may be asked to remove some or all of your clothes and to wear a gown during the exam. You may also be asked to remove jewelry, removable dental appliances, eye glasses and any metal objects or clothing that might interfere with the x-ray images.
If you are to undergo a direct examination of your throat and esophagus, you may be given lozenges containing a local anesthetic to numb your throat. This eliminates the gag reflex and enables the physician to perform the examination without discomfort. Alternatively, the back of your throat may be sprayed with a local anesthetic. You also may be given a sedative to relax you.
Women should always inform their physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. Many imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy so as not to expose the fetus to radiation. If an x-ray is necessary, precautions will be taken to minimize radiation exposure to the baby. See the Safety page for more information about pregnancy and x-rays.
If the foreign body is lodged in a soft tissue, an x-ray or ultrasound exam may be performed to locate the object. In some cases, a CT scan may be needed to see the foreign body.
What does the equipment look like?
A variety of x-ray or ultrasound equipment may be used to detect foreign bodies.
The equipment typically used for this examination consists of a radiographic table, one or two x-ray tubes and a television-like monitor that is located in the examining room. Fluoroscopy, which converts x-rays into video images, is used to watch and guide progress of the procedure. The video is produced by the x-ray machine and a detector that is suspended over a table on which the patient lies.
A portable x-ray machine is a compact apparatus that can be taken to the patient in a hospital bed or the emergency room. The x-ray tube is connected to a flexible arm that is extended over the patient while an x-ray film holder or image recording plate is placed beneath the patient.
Additionally, ultrasound imaging may be used to detect foreign bodies, evaluate the surrounding area and potentially guide removal of the object.
Ultrasound scanners consist of a console containing a computer and electronics, a video display screen and a transducer that is used to do the scanning. The transducer is a small hand-held device that resembles a microphone, attached to the scanner by a cord. Some exams may use different transducers (with different capabilities) during a single exam. The transducer sends out inaudible, high—frequency sound waves into the body and then listens for the returning echoes from the tissues in the body. The principles are similar to sonar used by boats and submarines.
The ultrasound image is immediately visible on a video display screen that looks like a computer or television monitor. The image is created based on the amplitude (loudness), frequency (pitch) and time it takes for the ultrasound signal to return from the area within the patient that is being examined to the transducer (the device used to examine the patient), as well as the type of body structure and composition of body tissue through which the sound travels. A small amount of gel is put on the skin to allow the sound waves to best travel from the transducer to the examined area within the body and then back again. Ultrasound is an excellent modality for some areas of the body while other areas, especially the lungs, are poorly suited for ultrasound.
Common equipment for identifying and removing foreign bodies from the esophagus includes an endoscope, which is a long, thin, flexible or rigid tube with a light and a video camera attached. A bronchoscope is used to remove foreign bodies from the airway. The physician may also use forceps and other instruments to grasp and remove the foreign bodies.
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How does the procedure work?
Your physician may use an x-ray or ultrasound of the neck, chest and abdomen to locate objects and to identify possible complications of foreign body ingestion, including swelling and perforation of the esophagus.
X-rays are a form of radiation like light or radio waves. X-rays pass through most objects, including the body. Once it is carefully aimed at the part of the body being examined, an x-ray machine produces a small burst of radiation that passes through the body, recording an image on photographic film or a special detector.
Many foreign bodies, like coins and batteries, are radio-opaque, meaning that x-rays will not pass through them, and they will appear white on an x-ray. Some soft-tissue foreign objects, such as metal, gravel and glass, are radio-opaque or white on x-ray.
Fluoroscopy is a special x-ray technique that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion. When used with an oral contrast material, which clearly defines the area being examined by making it appear bright white, this special x-ray technique makes it possible for the physician to locate foreign bodies not visible on ordinary x-rays.
Ultrasound imaging is based on the same principles involved in the sonar used by bats, ships and fishermen. When a sound wave strikes an object, it bounces back, or echoes. By measuring these echo waves, it is possible to determine how far away the object is as well as the object's size, shape and consistency (whether the object is solid or filled with fluid).
In medicine, ultrasound is used to detect changes in appearance, size or contour of organs, tissues, and vessels or to detect abnormal masses, such as tumors.
In an ultrasound examination, a transducer both sends the sound waves and receives the echoing waves. When the transducer is pressed against the skin, it directs small pulses of inaudible, high-frequency sound waves into the body. As the sound waves bounce off internal organs, fluids and tissues, the sensitive microphone in the transducer records tiny changes in the sound's pitch and direction. These signature waves are instantly measured and displayed by a computer, which in turn creates a real-time picture on the monitor. One or more frames of the moving pictures are typically captured as still images. Short video loops of the images may also be saved.
Using an ultrasound transducer to visualize the location of the object, the physician may make an incision in the skin and remove the soft tissue foreign body. With continuous ultrasound imaging, the physician is able to view the surgical instrument as it advances to the location of the foreign object in real-time.
Your physician also may locate soft-tissue objects by probing the wound. Additional tests may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT).
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How is the procedure performed?
There are a number of ways to remove foreign bodies or facilitate their exit from the body. When your physician suspects that a blunt foreign body is stuck in the esophagus, you may receive an intravenous drug to relax the esophagus and allow the object to pass through the digestive tract. Other drugs taken by mouth can help blunt foreign objects pass through the digestive tract by causing muscles to contract and push the object farther down.
In some cases, prompt removal of the foreign body is necessary. Common procedures include:
Flexible esophagoscopy
Flexible esophagoscopy is a common diagnostic examination that enables a safe and detailed visual study of the esophagus while the patient is under local anesthesia and sedation. See the Safety page for more information about anesthesia. A flexible esophagoscope is introduced with gentle pressure as the patient swallows. Air is blown into the esophagus for improved visualization, and images of the inside of the digestive tract can be seen on a screen.
Rigid esophagoscopy
This highly effective procedure involves the introduction of a rigid tube down the esophagus, while the patient is under general anesthesia. Once the foreign body has been identified, instruments can be passed through the tube to grasp or manipulate it. Among the instruments that may be used are forceps, snares, magnets and oval loops, as well as Roth baskets, which are mesh nets that can be closed to trap small objects.
Foley catheter technique
A Foley catheter is a thin tube that can be used to help trap smooth objects like a marble, or to orient foreign bodies with the use of two snares. The catheter is guided into place just beyond the foreign object using x-ray fluoroscopy. A balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated with contrast material, and then the catheter is slowly withdrawn, pulling the foreign body out ahead of it.
Esophageal bougienage
For this procedure, you will sit upright while the physician passes a device from the mouth to the stomach that helps dilate, or widen, the esophagus. This helps advance the foreign body into the stomach, from where it is most likely to pass spontaneously onwards. It is useful for freeing smooth, round objects from the esophagus.
Open surgery
You may need surgical intervention in cases of perforation or abscess formation.
Your physician may make an incision in your skin to remove soft tissue foreign bodies. You might require stitches or other treatments to close the wound, and your caregiver may give you antibiotics if the wound has a high risk of infection. You also may need a tetanus shot to prevent a potentially deadly infection of the nervous system.
In some cases, your physician may choose to perform surgery using ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound provides real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding removal procedures.
In some cases, it is potentially more harmful to remove the foreign body, such as when it is located near vital structures like nerves and blood vessels, so your physician may choose to leave it in place.
The majority of foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract without complication, and intervention in the form of endoscopy or surgery is required in only 10 percent to 20 percent of cases.
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What will I experience during and after the procedure?
You will feel a slight pin prick when the needle is inserted into your vein for the intravenous line (IV) and when the local anesthetic is injected. Most of the sensation is at the skin incision site which is numbed using local anesthetic. You may feel pressure when the catheter is inserted into the vein or artery.
If you receive a general anesthetic, you will be unconscious for the entire procedure, and you will be monitored by an anesthesiologist .
If the procedure is done with sedation, the intravenous (IV) sedative will make you feel relaxed and sleepy. You may or may not remain awake, depending on how deeply you are sedated.
For endoscopic procedures, you may receive a mouthpiece to help you keep your mouth open. You may be asked to lie on your left side, your knees drawn up slightly, or you may be seated or asked to lie on your back. As the tip of the esophagoscope is placed in your mouth and directed down your throat, you will be asked to swallow.
Even with anesthesia and sedation, you may gag or experience pain. Your physician may need to adjust the levels of sedative and anesthetic.
Ultrasound may be used to guide the foreign body removal procedure.
After you are positioned on the examination table, the radiologist or sonographer will apply some warm water-based gel on your skin and then place the transducer firmly against your body, moving it back and forth over the area of interest until the desired images are captured. There is usually no discomfort from pressure as the transducer is pressed against the area being examined.
If scanning is performed over an area of tenderness, you may feel pressure or minor pain from the transducer.
For surgical removal, you may feel pressure or discomfort as your physician makes an incision and removes the foreign body.
You will remain in the recovery room until you are completely awake and ready to return home.
At first you may feel lightheaded, but this should pass. It takes a few hours for the effects of any local anesthetic to wear off, and you must not eat or drink anything until sensation has returned fully.
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Who interprets the results and how do I get them?
The radiologist will interpret any imaging results. Follow-up imaging may be necessary to ensure that no foreign bodies remain in the body and to check for the presence of any side effects such as infection.
What are the benefits vs. risks?
Benefits
Removal of a foreign body will reduce your chances of suffering an infection or an allergic reaction.
Prompt removal of the foreign body will ensure that it does not migrate to other areas of the body, or enter your blood vessels.
Removal of larger foreign bodies will ensure that they do not partially or completely obstruct your stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, or pierce the stomach or intestines. Removal of button batteries will ensure that mercury is not ingested from the intestines. Removal of magnets will ensure that there is not a bowel obstruction from the magnets pulling together parts of bowel.
Removal of soft-tissue foreign bodies will reduce chances of an infection that could damage tissue, nerves and blood vessels, block blood flow or cause a blood clot.
Ultrasound provides real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding foreign body removal procedures.
Risks
While foreign body removal procedures are safe and effective, there is a slight risk of damage to your esophagus from the instruments and devices used to remove them.
A foreign body dislodged during the Foley catheter technique may temporarily block your airway. By observing the procedures under fluoroscopy, this can be avoided.
In rare cases, the general anesthesia used during rigid esophagoscopy can cause allergic reactions, changes in blood pressure, and other complications.
There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. However, the benefit of an accurate diagnosis far outweighs the risk.
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What are the limitations of foreign body detection and removal?
The primary limitation of an x-ray examination is the potential failure to detect radiolucent (does not appear on x-rays or CT) foreign bodies like toothpicks. Small esophageal foreign bodies like fish bones also may be difficult to visualize. Additional evaluation is required when the suspected foreign body is radiolucent or when the presence of a retained object is highly suspected. X-ray evaluations can underestimate the extent or degree of involvement, such as the amount of swelling with foreign bodies that are retained for long periods.
The limitations of endoscopic procedures include the need for anesthesia and an operating suite, post-procedural hospitalization and greater complication rates than those experienced with other techniques. In spite of these limitations, endoscopy is still widely regarded as the most successful and reliable technique for foreign body removal.
Limitations of the Foley catheter technique occasionally include the need for anesthesia, intravenous access and fluoroscopic guidance. However, it is typically an outpatient procedure requiring no sedation(anesthesia) and no IV.
| Throat |
In religion, which King is referred to as the ‘Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah’? | Estrogen Vaginal: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Other names
IMPORTANT WARNING:
Estrogen increases the risk that you will develop endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus [womb]). The longer you use estrogen, the greater the risk that you will develop endometrial cancer. If you have not had a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus), you may be given another medication called a progestin to take with vaginal estrogen. This may decrease your risk of developing endometrial cancer, but may increase your risk of developing certain other health problems, including breast cancer. Before you begin using vaginal estrogen, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had cancer and if you have unusual vaginal bleeding. Call your doctor immediately if you have abnormal or unusual vaginal bleeding during your treatment with vaginal estrogen. Your doctor will watch you closely to help ensure you do not develop endometrial cancer during or after your treatment.
In a large study, women who took estrogen with progestins by mouth had a higher risk of heart attacks, strokes, blood clots in the lungs or legs, breast cancer, and dementia (loss of ability to think, learn, and understand). Women who use vaginal estrogen alone or with progestins may also have a higher risk of developing these conditions. Tell your doctor if you smoke or use tobacco, if you have had a heart attack or a stroke in the past year, and if you or anyone in your family has or has ever had blood clots or breast cancer. Also tell your doctor if you have or have ever had high blood pressure, high blood levels of cholesterol or fats, diabetes, heart disease, lupus (a condition in which the body attacks its own tissues causing damage and swelling), breast lumps, or an abnormal mammogram (x-ray of the breasts used to find breast cancer).
The following symptoms can be signs of the serious health conditions listed above. Call your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms while you are using vaginal estrogen: sudden, severe headache; sudden, severe vomiting; speech problems; dizziness or faintness; sudden complete or partial loss of vision; double vision; weakness or numbness of an arm or a leg; crushing chest pain or chest heaviness; coughing up blood; sudden shortness of breath; difficulty thinking clearly, remembering, or learning new things; breast lumps or other breast changes; discharge from nipples; or pain, tenderness, or redness in one leg.
You can take steps to decrease the risk that you will develop a serious health problem while you are using vaginal estrogen. Do not use vaginal estrogen alone or with a progestin to prevent heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, or dementia. Use the lowest dose of estrogen that controls your symptoms and only use vaginal estrogen as long as needed. Talk to your doctor every 3 to 6 months to decide if you should use a lower dose of estrogen or should stop using the medication.
You should examine your breasts every month and have a mammogram and a breast exam performed by a doctor every year to help detect breast cancer as early as possible. Your doctor will tell you how to properly examine your breasts and whether you should have these exams more often than once a year because of your personal or family medical history.
Tell your doctor if you are having surgery or will be on bed rest. Your doctor may tell you to stop using vaginal estrogen 4 to 6 weeks before the surgery or bed rest to decrease the risk that you will develop blood clots.
Talk to your doctor regularly about the risks and benefits of using vaginal estrogen.
Why is this medication prescribed?
Vaginal estrogen is used to treat vaginal dryness, itching, and burning; painful or difficult urination; and sudden need to urinate immediately in women who are experiencing or have experienced menopause (change of life; the end of monthly menstrual periods). Femring® brand estradiol vaginal ring is also used to treat hot flushes ('hot flashes'; sudden strong feelings of heat and sweating) in women who are experiencing menopause. Premarin® brand vaginal cream is also used to treat kraurosis vulvae (a condition that may cause vaginal dryness and discomfort in women or girls of any age). Vaginal estrogen is in a class of medications called hormones. It works by replacing estrogen that is normally produced by the body.
How should this medicine be used?
Vaginal estrogen comes as a flexible ring and a tablet to insert in the vagina, and as a cream to apply to the inside of the vagina. Estrogen vaginal rings are usually inserted in the vagina and left in place for 3 months. After 3 months, the ring is removed, and a new ring may be inserted if treatment is still needed. Estrogen vaginal tablets are usually inserted once a day for the first 2 weeks of treatment and then are inserted twice a week as long as treatment is needed. Estrace® brand vaginal cream is usually applied once daily for 2 to 4 weeks, and then applied one to three times a week. Premarin® brand vaginal cream product is usually applied according to a rotating schedule that alternates several weeks when the cream is applied every day with one week when the cream is not applied. Use vaginal estrogen at around the same time of day every time you use it. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use vaginal estrogen exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
To use the vaginal ring, follow these steps:
Wash and dry your hands.
Remove the vaginal ring from its pouch.
Stand with one leg up on a chair, step or other object, squat, or lie down. Choose the position that is most comfortable for you.
Hold the vaginal ring between your thumb and index finger and press the sides of the ring together. You may want to twist the ring into a figure-of-eight shape.
Hold open the folds of skin around your vagina with your other hand.
Place the tip of the ring into your vagina and then use your index finger to gently push the ring inside your vagina as far as you can.
The vaginal ring does not have to be positioned a certain way inside your vagina, but it will be more comfortable and less likely to fall out when it is placed as far back in your vagina as possible. The ring cannot go past your cervix, so it will not go too far in your vagina or get lost when you push it in. If you feel discomfort, use your index finger to push the ring further into your vagina.
Wash your hands again.
Leave the ring in place for 3 months. The ring may fall out if you have not inserted it deeply in your vagina, if your vaginal muscles are weak, or if you are straining to have a bowel movement. If the ring falls out, wash it with warm water and replace it in your vagina following the directions above. If the ring falls out and is lost, insert a new ring and leave the new ring in place for up to 3 months. Call your doctor if your ring falls out often.
You can leave the ring in place when you have sex. If you choose to remove it or if it falls out, wash it with warm water and replace it in your vagina as soon as possible.
When you are ready to remove the ring, wash your hands and stand or lie in a comfortable position.
Put a finger into your vagina and hook it through the ring. Gently pull downward and forward to remove the ring.
Wrap the ring in a tissue or a piece of toilet paper and dispose of it safely, so that it is out of reach of children or pets. Do not flush the ring in a toilet.
Wash your hands again.
To use the vaginal tablet, follow these steps:
Tear off one applicator from the strip of applicators in your carton.
Open the plastic wrap and remove the applicator.
Stand with one leg up on a chair, step, or other object, or lie down. Choose the position that is most comfortable for you.
Hold the applicator in one hand with a finger on the end of the plunger.
Use the other hand to gently guide the applicator into the vaginal opening. If the tablet falls out of the applicator, do not try to replace it. Dispose of that applicator and tablet and use a fresh applicator.
Insert the applicator into your vagina as far as is comfortable. Do not force the applicator into your vagina or insert more than half of the applicator into your vagina.
Gently press the plunger until you hear a click.
Remove the empty applicator from your vagina and dispose of it as you would a plastic tampon applicator. Do not save or reuse the applicator.
To use the vaginal cream, follow these steps:
Remove the cap from the tube of cream.
Screw the nozzle end of the applicator onto the open end of the tube.
Gently squeeze the tube from the bottom to fill the applicator with the amount of cream that your doctor has told you to use. Look at the markings on the side of the applicator to help measure your dose.
Unscrew the applicator from the tube.
Lie on your back and pull your knees up toward your chest.
Gently insert the applicator into your vagina and press the plunger downward to release the cream.
Remove the applicator from your vagina.
To clean the applicator, pull the plunger to remove it from the barrel. Wash the applicator and plunger with mild soap and warm water. Do not use hot water or boil the applicator.
Ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient.
Other uses for this medicine
This medication may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
What special precautions should I follow?
Before using vaginal estrogen,
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to vaginal estrogen, any other estrogen products, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in the type of vaginal estrogen you plan to use. Ask your pharmacist or check the manufacturer's patient information for a list of the ingredients.
tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, and nutritional supplements, you are taking or plan to take. Be sure to mention any of the following: amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone); certain antifungals such as itraconazole (Sporanox) and ketoconazole (Nizoral); aprepitant (Emend); carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Epitol, Tegretol); cimetidine (Tagamet); clarithromycin (Biaxin); cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune); dexamethasone (Decadron, Dexpak); diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac, others); erythromycin (E.E.S, Erythrocin); fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem); fluvoxamine (Luvox); griseofulvin (Fulvicin, Grifulvin, Gris-PEG); lovastatin (Altocor, Mevacor); medications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) such as atazanavir (Reyataz), delavirdine (Rescriptor), efavirenz (Sustiva), indinavir (Crixivan), lopinavir (in Kaletra), nelfinavir (Viracept), nevirapine (Viramune), ritonavir (Norvir, in Kaletra), and saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase); medications for thyroid disease; other medications that are used vaginally; nefazodone; phenobarbital; phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek); rifabutin (Mycobutin); rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane, in Rifamate);sertraline (Zoloft); troleandomycin (TAO); verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan); and zafirlukast (Accolate). Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects.
tell your doctor what herbal products you are taking, especially St. John's wort.
tell your doctor if you have or have ever had yellowing of the skin or eyes during pregnancy or during your treatment with an estrogen product, endometriosis (a condition in which the type of tissue that lines the uterus [womb] grows in other areas of the body), uterine fibroids (growths in the uterus that are not cancer), asthma, migraine headaches, seizures, porphyria (condition in which abnormal substances build up in the blood and cause problems with the skin or nervous system), very high or very low levels of calcium in your blood, or thyroid, liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreatic disease. If you will be using the vaginal ring, also tell your doctor if you have a vaginal infection; any condition that makes your vagina more likely to become irritated; a narrow vagina; or a condition where the rectum, bladder, or uterus has bulged or dropped into the vagina.
tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while using vaginal estrogen, call your doctor immediately.
you should know that the manufacturer of one brand of estrogen vaginal cream states that use of the cream may weaken latex or rubber birth control devices such as condoms or diaphragms. These devices may not be effective if you use them during your treatment with estrogen vaginal cream. Talk to your doctor about methods of birth control that will work for you.
What special dietary instructions should I follow?
Talk to your doctor about eating grapefruit and drinking grapefruit juice while using this medicine.
What should I do if I forget a dose?
Apply or insert the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not use a double dose or apply extra cream to make up for a missed dose.
What side effects can this medication cause?
Vaginal estrogen may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
breast pain or tenderness
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
changes in sexual desire
spotty darkening of the skin on the face
sudden feelings of heat or sweating
difficulty wearing contact lenses
swelling, redness, burning, itching, or irritation of the vagina
vaginal discharge
swelling of the eyes, face, tongue, throat, hands, arms, feet, ankles, or lower legs
hoarseness
difficulty breathing or swallowing
Estrogen may increase your risk of developing cancer of the ovaries or gallbladder disease that may need to be treated with surgery. Talk to your doctor about the risks of using vaginal estrogen.
Estrogen may cause growth to slow or stop early in children who receive large doses for a long time. Vaginal estrogen may also affect the timing and speed of sexual development in children. Your child's doctor will monitor her carefully during her treatment with estrogen. Talk to your child's doctor about the risks of giving this medication to your child.
Vaginal estrogen may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication.
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online ( http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch ) or by phone (1-800-332-1088).
What should I know about storage and disposal of this medication?
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom).
Unneeded medications should be disposed of in special ways to ensure that pets, children, and other people cannot consume them. However, you should not flush this medication down the toilet. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. Talk to your pharmacist or contact your local garbage/recycling department to learn about take-back programs in your community. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website ( http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p ) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program.
In case of emergency/overdose
If someone swallows vaginal estrogen, uses extra tablets or rings, or applies extra cream, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
Symptoms of overdose may include:
nausea
What other information should I know?
Keep all appointments with your doctor.
Before having any laboratory test, tell your doctor and the laboratory personnel that you are using vaginal estrogen.
Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.
It is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements. You should bring this list with you each time you visit a doctor or if you are admitted to a hospital. It is also important information to carry with you in case of emergencies.
Brand names
| i don't know |
In Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, what is the name of Othello’s wife? | SparkNotes: Othello: Plot Overview
Plot Overview
Context
Character List
Othello begins on a street in Venice, in the midst of an argument between Roderigo, a rich man, and Iago. Roderigo has been paying Iago to help him in his suit to Desdemona. But Roderigo has just learned that Desdemona has married Othello, a general whom Iago begrudgingly serves as ensign. Iago says he hates Othello, who recently passed him over for the position of lieutenant in favor of the inexperienced soldier Michael Cassio.
Unseen, Iago and Roderigo cry out to Brabanzio that his daughter Desdemona has been stolen by and married to Othello, the Moor. Brabanzio finds that his daughter is indeed missing, and he gathers some officers to find Othello. Not wanting his hatred of Othello to be known, Iago leaves Roderigo and hurries back to Othello before Brabanzio sees him. At Othello’s lodgings, Cassio arrives with an urgent message from the duke: Othello’s help is needed in the matter of the imminent Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Not long afterward, Brabanzio arrives with Roderigo and others, and accuses Othello of stealing his daughter by witchcraft. When he finds out that Othello is on his way to speak with the duke, -Brabanzio decides to go along and accuse Othello before the assembled senate.
Brabanzio’s plan backfires. The duke and senate are very sympathetic toward Othello. Given a chance to speak for himself, Othello explains that he wooed and won Desdemona not by witchcraft but with the stories of his adventures in travel and war. The duke finds Othello’s explanation convincing, and Desdemona herself enters at this point to defend her choice in marriage and to announce to her father that her allegiance is now to her husband. Brabanzio is frustrated, but acquiesces and allows the senate meeting to resume. The duke says that Othello must go to Cyprus to aid in the defense against the Turks, who are headed for the island. Desdemona insists that she accompany her husband on his trip, and preparations are made for them to depart that night.
In Cyprus the following day, two gentlemen stand on the shore with Montano, the governor of Cyprus. A third gentleman arrives and reports that the Turkish fleet has been wrecked in a storm at sea. Cassio, whose ship did not suffer the same fate, arrives soon after, followed by a second ship carrying Iago, Roderigo, Desdemona, and Emilia, Iago’s wife. Once they have landed, Othello’s ship is sighted, and the group goes to the harbor. As they wait for Othello, Cassio greets Desdemona by clasping her hand. Watching them, Iago tells the audience that he will use “as little a web as this” hand-holding to ensnare Cassio (II.i.169).
Othello arrives, greets his wife, and announces that there will be reveling that evening to celebrate Cyprus’s safety from the Turks. Once everyone has left, Roderigo complains to Iago that he has no chance of breaking up Othello’s marriage. Iago assures Roderigo that as soon as Desdemona’s “blood is made dull with the act of sport,” she will lose interest in Othello and seek sexual satisfaction elsewhere (II.i.222). However, Iago warns that “elsewhere” will likely be with Cassio. Iago counsels Roderigo that he should cast Cassio into disgrace by starting a fight with Cassio at the evening’s revels. In a soliloquy, Iago explains to the audience that eliminating Cassio is the first crucial step in his plan to ruin Othello. That night, Iago gets Cassio drunk and then sends Roderigo to start a fight with him. Apparently provoked by Roderigo, Cassio chases Roderigo across the stage. Governor Montano attempts to hold Cassio down, and Cassio stabs him. Iago sends Roderigo to raise alarm in the town.
The alarm is rung, and Othello, who had left earlier with plans to consummate his marriage, soon arrives to still the commotion. When Othello demands to know who began the fight, Iago feigns reluctance to implicate his “friend” Cassio, but he ultimately tells the whole story. Othello then strips Cassio of his rank of lieutenant. Cassio is extremely upset, and he laments to Iago, once everyone else has gone, that his reputation has been ruined forever. Iago assures Cassio that he can get back into Othello’s good graces by using Desdemona as an intermediary. In a soliloquy, Iago tells us that he will frame Cassio and Desdemona as lovers to make -Othello jealous.
In an attempt at reconciliation, Cassio sends some musicians to play beneath Othello’s window. Othello, however, sends his clown to tell the musicians to go away. Hoping to arrange a meeting with Desdemona, Cassio asks the clown, a peasant who serves Othello, to send Emilia to him. After the clown departs, Iago passes by and tells Cassio that he will get Othello out of the way so that Cassio can speak privately with Desdemona. Othello, Iago, and a gentleman go to examine some of the town’s fortifications.
Desdemona is quite sympathetic to Cassio’s request and promises that she will do everything she can to make Othello forgive his former lieutenant. As Cassio is about to leave, Othello and Iago return. Feeling uneasy, Cassio leaves without talking to Othello. Othello inquires whether it was Cassio who just parted from his wife, and Iago, beginning to kindle Othello’s fire of jealousy, replies, “No, sure, I cannot think it, / That he would steal away so guilty-like, / Seeing your coming” (III.iii.37–39).
Othello becomes upset and moody, and Iago furthers his goal of removing both Cassio and Othello by suggesting that Cassio and Desdemona are involved in an affair. Desdemona’s entreaties to Othello to reinstate Cassio as lieutenant add to Othello’s almost immediate conviction that his wife is unfaithful. After Othello’s conversation with Iago, Desdemona comes to call Othello to supper and finds him feeling unwell. She offers him her handkerchief to wrap around his head, but he finds it to be “[t]oo little” and lets it drop to the floor (III.iii.291). Desdemona and Othello go to dinner, and Emilia picks up the handkerchief, mentioning to the audience that Iago has always wanted her to steal it for him.
Iago is ecstatic when Emilia gives him the handkerchief, which he plants in Cassio’s room as “evidence” of his affair with Desdemona. When Othello demands “ocular proof” (III.iii.365) that his wife is unfaithful, Iago says that he has seen Cassio “wipe his beard” (III.iii.444) with Desdemona’s handkerchief—the first gift Othello ever gave her. Othello vows to take vengeance on his wife and on Cassio, and Iago vows that he will help him. When Othello sees Desdemona later that evening, he demands the handkerchief of her, but she tells him that she does not have it with her and attempts to change the subject by continuing her suit on Cassio’s behalf. This drives Othello into a further rage, and he storms out. Later, Cassio comes onstage, wondering about the handkerchief he has just found in his chamber. He is greeted by Bianca, a prostitute, whom he asks to take the handkerchief and copy its embroidery for him.
Through Iago’s machinations, Othello becomes so consumed by jealousy that he falls into a trance and has a fit of epilepsy. As he writhes on the ground, Cassio comes by, and Iago tells him to come back in a few minutes to talk. Once Othello recovers, Iago tells him of the meeting he has planned with Cassio. He instructs Othello to hide nearby and watch as Iago extracts from Cassio the story of his affair with Desdemona. While Othello stands out of earshot, Iago pumps Cassio for information about Bianca, causing Cassio to laugh and confirm Othello’s suspicions. Bianca herself then enters with Desdemona’s handkerchief, reprimanding Cassio for making her copy out the embroidery of a love token given to him by another woman. When Desdemona enters with Lodovico and Lodovico subsequently gives Othello a letter from Venice calling him home and instating Cassio as his replacement, Othello goes over the edge, striking Desdemona and then storming out.
That night, Othello accuses Desdemona of being a whore. He ignores her protestations, seconded by Emilia, that she is innocent. Iago assures Desdemona that Othello is simply upset about matters of state. Later that night, however, Othello ominously tells Desdemona to wait for him in bed and to send Emilia away. Meanwhile, Iago assures the still-complaining Roderigo that everything is going as planned: in order to prevent Desdemona and Othello from leaving, Roderigo must kill Cassio. Then he will have a clear avenue to his love.
Iago instructs Roderigo to ambush Cassio, but Roderigo misses his mark and Cassio wounds him instead. Iago wounds Cassio and runs away. When Othello hears Cassio’s cry, he assumes that Iago has killed Cassio as he said he would. Lodovico and Graziano enter to see what the commotion is about. Iago enters shortly thereafter and flies into a pretend rage as he “discovers” Cassio’s assailant Roderigo, whom he murders. Cassio is taken to have his wound dressed.
Meanwhile, Othello stands over his sleeping wife in their bedchamber, preparing to kill her. Desdemona wakes and attempts to plead with Othello. She asserts her innocence, but Othello smothers her. Emilia enters with the news that Roderigo is dead. Othello asks if Cassio is dead too and is mortified when Emilia says he is not. After crying out that she has been murdered, Desdemona changes her story before she dies, claiming that she has committed suicide. Emilia asks Othello what happened, and Othello tells her that he has killed Desdemona for her infidelity, which Iago brought to his attention.
Montano, Graziano, and Iago come into the room. Iago attempts to silence Emilia, who realizes what Iago has done. At first, Othello insists that Iago has told the truth, citing the handkerchief as evidence. Once Emilia tells him how she found the handkerchief and gave it to Iago, Othello is crushed and begins to weep. He tries to kill Iago but is disarmed. Iago kills Emilia and flees, but he is caught by Lodovico and Montano, who return holding Iago captive. They also bring Cassio, who is now in a chair because of his wound. Othello wounds Iago and is disarmed. Lodovico tells Othello that he must come with them back to Venice to be tried. Othello makes a speech about how he would like to be remembered, then kills himself with a sword he had hidden on his person. The play closes with a speech by Lodovico. He gives Othello’s house and goods to Graziano and orders that Iago be executed.
| Desdemona |
‘Albrecht Discount’ supermarket is better known by what name? | About Othello
About Othello
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The Original Story
Shakespeare used existing stories as the basis for many of the plots of his plays. He took some from history (Macbeth, for example is based on Holinshed's Chronicles) and some from stories that were circulating in books at the time. Shakespeare's tragedy Othello, written and performed in 1604 and first printed in 1622, is based on a tale in Cinthio's Hecatommithi (1565), "Un Capitano Moro." What's interesting to modern readers is how Shakespeare adapted these stories, turning bare narratives into gripping drama.
The original tale, "Un Capitano Moro," concerns an unnamed Moor who marries a beautiful lady, Desdemona, despite her parents' opposition. The Moor and Desdemona live happily in Venice, and the Moor is appointed commander of troops sent to the garrison at Cyprus. He takes his wife with him.
The Moor's wicked ensign falls in love with his commander's wife, Desdemona. The ensign is afraid he will be killed if the Moor discovers his secret, and all his efforts to impress Desdemona go unnoticed because she only thinks of her husband. The ensign imagines that she loves someone else, a handsome young captain who is also in Venice, and his love turns to bitter hatred. He plots to kill the captain and revenge himself on Desdemona.
The ensign bides his time. He sees his opportunity when the Moor degrades the captain for wounding a soldier and Desdemona tries to make peace between her husband and the captain. The ensign hints that Desdemona has her own reason to want the captain reinstated. When his wife claims that the demotion was an overreaction, the Moor becomes very angry and suspects that his ensign had spoken truthfully. When the ensign tells the Moor that the captain told him of the affair, the Moor demands to see proof of it.
The ensign and his wife have a daughter aged about three, and one day when Desdemona visits their house, he puts the child on her lap. As Desdemona and the child play, the ensign steals one of her handkerchiefs. The ensign then leaves the handkerchief on the bed of the young captain, who recognizes it and goes to return it to Desdemona. When the Moor answers his knock at the door, the captain runs away, but not before the Moor recognizes him.
Later, the ensign laughs and jokes with the captain where the Moor can see them; he then tells the Moor him that he and the captain were talking about the captain's love affair with Desdemona and a handkerchief that she had given him. The Moor, believing that the handkerchief constitutes proof of his wife's infidelity, demands it of his wife, who, of course, cannot produce it. The Moor decides that he must kill his wife and plots with the ensign to kill both his wife and the captain.
The ensign, after a large payment, waylays the captain, attacks him with his sword, and manages to wound him on the leg. Desdemona is tearful to see the captain in pain, and the Moor and the ensign beat her to death with a sand filled stocking. Then they pulled down the rotten timber ceiling on her, making it appear that the falling roof had killed her. The Moor, distracted with grief for his dead wife, turns against the ensign and cashiers him.
The ensign now plots to ruin the Moor. He goes back to Venice with the captain, now one-legged, and they accuse the Moor of injuring him and murdering Desdemona. The Moor is arrested, refuses to speak under torture, and is banished and later killed by Desdemona's family. The ensign pursues his career of villainy with other victims, but in the end is arrested and dies under torture.
For a complete retelling of this story, see The Arden Shakespeare: Othello, edited by M. R. Ridley. London: Methuen, 1965.
Shakespeare's Version
In creating his tragedy Othello, Shakespeare tightened and dramatized the original story in several ways. The plot is concentrated in time and space, other characters are introduced to give, in several places, a double motive for an action. Iago now plots to destroy Othello, for a variety of motives, rather than Desdemona. Roderigo provides Iago with a useful dupe; his existence allows Iago to outline his wicked plans in conversation rather than soliloquy and to demonstrate his capacity for ruthless manipulation. Emilia provides a running commentary on Iago and his character, which she ascribes to all men. She innocently picks up the handkerchief, allowing the elimination of the daughter from the plot, and is a quick source of the information that finally condemns Iago.
Shakespeare also significantly altered the story's ending, concentrating revenge, love, and despair in the final dramatic scene of the play: murder in the marriage bed, followed immediately by revelation and grief. Shakespeare's Othello murders his wife alone, face to face, by strangulation, struggling with his love for her to the end.
By concentrating the action and developing the characters into fully realized human beings, with their own names, personalities, and ways of looking at the world, Shakespeare created a tragedy whose beauty and pathos is universal.
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The Manacle Rocks lie off the coast of which English county? | Counties of England
Counties in England
Exploring the counties of England with history and pictures.
The history of the counties of England dates back to early Anglo-Saxon times when âshiresâ were first formed as a way of raising taxes and when the nation of England was first created. These Anglo-Saxon shires usually had a fortified town at the centre, known back then as the âshire townâ. The word âCountyâ came later, being first introduced by the Normans when they conquered England back in 1066 and has its origins in French, simply meaning a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a âCountâ.
The words âcountyâ and âcountiesâ therefore are derived from French (from the Normans) but most of the county names themselves still kept (and retain today) their original Anglo-Saxon names, such as âWorcestershireâ or âBedfordshireâ which is simply the name of the shire or county town, with the suffix of shire.
There are other counties however that got their name differently, such as Cornwall, and Devon, both of which take their names from the Celtic tribes that inhabited the regions, such as the âCornoviiâ in Cornwall . Other exceptions include todays Kent, which derives from the Kingdom of Kent, and Sussex (both East and West) and Essex. These names derive from the East Saxons (Essex) and the South Saxons (Sussex). The county names of Norfolk and Suffolk, derive from the âNorth Folkâ and âSouth Folkâ of the ancient Kingdom of East Anglia.
Each county link below will take you to the main county page where we list all the wonderful historic towns, villages and attractions that each county has to offer. You will also find a Picture Tour for each county, offering a diverse selection of the wonderful towns, attractions and varying landscapes. We hope you enjoy viewing the beautiful counties of England..
| Cornwall |
The Forint is the basic monetary unit of which European country? | Counties of England
Counties in England
Exploring the counties of England with history and pictures.
The history of the counties of England dates back to early Anglo-Saxon times when âshiresâ were first formed as a way of raising taxes and when the nation of England was first created. These Anglo-Saxon shires usually had a fortified town at the centre, known back then as the âshire townâ. The word âCountyâ came later, being first introduced by the Normans when they conquered England back in 1066 and has its origins in French, simply meaning a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a âCountâ.
The words âcountyâ and âcountiesâ therefore are derived from French (from the Normans) but most of the county names themselves still kept (and retain today) their original Anglo-Saxon names, such as âWorcestershireâ or âBedfordshireâ which is simply the name of the shire or county town, with the suffix of shire.
There are other counties however that got their name differently, such as Cornwall, and Devon, both of which take their names from the Celtic tribes that inhabited the regions, such as the âCornoviiâ in Cornwall . Other exceptions include todays Kent, which derives from the Kingdom of Kent, and Sussex (both East and West) and Essex. These names derive from the East Saxons (Essex) and the South Saxons (Sussex). The county names of Norfolk and Suffolk, derive from the âNorth Folkâ and âSouth Folkâ of the ancient Kingdom of East Anglia.
Each county link below will take you to the main county page where we list all the wonderful historic towns, villages and attractions that each county has to offer. You will also find a Picture Tour for each county, offering a diverse selection of the wonderful towns, attractions and varying landscapes. We hope you enjoy viewing the beautiful counties of England..
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Abuja is the capital of which West African republic? | Abuja | Define Abuja at Dictionary.com
Abuja
the capital of Nigeria, in the central part.
Nigeria
noun
1.
a republic in W Africa: member of the Commonwealth of Nations; formerly a British colony and protectorate. 356,669 sq. mi. (923,773 sq. km).
Capital: Abuja.
Official name Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Related forms
Examples from the Web for Abuja
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British Dictionary definitions for Abuja
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noun
1.
the federal capital of Nigeria, in the centre of the country. Pop: 467 000 (2005 est)
Nigeria
noun
1.
a republic in West Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea: Lagos annexed by the British in 1861; protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria formed in 1900 and united as a colony in 1914; gained independence as a member of the Commonwealth in 1960 (membership suspended from 1995 to 1999 following human rights violations); Eastern Region seceded as the Republic of Biafra for the duration of the severe civil war (1967–70); ruled by military governments from 1966. It consists of a belt of tropical rain forest in the south, with semidesert in the extreme north and highlands in the east; the main export is petroleum. Official language: English; Hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba are the chief regional languages. Religion: animist, Muslim, and Christian. Currency: naira. Capital: Abuja. Pop: 174 507 539 (2013 est). Area: 923 773 sq km (356 669 sq miles)
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for Abuja
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African nation, named for river Niger , which runs through it, + -ia . Related: Nigerian.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Nigeria definition
A nation in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea (an arm of the Atlantic Ocean ), bordered by Niger to the north, Chad and Cameroon to the east, and Benin to the west. Lagos is the capital and largest city.
Note: With over 110 million inhabitants, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country.
Note: Nigeria has been independent from Britain since 1960, and its independent history has been marked by bloodshed and instability. An ill-fated separatist movement established the secessionist state of Biafra in southeastern Nigeria from 1967 to 1970.
Note: The city-state of Benin, in what is now Nigeria, flourished from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries as a center of commerce and culture . It was famous for its cast-gold sculptures.
The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
| Nigeria |
What type of bird is a pochard? | Nigeria: President of Republic in Abuja for African Union Special Summit - allAfrica.com
Nigeria: President of Republic in Abuja for African Union Special Summit
Photo: Allan Gichigi/IRIN
Stigma remains a major problem
Abuja — The President of the Republic, Secretary General of the Polisario Front Mr. Mohamed Abdelaziz arrived Sunday in Abuja, capital of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, to rake part at the Special Summit of the African Union on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, which kicked off today.
The Saharawi President was received by entourage number of Nigerian officials, led by the Secretary General of the Ministry of Finance.
The President is accompanied by an important delegation composed of Mr. Mohamed Lamin Dadi, Minister of Health, Mr. Hamdi Abeiha, Minister Delegate for Africa, Mr. Laman Baali, Ambassador in Ethiopia and Permanent Representative to the AU, Mr. Abbi Bachraya, Ambassador in Nigeria, Mr. Abdati Breika, Advisor to the Presidency of the Republic, Mr. Wadad Mustapha, in charge of a mission in SADR embassy in Abuja.
Copyright © 2013 Sahara Press Service. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here.
AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct.
Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica . To address comments or complaints, please Contact us .
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Who wrote the children’s novel ‘Mary Poppins’? | How Mary Poppins' creator P L Travers wrecked the lives of two innocent boys | Daily Mail Online
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How the sexual adventuress who created Mary Poppins wrecked the lives of two innocent boys: Exploits of P L Travers that you won't see in new film Saving Mr Banks
Pamela L Travers took in only one of the two twin brothers she said she'd adopt in 1940
Camillus Hone whisked off by her to privileged life; while Anthony was left with neglectful relatives
London-born actor Lawrence Campbell was ‘the first in a long chain of men who would, in [Travers'] words, pass her from one to the other’
| P. L. Travers |
What was English author Graham Greene’s first name? | 8 Things You Didn't Know About 'Mary Poppins' | The Huffington Post
8 Things You Didn't Know About 'Mary Poppins'
12/26/2013 12:27 pm ET | Updated Feb 25, 2014
180
Valerie Lawson Author
P.L. Travers, the Australian author of Mary Poppins, was as mysterious and elusive as her creation -- the nanny who flew into the Banks' family household with her parrot-headed umbrella, a carpetbag and no nonsense method of magically making order out of chaos.
Not long before Travers died, I wrote to ask her if we could meet in London.
She replied: "I don't like personal publicity but I'm willing to talk about my work any way you like."
We never did have that conversation. By the time I arrived in London, she had died. But luckily, she left many clues, biographical articles, notebooks and letters, and if you look very carefully into the pages of the Mary Poppins books, a picture of Travers' life will emerge. Her story can also be read in the fictional characters of Mary Poppins.
The daughter of the Banks household, Jane Banks, is based on Travers' own childhood while Jane's father, Mr. Banks, shares many of the characteristics of Travers' father, a bank manager.
The tough love of the Great Aunt
Travers' great aunt Ellie, whose real name was Morehead, inspired the character of Mary Poppins. Ellie, a spinster who lived with her two little dogs in Sydney, was a martinet, carried a carpetbag and when children came to stay, she gave them lessons in etiquette, suffered no nonsense and instructed them to "Spit spot into bed!"
Mary Poppins carried a carpetbag just like Aunt Ellie's but the nanny's bag became a magical carry-all that contained an apron, a packet of hairpins, a bottle of scent, a small folding armchair, a packet of throat lozenges, a large bottle of dark red medicine, seven flannel nightgowns, one pair of boots, a set of dominoes, two bathing caps, one postcard album, one folding camp bedstead, blankets and an eiderdown.
The peg doll Poppins
The original Mary Poppins didn't look at all like the pretty Julie Andrews in the Walt Disney film. The illustrations in the Poppins' books show the nanny with a turned up nose, shiny, painted black hair, small, bright blue eyes, rosy red cheeks and absolutely no curves at all. Her appearance was based on a wooden peg doll that Travers loved as a youth living in Australia. The illustrator was Mary Shepard, the daughter of Ernest Shepard, illustrator of Winnie the Pooh. Travers took Mary Shepard on walks through Hyde Park in London, pointing out children as suitable models for the Banks children, Jane and Michael.
The nanny is stranger than you know.
Mary Poppins can speak to more than just the birds. She has conversations with a dog, a snake, sea creatures, the sun and the planets. In one of her adventures, she dances with the planets and is kissed by the sun. In the morning, she has a small burn on her cheek from the sun's kiss.
Poppins wasn't just one book but many
The first was published in 1934, a decade after Travers moved to England where she spent most of her life. The last, Mary Poppins and the House Next Door, was published in 1988 when Travers was 88. In the 1960s Travers sold the film rights to Walt Disney for £100,000 and was paid 5 per cent of the gross profits of the film that Disney made in 1964. The movie merchandising included Walt Disney's Mary Poppins books. They out sold the real Poppins books 5:1.
Jane Banks and P L Travers not only fed the birds, they became birds
In Mary Poppins Comes Back, the second book in the series, Jane Banks refers to herself as a hen who has just laid "seven lovely white eggs and I am sitting with my wings over them brooding. Cluck-cluck!" As a child growing up in Queensland, Australia, Travers told her parents she could not come into the house for dinner as she was busy in the garden laying eggs. As an adult, she collected china hen ornaments.
Why are Mary Poppins feet often shown in a turned out ballet position?
Travers was a dancer when she was in her teens and although she wasn't trained as a ballet dancer she knew all the positions of the feet and she danced as Titania in a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Poppins has flown all over the world
Mary Poppins has been translated into 17 languages. In 1968, Travers self published a Latin translation, titled Maria Poppina ab A ad Z.
Why is the new movie starring Emma Thompson as Travers and Tom Hanks as Disney called Saving Mr. Banks?
In the Mary Poppins books, Mr. Banks is the patriarch of the family who is so obsessed with his working life that he doesn't have much time for his children. Travers believed that Mary Poppins came to the Banks family to save Mr. Banks from his unfulfilled life and to make him realize that family was his real priority. Travers' father was a bank manager who died when he was in his 40s of alcohol-related diseases. Travers, in turn, wished she could have saved her father from his own demons.
Valerie Lawson is the author of Mary Poppins, She Wrote, the Life of P L Travers , published by Simon & Schuster.
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Huckleberry Finn
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
Original Publisher
Samuel Clemens (as "Mark Twain")
Contents
[ show ]
Origin
Huckleberry "Huck" Finn is a fictional character created by Mark Twain, who first appeared in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (set around 1845) and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (set around 1835–1845, although taking place after The Adventures of Tom Sawyer). He is 12 or 13 years old during the former and a year older ("thirteen or fourteen or along there," Chapter 17) at the time of the latter. Huck also narrates Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, two shorter sequels to the first two books.
"Huck" is the son of the town's vagrant drunkard, "Pap" Finn . Sleeping on doorsteps when the weather is fair, in empty hogsheads during storms, and living off of what he receives from others, Huck lives the life of a destitute vagabond. The author metaphorically names him "the juvenile pariah of the village" and describes Huck as "idle, and lawless, and vulgar, and bad," qualities for which he was admired by all the children in the village, although their mothers "cordially hated and dreaded" him.
Huck is an archetypal innocent, able to discover the "right" thing to do despite the prevailing theology and prejudiced mentality of the South of that era. The best example of this is his decision to help Jim escape slavery, even though he believes he will go to hell for it.
His appearance is described in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He wears the clothes of full-grown men which he probably received as charity, and as Twain describes him, "he was fluttering with rags." He has a torn broken hat and his trousers are supported with only one suspender.
Tom's Aunt Polly calls Huck a "poor motherless thing." Huck confesses to Tom in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer that he remembers his mother and his parents' relentless fighting that only abated with her death.
Huck has a carefree life free from societal norms or rules, stealing watermelons and chickens and "borrowing" boats and cigars. Due to his unconventional childhood, Huck has received almost no education. At the end of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Huck is adopted by the Widow Douglas , who sends him to school in return for his saving her life. In the course of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we find that he has learned enough to be literate and even reads books for entertainment when there isn't anything else to do. His knowledge of history as related to Jim is wildly inaccurate, but it is uncertain if he is being wrong on purpose as a joke on Jim.
In Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the Widow attempts to "sivilize" the newly wealthy Huck. Huck's father takes him from her, but Huck manages to fake his own death and escape to Jackson's Island, where he coincidentally meets up with Jim, a slave who was owned by the Widow Douglas' sister, Miss Watson .
Jim is running away because he overheard Miss Watson planning to "sell him South" for eight hundred dollars. Jim wants to escape to Ohio, where he can find work to eventually buy his family's freedom. Huck and Jim take a raft down the Mississippi River in hopes of finding freedom from slavery for Jim and freedom from Pap for Huck. Their adventures together, along with Huck's solo adventures, comprise the core of the book.
In the end, however, Jim gains his freedom through Miss Watson's death, as she freed him in her will. Pap, it is revealed, has died in Huck's absence, and although he could safely return to St. Petersburg, Huck plans to flee west to Indian Territory.
In Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, however, Huck is living in St. Petersburg again after the events of his eponymous novel. In Abroad, Huck joins Tom and Jim for a wild, fanciful balloon ride that takes them overseas. In Detective, which occurs about a year after the events of Huck Finn, Huck helps Tom solve a murder mystery.
Relationships
Huck is Tom Sawyer's closest friend. Their friendship is partially rooted in Sawyer's emulation of Huck's freedom and ability to do what he wants, like swearing and smoking when he feels like it. In one moment in the novel, he openly brags to his teacher that he was late for school because he stopped to talk with Huck Finn, something for which he knew he would (and did) receive a whipping. Nonetheless, Tom remains a devoted friend to Huck in all of the novels they appear in.
Jim, a runaway slave whom Huck befriends, is another dominant force in Huck's life. He is the symbol for the moral awakening Huck undergoes throughout Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Pap Finn is Huck's abusive, drunken father who shows up at the beginning of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and forcibly takes his son to live with him. Pap's only method of parenting is physical abuse. Although he seems derisive of education and civilized living, Pap seems to be jealous of Huck and is infuriated that his son would try to amount to more, and live in better conditions than he did.
Public Domain Comic Book Appearances
Famous Stories #2
Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894)
Huck and Tom Among the Indians
Schoolhouse Hill
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Write a paper of approximately 5 pages (1500-1600 words) that does the following: Strongly engages the primary arguments and claims of Seth Jones and his book, “In The Graveyard of Empires”: America’s War in Afghanistan” Specifically, identify the main argument(s) of the book and crafts YOUR OWN strong, specific, and clear argument. As in previous papers, please make your argument clear and precise and early in the paper. Be as complete as possible as you state the argument. Use the book to best support the your argument. Again, use the material supplied by (mostly) Jones to effectively support the argument that you will create. This is critical. Be CLEAR, DIRECT, PRECISE, ACCURATE, and PROOFREAD EFFECTIVELY. Is approximately 5-6 pages (about 1600 words) double spaced, 12 point font, normal margins ANSWER: Graveyard of Empires The onset of the war between Afghanistan and the Unites States was during the 9/11 attacks that took place during George Bush’s tenure and a following the pursuit of Osama bin Laden, the al Qaeda leader and other militia groups that operate within Afghanistan. The country has a history of a high level of decentralization and resistance on the occupation and invasion of foreign bodies. The interest of the powers of the Afghanistan is that it has had a difficult time dealing with the threat of religious extremism and terrorism (Jones, 2010). It has also had a difficult time dealing with the activities such as drug trafficking and smuggling in a bid to substantiate various assertions that the security situation within the country is likely to cause negative effects beyond the country’s borders. The drug...
by Prof | Mar 14, 2016 | HRM 610
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by Prof | Feb 10, 2016 | Uncategorized
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by Prof | Feb 10, 2016 | Uncategorized
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by Prof | Feb 9, 2016 | Uncategorized
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by Prof | Feb 9, 2016 | Uncategorized
Book Censorship and its effect on society (5 Pages | 2326 Words) Imagine our world to be the world of _Fahrenheit 451_. No books, no intelligence or depth in sight. This could be our world if we keep allowing censorship or banning of books. According to some people, books need to be censored for the protection of the public. However this belief will actually hurt us as a nation, not protect. As well, book banning will never stop the hardships and awful things that go on in the world; it will only provide ignorance to people and hatch more in later generations. Censorship is defined as the suppression of words, images, or ideas that are deemed “offensive”. This happens whenever people succeed in imposing their personal, political, or moral values on to others to change what a book contains or where it can be bought or checked out to the public. _The Catcher in the Rye,The Scarlet Letter, Huckleberry Finn, The Grapes of Wrath, The Diary of Anne Frank, Animal Farm,_ and _To Kill a Mockingbird_ are all classic stories that have been restrained by censorship for “discourteous material”. Such controversial or inappropriate items include racial discrimination, sexual situations or dialogue, degrading comments, heavy violence, and/or witchcraft, homosexuality, and profanity. According to the American Library Association, between 1990 and 2008, there were 9,600 book challenges, but for every book challenged, there are four to five instances that are not reported (ALA). This is such a big issue that there is a week dubbed Banned Books week, which is held in the last week of September. Book...
by Prof | Jan 22, 2016 | PHIL 201
PHIL 201 Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix Compare and Contrast Essay Liberty University Online (2 Pages | 463 Words) The following essay which were I am comparing and contrasting the differences and similarities of the movie The Matrix and Plato’s and Descartes articles. The similarities that all three has is they are all asking is the world we live in is it real or is it a figment of our imagination and someone is playing a mean joke on us. They also talk about our minds being controlled by someone or something outside of us, much more like an outer body experience. The Matrix is not real and focuses more on the mind and how the mind is being manipulated and Pluto is talking about the senses and how the senses can be manipulated and can confuse us and put doubts in our mind. In the Matrix, Mr. Anderson who is better known by the name Neo, works for a software corporation but at night he is a computer hacker. All articles discuss some type of reflections and different meaning about life and how we view it. The Matrix was a computer with programming simulation of the world that was experienced by virtual lives by being an individual player. They saw what it felt like to be born, growing up, getting a job, getting old, and dying. Mr. Anderson aka “Neo” couldn’t accept “The Matrix”, he had all types of mixed emotions and then thought that his life was a lie. The Allegory of the Cave and The Matrix has four types of styles of thinking which...
by Prof | Jan 20, 2016 | Bibl 104
The Book of Luke NT Summary BIBL 104 (2 Pages | 681 Words) The Book of Luke The book of Luke is considered to be a gospel in the New Testament. The main people discussed in the book are Mary, Jesus and Joseph. This book describes the birth of Jesus which is the main theme. The audience of this book would have appealed to all intelligent gentiles and to any believer. The gospel of Luke does not disclose who the author is of these documents. The historical content leads us to believe this gospel was written a few years before 62 AD. This book narrates the story of events from Jesus birth to his ascension. This was written to provide a historical account of events which the write divided into three stages, John the Baptist, Jesus the earthly ministry and third the life of the church after Jesus’ resurrection. All while stating that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. The book of Revelation The book of Revelation is considered to be an apocalyptic genre. This book is the final book of the New Testament. The main character if Jesus himself, which this book explains his journey through the years. Many of Jesus’ challenges were discussed in this book during his struggle to reclaim his world, as the message was the end of days is near. The author of this book was credited to John the apostle, he states they were directed to the seven churches in Asia (Revelation 1:4). John was given orders to deliver messages to each of the churches to warn them as well...
by Prof | Jan 8, 2016 | HSCO 508
Practical Book Review Why Don’t We Listen Better HSCO 508 (3 Pages | 1337 Words) Why Don’t We Listen Better? is a book that I initially did not think I would enjoy reading or learn from. Contrarily, I have learned more about myself than I could have ever imagined. To begin, to summarize the book was a bit difficult because there were so many interesting and important aspects. It was not an easy task to decide what to add and what to omit. James Petersen sought out to explore and dissect communication and understanding within different types and levels of relationships. Petersen described the Flat Brain Theory of Emotions as a theory that describes how different parts of your body are affected and react according to conversations that are being held and situations that are occurring. The book also defined the differences between the talker and listener in conversations and relationships. In addition to writing about emotions and thinking, Petersen also wrote about the fact that there are really two types of communications. There is the latent communication which is what is being said. The latent communication or the verbal communication is what you can trust because it is actually verbalized by speaking or reading. In that regard, it is very hard to misconstrue what has been said to you or what you have read. The other type of communication is referred to as meta-communication. This type of communication comes in the form of body language, facial expression and reading between the lines. The problem with this type of communication is that it can...
by Prof | Jan 8, 2016 | HSCO 508
Petersen Book Review Liberty University HSCO 508 (3 Pages | 1501 Words) Petersen, J. C. (2007). Why don’t we listen better? Communicating and connecting in relationships. Tigard, OR: Petersen Publications. The book Why Don’t We Listen Better? written by James C. Petersen (2007) aims to teach and improve listening and talking skills which will improve relationships with others, both professionally and personally. He begins by sharing why communication is important and provides a description of what can be expected throughout the book. Next Petersen (2007) explains the Flat-Brain Theory of Emotions. In this theory he suggests that individuals become confused between the difference of a feeling and a thought and their relation. He also suggests that thoughts and feelings are different from one another but, affect each other greatly. He also explains the stomach, heart, and head function. Stomach functions consist of emotions or feelings, the heart functions consist of giving and receiving support, suggestions, and concerns while remaining open to options and the head functions allow us to logically “incorporate thinking, planning, remembering, reviewing, deciding, rationalizing” (Petersen, 2007, pp.12). Petersen (2007) explains that there are two levels of communication. Level one is the exchange of information and points of view. The goal of level one communication is the exchange of factual information. However, according to Petersen (2007) most desire personal connections therefore if this exchange of information is too brief or the tone of voice used is harsh matters may become complicated. Level two allows us to develop intimate, trusting, and personal relationships. Level two communications “connects us at a level of...
by Prof | Jan 8, 2016 | Uncategorized
Mankind’s Egocentric Relationship (3 Pages | 1030 Words) Society tells you what to do, how to live your life and what social class you are. Worse, they tell you what and how to believe. When you go back to nature away from society and the bigotry you find things out for yourself. Mark Twain goes into great detail in Huckleberry Finn about society and moral issues in general. Mark Twain goes into great detail to show how society influences us for the better or worse with controversial issues such as slavery and the ever-lasting conflict between civilization and nature. Children grow up by the way their parents raise them. Every day they are influenced by the way their parents talk and act. Miss Watson tries to civilize Huck with saying things like, “Don’t put your feet up there Huckleberry,” and “don’t scrunch up like that Huckleberry.” (Mark Twain 2) This passage is showing how the parents are influencing their child to do something right, according to the standards of society and religion. Religion has the most influence on society and how we live our life. “The old man got to cussing and cussed everything and everybody he could think of, and then cussed them all over again to make sure he hadn’t skipped any, and after that he polished off with a kind of a general cuss all round, including a considerable parcel of people which he didn’t know the names of, and so called them what’s-his-name when he got to them, and went right along with his cussing.” (Twain 25) This shows the...
by Prof | Jan 7, 2016 | Uncategorized
THE ADVENTURES OF HUCKLEBERRY FINN (1 Pages | 459 Words) Huck Finn,a boy about 12 years old,was the son of a drunk. Widow Douglas adopted him so that she could civilize him and raise to be a retleman. Huck did not like going to school, attending church or dressing up. Tom Sawyer,Ben Rodgers, and Joe Harper were his friends at the local school. Huck and Tom yound a treasure hidden by bank robers and were aloud to keep 6,000 dollars each as a reward. Huck’s father heard about his son’s treasure and returned it to St. Petersbuge. He tried to catch Huck and take away his money. Huck was able to elude him several times, but finally his father caught him and locked him in a cabin in the woods about three miles down river. After a couple of months Huck planned to escape. He squished box bog berries in a cup and spread it around like someone had attacked him. Huck found Jim on Jakson island, Jim said Widow Watson was going to sell him for 800 dollars so he ran away. They found a cave and decided too set up camp there. On day it rained so hard that Huck and Jim saw a house that floated by. Jim went in first. Jim said there was a dead bobby in the house, Huck wanted to see it, but Jim would not let him. They found some cothes and other suplys. that night Huck wanted to know what the people thought of his disappearance. So he decided to dress up like a girl and...
by Prof | Jan 7, 2016 | Uncategorized
Huckleberry “Huck” Finn is a fictional character created by Mark Twain, who first appeared in the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and is the protagonist and narrator of its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (2 Pages | 1080 Words) He is 12 or 13 years old during the former and a year older at the time of the latter. Huck also narrates Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer, Detective, two shorter sequels to the first two books. Huckleberry Huckleberry “Huck” Finn is the son of the town’s vagrant drunkard, “Pap” Finn. Sleeping on doorsteps when the weather is fair, in empty hogsheads during storms, and living off of what he receives from others, Huck lives the life of a destitute vagabond. The author metaphorically names him “the juvenile pariah of the village” and describes Huck as “idle, and lawless, and vulgar, and bad,” qualities for which he was admired by all the children in the village, although their mothers “cordially hated and dreaded” him. Huck is an archetypal innocent, able to discover the “right” thing to do despite the prevailing theology and prejudiced mentality of the South of that era. The best example of this is his decision to help Jim escape slavery, even though he believes he will go to hell for it . His appearance is described in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He wears the clothes of full-grown men which he probably received as charity, and as Twain describes him, “he was fluttering with rags.” He has a torn broken hat and his trousers are supported with only one...
by Prof | Jan 7, 2016 | Uncategorized
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (4 Pages | 1150 Words) Tom Sawyer The young protagonist of the novel. Living with his aunt St. Petersburg, Missouri, Tom has a penchant for adventure and “showing off.” Constantly getting into mischief, he plays hooky from school and would rather go swimming than tend to his Sunday school lessons. Blessed with an active imagination, Tom dreams to be a noble robber such as Robin Hood or a pirate. Hungry for attention, Tom is obsessed with appearing noble and obtaining the envy of his peers. However, Tom is extremely clever and possesses an incredible insight on human nature. Throughout the novel, Tom must learn to listen to his conscience and become accountable for his actions. Huckleberry Finn The town’s social pariah. Son of an abusive and drunkard father who left town, Huck has failed to have been raised with any parental guidance or authority figures. Because he can smoke a pipe and never has to attend church or school, he is the envy of every schoolboy and the nightmare of every mother in town. Huck and Tom often have adventures and both believe in various superstitions. Although disregarded by the “sociables,” Huck possesses a kind spirit and consideration for others. Aunt Polly Tom’s somewhat elderly aunt and guardian. Religious, simple-mannered, and kind-hearted, Aunt Polly is respected among the citizens of St. Petersburg. Responsible for Tom’s discipline and upbringing, Aunt Polly is constantly torn between expressing her exasperation and showing her lover for Tom. Every time he causes trouble, another hair on her head turns gray; she often wishes Tom...
by Prof | Jan 7, 2016 | Uncategorized
book review (2 Pages | 704 Words) This story starts with a guy whose name is Huckleberry Finn, he lives in Miss Watson’s house and there’s a nigger calls Jim. Huck is a smart boy, but he doesn’t like to have a normal life with other people. Like Ms. Watson gives him some clean clothes, he always refuses to wear them, they tried to send him to the school, at the beginning, he was so good in the school, but he started tired of his school life after few weeks. He wants freedom as normal people, but his “free life” is to be together with some random guys in that town, Tom Sawyer is one of those guys. They always do some bad things like rob people, randomly kill them, but this is the life that he likes. After his dad appeared in that house, his life has changed. First of all, author used two characters who are Huck and Jim to explain the slavery in that time period. Huck and the runaway slave Jim are in flight from a society which labels them as outcasts. He adopted by the Widow Douglas, so he let Jim run away to the free states and earn money in order to buy his family.” I made Jim lay down in the canoe and cover up with the quilt, because if he set up, people could tell he was a nigger and good ways off.” It tells us that slavery was the most important, sell and buy niggers were most popular things at that time. Next Huck goes to...
by Prof | Jan 7, 2016 | Uncategorized
A Book Full of Conflicts (3 Pages | 1355 Words) “We are not one people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people for Slavery. Between the two, conflict is inevitable” – Horace Greeley. After American Civil War, the long period of historical conflicts seems came to an end as the dawn of impending union. However, collision never extinct from history, or avoid by human population just as the word “conflicts” never vanish in Twain’s work of art. In this sense, the novel “The Adventures of Huckleberry” Finn is a reflection and demonstration of conflicts. Mark Twain explores the complexity and collision over many issues in the full-of-conflicted novel. The book reveals not only the struggles between conscience and mortality, civilization and natural life, but also shows the clashes between shore and river. The collision of conscience and mortality is an inevitable conflict under Twain’s words. The heroes in many ways embody and demonstrate the crash of conscience and morality throughout the book. One of the major struggles is the main character Huck’s inner battle in regard to the question of slavery and his inborn mortality. When the time Huck, a young boy who struggles with complex issues such as fear, guilt, empathy and morality, come to the time to make decision whether or not he should turn Jim in as a runaway slave: “I can tell you it made me all over tremble and feverish, because I couldn’t get that out of my conscience, no how nor no way……conscience up and says, every time, ‘But you knew he...
by Prof | Jan 6, 2016 | Uncategorized
The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me (1 Pages | 246 Words) “She said it was wicked to say what I said; said she wouldn’t say it for the whole world; she was going to the good place” (Twain 18). The use of the word “sivilize” is a great example of Huck’s dialect. The word is actually “civilized”. Twain’s intentional use of dialect makes me ask whether Huck’s language is influenced by his surrounding or his lack of education. I would infer that his language is mostly influenced by his lack of education. Twain has indirectly characterized Huck in this line. Huck’s character is young, but some of his behaviors are reflective of that of an adult. I think Huck’s adult behaviors will help Twain to develop the Coming of Age theme in the novel. Also, this quote reminds me of the behavior of some of the characters in The Outsiders. I am curious to see if Huck faces any of the same conflicts that those characters faced as a result of his behavior. Huck’s reference to Widow Douglas reveals her personality to the reader. Here she is making an allusion to heaven. From this allusion, I can infer that she is a Christian. I also predict that she will continuously try to influence Huck to maintain high morals because he seems to lack any moral compass. You must have at least one entry (both sides) per...
by Prof | Jan 6, 2016 | Uncategorized
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (10 Pages | 5217 Words) Major conflict · Tom and Huck perceive their biggest struggle to be between themselves and Injun Joe, whose gold they want and whom they believe is out to kill them. Conflict also exists between Tom and his imaginative world and the expectations and rules of adult society. Rising action · Tom and Huck’s witness of Dr. Robinson’s murder; the search for the boys’ bodies in the river when they escape to Jackson’s Island; Tom’s testimony at Muff Potter’s trial; Tom and Huck’s accidental sighting of Injun Joe at the haunted house; Tom and Becky’s entrapment in the cave Climax · Huck overhears Injun Joe’s plan to kill the Widow Douglas, and Tom encounters Injun Joe when he and Becky are stranded in the cave. Falling action · Huck gets help from the Welshman and drives Injun Joe away from the Widow Douglas; Tom avoids conflict with Injun Joe and navigates himself and Becky out of the cave; Judge Thatcher seals off the cave, causing Injun Joe to starve to death; Tom and Huck find Injun Joe’s treasure; Huck is adopted and civilized by the Widow Douglas. Historical Background Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in Florida, Missouri, in 1835, and grew up in nearby Hannibal, a small Mississippi River town. Hannibal would become the model for St. Petersburg, the fictionalized setting of Twain’s two most popular novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The young Clemens grew up in a prosperous family—his father owned a grocery store as well as a number of slaves—but he...
by Prof | Jan 6, 2016 | Uncategorized
Title: The adventures of huckleberry finn Date of publication: first published (2 Pages | 700 Words) Historical Background The story of Huckleberry Finn was placed in the 1830’s and was wrapped around the thought of slavery and Freedom. Mark Twain began writing the story of Huckleberry Finn in the year 1880 but as times got harder in the battle of slavery in the south, Twain stopped working on his story for another 2 years. After finishing two other works of literature, Mark Twain once again picked up the story of Huck Finn to complete their adventure. Character List: Huckleberry Finn – The main character of this story, Huck Finn goes on adventure with his friend Jim and Tom Sawyer. Along the way he is put up against obstacles that, for the most part, make him consider the foundation of the logic that society has. Huck Finn’s Father – Huck’s Father is a constant drunk. He is abusive and seeks to control Huck’s fortune. Tom Sawyer – Tom Sawyer is the same age as Huck Finn and his best friend. He is a natural born conman who is able to persuade almost anyone to do anything that he wants to. Jim – An African American who starts out as the slave of Miss Watson and later becomes Huck’s travelling companion down the river. Jim at first glance does not seem like the smartest character in the story but while on the island Jim shows a hidden “intellectual” side with the natural world around him. Widow Douglas – Widow Douglas is the guardian of Huck...
by Prof | Jan 2, 2016 | Uncategorized
No Excuses : Lessons from 21 High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools by Samuel Casey Carter Book Review: Paper on Education Distribution in the Us and How It Affects Income and How 21 Schools Made the Exception to the Rule Econ 355 (6 Pages | 2801 Words) Synopsis In the US there is an unfortunate reality that exists among low-income K-12 public schools. This national tragedy is the failure to teach children of poor families the necessary skills to make it in the real world. Samuel Casey Carter’s No Excuses, states that roughly 20 million lower than average income children exist in the K-12 public school system. Of this number, 12 million are not learning the most fundamental skills (1). His opposition claims that the environment these students experience dooms them to a having a substandard education and as a result a life of poverty. “A child living in an inner city is in school for only so many hours. It’s in the rest of the day—as well as the rest of the neighborhood—that’s the big influence, and the big problem,” (2) Carter disagrees, he believes it is within the means of the public school system to make improvements for underprivileged children whether they are in the classroom or not. He demonstrates through 21 different examples how the principals of particular high- poverty K-12 schools took a leadership role against the “bureaucratic and cultural obstacles,” that was keeping their students behind (1). He dubbed these schools No Excuses Schools. “By studying the traits of these high-performing, high-poverty schools, other schools can replicate their success,” (8). His most...
by Prof | Jan 2, 2016 | Uncategorized
HIST 3119 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (review) (3 Pages | 1063 Words) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Ed. By Patricia Hill Collins. (New York: Routledge, 2000. ii, 336 pp. Cloth, $128.28, ISBN 0-415-92483-9. Paper, $26.21, 0-415-92484-7.) Patricia Hill Collins’s work, Black Feminist Thought seeks to center Black Women into intersectionalist thought, addressing the power struggles that face them not only due to their race but also to the gender. Masculine rhetoric and powerful male leaders such as Huey P. Newton and Eldridge Cleaver have overshadowed Black Women’s stories, both in and out of the Civil Right Rights/Black Power Era. It is an analysis that defines Black Feminist Thought, instead of recycling former White Feminist philosophies and providing interpretations of them. However, she does integrate consciousness raising into the body of work, drawing in from her personal experiences while analyzing the texts of women such as Alice Walker and bell hooks. The second edition of Black Feminist Thought differs from the first in both the complexity and the depth of oppression and empowerment, spanning into a transnational level. Collins breaks down her novel into three parts. Part I: The Social Construction of Feminist Thought, Part II: Core Themes in Black Feminist Thought, and Part III: Black Feminism, Knowledge, and Power. Bobet 2 Part I: The Social Construction of Feminist Thought covers the history of oppression of black women from various sectors. White feminism has failed women which use of essentialist philosophy, which Collins uses in the relationship between Rebecca Felton and Ida B Wells,...
by Prof | Nov 17, 2015 | Uncategorized
The Presidency (5 Pages | 2147 Words) There are many books about American history and how the historical figures and events helped found this country. However, they only tell part of the story of how this country came to be what it is now. In the book, “The presidency of Jefferson,” one can see the complete side of one of American most famous founders. This side talks about the Jefferson way with Congress, Foreign affairs, and how Jefferson’s views change over time. Forrest McDonald is the author of this important book on Thomas Jefferson. He has produced a great insight, detail work and fascinating history of the Jefferson’s Administration. Indeed, this book is part of the University of Kansas’ history of the presidency series. This was the second book by McDonald which covers the presidency of Jefferson. “ McDonald regards Jefferson’s first term administration as a huge success, crapped with happy accident of history the Louisiana Purchase”3McDonald’s gives a detail account of Jefferson’s policies, politics, foreign affairs, and unique style of America’s third chief executive. The book was about 200 pages but was detail and insightful. In this book McDonald was both thorough and interesting in his telling of this period in the country. Jefferson and his administration produced wonderful contradictions. His party exposed a “Republican” philosophy that basically wanted to liberate Americans from Hamilton’s financial system and Adam’s heavy influenced as witnessed by the Alien and Sedition Acts. McDonald describes ethnic politics as a disruptive force in American society, for example, “A habit which the Scotch-Irish particularly practiced. Then he said that of the...
by Prof | Nov 17, 2015 | Uncategorized
ENG 151 Before beginning Michelle Alexander’s book The new Jim Crow my reaction was another book on crime and how controversial it can be (2 Pages | 641 Words) Throughout the first few pages Alexander brings many topics into the light for example the War on Drugs and how many colored minorities are in prison because of drugs. It also brings to light that a large majority of the population that are behind bars are people of color. In her book Michelle Alexander provides us with a thesis stating mass incarceration, over criminalization, and the reducing of people with criminal records to the status of “second class citizen” are the forces that underlie and reinforce the latest form of structural racism in the US. Although many people will have specific viewpoints on this situation, I for example agree with this thesis and that is with deep understanding of the statistics and knowledge that Alexander provides us in support of her thesis. In today’s society once you have a criminal record you’re considered a “second class citizen,” once you’re labeled a felon you no longer have the right to vote, you cannot get housing. “Finding a job allows a person to establish a positive role in the community, develop a healthy self-image, and keep a distance from negative influences and opportunities for illegal behavior. Work is deemed so fundamental to human existence in many countries around the world that it is regarded as a basic human right (Alexander 148).” The New Jim crow is full of statistics, and factual evidence that supports Alexander’s thesis when she explains...
by Prof | Nov 17, 2015 | Uncategorized
Basic overview of Politics Book (3 Pages | 1221 Words) Introduction The United States Constitution is more than just a document. It is the building block of this nation; no one would dispute that it is the single most valuable part of our written history. Therefore, when one looks to revise they do it knowing the whole nation will be looking and possibly not willing to change. With that said A More Perfect Constitution by Sabato J. Sabato steps out of the box to take on what issues the US constitution has in today’s world and why the dated version just is not working as well as it could. Book Summary Within the book, Sabato goes over a list of ideals he believes to be crucial parts of the constitution that need revising—opening first with revisions to the US Congress and the presidency and offering up ideas and reasoning for each. For example, adding more to the Senate chairs suggesting that there should be 135-136 seats instead of the 100 currently used. He states that it will allow the over populated states a better representation for the entire population. Sabato deliberates on how it is unjust to have equal representation for a state with a large population as with a small population. Wanting the ten most populated states to get an additional two seats, and the fifteen most popular after that to get one more seat. In addition, Sabato indicates that areas without representation should have a right to a seat when they are required to pay taxes, in stating how we are need...
by Prof | Nov 13, 2015 | IDST 301
Book Review The Thinking Life Human Inquiry IDST 301 (3 Pages | 1078 Words) The thinking life is a book that navigates its readers through an introspective look into different aspects of our lives. Aspects that vary from what we find to be import, to how we manage our time and maybe most importantly how frequently or infrequently we make time to think about our lives, decisions and the happenings of the world around us and more significantly within us. The thinking life is filled with insightful prose on the advantages to be gained thru acquiring knowledge of self, living a purpose driven life and being accountable for ones eventual outcomes and learned lessons. The book suggests that in society today we are so busy Tweeting, Sharing and Liking that we have lost the ability to properly think about and process our own lives. Furthermore as we value communicating, the value of what we are communicating has become almost irrelevant. –Powerful thoughts to make mental notes of. The major features of the Thinking Life are those that show us how to move forward, toward living the “good life” by remembering that you cannot achieve your goals without preparing your mind for the task. There seems to have been a great deal of research and collaborative efforts by author P.M. Forni. There were references throughout the book, to the great minds and thinkers through the history of our society. There were nods to many different people and references to many different situations as well, which help the reader make modern world connections to what’s being examined,...
by Prof | Nov 11, 2015 | CWV 101
CWV 101 Media Worldview Analysis Worksheet with Instructions (3 Pages | 1100 Words) Hello Class, To complete this assignment as worksheet, follow the instructions below and actually complete your work on this worksheet. Watch one of the following movies (you will need to obtain the movie on your own): ï‚·It’s a Wonderful Life ï‚·Avatar ï‚·Signs ï‚·Citizen Kane ï‚·Treasure of the Sierra Madre ï‚·To End All Wars ï‚·Book of Eli ï‚·Horton Hears a Who Answer each of the four questions below. Note: Be sure to answer the questions as they apply to all the main characters, not just the primary character. For example, question 1, describe the worldviews of all the main characters. Type your answer to each question directly below the question. The combined word count of your answers to all four questions should total 500-750 words. Reference the movie on the reference page at the end of the worksheet. Here is a link that will show you how to format the reference for the movie. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/11/ Complete this worksheet. Title of the movie being reviewed: Book Of Eli Question 1. What worldview or worldviews are represented in this movie in the main characters? Be sure to look at all the main characters, not just the star. Choose from the worldviews studied in this course (naturalism, secular humanism, atheistic existentialism, eastern pantheism, New Age, Christian Theism). Provide example from the movie that support your identification of the worldview(s). What specific attitudes, actions and behaviors lead to that conclusion? The worldview that is represented in this movie was that of a Christian one because Eli...
by Prof | Nov 6, 2015 | SOC 101
Why Are Books Considered “Mass” Media When a Popular Hardcover Book Might Sell Only 100,000 or 200,000 Copies? Include in Your Discussion a Definition of Mass Media and Give Examples of Books That Had a Significant Impact on a Mass Audience SOC 101 (2 Pages | 680 Words) Define human rights. In your opinion, what are the rights that all should have? How has contemporary feminism altered the debate on human rights? How active should the United States be ensuring that all nations respect the human rights of their citizens? ANS: Human rights are rights that all human beings are entitled to without regard to race, gender, nationality, ethnic origin, religion, language or any other status. We are all entitled to these right without discrimination. These rights may be interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. The United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights identifies the rights that all people are entitled to without discrimination. These rights are life, liberty and security of person; freedom from slavery and servitude; freedom from torture, or cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment; equality before the law; not being subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile; freedom of movement and residence; nationality; the right to marriage and to found a family; freedom of thought, conscience and religion; peaceful assembly and association; work, health and education. In my opinion, everyone is entitled to basic human rights. Regardless of what status an individual occupies, all people should have right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. The right to life should entitle us to live a life free from cruelty, injustice and equality....
by Prof | Oct 27, 2015 | PSY 325
Sensitivity & Stress Book Report Stress Management PSY 325 (3 Pages | 1656 Words) Abstract The world of highly sensitive people is different, and those individuals come into situations with unique perspectives and ideas that everyone can benefit. Highly sensitive individuals tend to differ from others professionally, personally as well as socially. Sensitive individuals tend to experience anxiety when their profession requires lots of traveling or long hours; as well as being in different social encounters. Romantic relationships are another area in which these individuals feel more vulnerable and can cause problems in relationships due to misunderstanding the sensitive person’s intentions. Unfortunately, all of the negative aspects of sensitive individuals outweigh the positive attributes when compared to the majority of society such as someone’s intellect, imagination or compassion for others. Society believes that sensitivity is a curse not a blessing and sensitive individuals need to become less sensitive in order to generate a fulfilled life. Sensitivity & Stress It takes all kinds of people to make the world go around, and while many of us are unique and exceptional; everyone of us have a distinct place in this world and should be treated as equals but we are not. Each of us still experience stress whether it comes from personal life, school or work or health problems. Throughout the Stress Management class, I have learned different techniques of how to turn acute stress into good stress and how to prevent stress from taking a toll on my life. One of the ways I have learned about how I deal with stress and whom I...
by Prof | Oct 13, 2015 | HIS 104
Book Review His 104 (6 Pages | 2733 Words) Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II Published by Cornell University Press: New York AUTHOR BACKGROUND: I choose “Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II” written by John B. Hench as the publication to do my book review on doing some research on Contemporary Authors Online I found that John B. Hench had earned a PHD in history from Clark University in 1979. Hench was involved in many historical clubs and societies throughout the years ranging in all topics mostly that of historical significance. Hench also served as vice president for the American Antiquarian Society for multiple years. Although Hench was involved in many societies and clubs he had time to help edit and improvise books from 1980 to the early 1990’s. A lot of these books had to do with literature and its historic values in America. A few examples were titled “Printing and Society in Early America”, “Need and Opportunities in the History of the Book: America”, and “The Press and the American Revolution”. In 2010 Hench published his first book which I am doing my review on that dealt with mainly the World War II era and the importance of books. I believe that John B. Hench’s educational and professional background make him a source of reliance. His book covers a vast array of topics and history but the main point it talks about pertains to the circulation of books during...
by Prof | Oct 12, 2015 | HIS 103
Mohawk The French and Indian War & American Revolution on New York’s Frontier New York HIS 103 (2 Pages | 788 Words) Book Review Richard Berleth, a native to New York received his Ph. D. in 1970 from Rutgers University in English literature. He won an award for Bloody Mohawk as an Independent Publisher. Berleths’ other books consist of The Twilight Lords: An Irish Chronicle, Samuel’s Choice, Mary Patten, and The Orphan Stone: The Minnesinger Dream of Reich. His books are mostly nonfiction and youth fiction. The audience he appeals to ranges from scholars to children. His purpose in writing this book may be to consume the reader in to the real history of wars and civilization between the Europeans and Native Americans. Bloody Mohawk; is a fiction novel that consumes people whether scholars or Historians to read about the Native Americans that lived here in the Mohawk River Valley to the time the Europeans came and ravished all that the Native Americans had built for themselves in their tribes. The cover of the book is a picture of the French and Indian War, it is the Battle of Oriskany. The picture itself catches the eye and the summary on the back cover is nothing but intriguing to pull the reader in. As you flip open to the introduction of the book, Berleth put a map of New York State where the frontier would have been driven back from the Stanwix Treaty line to the borders of Schenectady by the near of the revolution. In the map he marks off the battle sites along the Mohawk...
by Prof | Oct 8, 2015 | Exp 105
Exp 105 In Gardner’s book, book “Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences” He states his theory that people have a various ranges of cognitive abilities and often learn dependent to certain types of intelligences and a need or reason to learn (2 Pages | 476 Words) The seven intelligences that Gardner refers to in his theory are: Logical-Mathematical, Linguistic, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and Intrapersonal. Gardner believes that, although, these seven sources are physically separated in the brain, they work in conjunction with one another and can often complement each other, to enable a person the ability to perform certain skills and also be capable of solving problems. Gardner’s theory is about how humans understand and perceive the world in several different ways. How we, simultaneously utilize different forms of intelligence, even though each form of intelligence may be anatomically separated from each other. ‘These seven different intelligences are: Linguistic which is the use of spoken or written words; Logical-Mathematical which gives you the ability to use fact based and non-emotional thinking, and reasoning attributes; Visual-Spatial is the ability to memorize and visualize objects (not necessarily through the use of vision); Bodily-kinesthetic is knowing your body and being able to control your physical motion; Musical-Rhythmic is the ability to learn music and rhythm, tones and beats; Interpersonal is the ability to communicate well with others and form relationships; Intrapersonal would be the ability to understand your own emotions and feelings. Gardner believes that we all learn in our own unique ways using these intelligences differently. Of the seven intelligences, the two that I...
by Prof | Oct 7, 2015 | ENG 105
Eng 105 The Jungle Book (2 Pages | 1072 Words) ‘ Disney has the ability to make children out of adults and turn old stories in to movies that are memorable for all. From Snow White to Frozen, Disney has been capturing audience’s attention no matter what age group. One of the most notable films is the Jungle Book. The Jungle Book is an amazing story that takes viewer through the life of Mowgli who was a boy that was raised by wolves. The young boy must leave from his wolf family in order to escape the man-eating tiger named Shere Khan. With the Indian boy’s fellow companions Bagheera and Baloo the audience experiences a great and positive story, fun songs, amazing animations for the time, and characters that will always be closed to the heart. The Disney version of Rudyard Kipling’s novel takes the audience to experience a great story and makes it into a family friendly animated movie. The story of a young Indian boy named Mowgli, who is a little boy that was separated from his village and was saved by his wolf father from the evil tiger Shere Khan. The boy was raised as a wolf and about 10 years later he grew up and learned that he couldn’t stay because soon Shere Khan would find him. Mowgli teams up with his panther friend Bagheera who will help him journey back to his village. On the way back the two protagonists run into another man-eating beast, Kaa the snake. Both Bagheera and Mowgli eventually meet up with a fun and loving bear...
by Prof | Oct 1, 2015 | XBIS 219
Amazon EvolutionUniversity of Phoenix BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS XBIS 219 (2 Pages | 695 Words) Case Study, Amazon: From Book Seller to Service Provider Niklas Zennstrom stated: “When we look at investing, we always think about ‘how defensible is this, how likely is it that somebody is going to copy this.’ E-commerce tends to be something easy to copy because it’s execution.” Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer since the company opened in the garage of Jeff Bezos’, and its yearly are over 10 billion dollars. Many companies subsequently have copied Amazon and now compete for e-commerce profits; therefore companies like Google and Microsoft become an issue for Amazon. This has instigated Amazon to develop products for other e-commerce businesses, and now Amazon offers business- to -business e-commerce. This paper will discuss whether Amazon is moving away from its core competency of a leading online retailer, and if this is a wise strategy. A brief description of the Amazon database, how Amazon uses each component, and what data management issues may be encountered by Amazon, the relationship between data, information, and how Amazon tackles each will be included in this paper. To survive the invasion of companies like Google, Amazon has resolved to supply a series of computing, storage and other services that make its infrastructure available to businesses and people to assist them administer the technological and logistical parts of their company. Amazon only uses 10 percent of its processing capability, and offering these additional services will not impair other segments of the online retailer. This is a move away from its core expertise; however, this is...
by Prof | Sep 26, 2015 | Uncategorized
BOOK REVIEW (3 Pages | 1591 Words) That She May Dance Again: Rising from Pain of Violence Against women in the Philippine Catholic Church, by Sr. Nila V. Bermisa, MM, Women and Gender Commission- Association of Major Religious Superiors in the Philippines (WGC- AMRSP), 2011, 195 pp. Sexual abuse is one of the common diseases of our country. Wherever you go, there are cases of women being sexually assaulted. It may be in the family, in the workplace, in the society and even in the Church where the person belongs to. That she may dance again by Sr. Nila V. Bermisa, MM. tells about violence against women happening within the walls of the Philippine Catholic Church. Its major theme is justice seeking by and for women abused within the Roman Catholic Church. Sexual abuse by the members of the clergy is one of the controversial issues that is frequently being masked by the Church and on which most are not aware of. The book basically tells about the history and faces of violence in our country as well as personal stories from the victims and the impact that it has brought into their lives. The purpose of the work is to encourage and enable women, especially those who were abused, to seek justice, stand up against their pain, and become the agents of change as well. In the first chapters, the author tells her and her companions’ respective journeys of fighting violence against women within the Catholic Church and the different organizations like the WGC (Women and Gender Commission), AMRSP ( Association of Major Religions...
by Prof | Jul 25, 2015 | CJA 324
Ethical Scrapbook Part II Ethics in Criminal Justice CJA 324 (5 Pages | 2257 Words) Ethical Scrapbook Part II Ethics are a part of nearly everything that we as a society do. Whether we are late for work or even filing your federal taxes, an ethical decision is being made. Life is about choices, morals, and principles. In the field of criminal justice, ethics can be applied as well. Just as police are sworn to serve and protect by oath for the principles by which they are governed, so are most professions today. “Should All Jurisdictions Have a Good Samaritan Law Requiring an Individual to Help Another if They Are Able?” Requiring persons to help another when they are able without percussions of being sued against death or permanent damage to the victim has been helpful in certain situations where ambulatory assistance has not yet arrived. Often times a person can prevent death or stabilize a person until help arrives. If a person moves another person in need and actually causes permanent damage to them, they are not held accountable for that; in other words, they cannot be sued. I believe that there should be a law regarding Good Samaritans; however, I do not believe that it should be required. While the law is helpful, it can also be hurtful. For example, going back to my example above, should the person in need now be permanently immobilized, they cannot go after the person that helped for financial or medical money or charges incurred because they were only trying to help. Because of this,...
by Prof | Jun 3, 2015 | Questions and Answers
In my book Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, chapter 7on probablity, in the text the problem is Probablity of events that are not independent events. In the College of Arts and sCiences at our university, theprobablity of randomly selecting a female student is event B, withp(B) = .526 (that is slightly more than half of our A&S majorsare women) and “psychology major” is event A. with p (A) = .0744(that is about 7.5% of A&S students are psychologymajors.) We also knw the p (“feamle” and “psychology major”) =.0564 Assuming that a person majoring in psychlogy is sleceted,what is the probablity that the person is a female? p(“female” l “psychology major”) = .0564/.0744 =.758 What does the straight line between the female and psychologymajor mean? How did they get .0564? Answer: well the straight line the female and psychology major meanthe conditional probability .it means probability of selectin afemale when it is given that she is from psychologymajor . let us understand in bit detail :- ConditionalProbability Recall that the probability of an event occurring given thatanother event has already occurred is called a conditionalprobability. The probability that event B occurs, given that event A hasalready occurred is P(B|A) = P(A and B) / P(A) This formula comes from the generalmultiplication principle and a little bit of algebra. Since we are given that event A has occurred, we have a reducedsample space. Instead of the entire sample space S, we now have asample space of A since we know A has occurred. So the old ruleabout being the number in the event divided by the number in thesample space still applies. It...
by Prof | May 26, 2015 | Questions and Answers
What is the historical development of biological psychology? Answers: The first event in the field of biology psychology was done in 1073 when a Persian psychologist identified that he could treat emotional problems after developing a system which changed the pulse rate of the inner feelings. Further discovery in the field established that increased humidity in the cranium led to emergence of different moods. The breathing rate of an individual also contributed to the changes of moods such that happiness is brought by increased breathing and reduced breathing leads to high levels of irritation. This is attributed to high level of moisture in the brain makes the brain loose control over the ability to make rational decisions hence mental disturbances arise (Breedlove, Rosenzweig and Watson, 2007). In the 19th century, a philosopher by the name Rene Descartes established that the pineal gland in the brain is strategically located such that it binds the body and mind hence disruption of normal flow of hormones affected personality. Hence more studies in the field were largely physiological especially after scientists such as Charles Bell and William Harvey established that the only data which can be reliable is obtained from living organisms (Carlson, 2007). The year 1914 saw Knight Dunlap publish his book; An Outline of Psychobiology, which created a very close link between the mental composition of individuals and their physiological components. This was the starting point of modern neuroscience. Discovery of conditioning as having a greater impact on an individual’s behavioral aspect was established by Pavlov who identified the environment as having a substantial impact on the overall behavioral aspect...
by Prof | May 19, 2015 | HCS 587
Concord Bookshop Paper Creating Change within Organizations HCS 587 (2 Pages | 695 Words) Concord Bookshop Paper Technology has changed the opportunity for a company to grow globally and increase their revenue that has not been seen before. In today’s market, organizations need to change the way they conduct business to meet the demands of their customers, while sustaining organizational wellbeing. Company’s need to lead their organization in a way that is successful and appropriate for their own needs to implement the change they are striving for. A model for change is Kurt Lewin’s three- step process, discussed in his change theory, which leaders can use to make a smooth transition in organizational change. The Concord bookstore neglected to take the right steps to achieve a successful change in environment and leadership. Lewin’s change theory believes a group differs from the sum of its parts. He believes behavior is related to both personal characteristics, and one’s social situation (Nursing Theory, 2011). Lewin developed his change theory with groups and individuals in mind and what is required to make people change. The first objective in his theory is motivating staff to change and unfreeze the way they have been performing their job. To do this, the driving force for change must increase while the restraining or resisting force decreases. Leadership can help staff members move passed the anxiety of change by communicating the need for change to staff members (Borkowski, 2005). The second objective is dealing with what needs to change. To make a change effective, staff members need to be part of the...
by Prof | May 4, 2015 | POL 201
Summary of Rousseau’s Book “On the Social Contract” book POL 201 “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.” Rousseau’s words that says much about the concept of the Social Contract and other main concepts in life. Here, he is trying to raise a question if the “governing authorities” whether support the freedom of people or are they the “chains” over people’s freedom. Rousseau refutes the claim that there is something called “natural political authority” or “political body supremacy”. The “natural authority” such as the one between the father & his child is not the same as, in somehow, the one between the ruler and his subjects, or perhaps as others saw it at that time. As a matter a fact, the force is the thing which determines the kind of relations in the last one. As he elaborated this legitimate force was not founded by nature. Rousseau suggested that an agreement (social contract) between the different members in society – those who have the authority & power and those who don’t – would legitimize the “Authority”; and in this case, there will be an exchange of interest. In support, the examples of, the relation between the slaves who surrender their liberty to the master or the relation between the king and the people, were brought up to address this inquiry; is there a real exchange of interest? Trade between preservation (security) for the right of ruling, maybe? Anyways, there must be something or an interest that people see so they give away their liberty, otherwise, they would be crazy, as Rousseau has noted. Another...
by Prof | Apr 25, 2015 | Uncategorized
Book Review The Daylight War, by Peter V. Brett, is the third book in the Demon Cycle series. It is about how the people of a postmodern day world fight every night against demons who rise from the Core to terrorize the people. The only thing that keeps them safe are the magical wards they use to repel them. There are two main guys who people believe will be the Deliverer and lead them in the last war against the demons. The first is Arlen Bales, he was a messenger who traveled to a distant land where men still fought the demons at night. He found the resting place of the last deliverer who lived 300 years ago and found the Spear of the Deliverer which was covered in offensive wards that were thought to be lost. When the people of this land figure out he had this spear the betrayed him and took it. They left him in a desert oasis to die. He had drawn the wards in his journal and drew them on himself to fight off the demons. This led to him tattooing himself with offensive and defensive wards all over his body. As a result of this he absorbed the magic from the demons through these wards. This made him faster, stronger, and even heal faster. He is beginning to learn new powers as the book progresses. He has an internal conflict with if he really is the Deliverer or not. The second man is Jardir, the one who betrayed Arlen and took the spear then proclaimed himself the deliverer. Jardir...
by Prof | Mar 31, 2015 | Uncategorized
The Wealth of Nations The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith was first published in 1776. The book alluded to create a new understanding of ‘classical economics’. It aimed to overturn the disallusion of mercantilist systems, and simultaneously preached the benefits of free trade, particularly encouraging the usage of government intervention through regulation, but not with vested interests. Smith also frequently inserted policy recommendations combined with moral philosophy to extend his arguments and create a sound and particularly well justified piece. The book itself is substantially long, and is split into 6 books, each with a specific theme. In my review I will examine each book, picking up on the major themes and analysing their relevance to economics today. Book 1 focuses on the division of labour. Smith reiterates many times that improving the productive power of labour is solely dependant on the division of labour. He states three different reasons for the increase in productivity; firstly that the division of labour saves the labourer, and indeed the firm, time. By having only one task as opposed to many, it ensures that the labourer becomes efficient and diligent at performing this one task. Secondly; the division of labour ensures an unparelled knowledge of a particular task, therefore ensuring the labourers are engaged and more productive. Thirdly, and finally, the time spent by the labourer on the isolated task leads to initiative and then potentially, technological advances that will inevitably ensure the task becomes easier. Book 2 discusses that capital (man made aids to production) is a hugely important part of an economy – and thus...
by Prof | Mar 11, 2015 | ART 211
BOOK FIVE LABOR RELATIONS Art. 211. Declaration of Policy To promote and emphasize the primacy of free collective bargaining and negotiations, including voluntary arbitration, mediation and conciliation, as modes of settling labor or industrial disputes; To promote free trade unionism as an instrument for the enhancement of democracy and the promotion of social justice and development; To foster the free and voluntary organization of a strong and united labor movement; To promote the enlightenment of workers concerning their rights and obligations as union members and as employees; To provide an adequate administrative machinery for the expeditious settlement of labor or industrial disputes; To ensure a stable but dynamic and just industrial peace; and To ensure the participation of workers in decision and policy-making processes affecting their rights, duties and welfare. To encourage a truly democratic method of regulating the relations between the employers and employees by means of agreements freely entered into through collective bargaining, no court or administrative agency or official shall have the power to set or fix wages, rates of pay, hours of work or other terms and conditions of employment, except as otherwise provided under this Code. (As amended by Section 3, Republic Act No. 6715, March 21, 1989) Chapter II DEFINITIONS Art. 212. Definitions. “Commission” means the National Labor Relations Commission or any of its divisions, as the case may be, as provided under this Code. “Bureau” means the Bureau of Labor Relations and/or the Labor Relations Divisions in the regional offices established under Presidential Decree No. 1, in the Department of Labor. “Board” means the National Conciliation and Mediation Board...
by Prof | Feb 16, 2015 | Uncategorized
Class Laws and Regulations book Class Laws and Regulations Class Acts of Class Act Sec. 1 This act states the implementation of weekly payments of an individual student of a class in a week or so called “weekly due”. Article No. 1 A student is required to pay the amount of 2 pesos in week. Article No. 2 A student may have the opportunity not to pay for the week or so, but must be paid fully to the upcoming signing of clearance (either preliminary of final grading period) where an approval signature is needed. Article No. 3 The dues unpaid must be paid compulsorily unless permitted by the adviser. Article No. 4 The money that will be collected will be used to accommodate the expenses in the Christmas party or at any occasions assigned by the adviser. Class Act Sec. 2 This act states the implementation of the prohibition of malicious acts and the corresponding fines to be paid when executed. Class Act Sec. 2.1: Immoral, Harsh and Mischievous Speaking Article No. 1 No student within the class premises are allowed to speak bad and immoral words. This includes words with devilish words used as an expression, call to a person or an insult. Article No. 2 Make out names and expressions are allowed to be spoken. But if the make out names or expressions comes to a point that it insults a student, it is subjected to fines. Article No. 3 When a student is caught speaking bad words, they are subjected to the fines: which is equivalent to 5 pesos...
by Prof | Feb 14, 2015 | ENG 101
Wear the Old Coat and Buy the New Book English Comprehension-Eng 101 “Wear the old coat and buy the new book.” Answer: “Wear the old coat and buy the new book” is a quote written by Austin Phelps. Which means knowledge is better than appearance. we should not spend our money only on to purchase new clothes but also on to buy books. Books can give someone intelligence and wisdom which is better than looks. Appearance can take a back seat when it comes to the corporate world. Education is something everyone can relate to. Education is more important than physical appearance or talent because, majority of individuals in today society will rely on education to make a living rather than their appearance or talent. With an education you will have way more opportunities to be successful in life. So its better to spend your money on books rather then on your clothes. 2. The sentences given below belong to a well written paragraph but they are not in proper order. Rearrange the sentences into a logical order. In the blanks provided, write the number that represents each sentence’s place in the paragraph. As blood circulates, it cleans out body waste, like the collector who cruises the neighborhood picking up trash.___3____ In return, it deposits oxygen and food in every body part, from the top of the head to the little toe. ______4_ Yet human life depends on those four quarts of blood that are pumped from the heart, flow to every cell in the body, and return to the heart to be pumped...
by Prof | Feb 11, 2015 | COMM 215
Non-Profit Community Book Festival COMM/215 Non-Profit Community Book Festival Charlotte Werner Elementary School is one of 19 elementary schools within the Rialto Unified School District that services school aged children, grades K through 5. This school offers bilingual education programs to those students in need. Charlotte Werner Elementary has a wide variety of different race categories including Asian, Native American, Pacific Islanders, Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic students. The number of students currently enrolled is 834. On May 19, 2012 from 9:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m., the students and staff of Charlotte Werner will be hosting its first annual community book festival. The book festival will be held on the school’s playground area behind the multi-purpose building. In the event of inclement weather, the book festival will be moved to the inside of the multi-purpose building. Charlotte Werner Elementary School strives toward excellence. One method is to expose the students to the latest technology available. Electronic books (E-readers) will allow the educators to prepare today’s students for a rapidly advancing future. E-readers have the ability to help students boost test scores and help to raise the schools overall ranking in the API (Academic Performance Index). “Based on the State Academic Performance Index (API) scale, that rank similar schools with a score of 1-10 with one being lowest and 10 being the highest, Charlotte Werner Elementary received a score of five” (California school rating, 2010). Based on these demographics, a non-profit book festival would significantly benefit the students of Charlotte Werner Elementary by purchasing e-readers. In addition to this, a non-profit book festival would help prepare...
by Prof | Feb 11, 2015 | COMM 215
West Virginia Book Festival Paper Comm/ 215 In organizations many challenges are faces that can cause financial and business problems. Understanding the need to work as a team and rely on outside sources can prove difficult for both for-profit and non-profit organizations. Ethics, morals and a standard code of practice is a basic foundation for success. In non-profit organizations the community relies on honest in both financial and physical donations. Organizing a nonprofit fundraiser can be a difficult and tedious task but, with the proper business model and financial resources any community based event can be successful. The mission of the festival is to bring the community together to promote, celebrate books and literacy. To have a successful book fair the community that it takes place in has to be an active participant. The partnership with parents, organizations and schools needs to take place in order to plant the seed that reading is of the utmost importance in our youth. Teaming up with the parents and schools will actively involve the community for supporting higher education and that reading is beneficial in so many ways. The West Virginia Book festival is a 5 day event of mostly free literary events that are open to the public as the community honors book culture and promotes reading. The festival consists of book signings, Story time for children, authors reading portions of their work and storybook characters visits. The importance of reading at an early age defines a child’s success in the basic fundamentals of development in language. The positive effects of reading helps develop the human brain and...
by student simple | Nov 29, 2014 | TUTORS PROBLEMS
• Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper discussing a well-known children’s book or story of your choice from the list. • Discuss how theoretical models of childhood may be applied to children’s literature. • Discuss the story in relation to one or more theories of child development in Ch. 2 of Literature for Children: A Short Introduction. • Explain how that model does or does not apply to the book in question. • Apply one or more critical approaches in Ch. 3 of Literature for Children: A Short Introduction. • Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. answer: Little Toot By Hardie Gramatky Introduction The story “Little Toot” that was written in 1993, by Hardie Gramatky, is a story that was meant for children in the age group of 2-7 years. This is the age where in they are in their preoperational stage as they are not independent in case of understanding the story but will be assisted by others and would need to be attracted by imagination provocations. This story is meant to capture the imagination as well as impact children in a positive manner by giving a moral to the story or a message through the story. The aim is to deliver a simple concept of being hard working as well as not to underestimate anybody, and this has been done in a creative and capturing manner through a story of a tugboat (imbd.com, 2010). The objective is to help the readers or children be entertained and absorbed as well as learn a positive thought. This relates to Piaget’s theory of subjective logic. It is...
by student simple | Aug 18, 2014 | Uncategorized
“what are the characteristics of organizational behavior based on the book “Seven habits of highly effective people”?” this is only a second question i am asking. I asked first about the characteristics based on the Executive EQ book and second based on the “Seven habits of highly effective people”. ANSWER: Every organization needs to have a character ethic and a personality ethic. This is very clear as organizations will then think of a paradigm shift in culture and make way for highly ethical way of functioning. The paradigm that is needed for every organization comes from a route map that organizations need to chalk out for very efficient functioning. They take the firm towards the goal. If a firm does not have conviction in its organizational ethics no amount of external influence can shape its behavior. Hence the role of the paradigm dictates to a very large extent how organsational behavior is drawn.Organsations are continually on the path of changes and shifts in designs. This cannot help organizations unless paradigm shift is understood and clearly adopted using change management techniques. As the author quotes Thoreau, “For every thousand hacking at the leaves of evil, there is one striking at the root.” We can only achieve quantum improvements in our lives as we quit hacking at the leaves of attitude and behavior and get to work on the root, the paradigms from which our attitudes and behaviors flow. This is what designs organization behavior and culture and brings a plausible and transparent functioning of ethical stands that organization frequently portrays as being theirs. Organizations work within certain natural laws...
by student simple | Jul 19, 2014 | Uncategorized
Discuss a contemporary information technology issue for which our society’s moral guidelines seem to be nonexistent or unclear. Take a clear stand on the issue and then defend your position through the use of one or more of the practical ethical theories described in the book. ANSWER: While discussing about the information technology issue there are any things which need to consider an play a very significant role. This can be the type of requirement fulfill etc. The main issue with this is the implementation of the information technology, which may gives good as well as bad effect. Ethical principle can be considered as an action which is right only in case if it approaches to the process of attaining maximum happiness, This implies not only that of the agent but also of everyone affected. Thus, utilitarian’s concentrates on the significances of a performance rather than on its basic environment or the intentions of the agent. While discussing about Classical utilitarianism, which is considered as hedonist, but standards other than or can say in accumulation to, pleasure can be engaged, or can be considered as more neutrally. In others words, the utilitarian’s can be considered as that ethical theory which is based on the principal of Utility, which reflects the effect of an action. That is only that action is considered to be good if it support process of maximization of happiness not only to the active agents but also to both the parties or can say to all the associated agents. The arguments raised against this theory can be answered by reflecting the key features of this...
by student simple | Jul 19, 2014 | Uncategorized
review the chapter of “A Problem of Biography in African Thought” in Gordon’s book “Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana Existential Thought”provide summary and main arguments ANSWER: In chapter two, titled “A Problem of Biography in African Thought”, Gordon has emphasized more on revealing the paradox that prevails in the nature of black authorship (Williams, 2001). The author has questioned that how a black who had never been accepted fully as a complete human being can compose a portrait of his/her own point of view? And in questioning so, the author has again exclaimed that it is quite ambiguous for a thing that is not accepted by human beings to be human to tell a story of human existence. This is the paradox on which the author has focused in chapter two. But this is not the only side of the discussion because in this chapter Gordon has also discussed about the black intellectualism that has a legacy of its own. In the white dominated human societies amidst of all the sufferings the black intellectuals have produced works that are infused with their real-life experiences and if the whites produce theories of writing then through writing the blacks produce their private experiences (Williams, 2001). That is the reason why paradoxes still exists within the human society in terms of the black and white authorship and Gordon has conveyed that the mainstream human society should acknowledge that black authors have their own perceptions that are gained through harsh experiences and they have the ability not only to gather experiences but also to interpret those experiences through meticulous writings (Williams, 2001). (242...
by student simple | Jul 17, 2014 | Uncategorized
Week 1 Homework AssignmentSubmit a performance analysis for Harley-Davidson (Case 12) from the Wheelen & Hunger case book. Your analysis should use all of the components mentioned in Chapter 2 of the Barney text. The Harley Davidson Case can be accessed by selecting page 19-1 to 19-31 ANSWER: HARLEY-DAVIDSON PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Harley-Davidson performance analysis Harley Davidson is a motorcycle manufacturer established in the early 1900. The company enjoyed a wide sale and market presence between the early 1900 till 1969 where it had been left as the only sole manufacturer of American motorcycle. The other big and small manufacturing company had been forced out of business by the Great Depression. The company faced a threatening competition from 1969 from AMF Company which provided better quality and reliable motorcycles as compared to Harley-Davidson. After an intensive restructuring and having a positive take on the competition, Harley-Davidson bounced back to record profits and sale by mid 1990s. The company also expanded into the performance motorcycles or rather called sport motorcycles. The company acquired 48 percent interest of the Buell Motorcycles Company. Harley-Davidson has enjoyed a good performance so far. In 2001, the company was enjoying its 16th consecutive year of making a record income and revenue within the market. This is quite a surprise and a big achievement to the company due to the weak global economy that hit the market. Harley- Davidson motorcycles recorded a worldwide retail sale in its fourth quarter of a strong 12.9 percent unit growth in the year 2000. In 2005, the company generated $5.67 billion in revenue, an...
by student simple | Jul 16, 2014 | Uncategorized
Book Review – A Billion Wicked Thoughts Sex addiction can manifest itself in many different behaviors, from excessive masturbation and pornography viewing to criminal acts such as exhibitionism, voyeurism, or in extreme cases, rape or molestation. A part of what makes sexual addiction very difficult to define is that the human sex drive varies greatly from person to person, and what is considered normal behavior by some may not be by others. In addition, some people are expected to have higher sex drive than others. For example, a teenage male who viewed pornography and masturbated daily would most likely not be considered a sex addict, but an adult woman with a husband and children would likely be said to have a sexual problem if she exhibited the same behavior. First, I will assure Tom and Susan that concerns about sexual abilities often occur at this stage in life and sexual development. I explain that although age does have a physical and psychological effect on sexual activity, the effects do not have to end all sexual activity. I will explain the decrease in sexual hormones and explain how they affect sexual performance in both sexes. Desire and ability may decrease but not necessarily stop. By possessing the correct information about sexual development at this stage in life, Tom may avoid some of the anxiety and nervousness concerning his worries. Second, I will help them understand the changes and suggest alternatives and ways to overcome them. One of the best suggestions to the couple concerns the length and variety of foreplay. I will suggest they concentrate more on this area of...
by student simple | Jul 14, 2014 | Uncategorized
Write an essay of approximately 250 – 300 words on the topic based on Chapter Eight “What to Do” of the book “Think – A Compelling Intro To Philosophy”. The topic is “Compare the moral choices Sophie has made and the moral choices Mohr has made (in the film Sophie Scholl: The Last Days). What do you think Sophie means when she says that her world view or moral vision is the correct one compared to that of Mohr? (In answering these questions, take account Blackburn’s remarks on what practical reasoning about moral choice and action may involve. You needn’t make explicit reference to Blackburn, but your paper should demonstrate familiarity with his discussion in chapter 8 of Think.)”. Be sure that everything you say in your paper is directly relevant to the subject. Also, make sure that you answer every part of the prompt. Consider objections to the position you take. Defend your position by giving reasons for it. ANSWER: The movie “Sophie Scholl: The Last Days” should be exemplified as a movie in which the amalgamation of ethical choices and unethical approaches can be observed thoroughly. From the moral perspective, it is a movie which deals with the issue of choice – the right one and the wrong one; the one which is ethically correct and the one which is morally wrong yet pragmatic, depending on the need of the hour. The two central characters of the movie, Sophie and Mohr, are representatives of two different ideologies and the differences in their choices demarcate these two characters from the viewpoint of ethics and morality. But interestingly...
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‘Brick Lane’ by Monica Ali is set in which London borough? | Local protests over Brick Lane film | Books | The Guardian
Monica Ali
Local protests over Brick Lane film
Brick Lane ... Community activists are protesting against plans to turn Monica Ali's novel into a film. Photograph: David Sillitoe
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A community action group in Tower Hamlets has launched a campaign to stop production of a film based on Monica Ali's Booker-shortlisted novel, Brick Lane .
In an echo of the controversy which surrounded the initial publication of the book, set partly in the east London borough, the novel is accused of reinforcing "pro-racist, anti-social stereotypes" and of containing "a most explicit, politically calculated violation of the human rights of the community".
Community leaders attacked the book on its publication in 2003, claiming that it portrayed Bangladeshis living in the area as backward, uneducated and unsophisticated, and that this amounted to a "despicable insult".
Now a petition is being circulated to put pressure on the council to halt Ruby Films' adaptation, already in production in a London studio, and calling on "all right-thinking people to join ... in preventing this attack on good social, ethical standard and idea [sic]."
Coordinating the campaign from his sweetshop armed with three mobile phones and an address book, the chair of the Brick Lane Traders' Association, Abdus Salique, warned of the damage film could do to community relations. "Nobody can come with a camera make a film about that book here. She [Ali] has imagined ideas about us in her head. She is not one of us, she has not lived with us, she knows nothing about us, but she has insulted us."
He brushed aside suggestions that a work of fiction couldn't be seen as an attack on a community. "It's not a fiction book," he explained. "This is all lies. She wanted to be famous at the cost of a community."
"I've seen her, I've talked with her," he claimed. "She never told us she'd write a book. Now she can't even come to Brick Lane."
He also claimed that community groups prevented Monica Ali from being awarded the Booker prize. "This book was contesting for the Booker prize," he said. "We stopped that."
Mr Salique raised the spectre of a worsening in community relations if filming goes ahead on location. "We are living in a multicultural society," he said. "We are in a peaceful situation. This film will make a lot of problems for local people."
He threatened mass protests if the company attempts to film on the streets of Tower Hamlets, saying that "the community feels strongly about this. We are not going to let it happen.
"Young people are getting very involved with this campaign. They will blockade the area and guard our streets. Of course, they will not do anything unless we tell them to, but I warn you they are not as peaceful as me."
A Ruby Films spokeswoman, Claudia Kalindjian, confirmed that the company was aware of the "controversy" which surrounded the book's publication, and that they had been contacted by the leaders of the campaign. "There are a small number of people in the community who are unhappy that the film is being made," she said.
But she rejected the allegation that the book or the film was in any way racist or derogatory to the local community. "The filmmakers read the book and thought it had a very interesting story to tell," she explained. "They certainly would not have embarked on a project which they thought was in any was racist." She stressed that members of the local community were involved in the production of the film, and insisted that most local reaction had been positive.
A spokesman for Tower Hamlets council said that they "take the concerns of local residents seriously when giving permission to use the borough [for filming], and would be happy to listen to any concerns about this particular film."
| London Borough of Tower Hamlets |
Which British illustrator who illustrated the gift book of Peter Pan, was known for her cute drawings of children based on her daughter Peggy? | Brick Lane by Monica Ali - AbeBooks
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ISBN 10: 3426629372 ISBN 13: 9783426629376
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ISBN 10: 0743243307 ISBN 13: 9780743243308
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Destination, Rates & Speeds
Item Description: Scribner, 2003. hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good in Dustjacket. New York. 2003. Scribner. Reprinted Edition. Very Good in Dustjacket. 373 pages. hardcover. 0743243307. keywords: Literature England Women Bangladesh. inventory # 41244. FROM THE PUBLISHER - Monica Ali's gorgeous first novel is the deeply moving story of one woman, Nazneen, born in a Bangladeshi village and transported to London at age eighteen to enter into an arranged marriage. Already hailed by the London Observer as �one of the most significant British novelists of her generation,� Ali has written a stunningly accomplished debut about one outsider's quest to find her voice. Nazneen's inauspicious entry into the world, an apparent stillbirth on the hard mud floor of a village hut, imbues in her a sense of fatalism that she carries across continents when she is married off to Chanu, a man old enough to be her father. Nazneen moves to London and, for years, keeps house, cares for her husband, and bears children, just as a girl from the village is supposed to do. But gradually she is transformed by her experience, and begins to question whether fate controls her or whether she has a hand in her own destiny. Motherhood is a catalyst -- Nazneen's daughters chafe against their father's traditions and pride -- and to her own amazement, Nazneen falls in love with a young man in the community. She discovers both the complexity that comes with free choice and the depth of her attachment to her husband, her daughters, and her new world. While Nazneen journeys along her path of self-realization, her sister, Hasina, rushes headlong at her life, first making a �love marriage,� then fleeing her violent husband. Woven through the novel, Hasina's letters from Dhaka recount a world of overwhelming adversity. Shaped, yet not bound, by their landscapes and memories, both sisters struggle to dream -- and live -- beyond the rules prescribed for them. Vivid, profoundly humane, and beautifully rendered, Brick Lane captures a world at once unimaginable and achingly familiar. And it establishes Monica Ali as a thrilling new voice in fiction. As Kirkus Reviews said, �She is one of those dangerous writers who see everything.�. Bookseller Inventory # 41244
Destination, Rates & Speeds
Item Description: Doubleday & Company, London, United Kingdom, 2003. Hard Cover. Book Condition: Fine. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. Keeping house and rearing children, Nazneen does what is expected of her. Into that fragile peace walks Karim, raising questions of longing and beloning that open her eyes to suprising truths. While Nazneen struggles in Tower Hamlets, her sister Hasina has her own dreams back home in Bangladesh. 413 pages. 900 grams. Printing string 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12. This is a heavy book, to check availability and obtain an ACCURATE QUOTATION FOR POSTAGE AND PACKING please click on the Ask Bookseller a question link. Bookseller Inventory # 002915
Destination, Rates & Speeds
Item Description: Scribner, 2003. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good/Very Good. 1st Edition. A highly collectible first edition, tight clean copy, protected in a new br odart wrapper, no inscriptions, unclipped dustjacket, this is not an Ex- Lib or a BCE/BOMC edition. Wildly embraced by critics, readers, and contest judges (who put it on the short-list for the 2003 Man Booker Prize), Brick Lane is indeed a rare find: a book that livest?p to its hype. Monica Ali's debut novel chronicles the life of Nazneen, a Bangladeshi girl so sickly at birth that the midwife?t first declares her stillborn. At 18 her parents arrange a marriage to Chanu, a Bengali immigrant living in England. Although Chanu--who's twice Nazneen's age-- turns out to be a foolish blowhard who "had a face like a frog," Nazneen accepts her fate, which seems to be the main life lesson taught by the women in her family. "If God wanted us to ask questions," her mother tells her, "he would have made us men." Over the next decade-and-a-half Nazneen grows into a strong, confident woman who doesn't defy fate so much as bend it to her will. Bookseller Inventory # RWARE0000007588
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Item Description: Black Swan, 2004. Soft cover. Book Condition: Good. Synopsis:- Still a teenager Nazneen finds herself in an arranged marriage to a man twenty years older. Moved away from her childhood village, Nazneen is moved to London, not knowing a word of english and confined to her flat. This title exlpores the role of fate in our lives and traces the transformation of an Asian girl.-> this PaperBackbook was published by Black Swan in 2004 it has 492 pages we have grade it as Good and Has A Few Scuffs Marks Etc it will be shipped from our UK warehouse shipping is Free for UK buyers and at a reasonable charge for buyer outside the UK. book. Bookseller Inventory # 9780552771153MC703
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In the Paddington Bear books by Michael Bond, Mr. Gruber owns an antique shop in which London road? | Amazon.com: The Paddington Bear Season 1: Michael Hordern, Ivor Wood, FilmFair, Michael Bond
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1. Please Look After This Bear
Mr. and Mrs. Brown find a bear on Paddington Station. They name him "Paddington". Mr. Brown takes him to a buffet for some refreshments and things rapidly get out of hand.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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2. Paddington and the "Old Master"
Paddington meets Mr. Gruber, who keeps an antique shop in Portobello Road. Mr. Gruber tells him about old masters and that they are sometimes discovered under modern paintings.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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3. Do-it-Yourself
Using a carpentry set which Paddington bought at the Auction, he attempts to make a magazine rack for Mr. Curry, and saws his kitchen table in two in the process.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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4. Too Much Off the Top
Paddington leaves Mr. Gruber's shop and sees a notice in a barber's shop for a willing junior. Paddington tests the clippers on the broom.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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5. Paddington and the Christmas Shopping
Paddington is outside Crumbold and Ferns store and goes into the shop to buy an expanding clothesline for Mrs. Bird. He tests the line in the shop with disastrous effects - tying everyone in knots and knocking over a display table.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 20 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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6. Paddington and the Cold Snap
Mr. Curry asks Paddington to get a plumber as his bathroom pipes are frozen. Paddington decides to have a go himself and starts knocking pipes with the result that water is flowing everywhere but in the basin.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 20 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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7. Paddington Hits the Jackpot
The Browns are watching a Quiz program on television when Paddington appears on the screen. The Quizmaster asks Paddington several questions, which he answers in a manner that confuses and exasperates the Quizmaster, but finally he wins the Jackpot, a hundred pounds.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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8. Fortune Telling
Paddington, on his way for morning cocoa with Mr. Gruber, sees a poster advertising a Fair. Mr. Gruber tells him all about Fairs and suggests he visits the fortuneteller first.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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9. A Picnic on the River
The Browns have a picnic on the river allowing Paddington to do the rowing until he falls in...
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 20 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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10. A Visit to the Bank
Paddington decides to withdraw all his savings from the bank, but having none to start with can be confusing.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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11. Keeping Fit
Paddington decides to take up bodybuilding but he doesn't really achieve building any muscles just breaking Mr. Curry's fence.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 20 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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12. Paddington Weighs in
On weighing himself Paddington decides he needs to lose some weight, but losing weight isn't that easy.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 20 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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13. Paddington in a Hole
Mr. Curry assigns Paddington to make him a serving hatch, all is fine until the end...
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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14. Paddington Dines Out
Paddington is taken out to dinner by the Browns but marmalade sandwiches are not what one should order in restaurants.
TV-Y7 CC Language: English Runtime: 19 minutes Release date: January 5, 1976
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101. Paddington Goes To The Movies
The incorrigible Paddington, inspired by the magic of the Silver Screen and a sudden rainstorm, follows the famous footsteps of Gene Kelly and in his own way "dances in the rain" with hilarious consequences.
TV-Y7 CC Runtime: 26 minutes Release date: September 1, 1982
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| Portobello Road |
‘The Boarding House’, ‘Two Gallants’ and ‘Eveline’ are short stories from which James Joyce novel? | Paddington Bear Facts | The Fact Site
Paddington Bear Facts
Home » Film & TV , Literature »Paddington Bear Facts
Paddington Bear Facts
Paddington Bear was voted the top animated character of television on 16th March 2012, he has become a national treasure, read the facts!
The man behind the loveable bear is Michael Bond, who first created the adventures of the mischievous bear on 13th October, in 1958.
Michael Bond, who was working as a cameraman for the BBC, found the inspiration for Paddington Bear in 1956, on Christmas Eve. Spotting a forlorn looking bear on a shelf, he felt a deep sympathy for it, and brought him home as a gift for his wife, Brenda. He was immediately named Paddington, for they lived near Paddington Station.
The first book, titled A Bear Called Paddington was published by William Collins & Sons, now known as HarperCollins. The book has sold over thirty-five million copies worldwide and has been translated into over forty languages.
There have been twelve Paddington books to date.
When Paddington made his debut he was illustrated by Peggy Fortnum. Since then, there have been eight artists working on him at all different times.
In 1975, Paddington made his television debut. He starred in five-minute programmes, which used stop-motion style animation. He also had three successful thirty minute films, in which he replicated Gene Kelly’s famous Singing in the Rain routine.
Paddington Bear came from Darkest Peru, where he was brought up by his Aunt Lucy, after an earthquake orphaned him when he was just a few weeks old.
When Aunt Lucy went to live in the Home for Retired Bears, she decided to teach her nephew how to speak English. She sent him to live in England, by stowing him away on a cargo ship’s lifeboat.
Paddington Bear arrived at Paddington Station, where he got his namesake. It was here he met Mr and Mrs Brown, while he was sat near the lost property office.
All Paddington had, was a suitcase, hat and a little note tied around his neck. The note was from Aunt Lucy, who had written: Please look after this bear. Thank you.
Mr and Mrs Brown brought home the lost bear, where they lived at 32 Windsor Gardens. The semi-detached house is in the Notting Hill area, near Paddington Station and Portobello Road.
Paddington soon became part of a new family. Jonathon and Judy (the Browns children) loved having him around, and Mrs Bird (the house keeper) has a seemingly six-sense when it comes to Paddington’s latest adventures.
He is also close friends with Mr Gruber, a Hungarian immigrant, who owns an antique shop on Portobello Road. They usually have a nice chat over mugs of hot cocoa, and sticky buns (their mid-morning snacks).
The Browns neighbour, Mr Curry, however isn’t exactly a friend of the brown bear. A humourless man, Mr Curry often tries to trick Paddington into giving him money. Paddington always comes out on top.
It was later revealed as the series continued that Paddington’s name in Peru, was actually Pastuso.
Paddington has two birthdays – just like the Queen. Paddington celebrates his birthdays on 25th June and 25th December.
Paddington is never seen without his hat, duffel coat (which has become a recognised icon), wellington boots, and his battered suitcase.
The infamous bush hat was inherited from an uncle in Peru. He is barely seen without it.
Paddington’s favourite food is marmalade. In his suitcase he carries a jar of the sticky stuff, and his very important paperwork. He is never without his emergency marmalade sandwich, which he carries underneath his hat.
He also carries a scrapbook of memories, filled with photographs, ticket stubs and postcards from his dear Aunt Lucy.
Paddington and Michael Bond are also huge supporters of the Action Medical Research charity, which supports a wide range of medical conditions, from sick babies, children with disabilities and those suffering from a rare disease. Paddington began his medical support in 1976, and he has soon become the mascot from the charity, up and down the United Kingdom .
Paddington Station now has a memorial bronze statue of this famous bear. It still attracts many visitors to this day.
Paddington has accumulated a number of celebrity fans, including UK favourite, Stephen Fry. Fry has taken part on many nature documentaries, including Spectacled Bears: Shadow of the Forest in which he travelled to Peru in search of the real Paddington Bear.
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Thomas Keneally, author of ‘Schindler’s Ark’ was born in which country? | Thomas Keneally (Author of Schindler's List)
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Thomas Michael Keneally, AO (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindler's Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982, which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Often published under the name Tom Keneally in Australia.
Life and Career:
Born in Sydney, Keneally was educated at St Patrick's College, Strathfield, where a writing prize was named after him. He entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly to train as a Catholic priest but left before his ordination. He worked as a Sydney schoolteacher before his succe Thomas Michael Keneally, AO (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindler's Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982, which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Often published under the name Tom Keneally in Australia.
Life and Career:
Born in Sydney, Keneally was educated at St Patrick's College, Strathfield, where a writing prize was named after him. He entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly to train as a Catholic priest but left before his ordination. He worked as a Sydney schoolteacher before his success as a novelist, and he was a lecturer at the University of New England (1968–70). He has also written screenplays, memoirs and non-fiction books.
Keneally was known as "Mick" until 1964 but began using the name Thomas when he started publishing, after advice from his publisher to use what was really his first name. He is most famous for his Schindler's Ark (1982) (later republished as Schindler's List), which won the Booker Prize and is the basis of the film Schindler's List (1993). Many of his novels are reworkings of historical material, although modern in their psychology and style.
Keneally has also acted in a handful of films. He had a small role in The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (based on his novel) and played Father Marshall in the Fred Schepisi movie, The Devil's Playground (1976) (not to be confused with a similarly-titled documentary by Lucy Walker about the Amish rite of passage called rumspringa).
In 1983, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). He is an Australian Living Treasure.
He is a strong advocate of the Australian republic, meaning the severing of all ties with the British monarchy, and published a book on the subject in Our Republic (1993). Several of his Republican essays appear on the web site of the Australian Republican Movement.
Keneally is a keen supporter of rugby league football, in particular the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles club of the NRL. He made an appearance in the rugby league drama film The Final Winter (2007).
In March 2009, the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, gave an autographed copy of Keneally's Lincoln biography to President Barack Obama as a state gift.
Most recently Thomas Keneally featured as a writer in the critically acclaimed Australian drama, Our Sunburnt Country.
Thomas Keneally's nephew Ben is married to the former NSW Premier, Kristina Keneally. ...more
| Australia |
What were the first names of dramatist, poet and literary critic T.S.Eliot? | Australian Authors - Thomas Keneally
Thomas Keneally
Brief Biography
Born in Sydney in 1935, Thomas Keneally completed his schooling at various schools on the New South Wales north coast before commencing theological studies for the Catholic priesthood. He abandoned this vocation in 1960 and turned to clerical work and schoolteaching before publication of his first novel in 1964. Since that time he has been a full-time writer with the odd stint as lecturer (1969-70) and writer in residence.
One of the most successful modern Australian writers, Keneally has been short-listed for the Booker Prize on 4 occasions: in 1972 for The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith , Gossip from the Forest in 1975, and Confederates in 1979, before winning the prize in 1982 with Schindler's Ark . This last novel caused something of a controversy at the time as it was considered by some to be more a work of journalistic reporting than a novel of fiction, which isn't supposed to be in the spirit of things. In any event, by the time Stephen Spielberg filmed his version of the book under the title Schindler's List in 1993, the controversy was forgotten.
On the Australian front, Keneally has won the Miles Franklin Award twice with Bring Larks and Heroes and Three Cheers for the Paraclete . It might be considered strange that he hasn't won the major Australian Literary Award more often, but it must be remembered that the Miles Franklin is awarded for literary works depicting Australian life and settings. A number of Keneally's later works have reflected his wider range of interests and deal with subjects which are not confined to a specific Australian context. In addition, there appears to have been a move away from older, more established writers such as Keneally by the Miles Franklin judges.
In The Age newspaper of Saturday 7th November 1998 there is the announcement of Keneally's new book The Great Shame . In an article in that paper, Keneally writes: "Some years ago an editor suggested that having written on the Holocaust I should write something on the great Irish catastrophe of the 19th century...We agreed that the 19th-century calamity, particularly the famine, was compelling. But it had been splendidly written about by a number of writers. And it was not comparable to the Holocaust...In any case, I told the editor that if ever I was silly enough to buy into the tendentious question of Irish history I would want to tell the story not frontally from the point of view of convicts transported to Australia for particular crimes, not those aimed directly at person or property but those designed as social or political protest." The result was his new book. The research and writing took three years - the longest gap between any successive books in Keneally's writing history.
Thomas Keneally was awarded the Order of Australia in 1983 for his services to Australian Literature. He is married with two daughters and lives in Sydney.
Bibliography:
The Commonwealth of Thieves 2005
Screenplays
Silver City 1984 - directed by Sophia Turkiewicz.
Other Written Work
Through Other Eyes 2002 - introduction by Thomas Keneally.
Film Adaptations
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith 1978 - directed by Fred Schepisi, from a screenplay by Thomas Keneally and Fred Schepisi, based on the novel of the same name.
Schindler's List 1993 - directed by Stephen Spielberg, from a screenplay by Steven Zaillian, based on Schindler's Ark.
Acting Resume
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith 1978
Documentary
God or Politics: Tom Keneally in Eritrea 1990
Presence on the Web:
Thomas Keneally is a leading figure in the Australian Republican Movement (ARM) and you can find the following articles and speech transcripts by him on the ARM web page:
"The Chance to Participate"
On November 6th, 1999 Australian voters went to the polls to decide two fundamental questions: 1) if Australia will finally sever all ties with the British monarchy and become a Republic; and 2) if a premable will be attached to the Australian constitution. A lot of people attempted to draft such a preamble, including one by Tom Keneally. Both resolutions failed.
Author Contact
Tom Keneally is published in Australia by Random House and you can contact him via their web page or by writing to them at Level 3, 100 Pacific Highway, North Sydney, NSW 2060.
This page and its contents are copyright © 1995-2007 by Perry Middlemiss, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Catherine Barkley, Helen Ferguson and Rinaldi are all characters in which World War I novel by Ernest Hemingway? | Catherine Barkley in A Farewell to Arms
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Character Analysis
In the 1970s and 80s, critics Judith Fetterly and Millicent Bell argued that the character of Catherine in A Farewell to Arms helps prove that Ernest Hemingway was sexist and a misogynist: in short, that he hated women and that the character of Catherine proves it. Later female critics, most notably, Sandra Whipple Spanier, argue the opposite – that Catherine helps prove that Hemingway loved women and understood them deeply, and that Catherine is even the real hero of the story.
Fetterly's claim is that Catherine’s death at the end of the novel proves that Hemingway thought that "the only good woman is a dead woman." We find this a bit of a stretch. Women die all the time in books, and that doesn’t make their authors women-haters. And way more men die in the novel than women. Does that make Hemingway a man-hater, too?
Now Bell’s argument is a bit more interesting. She claims that Catherine is "a sort of inflatable woman only available to the onanistic dreamer." An onanist is, in plain language, a masturbator. Bell is arguing that there is no "real" Catherine. That the most real she gets is when Frederic is dreaming about her or imagining her.
According to views like these, Catherine is just a blow up doll with nothing inside her but Frederic’s fantasy. Maybe there is something to that, but we take a kinder view toward Catherine, as do other critics. To think that Catherine is just Frederic’s fantasy dehumanizes her, makes all the good she did mean nothing, and makes the tragedy of the novel a mere joke. But, these criticisms don’t just come out of thin air. And before we know what we really think, we must examine Catherine more closely. So here goes…
Two Sides of Catherine
In Catherine’s defense, she is much more than the novel’s love interest. She’s a brave woman, as Frederic says to her so many times. She’s traveled to a foreign country to help take care of wounded men. She tells Frederic that her initial move to Italy was out of solidarity for her dead fiancé, but that doesn’t change the fact that she works tirelessly throughout most of the novel, and most of her pregnancy, tending to the men wounded in the war. She is fiercely independent and can take care of herself in foreign countries, with or without Frederic.
So why do some critics think this beautiful and brave nurse is merely a male fantasy? Why do they think she’s not her own person and that she gives up her own identity to get Frederic to love her? Um, maybe because she kind of tells Frederic stuff like that all the time. Here are a few examples:
On religion: "You’re my religion. You’re all I’ve got" (19.37).
On her pregnancy: "I’ll try and not make trouble for you. I know I’ve made trouble now. But haven’t I always been a good girl until now?" (21.68).
On her self: "There isn’t any me. I’m you. Don’t make up a separate me." (18.21-21)
Whew. Catherine really is what those critics say! She totally worships Frederic like a god and will do anything to get him. She thinks her pregnancy is "trouble" because it isn’t part of Frederic’s fantasy of her. And she admits she’s not "real," but rather just a part of Frederic.
But, wait a minute. At one point early in the text, Helen Ferguson tells Rinaldi, "You mustn’t take everything so literally." We think Helen’s advice can help us view Catherine in a more humanizing light.
First of all, Catherine is extremely romantic, she loves being in love, and she does want to please Frederic. She’s also desperately lonely when she meets him. She really does want to be "one" with him. She wants a special love, and she wants it more intensely because she sees gloom and doom all around her.
As we mentioned, critic Sandra Whipple Spanier argues that Catherine is the hero of the novel, that her willingness to love Frederic entirely is heroic because it saves her from going crazy with grief. When everything is exploding all around you, everything takes on more urgency. It’s normal that she feels so intensely for Frederic, and that she thinks of unusual and even poetic ways to express this love. And she doesn’t fall apart without him when they are separated, but just keeps on trucking and hoping. She doesn’t need Frederic for anything but love. And so what if she goes a little overboard. Isn’t she entitled? Who are we to dictate how another person should love?
Marry me. Don’t marry me. Marry me. Don’t marry me…
And there is even more evidence that Catherine is a complex women who thinks for herself. And if that’s a male fantasy, so what? As long as it’s good for her, why should we complain? Her complexity is probably a big part of what attracts Frederic to her in the first place. He doesn’t want a blow-up doll. Catherine’s views on marriage are one good example of this complexity. They demonstrate her conflict between not following the social norms she doesn’t care about, and conforming to such norms because doing so makes life easier.
When Frederic first meets her she laments that she didn’t marry her fiancé before he died. She says that they were engaged for "eight years," and that they "grew up together." She tells Frederic she didn’t marry her fiancé because she "thought it would be bad for him," that it would trap him. And Frederic tells us that he and Catherine "told each other [they] were married the first day she had come to the hospital" (19.15). Frederic does want to be married but Catherine thinks this would keep them from being together during the war. When he pressures her, she says, "We’re really married. I couldn’t be any more married." She keeps up this attitude until near the end of her pregnancy, when she says, "I suppose if we have this child, we should really get married" (38.17). Frederic says, "Let’s get married now" (38.18). But Catherine says no, no let’s wait until I’m nice and skinny again after the baby’s born. She wants the commitment of marriage, but is very suspicious of it as an institution.
This aspect of Catherine shows that she if she is a male fantasy, she’s a pretty good one – she has her own thoughts and opinions about things and isn’t afraid to share them. And now that we have a better idea of Catherine, let’s look a bit deeper and see what she means to the novel as a whole.
"A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall"
Sorry, Bob Dylan, but your lyrics are just so handy. Rain is important to the novel, and especially to Catherine. It rains practically the whole time. Part of this is historical accuracy. It really did rain that much. And Hemingway ingeniously weaves this historical detail in to the narrative.
But, what we want to know is, why is Catherine so afraid of the rain? Isn’t rain a symbol of rebirth and springtime, and cozy lovers snuggling, and all that jazz? Yes, but when a war is on, even the simplest symbol is turned on its head. In this novel, rain most often means gloom and loss and pain and destruction. Lucky for us, Frederic wants to know why Catherine is afraid of the rain too. When he presses her on the point, she finally gives her reasons:
"It’s very hard on loving" (19.123).
"I’m afraid of the rain because sometimes I see me dead in it" (19.137).
"And sometimes I see you dead in it" (19.139).
Thanks, Catherine. That clears everything up. Why would rain be hard on loving? Why would she see them dead in it? There are many possible answers, but we’ve developed a pretty simple one that we hope you enjoy. Let’s take it step by step. Catherine’s job is to take care of people who’ve been wounded on the battlefield, and lots of those people die. And since it’s raining all the time now, which has made the men more vulnerable to injury on the battlefield, her association with rain and death seems pretty natural.But it gets better, er, worse actually. Shmoop had a hunch and so did a little research for you. In Chapter Four, we learn that Catherine’s fiancé died during the Battle of the Somme, or the Somme Offensive. This was one of the largest battles in World War I , producing at least a million casualties. The battle lasted from July 1, 1916 to November 18, 1916, and, for much of that time, the weather was, yes, rainy. So it’s highly likely that Catherine’s fiancé died in the rain. This explains why she thinks rain is hard on loving, and why she’s sees herself and Frederic dead in it. She’s afraid that the rain is a portent of the death of any love she might find.Of course, unlike her fiancé and others soldiers killed during the war, the rain has nothing to do with Catherine’s death. But, like those other deaths, hers can be seen as senseless, unfair, and cruel. As we discuss in "What’s Up With the Title," Catherine’s death during childbirth is meant to parallel the deaths of the soldiers in battle. Like the soldiers who stood brave in the face of battle, Catherine stood brave in the face of a battle with her own body. Like the soldiers, neither her bravery, nor Frederic’s love (see his "Character Analysis" for more), could save her from death. In Frederic’s mind, the death of the soldiers and the death of Catherine are parallel tragedies, which can’t be separated from each other. By weaving the tragedies together, he memorializes both such tragedies, and can perhaps hope to heal a little bit of his pain. Catherine Barkley Timeline
| A Farewell to Arms |
Which US author won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962? | Frederic Henry | A Farewell To Arms Study Guide | Ernest Hemingway | Homework Online
A Farewell To Arms Study Guide
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Frederic Henry, an American ambulance driver and a lieutenant ("tenente") in the Italian army, is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. The focus of the novel revolves around his love with Catherine Barkley as well as his steady disillusionment with the war. Henry is characterized initially by a sort of detachment from life-though well-disciplined and friendly, he feels as if he has nothing to do with the war. These feelings of detachment are pushed away when Henry falls in love with Catherine and begins to realize the hostile nature of the world. In this way, Henry serves the function of a character who becomes initiated in Hemingway's philosophy of an indifferent universe and man's struggle against it.
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Eveline Hanska was married to which French novelist? | Eveline Hanska | Polish countess | Britannica.com
Polish countess
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in Honoré de Balzac: Early career
...of work—14 to 16 hours spent writing at his table in his white, quasi-monastic dressing gown, with his goose-quill pen and his endless cups of black coffee. In 1832 Balzac became friendly with Éveline Hanska, a Polish countess who was married to an elderly Ukrainian landowner. She, like many other women, had written to Balzac expressing admiration of his writings. They met twice in...
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Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin was created by which author? | Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac
Location of death: Paris, France
Cause of death: unspecified
Nationality: France
Executive summary: Com�die Humaine
French novelist, born at Tours on the 20th of May 1799. His father, Bernard Fran�ois, never called himself de Balzac and Honor� only assumed the particle after 1830. But the father had equally little right to the name of Balzac at all, for his birth-certificate was discovered at the end of the 19th century. The true name was Balssa, and this in various forms ("Balsa", "Balsas") has been traced for more than a century before the novelist's birth as that of a family of day-laborers or very small peasant proprietors in the parish of Canezac, department of the Tarn. It is probable that the novelist himself was not aware of this, and his father appears to have practiced some mystification as to his own professional career. In and after the Revolution, however, he actually attained positions of some importance in the commissariat and hospital departments of the army, and he married in 1797 Anne Charlotte Laure Sallambier, who was a beauty, an heiress, and a woman of considerable faculty. She survived her son; the father died in 1829. There were two sisters (the elder, Laure, afterwards Madame Surville, was her brother's favorite and later his biographer), and a younger brother, Henri, of whom we hear little and that little not very favorable.
Honor� was put out to nurse until he was four years old, and in 1806, when he was seven, was sent to the coll�ge (grammar school) of Vend�me, where he remained until April 1813 as a strict boarder without any holidays. From this he passed as a day-boy to the coll�ge of Tours. His father's official work was transferred to Paris the year after, and Balzac came under the teaching of a royalist private schoolmaster, M. Lepitre, and others. He left school altogether in 1816, being then between seventeen and eighteen. His experiences at Vend�me served as base for much of Louis Lambert, and he seems to have been frequently in disgrace. Later, his teachers appear to have found him remarkable neither for good nor for evil. He was indeed never a scholar; but he must have read a good deal, and as he certainly had no time for it later, much of this reading must have been done early.
The profession which Balzac's father chose for him was the law; and he not only passed through the schools thereof, and duly obtained his licence, but had three years practical experience in the offices of a notary and a solicitor (avou�), for the latter of whom, M. Guillonnet-Merville, he seems to have had a sincere respect. But though no man of letters has ever had, in some ways, such a fancy for business, no man of business could ever come out of such a born man of letters. And when in 1820 (the licence having been obtained and M. Balzac, senior, having had some losses) the father wished the son to become a practicing lawyer in one or another branch, Honor� revolted. His family had left Paris, and they tried to starve him into submission by establishing him in a garret with a very small allowance. Here he began to write tragedies, corresponded (in letters which have fortunately been preserved) with his sister Laure, and, most important of all, attempted something in prose fiction. The tragedy Cromwell was actually completed and read to friends if not to others; nay more, the manuscript exists in the hands of M. Spoelberch de Lovenjoul, the great authority on Balzac's life and bibliography; hut it has never been published. The novels, Cocqsigrue and Stella, proved abortions, but were only the first of many attempts at his true way until he found it. Drama he never abandoned; but for him it was always an error.
The garret-period from 1820 to 1822 was succeeded by another of equal length at home, but before it had finished (1821) he found his way into print with the first of the singular productions which (and that not entirely or finally) have taken a sort of outside place in his works under the title of Oeuvres de jeunesse. The incunabula of Balzac were Les Deux Hector, ou Les Deux Families bretonnes, and Charles Pointel, ou mon Cousin de la main gauche. They were followed next year by six others: L'H�riti�re de Birague; Jean Louis, ou La Fille trouv�e; Clotilde de Lusignan, ou Le Beau Juif; Le Centenaire, ou Les Deux Beringheld; Le Vicaire des Ardennes; Le Tartare, ou Le Retour de l'exil�. And these were again followed up in 1823 by three more: La Derni�re Fie, ou La Nouvelle Lampe merveilleuse; Michel et Christine et la suite; L'Anonyme, ou Ni p�re ni m�re. In 1824 came Annette et le criminel, a continuation of the Vicaire; in 1825, Wann-Chlore, which afterwards took the less extravagant title of Jane la p�le. These novels, which filled some two score volumes originally, were published under divers pseudonyms ("Lord R'hoone", an anagram of "Honor�", "Horace de Saint Aubin", etc.), and in actual collaboration with two or three other writers. But though there is not yet in them anything more than the faintest dawn of the true Balzac, though no one of them is good as a whole, and very few parts deserve that word except with much qualification, they deserve far more study than they have usually received, and it is difficult to apprehend the true Balzac until they have been studied. They ceased for a time, not because of the author's conviction of their badness (though he entertained no serious delusions on this subject), nor because they failed of a certain success in actual money return, but because he had taken to the earliest, the most prolonged, and the most disastrous of his dabblings in business -- this time as a publisher to some extent and still more as a printer and type-founder. Not very much was known about his experiences in this way (except their general failure, and the result in hampering him with a load of debt directly for some ten years and indirectly for the whole of his life) until in 1903 MM. Hanotaux and Vicaire published the results of their inquiries into the actual accounts of the concern. There seems to have been no reason why it should not have succeeded, and there has been claimed for it first, that it provided Balzac with a great amount of actual detail which he utilized directly in the novels, and secondly, that it gave him at whatever cost a still more valuable experience of practical life -- the experience which has so often been wanting to men of letters. Anyhow, from 1825 to 1828, the future author of the Com�die humaine was a publisher, printer and type-founder; and in the last year he had to abscond, or something like it, under pressure of debts which were never fully settled until 1838, and then by a further obligation of ninety thousand francs, chiefly furnished by his mother and never repaid to her.
It was Balzac's habit throughout his life to relieve the double pressure of debt and of work by frequent excursions into the country and abroad. On this occasion he fled to Brittany with an introduction to a M. and Mme. de Pommereul, who received him hospitably in their ch�teau near Foug�res. Here he obtained some of the direct material, and most of the scenery and atmosphere, for what he himself recognized as his first serious attempt in novel-writing, Les Chouans, or, as it was at first called, Le Dernier Chouan. This book (obviously written in direct following of Sir Walter Scott , of whom Balzac was a lifelong admirer) has been very variously judged -- those who lay most stress on his realism thinking little of it, while those who maintain that he was always a romantic "with a difference" place it higher. It has at any rate brilliant coloring, some very vivid scenes, and almost more passion as well as "curtain" at its ending than any other of his books. Though not without a touch of melodrama it differs utterly from the confused and tedious imitations of Mrs. Raddiffe, M.G. Lewis and C.R. Maturin which fill most of the Oeuvres de jeunesse. At the same time Balzac was engaged on a very different work, the analytic-satirical sketches which compose the Physiologie du mariage, and which illustrate his other and non-romantic side, again with some crudity, but again also with a vast advance on his earlier productions. Both were published in the year 1829, from which his real literary career unquestionably starts. It had exactly twenty-one years to run.
The history of these twenty-one years, though (in consequence mainly of the diligence and luck as a collector of the above-named M. de Lovenjoul) the materials for it are large and constantly accumulating, has never been arranged in a really standard biography, and there seems to be an increasing habit of concentrating the attention on parts of it. It divides itself under three heads mainly, the history of Balzac's business affairs, that of his loves and friendships and that of his actual work. The first has some small resemblance to Scott's similar experiences, though in Balzac's case there was no great crash but a lifelong pressure; on the other hand, his debts were brought upon him by a long course not so much of extravagance in actual expenditure (though there was something of this) as of financial irregularities of almost every description -- anticipations of earnings, costly methods of production (he practically wrote his novels on a succession of printed revises), speculations, travel, and lastly the collection of curiosities. As regards the second, although his fashion of life made him by turns a hermit and a vagrant, he was on good terms with most of the famous men of letters of his day from Victor Hugo downwards, and seems never to have quarrelled with any man, except with some of his editors and publishers, by his own fault. Balzac was indeed, in no belittling sense of the word, one of the most good-natured of men of genius. But his friendships with the other sex are of much more importance, and not in the least matters of mere gossip. His sister Laure, as has been said, and a school-friend of hers, Mme. Zulma Carraud, played important and not questionable parts as his correspondents. But at least three ladies, all of a rank higher than his own, figure as his "Egerias" to such an extent that it is hardly extravagant to say that Baizac would not have been Balzac without them. These are Madame de Berny, a lady connected with the court of the ancien r�gime, much older than himself and the mother of nine children, to whom he was introduced in 1821, who became to him La dilecta, who was the original of Mme. de Mortsauf in Le Lys dans la vall�e, and who seems to have exercised an excellent influence on him in matters of taste until her death in 1836; the marquise de Castries, who took him up for a time and dropped him, and who has been supposed to have been his model for his less impeccable ladies of fashion; and lastly, the Polish-Russian countess Evelina Hanska, who after addressing, as l'�trang�re, a letter to him as early as 1832, became his idol, rarely seen but constantly corresponded with, for the last eighteen years, and his wife for the last few months of his life. Some of his letters to her have long been known, but the bulk of them constituted the greatest recent addition to our knowledge of him as given in the two volumes of Lettres � l'�trang�re. Of hers we have practically none and it is exceedingly hard to form any clear idea of her, but his devotion is absolutely beyond question.
Business, friendship and love, however, much more other things, were in Balzac's case always connected with and on the whole quite secondary to work. He would even sometimes resist the commands by which at long intervals Mme. Hanska would summon him to see her, and abstract the greater part of his actual visits to her in order to serve this still more absorbing mistress. He had, as we have seen, worked pretty hard, even before 1829, and his work had partly taken forms not yet mentioned -- political pamphlets and miscellaneous articles which are now accessible in the �dition d�finitive of his works, and hardly one of which is irrelevant to a just conception of him. Nor did he by any means abandon these by-works after 1829; indeed, he at one time started and almost entirely wrote, a periodical called the Revue parisienne. He wrote some dramas and planned many more, though the few which reached the stage left it again promptly. Baizac's dramas, as they appear in his works, consist of Vautrin, Les Ressources de Quinola, Pam�la Giraud (arranged for the stage by others), La Mar�tre and Mercadet le faiseur, the last of which has, since his death, been not unsuccessful. But on the whole he did devote himself to his true vocation, with a furious energy beside which even Scott's, except in his sadder and later days, becomes leisurely. Balzac generally wrote (dining early and lightly, and sleeping for some hours immediately after dinner) from midnight until any hour in the following day -- stretches of sixteen hours being not unknown, and the process being often continued for days and weeks. Besides his habit of correcting a small printed original into a long novel on the proofs, he was always altering and re-shaping his work, even before, in 1842, he carried out the idea of building it all into one huge structure -- the Com�die humaine with its subdivisions of Sc�nes de La vie parisienne, �tudes philosophiques, etc. Much pains have been spent upon this title and Balzac's intentions in selecting it. But the "Human Comedy", as a description for mere studies of life as his, will explain itself at once or else can never be explained.
Of its constituents, however, some account must be given, and this can be best done through an exact and complete list of the whole work by years, with such abbreviated notes on the chief constituents as may lead up to a general critical summary. Of the two capital works of 1829, we have spoken. 1830, the epoch year, saw part (it was not fully published until the next) of La Peau de chagrin, one of the crudest, but according to some estimates, one of the greatest of the works, full of romantic extravagance and surplusage, but with an engrossing central idea -- the Nemesis of accomplished desire -- powerfully worked out; La Maison du chat qui pelote, a triumph of observation and nature, together with a crowd of things less in bulk but sometimes of the first excellence -- El Verdugo, �tude de femme, La Paix du m�nage, La Bal de sceaux, La Vendetta, Gobseck, Une Double Famille, Les Deux R�ves, Adieu, L'�lixir de longue vie, Sarrazine, Une Passion dans le d�sert and Un �pisode sous La Terreur. In 1831, La Peau de chagrin appeared complete, accompanied by Le R�quisitionnaire, Les Proscrits, Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu (a masterpiece fortunately not unrecognized), J�sus Christ en Flandre and Ma�tre Corn�lius. 1832 gave Madame Firmiani, Le Message, Le Colonel Chabert and Le Cur� de Tours (two stories of contrasted but extraordinary excellence), La Bourse, La Femme abandonn�e, Louis Lambert (autobiographical and philosophic), La Grenadi&egave;re and Les Marana (a great favorite with the author). In 1833 appeared Ferragus, chef des d�vorants, the first part of L'Histoire des treize (a collection in the more extravagant romantic manner, very popular at the time, and since a favorite with some, but few, good judges), Le M�decin de campagne (another pet of the author's, and a kind of intended document of his ability to support the cause of virtue, but, despite certain great things, especially a wonderful popular "legend of Napoleon", a little heavy as a whole), the universally admitted masterpiece of Eug�nie Grandet, and L'Illustre Gaudissart (very amusing). 1833 also saw the beginning of a remarkable and never finished work -- out of his usual scope but exceedingly powerful in parts -- the Contes drolatiques, a series of tales of Old France in Old (or at least Rabelaisian ) French, which were to have been a hundred in number but never got beyond the third batch of ten. They often borrow the licence of their 15th and 16th century models; but in La Succube and others there is undoubted genius and not a little art. 1834 continued the Treize with La Duchesse de Langeais and added La Recherche de l'absolu (one of Balzac's great studies of monomania, and thought by some to be the greatest, though others prefer La Chef d'oeuvre inconnu), La Femme de trente ans (the chief example of the author's caprice for re-handling, and very differently judged as a whole), with yet another of the acknowledged triumphs, Le P�re Goriot. On the whole, this year's work, though not the author's largest, is perhaps his most unique. Next year (1835) followed Melmoth r�concili� (a tribute to the great influence which Maturin exercised, not over Balzac only, at this time in France), Un Drame au bord de la mer, the brilliant, if questionable, conclusion of Les Treize, La Fille aux yeux d'or, Le Contrat de mariage and S�raphita. This last, a Swedenborgian rhapsody of great beauty in parts, has divided critics almost more than anything else of its writer's, some seeing in it (with excuse) nothing but the short description given above in three words, the others (with justice) reckoning it his greatest triumph of style and his nearest attempt to reach poetry through prose. 1836 furnished La Masse de l'ath�e, Interdiction, Facino Cane, Le Lys dans La vall�e (already referred to and of a somewhat sickly sweetness), L'Enfant maudit, La Vieille Fille and Le Secret des Ruggieri (connected with the earlier Les deux R�ves under the general title, Sur Catherine de M�dicis, and said to have been turned out by Balzac in a single night, which is hardly possible). In 1837 were published Les Deux Po�tes, destined to form part of Illusious perdues, Les Employ�s, Gambara and another capital work, Histoire de la grandeur et de la d�cadence de C�sar Birotteau, where Balzac's own unlucky experiences in trade are made thoroughly matter of art. 1838 was less fruitful, contributing only Le Cabinet des antiques, which had made an earlier partial appearance, La Maison Nucingen and Une Fille d'�ve. But 1839 made amends with the second part of Illusions perdues, Un Grand Homme de province � Paris (one of Balzac's minor diploma-pieces), Le Cur� de village (a very considerable thing), and two smaller stories, Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan and Massimilla Doni. Pierrette, Z. Marcas, Un Prince de la Boh�me and Pierre Grassou followed in 1840, and in 1841 Une T�n�breuse Affaire (one of his most remarkable workings-up of the minor facts of actual history), Le Martyr Calviniste (the conclusion of Sur Catherine de M�dicis), Ursule Mirouet (an admirable story), La Fausse Ma�tresse and M�moires de deux jeunes mari�es, on which again there have been very different opinions. 1842 supplied Albert Savarus (autobiographical largely), Un D�but dans la vie, the very variously named and often rehandled Rabouilleuse (which, since Hippolyte Taine 's exaltation of it, has often been taken as a Balzacian quintessence), and Autre �tude de femme, yet another rehandling of earlier work. In 1843 came the introduction of the completed Sur Cath�rine de M�dicis, Honorine and La Muse du d�partement (almost as often reconstructed as La Femme de trente ans), with Comment aiment les jeunes filles (a similar rehandling intended to start the collected Splendeurs et mis�res des courtisanes), and a further installment of Illusions perdues, Les Souffrances d'un inventeur. Three out of the next four years were astonishingly fruitful. 1844 gave Modeste Mignon (a book with a place to itself, and said to be founded on a story actually written by Madame Hanska), Gaudissart II, A combien l'amour revient aux vieillards (a second part of the Splendeurs), B�atrix (one of the most powerful if not of the most agreeable), and the first and very promising part of Les Paysans. Only Un Homme d'affaires came out in 1845, but this was made up in 1846 by Les Com�diens sans le savoir (sketched earlier), another part of the Splendeurs, O� m�nent les mauvais chemins, the first part of Les Parents pauvres, La Cousine Bette (sometimes considered the topmost achievement of Balzac's genius), and the final form of a work first issued fifteen years earlier and often retouched, Petites mis�res de la vie conjugale. 1847 was even richer, with Le Cousin Pons (the second part of Les Parents pauvres, and again a masterpiece), the conclusion of the Splendeurs, La Derni�re Incarnation de Vautrin, L'Envers de Histoire contemporaine (which had been on and off the stocks for five years), and the unfinished D�put� d'Arcis. This was the last scene of the comedy that appeared in the life of its author. The conclusion of the D�put� d'Arcis, published in 1853, and those of Les Paysans and Les Petits Bourgeois which appeared, the first in this year, the second wholly in 1855, are believed or known to be by Balzac's friend, Charles Rabou (1803-1871).
This immense and varied total stands to its author in a somewhat different relation from that of any other work to any other writer. It has been well said that the whole of Balzac's production was always in his head together; and this is the main justification for his syllabus of it as the "Comedy." Some part never came out of his head into print; we have numerous titles of work (sometimes spoken of in his letters as more or less finished) of which no trace remains, or only fragmentary manuscript sketches. One apparently considerable book, La Bataille, which was to be devoted to the battle of Essling, and for which he actually visited the ground, is frequently referred to as in progress from the time of his early letters to Madame Hanska onwards; but it has never been found. Another result of this relation was the constant altering, re-shaping, re-connecting of the different parts. That if Balzac had lived as long as Hugo, and had preserved his faculties as well, he could never have finished the Com�die, is of course obvious: the life of Methuselah, with the powers of Shakespeare , would not suffice for that. But that he never would -- even if by some impossibility he could -- is almost equally certain. Whether there is any mark of decline in his latest work has been disputed, but there could hardly have been farther advance, and the character of the whole, not easy to define, is much less hard to comprehend, if prejudice be kept out of the way. That character was put early, but finally, by Victor Hugo in his funeral discourse on Balzac, whose work he declared, with unusual terseness, among other phrases of more or less gorgeous rhetoric, to be "observation and imagination." It may be doubted whether all the volumes written on Balzac have ever said more than these three words, or have ever said it more truly if the due stress be laid upon the "and." On the other side, most of the mistakes about him have arisen from laying undue stress on one of the two qualities, or from considering them separately rather than as inextricably mixed and blended. It is this blending which gives him his unique position. He is an observer of the most exact, the most minute, the most elaborate; but he suffuses this observation with so strange and constant an imaginative quality that he is, to some careful and experienced critics, never quite "real" -- or almost always something more than real. He seems accustomed to create in a fashion which is not so much of the actual world as of some other, possible but not actual -- no matter whether he deals with money or with love, with Paris or with the provinces, with old times or with new. A further puzzle has arisen from the fact that though Balzac has virtuous characters, he sees humanity on the whole "in black": and that, whether he actually prefers the delineation of vice, misfortune, failure, or not, he produces as a rule in his readers the sensation familiarly described as "uncomfortable." His morality has been fiercely attacked and valiantly defended, but it is absolutely certain that he wrote with no immoral intention, and with no indifference to morality. In the same way there has been much discussion of his style, which seldom achieves beauty, and sometimes falls short of correctness, but which still more seldom lacks force and adequacy to his own purpose. On the whole, to write with the shorthand necessary here, it is idle to claim for Balzac an absolute supremacy in the novel, while it may be questioned whether any single book of his, or any scene of a book, or even any single character or situation, is among the very greatest books, scenes, characters, situations in literature. But no novelist has created on the same scale, with the same range; none has such a cosmos of his own, pervaded with such a sense of the originality and power of its creator.
Balzac's life during these twenty years of strenuous production has, as regards the production itself, been already outlined, but, its outward events, its distractions or avocations -- apart from that almost weekly process of "raising the wind", of settling old debts by contracting new ones, which seems to have taken up no small part of it -- must now be shortly dealt with. Besides constant visits to the Margonne family at Sach� in Touraine, and to the Carrauds at Frapesle in Berry, he travelled frequently in France. He went in 1833 to Neuch�tel for his first meeting with Madame Hanska, to Geneva later for his second, and to Vienna in 1835 for his third. He took at least two flights to Italy, in more or less curious circumstances. In 1838, he went on a journey to Sardinia to make his fortune by melting the silver out of the slag-heaps of Roman mines -- a project, it seems, actually feasible and actually accomplished, but in which he was anticipated. The year before, tired of Paris apartments, he had bought ground at Ville d'Avray, and there constructed, certainly at great, though perhaps exaggerated expense, his villa of Les Jardies, which figures largely in the Balzacian legend. His rash and complicated literary engagements, and (it must be added) his disregard of them when the whim took him, brought him into frequent legal difficulties, the most serious of which was a lawsuit with the Revue de Paris in 1836. In 1831, and again in 1834, he had thought of standing for election as Deputy, and in the latter year he actually did so both at Cambrai and Angoul�me; but it is not certain that he received any votes. He also more than once took steps to become a candidate for the Academy, but retired on several occasions before the voting, and when at last, in 1849, he actually stood, he only obtained two votes.
As early as the Genevan meeting of 1833, Madame Hanska had formally promised to marry Baizac in the case of her husband's death, and this occurred at the end of 1841. She would not, however, allow him even to visit her until the next year had expired, and then, though he travelled to St. Petersburg and the engagement was renewed after a fashion, its fulfilment was indefinitely postponed. For some years Balzac met his beloved at Baden, Wiesbaden, Brussels, Paris, Rome and elsewhere. Only in September 1847 was he invited on the definite footing of her future husband to her estate of Wierzschovnia in the Ukraine; and even then the visit, interrupted by one excursion to Paris and back, was prolonged for more than two years before (on the 14th of March 1850) the wedding actually took place. But Balzac's own Peau de chagrin was now reduced to its last morsel. His health, weakened by his enormous labors, had been ruined by the Russian cold and his journeyings across Europe. The pair reached the house at Paris in the rue Fortun�e, which Balzac had bought for his wife and filled with his collections, at the end of May. On Sunday, the 17th of August, Victor Hugo found Balzac dying, attended by his mother, but not by his wife. He actually died at half-past eleven that night and was buried on the 20th, the pail-bearers being Hugo himself, Dumas , Sainte-Beuve (an enemy, but in this case a generous one) and the statesman Baroche, in P�re La Chaise, where Hugo delivered the speech cited above.
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Which American author, born in 1892, whose novels include ‘The Good Earth’, is also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu? | Pearl Buck Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline
Writers
Pearl Buck Biography
Pearl Buck was a Nobel Prize winning American writer best known for her novel âThe Good Earth.â This biography of Pearl Buck provides detailed information about her childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
Quick Facts
John Lossing Buck, Richard Walsh
children
1938 - Nobel Prize in Literature
1932 - Pulitzer Prize for
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Pearl S. Buck, born as Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker, was an American writer most famous as the author of the best selling novel, âThe Good Earthâ which won her a Pulitzer Prize. Though American by birth, she had spent almost half of her life in China and was raised in a bilingual environment. She is also known by her Chinese name, Sai Zhenzhu. A prolific writer, she published her first novel only when she was 39, but soon went on to write more than 70 other books, exploring a variety of genres. Buck chose China as the setting for the majority of her works. Her first novel, âEast Wind, West Windâ dealt with the themes of cultural understanding and acceptance while her second novel âThe Good Earthâ, revolved around the life of a family in a Chinese village before World War II. . She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938 "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." Her body of work consisted of novels, biographies, poetry, fiction, non-fiction, drama, and childrenâs literature. She was also a humanitarian at heart and was committed to a wide range of issues like womenâs rights, adoption, cultural values, immigration, and missionary work. As an adoptive mother, she established âWelcome Houseâ, an international, interracial adoption agency which has placed several thousands of children in loving homes till date.
Childhood & Early Life
Pearl Sydenstricker was born in West Virginia to Caroline Stulting and Absalom Sydenstricker. Both her parents were Presbyterian missionaries who went to China after their marriage. She was one of the seven children born to her parents, of whom only three survived to adulthood.
She was raised in a bilingual environment and was taught both English and Classical Chinese. She was a voracious reader from a young age.
She went to the U.S to attend Randolph-Macon Woman's College, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1914. She also served for sometime as a Presbyterian missionary but resigned after some controversy.
Career
She returned to China and taught English literature at the University of Nanking and the National Central University from 1920 to 1933.
She started writing stories and essays for magazines like âNationâ, âThe Chinese Recorderâ, and âAtlantic Monthlyâ in the 1920âs. She had also begun work on her first novel âEast Wind, West Windâ, which was published in 1930.
In 1924, she went to the U.S for a short time and earned her Masters degree from Cornell University. In 1925, she returned to China.
In 1927, the political situation in China worsened and several Westerners were murdered. She fled to Japan and stayed there for a year before returning to China.
She now dedicated all her free time to her writing career and completed the manuscript for âThe Good Earthâ within a year. The novel was published in the U.S in 1931 and went on to become a bestseller. The sequel to the novel, âSonsâ was published in 1933.
In 1933, she permanently left China and moved to the U.S. She went to Yale University and earned an additional masterâs degree.
In 1935, she wrote âA House Dividedâ, the sequel to âSonsâ. The three novels, âThe Good Earthâ, âSonsâ and âA House Dividedâ form âThe House of Earthâ trilogy.
Her career began to soar following the success of her novels and she wrote prolifically over the next few years bringing out one or sometimes even two novels per year. She published âThis Proud Heartâ in 1938, followed by âThe Patriotâ (1939), âOther Godsâ (1940) and âChina Skyâ (1941).
The 1940âs were among her most productive years when she wrote many novels, non-fiction books, and stories as well. Some of her best known works from this era include âOf Men and Womenâ (1941), Twenty-Seven Stories (1943), Peony (1948), and âFar and Near: Stories of Japan, China, and Americaâ (1949).
In the 1950âs her published novels included âImperial Woman â(1956) and âLetter from Pekingâ (1957). Her non-fiction âThe Child Who Never Grewâ (1950) was about her daughter Carol who was severely mentally retarded.
In spite of her advancing age, she never showed any signs of slowing down. Even during the 1960s she wrote consistently, publishing works like âThe Living Reedâ (1963), âDeath in the Castleâ (1965), and âThe New Yearâ (1968).
Major Works
Her novel âThe Good Earthâ (1930) became a U.S best seller and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. The storyline revolves around the life of a family in China before the World War II. The novel has been adapted into Broadway plays and a film.
The sequel to âThe Good Earthâ was published in 1932. It was titled âSonsâ and dealt with the issue of how the sons of an old man manage his property after his death.
Her novel âChina Skyâ, published in 1941 focuses on themes like love, honor, and betrayal during wartime in China during the Japanese invasion. A film based on the book was made in 1945.
âThe Big Waveâ (1948) is a children novel which tells the story of how an orphaned boy who bravely faces many tragedies finds love and happiness again.
Awards & Achievements
She won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize in 1932 for her novel âThe Good Earthâ. The award is generally awarded to an American author for distinguished fiction dealing with American life, but in Buckâs case, it was awarded for her novel dealing with life in a Chinese village.
She won the Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 âfor her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces".
Personal Life & Legacy
She married John Lossing Buck, an agricultural economist in 1917. They had one biological daughter who was severely mentally retarded, and one adopted daughter. The couple divorced in 1935.
She married Richard Walsh, an editor, in 1935. The couple adopted six more children. They had a loving marriage that lasted till Richardâs death in 1960.
She established the Welcome House Inc. (now part of the Pearl S. Buck International) in 1949 to promote international, interracial adoption of childrenâthe first one of its kind in the world. The institution has till now placed thousands of children in loving homes across the world.
She died of lung cancer at the age of 80 in 1973.
Trivia
She was the first American woman to win a Nobel Prize for Literature.
Her former residence at Nanjing University has been converted to the Sai Zhenzhu Memorial House.
She was a pioneer in interracial adoption and had adopted two interracial children in the 1940âs when such a practice was practically unheard of.
The U.S Postal Services issued a postage stamp in her honor in 1983.
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THE POEMS AND SONGS OF ROBERT BURNS; HARVARD CLASSICS, VOLUME 6
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PLATO, EPICTETUS AND MARCUS AURELIUS; THE HARVARD CLASSICS, VOLUME 2
By CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.
NEW YORK: P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909 THE APOLOGY, PHAEDO AND CRITO OF PLATO, THE GOLDEN SAYINGS OF EPICTETUS AND THE MEDITATIONS OF MARCUS AURELIUS. WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES. NICE DARK GREEN COVER WITH GOLD DESIGN AND PRINT SPINE.NO INTERNAL MARKINGS, TIGHT AND CLEAN. OUTSIDE SPINE HAS VERY SMALL TEAR 2/3 OF THE WAY DOWN. FRONTISPIECE IS A SCULPTURE OF THE BUST OF EMPEROR MARCUS AURELIUS. The Harvard Classics, originally known as Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf, is a 51-volume anthology of classic works from world literature, compiled and edited by Harvard University president Charles W. Eliot and first published in 1909. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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THE COMPLETE POEMS OF JOHN MILTON; THE HARVARD CLASSICS, VOLUME 4
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NEW YORK: P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909 POEMS OF JOHN MILTON. John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, and man of letters, and a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse. VERY NICE DARK GREEN COVER WITH GOLD DESIGN AND PRINT SPINE. CLEAN AND TIGHT, NO INTERNAL MARKINGS. The Harvard Classics, originally known as Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf, is a 51-volume anthology of classic works from world literature, compiled and edited by Harvard University president Charles W. Eliot and first published in 1909. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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By CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.
NEW YORK: P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THE JOURNAL OF JOHN WOOLMAN AND THE FRUITS OF SOLITUDE WILLIAM PENN. WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES. FRONTISPIECE IS A PICTURE OF THE PRINTING PRESS WHERE BEN FRANKLIN WORKED. NICE DARK GREEN COVER WITH GOLD DESIGN AND PRINT SPINE.NO INTERNAL MARKINGS, TIGHT AND CLEAN. The Harvard Classics, originally known as Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf, is a 51-volume anthology of classic works from world literature, compiled and edited by Harvard University president Charles W. Eliot and first published in 1909. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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ESSAYS, CIVIL AND MORAL; NEW ATLANTIS, FRANCIS BACON; AREOPAGATICA AND TRACTATE ON EDUCATION, JOHN MILTON; RELIGIO MEDICI, SIR THOMAS BROWNE; THE HARVARD CLASSICS, VOLUME 3
By CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.
NEW YORK: P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 1909 ESSAYS CIVIL, MORAL, RELIGIOUS, EDUCATION. , FRONTISPIECE SIR THOMAS BROWNE PICTURE. FRANCIS BACON, JOHN MILTON, SIR THOMAS BROWNE. VERY NICE DARK GREEN COVER WITH GOLD DESIGN AND PRINT SPINE. CLEAN AND TIGHT, NO INTERNAL MARKINGS. The Harvard Classics, originally known as Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf, is a 51-volume anthology of classic works from world literature, compiled and edited by Harvard University president Charles W. Eliot and first published in 1909. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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THE EXILE
By PEARL S. BUCK
New York: P. F. COLLIER & SON, 1936 BEAUTIFUL, RICH LIGHT BROWN COVER WITH DESIGN FRONT AND SPINE AND GOLD PRINT SPINE. FORMER OWNERS NAME IN FRONT WITH DATE. TIGHT, NO OTHER MARKINGS. GREAT BOOK FOR THE BUCK LOVER. The Exile (New York: John Day, 1936) is a memoir/biography, or work of creative non-fiction, written by Pearl S. Buck about her mother, Caroline Stulting Sydenstricker (1857–1921), describing her life growing up in West Virginia and life in China as the wife of the Presbyterian missionary Absalom Sydenstricker. The book is deeply critical of her father and the mission work in China for their treatment of women. Buck also traces the arc of her mother's disillusionment with religion. The success of the book led Buck to write a parallel memoir of her father, Fighting Angel, New York: John Day, 1936. Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu (Chinese: 賽珍珠), was an American writer and novelist. As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in China. Her novel The Good Earth was the best-selling fiction book in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces". She was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
$22.50
FIGHTING ANGEL, PORTRAIT OF A SOUL
By PEARL S. BUCK
New York: P. F. COLLIER & SON, 1936 BEAUTIFUL, RICH LIGHT BROWN COVER WITH DESIGN FRONT AND SPINE AND GOLD PRINT SPINE. FORMER OWNERS NAME IN FRONT WITH DATE. TIGHT, NO OTHER MARKINGS. GREAT BOOK FOR THE BUCK LOVER. Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul (1936) is a memoir, sometimes called a "creative non-fiction novel," written by Pearl S. Buck about her father, Absalom Sydenstricker (1852–1931) as a companion to her memoir of her mother, The Exile. Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu (Chinese: 賽珍珠), was an American writer and novelist. As the daughter of missionaries, Buck spent most of her life before 1934 in China. Her novel The Good Earth was the best-selling fiction book in the United States in 1931 and 1932 and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces". She was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS FROM THIS WORLD TO THAT WHICH IS TO COME; DELIVERED UNDER THE SIMILITUDE OF A DREAM
By JOHN BUNYAN
NEW YORK: THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., 1892 SMALL BOOK, FLOWER DESIGN, GOLD DESIGN AND PRINT SPINE, FADED AND WORN, TIGHT AND GOOD SHAPE INSIDE, VERY NICE PIECE OF HISTORY. NO INTERNAL MARKINGS. John Bunyan ( baptised 30 November 1628 – 31 August 1688) was an English writer and Baptist preacher best remembered as the author of the religious allegory The Pilgrim's Progress. In addition to The Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyan wrote nearly sixty titles, many of them expanded sermons. The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come; Delivered under the Similitude of a Dream is a 1678 Christian allegory written by John Bunyan. It is regarded as one of the most significant works of religious English literature, has been translated into more than 200 languages, and has never been out of print. Bunyan began his work while in the Bedfordshire county prison for violations of the Conventicle Act, which prohibited the holding of religious services outside the auspices of the established Church of England. Early Bunyan scholars like John Brown believed The Pilgrim's Progress was begun in Bunyan's second, shorter imprisonment for six months in 1675, but more recent scholars like Roger Sharrock believe that it was begun during Bunyan's initial, more lengthy imprisonment from 1660 to 1672 right after he had written his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. ANTIQUE BOOKS DEN, WHERE HISTORY LIVES.
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Who won the 2008 Men’s Singles Final at Wimbledon? | BBC SPORT | Tennis | Nadal wins epic Wimbledon final
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Nadal won his fifth Grand Slam title and first away from Roland Garros
Rafael Nadal held off an incredible fightback from Roger Federer to win his first Wimbledon title and end the Swiss star's reign at the All England Club.
The Spaniard missed two championship points in the fourth set but recovered to win a dramatic rain-interrupted match 6-4 6-4 6-7 (5-7) 6-7 (8-10) 9-7.
The final shot was struck in near darkness on Centre Court at 2115 BST.
Nadal, 22, is the first man since Bjorn Borg in 1980 to win the French Open and Wimbledon titles back-to-back.
Asked about the moment of victory, Nadal told BBC Sport: "It's impossible to explain what I felt in that moment but I'm very, very happy.
"It is a dream to play on this court, my favourite tournament, but to win I never imagined."
Federer, who made just one of 13 break points, said: "I tried everything, got a little late, but look, Rafa is a deserving champion, he just played fantastic.
Interview: Rafael Nadal
"The rain didn't make it easier but you have to expect the worst and he's the worst opponent on the best court. It's a pity I couldn't win it but I'll be back next year."
Federer, 26, had been trying to become only the second man to win six consecutive Wimbledon titles, and so surpass Borg to match Willie Renshaw, who played in the 1880s.
The defeat brought to an end his unbeaten run of 65 matches on grass, and arguably his reign as the undisputed king of tennis.
On sealing victory, a tearful Nadal climbed through the stands to celebrate with his family and supporters before heading to the royal box to speak to members of the Spanish royal family.
Federer, meanwhile, suffered the unpleasant experience of watching, dejected, from his chair as he came to terms with finishing runner-up for the first time.
It may be little consolation but he played his part in one of the great finals.
The pre-match billing had it down as tennis's version of a world heavyweight title fight and it lived up to the hype, Nadal finally winning the longest Wimbledon men's singles final after four hours, 48 minutes.
606: DEBATE
Was that the best Wimbledon final of all time?
He now adds the Wimbledon crown to the four French Open titles he has won, while Federer will look to defend his one remaining Grand Slam title at the US Open next month.
Nadal went into the match as the favourite in some people's eyes, having thrashed Federer in last month's Roland Garros final and with an 11-6 head-to-head record against the Swiss.
After a 35-minute delay to the start because of rain, the Majorcan made the better start with a break in game three, saving three break points on his way to the first set.
The momentum shifted at the start of the second as Federer raced to a 4-1 lead, whipping a vicious cross-court forehand for a winner to finally convert a break point in game two, but Nadal came roaring back with five straight games for a two-set lead.
With dark clouds gathering overhead, Federer looked ready to be put out of his misery at 3-3, 0-40, in the third but the champion roused himself superbly, reeling off five straight points and holding serve to lead 5-4 when rain stopped play after two hours and 14 minutes.
Federer had a break point to serve for the title in the fifth set
Play resumed following a break of 80 minutes and when it came down to a tie-break, rejuvenated Federer dominated with some huge forehands and unstoppable serving, sealing it with an ace.
The fourth set saw the two players inspired and by the closing stages the enthralled Centre Court crowd were chanting the names of both men. Another tie-break was required to separate the pair - and it was an all-time classic.
Federer recovered from 5-2 down only to miss a set point with a wayward forehand.
Nadal then lost his first championship point at 7-6 when Federer hit a winning serve, and the Swiss saved a second match point with an outrageous backhand winner.
The match was destined for a fifth set, and Federer obliged with a service winner to the delight of an enraptured 15,000 spectators.
When the rain returned at 1953 BST with the score at 2-2 in the decider it seemed likely that everyone would be back on Monday, but the shower passed after 30 minutes and battle was rejoined.
Despite the gathering gloom, the final set was simply breathtaking.
Federer earned a break point in game eight, Nadal two in game 11, but both players remained rock solid under the pressure until they were locked at 7-7.
Three more break points were saved by Federer but the champion was rocking, and Nadal finally landed the knockout blow when the world number one was forced into a forehand error.
All that remained was for Nadal to serve out for the title and, after Federer saved championship point number three with a rasping backhand, the Spaniard sealed it when the Swiss netted a forehand.
Watched by his parents, and coach and uncle, Toni, the 22-year-old fell to the floor before beginning his journey through the stands to celebrate.
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What is the name of the blind beggar in the novel ‘Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson? | Wimbledon 2009: Roger Federer defeats Andy Roddick to win men's singles title - Telegraph
Wimbledon
Wimbledon 2009: Roger Federer defeats Andy Roddick to win men's singles title
This was the day when Andy Roddick’s serve was broken just the once, in the 77th game of a 77-game Wimbledon men’s final. That one break of Roddick’s delivery, after more than four and a quarter hours of play on Centre Court, was all that Roger Federer needed to take the fifth set 16-14, to become the first man to win 15 grand slams, and to regain the world No 1 ranking.
By Mark Hodgkinson at Wimbledon
9:49PM BST 05 Jul 2009
“Roger is a legend, an icon and a stud,” said Pete Sampras, who had flown in from California to sit in the front row of the Royal Box to see his 14 slams being superseded.
It would seem that winning the men’s Wimbledon singles final in straight sets, or in anything approaching a straightforward manner, has gone out of tennis fashion.
Federer ’s 5-7, 7-6, 7-6, 3-6, 16-14 victory meant that, going on the number of games that had been played on Centre Court, this was the longest Wimbledon final of all time, plus the longest final played at any of the four majors, and the 30-game fifth set was the longest played in a title-match at the majors.
Just a year ago we had the longest Wimbledon men’s final, if you measure a match with the clock, as Rafael Nadal required 4hr 48min to beat Federer 9-7 in the fifth set, when the stadium was so dark that the umpire should have provided night-vision goggles.
This was half an hour shorter than last year’s final, and last summer’s Nadal-Federer match remains at the top of the leaderboard of greatest finals contested on these lawns. Though Federer started slowly on Sunday, he won a sixth Wimbledon trophy, putting him just one short of Sampras’s record seven titles – something to aim for next summer.
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07 Jun 2009
Roddick turned in one of the sharpest performances of his tennis life, and yet when he returned to the locker room he had pink-tinged eyes, and he was holding the silver runner-up’s plate, and not the champion’s golden, pineapple-shaped trophy.
This was the third time that Roddick had lost a Wimbledon final, after defeats to Federer in 2004 and 2005, but this was the most difficult for the American to accept. “Tennis is cruel,” said Federer, who was in Roddick’s position last summer; emotionally battered. Now Federer is the happiest that tennis has seen him. This month, he and his wife Mirka will become parents for the first time.
If Federer had not broken Roddick in the 30th game of the fifth set, they might have ended up playing through the night and into this morning.
The fifth set was extraordinary. Serving at 8-8, Federer found himself at 15-40, but he produced a couple of big serves to get back to deuce, and he held.
When Roddick came out to serve at 14-15, it was the 11th time that he had got up off his chair to serve to stay in the match. Roddick had won his previous 37 service games. A forehand error from Roddick’s racket brought up match point for Federer.
Another forehand mistake from Roddick, and the match was over. Federer had served 50 aces in the match, just one fewer than Ivo Karlovic’s Wimbledon record.
Federer’s reaction to victory was to leap into the air. Roddick’s reaction, after an embrace with Federer at the net, was to fling his racket on to the grass, and to then sit down on his changeover chair, and to put his head in his hands as he waited for the prize-giving ceremony. Meanwhile, Federer put on a white tracksuit with a golden “15” embroidered on the back.
It was not just the closeness of the fifth set that would have been so upsetting for the American, it was also the fact that he had held four points in the second-set tie-break to go two sets up, and on the fourth of those, when he had most of the court to play with, he could not keep his backhand volley inside the lines.
Sampras had jumped on a plane to watch Federer, a close friend. It was the American’s first visit to Wimbledon since he lost early in the 2002 Championships to a Swiss sub-journeyman player, George Bastl. This was not about Federer confirming his place as the greatest player to have picked up a racket and swished it at a tennis ball, as he had already done that by winning his first French Open last month. This was about the accumulation of grand slam titles, about Federer becoming the most successful player in history.
There were two very different tennis players out there on the grass. Federer walked out to play in a white-and-gold outfit of jacket, trousers and man-bag. If Sacha Baron Cohen’s camp Austrian fashionista, Bruno, was into tennis, he would not dress that differently to how Federer did.
Federer peeled off the jacket and trousers, and showed that he is a smooth and sophisticated presence on court.
Roddick emerged wearing his baseball cap, and then started banging down his serves. Roddick led 6-2 in that second-set tie-break, so holding four set points, only to then lose six points in a row. Many other players would have faded away. Roddick did not.
Roddick’s performance was a fine one; people have played tennis of a much lower quality and won Wimbledon’s Challenge Cup.
Longest game
14-16 Roger Federer v Andy Roddick, 2009
13-11 Jaroslav Drobny v Ken Rosewall, 1954; Ashley Cooper v Neale Fraser, 1958
Most games
77 Roger Federer v Andy Roddick, 2009
62 Rafael Nadal v Roger Federer, 2008
Time
| i don't know |
Which modern-day country was previously known as Mesopotamia? | What are the Modern day Mesopotamia Countries
New Articles
What are the Modern Mesopotamia Countries
Modern Mesopotamia is the country now known as Iraq. The region, which once heralded the birth of a very rich civilization, contributed much to the world. It is now a place ravaged by warfare for the last decade. The place formed the cradle of the Assyrian, Babylonian and Sumerian civilizations. In Greek, Mesopotamia means the 'land between the rivers'.
Modern Mesopotamia comprises not only modern day Iraq, but also the area around the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Even parts of the north and east of Syria as well as some parts of south east Turkey, is also considered part of what was Mesopotamia in ancient times. In ancient times, groups of hunters and gatherers settled between the two great rivers to form the greatest human civilization.
If you turn on your TV, you will find the greatest civilization known to humans is under duress and struggling to stay afloat under repeated foreign and domestic threats. Death and suffering is the order of the day in Iraq which was very much a part of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization.
The geographical advantages of Mesopotamia allowed the hunters to give up their nomadic lifestyle and concentrate on creating a stable statehood, law and culture.
Triggered future civilizations:
The civilization created by the people triggered future civilizations in the west and the east. There were many exchanges during the period which led to a further enrichment of the culture.
Civilizations have always prospered on the banks of the famous rivers and ancient Mesopotamia was no exception. The rivers always were a mixed blessing. The strip of land in ancient Mesopotamia known as the Fertile Crescent includes parts of Syria, Lebanon and Israel as well.
Rivers not only flooded the region resulting in destruction of crops, but also provided a route for invaders to come in as well. The flooding also deposited silt that always kept the land fertile for a prolonged period. The channel also acted as a convenient route for trade with other countries and communities that prospered in the region and the people soon evolved into famous philosophers, lawmakers and leaders.
| Iraq |
Ovine relates to which animal? | Maps 2: History - Ancient Period
Maps 2: History - Ancient Period
HUM 213 Historical Overview
URL of this web page:
http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum213/Maps/Maps2HistoryAncient.htm
Map 1.1 "The Ancient Near East, 4000-1000 B.C.E."
c. 8500 - 8000
BCE
"[D]omestication of wild plants and animals was accomplished in Mesopotamia around 8500 B.C.E., well before any other nascent civilization" ("Mesopotamia: The Formation of Cities and the Earliest Literatures"; emphasis added). According to recent archeological evidence, ". . . people living near the present-day city of Jericho near the Dead Sea were some of the first human beings to practice agriculture,” and “Signs of equally ancient town life have been found at a place called Catal Huyuk in [present-day] Turkey” [Anatolia], where people may have “first practiced irrigation and domesticated animals” (Kort 7; emphasis added).
c. 4000? BCE
Great Flood
stories
Archeological evidence was found (in 1929) of a possible great flood “at Ur, near the Persian Gulf, in the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers” (Davis and others [Book 1] 21; emphasis added). “Stories of a great flood or deluge often seen as a warning or punishment have appeared in all parts of the world except Africa": for example, stories of a great flood appear in the Epic of Gilgamesh, ca.1800 BCE; and in the later Hebrew Book of Genesis, ca. 900 BCE (Davis and others [Book 1] 21; emphasis added).
c. 3500 - 3000
BCE
Thriving cities were established in Mesopotamia along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, and in Egypt along the Nile River (Davis and others [Book 1] 2). The Middle East is not all desert: "Rivers allowing for productive agriculture were the key factor in the settling of cities" beginning some 6,000 years ago ("Geography: An Ancient and Modern Crossroads"). In the "Fertile Crescent" (the crescent-shaped region shaded in Maps 1.1 and 1.3), the Tigris and Euphrates River waters enabled the Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia to develop the "world's first urban culture"; meanwhile, in Egypt (see Map 1.2) the ancient Egyptians "took advantage of the annual flooding of the Nile [River] for their regular harvest" ("Geography: An Ancient and Modern Crossroads"). "When Egypt was united" circa 3100 BCE, the world had its first political unit large enough to be called a country” (Kort 7). Mesopotamia''s strategic location at the crossroads of developing trade routes, "documented from as early as 5,000 years ago" ("Geography"), contributed to Mesopotamia's prosperity, cultural diversity, and history of warfare.
Map 1.2 "Ancient Egypt"
[Map Caption:] "Like the people of Mesopotamia, the Egyptians took advantage of a water source, the Nile River, to irrigate arid land and produce a surplus of food. The river also acted as a highway for traveling north to the Mediterranean and south to Nubia" ("Ancient Egypt." [Map.]; emphasis added).
c. 3500 - 2300
BCE
Sumerian urban culture centered in Sumer [in what is now modern day Iraq], and Sumerian accomplishments included using the wheel, advancing mathematics (e.g. for measuring time), and creating “the world’s first writing system” - cuneiform - to “keep records of what they did," thus beginning written human “history” (Kort 7). Many migrating peoples entered the region, some as peaceful settlers, others as invaders intent on conquest. Mesopotamia "must be seen as one of the first significant multilingual, multicultural societies in history, with its 3,000 years of development and no less that four major periods under different ruling groups (Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian)" ("Mesopotamia: The Formation of Cities and Earliest Literatures").
c. 2600? BCE
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh, epic hero and legendary king of Uruk--a Sumerian city located on the Euphrates River in southern Mesopotamia (see Map 1.3)--“is apparently based on a historical figure . . . [whose name is] "found in the lists of Sumerian kings" and who may have "reigned in the city of Uruk . . . sometime between 2800 and 2500 B.C.E." (Davis and others [Book 1] 2, 56).
c. 2300 - 2000
BCE
The Akkadians, “a Semitic people [originally] from the interior of the Arabian peninsula,” conquered “the non-Semitic Sumerians” of Mesopotamia, led by Akkadian King Sargon I
(born 2337? - died 2279? BCE), who is credited with establishing “the first known empire in history—stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea” (Davis and others [Book 1] 17; emphasis added). However, Sargon's united Akkadian empire did not long survive his death, and was subsequently divided into the kingdoms of Babylonia (southern Mesopotamia), Assyria (northern Mesopotamia), and "Elam (Persia) to the east [of Mesopotamia]" (Davis and others [Book 1] 18; emphasis added). See Map 1.3.
c. 2100 - 1600 BCE: Epic of
Gilgamesh
Heroic stories of legendary Sumerian king Gilgamesh, passed down from oral tradition, were written down in “cuneiform on clay tablets” by Mesopotamian poets and were eventually shaped into the Epic of Gilgamesh, "the most influential literary epic to come out of ancient Mesopotamia," though only fragments of this epic have been recovered to date (Davis and others [Book 1] 62).
c. 1750 BCE
Babylonian King Hammarabi--known for the Code of Hammarabi, one of the world's first written set of laws--united much of Mesopotamia during his reign (r. 1792-1750 BCE) and established his capital at Babylon (Davis and others [Book 1] 18). See Map 1.3. Babylon [ruins located south of Baghdad in modern Iraq], a “chief commercial city of the Tigris and Euphrates river system,” became “one of the most famous cities of antiquity,” achieving its “greatest glory as capital of the Neo-Babylonian empire under Nebuchadezzer II (r. 605-561 BCE)” (“Babylon”).
Map 1.3 "The Ancient Near East"
[Map Caption:] "The region of the Near East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, called Mesopotamia, is thought to be the birthplace of civilization--non-nomadic societies characterized by agriculture and cities. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia raised crops on this rich but dry land by developing and using complex irrigation systems so successful that they resulted in a surplus of food" ("The Ancient Near East." [Map.]; emphasis added).
Early Hebrew History (ca. 2000 - 586 BCE)
c. 2000 BCE
Scriptures;
Pentateuch
During the Jews’ “Babylonian Exile,” the Books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings came together to form "what scholars call a ‘Deuteronomistic History’ (because the work’s theology is heavily influenced by Deuteronomy) . . . of the Israelite states over a five-hundred-year period” shaped by Hebrew theology into "a cycle of sin and redemption" (Hamilton; emphasis added). Drawing on oral and written traditions and (re)interpretations, an authoritative Pentateuch (i.e. the first five books, Genesis through Deuteronomy, of Hebrew scripture) also emerged in the 6th century BCE (Hamilton).
Persia and the Persian Empire ca. 1000 - 490 B.C.E.
Map 1.4: "Expansion of the Persian Empire, c. 550- 490 B.C.E."
[Map Caption:] "Cyrus (r. c. 557–530 B.C.E.) initiated the Persian Empire, which his successors expanded to be even larger than the Neo-Assyrian [i.e. Neo-Babylonia] Empire that it replaced. The Persian kings pressed hard outward from their inland center to gain coastal possessions for access to seaborne trade and naval bases. By late in the reign of Darius (r. 522–486 B.C.E.), the Persian Empire had expanded eastward as far as the western edge of India, while to the west it reached Thrace, the eastern edge of Europe. Unlike their imperial predecessors, the Persian kings won their subjects' loyalty with tolerance and religious freedom, although they treated rebels harshly" ("Expansion of the Persian Empire, c. 550-490 B.C.E." [Map.]).
c. 1000 BCE
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What is golfer Tiger Woods first name? | What Is Tiger Woods' Real First Name?
By Brent Kelley
Question: Tiger Woods First Name: What is Tiger's Real First Name?
Answer: What is Tiger Woods' first name? Everyone knows him as "Tiger," but everyone also knows that isn't his given first name, his birth name.
Tiger Woods ' real first name is "Eldrick." I can find no source that explains why his parents gave him the name "Eldrick." There doesn't necessarily have to be a reason (such as Woods being named after a relative), of course, beyond it being a name his parents liked and selected.
According to those baby name suggestion Web sites, "Eldrick" is of German or English origin, and is a variation of "Eldridge" or "Aldric." The original meaning of the name was "righteous ruler" or "sage ruler."
| Tiger Woods |
The 2010 charity single ‘Helping Haiti’ is a cover of which REM song? | Tiger Woods Stats, News, Pictures, Bio, Videos - ESPN
With Tiger Woods now 41 years old, our panelists share their expectations for his performance when he returns to the PGA Tour in 2017.
about 32 days ago | ESPN.com
If Tiger never wins another major, should we deem his career a failure for not reaching Jack Nicklaus' record? To do so would ignore golf history as well as Woods' monumental accomplishments.
about 30 days ago | Bob Harig | ESPN.com
Caddie Claus, aka Michael Collins, talks about Tiger Woods' shirtless tweet and why it puts Tiger on the naughty list.
about 27 days ago
From Tiger Woods to Jordan Spieth to Jay Monahan, Caddie Claus (aka Michael Collins) knows exactly what each could use under the tree this year.
about 28 days ago
Jason Day knows the PGA Tour has no teeth when it comes to punishing players for snail-like routines. Maybe it's time for that to change.
about 8 days ago | Bob Harig | ESPN.com
Tiger Woods is set to play in four tournaments over five weeks. Is he testing his health too soon? Or is he simply a golfer playing golf? Jason Sobel and Michael Collins debate the schedule.
about 14 days ago | ESPN.com
ESPN.com's Michael Collins details Tiger Woods' plans to play four events in five weeks.
about 14 days ago
Will Cain thinks it's too late for Tiger Woods to add titles to his record to compete with LeBron James' accomplishments.
about 20 days ago
Tiger Woods played a round of golf with Donald Trump at the president-elect's West Palm Beach, Florida, golf course on Friday, according to the pool report.
about 27 days ago | ESPN.com news services
Tiger Woods will play in the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines later this month and has committed to play in Dubai the following week. Woods last played in an official event in August 2015.
about 14 days ago | Bob Harig | ESPN Senior Writer
| i don't know |
Which chess piece is in the shape of a horse’s head? | Horse black head shape of a chess piece Icons | Free Download
Animal faces collection 4,165 48 4 months ago
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26 1 3 weeks ago
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Horse head with hair outline 3,666 12 2 years ago
Flat Animal Heads Collection 765 31 12 months ago
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| Knight |
If something is ‘septennial’, it lasts or recurs every how many years? | Making a Chess Set
You can get me at:
matthew (at) byrney (dot) com
All comments, questions etc., are welcome!
Making a Chess Set
Introduction
Some time ago I decided I wanted a nice chess set. I'm not very good at chess; that is to say, anyone who plays on average more than about once a month would probably kick my ass. Anyway, so what? I wanted a chess set with nice big chunky pieces, a funky, stylish (but traditional (i.e. Staunton-based)) design, nice materials and high-quality craftsmanship.
It turns out this is a rather ambitious set of requirements. My searches in shops and online revealed a plethora of sets with timid-looking kings, queens wearing doilies instead of crowns, rooks that would have had the wolf happily munching on a confused and indignant third little pig, and bishops with a kind of pederastic creepiness about them. This isn't right at all! Kings should be dignified and grandiose; queens, the most powerful pieces on the board, must look beautiful and deadly in equal measure, like the queen from Snow White (surely the hottest character in the film, at least before she turns herself into a fruit-peddling human scrotum); rooks should be solid, weighty and massive; and bishops (who in real life are never corrupt, filthy perverts) need to be graceful and statuesque.
So I bought a lathe and learned to use it. Nearly five years later, I've made loads of chess pieces in all shapes and sizes from many different types of wood, and all of a sudden I find myself on a mission to make the long-sought-after set. Here goes...
Materials
The raw blocks of wood - maple for the light pieces, cocobolo for the dark ones
Wood, obviously. For the light pieces, North American maple - not exactly exotic or expensive, but nevertheless pretty. It also has the advantage of being easy to work with. Oh, and I happen to have tons of the stuff lying around.
For the dark pieces, cocobolo. Cocobolo (like most tropical hardwoods) has exactly one good quality - it's very beautiful. The downsides are that it's expensive, dense, oily, hard, rare and poisonous. Moving even moderate-sized blocks of the stuff is difficult due to its weight. It's so hard and abrasive that it's not uncommon to have to sharpen tools several times during the manufacture of a single chess piece, and it's a real chore to use hand tools on. The oil content of the wood causes it to clog sandpaper and fine-toothed saw blades very quickly. Also, it's a health hazard, causing allergic reactions in most people. Since making this chess set will involve spending upwards of 60 hours bathing in cocobolo dust, this isn't ideal. Finally, the wood is very rare and endangered, so when I find a source of it, I buy as much as I possibly can, just in case it finally becomes extinct. Humourless readers will be frothing at the maw about now, so to all you people who have difficulty spotting sarcasm: I'm kidding. I buy from responsible suppliers.
Here is the wood for the pieces, cut to size. The blocks are all about 52mm square (with the obvious exception of the bits which aren't square). The pieces will have base diameters a smidge under two inches.
The Pawns
A half-finished pawn, with the reference design held next to it for easy comparison
I started with the pawns. This is a psychological ploy: the pawns are the quickest pieces to make. Blast through all 16 of them in one frenzied sawdusty binge, and then you can kid yourself that you're half finished. It's much easier laboriously turning stubborn blocks of wood into horses' heads if you can occasionally glance over at your magnificent phalanx of completed pawns, silently awaiting their comrades.
Pawns are both easy and difficult. They're easy because they're the only radially symmetric chess piece, and therefore the only one that can be completed fully on the lathe, without the need for sawing, carving, riffling, filing, notching or chiselling. They're also the smallest piece. However, more than any other type of piece, pawns have to match each other. True, there are other pieces on the board which have to match, but only pawns appear eight in a row, conveniently arranged for unappreciative, pedantic whingers to blurt out things like "that one's taller than that one!" If, say, the white rooks aren't quite the same as each other, who really cares? Who's going to notice? But the pawns must be as monotonously unvarying and facelessly conformist as the working-class cannon fodder they represent.
So, I rigged up a gadget to hold a pawn in place while I turned its brothers (is that sexist? Maybe I should say "siblings"). It's just a load of copper wire, twisted up for rigidity, attached to a bit of wood which is held onto the headstock by a small but fiercely powerful rare earth magnet. Pretty low-tech, but it does the job. With this setup, I got all 16 pawns done in two days.
The finished pawns, with the remaining blanks
A quick word about how I finish the pieces. They're sanded while spinning on the lathe (about 1500 rpm to 2500 rpm for maple; slower for cocobolo, or the heat generated melts the wood's natural oils and clogs the sandpaper) with abrasive papers in 120, 150, 180, 240, 320, 400, 600, 1000 and 1500 grit (obviously in that order). With the maple I reverse the lathe for alternate sandings, so that the grain doesn't just "lie down" but is smoothed properly. For the cocobolo, this isn't necessary because the wood is so dense and fine-grained. After sanding, the piece is burnished with a handful of wood shavings. Then it's given a coat of shellac diluted with ethanol (to penetrate the grain), followed by a couple of coats of undiluted shellac lubricated with a drop or two of olive oil. This isn't exactly French polishing, but it's a close approximation. Spinning the lathe nice and fast for the final coat brings the piece to a lustrous shine and renders the finish touch-dry, which is a big time saver.
I part the pieces off with a hacksaw and not a parting tool, and yes, I do it with the lathe spinning at about 400 rpm. Responses to this range from "so what?" to "you shouldn't be allowed near a lathe!" All I'll say in response is that I've never hurt myself doing things this way, it wastes a minimal amount of wood and it's convenient. So there.
The Knights
After a rough sanding
The finished knight
Knights. What a pain. I reckon that when Nathaniel Cook was designing the pattern of chess pieces which was to become the modern gold standard, he simply lost interest half way through - which is why the pawn, rook, bishop, king and queen are all distinctive, beautiful abstractions, and the knights are bluntly literal horses' heads. Come to think of it, why are they horses' heads? Yes, knights ride horses - but so what? Kings and queens ride horses too. Well, whatever. It could have been worse - imagine if Cook had run out of good designs before doing the kings and queens. I wouldn't fancy having to make wood carvings of inbred, chinless morons. On a practical note, many members of the royal family actually resemble horses, which could lead to confusion with the knights.
Mother nature didn't see fit to equip the common horse with a geometrically simple form, describable as an elegant union of spheres, cylinders, tori and prisms - instead she produced a nonsensical mess of hair, teeth, nostrils, eyes and myriad other bizarre shapes which defy the ordered precision of lathes and milling machines. You can turn the base of a knight on a lathe as usual, and thereafter the rest of the blank must be hewn into the required shape using a combination of sawing, carving, filing, sanding and swearing.
My knights have a tendency to turn out looking like mooses (meese?), which isn't so bad because I think mooses are cute. Actually they're more like a cross between a moose and a hippopotamus. Well, as long as they have some individuality, the usability of the set isn't compromised.
The sequence of pictures shows how a knight is made. First the base is turned; then the horsey bit is roughly sawn into shape on the bandsaw. This involves some finicky cuts near the blade and because the piece is a strange, irregular shape there's virtually no support from the table, so it's easy to lose fingers here. There are four knights so it's vital not to average more than 2.5 amputated digits per piece.
Next, the head is roughly cut into shape. Ordinarily this would be done using a carefully maintained, razor sharp honed set of expensive carving tools. I don't have any such thing because I don't really do wood carving, so I use a crappy old chisel which I occasionally scrape impatiently against a grindstone.
After this, a sanding with coarse abrasive cloth licks the knight further into shape. A side note: the knight is being held in my old lathe (a Record DML24X), which is serving as not much more than a sturdy vice.
Finally, the details are carved in and polish applied. Awesome hairstyle, huh?
The Rooks
Rook cutting setup: milling machine, rotary table with chuck, custom arbor with biscuit jointer blade attached
I'm really rather pleased with these. Rooks are deceptively difficult to get right. The basic shape is similar to that of a pawn, the differences being that a rook is bigger, has more decorative bits and has a cylindrical head with battlements cut into it. Turning these on the lathe is easy and hollowing the top of the head is quickly done with a forstner bit held in a chuck in the tailstock. The trick, then, is to cut the battlements properly. Cutting the crown of a queen is dead easy by comparison because the required shape is rounded and organic. Cutting a crisp, accurate notch with a rectangular cross section is much harder. Trying this "by eye" using a hacksaw and files and sandpaper and chisels is an exercise in frustration. Using a bandsaw makes the job a little more tolerable, but still far from easy. There's a much better way.
So, what we have here is a chuck mounted on a rotary table mounted vertically on a milling machine. Yes, I know, the rotary table is far too big for the mill. If this bothers you, feel free to buy me a bigger milling machine . In the spindle of the milling machine is a stub arbor, i.e. a hardened ground Morse taper shank with a soft steel head, on which I've turned a shallow 22mm spigot using my trusty engineering lathe. The head was then drilled and tapped M6. Then all one has to do is stick a biscuit jointer blade on the spigot and secure it with a washer and M6 machine screw, and presto - a custom wide-kerf slotting saw! The mill only spins this blade at about 15% of the speed it was designed for, but this doesn't seem to matter at all. It cuts beautifully.
Closeup of one of the cuts
The rest is self-explanatory. Advance the table so that the saw cuts a slot to the required depth; move back out of the cut; advance the rotary table by 60 degrees; repeat.
Queens, kings and bishops
We've handled pawns, knights and rooks; that leaves kings, queens and bishops. There's nothing very difficult about these pieces, although they each have their quirks. Briefly, then:
1. Getting a queen to look good involves a surprisingly fine balance of the proportons of the piece. It's astonishingly easy to wreck a queen by making it too fat, too thin, too big-bottomed, too big-headed, too spiky, too wide or too much like it's wearing a bowler hat, which, believe it or not, is very possible indeed.
2. Kings have a "cross pattée" at the top, which means the arms of the cross are rather big and supported by narrow bits with the grain running in exactly the wrong direction. Tread very very lightly when cutting these unless you just love gluing things back together.
3. The slot in the top of a bishop is as annoying to cut as the slots in rooks. I did these by hand but next time, I think I'm going to stick the bishops in the rook-slot-cutting jig.
And that's all the pieces dealt with. That just leaves...
The Board
Some veneer squares and the blocks they're cut from, on the MDF base
Gluing the ebony edges on. Note the froth that the polyurethane adhesive has produced in the joint
The board's easy, right? Well, no. Getting 64 squares of wood cut accurately and arranged properly is a process which carries an enormous potential for error.
The smart way to do it is to cut long strips of wood in each colour and glue them together, to make a board with 8 stripes rather than 64 squares. Then you cut this into eight pieces perpendicular to the stripes and flip alternate pieces around and glue them back together. This is all very well if you have an accurate table saw and wood of the right dimensions, although it does mean that the bits of wood have to be thick enough to make edge-bonding them into a panel feasible. When you're making a 2 foot square board using cocobolo, this is bloody expensive.
Anyway, I don't have a table saw and I don't crap diamonds, so I was forced to do it the hard way and make 64 veneer squares and glue them into place one by one. The base of my board is a bit of 18mm thick MDF. I cut 75mmx75mmx3mm bits of cocobolo and maple (32 of each, obviously) on the bandsaw and got out my bottle of PVA. 100 points for anyone who can tell what's about to go wrong.
See, PVA glue has water in it. Smearing PVA on one side of a bit of 3mm thick maple causes it to slurp this water up, and it stops being a lovely flat square and starts looking like a pringle. This happens long before the glue has formed a bond between the square and the base board, so the square has to be held flat and in place. I confidently laid down 16 squares using the PVA and then gawped in horror as the wood went all bendy and lifted off the base board. Luckily, I had a towel, an offcut of MDF, some lead bricks and about 50kg of soapstone to hand, all of which I piled on top of the curly squares (in that order), hoping it would hold them flat until the glue had set. 24 hours later, I was very relieved to find my plan had worked.
But this wouldn't do for the rest of the board, so I switched to polyurethane glue. This stuff doesn't have water in it so it doesn't make wood change shape. It does, however, try to expand into a foam as it sets, which is tiresome - you stick a square down, wait 5 minutes, then come back and find that it's hovering 4mm above the board on a little foamy pillow. So you lean on it to push it back into place, and wait another 5 minutes. This process continues until the glue has largely set, which thankfully is after about only half an hour. Next time I do this I'll try either epoxy resin or slow-acting cyanoacrylate (i.e. superglue), both of which will cost much more than PVA or polyurethane but ought to be much more convenient and faster.
Finally I used a router and a straight edge to true up the edges of the board, stuck ebony strips to the sides and hacked everything into shape with a spokeshave and random orbit sander until it was looking delicious. The board is finished in the "obvious" manner: wipe on shellac, allow to dry, rub with steel wool and 1500 grit abrasive, polish with beeswax/turpentine paste. Finishing is, of course, its own enormous topic, but this page is already far too long.
Finished!
The finished set
The dark pieces. Great grain in the cocobolo, huh?
And there we have it. All in all I'm pleased with how it turned out. Things I'll do differently next time:
1. Cut the tops of the bishops using my magical milling machine jig thingy.
2. Give the knights even more fearsome 80's hairstyles.
3. Use ebony instead of cocobolo. It's just as exotic and (in my opinion) just as beautiful, but it's better behaved.
4. Use a sensible glue to make the board.
Comments, questions, advice, admiration, abuse, offers of marriage (women only please) etc. - send 'em here .
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‘The fault…….is not in our stars, but in ourselves…’ is a quote from which play by William Shakespeare? | The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars - eNotes Shakespeare Quotes
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars
Cassius:
"The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings."
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Cassius, a nobleman, is speaking with his friend, Brutus, and trying to persuade him that, in the best interests of the public, Julius Caesar must be stopped from becoming monarch of Rome. Brutus is aware of Caesar's intentions, and is torn between his love of his friend Caesar and his duty to the republic. Cassius continues by reminding Brutus that Caesar is just a man, not a god, and that they are equal men to Caesar. They were all born equally free, and so why would they suddenly have to bow to another man? On another level this phrase has been interpreted to mean that fate is not what drives men to their decisions and actions, but rather the human condition.
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What is the official language of Austria? | Masters of their fates - eNotes Shakespeare Quotes
Masters of their fates
Why, man, he [Caesar] doth bestride the narrow world
Like a colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs, and peep about
To find ourselves dishonorable graves.
Men at some time are masters of their fates;
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
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Cassius, prime mover of the assassination plot against Julius Caesar, here continues a speech he hopes will draw Brutus into the conspiracy. Cassius's technique is to inflate the grandeur, and therefore the threat, of Caesar's power, in contrast to the wormlike submissiveness, and therefore the dishonor, of other leading Romans. The philosophical sentiments are appropriately classical, specifically Stoic: it is man who controls his own destiny, not heavenly powers. It's not the "fault" of the "stars" that Caesar is on top and Brutus and Cassius are underlings; the fault is "in ourselves," in their own lack of resolve. Brutus has been trusting to fate to restrain his friend Caesar's ambitions, when Brutus really ought to think, like Cassius, about seizing fate for himself.
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Who became governor of The Bank of England in July 2003? | Governor of the Bank of England - Press releases - GOV.UK
Governor of the Bank of England
From:
First published:
26 November 2012
This news article was published under the 2010 to 2015 Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government
Her Majesty the Queen has been pleased to approve the appointment of Mark Carney as Governor of the Bank of England from 1 July 2013.
Her Majesty the Queen has been pleased to approve the appointment of Mark Carney as Governor of the Bank of England from 1 July 2013. He will succeed Sir Mervyn King.
Welcoming the appointment the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Rt Hon George Osborne MP, said:
Mark Carney is the outstanding candidate to be Governor of the Bank of England and help steer Britain through these difficult economic times. He is quite simply the best, most experienced and most qualified person in the world to do the job.
He has done a brilliant job for the Canadian economy as its central bank Governor, avoiding big bail outs and securing growth. He has been chosen by the rest of the world to be the chair of the international body, the Financial Stability Board, charged with strengthening global financial regulation after the financial crisis.
Along with its central role in monetary policy, this Government has put the Bank of England back in charge of regulating our financial system so that we don’t repeat the mistakes of the last decade. Mark Carney is the perfect candidate to take charge of the Bank as it takes on these vital new responsibilities. He will bring strong leadership and a fresh new perspective.
I look forward to working with Mark as we continue to rebalance our economy, deal with our debts, and equip Britain to succeed in the global race. We needed the best - and in Mark Carney we’ve got it.
Notes for editors
Mr Carney is currently Governor of the Bank of Canada, having taken up his office on 1 February 2008. He also currently serves as Chairman of the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and as a member of the Board of Directors of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). He is also a member of the Group of Thirty, and of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum.
Prior to becoming the Governor of the Bank of Canada, Mr Carney was Senior Associate Deputy Minister of Finance (2004 - 2007) and Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada (2003 - 2004). Prior to that, Mr Carney had a thirteen-year career with Goldman Sachs in its London, Tokyo, New York and Toronto offices. Mr Carney has a bachelor’s degree in economics from Harvard University (1983 - 1988) and a Masters and Doctorate in economics from Nuffield College, Oxford University (1991 - 1995).
Mr Carney was born in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories, Canada in 1965. As a Canadian citizen he is a subject of Her Majesty The Queen. He is married to Diana Fox Carney, an economist and British citizen. They have four daughters. Mr Carney has indicated he intends to apply for British citizenship.
Mr Carney has indicated he intends to serve for five years.
Under the Bank of England Act 1998, as expected to be amended by the Financial Services Bill which is currently being considered by Parliament, the Governor of the Bank of England is appointed by Her Majesty the Queen on advice from the Prime Minister. He was advised by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who oversaw the appointment process, and, as with other public appointments, consulted the Deputy Prime Minister. The selection panel for the recruitment process comprised Sir Nicholas Macpherson, Permanent Secretary HM Treasury; Tom Scholar and John Kingman, Second Permanent Secretaries, HM Treasury; and Sir David Lees, Chair of the Court of the Bank of England.
Her Majesty The Queen has also been pleased to approve, under the Bank of England Act 1998 as amended by the Banking Act 2009, the Chancellor and Prime Minister’s recommendations for the re-appointment of Charles Richard Bean as Deputy Governor of the Bank of England for Monetary Stability from 1 July 2013. Mr Bean has agreed to stay on for a year to help oversee the extension of the Bank of England’s responsibilities and the transition to the new Governor. He has asked to stand down on 30 June 2014.
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James Bond is sent to which island at the beginning of the film ‘Dr No’? | The court of King Mervyn
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The court of King Mervyn
Under Sir Mervyn King, the Bank of England has emerged as one of the world’s most powerful central banks
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May 4, 2012
by: Chris Giles
Mervyn King was confident as he celebrated the 10th anniversary of Bank of England independence at the Royal Bank of Scotland five years ago. That evening, the only disappointment was that Sir Fred Goodwin, RBS chief executive, was unable to host the governor at dinner. He was busy working on the deal to take over ABN Amro that would later sink his bank. No one present thought this could be a harbinger of doom. The economy was sound, the governor believed the risk to financial stability “ appeared to be low ” and lauded BoE independence as “ the dramatic constitutional change ” that convinced financial markets that Britain would run a stable economy. Life at the BoE and RBS was sweet.
Five years on, the government has stripped the knighthood from Sir Fred , his institution has collapsed and is majority-owned by taxpayers. Britain’s economic stability has similarly hit the rocks. But after the worst recession since the 1920s, the highest rates of inflation among big economies and a level of financial instability thought impossible in a modern economy, the BoE has emerged as the big winner of the crisis. Legislation to make it one of the most powerful central banks in the advanced world is passing through parliament. And its governor received not just a knighthood in 2011 , but the highest form of that award, the Knight Grand Cross (GBE).
Nobody would say the Bank of England is solely responsible for the global financial and economic crisis, but neither can it absolve itself after the event. How can so many of its intellectually powerful figures have misdiagnosed Britain’s economy so badly? How can the country feel secure it will not happen again once the organisation receives sweeping new powers next year? And did Sir Mervyn’s personal style – dominating the BoE –contribute to the crisis?
Answers to these questions must start with the institutional setting surrounding the BoE after it gained independence in 1997. A new Financial Services Authority (FSA) would regulate banks, insurance companies and other financial institutions. The Treasury would act as back-stop in case of crisis. And the BoE would be in charge of the big picture, adjusting interest rates to control the ups and downs of inflation and warning whether risks were building in the financial system as a whole. Only the BoE could have influence over system-wide financial stability, since the FSA did not regulate foreign banks and the BoE’s job was to scan the wider economy.
But within weeks of Sir Mervyn becoming governor in 2003, staff became aware the new governor had big plans to remould the BoE in his own academic image. Already shorn of banking supervision and government debt management in the post-1997 changes, Sir Mervyn wanted to create a modern monetary authority concentrating on monthly decisions on interest rates. Although one of the BoE’s two core purposes was “to ensure financial stability”, it seems he neither enjoyed nor fully understood the influence the BoE still had in calming financial excess by use of its powerful voice. Work in the financial stability division did not excite him and he told colleagues to “operationalise” it, by which he meant simply writing and publishing two financial stability reports every year. Sir Mervyn demonstrated the low status he attached to such reports by not presenting them himself, unlike the inflation report, which he nurtured and presented as chief economist (1991-1998), deputy governor (1998-2003) and governor (2003 onwards).
Staff found presenting financial stability issues in front of the new governor frightening because of his apparent disdain for their work. One current official remembers a talk on the Spanish banking system. “How is that relevant?” Sir Mervyn asked. Staff learned the only answer was to find a reason why such matters should concern the monthly decision on interest rates. Former colleagues say that Sir Mervyn found it difficult intellectually to grapple with the influence the BoE had when things were not written down with formal targets and powers, so he preferred to assume markets were likely to be efficient and crises would not occur.
In the Financial Stability Committee, the most important pre-crisis internal decision-making body, which reviewed risks to financial stability and discussed policy responses, things were worse. Unlike Sir Edward George, his predecessor, the new governor rarely attended the monthly meetings. “Since the governor was never present, it became a talking shop,” says Mario Blejer, who headed the BoE’s internal university, the Centre for Central Banking Studies, between 2003 and 2008. One former economist, whose current financial sector employers are so nervous about the BoE they refused to let him be quoted on the record, says: “I went to two meetings. Mervyn turned up to the first one and fell asleep. It hardly made me think I needed to worry about that.” The financial stability committee was soon a “running joke” in monetary analysis, the division of the BoE geared around setting interest rates every month. The signal sent by these events could not have been clearer. “Before the crisis, working in financial stability was an absolute career graveyard,” says Richard Barwell, UK economist at RBS who left the BoE in 2010 after nine years.
How could Sir Mervyn impose his view on the BoE that financial stability mattered primarily just for monetary policy and the boring task of bi-annual report writing?
“It is a monarchy and always has been – sometimes constitutional, other times autocratic,” says Sir John Gieve, who was deputy governor for financial stability at the time of the crisis between 2006 and 2009. Jens Larsen, who rose to become a head of division before he left in 2010, says, “If the governor has the inclination, he can decide anything.”
Within the BoE hierarchy, the staff dance to the governor’s tune. “My overriding feeling was how old-fashioned and hierarchical the Bank was,” says Kate Barker, an external member between 2001 and 2010 of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC), the nine-strong body that meets monthly to set interest rates. Deputy governors, such as Sir John Gieve, Rachel Lomax or Sir Andrew Large, had little say and were not authorised to commit the BoE to policies even in their areas of responsibility if the governor thought the matter important. In such a structure, current and former staff say decisions were delayed and things slipped.
In the BoE, the governor and deputy governors’ palatial offices are located behind locked doors in “Parlours”, where senior staff are attended by “pinks”, doormen dressed in pink tail-coats with silver buttons and top hats. Everyone calls Sir Mervyn “Mr Governor”. It is so quiet there, you can hear the old-fashioned clocks tick. The doors are closed. “There is no sense of collegiate decision-making,” says Alistair Darling, former chancellor.
Institutionally, the BoE had few defences against a governor determined to focus his attention on monetary analysis. But the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street was also unlucky. It was far from alone in failing to foresee the crash: pre-2007, politicians from all political parties were complaining about too much burdensome regulation in finance. BoE independence appeared such a masterstroke that even traditionally cautious organisations, such as the FT, declared the first 10 years a “ resounding success ”.
Governor’s day takes place in July at the sumptuous Bank of England sports centre in Roehampton, south-west London. It is a fun day, open to all staff and their families. On the edge of the cricket pitch in 2010, for example, families flew around a dodgems track under a red-and-yellow-striped canvas roof and enjoyed a barbecue after another hard year of central banking. Sir Mervyn’s slow left-arm spin rarely troubles the better batsmen these days.
The atmosphere is inclusive – far removed from the days of Sir Edward, when only the senior staff were allowed inside the marquee and the riff-raff, one former staff member recalls, stayed outside without food. The day reveals the monarch of the BoE at his best and worst. Sir Mervyn has brought the event into the 21st century, but his less admirable personality traits are also on display. “He fusses ... about who has turned up, who will win the toss, all the little stuff,” says another former employee.
The changes to governor’s day are a microcosm of the wider BoE under Sir Mervyn, which he has modernised and now runs according to his own views.
Sir Mervyn joined the BoE as chief economist in 1991 from the London School of Economics, intending to stay at most for two years . His big break came with the sterling crisis of 1992, when the pound was forced out of the European exchange rate mechanism. Britain needed a new economic framework and Sir Mervyn was on hand to offer the Treasury inflation targeting. It was the new fashion that sought to use interest rates to keep inflation at a specific level rather than seeking to control it through pegging sterling to other currencies or seeking, 1980s-style, to control the amount of money in circulation.
Once Lord Lamont, then chancellor, accepted Sir Mervyn’s advice, the centre of gravity in British economic policy-making began to shift. The Treasury traditionally looked down on BoE staff’s intellectual heft, but by 1997 Sir Mervyn had transformed economic thinking and made the Bank academically superior.
“He showed very strong leadership in his stewardship of monetary analysis, the inflation report, the professionalisation of BoE economists and the single-minded focus on the inflation target,” says Danny Gabay, who was a staff member at the time. “He got people out of their tank tops and sandals.”
“By the late 1990s,” Peter Westaway, a former head of division who left in 2009, adds, “Mervyn had turned the Bank into an intellectual and policy powerhouse. Intellectual rigour was a really good discipline and meant you could never get lazy”.
Born into a modest background in 1948, the son of a railway worker and a mother who sang in the church choir of his school in Wolverhampton, Mervyn Allister King, now 64, rose rapidly up the academic economics ladder with teaching spells in Cambridge, Birmingham, Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology before he became professor of economics at the London School of Economics in 1984. At the heart of his ascent was an academic economist’s mindset, taking issues back to first principles and deducing policy responses from those foundations.
The rigour also applies to his daily routine. Lambasted for being lazy in the tabloids when he dares to visit Wimbledon or the cricket a couple of days a year, colleagues say there are few more dedicated public servants, almost none with his force of intellect and intolerance of alternative views.
Intensely private and hardly a socialite, Sir Mervyn is a lover of classical music, regularly strolling from the BoE to the Barbican to hear the London Symphony Orchestra. He married Barbara Melander, a Finnish interior designer, in the summer of 2007. They had met in the 1970s but only began a relationship after Melander split from her husband in 1996. The couple divide their time between Notting Hill and a converted oast house in Kent.
Sir Mervyn has always wanted to be in control. Had he not been an academic or central banker, he told a US radio interviewer in 2004, he would like to have been a conductor. The opportunity “to lead a team, just to get a team of people playing for you” attracted him. It is this same desire to drive and conduct the BoE’s monetary policy analysis that ensured the team played to his tune. The most common memory of former staff members is the lengths to which they would go to ensure Sir Mervyn would approve of the presentations they had to give to the MPC.
Staff who had not been sufficiently careful were regularly subject to abrasive public criticism. Richard Barwell remembers being “slapped down once or twice ... so the basic incentives align people to tell him what he wants to hear”. Others say he was an “intellectual bully” in meetings, with one senior official recalling: “I remember watching someone present say something known not to be the governor’s view and it was like watching a career go down the plughole. That doesn’t mean Mervyn never changes his mind, but he doesn’t appreciate open challenge.”
Acolytes are promoted and now dominate the top echelons of management. Those who cross the governor rarely see their careers advance. Gabriel Sterne, an economist who left the BoE for the private sector after 20 years, says, “Those that made it to head of division were not from a breed of challengers.”
As Sir Mervyn’s power and influence has increased, his detachment from most employees at the BoE has grown to such an extent that he now cuts an aloof figure in Threadneedle Street, only occasionally going on “royal visits” to visit far-flung divisions around the bank, usually on a Friday afternoon. When he became governor he refused to go to meetings in the morning, preferring to use the time to think and, as Treasury officials rather pejoratively put it, compose essays on various topics. Though Sir Mervyn’s dislike of bankers has attracted many plaudits, as the crisis hit, the lack of any personal relationship with the heads of banks placed a strain on efforts to find solutions.
For those Monetary Policy Committee members not beholden to the governor or the BoE for their career, the challenge of sparring with someone so intellectually powerful is exhilarating. Stephen Nickell, a former MPC member who is now at the Office for Budget Responsibility describes Sir Mervyn as “quite open”. His view is shared by Charlie Bean, the current deputy governor for monetary policy, who says Sir Mervyn is a man “who can argue his views very strongly... [but] he’s open to persuasion, if you provide good arguments and evidence”.
For this article, the FT was not able to muster sufficiently persuasive arguments for the governor to provide an interview, despite repeated requests first made almost a year ago.
When the thrust of this article was communicated to the BoE this week, the governor’s spokesman disputed the concerns raised. The BoE provided five quotes from external members of the MPC and the Financial Policy Committee who corroborated the comments from Nickell and Bean. Among them, David Miles of the MPC said: “The governor chairs the [MPC] meetings but does not dominate them.” Michael Cohrs, an external FPC member, said he was impressed by the quality of debate and the way the meetings were chaired. “I have seen little evidence of the much talked about ‘group think’ at the FPC,” he added.
“I really don’t think that this is an institution which, if you like, quashes dissent,” says Bean.
The vast majority of the 21 current and former officials interviewed for this article neither recognise Bean’s characterisation of an open organisation with open discussion nor that of a tyrant, shouting and banging his fist. Instead they paint a picture of a Bank honed to deliver to the governor what he wants. “As a member of staff, there is no incentive to rock the boat,” says Barwell. “It is implicit, you knew what the governor wanted and you said what he wanted to hear – it happens in all institutions, but it matters more in a central bank.”
Most staff do not relish overt challenge and so it rarely happens. “If you go to work in a central bank you’re not the sort of person who is going to say, ‘f*** it, I’m going to do something crazy today,’” one official says.
Sitting behind the desk in the steeply raked lecture theatre of the BoE on August 8 2007, Paul Tucker, then head of markets and now deputy governor for financial stability, was a worried man, he later told friends. He was on the panel of BoE executives at the quarterly inflation report press conference and Sir Mervyn was rehearsing his views on economic stability in his usual professorial tone. “The best contribution that central banks can make to ensuring the lack of disruption in international financial markets is to pursue domestic monetary stability in a predictable and sensible way,” the governor said.
The first fissures in the financial crisis had rumbled the previous day, but the governor was unconcerned. When questioned about high levels of credit and complexity in financial systems, he insisted everyone should remember “a very, very key point, which is that our banking system is much more resilient than in the past”. Although Sir Mervyn did raise the possibility that the tremors might be the start of something worse, Tucker subsequently told friends he thought the governor’s complacency on the day was unwise.
The next day credit markets seized up and Sir Mervyn’s intellectual framework began to unravel. Stable inflation was clearly no longer a sufficient condition for economic stability, but the BoE was paralysed by the new reality.
Sir John Gieve recalls: “The Bank reacted very slowly and reluctantly in summer and autumn 2007 and we were lucky the outcome wasn’t worse.”
Significant dissent in the BoE became evident for the first time, with most of the financial stability wing and the deputy governors calling on the governor to follow the US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank in lending banks large sums for longer than usual and against a wider range of assets without charging a penalty interest rate. The BoE’s rule book allowed such procedures in an emergency, but Sir Mervyn stood firm, believing such action would encourage risky behaviour in future.
Staff were wary of contradicting the official line. Blejer said that at the Centre for Central Banking Studies, “people [who foresaw the dangers] said things on courses they would not have dared to say in senior staff meetings”. The atmosphere inside the BoE soured. The Bank was intellectually unprepared and appears to have done little contingency planning.
The monetary policy side of the Bank continued as if nothing had happened. On Thursday September 13, the day before the run on Northern Rock started, the BoE embarked on a two-day conference – the event is now deleted from the BoE’s website – entitled “On the sources of macroeconomic stability”. Senior staff were rushing about as the Northern Rock crisis built during the day and, even as queues formed outside the bank’s branches on Friday, the conference concluded that good monetary policy was the most likely source of stability and luck had played a minor role .
Such was the turmoil inside the Bank later that autumn that elements of the dispute over whether to extend liquidity to the banking system were taken to the BoE’s governing body, the court of directors. But with Sir Mervyn setting the agenda, it did not get to hear the real differences in opinion. The independent chairman of court, Sir John Parker, got a verbal presentation from the governor, which said everything was “tickety-boo” according to one member present, and the court accepted it. Two others present say there was “not a serious discussion” and court members saw their role as backing the governor even when others were trying to raise concerns. “Court was largely out of the loop,” says Sir John. The BoE has refused to publish court minutes from the period.
Sir Callum McCarthy, then head of the FSA, and Alistair Darling, then chancellor, barely hid their frustration with the BoE and its governor. “We used to get these notes – essays is a good word – arguing his case from first principles. It was not much use in a crisis,” says a senior Treasury official.
Darling was particularly alarmed that the dissent within the BoE was not recognised by Sir Mervyn. “Even if I said, ‘none of your staff agree with you’, he’d say ‘but I’m the governor’. That is why you need institutionalised checks and balances,” says Darling.
Some of the MPC felt information was being withheld. Barker says: “As external members we just weren’t told enough in the early stages, and Mervyn King seemed to take an over-academic approach to what was a market-driven event”.
There is a remarkable consensus from close observers of the period. Sir Mervyn was unable to take decisions, got flustered, lost control and was not a man for a crisis. Former colleagues say that if things fail to go according to plan, even little things such as travel arrangements or the cricket team on governor’s day, he struggles to adapt.
This criticism about the early days of the crisis is partially accepted at the top of the BoE. When interviewed for this article, Bean told the FT: “I think it’s fair to say that in the early stages of the financial crisis most of us expected this to be a relatively short-lived seize-up in the financial markets; it would be over by Christmas, if you like. Whereas it was only gradually, over time, that we appreciated the full severity of what was occurring”.
The turning point came in December 2007, when the BoE could disguise a U-turn on the back of internationally coordinated action, largely brokered by Tucker. That calmed nerves. And once the Bank had introduced the special liquidity scheme in April 2008, it is almost universally acknowledged that the BoE and Sir Mervyn played a constructive role, sometimes a leading role, in the remainder of the crisis. He was early to spot the capital deficiencies in Britain’s banks, and the BoE, unlike the FSA, had a plan for a mass recapitalisation ready once the Lehman Brothers collapse brought the UK banking system to its knees in September 2008.
But trust between the BoE, Treasury and FSA was still limited, with the relationships described by a senior participant as “bloody awful”. Sir Mervyn has recognised the strains, but blames others. “Relationships within the tripartite were perfectly successful and operated extremely well until it became clear that Northern Rock generated significant political damage to the government. At that point, people wanted to deflect blame and to try to create a different climate of opinion,” he told a parliamentary committee in March. As for lessons learnt, the Treasury and FSA have held internal inquiries, but the BoE has refused. Under Sir Mervyn, the BoE stands firm in insisting it has learnt the necessary lessons – mostly that it lacked tools for efficient bank bankruptcies – and no further navel-gazing is required.
Back in the BoE’s lecture theatre on May 12 2010, Sir Mervyn was presenting another quarterly inflation report. David Cameron had become prime minister the previous evening, after striking a deal between his Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Sir Mervyn had just come off the phone with George Osborne, the new chancellor.
A happier governor proceeded to nail his reputation to that of the new government’s fiscal austerity, saying, “I am very pleased that there is a very clear and binding commitment to accelerate the reduction in the deficit over the lifetime of the parliament.” These words caused consternation on the fiercely independent MPC, where at least two members, Adam Posen and Kate Barker, believed the governor had crossed the line of political impartiality. “Excessively political” was Posen’s verdict later that year.
But switching sides so adeptly has brought huge rewards to the BoE. As he was praising the coming spending cuts, Sir Mervyn also knew the new government would make good on the Conservatives’ pre-election promise to enlarge the BoE and give it unprecedented powers over the financial system.
A Financial Policy Committee (currently operating as an interim body modelled on the MPC) would seek to spot unsustainable rises in credit that threatened the financial system. In addition to voicing concern – influence the BoE always had but did not use effectively – the FPC would be able to force banks to maintain larger buffers in case of an impending crisis. The BoE is also set to win back the supervision of banks and gain the regulation of insurance companies for the first time in a new subsidiary called the Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA). Bank staff view the move as a takeover of the interesting bits of the FSA. Once flush with its new powers – scheduled for March 1 next year – the BoE will become mightier still. In summary, Sir Mervyn will be chief executive of the enlarged BoE, he will chair the MPC, FPC and PRA board and he will also chair a clutch of international central banking bodies in Switzerland. But this governor will not have long to rule over his new mega central bank. His term ends in June 2013.
Close colleagues of Sir Mervyn recognise that the enlarged realm over which the new governor will have sway requires a new management style. “It’s a big job,” says Bean, who is not seeking to be a candidate. “It is important that whoever does it is able to delegate.”
Former deputy governors insist that delegation alone is not sufficient to create more effective decision-making. “Unless there is a job description for the governor which leaves room for well defined roles for the three deputies, the governor’s job will be unmanageable and the deputy governors may end up being pretty frustrated,” says Rachel Lomax, deputy governor between 2003 and 2008. “The deputies need clear external accountabilities too. The Treasury and the Select Committee should expect to hear from the deputies as well as the governor, and if there are differences of view, they should be aired, even though the governor will normally have the last word.”
So far the legislation is disappointing former staff and parliamentarians, who remain concerned there are insufficient checks on a governor’s absolute power – an area of systemic weakness in the past crisis and the main fault line in the reforms.
Ed Balls, shadow chancellor, explains that in the new system, “it can’t be the old BoE where every decision is made under, or in, the name of the governor”. Reform of the court of directors is seen as vital. Darling says: “Unless you reconstitute Court so criticism is seen as a good thing, it will remain a [medieval] court.”
Aides to George Osborne play down fears that the BoE will become an over-mighty citizen. The chancellor’s team notes that most of the BoE’s decisions will be taken through bodies with significant external challenge – the MPC and FPC. A further safeguard gives the chancellor power to direct the BoE when public money is at stake, something Darling sorely lacked in 2007.
But few outside the government and BoE believe these new controls are sufficient. There is no plan for an institutionalised challenge process in the BoE; no part of the legislation weakens the power of the governor – indeed the next governor will serve one eight-year term, rather than renewable terms, so will have more autonomy not less. Many of the BoE’s policy decisions, such as operations to provide funding for banks, will still be made outside policy committees.
For four months next year, once the BoE has new power, Sir Mervyn will be able to sit in Parlours, overlooking the BoE’s courtyard, listening to the clocks tick and contemplating his career and a retirement he hopes will last at least 25 years. Five years ago, he praised his predecessor for not interfering with the BoE once he had left; Sir Mervyn is expected to follow suit, but he is unlikely to retire quietly. Most bets are on an academic position, giving him the freedom to think, research and write papers.
In a radio interview back in 2004 , Sir Mervyn recalled he had always loved playing Edith Piaf’s “Non, je ne regrette rien” on a record player. “She doesn’t regret anything. She will carry on. She believes in herself even if the world has not believed in her for very long,” he said. For the man who masterminded Bank of England independence, brought the institution close to disaster but emerged to leave his successor one of the most powerful central bankers in the world, it is quite a parallel.
Chris Giles is the FT’s economics editor. To comment on this article, please email [email protected]
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What is the colour of the rose that is the historic symbol of the House of York? | Yorkshire (England)
This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website
Yorkshire (England)
English regions
The Yorkshire flag
The Flag Registry describes the flag as "Traditional design, registered by County Organization", the organization presumably being the Yorkshire Riding Society. Both the picture and Graham Bartram's comment about the Lancastrian flag confirm that the orientation of the rose favoured by the YRS has been registered, so the rose sits on a point and three of the lines between petals form a 'Y'.
Jonathan Dixon, 31 July 2008
My understanding was always that the Yorkshire rose 'sat' on two point not one - therefore Ken Bagnall's flag is upside down.
Richard Carter, 20 April 2003
Well, there is certainly some kind of 'urban legend' that a Yorkshire rose rests on one point, so that (some of) the lines between the petals form a letter Y for Yorkshire. I've never been able to trace the origins of this. Certainly, all the roses in the arms of the three Ridings are 'conventional' with the roses resting on two points. However, the roses on the Yorkshire Ridings Society (self-appointed guardians of Yorkshire heritage) do have the roses resting on one point on their home page at http://www.yorkshire-ridings.org.uk .
Ian Sumner, 21 April 2003
The Yorkshire Rose traditionally rests on one point, two petals, this can be seen in the Coats of arms of some Yorkshire towns e.g., the Castleford coat of arms clearly shows the rose with one point down.
Matthew Newbould, 3 September 2005
Just another one for the "Which way up is the rose" debate - on the M62, at the border of Yorkshire and Lancashire, there are each counties roses welcoming you into their county. The Yorkshire rose sits on one point, the Lancashire one sits on two.
Richard Webb, 7 January 2006
What is the correct standing of the Yorkshire rose? Matthew Newbould quotes Castleford's arms (rose on point), yet clearly ignores Knottingley's arms (rose on side) and Doncaster's (one in each position). I have never seen anything which states which is historically most correct and have seen many inconsistent stained glass windows, coats of arms, etc.
White and Red roses are nearly always offset when combined in the Tudor rose and the modern Tudor rose is seated on a side (e.g., Queen's Tudor rose on the 20p piece). Hence the contemporary white rose is shown sitting on its point (e.g., Yorkshire tourist board, Yorkshire Regiment) and red rose on its side, agreeing with Richard Webb's M62 report. Just to confuse it, I got this odd picture of a so called "union rose" from Google .
David Clegg, 11 May 2006
I noticed blue pennants being used on the Bridlington lifeboat. I wondered at the time whether they were connected with the fact that the lifeboat was being launched from a carriage - i.e. pulled across the beach and into the sea by a caterpillar-tracked tractor until it was in sufficient depth of water to float away. The pennants could have been some sort of hazard warning, or an indicator of width during the manoeuvre. However, a quick google has revealed the truth: see this image and this image . They are Yorkshire roses in pennant form!
Andr� Coutanche, 9 December 2006
I have had this explained to me by more than one Yorkshireman, that one of the advantages of the flag as they see it is precisely that it can be flown upside down. It would seem to work either way and that it depends from where in Yorkshire you come from according to which way up it is supposed to be.
Colin Dobson, 1 August 2008
According to http://www.yorkshireridings.org/news/flying-the-flag.html ,
"In the past this has been a dark blue background but more recently a light blue background has become fairly common.
According to the College of Heralds, the heraldic rose can be used with a petal at the top or with a sepal at the top. In Yorkshire there is a tradition of using the rose with a petal at the top in the North Riding and the West Riding but with a sepal at the top in the East Riding."
Eugene Ipavec, 13 February 2009
According to the Times Online , it is now legal to fly the flag of Yorkshire [without special planning permission].
Chrystian Kretowicz, 30 July 2008
[Editor's note: this article refers to the inclusion of the flag of Yorkshire in the UK Flag Registry .]
The Yorkshire Ridings Society were the prime mover behind this. However, as the extensive media coverage made clear, it was also endorsed by the Lord Mayor of Hull and Admiral of the Humber and other local representatives. In the media coverage, the YRS cited the case of the Ryedale farmer who was summonsed, but not prosecuted, for flying the Yorkshire flag and that this was one of the reasons why this flag needed to be legalised. However, what was not pointed out by them, nor by the many journalists who covered this issue yesterday was that event occurred in 2003 - a full five years ago, so it was hardly a current example. Moreover, that was when the 1992 regulations applied and not the 2007 regulations, which permitted the flying of county flags, so the council concerned were well within their rights to address the issue. Insofar as I am aware, there hasn't been a testing of the 2007 regulations in England.
Colin Dobson, 31 July 2008
An Alternative Yorkshire Flag
image by Michael Faul
This new flag for the English region of Yorkshire was designed by Michael Faul, Editor of Flagmaster, the journal of the Flag Institute . It shows the cross of St. George, the historic symbol of England, with the vertical band off-centre to the left, in the format adopted by most Scandinavian countries. This reflects the fact that Yorkshire is part of England, but also that it has close ties with Scandinavia, having been settled and ruled by Norwegians and Danes in the eighth and ninth centuries. The white rose is shown on a blazing sun, called "rose-en-soleil" in heraldry, which is the Royal badge of the Royal house of York, the last member of which to rule England was Richard III (1483-1485). The new flag has been adopted by the Campaign for Yorkshire which is campaigning for a Yorkshire parliament.
Michael Paraskos, 20 September 2002
You may be interested to know that the Yorkshire Dialect Society has adopted this flag and uses it as the masthead on its website. The Campaign for Yorkshire has also expressed interest in "officially" adopting it as the flag for the whole of historic Yorkshire (but has not yet actually done so). The centre of the rose is yellow, for the pollen stamens.
Michael Faul, 11 October 2002
Based on a story in the Hemsworth and South Elmsall Express :
"South Kirkby and Moorthorpe Town Council designed and commissioned the flag to include the Yorkshire Rose and three coats of arms representing North, East and West Riding � the areas which made up Yorkshire before it was made into four divisions.
[...]
The flag has the three coats of arms from North, East and West Riding. "We designed it in a Y shape with the Yorkshire rose in the middle. Red, white and blue were chosen as the colours because they represent Britain. I see this as the proper Yorkshire flag � I wouldn't walk behind the other one."
Chrystian Kretowicz, 13 February 2009
| White |
What is the collective name for a group of trout? | History and Meaning of White Roses - ProFlowers Blog
History and Meaning of White Roses
August 23, 2014
By ProFlowers
Without vibrant color to upstage it, the formal, structural beauty of the rose is showcased to its best advantage in a bouquet of elegant white roses . Suited to reverent occasions, the white rose is a fitting way to honor a friend or loved one in recognition of a new beginning or a farewell. Their pure color conveys respect, pays homage to new starts and expresses hope for the future.
Historically, the white rose symbolized innocence and purity, which is how it became associated with weddings and bridal bouquets. Way back in 14th-century England the white rose was the heraldic sign of the Duke of York who faced off with the red-rose Lancaster family, giving the renowned War of Roses its name. Today, the white rose has retained its associations with both pure love and formal ceremony, making it a many-purposed recognition of unions and ceremonial occasions, such as anniversaries, christenings and graduations.
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Which British Prime Minister was famous for playing the organ? | History of Sir Edward Heath - GOV.UK
GOV.UK
Sir Edward Heath Conservative 1970 to 1974
Born
9 July 1916, Broadstairs, Kent
Died
17 July 2005, Salisbury, Wiltshire
Dates in office
Industrial relations Act 1971 (repealed 1974): controversial legislation to curb union power.
Interesting facts
Arundells, Heath's home in Salisbury is open to the public.
Sir Edward Heath was Prime Minister during a time of industrial upheaval and economic decline during which he led Britain into the European Community.
Edward ‘Ted’ Heath was born in Kent to working class parents, in contrast to many previous Conservative leaders and Prime Ministers. He was grammar school educated before going to Balliol College, Oxford, where he was awarded an organ scholarship in his first term. He received a second class degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics and travelled widely in Europe during his holidays, especially in Spain and Germany. It was during these travels that he first witnessed the horrors of fascism and dictatorship that were sweeping across Europe.
Heath served in the Second World War, reaching the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before briefly entering the Civil Service. He was elected to Parliament in 1950 and rose rapidly to become Government Chief Whip to Anthony Eden before backing Harold Macmillan ‘s attempt to lead the UK into the European Community.
He was elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965, and so began his long-lasting rivalry with Harold Wilson, leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister.
Heath won the 1970 election, and served his only term as Prime Minister during a time of strong industrial change and economic decline. He was elected on a manifesto to turn around the nation’s fortunes and pursued a number of policies that would later become identified with ‘Thatcherism’. Unemployment continued to rise which, combined with the strength of the trade unions, forced a famous U-turn on the government’s economic policy.
It was from this point that the trade unions sensed they could seize the initiative. Heath’s attempts to weaken their power had failed, and when their pay demands were not met, they went out on strike. Particularly crippling were the miners’ strikes of 1972 and 1974, the second of which led to the 3-day week, when electricity was limited to 3 consecutive days’ use.
Heath also worked to create a lasting peace in Northern Ireland.
Heath continued to serve in the House of Commons until 2001, becoming the Father of the House. Along with Harold Macmillan, he was an outspoken critic of Margaret Thatcher . Outside of politics he maintained lifelong passions for conducting and playing music, as well as sailing, notably winning the Admiral’s Cup while Prime Minister.
| Edward Heath |
Actor Russelll Crowe was born in which country? | Edward Heath
InfoBritain - Travel Through History In The UK :
Edward Heath
Edward Heath
Prime Minister 1970 - 74
Edward Heath has generally not been judged kindly as a prime minister. Nevertheless in many ways it would be difficult to deny his excellent leadership qualities. Rational, organised, conscientious and extremely hard working, he was a respected army officer during World War Two , and then a promising civil servant after the war. When running a small team with clear goals the evidence is that Edward Heath was a superb leader. But problems seemed to come when these undoubted leadership skills were applied to the vague job of being a British prime minister. Edward Heath reminds me of Captain Nemo from Jules Verne's 20000 Leagues Under The Sea. Heath showed his true qualities as a world class ocean racing captain, on his yacht Morning Cloud. Similarly Nemo was at his best with his loyal crew in the small world of his submarine called Nautilus. Generally on a sea voyage there is a clear goal, a definite port to steer towards. But a prime minister has a more difficult course to steer. As Plutarch has said of politics. "They are wrong who think that politics is like an ocean voyage, or a military campaign, something to be done with a particular end in view, something which leaves off as soon as that end is reached. It is not a public chore to be got over with. It is a way of life" (attributed to Plutarch in The Great Quotations by Georges Seldes P 570). Leading a small team to a clear goal, Heath was an excellent leader. But politics is not like that. Nemo forbade any books on politics in his library on Nautilus. Perhaps this reflected the fundamental difference between a sea voyage with an end in view, and the endless voyage of politics.
Broadstairs
Edward Richard George Heath was born in Broadstairs, Kent, on 9th July 1916. He was the son of William Heath, a carpenter and builder, and Edith, a maid. Seven years of Edward's early childhood were spent in Crayford where his father was sent to undertake war work in an aircraft factory during World War One . The family then returned to Broadstairs, where Edward spent the rest of his childhood as the family's prized possession. Obvious intelligence was rewarded with everything that a successful family building company could provide. Edward was excused all household chores, so that he could get on with his school work. He did not run around and play, like his younger brother John - who did have to do household chores. At school Edward was a model pupil, winning a scholarship to Chatham House, a respected grammar school in Ramsgate. After a few more years as a model pupil and a somewhat disciplinarian head boy, the next move was to Balliol College, Oxford , in October 1935. At Oxford, unlike fellow student Harold Wilson , who was dedicated to his studies in economics at Jesus College, Heath was already clear that he wanted to go into politics. Even at this early stage his talents as an administrator were clear. He ran the music society, and busied himself with arrangements for the smooth arrival of new students at Balliol. As an organ scholar he played the organ in Balliol chapel and helped renovate the instrument. Meanwhile he advanced his political career in the Oxford Union, speaking there many times, and becoming president in his fourth year. There was also a great deal of foreign travel, much of it designed to understand better the threat that Germany was posing in the 1930s. Heath was an early opponent of negotiation with Hitler, at a time when such views in Oxford, and in the country generally, were very unfashionable. Heath was at the Nuremberg Rally in 1937, and was actually in Poland in August 1939, a month before the German invasion. Only a dash for the border allowed escape into France before the borders were closed. He returned to England from this trip on 1st September 1939, the day the German invasion of Poland began.
When Britain declared war Heath immediately joined up, and served throughout the war in an anti-aircraft regiment. Until 1944 postings were in various locations in Britain. Then after D Day in June 1944, the regiment followed invading allied armies into Europe, and were among the first allied troops entering liberated Antwerp. Heath did well in the war, in his element, leading a small team over which he had total control. The war was followed by a spell at a merchant bank, and in the Civil Service, which once again went very well. Then in 1950 Edward Heath stood as MP for Bexley, and won with a small majority. The following year Heath's mother, to whom he had been exceptionally close, died. This event seemed to galvanise Heath into ever more concerted efforts to further a great career. Joining the Whips Office, he took quickly to the whip's job, to cajole, persuade and even threaten MPs to vote as the party wanted. Following the war people were used to a disciplinary approach, which suited the new whip. The focus of these years is revealed by the following late night exchange with Ned Carson, MP for the Isle of Thanet:
"Why don't you get married and go home and let me get to bed?!" He looked up slowly with a very blank face and answered simply:
"I don't want to get married." (Marian Evans Ted Heath. A Family Portrait P90)
Heath became chief whip in Anthony Eden's government, and was credited with helping to hold the Conservative Party together through the Suez Crisis of 1956. When Eden was replaced by Harold Macmillan , Heath became minister for labour, and then deputy foreign secretary, with special responsibility for European relations. It was his job to try and negotiate Britain's entry into the European Union 1962 - 63. Once again he was in his element as a leader of a small team with a clear job to do. It was only the veto used by French leader Charles de Gaulle which blocked Britain's entry into Europe. This setback, however, was not seen as any reflection on Heath, and his upward career progression continued. After Macmillan succumbed to ill health and the scandal of the Profumo Affair, Sir Alec Douglas Home took over as prime minister, with Heath becoming president of the Board of Trade. When Douglas-Home was defeated by Harold Wilson's Labour Party in the 1964 general election, Heath was immediately in the running to replace Home as Conservative Party leader. Heath did not have a good image with the public, who were unimpressed with his unemotional performances on television. Nevertheless he had a sense of efficiency and competence, and a humble background made fashionable by Labour prime minister Harold Wilson . These factors combined to persuade the Conservative Party that they should elect Heath as their leader.
Yachts in the Sydney to Hobart race 2004 - Heath won this race in 1969. Image is copyright free
Heath was then off on his vigorous course to get the Conservatives back into power. Policies were designed around a familiar message of getting government off people's backs and allowing individual enterprise to bring prosperity. Later all this would change. When Edward Heath led the Conservatives to victory in the general election of 1970, scaled back government was quickly dumped in favour of interventionist government, controlling incomes to reduce inflation, and using public spending to create jobs to help unemployment. Heath would never see this as a u- turn, no matter how many times the accusation was made. Heath simply saw himself changing the way he wished to reach his goal. And this goal, in the absence of any definite home port, he defined as "freedom". Freedom was important to Edward Heath. He seemed to avoid marriage to maintain his freedom, and said on Desert Island Discs in the 1980s that freedom is "what I've always stood for in my political life" (quoted in Edward Heath by John Campbell P748). But freedom is indefinable. You can reduce the involvement of government in society to give people "freedom", or you might think that leaving people in poverty and unemployment without help is a limitation of their "freedom". These contradictions are reminiscent of scenes in 20000 Leagues Under The Sea when Nemo gives his unexpected guest, Professor Arronax, the freedom of the ship. Arronax is not impressed with this kind of liberty, on a submarine a few hundred feet long, and about twenty feet wide:
"I ask you what you mean by this liberty?"
"Just the liberty to go, to come, to see, to observe even all that passes here save under rare circumstances - the liberty in short, which we enjoy ourselves, my companions and I."
"Pardon me sir," I resumed. "but this liberty is only what every prisoner has of pacing his prison. " (Chapter 10)
Heath faced the same contradictions as Nemo. He began as prime minister with one sense of freedom, and ended up with another. As prime minister he was no longer on a journey commanding a small team with a clear goal. It was all so much more vague than that.
Edward's Heath government, 1970 - 74 was a turbulent one. The aim to reduce government's involvement in the economy began to lose focus when Rolls Royce ran into difficulties in its aero engine operation, and had to be bailed out with government money. After this Heath's administration increasingly became one of intervention. This change of policy seemed essential with the rapid rise of unemployment, which climbed to over one million in 1972. Then war in the Middle East in 1973, pushing oil prices up dramatically, had a severe impact on the economy, and persuaded the government of the need for yet more intervention. Efforts to hold back pay rises to control inflation led to huge conflicts with unions, particularly miners' unions. Meanwhile in Ireland there was a worsening of tension between religious communities, and between those who wanted a united Ireland, and those who wished to maintain Ulster's independence. Disastrously in January 1972 thirteen unarmed protestors were shot by paratroopers in Londonderry. Unrest became so serious that Ulster's government at Stormont was suspended, replaced by direct government from London.
The Medway at Upnor, where the first Morning Cloud was built
Through all of this Heath had his music, and his sailing. Heath was an excellent sailor. His active interest only began in 1966 with lessons in a dinghy at Broadstairs. Remarkably, within five years he was captain, on merit, of Britain's Admiral's Cup team. His yachts, all called Morning Cloud, were his Nautilus. But just as Nemo is isolated in Nautilus, all of Heath's achievements in Morning Cloud did not impress the wider world. Yachting was considered a rich man's sport, and Heath never gained the recognition he deserved for being a conscientious prime minister and a leading sportsman at the same time. The qualities of leadership and focus on a clear goal in yachting could not translate across to politics. Heath successfully achieved his dream of entry into the European Union in January 1974, but this triumph was barely noticeable in the gathering economic crisis. The miners were asking for a pay increase which the government said could not be afforded, and in January 1974 the ensuing dispute led to a three day week, to conserve coal stocks at power stations. Neither side would back down, and eventually Heath was forced to call an election for February 1974. In his campaign the prime minister resolutely refused to portray the miners as the enemy, feeling that reconciliation was the only way forward. This approach arguably cost him the election. The final result was close, and for a few days it even seemed that Heath would be able to cobble together a coalition with the Liberal Party to keep him in office. But once it was clear this wasn't going to work, Heath resigned, and Harold Wilson returned to Number 10.
Arundells
1974 was a terrible year for Edward Heath. As well as losing the election, a storm in September was to sink Morning Cloud III in the English Channel with the loss of two of her crew. He was also nearly blown up in an IRA bomb attack on his house. Then in February 1975 the Conservative leadership was lost to Margaret Thatcher . Long years in a kind of exile then began. Initially Heath hoped to challenge Mrs Thatcher, but her election as prime minister in 1979, and her popularity following the Falklands War in 1982, soon sunk any chance of that. Heath stayed in the House of Commons, sitting close to the front bench, which he would regularly berate for what he considered their heartless policies. He moved to a beautiful house, called Arundells , in the Cathedral Close in Salisbury, Wiltshire in 1985, and lived a generally happy bachelor life there, entertaining friends and celebrities. Arundells is memorably described by John Campbell was a "bachelor's love poem to himself" (Edward Heath P744), full of momentoes of his careers in sport and politics. Although he often had company, Heath continued to live alone. After giving up sailing following the disastrous Fastnet Race of 1979, music was his main solace. Like a melancholy Captain Nemo he would sometimes play the organ in the vast space of Salisbury Cathedral. Back in London Heath continued to fulminate against government policies which he himself in the early days of his government had supported.
Captain Nemo's motto was "mobilis in mobili" which means moving in a moving element. This describes a sea voyage, and it also describes Edward Heath's political life, where he put so much energy into his voyage, over a shifting sea of politics, which demanded that he change his course from one direction to another. He died on 17th July 2005 and is buried in Salisbury Cathedral , close to Arundells where he spent his last years.
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In the Bible, which modern-day country is referred to as ‘The land of milk and honey’? | What Does the Bible Say About Honey?
Proverbs 25:27 ESV / 44 helpful votes
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It is not good to eat much honey, nor is it glorious to seek one's own glory.
2 Samuel 17:29 ESV / 35 helpful votes
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Honey and curds and sheep and cheese from the herd, for David and the people with him to eat, for they said, “The people are hungry and weary and thirsty in the wilderness.”
Exodus 3:8 ESV / 35 helpful votes
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And I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites.
Psalm 81:16 ESV / 32 helpful votes
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But he would feed you with the finest of the wheat, and with honey from the rock I would satisfy you.”
Psalm 19:7-11 ESV / 31 helpful votes
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The law of the Lord is perfect, reviving the soul; the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple; the precepts of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes; the fear of the Lord is clean, enduring forever; the rules of the Lord are true, and righteous altogether. More to be desired are they than gold, even much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and drippings of the honeycomb. Moreover, by them is your servant warned; in keeping them there is great reward.
Proverbs 25:16 ESV / 24 helpful votes
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If you have found honey, eat only enough for you, lest you have your fill of it and vomit it.
Song of Solomon 4:11 ESV / 23 helpful votes
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Your lips drip nectar, my bride; honey and milk are under your tongue; the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon.
Ezekiel 3:1-3 ESV / 21 helpful votes
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And he said to me, “Son of man, eat whatever you find here. Eat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel.” So I opened my mouth, and he gave me this scroll to eat. And he said to me, “Son of man, feed your belly with this scroll that I give you and fill your stomach with it.” Then I ate it, and it was in my mouth as sweet as honey.
Ezekiel 27:17 ESV / 18 helpful votes
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Judah and the land of Israel traded with you; they exchanged for your merchandise wheat of Minnith, meal, honey, oil, and balm.
Exodus 16:31 ESV / 17 helpful votes
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Now the house of Israel called its name manna. It was like coriander seed, white, and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey.
Psalm 19:10 ESV / 16 helpful votes
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More to be desired are they than gold, even much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and drippings of the honeycomb.
2 Kings 18:32 ESV / 15 helpful votes
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Until I come and take you away to a land like your own land, a land of grain and wine, a land of bread and vineyards, a land of olive trees and honey, that you may live, and not die. And do not listen to Hezekiah when he misleads you by saying, The Lord will deliver us.
Ezekiel 20:6 ESV / 14 helpful votes
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On that day I swore to them that I would bring them out of the land of Egypt into a land that I had searched out for them, a land flowing with milk and honey, the most glorious of all lands.
2 Chronicles 31:5 ESV / 13 helpful votes
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As soon as the command was spread abroad, the people of Israel gave in abundance the firstfruits of grain, wine, oil, honey, and of all the produce of the field. And they brought in abundantly the tithe of everything.
Leviticus 2:11 ESV / 12 helpful votes
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“No grain offering that you bring to the Lord shall be made with leaven, for you shall burn no leaven nor any honey as a food offering to the Lord.
Deuteronomy 6:2-3 ESV / 11 helpful votes
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That you may fear the Lord your God, you and your son and your son's son, by keeping all his statutes and his commandments, which I command you, all the days of your life, and that your days may be long. Hear therefore, O Israel, and be careful to do them, that it may go well with you, and that you may multiply greatly, as the Lord, the God of your fathers, has promised you, in a land flowing with milk and honey.
Leviticus 20:24 ESV / 11 helpful votes
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But I have said to you, ‘You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you to possess, a land flowing with milk and honey.’ I am the Lord your God, who has separated you from the peoples.
Judges 14:8 ESV / 10 helpful votes
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After some days he returned to take her. And he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion, and behold, there was a swarm of bees in the body of the lion, and honey.
Psalm 86:1-17 ESV / 7 helpful votes
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A Prayer of David. Incline your ear, O Lord, and answer me, for I am poor and needy. Preserve my life, for I am godly; save your servant, who trusts in you—you are my God. Be gracious to me, O Lord, for to you do I cry all the day. Gladden the soul of your servant, for to you, O Lord, do I lift up my soul. For you, O Lord, are good and forgiving, abounding in steadfast love to all who call upon you. ...
Revelation 10:9-10 ESV / 5 helpful votes
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So I went to the angel and told him to give me the little scroll. And he said to me, “Take and eat it; it will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be sweet as honey.” And I took the little scroll from the hand of the angel and ate it. It was sweet as honey in my mouth, but when I had eaten it my stomach was made bitter.
Judges 14:1-20 ESV / 4 helpful votes
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Samson went down to Timnah, and at Timnah he saw one of the daughters of the Philistines. Then he came up and told his father and mother, “I saw one of the daughters of the Philistines at Timnah. Now get her for me as my wife.” But his father and mother said to him, “Is there not a woman among the daughters of your relatives, or among all our people, that you must go to take a wife from the uncircumcised Philistines?” But Samson said to his father, “Get her for me, for she is right in my eyes.” His father and mother did not know that it was from the Lord, for he was seeking an opportunity against the Philistines. At that time the Philistines ruled over Israel. Then Samson went down with his father and mother to Timnah, and they came to the vineyards of Timnah. And behold, a young lion came toward him roaring. ...
Daniel 1:1-21 ESV / 3 helpful votes
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In the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with some of the vessels of the house of God. And he brought them to the land of Shinar, to the house of his god, and placed the vessels in the treasury of his god. Then the king commanded Ashpenaz, his chief eunuch, to bring some of the people of Israel, both of the royal family and of the nobility, youths without blemish, of good appearance and skillful in all wisdom, endowed with knowledge, understanding learning, and competent to stand in the king's palace, and to teach them the literature and language of the Chaldeans. The king assigned them a daily portion of the food that the king ate, and of the wine that he drank. They were to be educated for three years, and at the end of that time they were to stand before the king. ...
Song of Solomon 5:1-16 ESV / 3 helpful votes
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I came to my garden, my sister, my bride, I gathered my myrrh with my spice, I ate my honeycomb with my honey, I drank my wine with my milk. Eat, friends, drink, and be drunk with love! I slept, but my heart was awake. A sound! My beloved is knocking. “Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my perfect one, for my head is wet with dew, my locks with the drops of the night.” I had put off my garment; how could I put it on? I had bathed my feet; how could I soil them? My beloved put his hand to the latch, and my heart was thrilled within me. I arose to open to my beloved, and my hands dripped with myrrh, my fingers with liquid myrrh, on the handles of the bolt. ...
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‘The Harlot’s Progress’ is a series of paintings and engravings by which 18th Century English painter? | Here's the buzz on honey, Judaism's sweet standby | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California
Here’s the buzz on honey, Judaism’s sweet standby
by MIRYAM Z. WAHRMAN, Bulletin Correspondent
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As the new year approaches and we stock up on foods for the High Holy Day table, one of the items we make sure to buy is honey.
It's a necessary purchase, for as we ask for a Shanah Tovah U'mituka -- "May we have a good and sweet year" -- we dip apples into honey.
What's interesting about honey is that it's a paradox. It is produced by bees, a non-kosher animal, but is itself kosher. And not only is it kosher, but it has been lauded as a special food from the patriarch Jacob's time until today.
How can a product of a non-kosher animal be kosher? It is said that honey is kosher since it is produced outside of the body of the bee. But in fact, this is only partially true. Bees produce honey by collecting nectar from flowers, and storing the nectar in the honey sac, which is part of their digestive system.
The field bee returns to the hive, and as the partially processed nectar is passed from bee to bee, water evaporates from the nectar. The bees add an enzyme to the nectar to break down the complex sugars (predominantly sucrose) into simpler sugars (fructose and glucose). The nectar is then deposited into a cell of the honeycomb and the bees continue the processing by beating their wings vigorously. The flow of air inside the dry hive causes more evaporation to occur until the thickened and chemically altered nectar becomes honey.
Honey is first mentioned in the Bible as one of the gifts sent by Jacob with his sons when they went down to Egypt to seek food during the famine. It was clearly a valuable and delicious commodity during Biblical times.
Moses, at his first encounter with God at the burning bush, hears God's pledge for the first time: "I shall rescue them from the hand of Egypt and bring them up to...a land flowing with milk and honey"(Exodus 3:8). Throughout the Bible, Israel is repeatedly referred to as the land of "milk and honey."
Manna, the most perfect food ever created, which sustained the Israelites for 40 years of wandering in the desert, is described as tasting "like a cake fried in honey" (Exodus 16:31).
Although rabbinical interpretation of biblical honey is fig or date honey, in the book of Judges (14:9) the mighty Samson discovers the carcass of a lion with a swarm of bees and honey inside. So honey in the Land of Israel can also refer to comb honey.
Still, the book of Proverbs recognized that too much of a good thing can be harmful and used honey as a paradigm: "When you find honey, eat just enough -- too much of it, and you will vomit" (Proverbs 25:16).
From a medical point of view, honey is also a paradox, as it has been used as folk remedy for numerous ailments, but can also cause illness if not used properly. For instance, It can have a laxative effect in people who cannot digest fructose efficiently, but it also can cause constipation since honey is so highly concentrated that it can reduce water in the intestine.
When applied to a wound, honey can encourage healing since it has antimicrobial properties, and actually fights infections. On the other hand, honey can exacerbate an infection under certain circumstances since it contains glucose and fructose, which support bacterial growth. For that reason honey can promote tooth decay as well.
Honey had at one time been given to babies to relieve the discomfort of teething, and promote healing of gums. But some kinds of honey, we now know, carry botulism spores. While harmless in adults, these dormant spores may thrive in an infant's intestinal tract to produce a living bacterium, which manufactures a highly toxic poison. In fact, infant botulism has been cited as one possible cause of sudden infant death syndrome (crib death). For that reason, physicians strongly caution that babies under 1 year of age should not be given honey.
Although it is not a perfect food like manna, honey is generally loved and relished, and it remains a modern-day treat, particularly enjoyed during the High Holy Day period. It is used as a comforting old-fashioned remedy for coughs and colds, and is an ingredient in crackers and popular breakfast cereals as well as soaps, shampoos, skin cream and conditioners.
Today honey remains a powerful symbol of Jewish New Year observance. As we eat challah and honey, honey cake, taiglach (dumplings in honey) and other delicacies cooked with honey, we hope for a sweet year.
Miryam Z. Wahrman, a science correspondent for Jewish newspapers, is director of general education and professor of biology at William Paterson University of New Jersey.
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‘Gooners’ are supporters of which London football club? | Gay Gooners | Fans | Arsenal.com
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Gay Gooners
Gay Gooners is Arsenal Football Club’s supporters group for LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans) fans.
Established in February 2013, they are the first and largest LGBTQ fans group for a major football club in England, with hundreds of members in the UK and overseas.
Gay Gooners exists to provide a social group for LGBTQ Arsenal fans and their friends to meet up , provide a safe and welcoming space, and campaign to kick homophobia out of football.
Gay Gooners holds meet-ups near Emirates Stadium before home fixtures, gatherings to watch big away games and organises regular social events. It also represents the club on the annual London Pride parade every summer.
The group’s banner is displayed inside Emirates Stadium after being unveiled on the pitch by club legend Pat Rice MBE.
Gay Gooners is further evidence of Arsenal Football Club’s ongoing commitment to the Arsenal for Everyone initiative. The group is proud of the club’s leading role in the Rainbow Laces campaign including the 2014 Changing Room TV advert featuring Arsenal players promoting an inclusive message through the club’s betting partner, Paddy Power.
Gay Gooners’ patron and lifelong Arsenal supporter, comedian Matt Lucas says he is “immensely proud of and grateful to the club” for its Arsenal for Everyone initiative and how “young gay fans now feel included by the club in a way my generation never could”.
Gay Gooners work with the club to tackle homophobia and most recently worked with Arsenal fans ahead of the Brighton & Hove Albion fixture in January 2015 which has seen incidents of homophobic chants from away supporters.
Members of the group also took part in the club’s annual Arsenal for Everyone tournament in June 2015 at the club’s training centre.
Members receive regular newsletters about forthcoming events and LGBT football news. To find out more, visit www.gaygooners.com or view their Facebook page www.facebook.com/ArsenalsLGBTfans or follow on Twitter via @gaygooners
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‘Moab is My Washpot’ is an autobiography by which British actor and television presenter? | Arsenal America
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The Portland Gooners have their turn on the Arsenal Review USA Gooner Profile. To learn more about the show visit ArsenalReviewUSA.com .
If you’re interested in signing up to be a guest on an upcoming, show, go here to fill out the form – https://goo.gl/ob4i8G
Good stuff. Give it a watch and of course, like and subscribe!
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Which British Chancellor of the Exchequer introduced a Supertax (or Surtax) for the very rich? | Old Age Pensions Act
Old Age Pensions Act
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Old Age Pensions Act
In 1902 George Barnes , General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, formed the National Committee of Organised Labour for Old Age Pension. Barnes spent the next three years travelling the country urging this social welfare reform. The measure was extremely popular and was an important factor in Barnes being able to defeat Andrew Bonar Law , the Conservative cabinet minister in the 1906 General Election .
David Lloyd George, the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Liberal government led by Herbert Asquith in 1908, was also an opponent of the Poor Law in Britain. He was determined to take action that in his words would "lift the shadow of the workhouse from the homes of the poor". He believed the best way of doing this was to guarantee an income to people who were to old to work. In 1908 Lloyd George introduced the Old Age Pensions Act that provided between 1s. and 5s. a week to people over seventy. These pensions were only paid to citizens on incomes that were not over 12s.
Although most Labour Party members of the House of Commons welcomed Lloyd George's reforms, politicians such as James Keir Hardie , George Barnes , Fred Jowett , Joseph Clynes , and George Lansbury argued that the level of benefits were far too low. They also complained that the pensions should be universal and disliked what was later to be called the Means Test aspect of these reforms.
To pay for these pensions David Lloyd George had to raise government revenues by an additional £16 million a year. In 1909 Lloyd George announced what became known as the People's Budget. This included increases in taxation. Whereas people on lower incomes were to pay 9d in the pound, those on annual incomes of over £3,000 had to pay 1s. 2d. in the pound. Lloyd George also introduced a new supertax of 6d. in the pound for those earning £5000 a year. Other measures included an increase in death duties on the estates of the rich and heavy taxes on profits gained from the ownership and sale of property.
The Conservatives , who had a large majority in the House of Lords , objected to this attempt to redistribute wealth, and made it clear that they intended to block these proposals. Lloyd George reacted by touring the country making speeches in working-class areas on behalf of the budget and portraying the nobility as men who were using their privileged position to stop the poor from receiving their old age pensions .
After a long struggle with the House of Lords Lloyd George finally got his budget through parliament. As a result of this conflict, the Liberal Government passed the 1911 Parliament Act that restricted the power of the House of Lords to block legislation passed by the House of Commons .
| David Lloyd George |
Who became quizmaster of the BBC’s ‘University Challenge’ in 1994? | David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George
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David Lloyd George, the son of William George and Elizabeth Lloyd, was born in Manchester on 17th January, 1863.
David's father, a schoolmaster, died a year after he was born and his mother took her two children to live with her brother, Richard Lloyd, a shoemaker in Llanystumdwy , Caernarvonshire .
The Lloyd family were staunch Nonconformists and worshipped at the Disciples of Christ Chapel in Criccieth . Richard Lloyd was Welsh-speaking and deeply resented English dominance over Wales.
Lloyd George was an intelligent boy and did very well at his local school. It was decided that he should become a solicitor and after passing the Law Society examination was articled in January 1879, to a firm of solicitors in Portmadog .
After completing his training, David Lloyd George established his own law practice in Criccieth . He soon developed a reputation as a solicitor who was willing to defend people against those in authority.
In 1888 Lloyd George married Margaret Owen , the daughter of a prosperous farmer. He remained an active member of the Disciples of Christ Chapel and it was during his church work that he gained his early training as an orator. Lloyd George developed a reputation as a fiery preacher and was often asked to speak at Temperance Society meetings in Wales .
Political Influences
Lloyd George joined the local Liberal Party and became an alderman on the Caernarvon County Council. He also took part in several political campaigns including one that attempted to bring an end to church tithes. Lloyd George was also a strong supporter of land reform. As a young man he had read books by Thomas Spence , John Stuart Mill and Henry George on the need to tackle this issue. He had also been impressed by pamphlets written by George Bernard Shaw and Sidney Webb of the Fabian Society on the need to tackle the issue of land ownership.
In 1890 Lloyd George was selected as the Liberal candidate for the Caernarvon Borough constituency. A by-election took place later that year when the sitting Conservative MP died. Lloyd George fought the election on a programme which called for religious equality in Wales, land reform, the local veto in granting licenses for the sale of alcohol, graduated taxation and free trade. Lloyd George won the seat by 18 votes and at twenty-seven became the youngest member of the House of Commons .
Opposition to Boer War
Lloyd George's dramatic oratory soon brought him to the attention of the leaders of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons . However, it was felt he was too radical and they suspected that he would lose his seat in the 1900 General Election because of his opposition to the Boer War . However, in Caernarvon he was seen as the most important figure in Parliament defending Welsh rights and was re-elected.
The leadership of the Liberal Party also disapproved of Lloyd George's role in the campaign against the 1902 Education Act . In his speeches on this issue he appeared to be encouraging people to break the law by supporting John Clifford and his National Passive Resistance Committee. As a result of Clifford's campaign, over 170 Nonconformists went to prison for refusing to pay their school taxes.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
After the 1906 General Election , the leader of the Liberal Party , Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman , became the new Prime-Minister. Lloyd George was given the post of President of the Board of Trade . In 1908 the new prime minister, Henry Asquith , promoted him to the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer. Lloyd George now had the opportunity to introduce reforms that he had been campaigning for since he first arrived in the House of Commons .
Lloyd George had been a long opponent of the Poor Law in Britain. He was determined to take action that in his words would "lift the shadow of the workhouse from the homes of the poor". He believed the best way of doing this was to guarantee an income to people who were to old to work. Based on the ideas of Tom Paine that first appeared in his book Rights of Man in 1791, Lloyd George's measure, the Old Age Pensions Act , provided between 1s. and 5s. a week to people over seventy.
To pay for these pensions Lloyd George had to raise government revenues by an additional £16 million a year. In 1909 Lloyd George announced what became known as the People's Budget . This included increases in taxation. Whereas people on lower incomes were to pay 9d. in the pound, those on annual incomes of over £3,000 had to pay 1s. 2d. in the pound. Lloyd George also introduced a new supertax of 6d. in the pound for those earning £5000 a year. Other measures included an increase in death duties on the estates of the rich and heavy taxes on profits gained from the ownership and sale of property. Other innovations in Lloyd George's budget included labour exchanges and a children's allowance on income tax.
Ramsay MacDonald argued that the Labour Party should fully support the budget. "Mr. Lloyd George's Budget, classified property into individual and social, incomes into earned and unearned, and followers more closely the theorical contentions of Socialism and sound economics than any previous Budget has done."
The Conservatives , who had a large majority in the House of Lords , objected to this attempt to redistribute wealth, and made it clear that they intended to block these proposals. Lloyd George reacted by touring the country making speeches in working-class areas on behalf of the budget and portraying the nobility as men who were using their privileged position to stop the poor from receiving their old age pensions . After a long struggle with the House of Lords Lloyd George finally got his budget through parliament.
With the House of Lords extremely unpopular with the British people, the Liberal government decided to take action to reduce its powers. The 1911 Parliament Act drastically cut the powers of the Lords. They were no longer allowed to prevent the passage of 'money bills' and it also restricted their ability to delay other legislation to three sessions of parliament.
When the House of Lords attempted to stop this bill's passage, the Prime Minister, Henry Asquith , appealed to George V for help. Asquith, who had just obtained a victory in the 1910 General Election , was in a strong position, and the king agreed that if necessary he would create 250 new Liberal peers to remove the Conservative majority in the Lords. Faced with the prospect of a House of Lords with a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservatives agreed to let the 1911 Parliament Act to become law.
National Insurance Act
Lloyd George's next reform was the 1911 National Insurance Act . This gave the British working classes the first contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment. All wage-earners between sixteen and seventy had to join the health scheme. Each worker paid 4d a week and the employer added 3d. and the state 2d. In return for these payments, free medical attention, including medicine was given. Those workers who contributed were also guaranteed 7s. a week for fifteen weeks in any one year, when they were unemployed.
Lloyd George's reforms were strongly criticised and some Conservatives accused him of being a socialist. There was no doubt that he had been heavily influenced by Fabian Society pamphlets on social reform that had been written by Beatrice Webb , Sidney Webb and George Bernard Shaw in the early 1900s. However, he had also been influenced by non-socialist writers such Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth .
Although most Labour Party members of the House of Commons had welcomed Lloyd George's reforms, politicians such as James Keir Hardie , Fred Jowett and George Lansbury argued that the level of benefits were far too low. They also complained that the pensions should be universal and disliked what was later to be called the Means Test aspect of these reforms.
Marconi Scandal
In 1912 Hilaire Belloc and G. K. Chesterton of the political weekly, The Eye-Witness , accused Loyd George, along with Herbert Samuel and Rufus Isaacs of corruption. It was suggested that the men had profited by buying shares based on knowledge of a government contract granted to the Marconi Company to build a chain of wireless stations.
In January 1913 a parliamentary inquiry was held into the claims made by The Eye-Witness . It was discovered that Rufus Isaacs had purchased 10,000 £2 shares in Marconi and immediately resold 1,000 of these to Lloyd George. Although the parliamentary inquiry revealled that Lloyd George, Herbert Samuel and Sir Rufus Isaacs had profited directly from the policies of the government, it was decided the men had not been guilty of corruption.
When in opposition, Lloyd George had always been a supporter of women's rights, however, when in power, he did little to help the cause. This upsets members of both the NUWSS and the WSPU and resulted in many activists leaving the Liberal Party . In July 1912, Christabel Pankhurst began organizing a secret arson campaign. One of their first targets was Lloyd George and they successful burnt down a house that was being built for him.
First World War
At the end of July, 1914, it became clear to the British government that the country was on the verge of war with Germany. Four senior members of the government, David Lloyd George, Charles Trevelyan , John Burns , and John Morley , were opposed to the country becoming involved in a European war. They informed the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith , they intended to resign over the issue. When war was declared on 4th August, three of the men, Trevelyan, Burns and Morley, resigned, but Asquith managed to persuade Lloyd George, to change his mind.
The progressive wing of the Liberal Party , was disappointed with Lloyd George's unwillingness to oppose Britain's involvement in the First World War. In fact, he soon emerged as one of the main figures in the government willing to escalate the war in an effort to bring a quick victory. When the war appeared to be going badly in 1915, Lloyd George was asked to become Minister of Munitions. The coalition government was impressed with Lloyd George's abilities as a war minister and began to question Asquith's leadership of the country during this crisis.
The consequences of the Battle of the Somme put further pressure on Asquith. Colin Matthew has commented: "The huge casualties of the Somme implied a further drain on manpower and further problems for an economy now struggling to meet the demands made of it... Shipping losses from the U-boats had begun to be significant... Early in November 1916 he called for all departments to write memoranda on how they saw the pattern of 1917, the prologue to a general reconsideration of the allies' position."
It has been suggested that Herbert Asquith and the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) was never able to get total control of the war effort. It has been argued by John F. Naylor : "Neither this flawed body - partly advisory, partly executive - nor its two successors, the Dardanelles committee (June - October 1915), and the war committee (November 1915 - November 1916) enabled the Asquith coalition to prevail over the military authorities in planning what remained an ineffective war effort."
Prime Minister
At a meeting in Paris on 4th November, 1916, David Lloyd George came to the conclusion that the present structure of command and direction of policy could not win the war and might well lose it. Lloyd George agreed with Maurice Hankey , secretary of the Imperial War Cabinet, that he should talk to Andrew Bonar Law , the leader of the Conservative Party , about the situation. Bonar Law remained loyal to Asquith and so Lloyd George contacted Max Aitken instead and told him about his suggested reforms.
On 18th November, Aitken lunched with Bonar Law and put Lloyd George's case for reform. He also put forward the arguments for Lloyd George becoming the leader of the coalition. Aitken later recalled in his book, Politicians and the War (1928): "Once he had taken up war as his metier he seemed to breathe its true spirit; all other thoughts and schemes were abandoned, and he lived for, thought of and talked of nothing but the war. Ruthless to inefficiency and muddle-headedness in his conduct, sometimes devious, if you like, in the means employed when indirect methods would serve him in his aim, he yet exhibited in his country's death-grapple a kind of splendid sincerity."
Together, Lloyd George, Max Aitken , Andrew Bonar Law and Edward Carson , drafted a statement addressed to Asquith, proposing a war council triumvirate and the Prime Minister as overlord. On 25th November, Bonar Law took the proposal to Asquith, who agreed to think it over. The next day he rejected it. Further negotiations took place and on 2nd December Asquith agreed to the setting up of "a small War Committee to handle the day to day conduct of the war, with full powers", independent of the cabinet. This information was leaked to the press by Carson. On 4th December The Times used these details of the War Committee to make a strong attack on Asquith. The following day he resigned from office.
On 7th December George V asked Lloyd George to form a second coalition government. Max Aitken later recalled that it was the most important thing that he had done in politics: "The destruction of the Asquith Government which was brought about by an honest intrigue. If the Asquith government had gone on, the country would have gone down."
Virginia Woolf dined with the Asquiths "two nights after their downfall; though Asquith himself was quite unmoved, Margot started to cry into the soup." His biographer, Colin Matthew , believes he was pleased that he was out of power: "He was not a great war leader, and he never attempted to portray himself as such. But he was not a bad one, either. Wartime to him was an aberration, not a fulfilment. In terms of the political style of Britain's conduct of the war, that was an important virtue, but it led Asquith to underestimate the extent to which twentieth-century warfare was an all-embracing experience, and his sometimes almost perverse personal reluctance to appear constantly busy and unceasingly active told against him in the political and press world generally."
Lloyd George decided to establish what he described as "virtually a new system of government in this country". John F. Naylor has explained: "Hankey headed the operation - the secretary himself drew up the procedural rules - with these responsibilities, among others: (1) to record the proceedings of the War Cabinet; (2) to transmit relevant extracts from the minutes to departments concerned with implementing them or otherwise interested; (3) to prepare the agenda paper, and to arrange the attendance of ministers not in the War Cabinet and others required to be present for discussion of particular items on the agenda; (4) to receive papers from departments and circulate them to the War Cabinet or others as necessary. Thus Hankey established the precepts for a co-ordinating and record-keeping organization which the cabinet secretariat and its seamless successor, the Cabinet Office (from 1920), subsequently followed. The creation of the cabinet secretariat was his greatest achievement."
A.J.P. Taylor has argued in English History 1914-1945 (1965): "Where the old cabinet had met once a week or so and had kept no record of its proceedings, the war cabinet met practically every day - 300 times in 1917 - and Hankey, brought over from the Committee of Imperial Defence and its successors, organized an efficient secretariat. He prepared agenda; kept minutes; and ensured afterwards that the decisions were operated by the department concerned. Hankey was also tempted to exceed his functions and to initiate proposals, particularly on strategy, instead of merely recording decisions."
Lloyd George, who had upset the radicals in his party by not opposing conscription in 1916, was now in overall charge of the war effort. However, Lloyd George found it difficult to control the tactics used by his generals on the Western Front but he had more success with the navy when he persuaded them to use the convoy system to ensure adequate imports of food and military supplies. At various stages advocated a campaign on the Italian front and sought to divert military resources to the Turkish theatre.
The military situation became worse after Germany concluded a separate peace with Russia. The War Cabinet, in a panic, talked of pulling back to the Channel ports and evacuating all British troops to England.
According to the historian, Michael Kettle , a group of military leaders became involved in a plot to overthrow David Lloyd George. Those involved in the conspiracy included General William Robertson , Chief of Staff and the prime ministers main political adviser, Maurice Hankey , the secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), General Frederick Maurice , director of military operations at the War Office and Colonel Charles Repington , the military correspondent of the Morning Post . Kettle argues that: "What Maurice had in mind was a small War Cabinet, dominated by Robertson, assisted by a brilliant British Ludendorff, and with a subservient Prime Minister. It is unclear who Maurice had in mind for this Ludendorff figure; but it is very clear that the intention was to get rid of Lloyd George - and quickly."
On 24th January, 1918, Repington wrote an article where he described what he called "the procrastination and cowardice of the Cabinet". Later that day Repington heard on good authority that Lloyd George had strongly urged the War Cabinet to imprison both him and his editor, Howell Arthur Gwynne . That evening Repington was invited to have dinner with Lord Chief Justice Charles Darling , where he received a polite judicial rebuke.
General William Robertson disagreed with Lloyd George's proposal to create an executive war board, chaired by Ferdinand Foch , with broad powers over allied reserves. Robertson expressed his opposition to General Herbert Plumer in a letter on 4th February, 1918: "It is impossible to have Chiefs of the General Staffs dealing with operations in all respects except reserves and to have people with no other responsibilities dealing with reserves and nothing else. In fact the decision is unsound, and neither do I see how it is to be worked either legally or constitutionally."
On 11th February, Repington, revealed in the Morning Post details of the coming offensive on the Western Front . Lloyd George later recorded: "The conspirators decided to publish the war plans of the Allies for the coming German offensive. Repington's betrayal might and ought to have decided the war." Repington and his editor, Howell Arthur Gwynne , were fined £100 each, plus costs, for a breach of Defence of the Realm regulations when he disclosed secret information in the newspaper.
General William Robertson wrote to Repington suggesting that he had been the one who had leaked him the information: "Like yourself, I did what I thought was best in the general interests of the country. I feel that your sacrifice has been great and that you have a difficult time in front of you. But the great thing is to keep on a straight course". General Frederick Maurice also sent a letter to Repington: "I have the greatest admiration for your courage and determination and am quite clear that you have been the victim of political persecution such as I did not think was possible in England."
Robertson put up a fight in the war cabinet against the proposed executive war board, but when it was clear that Lloyd George was unwilling to back down, he resigned his post. He was now replaced with General Henry Wilson . General Douglas Haig rejected the idea that Robertson should become one of his commanders in France and he was given the eastern command instead.
On 9th April, 1918, Lloyd George, told the House of Commons that despite heavy casualties in 1917, the British Army in France was considerably stronger than it had been on January 1917. He also gave details of the number of British troops in Mesopotamia , Egypt and Palestine . Frederick Maurice , whose job it was to keep accurate statistics of British military strength, knew that Lloyd George had been guilty of misleading Parliament about the number of men in the British Army . Maurice believed that Lloyd George was deliberately holding back men from the Western Front in an attempt to undermine the position of Sir Douglas Haig .
On 6th May, 1918, Frederick Maurice wrote a letter to the press stating that ministerial statements were false. The letter appeared on the following morning in the The Morning Post , The Times , The Daily Chronicle and The Daily News . The letter accused David Lloyd George of giving the House of Commons inaccurate information. The letter created a sensation. Maurice was immediately suspended from duty and supporters of Herbert Henry Asquith called for a debate on the issue.
Maurice's biographer, Trevor Wilson : "Despite containing some errors of detail, the charges contained in Maurice's letter were well founded. Haig had certainly been obliged against his wishes to take over from the French the area of front where his army suffered setback on 21 March. The numbers of infantrymen available to Haig were fewer, not greater, than a year before. And there were several more ‘white’ divisions stationed in Egypt and Palestine at the time of the German offensive than the government had claimed."
The debate took place on 9th May and the motion put forward amounted to a vote of censure. If the government lost the vote, the prime minister would have been forced to resign. As A.J.P. Taylor has pointed out: "Lloyd George developed an unexpectedly good case. With miraculous sleight of hand, he showed that the figures of manpower which Maurice impuhned, had been supplied from the war office by Maurice's department." Although many MPs suspected that Lloyd George had mislead Parliament, there was no desire to lose his dynamic leadership during this crucial stage of the war. The government won the vote with a clear majority.
Frederick Maurice , by writing the letter, had committed a grave breach of discipline. He was retired from the British Army and was refused a court martial or inquiry where he would have been able to show that David Lloyd George had mislead the House of Commons on both the 9th April and 7th May, 1918.
According to Trevor Wilson : "And although Lloyd George subsequently claimed that the government had been supplied with its figures concerning troop strengths on the western front by Maurice's own department (figures which happened to be inaccurate), these had only been provided after the statements by Lloyd George to which Maurice took exception, and had been corrected by the time Lloyd George made his rebuttal to Maurice in the parliamentary debate of 9 May. Whether, even so, a serving officer should have taken issue with his political masters in the public way Maurice did must remain a matter of opinion. Haig, for one, certainly thought not, as he recorded in his diary. Maurice himself took the view that, as a concerned citizen, he was obliged to rebut misleading statements by ministers which served to divert responsibility for setbacks on the battlefield from the political authorities, where it belonged, to the military. To this end he was prepared to sacrifice his career in the army." Lloyd George endured three years of frustration before he was ousted from power by the Conservative members of his cabinet.
Lloyd George's decision to join the Conservatives in removing Herbert Asquith in 1916 split the Liberal Party . In the 1918 General Election , many Liberals supported candidates who remained loyal to Asquith. Despite this, Lloyd George's Coalition group won 459 seats and had a large majority over the Labour Party and members of the Liberal Party who had supported Asquith.
Herbert Asquith lost his seat in East Fife in 1918 and William Wedgwood Benn led the groups opposed to Lloyd George's government. John Benn , who was also opposed to Lloyd George, gave the group the name, Wee Frees, after a small group of Free Church of Scotland members who refused to accept the union of their church with the United Presbyterian Church .
Versailles Peace Conference
At the Versailles Peace Conference Lloyd George clashed with Georges Clemenceau about how the defeated powers should be treated. Lloyd George told Clemenceau that his proposals were too harsh and would "plunge Germany and the greater part of Europe into Bolshevism." Clemenceau replied that Lloyd George's alternative proposals would lead to Bolshevism in France.
At the end of the negotiations Clemenceau managed to restore Alsace-Lorraine to France but some of his other demands were resisted by the other delegates. Clemenceau, like most people in France, thought that Germany had been treated too leniently at Versailles.
David Low on the David Lloyd George Coalition
During the 1918 General Election campaign, Lloyd George promised comprehensive reforms to deal with education, housing, health and transport. However, he was now a prisoner of the Conservative Party who had no desire to introduce these reforms. To represent the coalition, the cartoonist, David Low invented a two-headed ass. During the 1918 General Election campaign, Lloyd George promised comprehensive reforms to deal with education, housing, health and transport. However, he was now a prisoner of the Conservatives who had no desire to introduce these reforms.
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