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What is written on the side of the van driven by the gang on Scooby Doo?	Mystery Machine For Sale: Scooby Doo Van On Craigslist, eBay Mystery Machine For Sale: Scooby Doo Van On Craigslist, eBay The Huffington Post B.C. reddit ADVERTISEMENT Hey gang! The psychedelic painted Mystery Machine used by Scooby Doo and friends can be yours for a mere $2,000 from a Vancouver seller. The 1994 Chevy G10 was used in "Scooby Doo! The Mystery Begins," a 2009 TV movie filmed in Vancouver. According to the postings, it was a Telus panel van before starring in the film. Owner Andy Rankin told Metro Vancouver that his brother originally got the van from his neighbour who works in props. The brother drove the van for three years and then left the country, so Rankin used it for another year. The van has some dents in the body, which were "put in by the film crew to make it look more authentic," says the eBay posting. The exterior paint job is also not complete on the passenger's side. The van, which has clocked under 100,000 km, has a "crisp and clear sounding AM radio" (cassette option not included) and brand new starter motor, muffler, exhaust pipe, rear brake lines and front brake pads. The Mystery Machine was posted on Craigslist and eBay this month. Bidding on eBay ends on Dec. 16. Meddling kids not included.	Mystery Machine
Now permanently moored in Long Beach, CA, and serves as a hotel and restaurants, what famed Cunard liner first sailed on May 27, 1937 and was retired in 1967?	Terror Island \| Scooby Doo Fanon Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Terror Island is the fifth episode of the second season of Scooby-Doo's New Show . Premise Scooby and the gang go to an island for a week. But all the fun is ruined when they find out many monsters haunt it! Synopsis Edit Scooby and the gang are headed to an island for a week-long break. Soon, Scooby and Shaggy dive off the side of the boat to swim. Underwater, two fish creatures chase them around. Scooby and Shaggy escape them, and get back on the boat. They explain what happened. Velma says it was just two sharks. Scooby and Shaggy hope she's right. They arrive at the island and meet Doggy Pants. He is a mean man who only speaks about sea monsters. He walks off. Scooby jumps into Shaggy's arms. Velma says they have nothing to worry about. Scooby and Shaggy walk into their cabin. Inside Fred's cabin, he is drawing trap blueprints. The camera zooms over to the sea. Two fish men climb out of the water. They laugh evilly. Inside Velma and Daphne's cabin, Velma is on her computer, looking up mysteries. She finds one. Two masked men have been smuggling gold out of an island. Velma says it's the perfect case to solve when they return to Coolsville. Daphne points out the window. Two fish creatures are loading crates on a truck. The crates are labeled: Death rays. Velma and Daphne go out. When they get outside, the fish creatures are gone! Inside Scooby and Shaggy's cabin, Shaggy is making a snack. He adds chocolate syrup, and cuts it in half. Scooby eats one half, and Shaggy eats the other. The fish creatures break in. Scooby and Shaggy run out. They look in the window to find the fish men destroying the cabin. They find a crate, and carry it outside. Scooby and Shaggy go to tell Fred, Daphne, and Velma. After picking up Fred, Scooby and Shaggy head to Daphne and Velma's cabin. Inside, Scooby and Shaggy explain what happened. Fred says they should split up and look for clues. Scooby and Shaggy are looking for clues around the island. The fish men appear and chase them away. Scooby and Shaggy soon find themselves walking around an unknown part of the island. They see the fish men coming, and they hide in the Death ray crates. The fish men come and load the crates with Scooby and Shaggy in the truck. Fred, Daphne, and Velma run up, and they see the fish men drive away with the Coward Duo. They hop in the van and drive after the truck. The fish men drive into the sea. The camera zooms underwater. The truck has changed into a sub. Fred does the same with the Mystery Machine. He calls Sheriff Alice. Inside the back of the sub, Scooby and Shaggy get out of the crates. They realize they're in a sub! Shaggy sees the fish creatures driven. He and Scooby hide. Meanwhile, Fred is driving towards the fish men's sub. He shoots a net out of the van. Inside the sub, the fish men exit. Scooby and Shaggy do to and swim to the Mystery Machine. On the beach, the fish men swim up. They look up and find Sheriff Alice waiting for them. The gang arrives at the beach, and they get out of their sub. The fish men are really the gold smugglers. They wanted to scare the gang away from their hiding spot. Sheriff Alice takes them away. The next day, Scooby is surfing. "Rooby-Rooby-Roo!" cheers Scooby.	i don't know
Designed to prevent sewer gas from passing back into your house, what is the name for the U-shaped pipe that connects below sink drains?	Sewer Odors in Bathroom \| Ask the Builder Sewer Odors in Bathroom Sewer Odor in Bathroom TIPS Just Below FAST TIPS to STOP Sewer Odors Run water in tub and sink to fill traps If odor comes up as soon as you do this, clean inside of pipe above trap with bottle brush and Stain Solver certified organic oxygen bleach Does toilet rock side to side when you sit on it? If so, replace gasket Did odor start after a plumber did drain cleaning work? CLICK HERE to get FREE & FAST BIDS from plumbers to STOP sewer gas odor. DEAR TIM: We recently have begun to notice a sewer odor from only one of the three bathrooms in our house. It might be the toilet, but it's hard to tell. The smell is not constant and some times it is very strong. Everything in the house drains fine, including the toilet with the odor. Where can the odor be coming from? I have put a bacterial additive in the toilet but this does not seem to help. Is this serious? What can I do to fix the problem? Karen B., Watseka, IL DEAR KAREN: The odor can be coming from numerous places. Often the source of the problem is simple, but in rare occasions the problem can be a serious plumbing flaw that is hidden behind a wall. I have found more often than not that the problem can be solved in just a few moments with a quart of water. See if all of the plumbing fixtures have water in the traps. Many people do not realize the purpose of the P shaped traps in the drain lines beneath sinks, tub and showers. Lots of people think they are there to catch rings and earrings from traveling down to sewers and septic tanks. They do this but they also keep sewer gas and vermin from traveling up and into your home. The standing water in a trap is an excellent barricade against sewer gas. Plumbing fixtures or floor drains that get little use can loose this effective water seal. The water in the trap simply evaporates and/or it can be sucked from the trap by a clogged vent pipe or a poorly designed or installed pluming system. You can be fooled when you look into a drain and see the reflection of water. Even though you see water, sewer gas can be passing over this small amount of water left at the very bottom of a trap. Tubs and showers in guest bathrooms frequently are the culprit. Often people will use a toilet or sink in a bathroom but the tub and shower go unused for months at a time. Pour a quart of water in the sink and tub drains. This is plenty of water to fill the trap and provide the full water seal. If this is the problem, the odor should go away in a very short amount of time. If the odor is still present, then it is time to look at other possibilities. The inside surface of bathroom sink, tub and shower drains can also be a huge source of odors. Kitchen sinks frequently have similar odor problems. Almost all sinks have a piece of pipe called a tailpiece that extends from the bottom of the sink into the top of the p trap. This pipe is constantly exposed to the air in your bathroom. All of the bacteria, dirt, grime, mold, etc. pass through this pipe on its way to the sewer or septic system. But often some is left behind. Over time a thick layer of slime starts to collect on the inside surface of this vertical pipe. Mold and bacteria can begin to grow and some produce noxious odors. This slime is a biofilm. Mold grows FAST in this slime. When you run water, the water touches the ripe mold and it EJECTS spores into the air. The explosion of the spore into the air is caused by a foul gas the mold creates. That's the source of the odor in many cases - the tiny amount of propellent used by the mold to send a spore out into the air in your house! CLICK HERE to get FREE & FAST BIDS from plumbers to STOP sewer gas odor. Because of the fixed metal parts at the bottom of sink and tub drains, it is virtually impossible to completely clean these pipes while they are in place. Often you can take apart the drain assembly and clean the inside of this pipe in a jiffy. Pay attention to the rubber washers and gaskets as you take them apart. If the drain is old, these parts often need to be replaced with new ones to make sure the drain is leak free once you re-assemble it. I clean out the pipe under my shower strainer using a bottle brush and Stain Solver certified organic oxygen bleach . I mix two tablespoons of Stain Solver with one quart of HOT tap water and stir until dissolved. I pour this solution into the shower drain and use a bottle brush to scrub the side walls of the pipe above the water in the trap below. After rinsing the sidewalls of the pipe with clear water, pour any remaining Stain Solver solution into the drain so it can clean the sidewalls of the pipes that form the p-trap under the shower. Stain Solver is MADE in the USA with USA ingredients that are food-grade quality. CLICK THE IMAGE to order some NOW. You can also use the Stain Solver to clean the sidewalls of the tailpiece pipe that leaves the bottom of vanity sinks. You'll just have to take out the stopper so you can get the bottle brush down the hole in the bottom of the sink. It's easy to remove the stopper using an adjustable pliers. Just turn the nut on the back of the tailpiece under the sink. Biofilm can also develop on the inner sides of the overflow passage in a vanity sink. To clean this out, all you do is use a turkey baster to squirt large amounts of Stain Solver solution down the overflow holes. Squirt some down at first and then walk away from the sink. Come back every 15 minutes for an hour and do a few more generous FAST squirts sending as much solution as possible down the overflow holes. If after all of this the odor persists, the problem may be a serious plumbing problem. The toilet seal may be broken. A hidden vent pipe may have cracked. A plumbing professional has the tools, equipment and know-how to often quickly diagnose problems like this. CLICK HERE to get FREE & FAST BIDS from plumbers to STOP sewer gas odor. CLICK HERE to have me, Tim Carter - founder of AsktheBuilder.com, CALL YOU on the phone to SOLVE your sewer gas problem. Column 347 20 Responses to Sewer Odors in Bathroom Eugenie McCurry	Trap
In which park do Yogi Bear and his little buddy Boo Boo live?	Fix All Plumbing - Helpful Plumbing Tips The Plumbing Code The Code outlines the best and most modern methods to be used in plumbing installations. Since the plumbing in any private or public building is a part of the community water and sewage disposal system, it is vital that such installations should not be left to the discretion of irresponsible individuals. The protection of the public health and safety must be maintained by the establishment of sound code provisions. A plumbing or sanitation code is not a plumber's code. It is rather a set of Rules and Regulations imposed by cities, counties and states on anyone who undertakes any work involving the installation of drinking water, sewer or toilet facilities in homes, offices, factories, schools and hospitals. Regardless of who might do the work, plumbing and sanitation codes require that it be done in a specific, safe manner because it was found that failure to do so caused widespread disease, which can be crippling and deadly-to the community. Licensing Plumbers must demonstrate their competence as installers of plumbing systems to an official executing board prior to being issued a license. A plumbing code which is technically perfect is valueless if in provisions are not observed and enforced. The issuance of a license by a community specifies that in holder is qualified both theoretically and practically and that their technical knowledge is sufficient to maintain the standards of the code. Is licensing intended to prevent anyone but a plumber from doing sanitation work? NO... Licensing prohibits the irresponsible, incapable person from endangering the health of your family, neighbors and community. Any person may do the work who has sufficient knowledge to do it in a safe manner, so long as the Rules and Regulations of the plumbing and sanitation code are observed. However, those wishing to do such work must demonstrate their ability by taking out a license and passing an examination. The State requires that, like a doctor, nurse, dentist or pharmacist, anyone whose work affects the public health and safety shall have adequate knowledge and training. No one wants a "quack doctor" to treat his family or a "soda clerk" to fill his prescriptions. For precisely the same reasons, one does not want a "handyman" to do work in his home, office factory which can adversely affect the health of his family, his employees or his neighbors. Done improperly this work would probably need to be rectified at the time the property changed hands which means paying twice for the same work. It Pays to Take Care of Our Plumbing. The average household plumbing system represents an investment of about fifteen percent of the value of the house. No part of the house is more important . Nothing in the house is used more often. A smoothly functioning plumbing system is a pin to health and adds to the convenience of modern living. This booklet was written with the objective of helping home owners as well as renters keep their plumbing systems in good operating condition. The sale value of a house with sound plumbing is far greater than that of a house where plumbing is in poor repair. There are many things that an owner or renter can do; there are many things that should be left to an expert, the plumbing contractor and his staff of journeymen plumbers. Minor repairs should be made promptly. Such annoyances such as a clogged drain, dripping faucet or a leaking flush valve in the toilet, are more than a mere bother - they usually waste money. This booklet suggests remedies for these and many other household plumbing problems. Major repairs, replacements, and new plumbing installations should be left to the supervision of a plumbing contractor. His working methods are based on years of experience - and his guarantee is assurance that all materials and methods are of the highest quality. This booklet will help prolong the useful life of your plumbing system. Your plumber will be glad to give you additional hints that apply specifically to your own home. Drains Plumbers get more calls to open clogged drains than for any other service. Many such calls could be prevented by greater care in the use of drains. The most-used drain is the one in the kitchen sink and that is the drain most often clogged. Preventing this situation can be done by carefully watching what is emptied into the sink drain and by the regular use of a safe biodegradable waste digester. Your plumber can give you more information on these products. Sink stoppages are usually caused by liquid fats, emulsified by warm dishwater and carried through the pipes. The water cools as it proceeds to the main sewer and leaves the fatty deposits along the way. A film of grease forms on the pipe wall, then another and another. Coffee grounds and bits of food add to this accumulation layer until the pipe becomes impassible. Pour excess grease into a tin can and throw it out with the garbage, not down the sink drain. When using a food disposer, always let sufficient cold water run to carry the particles down and into the main line to prevent buildup in the smaller waste lines. In the event of a stoppage, you should have a "plumber's friend," or plunger - a large rubber suction cup with a wooden handle. Cup it tightly over the drain and plunge it vigorously several times. If it is a double drain sink, make sure you seal the other drain, so water will not splash out into the other bowl or on you. Drain piping can also be cleaned by removing the J-bend on the trap below the fixture. First place adhesive tape around the packing nut or wrap the wrench jaws with cloth to prevent scratching the metal surface. If plastic piping is in place, do not grip the nuts too tightly with the wrench, as they can crack easily. Place a bucket directly under the pipe to catch any dripping from the open pipe. Pull out the clogging material with a piece of wire or small hand-turned cable. If you take the trap off, have some new gaskets ready to slip into the joints. Toilets A clogged trap way in a water closet is a ticklish problem, so be careful with whatever method you use for cleaning the drain. Most water closets are made of vitreous china which might crack if exposed to extremely hot water. A plunger will normally handle simple toilet clogs. Another method of cleaning a water closet trap or toilet is the use of an auger with an adjustable, crank-type handle. Known to plumbers as a "snake," the spring-steel coil is easily worked past the trap and down the pipe. A three foot auger is inexpensive and will quickly drill through most clogs. Use the auger carefully. Careless handling may crack the toilet. If the rubber-cupped plunger or the auger does not clear the toilet, call your plumber. Tubs When trying to clear a plugged bathtub drain, place a heavy cloth in the bottom of the bathtub so your shoe soles won't scratch the bath's enameled surface. Hold your hand or rag over the waste and overflow plate, cup the plunger over the drain and plunge it vigorously several times. If it doesn't open easily, the drain may require cabling to open it. Heavy steel spring coils should not be used to clean traps under lavatories, sinks, or bathtubs. A more flexible type of wire or spring should be used -- one which is easy to work through the bend of the trap. Floor Drains To clean out a floor drain, remove the strainer or grating which covers the drain box. The dirt and grease can then be dug out with a spoon or a stick. After a hooked wire or coil spring-steel auger will clean out the bend or trap. Check to find out whether a removable clean-out plug has been provided to make this job easier. When the clogging material has been removed from the trap, pour a pail or two of hot water into the drain to wash out any loose material. Check the strainer itself and clean it in hot water and soap in order to open all holes. The floor drain should be checked regularly, especially one that is not often used, since water in the trap may evaporate. This would allow sewer gases to enter the room. Pour a pail of water into the drain periodically in order to make certain of a proper water seal. Fittings Fittings (faucets and valves) are used more often than any other part of the plumbing system. They get plenty of use but are built to take it, under normal conditions. The best modern fittings are all chrome plated brass and will last a lifetime under everyday use. They clean easily with soap and warm water. Caution: The metal chromium is easily dissolved in hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Muriatic acid has for years been considered a good tile cleaner, but only where there are nickel plated plumbing fittings. Where chrome plating is present, clean bathroom tile with warm oxalic acid never with muriatic or sulfuric acids. Even covering the chromium surfaces with cloths will not prevent the acid fumes from inflicting permanent damage. Gaining in popularity are polished brass fittings and trim. These will hold up well, as long as certain precautions are observed. NEVER use any abrasive cleaner on polished brass. This can scratch the protective coating on the brass finish resulting in a deterioration or pitting of the brass plating. Also avoid use of solvent based cleaners because they can be deleterious to the polished brass finish. New technologies have brought about the development of improved finishes that can withstand more wear, but check the manufacturer's warranty regarding it to determine whether or not you have the "new and improved" lifetime warranty finish. Washerless Faucets Washerless faucets can be either single handle or the two handle type. In washerless faucets, the control of the water flow is done by a replaceable cartridge or arrangement of seals that allow water flow when the holes or ports are lined up in the proper configuration. Giving the handle an extra hard twist to stop water flow will be ineffective. This type of faucet does not use compression strength to stop water flow. A washerless faucet does not mean it will never leak, but rather because of the way it is designed, the parts will last much longer, as their design minimizes friction and wear. When repairing this type of faucet or requesting service on one, it is vital that you know the brand name, or have a sample of the part you require, as there are hundreds of faucet cartridges and parts kits on the market today. Your licensed plumber will carry an extensive assortment of faucet parts in his service truck, but it is impossible to carry absolutely every part. So it can be very helpful if he knows in advance, the brand of faucet. Compression Faucets In a compression type faucet, you will find the conventional setup - a faucet washer on the end of the stern. Replacing the washer usually will correct a dripping faucet. However, when removing the stem, always check the seat inside the faucet body - the brass ring that the washer grinds against. The faucet seat can be worn or grooved, making the washer replacement ineffective within days. The washer and seat are the two parts of a compression type faucet that receives the greatest amount of wear. It is not difficult to replace a washer. First, shut off the water supply. Usually, the shut-off valve is under the sink in the kitchen, or in the bathroom, under the lavatory basin. If there is none, shut off the branch-line valve in the basement or the main valve where the water supply enters the house. Pad a smooth jawed wrench with a cloth, then, using the padded wrench, unscrew the large packing nut and turn out the faucet stem. Then, with a screw driver that fits the screw slot closely, remove the screw from the bottom of the stem and pry out the worn washer. If the screw is tight or stubborn, tap its head lightly or apply penetrating oil (WD-40). Next, clean out the washer seat or compartment. When this is done, insert the new washer of the correct size and composition for hot or cold water. Some of the newer, soft neoprene washers are for both hot and cold water and have a long life. The washer should fit snugly without having to be forced into position. After inserting, replace the screw and tighten. It is usually just as expensive to renew a seat as it is to buy a new faucet, unless it has been made with a renewable seat. Check with your plumber about a badly worn faucet. With cloth over finger, clean the valve seat inside the faucet. The edge should be smooth and free from deep nicks. If you find it badly worn, you will probably need to replace the seat or have the entire faucet replaced by the plumber. Otherwise, it will leak again. Next, replace the faucet stem and turn it in. Tighten the packing nut. Be careful not to tighten the nut more than necessary to stop seepage around the faucet stem. Remembering that a faucet leaking 60 drops a minute (not unusual) will waste 2,299 gallons of water every year. Homeowners should repair leaky faucet at once. You pay twice - once for the water going through the meter, and then again on your sewer bill, which is based on water usage. General Care of Kitchen Sinks Today, kitchen sink bowls come in many different materials. Although enameled cast iron remains an attractive and durable product, many people today are choosing bowls made of stainless steel, and other solid surface materials for their added durability and stain resistance. Bowls are available in Corian, Moenstone, Swanstone, Surrell, and others. The important thing to remember is to follow the manufacturer's instructions pertaining to the material of which your bowl is constructed. With some of the solid surface materials, scratches can be removed when lightly sanded because the color goes throughout the thickness of the material. To prolong the life and appearance of enameled cast iron sinks, clean the bowl immediately after use. Use a non-abrasive cleaner. Constant use of abrasive cleaners can eventually wear the finish down, making it much more porous and susceptible to stains. This can also happen with enameled, cast iron tubs over a long period. Don't allow fruit or vegetable juices or cleaning acids to stand on surface. An acid-resisting sink will safely resist lemon, orange, and other citrus fruit juices, tomato juice, mayonnaise, and other vinegar preparations if these are not permitted to remain more than a few hours. A regular enamel finish is not impervious to acids. Teas and coffee grounds will also stain enameled surfaces, if allowed to remain very long. Photographic solutions are even more harmful to enamel, and the amateur photographer should not be allowed to use the sink, because a fixture once damaged in this way can never be corrected. When cleaning the sink, use hot water and soap. Water and soap are not as hard on the enameled finish as strong cleaning solutions like washing soda or a gritty abrasive. If a cleaner is used, it should be one that specifically states that it is non- abrasive. Bathtubs Modern bathtubs and showers can be made from a myriad of materials ranging from the conventional enameled, cast iron and steel, to fiberglass, acrylic, and man-made materials such as cultured marble. Many one piece tub or tub and shower combination units are made from gel coated fiberglass or acrylic plastic. Never use abrasives on any of these materials. They can cause scratches to the surface. Usually they will clean with hot water and soap. If that is not sufficient, a cleaning product recommended by the manufacturer of the fixture, or your plumber, can be used to handle heavier cleaning tasks. With fiberglass and acrylic units, special polishes with no abrasives are available to protect their finishes, by sealing the pores in the material, which makes subsequent cleaning easier. When decorating the bathroom or repairing something near the bathtub, place a heavy cloth over every inch of the bathtub surface so paint, falling tools, etc., will not mar or chip the enameled surface. Do not stand in the bathtub with shoes, as the nails and grit in the soles will scratch the enameled surface. Fiberglass and acrylic hubs should be cleaned with non- abrasive cleansers recommended by manufacturers. Water Closets Closet tanks and bowls are made of vitreous china and are impervious to ordinary household acids. If something more than hot water and soap is needed to clean them, apply a non- abrasive powder or cleaner recommended by your plumber. Many good bowl cleaners are on the market today. Most plumbers however, have found that the "blue water" continuous bowl cleaners tend to accelerate the deterioration of the rubber and neoprene parts in the tank, due to the chemicals they contain. Seat bumpers should be replaced if worn. Defective bumpers may cause breakage of the seat or hinges. Stains or moisture at the base of the closet bowl indicate that the joint or seal between the closet and its outlet have failed and should be reset immediately to prevent rotting of the floor, damage to the plaster of the ceiling below, and possible leakage of sewer gas into the home. Water Closet Tanks If water continues to run into the closet bowl after the toilet is flushed, it is obvious that some part of the mechanism is out of order. When the tank has refilled, if water continues to seep into the bowl or if there is a low humming noise, this indicates leakage from the tank. This leakage can occur from either the supply valve or the improper seating of the rubber tank ball or (flapper) on the discharge opening. A small amount of food coloring added to the tank water will help you determine whether the tank ball in the bottom of the tank is leaking. Add it to the water after the tank is filled. Watch for the coloring to seep into the toilet bowl, and if it does, the ball or flapper over the discharge opening is not water tight If the rubber tank ball does not fit tightly over the discharge opening, a defective ball, irregular seat or bent lift wires may be responsible. If the ball is worn out, misshapen or has lost its elasticity and fails to drop tightly into the hollowed seat, it should be replaced with a new one. Sometimes the ball is covered with a slimy coating which can easily be wiped off. To replace the ball, shut off the water supply (a stop is installed underneath the tank where the water may be conveniently shut off at this point) and empty the tank or place a stick under the ball float lever-arm to hold it up, thereby shutting off the intake cock and preventing the tank from refilling. Then unscrew the ball from the lower lift wire and attach a new ball of the same diameter as the old one. (Note: some old tank balls swell from age and absorption of water.) If the collar or seat of the discharge opening is corroded or grit-covered, it should be scraped and sand-papered until it is smooth and forms a uniform bearing for the stopper. Straighten or replace bent lift wires so that the ball drops squarely into the hollowed seat. A leaky, waterlogged float ball holds the supply valve open and does not completely shut off the water. If the rod which connects the tank float to the supply valve has become bent, it may prevent the float from reaching its full height, thus leaving the valve open and allowing leakage. This rod should be straightened and a little oil applied to the lever joints to insure smooth action. Sometimes the tank will not fill sufficiently or will fill to overflowing. These difficulties may be corrected without disturbing the supply valve by bending the rod attached to the tank float upward or downward. If the rod is bent upward, the water will rise higher in the tank, and if downward, the water level will be lowered. An overflow tube or pipe is provided in the closet tank to take care of the water in case it should rise above its accustomed level which should be at least 3/4 of an inch below the top of the overflow. While there is not much danger of its becoming stopped up, it might be well to examine it occasionally to see that it is in working order. If water rises to the top of the overflow pipe an adjustment or new fill-valve assembly is necessary. Consult your plumber if in doubt. Shower Equipment Some Plumbing Codes, require the use of pressure balanced bath/shower valves to prevent scalding in new homes and remodeling. Your plumber can suggest the proper unit for your application. There is more potential for the scalding of a person showering if the pressure fluctuates. Most people aren't aware that young children and older persons can be scalded much sooner than adults. Lowering the water temperature at the water heater will minimize the potential danger at the tub spout or shower head and is the best preventive action which can be taken to prevent scalding. A small child doesn't have to soak in overly hot tap water to get scalded. Tragically, injury can happen literally in the blinking of an eye. 150 degree water can scald in just 1/2 second, 140 degrees scalds in just I second, but it takes four minutes for water at 120 degrees to scald. POINT OF CAUTION - - Never let a child bathe unattended, because of the danger of scalding and injury. In addition, always turn cold crater on first, followed by the hot water until the desired temperature is achieved. That way, no one is exposed to straight hot water. You need not rush to buy another shower head if the one you have suddenly gives off an uneven spray. It's probably clogged with mineral deposits which build up in the shower head and distort the shower stream. If the shower head holes are clogged, remove the face of the shower head, clean the back surface and free holes with a coarse needle. The latest shower heads on the market are all self-cleaning and need no such attention. The only positive preventive measure is investing in a water softener. When changing shower heads, wrap adhesive tape around the packing nut or pad the wrench jaws with a cloth so you won't mar the finish. Shower curtains made of fabric such as heavy drill or canvas can be put into the washing machine or laundry tub. All other shower curtains should be washed by spreading flat on a table and sponging with sudsy water. Rinse the curtain with clear water, then wipe with a clean cloth. Turn the curtain over and repeat on the other side. Then replace on the shower rod and spread it out straight to dry. While you're at it, give the shower rod a good cleaning. Clean prefabricated shower cabinets with soap and hot water, but never with a gritty abrasive. New shower cabinets usually have fiberglass or acrylic walls which will not withstand heavy scouring powders. If you stand in it to wash the inside walls of the cabinet the receptor should be protected by a heavy cloth or papers. Chrome Plating Chrome plating is a hard and durable finish that requires little attention except for the occasional washing with soap and water. Salt air or other corrosive atmospheres have a destructive effect on chrome. Where chromium- plated fittings are exposed to these agents, it is important to wash them frequently. After they are washed and dried, it is advisable to apply a protective coating such as ordinary furniture wax. Green spots may appear on chromium plating. If this happens, prevent the rust from spreading by scouring the spots with the same kind of powder which manufacturers recommend for enameled, cast iron fixtures. When the spots have been removed, apply a Fin of wax. Your plumber will be glad to help you select a good cleanser. Water Heaters You can't get along without hot water. Therefore, take care of the source--the water heater. If you have a gas or electric water heater, keep the temperature dial setting at or below the suggested Factory Energy Savings Settings listed on the water heater. Above that mark means excessive wear on the water heater and the potential for scalding. The burner of a gas-fired water heater is easily accessible and should be checked by your plumber periodically to keep it clear of dust or sediment. The flame at full fire should be a light to dark blue. If the flame is more orange or yellow, the gas pressure or air flow needs to be adjusted. You can keep your water bills low by tempering all hot water as it is used. Letting the hot water faucet run on and on wastes not only water but fuel as well. With all water heaters, plan your hot water needs and you'll be delighted with the savings you get All domestic water heaters are required to be equipped with a relief valve as a safety feature to prevent damage from excessive pressure and temperature. There is always danger that this valve may become frozen or corroded from long disuse. For this reason, it is advisable to trip the lever of this valve manually every two or three months to be sure it will operate freely if an emergency arises. Note: The discharge will be hot water that will need to be contained in a pan or bucket or allowed to drain to a floor drain. Thawing Frozen Pipes Frozen plumbing pipes, although inconvenient, do not constitute a calamity. The calamity may come if the pipes are thawed with a blow torch, and if the open flame or the torch is allowed to come too close to combustible material, such as insulation, wooden joists or flooring. Another danger from the use of a torch arises when both ends of a pipe are clogged with ice and when the heat is applied in the center. The application of the heat of the torch at the center of the pipe is likely to cause the water to flash into steam potentially causing an explosion with disastrous results for the user of the torch. It is far better to adopt the slower and more conservative procedure of melting ice by the use of a blow dryer, or heat gun. Preventing Frozen Pipes Before the cold freezing weather sets in, make sure that all the garden hoses outside your home are disconnected. Failing to do so can cause not only the hose but also the hose bib to which it is connected, to freeze and be damaged. This is especially important with anti-freeze hydrants. The hose must be disconnected to make the faucet freeze-proof. Failure to do so will trap water in the faucet body, which then can freeze. If the hose is disconnected, the anti-freeze faucet can properly drain, and this will prevent freezing. Water pipes which are exposed to freezing temperatures or drafts should be covered with insulation. Whenever possible it is best to drain systems not being used in severely cold weather. Small water pipes will freeze quicker than will waste or sewer pipes. Never leave a garage door open in severely cold weather, if there is plumbing in the garage. The cold and draft can freeze water lines in minutes. Pipes located in unheated basements or garages should be insulated with a commercial covering. When pipes are laid underground they should be below the frost line to prevent freezing. Noises in the Plumbing System In designing the plumbing system for a new house, a plumbing contractor will endeavor to make it as noiseless as possible. Manufacturers of plumbing fixings are making every effort to reduce the noise connected with the operation of their equipment, and contractors have been very successful in eliminating much of the noise formerly associated with plumbing systems. Because so much of the noise is due to water traveling at a high velocity, it follows that whatever can be done to reduce the velocity of the water will correspondingly reduce the noise in the system. It is for this reason that it is so important not to skimp on the size of the water supply piping. Larger pipe will not only provide a more adequate supply of water but will reduce noise. There are three general types of noises found in some of the older plumbing systems. These are water hammer, whistling and chattering. Water hammer is the thump in the piping heard when faucets or valves are turned off abruptly. There is no excuse for water hammer. It can usually be eliminated by the installation of an air chamber or short length of pipe in the wall where each supply pipe enters a plumbing fixture. In some cases, however, the ordinary type of air chamber will not prevent water hammer. In such cases, special devices known as shock arrestors should be installed on the main line near the meter or as close as possible to the cause of the noise. Sometimes water hammer is due not to the plumbing in the house in which it is heard but to a condition outside of the house, either along the water main or in a neighboring house. In such cases, skillful detective work by an experienced master plumber is necessary to ferret out the source of the trouble and to plan corrective methods. Water hammer should not be permitted to go on indefinitely. The noise is only an audible symptom of what is going on in the piping. The piping is being subjected to the wear and tear of a multitude of shock waves. The result will be leaks in piping, tanks or fixtures unless the condition is corrected. Chattering in the piping may be caused by loose pipes, by pipes rubbing against a metal projection, by worn faucet washers or looseness of other inside parts. Whistling is caused by the speed of water flowing through piping which is usually too small. A pressure reducing valve will help as will a general straightening out of the plumbing system. Whistling is most common at bends and tees in the pipe. Sweating Pipes "Sweating" pipes and plumbing fixtures in summer-time or during seasonal changes are not a sign of faulty plumbing. Due to condensation of water vapor in the air, beads of moisture will form in warm weather on any pipes and fixtures containing cold water. Normally, when not in use, the water and fixtures will worm rapidly to room temperature and the condensation will stop. When a closet tank or other fixture continues to sweat for hours after it has been used, it is a sign that cold water is continuing to flow through it, possibly due to an improper adjustment of the tank valve or a leak. Sweating pipes can be wrapped with an insulation material which prevents the condensation and formation of moisture. Odors in the Plumbing System The well-designed and correctly installed plumbing system is odorless. Odors are most likely to arise from leaks in the waste or vent piping or from traps which have lost their water seal. In an incorrectly installed system, there are, of course, many opportunities for odors to result from defects in the system, particularly if it is not properly vented. Unusual odors should never be ignored. Such odors are often an indication that sewer gas is present. Sewer gas, while not always deadly, is noxious and capable of causing headaches and other minor illnesses. Sewer gas is foul smelling air and should be prevented from entering the house. If it is suspected that sewer gas is entering through a leak in the piping, a plumber will subject the system to a test either by means of smoke, water or oil of peppermint. The test will indicate the location of the leak. In order to explain how the sewer gas may enter a house through a plumbing fixture, it is necessary to clarify the function of traps and vents. Every plumbing fixture is the terminus of the city water supply system and the beginning of the city sewerage system. The faucets control the water supply. The traps and vents control the sewer air. They do so by a very simple method. Sewer air will not penetrate a water barrier. Therefore, a device is employed which keeps several inches of water between the house air and the sewer air. This is the trap, which is plainly visible under such plumbing fixtures as sinks and lavatories. It is built into water closets. In the case of bathtubs and shower cabinets, it is usually concealed in the floor or basement. A trap, however, would lose its water seal by siphonic action every time a fixture is used unless the air on the sewer side is balanced with the air on the house side. This is the function of the vents. Occasionally, due to changes in atmospheric conditions, a compactly vented trap will lose its seal. Usually, however, when a trap loses its seal it is due either to incorrect design of the vents, absence of vents or to evaporation of the water in the trap. Traps under fixtures that are used infrequently should be filled with water from time to time to insure an adequate trap seal. Draining Plumbing in a Vacant House If your house is to be vacated during cold weather and the heating system turned off, follow this procedure: Shut off the water supply at the main shut-off valve at the street. Then beginning with those on the top floor, open all faucets and leave them open. When water stops running from these faucets, open the cap on the main shut off valve in the basement and drain the remaining water into a pail or tub. Remember that this cap must be closed after the faucets have run dry or the house water supply will flow from this valve and flood the basement. Remove all water in the traps under sinks, water closets, bathtubs, and lavatories by opening the clean out plugs at the bottom of traps and draining them into a pail. If no plugs are provided, use a force pump or other method to siphon the water out. Sponge all the water out of the water closet bowl. Clean out all water in the flush tank. Fill all traps with a non-freezing solution such as mineral oil, windshield washing fluid or RV type anti-freeze. Drain all hot water tanks. Most water tanks are equipped with a vented tube at the top which lets air in and allows the water to drain out the faucet at the bottom. Make sure all horizontal pipes drain properly. Air pressure will get rid of trapped water in these pipes, but occasionally the piping may have to be disconnected and drained. To be safe have your plumber check your entire plumbing system. If your house is heated by hot water or steam, drain the heating pipes and boiler before leaving. Burners and pilots should be completely out and the main water supply turned off at the basement wall or street. Draw off the water from the boiler by opening the draw-off valve at the lowest point in the system. Open the water supply valve to the boiler so no water will be trapped above it. If you have a hot water system, begin with the highest radiators and open the air valve on each as fast as the water lowers. Every radiator valve must be opened on a one inch pipe system to release condensation. Note: When you return home, refill all the systems BEFORE lighting the hot water heater or boilers. Where and How to Shut Off Water Knowing where and how to shut off water for the entire house or any part of it can be mighty important in an emergency. That's why it is extremely important for all members of the family to know where the valves are and in which direction they should be turned to shut off the water. One way to identify the valves is to have a tag on each valve indicating its function, that is, which fixtures or group of fixtures it controls. Valve- identifying tags may be obtained from plumbing dealers. Many plumbers are glad to offer a valve tagging service to their customers or prospective customers. Another method of identification is by means of a valve chart. Because this is somewhat more elaborate, it is usually employed only for houses with several bathrooms. A drawing is made of the basement piping with all the valves indicated. The valves are numbered on the chart and tags with corresponding numbers are placed on the valves. Still another idea which aids in identification is to paint pipes a distinctive color. Obviously, the most important valve in the house is the main shut-off valve for the entire plumbing system. This valve, generally located on the house side of the water meter, usually has a handle like a wheel If it has not been used in many years, it may require a wrench to turn it. Because the easy operation of this valve in case of emergency is so important, it is advisable to place a few drops of oil around the valve handle once or twice a year. This will prevent the sticking action of corrosion. The shut-off valve may be the ground-key type with a small hole bored in its side for draining the pipes after the water is shut off or it may be a drain and stop with a cap nut covering the drain opening. In either case, close the opening before turning the water off. Unless this is done, water will spurt with force. Where no means has been provided for shutting off a drain opening, drive a small wooden peg into it until the pressure is relieved by draining the piping that is exposed. In addition to the main strut-off valve at the meter, the well plumbed house has individual shut-off valves on the branch lines leading to individual fixtures, groups of fixtures or equipment such as water heaters, water softeners, automatic washers, etc. Many contractors, when installing plumbing fixtures, provide separate strut-off valves or stops for each individual fixture. These will be found on the supply lines below the fixture. These individual stops are a great convenience to regulate water flow in case of repairs as well as emergencies. Understanding Backflow Prevention Programs Some agencies, through the enforcement of the Federal Clean Water Act, were given the task of protecting our potable water supplies. It clarified that water purveyors must protect the public water supply from contamination by an outside source, through implementation of a Backflow Prevention Program. Conformance to these state requirements minimizes the possibility for the water using public to inadvertently contaminate or pollute the domestic water system or the public water supply. This program requires the installation of a backflow prevention device in the plumbing system where the possibility of a cross connections may take place. A cross connection. is an arrangement of piping or faucets which allows the potable water supply to come into contact with a contaminant. An example of a potential cross connection is a lawn irrigation systems, where fertilizers, chemicals or other contaminants can come into contact with the potable water supply through the irrigation heads. There are several types of backflow prevention devices used today. The type of device is determined by the degree of hazard presented by the possible "cross connection". Testing of Backflow Prevention Devices In the case of a residential or commercial irrigation system, a reduced pressure principle backflow pre-venter (RP device or RPZ) is required between the potable water supply and the irrigation system. These devices are not only required by law, but also due to the requirements of the backflow prevention program the devices are required to be tested annually by a certified backflow prevention tester. The annual test is to ensure that the device is working properly and is a requirement of the areas' cross connection control program. Most licensed plumbing contractors have one or more certified testers in their employ and will be happy to provide this service for you. Leakage from an RP Device Leakage from a backflow pre-venter is normally attributed to foreign matter lodging on the seating area of the internal check valve seats. The majority of the time this can be corrected by simply flushing the device which will dislodge any loose particles. However, the spillage from the dump port does provide a "warning signals that the device is in need of maintenance. The needed service should be performed by a Certified Backflow Prevention Tester. Miscellaneous Suggestions Sump Pump. If you have a sump pump, be sure that it is always in good operating condition so that it will be ready to function when it is needed. Oil it carefully in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Make it operate occasionally by tripping the lever after filling the basin particularly with water. Unless you do this every three or four months, there is danger that corrosion may cause a sticking of the shaft when operation is required. Backwater Valve. The function of this valve is to prevent the sewer from backing up into the house during heavy rains. Most backwater valves operate automatically. A valve with a butterfly action closes against the sewer on the house side. Sometimes however, debris lodges against the seat of the valve so that it cannot close tightly. There are also manually operated valves, that have a wheel handle to shut them down. Sometimes, debris (mop strings, etc.) can accumulate or collect near the valve seat, which prevents it from closing tightly. With automatic backwater valves, removing the lid, cleaning the seat, and greasing the hinge pin on the valve gate annually will guarantee that the valve will operate as expected when it is called upon to prevent the water from coming into your basement. With the manual type of valve it is best to operate this valve manually every six months in order that (1) all members of the family may be familiar with the location of the valve with its function, and where the wheel for manual operation is stored; and (2) in order that the manual operation may keep the valve free from corrosion and lessen the chances for debris interfering with the valves closing. Flammable Vapors Vapors from flammable liquids can explode and catch fire, causing death or severe burns. That is why it's vitally important, that you should NEVER use flammable liquids such as gasoline, adhesive solvents, lighter fluid, mineral spirits, paint thinner and kerosene, around water heaters, furnaces, or any appliance with the potential for flame or sparks. Keep flammable products far away from the water heater or furnace, stored in an approved container, tightly closed and out of children's' reach. Flammable products, improperly stored or used near an open flame give off invisible vapors that can travel the length of a house and be ignited by any of a dozen or more household sources of flame or spark. A few precautionary measures can prevent a tragedy from taking place. When Calling the Plumber... You can help your plumber by telling him, to the best of your knowledge, exactly what's wrong when you talk to him on the telephone. If the water closet is leaking, tell him it's the water closet. If it's the lavatory, don't merely say that "there's a leak in the bathroom" and expect him to tell you what to do until he gets there. There are a thousand and one tools and parts in his plumbing store, and he can't be expected to carry them all. So, when you ask for his help, give him as much information as you can. When he arrives, tell him everything that has been done to the defective part of the plumbing. It will speed his work and lower your plumbing bill. When Doing It Yourself... When buying just a basic plumbing part you have many options such as Home Centers, Hardware Stores and Plumbing Supply Stores and more. The "best" is generally your local true plumbing store that also sells to plumbers. They will have top quality brands and the brands that they offer generally won't be changing weekly/monthly/yearly like many home centers. They also normally will stock parts for the products that they sell. Buying on the net is fun and easy as well. On the Internet buy from mail-order companies that have been in business for a while rather than the brand new ones. The new Internet companies seem to come and go and just like local suppliers it's a good idea to buy from a company that will be there tomorrow. Question: Recently my water bills appear to be rather high. None of the faucets appear to leak. What else could contribute to a high water bill? Answer: You may want to check to see if a toilet is leaking. First, check the water level to ensure that water is not overflowing the tank by way of the overflow pipe. This is the pipe in the middle of the tank. It has a small tubing connected to it. If water is running into the overflow, adjust the fill valve to stop the flow approximately 1inch below the top of the overflow tube or to the water level mark stamped on the side of the tank. Second, put a few drops of food coloring into the tank to test the flush valve mechanism. If the water in the bowl changes color within 15 minutes, this is an indication that water is leaking into the toilet bowl and that the ball or flapper needs to be replaced. Fix All Plumbing & Rooter Service Tips About us	i don't know
What cocktail, consisting of rum, curacao, and lime juice, did bar owner Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr., better known as Trader Vic, claim to invent?	Edible East Bay Fall Harvest 2015 by Edible East Bay - issuu issuu Fall Harvest 2015 Ten Years in Print edibleeastbay.com Member of Edible Communities fall harvest 2015 1 There are 125 reasons why chefs choose Niman Ranch Raised With Care® is more than a tag line—it is engrained in everything we do. From the way our family farmers treat the land and the animals to how we support our farmers, ranchers and their local communities—we have 125 ways that we back this up. We care and so do the chefs, grocers and consumers that support Niman Ranch. · All Vegetarian Feeds · Raised Outdoors or in Deeply Bedded Pens (No Confinement) · No Antibiotics or Added Hormones*–Ever · No Preservatives · No Nitrites · No Gluten We appreciate the opportunity that Niman Ranch affords us to make a living as a family farm. Paul Brown, Iowa Paul Brown Young farmers, we just ask for a chance. We don’t ask for a ton of money or whatever. We just want to have a chance. A chance to get started and work hard. Scott Sibbel, Iowa Scott Sibbel and children I probably wouldn’t have come back to farm, to raise pigs, if we were in a more conventional swine operation. We prefer to see our sows outside, our pigs outside, exhibiting their natural behaviors. There’s just no other way to do it in our eyes. Adair Crowe, Missouri Adair Crowe The finest all- natural meats raised by family farmers and ranchers committed to sustainable and humane practices Learn more at nimanranch.com 2 fall harvest 2015 Minimally processed. No artificial ingredients. Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones in pork. EDIBLE EAST BAY “...a fine embodiment of innovative agricultural and architectural preservation.” ~ edible Austin lospoblanos.com Farm Shop • Dining • Lavender Fields • Historic Inn • Organic Farm • Weddings P R E S E N T E D B Y T H E N O R T H L A K E TA H O E R E S O R T A S S O C I AT I O N September 11-13, 2015 at Northstar California Blazing Pans Mountain Chef Cook Off Farm to Tahoe Dinner Culinary Competition and Grand Tasting Purchase tickets now at and much more! WWW.TAHOEFOODANDWINE.COM WWW.NORTHSTARCALIFORNIA.COM/AFW A fundraiser for the Community Fund of North Lake Tahoe, through the 501c-3 Truckee Tahoe Community Foundation edibleeastbay.com Roasted Winter Squash and Apple Soup 4 fall harvest 2015 ABOUT OUR COVER PHOTOGRAPHER, DAVID GANS I f the name David Gans rings a bell, it may be because he’s contributed articles and photos to this magazine, was interviewed in our Harvest 2008 issue by Mary Tilson, the popular host of KPFA’s America’s Back Forty, and is a familiar performer at Oakland’s Grand Lake Farmers’ Market. But David is far better known in the wider world as a musician, journalist, and famous chronicler of the Grateful Dead. At the time of this interview, he had just returned home to Oakland from a 12day tour of the Midwest during which he performed original material and hosted the SiriusXM broadcasts of the Grateful Dead “Fare Thee Well” shows in Chicago. Edible East Bay: How did you first get into performing at the farmers’ market? David Gans: A friend suggested I apply. I play there two or three times a year. I love it. EEB: How did you come to appreciate good food and why? DG: It started when I met my wife, Rita. Her Italian family cherished good food, and she was part of a collective that started San Francisco’s Inner Sunset Community Food Store in the mid-1970s. The store’s focus was on organic produce. EEB: Tell us about your profession and what you’re working on right now. DG: I have been a working musician since I was 16. I took a long detour into music journalism—interviewing musicians, producers, engineers, executives, etc.—which provided an income and a million-dollar education. My interest in the Grateful Dead led to a book contract and thence into the radio business. About 15 years ago I began touring. With several self-published records, I have seen enough success to merit continuing and have been able to avoid holding a “real” job for almost 40 years. I am now recording a solo album of Grateful Dead songs, and my book hits the streets on November 10: This Is All a Dream We Dreamed: An Oral History of the Grateful Dead, a collaboration with my Oakland neighbor Blair Jackson. Photographer Scott Peterson visited David Gans and Rita Hurault at their home in Oakland to shoot these images. The set of photos was so charming that we couldn’t resist posting them as a slideshow online at edibleeastbay.com. The set includes some of David’s produce shots and an audio clip of his song about the Grand Lake Farmers’ Market. EEB: What drew you to photography? DG: I had a Brownie at a pretty early age and started doing darkroom work as a teenager. With my Nikon SLR (a 21st birthday gift), I launched a freelance career and sold photos along with interviews and articles. Once I got into radio, I did a lot less journalism and music photography … until I got a digital camera! Now I never go anywhere without a camera (and phone-cam) in my pocket. I love taking photos of weird-looking produce and other sweet sights at the markets. I named my last record The Ones That Look the Weirdest Taste the Best, a line from my song about the Grand Lake Market, “The Bounty of the County.” edibleeastbay.com EEB: Did that hornworm on our cover eat a quarter of that tomato all in one sitting? And how did you feel about it? DG: Not being the gardener, I don’t take pests as seriously as Rita does. I just enjoy the fruits of her labor! Rita Hurault: YIPES! and COOL! were my reactions, and then yipes again. I looked around to see if there were any others and then sent the picture to friends who are avid gardeners and naturalists. It was late in the season, and I’d harvested most of my tomatoes by then. I think the worm may have gone with some kids to school for show and tell. No signs of another this year, thank heavens. • fall harvest 2015 5 edible east bay editor’s mixing bowl Edible East Bay celebrates ten years in print. (And online, too!) We offer our deep appretiation for all the writers, artists, and photographers who contribute to this effort, as well as to the subscribers and advertisers who make it all possible! Of special note are our charter advertisers: Clover Stornetta Farms, Ecology Center, Monterey Market, Pacific Coast Farmers’ Market Association, Piedmont Grocery, and Rockridge Market Hall. With much appreciation, Cheryl Angelina Koehler PUBLISHER/EDITOR /DESIGNER Cheryl Angelina Koehler contributing editors Sarah Henry Kristina M. Sepetys Rachel Trachten COPY EDITORS Carrington Morris Sam Tillis SOCIAL MEDIA Sam Tillis DIGITAL DESIGNER Charmaine Koehler-Lodge edible EAST BAY Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 3, No. 1 EDIBLE EAST BAY Winter 2006 Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Member of Edible Communities Winter Holidays 2012 Number 33 minimum wagE LivErmorE winE advEnturEs wiLd turkEy: a good choicE for thE sustainaBiLity piLgrim’s thanksgiving Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region Composting to Save the Planet Farm to Fast Food in Berkeley Livermore Valley Gets Some Cheese Therapy Member of Edible Communities Summer 2015 ◆ No. 40 ◆ Year 10 6 fall harvest 2015 Spring 2015 ◆ No. 39 ◆ Year 10 Member of Edible Communities No. 39 ² Spring 2015 On the Menu: Backyard Bounty ◆ A Controversy Over Seed Saving ◆ Pickled Green Walnuts The Medicineshed Digital Dining Garden to Glass Member of Edible Communities Member of Edible Communities edible East Bay Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region Ì Number 38 Ì Winter Holidays 2014 No. 34 edible East Bay edible East Bay No part of this publication may be used without written permission of the publisher. © 2015 All rights reserved. Number 4 doris muscatine • home wine makers • nettles • planting tomatoes Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 2, No. 2 WINTER 2007 DUCK EGGS • ZEN • HOME ROASTED COFFEE Every effort is made to avoid errors, misspellings, and omissions. If, however, an error comes to your attention, please accept our sincere apologies and notify us. Thank you. Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season nowhere else but here: the context of berkeley’s food revolution chanterelles & seasonal citrus • frog hollow farm • rosenblum cellars AD SALES Niki Z Shelly Mariposa Chris Lynch Edible East Bay is published quarterly (February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15) by Edible East Bay L.L.C. Distribution throughout California’s Alameda and Contra Costa counties and nationally by subscription. Subscriptions are $28 for four issues or $46 for eight issues, and can be purchased online at edibleeastbay.com or by mail with a check sent to the above address. Summer 2006 preserving brentwood • musicians on cooking • brown rice • the seoul of oakland ® Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 3, No. 2 Number 1 east bay charcuterie • knoll organics • livermore valley wines • amity works edible EAST BAY EDIBLE EAST BAY Autumn 2005 MUSHROOMS • OAKLAND’S WOMEN CHEFS edible EAST BAY No. 40 ² Summer 2015 Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region ON THE MENU: BACKYARD BOUNTY The Three-Tier Roadblock to Barroom Creativity A Controversy Over Seed Saving Pickled Green Walnuts Member of Edible Communities EDIBLE EAST BAY our contributors Local produce, fresh ingredients purchased daily from responsible purveyors Melissa Fairchild Clark is an Oakland-based culinary creative who works with all things seasonal and sustainable. Find her recipes, writing, styling, and photography at whatclarkcooked.com. 925.736.7781 A Bay Area native, Lindsay Dobbs developed her passion for photography in the high school darkroom and then furthered her knowledge at Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, graduating in 2012 with a BFA in photography. Lindsay’s rich zest for life is transcribed in her photographs with bright and colorful images. lindsaydobbs.com GMO- and MSG-free authentic home cooking Family recipes inspired by travel and by the love for quality food Food that captivates the taste buds of vegetarians, carnivores, and gluten-free foodies alike 9000 Crow Canyon Rd. Danville Shanna Farrell is an oral historian with UC Berkeley’s Regional Oral History Office, where she is currently the project lead for their West Coast Cocktails: An Oral History project. In addition to cocktail and spirit history, she works on environmental history. You can find her on Twitter as @shanna_farrell. a ry a n a a fg h a n c u i si n e .c o m Love your piece of earth Gary Handman is an occasional freelance illustrator and cartoonist whose work has appeared in a strangely diverse gaggle of books and journals. In a former (pre-retirement) life he daylighted as the film and video librarian of the UC Berkeley library. He has lived in Berkeley with his wife, Pam, for ages. You can reach Gary at [email protected]. Dinwoodie Landscape Services Contributing editor Sarah Henry’s food and farming stories have appeared in the Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, and California, and online at CHOW, Civil Eats, and Modern Farmer. Henry also writes regularly for Edible San Francisco and Edible Marin & Wine Country. Find her in Best Food Writing 2014, on Twitter @ lettuceeatkale, and at sarahhenrywriter.com. Sarah is writing a book about California coastal farmsteads, slated for publication in 2016. commercial/residential 510.233.9336 Your neighborhood book store in the heart of downtown Oakland Veteran journalist Barbara Kobsar has authored two cookbooks focusing on traditional home-cooked meals using local produce. You’ll find her each week at the Walnut Creek Farmers’ Market selling her Cottage Kitchen jams and jellies made from farmers’ market produce. Free gift wrapping and expert opinions. 24/7 shopping for Books & E-books @ www.laurelbookstore.com Gardening Cheryl Angelina Koehler is the founding editor, designer, and publisher of Edible East Bay. Reach her at [email protected]. Cookbooks Fiction Mystery Freelance writer Anna Mindess follows immigrant food journeys and stories of cities where food and locale deliciously intertwine. A frequent contributor to Oakland Magazine, KQED Bay Area Bites, and Berkeleyside, she also works as a sign language interpreter and combines her food and culture interests by leading tasting tours in ASL. Find more of her writing at eastbayethniceats.com. Laura Ness, aka “Her VineNess,” treasures her time in vineyards, fields, cellars, and kitchens, appreciating the magical processes that turn earth’s bounty into heavenly delights. Follow her epicurean adventures on WineOhTv.com and winefoodexplorer.com. Children’s Current Events History more 1423 Broadway, Oakland @ 12th St. BART 510-452-9232 pouletad.pdf 7/6/10 2:15:29 PM [email protected] C Y CM Charlotte Peale is a student at College Preparatory School in Oakland, where she is studying photography. MY CY Photographer and videographer Scott Peterson has lived in the Bay Area for over 25 years and in Oakland for the past 12. During this time, he’s witnessed the explosion of food culture in the East Bay, and he’s happy to be involved with it as a photographer for magazines, edibleeastbay.com AFFORDABLE FRESH FOOD SINCE 1979 1685 Shattuck Ave 510.845.5932 pouletdeli.com fall harvest 2015 7 our contributors books, cookbooks, and blogs. “It’s exciting. And certainly makes my commute easier.” scottpetersonproductions.com Author of Full Moon Feast: Food and the Hunger for Connection, Jessica Prentice is also co-founder of Berkeley’s Three Stone Hearth community-supported kitchen. threestonehearth.com Kristen Rasmussen is a culinary nutritionist who teaches at UC Berkeley and the Culinary Institute of America on topics ranging from food science to foraging. Find her at rootedfood.com. Oakland-based artist Margo Rivera-Weiss makes food-related art and draws daily. She teaches monthly sketchbook classes at Women’s Cancer Resource Center in Oakland. Connect at margoriveraweiss.com or Margo Rivera-Weiss - Art on Facebook. To join in on local sketching outings, check out the group Margo co-founded on Facebook – East Bay Sketchers. Patricia Robinson is thrilled to be painting again after decades spent away from art while she pursued a career in engineering. As a long-term vegan, she especially enjoys painting the vibrant ingredients our California farmers bring to market. She currently works as a therapist in Danville. Contributing editor Kristina Sepetys is a writer and consultant living in Berkeley. Her work focuses on the intersection of food, farming, energy, land, water, and sustainable resource use. She can be reached at [email protected]. Photographer Carmen Silva’s interests in visual storytelling and positive social transformation run deep. In addition to photography, she produces commercials and videos and advises social enterprises and NGOs on communication and messaging. You can reach her at [email protected]. Jillian Laurel Steinberger has written for the San Francisco Chronicle, Bay Area News Group papers, BUST, Bitch, and other publications. As a landscape designer, she loves creating inspiring spaces with a focus on native plants and edibles for year-round color, food, and pollination. [email protected] Contributing editor Rachel Trachten writes about food, gardens, and cooking as tools for social change. She also contributes to Oakland and Alameda magazines and The East Bay Monthly. View her stories at racheltrachten.contently.com and contact her at [email protected]. Illustrator and artist Lila Volkas combines her love for art and sustainable food in many ways. Her work has been featured on KQED’s Bay Area Bites and on posters, t-shirts, and zines. She also leads monthly kombucha brewing workshops. Find her at lilavolkas.com. 8 fall harvest 2015 fall harvest 2015 9 edible events Sign up for our e-newsletter, East Bay Appetizer, and you’ll get lots of extra juicy tidbits in your email in-box several times per month. Go to our website, edibleeastbay.com, and follow the sign-up link. Ongoing Thursday August 20–September 24, 9:30–11:30am Cooking Matters for Adults Sunday August 23, 9am Farmers’ Market Walk & Cooking Class Family Justice Center 256 24th St, Richmond This free, six-week-long cooking and nutrition class is taught by a chef, nutritionist, and class assistant It’s offered by 18 Reasons. Volunteers needed. Info on this and other classes: 18reasons.org Walnut Creek Farmers’ Market and Tender Greens 1352 Locust St, Walnut Creek Walk the market with Tender Greens chef Sean Eastwood. Taste ingredients and bring them back to the restaurant for an interactive cooking class followed by private lunch with wine pairings. Cost: $95. Info: tendergreens.com/blog/834/newwalnut-creek-farmers-market-walk-cooking-classand-lunch Every Friday, 5–9pm Friday Nights @OMCA Oakland Museum of California, 1000 Oak St, Oakland Half-price admission to museum exhibits and family-friendly Off the Grid food-truck party. Info: museumca.org/friday-nights-omca Second Saturday of the month, 10–11am City Slicker Farms Tours 1625 16th St, Oakland Come learn about urban agriculture as a solution to food insecurity. Suggested $10 donation supports City Slicker Farms community programs. Info: cityslickerfarms.org Last Saturday of each month, usually 11am–2pm Ruckus n’ Resiliency 970 Grace Ave @ Feel the Beet! Farmers’ Market, Oakland A lively street party celebrating food traditions, resistance, and culture with workshops, music, free tastings, and a cook-off alongside the farmers’ market. Free. Info: phatbeetsproduce.org Third Sunday each month, 1–3pm “Vines and Wines” Captain Vineyards, Moraga Susan and Sal Captain offer an intimate look at grape growing and wine processing at a small, family-owned vineyard following green and sustainable practices. Barrel tasting and cheese pairing included. Cost: $43. Info: 925.899.0703 or [email protected] Twice monthly Resilient Communities Legal Café Various East Bay locations Sustainable Economies Law Center and East Bay Community Law Center offer free legal advice for launching community-centric enterprises. Check website for days and times. Info: theselc.org/cafe 10 fall harvest 2015 Sunday August 23, 10am–3pm Inviting California to Dinner: Using Native Plants in Your Everyday Diet Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Tilden Regional Park Wildcat Canyon Rd at S. Park Dr, Berkeley Learn about edible natives like miner’s lettuce, wild grape, saltbush, and Cleveland sage. Includes lecture, detailed recipe cards, samples, harvesting, and cooking demos. Please bring a lunch. Cost: Members $90; Nonmembers $100. Info: nativeplants.org Thursday August 27, all day International Cabernet Sauvignon Day Concannon Vineyard, 4590 Tesla Rd, Livermore Hop on the Livermore Valley Wine Trolley for a high-end cabernet-focused wine tasting experience. Sit back and enjoy the views of Livermore Valley. Also classes, pairings, and more. concannonvineyard.com/cabernetday Thursday August 27, 6–8pm DIY Fresh Cheese, Butter & Yogurt PRESERVED, located in the backyard at 4200 Piedmont Ave #2, Oakland Learn to make your own yogurt, butter, crème fraîche, and ricotta in this hands-on workshop with PRESERVED owner Elizabeth Vecchiarelli. Students go home with recipe guides and a jar of fresh cheese. Cost: $40. Info: preservedgoods.com Sunday August 30, 10am–5pm FARMcurious Hands-On Greywater Installation Workshop 176 Marlow Dr, Oakland Save water by learning to install a simple home greywater system. Work with the group and Greywater Action instructors to build a laundryto-landscape system and get expert advice about your own site. Cost: $75. Info: farmcurious.com EDIBLE EAST BAY Customize your box with the local, organic produce and farm products you want. $15 off your first box COUPON CODE: EDIBLEEB locally grown flowers and greens weddings I celebrations I special events I daily deliveries 1489 Newell Ave., Walnut Creek â€˘ www.fringeflowers.com edibleeastbay.com Sign Up For Home Delivery Today! 1.800.796.6009 www.farmfreshtoyou.com fall harvest 2015 11 Sunday August 30, 11am–3pm Late Summer Fruit Tree Pruning and Care Photo by Carole Topalian Pollinate Farm & Garden, 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Expert instructors John Valenzuela and John Heenan discuss tree biology, solutions for pests, and tool selection, then demonstrate pruning techniques for aesthetics and optimal fruit production. Cost: $35. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 LEARN A Berkeley Institution Since 1985 1329 Gilman Street, Berkeley 510.527.9838 • www.lalimes.com follow us on facebook, twitter, and instagram At Ardenwood Historic Farm 34600 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont Sundays August 23, September 13 & 27, October 4, 11am–1pm Cooking in the Country Kitchen Learn how they cooked in a historic country kitchen. Sample special treats and pick up a historic recipe to try at home. Now Featuring Organic Ingredients Sophisticated Indian Dining Green Certified Serving creative dishes from all over India through a monthly changing menu, in an elegant dining hall featuring art work inspired by Ajanta caves in India. Gluten free and Vegan dishes available. Gourmet lunches offered from $10, dinners from $16 1888 Solano Ave., Berkeley • 526-4373 Open Daily, 11:30am–2:30pm, 5:30–9pm www.ajantarestaurant.com Memorial Civic Center Complex 403 Civic Center Plaza, Richmond Join international leaders, farmers, scientists, community members, and environmental and food justice advocates for workshops, presentations, and networking. Inspired by Dr. Vandana Shiva’s book Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis. Cost varies by event. Info: soilnotoilcoalition.org Tuesday–Thursday, September 8–10, all day National Heirloom Seed Exposition Spice up an old staple of farm life with exotic spices and flavors. Sonoma County Fairgrounds, Santa Rosa Speakers, exhibitors, and 350 vendors gather to discuss and showcase ideas and products related to natural food, gardening, green-tech, and sustainability. Benefits school gardening education and other sustainable food programs. Info: theheirloomexpo.com Saturday September 12, 5:30–8pm Murder Mystery Dinner Friday–Sunday, September 11–13 Lake Tahoe Autumn Food & Wine Festival Find clues, act out roles, and catch the Patterson House criminal while enjoying a formal dinner. Registration req’d. Cost: $69 Sunday September 13, 1–2pm Wax: It’s the Bee’s Knees Northstar California, 5001 Northstar Dr, Truckee CA Celebrate this event’s 30th anniversary with a culinary competition, cooking demos, food and wine tastings, art exhibits, and more in a beautiful mountain resort. Cost varies by event. Info: gotahoenorth.com/events Learn about beeswax and why it’s important for both bees and humans. Make a candle and sample Ardenwood’s honey. Saturday September 12, 9am–3pm Urban Farm Tours: Hayward & environs Saturday September 12 & Sunday September 20, 1–2pm Gourmet Popcorn Voted Best Indian in the entire Bay Area Zagat Guide 2009 through 2015 Friday September 4 & Saturday September 5, times TBA Soil Not Oil: Practicing Sustainable Agriculture to Restore Ecosystems and Mitigate Climate Change Saturday September 19, 1–2pm The Queen’s Sweetmeat Butterscotch has a tasty place in history. Learn to stir up this sweet treat and taste a sample fresh from the outdoor stove. Saturday September 26, 11:30am–12:30pm Apple Cookin’ Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA This tour of farms from Cherryland to Hayward to Castro Valley shows diverse options from a 9-acre hobby farm to a moderate-size homestead on a typical urban lot. Includes bees, chickens, goats, worm composting, vertical gardening, water-wise gardens, and more. Cost: Adults: $30, kids $18, lowincome or half-day $20. Info: iuhoakland.com Learn about different apple varieties, and taste a bit of sweet apple goodness cooked in the country kitchen. Saturday September 12, 11am–1pm Ask Mrs. Wheelbarrow: Practical Preserving Q&A with bestselling author Cathy Barrow No registration required. All programs are free except where noted once you have paid the park entry fee of $2–6. Disabled accessible. Info: 510.544.2797 or ebparks.org Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Bring your food-preserving questions to Cathy Barrow, contributing food writer (DIY) for the Washington Post and author of the award-winning 12 fall harvest 2015 Visit for Free WITH YOUR ANNUAL PARK MEMBERSHIP Resident Membership: $50 for individuals. $95 for a family of two adults, four kids. Call today! (510) 544-2220 www.ebparks.org/rpf/ membership * special event days not included Ardenwood Historic FArm – Celebrating 30 Years • Fremont edibleeastbay.com years! Photos courtesy of Guittard Chocolate Company Mrs. Wheelbarrow’s Practical Pantry: Recipes and Techniques for Year-Round Preserving. Enjoy some treats as Cathy signs copies of her book. Cost: $25. Info: pollinatefarm. com or 510.686.3493 Gary Guittard (left), fourth-generation chocolate maker and current Guittard Chocolate Company CEO, at work with with daughter Amy and son Jesse at a cacao plantation. READ, TASTE, & COOK Guittard Chocolate Cookbook INZANA RANCH & PRODUCE FAMOUSLY FRESH FRUITS DECIDEDLY DELICIOUS NUTS Visit our farm in Hughson and at the Grand Lake, Irvington, Montclair, Pleasanton, and Temescal Farmers Markets. Order online: inzanaranch.com Or call: 209.883.2935 Apples Walnuts Pistachios Chestnuts Pecans Filberts Olives Figs Peaches Cherries Pears Almonds Nectarines Pomegranates Apricots Grapes Plums Pluots Prunes Kiwi Persimmons Citrus For nearly 150 years, America’s oldest continuously family-run chocolate company has been making artisan chocolate for home bakers, pastry chefs, and confectioners. Now, Amy Guittard, the company’s marketing director and great-great-granddaughter of Guittard Chocolate Company founder Etienne Guittard, shares the story of the Guittard family and friends, their work, and their chocolate traditions while connecting readers with the larger history, culture, and artistry of chocolate. The book, Guittard Chocolate Cookbook: Decadent Recipes from San Francisco’s Premium Bean-to-Bar Chocolate Company, includes a forward by the East Bay’s own Alice Medrich, a much-lauded baking instructor and award-winning cookbook author, plus 60 recipes from Guittard’s resident pastry chef and teacher Donald Wressell, which range from easy-to-follow to more involved. Saturday September 12, 1–3pm Book Signing, Tastings, and Conversation with Amy Guittard The Pasta Shop Fourth Street 1786 4th St, Berkeley Meet Amy Guittard, enjoy comparative chocolate tastings and samples of items cooked from the Guittard Chocolate Cookbook, and receive discounts on Guittard chocolate. Signed copies of the book available. No charge except for purchases. Info: pastashop.net or 510.250.6004 14 fall harvest 2015 Saturday September 12, 9am–1pm Bike and Dine McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Ride from the Berkeley Marina to Little Louie’s, a casual café in Point Richmond’s historic district. Enjoy lunch before returning to Berkeley. Seventeen miles roundtrip. Loaner bikes and helmets available. Registration required. Cost: $30. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Saturday September 12, noon–4pm Garin Apple Festival Garin Regional Park, 1320 Garin Ave, Hayward Celebrate the apple harvest in a heritage antique apple orchard with varieties you won’t see anywhere else. Try your hand at hand-cranking ice cream and cider pressing. Music, dancing, crafts, and old-fashioned games make event fun for the whole family. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Sunday September 13, 10am–1pm Native Bees and Native Plants: Pollination for the People! Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA Learn about the lifecycles and biology of honeybees and native bees, the differences between the two, the relationship between bees and flowers, and how to support bees and insects in your garden. Cost: $35–75 sliding scale. Info: iuhoakland.com Friday–Sunday, September 18–20, Fri 1–9pm, Sat 10:30am–9pm, Sun 10:30am–5pm Eat Real Festival Jack London Square, Oakland This celebratory street-food festival features offerings made from regionally sourced, sustainably produced ingredients. The event is the premier educational program of the nonprofit Food Craft Institute. Admission is free; all served street food items are $8 or less. Info: eatrealfest.com Saturday September 19, noon–5pm September Harvest Tasting BioFuel Oasis, 1441 Ashby Ave, Berkeley Taste local honey and homemade kombucha, pet chickens, take a free urban farming workshop, and vote on the East Bay’s best honey. Kids welcome. Free. Info: 510.665.5509 or biofueloasis.com EDIBLE EAST BAY BioFuel Oasis Cooperative Biodiesel Station & Urban Farm Store Organic Chicken Feed & Supplies Beekeeping Equipment & Local Honey Kefir/Kombucha Starters & Fermentation Kits 1441 Ashby Ave. Berkeley 510 665 5509 biofueloasis.com B-SIDE BAKING CO. NOW OPEN tuesday–sunday 7am-3pm 3303 San Pablo Ave oak/ca 510.595.0227 Bookstore L ITE RARY Come in for the Perfect Cookbook! GAR D E N ART S Books Cards Garden Boutique 2904 College Avenue, Berkeley • MrsDalloways.com edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 15 Photo courtesy of Uli Westphal Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA Learn about jam, jellies, compotes, vinegar pickles, vegetables sauces, salsa, no-fail low-sugar jams, and the secrets of pectin. Take home three jars of goodies. Cost: $60–90 sliding scale plus $15 supply fee paid on day of class. Info: iuhoakland.com Sunday September 20, 10am–1pm Backyard Beekeeping Class SHOP UGLY Imperfect CSA There’s a new kind of CSA box in town— the cosmetically challenged kind. “We’re trying to create the first major consumer brand around ugly produce in America,” says Imperfect cofounder Ben Simon. His business launches this month with deliveries of great-tasting fruit and veggies that aren’t quite mainstream in size, shape, or color to locations in Oakland, Berkeley, and Emeryville. There are plans to expand to the rest of the Bay Area soon, and Simon also recently announced a partnership between Imperfect and Raley’s supermarket in Sacramento, marking the first time a major U.S. retail chain is selling ugly produce. The look is wonky to some, charming to others. Imperfect sources its fruit and veggies directly from California farmers, who are delighted to sell food that would otherwise go to waste. Simon notes that operations managers at Central Valley agricultural pack houses and shipping facilities have consistently told him that 20–30% of their produce is rejected by grocery stores for aesthetic reasons. An Imperfect CSA box of assorted fresh fruit or mixed produce costs $12 per week, and a large mixed box costs $18, about 30% less than supermarket prices. The delivery fee is $3, and produce is conventional rather than organic because organic farms have so much less surplus. Imperfect is working to add an organic option. Simon and Imperfect cofounder Ben Chesler also masterminded the Food Recovery Network, a group of 147 colleges nationwide that redistribute unused food from their dining halls. imperfectproduce.com Saturday September 19, 1–5pm Canning Extravaganza —Rachel Trachten 16 fall harvest 2015 Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley Learn all you need to know to feel ready to have a Langstroth backyard beehive—how to get bees, what equipment you need, where to put the hive, and how to extract honey and upkeep the hive. Taste local honey. Cost: $40. Info: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday September 20, 11am–2pm Beehive Health Workshop Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Alan Kramer teaches the basics of assessing the health of your colony of honeybees through a basic hive inspection, with a focus on varroa destructor mites. Cost $40. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday September 20, 12:30–5:30pm Rockridge Kitchen Tour Rockridge district of Oakland This self-guided/self-paced tour covers eight stunningly renovated Rockridge kitchens ranging in style from classic Craftsman to contemporary. Proceeds from the event are used to support a wide range of community activities. Info: rockridgekitchentour.org Sunday September 20, 1–5pm Preserving Heirloom Apples Dimond Recreation Center, 3860 Hanly Rd, Oakland Learn about canning theory and safety with Pollinate Farm & Garden and master preserver Shakirah Simley. Create lovely jars of tart and sweet fruit and take home recipes and samples. Bring a sharp knife and apron and wear closed-toe shoes. Cost: $80. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday September 20, 5–7 pm Pâté and Terrine Making The Local Butcher Shop Production Kitchen 1327 61st St, Emeryville The Local Butcher Shop butchers and chefs demo and teach how to make three different pâtés and terrines. Participants take home ½ pound each of pâté de campagne, chicken liver mousse, and head cheese. Cost: $75. Info: thelocalbutchershop.com EDIBLE EAST BAY Mrs. Dalloway’s Literary & Garden Arts 2904 College Ave, Berkeley Velden asks us to seek deeper meaning in the kitchen space and explores what cooking can teach about intimacy, failure, curiosity, and beauty. Free. Info: mrsdalloways.com Photo by Carole Topalian Thursday September 24, 7:30pm Dana Velden: Finding Yourself in the Kitchen: Kitchen Meditations and Inspiring Recipes from a Mindful Cook Saturday September 26, noon–1pm Brag-Worthy Butter Making Tilden Park Visitor Center North end of Central Park Dr Learn how butter is made with heavy cream straight from a cow. Learn the process, teach your friends, and take some home. Free. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Sunday September 27, 10am–3pm Sunol AgPark Harvest Festival 505 Paloma Way, Sunol Celebrate the harvest season with SAGE and the AgPark farmers. Includes farm tours, a pumpkin patch, family activities, food, local wines, and craft beer. Suggested $5 donation supports SAGE. Info: sagecenter.org Sunday September 27, 11am–4pm Piedmont Harvest Festival Piedmont Park, 711 Highland Ave, Piedmont Enjoy growing and cooking contests, a tri-school carnival, scarecrows made by children, a jazz festival, an organic farmers’ market, locally grown lemonade, a FixIt clinic, and more. Info: piedmontharvestfestival.org Thursday October 1–Sunday October 18 Foods of the Americas UC Botanical Garden 200 Centennial Dr, Berkeley A Family Fun Day, harvest dinner, book event, and workshops in natural dye, gardening, and botanical drawing are features of this annual event showcasing the cornucopia of food crops that originated in the Americas thousands of years ago. Visit the “marketplace” filled with produce first cultivated from the wild by ancient Mayan, Incan, and Aztec cultures and wander through the Crops of the World Garden. Info on fees and registration: botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu Friday October 2, 11am–7pm Student Medicine Show Ohlone Herbal Center 1250 Addison St, Ste 113, Berkeley A craft fair featuring herbal potions, lotions, and elixirs for sale plus food and drink, live music, and free student-guided herb walks through the neighborhood. Proceeds from product sales go directly to the students to help them jump-start medicinal herbal careers. Info: ohlonecenter.org edibleeastbay.com WINER Y & TAS TING ROOM VISIT OUR TASTING ROOM & ENJOY OUR BOCCE COURT! Mention this ad & receive a complimentary tasting SWAP YOUR CROPS! Share your garden’s bounty and come home with someone else’s at these free weekly crop swaps. Some swaps encourage trading gardening tools and materials, recipes, baked goods, and tips on getting more involved in your community. Arrive on time for the best selection. Mondays, 6:30–7:30pm Berkeley Ohlone Greenway @ Sacramento & Delaware TASTING ROOM HOURS FRIDAY — SUNDAY 2-6pm 1340 5th Street, Berkeley donkeyandgoat.com we deliver chef-crafted boxed lunch & employ low-income youth. Tuesdays, 6:30–7:30pm Albany Community Center 1249 Marin Ave Wednesdays, 5–6pm Richmond In the Public Library courtyard 325 Civic Center Plaza Wednesdays, 5:30–6:30pm El Sobrante Lila’s House 2932 May Rd Third Saturdays through October, 10–10:30am Maxwell Park, Oakland Various sites in the neighborhood Info: mpgardenswap.wordpress.com or [email protected] Saturdays through September Playndirt Crop Swaps Times and locations vary Info: playndirt.com or [email protected] Sundays, 1–3pm Oakland Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave Our Pantry Is Now Open Drop On By! Full Pantry and Dinner Menu Take-Away Lunch Coffee and Pastries Online Ordering Pick Up or Delivery Catering 2701 Eighth St (at Carleton), Berkeley 510.356.2261 StandardFareBerkeley.com fall harvest 2015 17 Friday October 2, 6–9pm (opening reception with the artists) and daily October 3–25 29th Annual Emeryville Art Exhibition Even the most avid gardener lives indoors. BERKELEY HEALDSBURG SAN FRANCISCO Photo by Laura Ness Emeryville, location TBA A gala public reception with the artists kicks off the Emeryville Celebration of the Arts. Exhibition features works by nearly 100 Emeryville-based artists and craftspeople, and all works on exhibit are for sale. Free admission to the exhibition and opening reception. Info: 510.652.6122 or EmeryArts.org TREK Follow the Tri-Valley Beer Trail www.thegardener.com morrisgrassfed.com A century or so ago, the Tri-Valley area (Amador, Livermore, and San Ramon valleys) was home to one of the largest hops farms in the world. Today, it boasts a beer trail of dizzying proportions, with 16 local taprooms and microbreweries to visit. Emmy Kasten, vice president of marketing for Visit Tri-Valley, says the idea began when she asked vice chair Andrew Ebel to teach her about tasting beer. “Our schedules were so crazy that when we finally set a date, we decided we should make something more of our time together. BOOM! The trail was born.” Favorite tastes? Leigh Cranor, marketing assistant for Visit Tri-Valley, loves the Berry White from Altamont Beer Works and the BeSmoked Porter from Eight Bridges Brewing. Kristen GoodearlyDobson at Tap 25 in Livermore (which has 25 rotating taps of only American craft beer) likes selections from Ale Industries in Concord and Schubros in San Ramon. Other fun stops? Caps and Taps in Dublin is like an indoor beer garden with free samples. At Three Sheets Craft Beer Bar in Dublin you’ll find 27 taps of craft beer, while the Growler Pub in Danville offers 20 rotating taps plus gourmet burgers and Belgian fries. But it’s hard to top the Artistic Table in Livermore, which has 12+ craft beers on tap, 45+ cheeses, 100+ wines, and 99 bottles of beer on the wall. Download the Tri-Valley Beer Trail passport from visittrivalley.com —Laura Ness 18 fall harvest 2015 Saturday October 3, 11am–6pm Oaktoberfest in the Dimond MacArthur Blvd @ Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Enjoy Oakland’s family-friendly craft beer festival. Features breweries, wineries, vendors, homebrew competition, kids rootbier garden, four entertainment venues, and street performances. Cost: $20 includes festival tasting stein and four 12-ounce craft beer pours. Info: oaktoberfest.org Saturday October 3, time TBA Urban Tilth Ten-Year Anniversary Celebration Richmond, location TBA Enjoy an evening of delicious food, friends, film, music, and celebration of Urban Tilth’s accomplishments in building a sustainable, healthy, and just local food system. Info: urbantilth.org Saturday October 3, 9am–3pm & Sunday October 4, noon–3pm Merritt College Fall Plant Sale 12500 Campus Dr, Oakland Loads of interesting plants, including California natives, heirloom, and perennial edibles, plus live music, local food, vendors, demonstrations (rock placement demonstration in afternoon), tours, information tables, and more. For updated info and plant lists, visit merrittlandhort.com. Saturday & Sunday, October 3 & 4 Cooking for Solutions Make It Sustainable Weekend Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey Learn to live an ocean-friendly lifestyle with cooking demos, tastings, and a kelpforest feeding. Cost varies by event. Info: montereybayaquarium.org Saturday October 3, 11am–11pm (main festival) Sunday October 4 (some additional events) 28th Annual Hoes Down Harvest Festival Full Belly Farm, located on County Rd 43 btwn Guinda and Rumsey on Hwy 16 A festival of rural living and local agriculture, including farm tours, traditional arts and crafts, farm-fresh food, folk music, dancing, seminars, EDIBLE EAST BAY east Bay Farmers Markets Castro Old Montclair Temescal Oakland Valley Supporting Local Farmers since 1997 edibleeastbay.com we Gladly accept WIC & EBT October 3 â€“ 25 \| emeryarts.org We Trust and hands-on workshops. Camp in the orchard and make it a whole-weekend experience. Info: hoesdown.org Teas, Extracts, Supplements Western Herb Specialists Photo by Charlotte Peale OPEN DAILY Mail • phone • web orders Herb-inc.com 2482 Telegraph Ave, Berkeley • 510.548.0380 1942 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley • 510.548.0372 OHLONE HERBAL CENTER Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley In this hands-on class, participants uncap frames of honeycomb and hand-spin them in an extractor to expel the honey. Cost: $35. Info and registration: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday October 4, 11:30am–4pm 6th Annual Orinda Olive Festival TASTE Jamnation It all started when Gillian Reynolds wanted a way to share the bold and intense flavors of California fruits with her family in New York City. With the help Certified Training in WE S T E R N H E R B A L I S M of her brother and collaborator ChristoWorkshops & Fieldtrips pher Reynolds, she created Jamnation, Community Clinic a line of jams featuring creative flavor combinations like Blenheim apricot and 510-540-8010  www.ohlonecenter.org almond essence (Apricot Up in the Mo1250 Addison St., #113 Berkeley CA 94702 ment), Seascape strawberry with key lime (In the Limelight), and Arctic Star nectarine with rose essence (Rose to the Grindstone). The jams are deeply flavorful, spread easily, and showcase the natural colors of the fruits. Gillian, who studied economics at Stanford, is committed to promoting sustainability and helping small-scale farmers. All her jams use fair trade sugar and spices, as well as local and mostly organic corner market fruits. Packaging is fully recyclable, biothe little market that can degradable, and eco-friendly. coffee.milk.bread.honey.greens Christopher Reynolds, a trained chef 6040 Telegraph @ 61st with a creative writing major from USC, Oakland, California works with Gillian on flavor pairings, the website, and naming the jams. “The rejected jams names make for great fun,” laughs Gillian. “For example, the first dible ad.indd 1 4/5/14 10:46:26 PM name for ‘Cardamom Knows Zest’ was east ‘Orange is the New Crack’.” bay Gillian’s workspace is in downtown Berkeley at Certified Kitchens (the first certified gluten-free and organic-dedicatedible EAST BAY serves up a ed rental kitchen in the Bay Area). Jams are sold at jamnationjams.myshopify.com, few things to whet your appetite but you can also find them in San Francisbetween issues, including lateco at Bi-Rite and Rainbow Grocery. We breaking news on events. hear chances are good they may be at East Bay purveyors in the near future. Sign up for our email newsletter Appetizer at edibleeastbay.com Sunday October 4, 10am–noon Honey Harvesting Class —Charlotte Peale 20 fall harvest 2015 Wagner Ranch Nature Area 350 Camino Pablo, Orinda Celebrate the California olive at a historic ranch. Tastings and information on olives and olive products; olive recipe cooking demos, docent tours of the ranch and grove; games, crafts, music, and food. Free admission. Tax-deductible donations support outdoor environmental science and social studies programs. Info: fwrna.org Saturday & Sunday, October 10 & 11, 10am–5pm Harvest Festival at Ardenwood Historic Farm 34600 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont Help harvest this year’s corn crop and enjoy magic shows, cider pressing, historic crafts, rides on a narrow-gauge train, and old-fashioned music. Bring home a portion of what you harvest. Cost: Adults $10; Seniors $8; Children $6; Free for kids under 4. Free parking. Disabled accessible. Info: 510.544.2797 or ebparks.org Sunday October 11, noon–6pm 9th Annual Out & About in Rockridge College Ave from Manila to Alcatraz, Oakland Hundreds of artisans, businesses, and community organizations join the district’s shop owners for a great street fair offering items for sale, useful information, and high-end entertainment. The Picnic with Market Hall features tastings and chef demos along with picnic items, wine, and beer. Cookbook Exchange, Cheese Box Art, pumpkin painting, recycled container succulent planting, and raffle prizes all benefit local organizations. Live music on the BART plaza. Free admission. Info: rockridgeoutandabout.com and pastashop.net Tuesday October 13, 7–9:30pm Herbs for Colds and Flu Ohlone Herbal Center 1250 Addison St, Ste 113, Berkeley Learn to care for yourself and loved ones with herbs during the cold season. Topics include preventative health care, therapies for common winter illnesses, and how to prepare home remedies. Free. Info: ohlonecenter.org. To register, send an email to [email protected] EDIBLE EAST BAY Check out the edible east bay Guide to Good Eats, page 74. Friday October 16–Sunday October 18, times TBA Black Farmers & Urban Gardeners Conference Laney College, 900 Fallon St, Oakland A gathering to empower growers, chefs, eaters, and activists interested in the relationship between food and health in the Black community. Black Urban Growers (BUGS) is an organization of volunteers committed to building networks and community support for growers in both urban and rural settings. Cost: TBA. Info: blackurbangrowers.org Friday October 16, 7–10pm Food First 40th Gala and Auction Impact HUB Oakland, 2323 Broadway, Oakland Celebrate and support Food First, which has worked since 1975 to end injustices that cause hunger. This fundraising gala features food movement leaders, live performances, a silent auction, dinner, and dancing. Info: foodfirst.org or [email protected] Sunday October 18, 10am–5pm Mini Maker Faire Park Day School and Studio One Art Center, Oakland A family-friendly celebration featuring rockets and robots, digital fabrication, DIY science and technology, urban farming and sustainability, alternative energy, bicycles, unique hand-made crafts, music and local food, and educational workshops and installations. Info: ebmakerfaire.wordpress.com Sunday October 18, 10am–1pm Bee Medicine Making with Honey, Beesewax, and Propolis Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley Learn to make bee medicine: an herbal honey, a salve with beeswax, and propolis tincture. Combine the bee products with common medicinal herbs like rose petals, rose hips, lavender, and calendula. Cost: $40 plus $15 materials. Info: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday October 18, 11am–2pm Backyard Beekeeping 101 Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Curious what all the buzz is about? Join Alan Kramer for a class on the basics of backyard beekeeping, including common hive types, edibleeastbay.com tools and safety equipment, and hive maintenance. Cost: $40. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Saturday October 24, 11am–3pm Harvest Festival Alameda Point Collaborative Farm2Market Farm 2600 Barbers Point Rd Enjoy APC’s annual celebration of the harvest and community with pumpkin carving, children’s games, a community resource fair, and more. Explore the working farm and sample delicious produce. Free. Info: apcollaborative.org Tuesday November 3, 7:30pm City Arts & Lectures: Robert Reich in Conversation with Mark Bittman Nourse Theater, 275 Hayes St, San Francisco Robert Reich (secretary of labor under President Bill Clinton, now Chancellor’s Professor of Public Policy at UC Berkeley’s Goldman School of Public Policy) speaks with food policy expert and New York Times columnist Mark Bittman. Info: cityarts.net/event/robert-reich-2 Wednesday November 4, 6:30–8pm Sharpening Kitchen and Field Cutlery Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Join blacksmith Grant Marcoux of Pilgrim Soul Forge and learn to hone, steel, and strop your knife edges for top performance. Bring your own knives and sharpening stone (or borrow one at the class). Cost: $25. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday November 8, 5–7pm Holiday Cooking Class The Local Butcher Shop Production Kitchen 1327 61st St, Emeryville Local Butcher Shop butchers and chefs show how to roast a turkey and a rib roast to perfection. Class includes different cooking methods and info on what to ask for, plus how to season, tie, and cut or carve. Participants take home a 3-pound rib roast. Cost: $125. Info: thelocalbutchershop.com For more events and other tasty tidbits, go to edibleeastbay. com and sign up for our free e-newsletter. fall harvest 2015 21 side dish PLUM PERFECT Japanese-style umeboshi made in Berkeley BY KRISTINA SEPETYS PHOTOS BY CHARLOTTE PEALE I f you’ve spent any time looking around the shelves at Monterey Market, the Local Butcher Shop, Berkeley Bowl, Three Stone Hearth, or online at Good Eggs, you may have noticed some pretty jars with very simple calligraphed white labels reading “ume boshi.” Filled with umeboshi, a salty, slightly sour pickled plum with wrinkly skin, the jars are from Ayako Iino, a culinary school graduate and alumna of both Oliveto and Boulettes Larder, who lives with her family in a bright, airy home in South Berkeley. Her company name is, aptly, Yumé Boshi. Recipes for the fruit ferment, a Japanese pantry staple, are as varied as those for dill pickles, which makes the delicate taste Iino achieves with simple ingredients—locally grown fruit, sea salt, and red shiso leaves—especially intriguing. Iino grew up in Japan watching her mother make traditional Japanese pickles and preserves, including umeboshi. She eventually began making them herself. “I lived in a 100-year old farm house in a village in rural Japan where I relocated from Tokyo,” Iino explains. “There I learned about rural living from grandmothers in the neighborhood, including umeboshi making: how to know when to harvest ume plums from your trees, how to prep, how to salt, how to sun dry, how to store. Every grandmother had slightly different methods and recipes. I also got a lot of information from books. And I learned through my taste buds, too.” After settling in California, Iino was delighted to find a farmer in the Central Valley growing Prunus mume, an Asian tree species more closely related to the apricot, which produces the traditional ume “plum.” The tree’s soft-pink, deeply fragrant spring blossoms give way to fruits with a light yellow-green skin. Finding the traditional ume inspired Iino to return to making umeboshi and other ume products. Preparing umeboshi starts in late May or June, when the fruit is harvested firm, green, and unripe. Iino uses sea salt to draw moisture out of the plums, retaining the liquid that drains off to use in making her aka umesu, a sweet and fruity red plum vinegar that’s good for dribbling on vegetables and Above: Ayako Iino (that’s her young son Kai peeking out from behind) with jars of her umeboshi, aka umesu vinegar, and deliciously sweet ume-peach preserve. Left: One of Iino’s succulent pickled plums, ready to eat! 22 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Your East Bay Herb Shop • • • • • • • Bulk Western & Chinese Herbs and Teas House-made Tinctures & Tea blends Custom Formulas Licensed practitioners on staff Herbal Education Books Medicine-making supplies Open Mon–Sat 9:30–6:30 344 40th Street, Oakland 510.923.0178 • fiveflavorsherbs.com Farmers’ Markets This Weekend San Leandro Farmers’ Market at Bayfair Center salads. Once the skin of the fruit has started to wrinkle, Iino lays out the plums on racks to sun-dry them for several days. Drying softens and tenderizes the fruit, contributing to its subtle and complex flavor. After drying, the fruit is placed in buckets where the pickles will mature through the summer. To the buckets she also adds fresh leaves from the red shiso plant, a Japanese herb of the mint family, which she sources from a local farmer who grows it for her using seeds saved from the previous year. The leaves react with the brine to give the fruits the deep pink color Iino is particularly proud of. Iino usually jars the pickles around mid-to-late August. The fermented plums are moist (not juicy or wet), with a distinct fruitiness and hints of anise and cinnamon from the shiso. The finished fruit smells like ripe cherries, and the salty and tart taste that characterizes umeboshi is particularly nuanced. In 2014, Iino produced about 600 jars of umeboshi. This year, she’s more than doubled her output, as well as that of her ume vinegar and specialty preserves. For her ume-peach jam, Iino sources yellow peaches—June Pride, Rich Lady, and Flavorcrest—from Woodleaf Farm in Oroville. June Pride has a reddish color which, together with organic sugar, gives the jam a dark orange color. The fermented umeboshi pickle is thought to have many healthful properties, in part due to its alkaline quality, which neutralizes acidity and aids digestion. A traditional part of a Japanese breakfast, umeboshi are typically served as a condiment on warm, steamed rice; inside an onigiri rice ball; stirred into miso, tea, or porridge; or as an accompaniment to a meal. A delightful traditional Japanese plum condiment! • edibleeastbay.com Saturdays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM Bayfair Center Parking Lot, San Leandro Diablo Valley Farmers’ Market Saturdays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM N. Wiget Ln. and Mitchell Dr. (Shadelands Business Park), Walnut Creek Moraga Farmers’ Market Sundays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM Moraga Road and Moraga Way, Moraga Center, Moraga CAFarmersMkts.com 800-806-3276 Providing Natural Health Care to the Bay Area for over 30 years! Women’s Health & Fertility • Complementary Cancer Care Inflammatory Conditions • Integrative Mental Health Call to schedule your complimentary 15-minute consultation 510-526-2028 Carol Lourie • www.CenterForNaturalHealthCare.com fall harvest 2015 23 Celebrate the Harvest! Retzlaff Winery Tasting room open M–Su noon–4:30pm, or by appt. 1356 S Livermore Ave, Livermore 925.447.8941 retzlaffwinery.com Fine wines made from estate-grown, certified-organic grapes. Lovely, historic grounds. Exceptional from vine to glass. Garré Winery Tasting room open F–Su 11:30am–5pm 7986 Tesla Rd, Livermore 925.371.8200 GarreWinery.com Dashe Cellars Tasting room near Taste a wide array of Jack London Square award-winning wines at open Th–Su, noon–6pm 55 4th St, Oakland our winery and tasting room 510.452.1800 near Jack London Square. dashecellars.com A glass from the past, a toast to the future. 55 4th Street, Oakland Old World inspiration and New World style: Michael and Open Thu–Sun, noon–6pm Anne Dashe, winemakers at Oakland’s largest working 510.452.1800 winery, specialize in exceptional vineyards and balanced, dashecellars.com complex wines. Steven Kent Winery Tasting room open daily noon–4:30pm 5443 Tesla Rd, Livermore 925.243.6442 StevenKent.com “Producing today’s greatest Livermore Cabernets, wines that hearken back to the valley’s roots as one of California’s best wine regions.” —Wine Enthusiast Frey Vineyards Frey Organic Wines Tasting Bar open daily 11am–5pm at the Solar Living Center/ Real Goods in Hopland, Mendocino County 707.744.1026 FreyWine.com Come and taste American’s first organic and biodynamic wines! Les Chênes Estate Vineyards Cheese pairings with wine tasting Sa & Su noon–4:30pm 5562 Victoria Ln, Livermore 925.373.1662 leschenesvine.com Rhône Renaissance in the Livermore Valley. 24 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY U FOODS AMERICAS of the E XH I B I T October 1 - 18 \| Daily 10 am - 4 pm P RO G RA M S Family Fun Day! Sunday, October 4 \| 10 am - 2 pm Growing Food in the Bay Area’s Secret Season with Pam Pierce Saturday, October 10 \| 10 am - 12 pm Fall Harvest Benefit Dinner Saturday, October 17 \| 5:30 - 8 pm Colors of the Americas: Natural Dye Workshop Sunday, October 18 \| 1pm - 4pm Botanical Illustration: Fall Fruit Thursday, October 22 \| 10 am - 4 pm The Occidental Arts & Ecology Cookbook Author Event with Olivia Rathbone Saturday, October 24 \| 10 am - 12 pm UC Botanical Garden \| 200 Centennial Drive, Berkeley For more info and to register - botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu The Beauty of Four Seasons Brought to You by a Family Owned and Operated Garden Center You’ll find a way to celebrate every season when you pay us a visit. Coming in October: Our Annual Harvest Festival • Something Fun Every Weekend! Join us on Saturday October 24th for our Holiday Open House Certified Nursery Staff • Rare & Unusual Plants Distinctive Gifts • Floral Design Services Open Daily 9-5:30 • 925-284-4474 Hwy 24, Acalanes Exit at 4010 Mt. Diablo Blvd. in Lafayette • www.orchardnursery.com edibleeastbay.com HOME BASE At Alameda Point Collaborative, farming helps to break the cycle of homelessness “I never wanted to be a farmer; that was hard work,” says Vincent Figueroa, who came to farming relatively late in life. The 56-year-old self-described former drug addict arrived at Alameda Point Collaborative (APC) two years ago in need of housing, work, and support for his sobriety. When Figueroa’s case manager offered him an $8 per hour job-training slot in APC’s Farm2Market program, he stepped up to the challenge. At APC, formerly homeless people like Figueroa find themselves in permanent housing supported by an array of on-site social services. Situated on the grounds of the decommissioned Alameda Naval Air Station, APC opened in 1999 and operates 200 units of housing on 34 acres. Of their 500 residents, 300 are children or youth, and one adult family member must have a mental health disorder or physical disability to qualify. Don’t Be Afraid BY RACHEL TRACHTEN PHOTOS BY LINDSAY DOBBS Figueroa has always loved to cook, but he had no experience growing food. On the farm, he appreciated the chance to learn. He describes the process with a sense of awe: “To plant something from a little seedling and then watch it pop up and plant it in the field and watch it grow, then pick it and sell it.” He adds that the experience taught him about vegetables like Asian eggplant and Napa cabbage, and how to cook with zucchini. Figueroa’s 21-year-old son had also entered the training program, but quit. Then Figueroa convinced his son to rejoin so they could be trainees together. Both enjoyed the parent-child bonding experience, something Figueroa says he missed out on with his other children because of his drug use. “I was teaching him how to drive the fork lift,” he says of the time he and his son spent on the farm, “and how to weed and get down on your hands and knees and get grimy and dirty, and don’t be afraid.” Evan Krokowski supervises the training program, which combines hands-on farm work with sales of weekly produce boxes through the farm’s CSA program. Cohorts of 3 to 6 trainees work 20 hours per week during each six-month training session, starting with two weeks in the office for a job skills review. Krokowski views his trainees as a potential employer would, identifying any barriers to maintaining employment and seeking help from APC casework staff when barriers arise. For example, if a trainee isn’t reliably showing up to work, Krokowski alerts a caseworker, who can arrange for needed childcare or extra emotional support to help the trainee commit to a daily schedule. Krokowski says his focus is on building skills essential to any job, like being on time, following through on tasks, and communicating well with supervisors and coworkers. And the farm tasks also carry over into other types of work. “Yes, we’re gardening and growing food,” he says, “but really we’re creating a product and doing quality control and inventory; we’re filling orders; on the back end we’re doing marketing and sales and customer service.” Chicken Three Squash Delight Interacting with customers turned out to be a strong suit for the outgoing Figueroa, who says he developed the gift of gab once he stopped using drugs. When CSA customers asked him what to do with so many zucchini, he gave them the recipe for his Chicken Three Squash Delight, a dish that also The farm at Alameda Point Collaborative supports a thriving CSA program and serves as a job-training site for formerly homeless residents. 26 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Farm2Market program coordinator Evan Krokowski (left) and trainee Willie Key wash and bunch bok choy for CSA boxes. features oyster sauce, garlic, red onions, and avocado. Likewise, he had advice for making the most of an abundance of tomatoes. “Don’t just use them for one thing; dehydrate them to make sundried tomatoes, make sauce, then freeze it,” he told CSA customers. Figueroa had been driving the farm’s CSA produce to the pick-up site at Alameda’s Buena Vista United Methodist Church and getting to know church congregants while talking tomatoes. “The people were so loving, and I got attached to them, and they got attached to me,” he says. Last December he was baptized in the church and became part of the congregation. He attends every Sunday. Proceeds from the Farm2Market CSA support the farm and training program, and Krokowski says they have the capacity to add more people to their CSA roster. The fruits and veggies are pesticide free, with two pick-up sites available, one on each end of Alameda Island. Water used to wash CSA produce is recycled to sprinkle on growing plants. The farm is home to 15 beehives and a good composting operation, which accepts additional green waste donated by Alameda neighbors Hangar 1, St. George Spirits, and Rock Wall Wine Company. Right next to the farm is the Ploughshares Nursery, a social enterprise of APC that gives its income to APC’s supportive housing programs. (Additional funding comes from the federal Department of Housing & Urban Development, and residents pay 30% of their income toward rent.) The sprawling nursery space is packed with drought-tolerant plants, California natives, and demonstration areas. “We want to show people how easy it is,” says Jeff Bridge, the operation’s general manager. His demo sites feature straw-bale gardening, native strawberries used as ground cover, a chicken coop, and a habitat with a birdbath basin to attract bees and butterflies. The nursery hosts free gardening workshops throughout the year, and a new nursery building, complete with solar power, greywater recycling, and a living roof, is under construction. As a trainee in the Farm2Market program, Vincent Figueroa developed the skills and confidence that launched him toward culinary training and catering work. (Photo by Rachel Trachten) Making the Leap About 30 people, ranging in age from 18 to 60-something, have graduated from the Farm2Market program. (The farm has been an adult job-training site for 2.5 years; before that it hosted a program geared toward youth and food justice.) Some graduates have moved on to jobs in commercial kitchens or training programs in solar panel installation; others went on to complete their GED, and several were hired by the City of Alameda for building and grounds maintenance. Figueroa followed his passion for cooking to the Kitchen of Champions culinary training program at St. Vincent de Paul, which serves 1000 meals daily to homeless people. In addition, he has part-time work with a local catering company. Krokowski says that although APC offers permanent housing, the goal is to get each individual and family to a place where they feel stable and supported enough to decide to move on. Once people have faced the trauma of being homeless, he says, “the decision to leave this permanent, stable situation is a huge leap.” Figueroa hopes to make that leap some day. “I want to move up,” he says, “and as I move up I want to give somebody else a chance to be in this permanent housing; I’d like to land a good job and let someone else be in my place; it’s like a circle.” • apcollaborative.org, Farm2Market CSA: squareup.com/market/farm2market-csa edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 27 side dish INTERVIEW BY ANNA MINDESS Two widely respected East Bay entrepreneurs are celebrating ten-year milestones in the food and publishing worlds. Cheryl Angelina Koehler marks a decade as editor and publisher of Edible East Bay, and Dianne Jacob celebrates the 10-year anniversary of Will Write for Food (known to many as the “food writer’s bible”) with the of publication of an updated 3rd edition. She also coaches food writers and is co-author of two pizza books: Grilled Pizzas & Piadinas, and The United States of Pizza, both with chef Craig Priebe. In this interview, Cheryl and Dianne share their wisdom and reveal the journeys that brought them here. Anna: A decade ago, both of you refashioned your careers after successful runs in other positions. What were you doing before you made that big switch in mid-life? Cheryl Angelina Koehler: Five years before the opportunity to found Edible East Bay fell into my lap, I ended my career as a modern dance choreographer, performer, and costumer with the intent of writing for a living. Through college and after, I also found employment as a cook and baker, but cooking as a life profession never struck me as a good idea. Dianne Jacob: Since the 1970s, I’ve been a journalist and magazine editor for newspapers, and city and international magazines. I became self-employed almost 20 years ago, but it took me a while to make the leap into food writing. It’s a tough way to make a living. Anna: What motivated that change? Cheryl: I had grown weary of the endless search for funding and the constant need to coax the public and the press to take note of the ardent work my felEDIBLE EAST BAY low dancers and I were engaged in. Nonfiction seemed to be my calling, especially with the discovery that as a journalist I had an open ticket to explore the real world. I started by chronicling my own projects, with my first published story on a snail ranching experiment, but became increasingly grateful for opportunities to report on other people doing wildly fascinating things. Member of Edible Communities Autumn 2005 Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Number 1 east bay charcuterie • knoll organics • livermore valley wines • amity works Premiere issue: Edible East Bay, Fall 2005 Illustration by Lila Volkas Dianne: I’d written and edited on many subjects, but rarely food. I missed my parents and their obsession with cooking as a way to identify themselves and their cultural inheritance. I had to give myself permission to dive in as a food writer. It’s still easier for me to approach it as an editor and coach. Dianne, you travel across the country and the world teaching food writing workshops and Cheryl, you are involved with Edible Communities publications all over North America. What do you feel is special about the East Bay and its food scene? Cheryl: The East Bay is full of food artists and innovators. We developed a large urban orbit of organic farming here earlier than it appeared elsewhere, due to our good land and good climate, along with the Bay Area’s forward-thinking population that sees clean, wholesome, and beautiful food as a life necessity. I feel most moved by the way East Bay activism has distinguished our local food community. In 2007, at one of the early Edible Communities conferences, I surprised some other publishers when I used the term “food justice” in describing what I felt was distinctive about my East Bay beat. Now, eight years later, food justice is a topic of national interest. I’m sure the change is not fast enough for the sick and the hungry, but the work is going in a positive direction. Dianne: Well said, Cheryl. The East Bay has a radical food justice edge that I respect. Oakland is, after all, home of the Black Panthers, who served free school breakfasts to children. What changes have you observed in the last 10 years in terms of writers’ and readers’ interests? Cheryl: Advances in technology and communications have dramatically reshaped the food world and reporting on it: Blogging and social media have changed the way people produce and access information. 28 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Tania Balazs HOME INSIGHT Molecular gastronomy has become part of kitchen technique and the lingo around it, and findings from research in microbiology are spurring a revolution in interest in ancient arts of food production. On the dark side are the looming effects of environmental degradation and climate change, which are requiring us to rethink agricultural and food system practices, as well as how they are financed. For a Realtor with a green thumb, a big heart and integrity. 510.206.2686 taniahomeinsight.com CalBRE # 01469906 Dianne: Food blogging has upended the print world and forced it to compete. The online world has taken over as we move to mobile devices, yet cookbooks continue to sell. We can devour food writing on any topic: micro blogs where writers gush over smoothies, and macro pieces about food politics around the world. Special diets— paleo, gluten-free, vegan—have moved into the mainstream. Both of you were writers and moved up to being editors. Are you still reinventing yourselves? Cheryl: I’m a lifelong entrepreneur, often the person leading projects. Upon switching to writing, I immediately found editing opportunities. I’m also a designer and continue to earn my keep by offering my design skills to others. I currently do magazine layout for eight other Edible Communities publications. Dianne: I’m thrilled with this current incarnation: writing coach, food writer, book and manuscript editor, speaker, and teacher, with clients and workshops around the world. What are your favorite East Bay food hangouts? Cheryl: I like to walk to the store and have been lucky to live (at different times) near Rockridge Market Hall and Monterey Market, two of the East Bay’s best food markets. I also love visiting all the farmers’ markets to learn how each is unique, but I often find I’m too busy getting to know the farmers and artisans to get any real shopping done. It’s a hazard of my job. For eating out, what matters most is whom I’m with and whether it’s quiet enough to enjoy a good conversation. Dianne: I’ve been going to the Grand Lake Farmers’ Market forever, but sometimes it’s a zoo. I retreat to my little Montclair market, where I know many of the organic farmers. As for restaurants, I never tire of Champa Garden. My new favorite is Fusebox. Home of Devilishly Good Dry Farmed Tomato www.thomasfarmorganic.com 831.768.7262 – [email protected] And what do you see yourself doing during the next 10 years? Cheryl: Lately I have reinvested myself in writing, which I find the most labor-intensive of all the labors, but also the most rewarding. If I can find the time, I’d like to write another book [Koehler is the author of Touring the Sierra Nevada]. Dianne: Slowing down to write more personal essays. I’ve also teamed up with colleagues to offer food-writing workshops around the world. Travel will be a continuing delight. • edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 29 Enjoy the great flavors of fresh California extra-virgin olive oil! We Olive Walnut Creek—the Olive Oil Experience Come in to 1364 N Main Street, Walnut Creek, and taste local California extra virgin olive oils certified by the California Olive Oil Council. This beautiful store brings the Napa Valley to Walnut Creek to ignite a flame of culinary imagination. Celebrate fresh, healthy foods made with ingredients from local artisans. 925.280.4574, walnutcreek.weolive.com Inzana Ranch Usually crushed in December and late February in California, Inzana’s Mission, Manzanillo, Sevillano, Frantoio, and Leccino olives are hand picked and blended into soft, smooth, and flowery extra-virgin olive oils with a peppery and very slight artichoke sweetness. Visit them at their farm in Hughson and at these East Bay farmers’ markets: Grand Lake, Irvington, Montclair, Pleasanton, and Temescal. Call 209.883.2935 or order online at InzanaRanch.com. Séka Hills MoonShadow Grove From this traditional-planting old-growth estate come three single varietal organic extra virgin oils (Mission, Manzanillo, Ascolano), a custom blend (Miscela), and two organic co-pressed citrus oils (Mandarin Orange, Meyer Lemon). These oils have already won three golds in New York International Oil Competition, another Best of Show and two golds in LA International Oil Competition, and Best of Show and two golds in NAPA Olive Oil Competition. Visit moonshadowgrove.com for more information. 30 fall harvest 2015 Arbequina Estate grown and milled by the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation in Northern California’s Capay Valley, the Tribe’s ancestral homeland, this certified extra virgin olive oil is available at grocery stores and specialty food retailers throughout the Bay Area. Please visit the Séka Hills Olive Mill and Tasting Room just off Hwy 16, 19326 County Rd 78, Brooks, CA. SekaHills.com/Olive-Oil CAPAY VALLEY CALIFORNIA EDIBLE EAST BAY Distant Shores Victorine Valley Farms Taste this family farm’s Tuscanblend and varietal extra virgin olive oils at their tasting room: 21 S Livermore Ave, Livermore, Th–Su 11–5, and at the Danville Saturday and Livermore year-round farmers’ markets. 925.454.8777 VictorineValley.com We bring the best of Spain and Portugal to your table, as well as exotic and hard-to-find ingredients from around the world. Gear Paella Pans for a cozy dinner for 2 to a party for 200 people, Terracotta Cazuelas, Tagines, Hand-painted Ceramics, & Cookbooks Ingredients Saffron, Bomba Rice, Chorizo, Smoked Paprika, Manchego Cheese, Anchovy-Stuffed Olives, Harissa, & Preserved Lemons Crisp Whites, Dry Rosados, Lush Reds, Cava Rare Sherries, Ports & Madeiras Stonehouse California Olive Oil The Spanish Table 1814 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley Mon–Sat 10am to 6pm, Sun 11am to 5pm spanishtable.com, spanishtablewines.com Available at the San Francisco Ferry Building, Flowerland in Albany, The Local Butcher Shop in Berkeley, and Standard Fare in Berkeley. Also online at stonehouseoliveoil.com Frantoio Grove Made from the Tuscan olive variety, Frantoio, this fruity complex oil is milled in the grower’s own mill on their San Martin property. Certified extra virgin by COOC, it’s a Good Food Award winner and has garnered LA and New York International Gold Medals. Available at Pasta Shop, Healdsburg Shed, Draeger’s, Bi-Rite Market (public label), and other fine food stores. Frantoiogrove.com edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 31 SEVEN STARS OF THE HARVEST SEASON BY JESSICA PRENTICE Jessica Prentice, Maggie Gosselin, and Sarah Klein created the Local Foods Wheel to help us all enjoy the freshest, tastiest, and most ecologically sound food choices month by month. Here are seven of Jessica’s seasonal favorites illustrated by Sarah Klein (sarahklein.com) with coloring by Maggie Gosselin. You can learn more about the Local Foods Wheel and the group’s other ventures at localfoodswheel.com. I first discovered chayote on a visit with my godmother in the Chiapas highlands. Early in the chilly, foggy mornings, I would walk across the colonial town of San Cristóbal de las Casas to the huge market, where women and men from the surrounding Mayan villages would come, each in their distinctive dress, to sell produce. Returning with a couple of pale green chayotes and a little packet of ground toasted pumpkin seeds, I’d slice up this distinctive Mexican squash and sauté it with the pumpkin seeds to serve as a side dish. Nearly two decades later I was reminded of that magical month when I found locally grown chayotes at a Berkeley farmers’ market. They seemed starchier than their Chiapas cousins, and pricklier than I remember, but inside they were creamy and calming, sweet and soothing. To deal with the spines, I cut the chayote into big chunks, steam it until tender, let it cool a bit, then peel off the skin. Mashed with plenty of butter, the flesh is a delicious alternative to mashed potatoes. Chayote is a Bay Area permaculture favorite, since it’s a perennial here and the vines love to climb up walls and fences. You might harvest the squash as early as September or as late as December. I once made a big mistake while preparing a traditional chiles en nogada (stuffed poblano chiles with walnut sauce) for about 50 people, and underestimated the peppers’ spice level as I stuck my bare hand in chile after chile to pull out the seeds. By the time dinner was served, my hand was on fire. The only way I could fall asleep that night was with my hand in a bowl of ice water. Nevertheless, I love poblanos and am grateful for the hard lesson they taught me. Chile relleno—a fire-roasted poblano stuffed with cheese and then fried in batter and served with a mild tomato sauce—is one of my all-time favorite meals. Oregano, the quintessential Italian herb that makes pizza taste like pizza is one of the easiest herbs to grow in our dry area. It takes little water and produces a huge and hearty plant that practically begs to be harvested. It’s also a powerful medicinal herb, which is known to be effective against intestinal parasites, nasal congestion, flu viruses, and menstrual cramps. A simple oregano tea can be made by steeping the leaves in boiling water. As the prices for supplements are often inflated, and the side effects of pharmaceuticals are frightening, backyard healthcare appeals to me more and more. I absolutely love duck. The meat is rich, flavorful, and moist, and why chicken is so much more popular I can’t begin to fathom. I like the breast roasted rare or cured and the legs braised or confited. Duck prosciutto is something I’ve learned we can make at home, so someday I may raise meat ducks in my side yard. When I was young, my family had a dear friend who had been a strict vegetarian ever since living on an ashram. Everything she cooked tasted amazing: Lentils, greens, potatoes, beans, and other vegetables seemed to melt in my mouth. When I wondered at the flavor, my father replied, “Well, she uses about a pound of ghee for every meal!” These days, I don’t know where my kitchen would be without ghee. We love the local product made by Ancient Organics, but my partner Jake likes to make this staple at home. He slowly melts a pound of butter in a heavy-bottomed pan and then simmers it until it gets “strangely quiet.” Then he strains out the milk solids through a mesh strainer as he pours the liquid butter into a pint mason jar. Ghee is one of the planet’s most perfect cooking fats. It can be heated to a very high smoking point and is full of fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K2. It can be tolerated by many people who have reactions to other dairy products. Oh, and it makes everything extremely delicious! When I was a child, the myth of Persephone struck me powerfully. Hades abducted her to the underworld, but convinced her to eat a few pomegranate seeds (arils), which gave her the ability to return home annually for a few months each year to bring us winter. I can’t eat pomegranate seeds without thinking of her. Last year I discovered an easier way to get the arils out of the fruit so we can enjoy these mysterious, delicious, nutritious, and beautiful seeds: Cut the fruit in half (not from pole to pole, but along the equator). Hold the fruit cut-side down in your hand over a large bowl, and with the other hand, beat on the fruit with a wooden spoon as you rotate it, allowing the arils to fall through your fingers into the bowl. Repeat with the other half, and you may find you can get all the seeds from a pomegranate in about five minutes. I have always had a funny relationship with walnuts and have often picked them out of baked goods or pushed them off a salad. On the other hand, sauces featuring walnuts, like pesto, tarator, nogada, and Circassian chicken, have an endlessly romantic allure for me. I finally determined my problem might be with the high level of tannic acid, so now I soak walnuts in salt-water and then dehydrate them. This reduces both tannic and phytic acids and increases the walnuts’ digestibility, flavor, and nutrient availability. When my partner and son foraged some English walnuts off a wellestablished tree last fall, we got out a few tools and with 20 minutes of work, we had enough fresh, local walnut meat to make this recipe: 32 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY PERSIAN DUCK IN POMEGRANATE WALNUT SAUCE (FESENJAN) Walnut trees and pomegranate trees both thrive in Mediterranean climates, so it’s no surprise to see them paired in Mediterranean recipes as well. A rich, sweet-sour sauce of simmered pomegranate juice and walnuts is the essence of fesenjan, a Persian stew featuring poultry, but sometimes made with lamb, meatballs, or eggplant instead. I use local pomegranate juice produced by Smit Farms or Blossom Bluff Orchards. Serves 4 1½ cups walnuts 2 teaspoons Celtic sea salt Filtered water 4 whole duck legs ¼ cup lime juice (or substitute a different citrus juice) 2 tablespoons ghee 2 medium onions, sliced thinly into rounds or half-moons 1½ cups pomegranate juice 1 cup chicken-bone broth 1 inch piece of cinnamon stick A few gratings of nutmeg A pinch of saffron ½ teaspoon Celtic sea salt Photo by Jessica Prentice Additional salt, as needed More citrus juice, as needed Honey, as needed Fresh ground pepper to taste Optional garnishes: Fresh pomegranate arils (seeds) Minced fresh parsley Toasted walnut pieces edibleeastbay.com The day before you plan to serve this dish, dissolve ½ teaspoon Celtic sea salt in a bowl with about a cup of filtered water. Add the walnuts plus enough additional water to cover nuts by 1 to 2 inches. Allow to sit in a warm place overnight. Also, sprinkle the duck legs with the citrus juice and allow to marinate in the fridge for 1 hour to overnight. To bake and serve the dish, preheat the oven to 250°. Strain the salt water off the walnuts and using a food processor, purée the walnuts into a paste. Heat the ghee in a wide heavy-bottomed oven-safe pot and brown the duck legs on both sides. Remove to a plate. Add the onions to the fat and sauté until translucent. Add the walnut paste and cook, stirring, for a few minutes until the paste begins to brown. Add pomegranate juice, chicken-bone broth, cinnamon, nutmeg, saffron, salt, and duck legs. Bring to a simmer and then cover and put in the preheated oven. Let bake for an hour (or more), then remove the pot from the oven and check the duck legs. If the meat is tender, remove the duck legs from the pan and set aside. If not, continue to cook unlidded over low heat on the stove until the duck is tender, then remove. To make the sauce thick and smooth, transfer the cooking liquid to a smaller pot and purée it using an immersion blender. Return it to the pan and cook, unlidded, stirring frequently, until the sauce gets thick and becomes a chocolate brown color. This could take 20 minutes or more, depending on how thick and dark you want it. Taste the sauce. If it is too tangy, adjust as needed with salt, citrus juice, honey, and pepper. If you made this dish in advance, you can let the sauce sit for several hours, or even refrigerate the sauce and the duck separately overnight. When you are almost ready to serve, preheat a broiler. (If the duck legs are cold, put them in the oven for 20 minutes or so to heat through, then proceed.) Put the duck legs in a heat-safe pan and broil until the skin crisps up a bit. Meanwhile, reheat the sauce. To serve, pour the sauce onto a shallow serving platter. Place the duck legs on top and garnish as desired with parsley, pomegranate arils, and walnut pieces. Serve with steamed basmati rice and a vegetable. fall harvest 2015 33 ROASTED BAY NUTS Northern California’s indigenous cacao STORY, PHOTOS, AND RECIPE BY KRISTEN RASMUSSEN Y ou can’t go far in a Bay Area wild area without coming across Umbellularia californica, the California bay laurel tree. A native of the Pacific West, it’s a close cousin to the Mediterranean tree Laurus nobilis, which produces the bay leaves we buy at the store. Many people cook with our wild bay leaves in lieu of storebought, but they learn to use them in moderation, since they are quite a bit more pungent. However, the real culinary gem of this ubiquitous plant is its nuts. Foragers start gathering them here in October. In hotter climes (or even here, with this crazy weather we’ve been having), the nuts might be falling from the trees as early as September. The flavor of the roasted bay nut evokes a combination of coffee and dark chocolate and offers a dessert-like decadence rarely found in foraged plants. It’s simply and consistently a wild-edible crowd pleaser. This dark and mysterious seed is actually a close relative of the avocado: When fresh, it resembles an avocado pit with a thin layer of green flesh around it. The flesh changes from a bright green when young to purple when ripe, and the whole fruit is technically edible (although it rots very quickly). Before roasting, bay nuts have a strongly astringent and bitter flavor, like that of uncured olives or acorns, and should not be consumed. After proper roasting, the nuts can be used creatively in many ways—such as in a mole or ricotta cheesecake—or simply eaten on their own. (Try them with whiskey around a campfire!) Bay nuts have stimulating compounds similar to caffeine, and if eaten in large quantities they may cause digestive issues for some people. Like with all new foods, it’s a good idea to consume with caution at first. Foraging and Processing Bay nuts can be collected right off the ground. You’re likely to find the outside flesh to be brown and soft, but sometimes you can find the The forager’s bowl (top photo) is filled with very ripe bay nuts. In her hand (second photo down) she compares an unripe bay nut covered in bright green flesh to one with no flesh left on it at all. Pulling the flesh away from a ripe nut (third photo down), she demonstrates the bay nut’s resemblance to an avocado. The bottom photo shows some perfectly roasted bay nuts. Their shells crack open during roasting. 34 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY nuts without the flesh, which is even better. Do not pick up nuts that look moldy. To process them, peel off the flesh and continue to discard any nuts that you find are rotten. Wash the nuts, removing any excess goop, and lay on a cloth towel or baking sheet to allow any remaining moisture to evaporate. Complete the drying process by storing in a dark place for two weeks. They should be stored in an open bowl or jar or in paper bags. You can store them like this for up to two years. Roasting and Eating Roast the nuts at 350° on a baking sheet in a single layer. This usually takes about 1 to 1½ hours, but you’ll know they’re done when the insides look brown/black. (Some nuts will crack open, so this should be easy to see.) Alternately, you can up the temperature to as high as 450° and bake for 45 minutes. Either way works, just check them every 30 minutes. When they’re done, you can crack open the shells with a nutcracker and enjoy the nuts in any way you choose. • edibleeastbay.com BAY NUT CHICKEN MOLE Traditionally, moles get their robust coffee-cacao flavor from chocolate, but roasted bay nuts are a great alternative for a similar rich-but-wild flavor. Serves 6 2½ pounds skinless chicken thighs and/ or legs 1–2 teaspoons salt (or to taste) 2 tablespoons grapeseed (or other neutral flavored) oil, divided 1½ cups low-sodium chicken broth Juice and zest from 2 blood oranges 2 cinnamon sticks 1 yellow onion, chopped ¼ cup almonds, chopped 3 large garlic cloves, diced 2 teaspoons cumin seeds 2 teaspoons coriander seeds 1½ ounces dried pasilla chiles, stemmed, seeded, and torn into strips ½ ounce dried negro chiles, stemmed, seeded, and torn into strips 3 prunes, chopped 1 teaspoon dried oregano 2 ounces roasted bay nuts, chopped (Mexican chocolate can be substituted for bay nuts, brown sugar, and cinnamon) 1 tablespoon brown sugar Chopped fresh cilantro, queso fresco, avocado, and corn tortillas (to serve) Rub chicken all over with salt. Heat 1 tablespoon oil in large pot over medium-high heat. Brown chicken (about 3 minutes per side). Add broth, blood orange juice, and cinnamon sticks then bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium-low, then cover and simmer until chicken is tender and just cooked through, about 25 minutes. Meanwhile, heat remaining 1 tablespoon oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onions and garlic and sauté until softened and beginning to caramelize, about 10–12 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add almonds, cumin, coriander, and chiles. Reduce heat to medium-low and cook while stirring until chiles soften, about 4 minutes. Using tongs, transfer chicken from pot to a large bowl. Pour chicken cooking liquid into saucepan with onionchile mixture. (No need to wash the pot, since you’ll use it again shortly.) Add blood orange zest, prunes, oregano, bay nuts, and brown sugar to saucepan. Cover and simmer until chiles are very soft, stirring occasionally, about 30 minutes. Remove and discard cinnamon sticks. Transfer sauce mixture to a food processor or blender and purée until smooth; return to reserved pot. Season sauce to taste with salt. Coarsely shred chicken and return to sauce; stir to coat and re-heat chicken. Serve over homemade corn tortillas topped with cilantro springs, avocado, and queso fresco (as desired). The dish pairs well with vinegary red cabbage slaw (the vinegar is a great contrast to the dark, rich mole) and roasted delicata or butternut squash. fallharvest harvest2015 2015 35 35 fall DEPARTMENT OF DROUGHT ADAPTATION It comes down to eating bugs iStock illustration STORY, PHOTOS, AND RECIPE BY MELISSA FAIRCHILD CLARK 36 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY A s this readership possesses the inherently openminded nature of an innovative society, and this writer is vehemently against bait-and-switch, allow me to be entirely transparent: I’m here to talk about eating bugs. On purpose. For a purpose. It’s probably not a stretch for me to assume that some background might be required as to why we should eat bugs. That California is in a historic drought comes as news to no one, and that our food system needs to shift its focus towards more sustainable practices is also old hat. But we sometimes take things that are old hat for granted and forget the hard-hitting statistics, so here is some surprising background: California provides a third of the vegetables, two-thirds of the fruits and nuts, and 90% of the wine grown and produced in the United States, a staggering output for a single state, made even more miraculous considering it’s a state with three deserts. Agriculture is sucking down 80% of the state’s water, 10% of which is consumed by the almond industry, requiring a daunting one-gallon-per-nut. Of the remaining 70%, the protein industry shows alarming numbers. Producing a single pound of beef requires 2,500 gallons of water. In human terms, that means ten hamburgers require as much water as we use to shower in an entire year. (This fact was a devastating blow to this lady who, no matter what she just ate, would have rather had a cheeseburger.) If we continue down this path-of-protein, producing a single pound of pork requires 800 gallons; chicken, 567; an egg, 53. All together, livestock is responsible for consuming between 100 and 250 million gallons of water each day. Vegetarians and vegans aren’t off the hook either: A pound of soy requires 216 gallons of water to produce. Even the least impactful of our current sources of protein, the egg, takes 155% more water to produce than a human is recommended to use in a single day (34 gallons). That’s without considering that said egg needed to come from a grown chicken (water required). What then do we do with this conundrum? For countless cooks like me, along with legions of start-up entrepreneurs, food scientists, and environmental activists, the situation looks like a truly exciting opportunity for innovation within the food community and a revolution within the eaters’ world, as we introduce edible insects to U.S. and European markets. To begin activating this sustainable protein economy, companies like Bitty Foods, Exo, and Chapul are looking where 80% of the world has been looking for centuries: the cricket. Cousins of our beloved shrimp, our coveted crab, our revered lobster, crickets are, as Bitty co-founder Leslie Ziegler describes, “nutritionally complete, contain[ing] fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and a slew of other important vitamins and minerals. They take up just 2 square feet of pasture per pound versus beef ’s 200 square feet. They emit zero greenhouse gases. And pertinent to this conversation, they require only 1 gallon of water for every 1 pound grown. Even the United Nations put out a report calling edible insects a ‘key to global food security.’” Go ahead, read that again. I read it three or four times to let the impact of that statement sink in. edibleeastbay.com Cousins of our beloved shrimp, our coveted crab, our revered lobster, crickets are, as Bitty co-founder Leslie Ziegler describes, “nutritionally complete, contain[ing] fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and a slew of other important vitamins and minerals. They take up just 2 square feet of pasture per pound versus beef ’s 200 square feet. They emit zero greenhouse gases. And pertinent to this conversation, they require only 1 gallon of water for every 1 pound grown. Even the United Nations put out a report calling edible insects a ‘key to global food security.’” fall harvest 2015 37 Important note: Crickets are essentially “land shrimp” (the chitin in their exoskeleton is the same as that of shrimp and other shellfish), so eating them is not recommended for those with shellfish allergies. Now, we all eat with our eyes first, so before you begin picturing eating a whole cricket, allow me to put your mind at ease and say that cricket protein sources on the U.S. market now are taking on innocuous, familiar, and enticing shapes such as protein bars and even cookies. The companies tackling this challenge have endeavored to make the world’s most abundant and sustainable protein source not just palatable, but delicious. With both top-down support from chefs like René Redzepi of Noma in Copenhagen and Tyler Florence of Wayfare Tavern in San Francisco and bottom-up support from such cultures as Thai, Mexican, and Chinese, we are facing both gourmet and traditional arguments for discovering the abundant, exciting flavor combinations that involve insects. Does an ant that tastes like lemongrass sound exciting? René Redzepi found it does. And does a pan-fried cricket with garlic and lime sound like an awesome alternative to nuts as a bar snack? Oaxacans have been crunching on those for years. Chapul and Exo make gourmet energy bars from their house-made cricket powder, Chapul importing flavor inspiration from cultures that have been happily eating crickets for centuries—try their Aztec bar with chocolate, coffee, and cayenne or the Thai bar with coconut, ginger, and lime. Exo creates more Americanized flavors like peanut butter and jelly or apple cinnamon. Bitty specifically dry roasts crickets that have been humanely euthanized and takes the toasted, nutty flavored hoppers to a mill, where they are ground into a superfine, high-protein powder. The powder is then mixed with other gluten- and grain-free flours to form a paleo-friendly cup-for-cup flour replacement with vastly higher and more diverse nutritional benefits than our familiar all-purpose flour. They sell this flour to home cooks and also use it in their cookies, which come in aromatic flavors like orange ginger, cocoa spice, and chocolate chip. As someone who has eaten crickets and other bugs before (in fact, so have you, knowingly or not, since the average pound of all-purpose flour has about eight insects in it), tried all of these products multiple times, eats the cookies, bakes with the flour regularly (as a contracted baker, recipe tester, and recipe developer with Bitty Foods), and holds flavor and texture in the highest regard, I can confidently say that the most “cricket flavor” you get is a nuttiness from the roasting process. If no one told me, I would never know that I was getting a concentrated boost of protein in my delicious snack. Instead, I’m more likely to notice how much fun it is to enjoy such treats while helping shift our food economy towards a sustainable protein source. • Curious about other edible insects that live in the Bay Area? Besides crickets, carpenter ants and dragonflies are worth a try. Many human cultures regard bee larvae as a valuable food, due to the baby bees’ rich diet of honey, pollen, and royal jelly; however, they are surely troublesome to harvest and it’s not recommended to do so for the sustainability of this fragile species. 38 fall harvest 2015 COME EAT PIE! Sweet, savory, local, fresh 32990 AlvaradoNiles Road Union City NILESPIE.COM ZUCCHINI, SWEET POTATO, APPLE SPICE CRICKET BREAD If cookies and energy bars aren’t your thing but you want to experiment with the flour, try this zucchini bread recipe, one of my favorites: 2 cups cricket flour 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon ½ teaspoon ground nutmeg ½ teaspoon ground cloves ½ teaspoon ground dried ginger ⅛ teaspoon nutmeg 1 teaspoon baking soda ¼ teaspoon baking powder ¼ teaspoon salt 1 cup granulated sugar ½ cup light brown sugar ¾ cup vegetable or grapeseed oil 3 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla ½ cup shredded apple (about 1 apple) 1½ cups shredded zucchini (about 2 medium zucchini) 1½ cups peeled and shredded sweet potato (I used leftover cooked sweet potato for one trial which worked well too) ½ cup chopped walnuts (optional) Preheat the oven to 350° and butter a 9x5 loaf pan. Combine the dry ingredients in a bowl, leaving the sugar out. Combine the sugar, eggs, oil, and vanilla in the bowl of a stand mixer. When the sugar looks well combined into the wet ingredients, add edibleeastbay.com the shredded zucchini, sweet potato, and apple until evenly distributed. Add the combined dry ingredients, ½ cup at a time until everything is well incorporated. Pour the dough into the prepared baking dish and bake for 1 hour 20 minutes, or until a toothpick stuck in the center comes out clean. Allow to cool for at least an hour before serving. I recommend toasting or warming a slice under the broiler and serving with a good smear of butter. Photo by Erin Scott Spice up your dinner routine. Get the freshest spices, hand-mixed blends and spice know-how. 546 Grand Ave, Oakland t h re e stone h e a rt h a community supported kitchen Nourishing Foods, Traditional Wisdom, Building Community order online for pickup or delivery • check online for new Saturday open store hours threestonehearth.com fall harvest 2015 39 “WITH PERPETUITY IN MIND” A piece of land brings security to City Slicker Farms BY JILLIAN LAUREL STEINBERGER \| PHOTOS BY CARMEN SILVA I t’s a new chapter in an organization’s life: After enduring the rigors of farming on borrowed land since 2001, City Slicker Farms is turning yet another blighted lot in West Oakland into a lush food oasis—but this time on its own land. The lack of land security had always loomed large. “The Farm Park’s got everything: a functioning farm, a functioning park, a functioning playground, a functioning farmstand. I’m excited that we’ll be able to have so many different people come here. It’s a destination point in West Oakland, something to do here, somewhere to be.” —Farm Park Council member Samaki Dorsey, a City Slicker backyard garden mentor 40 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Now, gone are the fears of having to uproot established farms when an old site becomes unavailable, which has happened many times. Now the hardworking staff at this nonprofit can relax, take a breath, connect to place, and let roots grow deep. “The new site is an urban agriculture education hub that brings all the pieces of the program together,” says Ariel Dekovic, City Slicker’s interim executive director, smiling brightly. The new West Oakland Farm and Park—known as the Farm Park—is located on 1.4 acres at 28th and Peralta streets in the Dogtown neighborhood. Formerly a brownfield—it had been a paint factory for decades and a junkyard—the lot was cleaned up in 2006 by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, when up to two feet of soil was removed across the site. (New soil brought in has been tested, and construction plans specified no use of chemicals.) From Brownfield to Paradise “If you could have whatever you wanted, what would it be?” That’s the question the design team posed to West Oakland residents. Spearheaded by CMG landscape architect Carrie Rybcynski and community leaders, the team conducted a series of charrettes and visioning sessions over three months in 2010, which led to a concept design that matched the community’s wants and needs. But there was a caveat…. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 41 At left is the architect’s view of the Farm Park from the corner of Peralta and Helen streets, where the weekly sliding-scale farm stand will be held every Saturday from 10am until everything sells out. Below: The community can relax on benches shaded by fruit trees while watching staff and volunteers tending the lush market farm. (Images courtesy of City Slicker Farms) … City Slicker couldn’t just operate a farm on the land they proposed to purchase and develop with the $4 million grant they were awarded for the project. The funds, which came via California’s Proposition 84 (the Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply, Flood Control, River and Coastal Protection Bond Act) set aside $5.4 billion in taxpayer funds to develop open space in underserved communities and designated that the space had to include a public park. Not a problem. Says Dekovic, “Our experience running other urban farms is that the more we can draw people into a site—whether it’s through seating areas, planned activities, or interactive demonstration areas—the more engaged and connected people feel.” Rybczynski says the park and farm are a natural fit. “There will be lots of eyes on the project, and advocates for keeping it going. It’s a good way to build community around food.” Several years in the making, the new Farm Park will open by late fall. It has emerged as a busy site. On the farm side, the community settled on an outdoor classroom for urban agriculture education; a market farm on approximately one-third of the site; a community garden for 28 families; an orchard, greenhouse, and shade structure for plants; a large chicken coop and beehives; a toolshed and woodshop; and a nutrition demonstration zone. The park, which will be free and open to the public seven days a week, features public art, a plaza with seating, open space for playing and picnics, and a children’s playground surrounded by a food forest. “By including a food forest in the children’s play area, we are creating an opportunity for kids to naturally see and understand where their food comes from, while making it a normalized and everyday part of their reality,” says Dekovic. To maximize access, City Slicker’s popular weekly, sliding-scale farmstand will be situated in the park and will be open every Saturday 42 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Left: Head gardener Joseph Davis mentors interns on ecological farming techniques. Right: Volunteers get veggie starts ready for planting. morning from 10:00am until everything is sold out. (Head gardener Joseph Davis says most people try to pay something even if it’s a stretch.) Produce and eggs at the stand will come from the Farm Park, of course, and will be supplemented by produce from City Slicker’s three other “borrowed” sites. These include the market farm at Fitzgerald and Union Plaza Parks (corner of 34th and Peralta), the Ralph Bunche Nursery at Bunche Academy (1240 18th Street), and the Secret Garden (5105 Genoa Street), which is in a big backyard in North Oakland. “The Farm Park’s got everything: a functioning farm, a functioning park, a functioning playground, a functioning farmstand,” says Farm Park Council member Samaki Dorsey, one of City Slicker’s backyard garden mentors. “I’m excited that we’ll be able to have so many different people come here. It’s a destination point in West Oakland, something to do here, somewhere to be.” Allies and Partners A collaborative approach has characterized City Slicker Farms from its conception, and the model continues. “You know the phrase, ‘It takes a village’? Well, the new Farm Park is the personification of that,” says Rybczynski, who designed the project. In Good Company, a community service project of Clif Bar & Company, built the woodshed, toolshed, and farmstand. Apprentices from the Crucible built a gate—a dramatic and beautiful portal that opens from the park to the farm—which serves as the public art component of the grant. The playground was built by Kaboom!, a nonprofit that promotes the importance of play in kids’ lives. Groups such as 18 Reasons will teach nutrition classes based on that organization’s belief in the transformative power of good food. The people are also united around the project. An impressive 253 individuals contributed to a Barnraiser campaign, which surpassed its $25,000 goal by 11%, raising $27,861 to start construction on the community garden. Social Entrepreneurship Award from California College of the Arts’ Center for Art and Public Life for their chicken coop design. The group, which calls itself Team Instructa-COOP, includes graduates Frances Reid, Logan Kelley, Leila Khosrovi, Shawn Komlos, and Hachem Mahfoud. “We designed the coop so that there are spyholes and benches to stand on and look through at different heights, and different places where you can see what’s going on without disturbing the chickens,” says team member Frances Reid. A spacious 400 square feet, the four-chambered compound can house 20 chickens. Besides the coop, it includes three paddocks, or enclosures, where the chickens can scratch, peck, and enjoy the sunshine. One paddock can be dedicated to hatchlings, as needed. The coop incorporates permaculture design principles, such as “stacking functions.” For example, worm bins are placed below the chickens’ roosts (where they sleep). As team member Frances Reid points out, “The roosts are where chickens most frequently poop.” The worms turn the poop into compost with no shoveling or transport. If funds permit, there will also be a rainwater catchment system with the ability to collect around 1500 gallons of water off the roof in an average year. Plans for Instructa-COOP are open source and are available on City Slicker Farm’s website, which also hosts a plan for a smaller, twoto three-chicken coop developed by the team for backyard gardens. Help City Slicker Farms build the new Farm Park! Volunteers are needed for the playground build August 18–20. cityslickerfarms.org Team Instructa-COOP Eggs are the second most popular item after collards, says Davis. As such, chickens are important to the farm and have prompted the idea of a chicken facility that could help meet both customer demand and educational goals. The outcome is that the Farm Park may become home to the single most innovative urban chicken education system in the region. In yet another example of good partnering, City Slicker connected with a group of masters of architecture students who won an IMPACT edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 43 44 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY FARMER/SERVER/COOK Sunol AgPark Growers Have Strong Kitchen Ties Continuing our year-long series about relationships between local farms and restaurants BY SARAH HENRY \| PHOTOS BY SCOTT PETERSON C ulinary chops can make for better crops. So say farmers with cooking and serving backgrounds who toil in the soil under relentless sun on the urban-rural edge of Alameda County. And they have the industry connections to back up such claims, growing their heirloom produce and uncommon herbs for standout Bay Area restaurants known for their creative use of produce. This experiment in sustainable agriculture on a small scale—we’re talking one-acre, hand-sown plots—is happening in Sunol, a slip of a community just 30 minutes from downtown Oakland that feels a world away. Sunol gets frost in winter and serious sun in summer, making it ideal for growing peppers, tomatoes, okra, and other heat-loving plants. Feral Heart Farm and Namu Farm are neighbors here. The farms are part of the Sunol Water Temple Agriculture Park, 20 acres of watershed farmland managed by Berkeley nonprofit Sustainable Agriculture Education (SAGE). The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission owns the AgPark land. SAGE offers affordable plots in close proximity to major markets. That makes the AgPark attractive to novice farmers. These growers lease an acre of land for $1,000 a year; water costs $500 a year. In its first nine years of operation, the project on the periphery of suburbia has been home to more than a dozen farms. The AgPark is also home to a Beaux Arts–style water temple, designed by influential architect Willis Polk in 1910 to honor the water resources that then supported San Francisco and Oakland. The unlikely piece of architecture in the middle of ag country only adds to the funky farm charm. And the farmers? Feral Heart is Sophie Bassin, also a server at Juhu Beach Club in Oakland, and Aaron Dinwoodie, who makes a value-added dip at Kitchener Oakland. They grow row crops for Juhu, as well as Farm Burger in Berkeley and Niles Pie Co. in Union City. Namu Farm’s Kristyn Leach is a former prep cook at the Oakland restaurant Camino. Leach grows exclusively for Namu Gaji, a modern Korean-influenced restaurant in San Francisco, whose owners fund her farm salary. It’s the kind of arrangement that thrives when farmers on the edge team up with innovative chefs who do more than tout their farm-totable cred. They put their money where their mouth is and back beginner businesses run by local growers. Radical Farmers Build Restaurant Relationships Organically Feral Heart Farm is in its second year at Sunol. Bassin and Dinwoodie bring a wealth of diverse farming experience to the new enterprise. For 11 years, Dinwoodie managed a farm on a private residence near Half Moon Bay. The gig sounds idyllic: His salary wasn’t contingent on production. He grew vegetables, cared for fruit orchards, and looked after goats and chickens. edibleeastbay.com Dinwoodie, who now lives in Sunnyvale, is gentle, soft-spoken and thoughtful. A former physicist, at one time he worked as an engineer at Stanford’s Linear Accelerator Center. The long and lean Filipino-Chinese-American brings a scientist’s mind to growing. The 38-year-old is also an avid seed saver and favors a holistic approach to farming. “We believe in letting plants live their whole life cycle,” says Dinwoodie. “In just one generation a saved seed becomes better adapted to conditions and the new crop is better than the previous one. Their flowers attract beneficial bugs and provide important nectaries for bees.” The bubbly Bassin, who rocks an urban farmgal look complete with outdoors-inspired tattoos, spent the better part of a decade working for production growers on the East Coast. A transplanted Midwesterner, the 31-year-old comes from a food justice background, most recently collaborating with Oakland collective Phat Beets. The pair met at Fifth Crow Farm in Pescadero in 2011, where Bassin was doing a six-month internship. “It was a random coming together but it’s become a pretty sweet partnership,” says Bassin, whose warm, easygoing manner is on display during peak service on weekends at the Indianish Juhu Beach Club. The duo work the fields three to four days a week. They farm diverse crops: brassicas, lettuce, beets, and carrots in the spring; summer brings peppers, eggplant, okra, beans, squashes, sweet potatoes, and melons. At press time, the farm was in the process of obtaining its organic certification. When not planting, weeding, or harvesting, Bassin, in particular, focuses on tending the business side of the operation. The restaurant relationships the farmer has forged this year have been key. There’s a genuine mutual respect, says Bassin. She brings her boss at Juhu Beach Club, chef-owner Preeti Mistry, two deliveries of produce a week and says Mistry is an ideal partner: open to experimentation and a new farm booster. “We bring her produce not in its usual form, color, or shape, and she gets excited by it,” says Bassin. “It feeds her creative fire.” The size is right, too. “These are small restaurants so the relationships are intimate and I think they need to stay that way for us to thrive,” adds Dinwoodie. “The farm and restaurant need to match up in terms of scale.” The relationship works both ways. Mistry texts the pair and asks them if they can grow specific vegetables or herbs for the restaurant. Her latest request: fenugreek. And the farmers turn cooks on to their favorite varieties of say, squash, that ubiquitous summer crop. “It’s a dance—growing things that we want to introduce chefs to while also planting produce we know they can use. That’s what keeps us on our toes,” says Bassin. Juhu, she says, feels like home. “I don’t want to be a server forever, but there’s something about that space that feels right, it supports me financially and emotionally,” she says. “I’m exhausted; both jobs are fall harvest 2015 45 46 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY pretty physical. But the culture of the restaurant is special; people are invested. They serve my food.… It feels good.” Mistry gives a shout out on the menu to the farm and its pickled vegetables, which accompanied a summer special, dubbed a Feral Heart Farm Dog. Bassin is not above letting diners know where their food comes from. “To customers who I think might appreciate it, I’ll mention if there’s produce from my farm, like beets or greens, when I bring their order. It’s fun; some people really value that.” The relationship has other mutual benefits. Mistry can work with produce that is a little bug bitten or misshapen. Such so-called imperfect produce finds a home in sauces. She’ll also give the farmers frank feedback. Bassin says that Mistry told her recently the farm’s lettuces weren’t sexy enough—though she’s fond of Feral Heart’s chicories. The farm’s salad greens go elsewhere. “At Farm Burger it is much more like: ‘Here’s what we need, can you provide it?’” says Bassin. “They’re different styles and we work with both.” “Even though they’re new to the game in terms of growing directly for restaurants, they understand the needs of the industry,” says Michael McGuan, West Coast general manager of Farm Burger, a grass-fed beef burger chain with Southern roots. “We have good feedback going and there’s a real, personal connection there. That matters to me.” Baker Carolyn Berke of Niles Pie Co. met Dinwoodie at an AgPark plant sale. She likes the quirkiness of Feral Heart, which supplies leeks, collards, chard, kale, carrots, turnips, and other vegetables for her savory pies. Their produce is first rate, says Berke, who concedes there’s also a feel-good factor in her decision to work with a fellow small business. “They challenge us to do different stuff based on whatever they’ve got,” she says. “At one point I was pickling a lot of turnip greens. They were fabulous.” Mistry knows firsthand the challenges of getting a business off the ground. “It’s important to me to support young farmers,” says the chef, profiled in these pages in 2013. “There’s a level of trust that develops over time between a farmer and a chef. I have confidence in how and what they grow and I find them inspiring.” The chef still gets produce from established growers like Full Belly Farm and Dirty Girl Produce. But she also values having a farmer she knows personally growing specific things just for her. “They planted okra that I’m excited about, they grow Italian frying peppers I just love, and baby Indian eggplant,” says Mistry, listing off recent favorites. “We’re a small mom and mom restaurant so we’re able to adapt more easily with supply issues, though I’ve also gotten to depend on them; sometimes I’m like: ‘Dude, heads up, I need more of that.’” The farmers are looking for a couple more restaurant accounts. So far, personal connections have landed them clients and they would like that to continue. Case in point: They grow a lot of bunching greens, the kind that are popular for juicing. A queer female friend of Bassin’s is planning on opening a juice bar, Super Juiced, in Old Oakland and is interested in sourcing from Feral Heart. “That would be a great fit for us, that’s my community,” she says. The farmers are grateful to their initial clients who took a chance on them. “These restaurant partners really support us. Buying produce from a local farm isn’t really key support to that farm,” says Dinwoodie, “just like going to a farmers’ market doesn’t really support an individual farm.” What does real support look like in this grower’s view? “When they say: ‘Tell us what you have a lot of, we’ll make a special.’ They’ll take something when it’s abundant and at its best and work with it.” Upper Left: Feral Heart Farm partners Aaron Dinwoodie and Sophie Bassin take a break from their work at the Sunol AgPark. Bottom Left: Chef Preeti Mistry, left, of Juhu Beach Club, plates food from Feral Heart Farm that waiter Bassin, right, grows and serves. Right: Sunol AgPark’s one-acre plots are a good fit for beginning businesses like Feral Heart Farm. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 47 48 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY What does real support look like in this grower’s view? “When they say: ‘Tell us what you have a lot of, we’ll make a special.’ They’ll take something when it’s abundant and at its best and work with it.” —Aaron Dinwoodie The jury is still out on whether the farm can provide a livelihood. “At first we weren’t even holding that as a value,” says Bassin, who lives in North Oakland, just blocks from the restaurant where she works. “In our second year we are generating revenue and feel there’s potential. It’s challenging on just one acre. Maybe it’s idealistic, but with community support and our relationships, we think we can contribute to the hyperlocal economy.” They’re diversifying. In addition to restaurant clients, Feral Heart recently launched a solstice-to-solstice CSA. About 25 people pick up fresh produce—along with their pickled vegetables, another farmer’s pastured eggs, and Dinwoodie’s beet dip—at Juhu and at Bassin’s home on Thursdays. The farmers would like to grow the seasonal program to around 40. As with most things Feral Heart Farm related, the CSA evolved organically. The farmers piloted a CSA with 10 friends in the winter. It went well, so they expanded. They’ve been able to build business in a financially low-risk way while figuring out what makes most sense for them. The farm’s name seems fitting. “Our hearts are in this, first and foremost, interacting with plants, bugs, soil—that feeds our souls,” says Dinwoodie. “And the feral is because we’re a little wild. While everything is grown in straight lines, I appreciate what the weeds are telling us and what is wild that we can eat.” Adds Bassin: “We’re not textbook farmers—we’re in this collusion where the wild meets the domestic, we push up against the status quo and play with it a bit.” It’s that kind of friskiness that risk-taking chefs hunger for. Korean Crops Destined for Korean-Influenced Dishes It all started with a perilla patch. Back in 2010, Kristyn Leach was managing Paradise Valley Produce, a lettuce farm in Bolinas, and she happened to be growing the popular Korean herb by her trailer. In Korean cuisine, perilla is a frequent garnish for meat and fish dishes and used in salads, shoju drinks, and iced tea. Fresh perilla leaves have an aroma reminiscent of apples and mint. The herb’s large, flat leaves are also pickled and used to wrap meats. Leach was born in Daegu, South Korea, in 1982. Adopted by IrishCatholic New Yorkers as an infant, she hadn’t been back to her birthplace until last year. She didn’t grow up eating kimchi as a child; she learned about Korean cuisine through crop cultivation as an adult. When she moved from New York City to Washington State, where she worked as a printmaker, she began growing her own perilla. Every old Korean lady in the area, she says, grew perilla. Perilla was Leach’s gateway plant to discovering her roots. She had a hunch that interest in the cuisine of her birth culture was heating up and that maybe it was a good time to be growing Korean produce beyond her personal curiosity. She was right. At the time, chef Dennis Lee, one of three brothers behind Namu Gaji in San Francisco, was having a tough time sourcing organic Asian vegetables and herbs—mainstays on their menu—in particular perilla. It was Russell Moore, the chef at Camino—and subject of our cover story about backyard bounty in this series in the summer issue—who suggested Leach and Lee meet. Both parties saw the possibility of a collaboration. The seeds for Namu Farm, launched in 2012, were sown. But first, back to Moore. When Leach moved to the Bay Area in 2009, she surprised herself by landing a job at Camino in Oakland, despite having no culinary experience. “I feel so fortunate, some weird stroke of fate led me in there, it wasn’t on my radar,” says Leach, a sunkissed, fresh-faced young farmer with closely cropped hair, a slight frame, and the weathered hands of a veteran working with dirt. Moore, whose mother is Korean, saw that her résumé was all farms, and, she says, told her: “You know how to work hard, I can teach someone to cook.” Leach recalls her steep learning curve. She questioned why she was doing the job. She had no aspirations to be a professional chef. It was a lot of chopping and peeling and feeling badly about messing things up. “When I look back, that experience gave me something unique that is completely relevant to having a farm now,” she says. “Having literacy around food, which [Moore] helped ingrain in me, was such a missing part of my experience as a farmer,” says Leach, who has been growing food for 10 years. “It helped me understand what chefs need and what kind of partnership is required. There’s this creative give and take. They’re so good at what they do, that means we want to step it up and be really good at what we do. It’s a true collaboration.” First the farmer-chef partners had to find a locale for Namu Farm. Leach, who like many newcomers to the Bay Area, was juggling multiple jobs, already had an in at Sunol AgPark. She was working on a founding farm there, Baia Nicchia Farm, a seven-acre operation specializing in squash blossoms, winter squash, herbs, peppers, and heirloom tomatoes. Leach inquired about a plot. She was delighted to discover an acre was available. Leach has farmed for the Lees for the past four years. Currently, Will Santiago works with her on the farm: He’s a grower who shares her approach to farming. They met while both worked at Baia Nicchia. Leach’s interest in Korean crops and understanding of Namu’s cuisine informs decisions on the land. For example, she grows gochu peppers, which provide the heat for many Korean dishes. Chile peppers are another staple. A seed saver and seed collector, Leach has inherited heirloom varieties from diverse sources, including Korean immigrants and the Lee brothers’ mother. Some seeds come from Oakland-based Kitazawa Seed Co., the oldest seed business in the U.S. specializing in Asian vegetables. At Namu Farm, Leach combines organic, biodynamic, and permaculture practices with traditional Korean peasant farming methods. No fossil fuel is used on the farm, for instance. It’s truly manual labor. There’s not a tractor or tiller in sight. Instead, Leach encourages the growth of indigenous microorganisms by incorporating fungus from nearby woods into the soil. She allows cover crops to decompose on It’s truly manual labor at Namu Farm. Kristyn Leach (on right in top photo and in both lower photos) uses a simple Korean-style hand hoe as she works together with Will Santiago pulling weeds from around some seedling eggplants. Among the items in cultivation this summer are Korean melons and cucumbers, three kinds of chile peppers, yard-long beans, soybeans, and an array of Korean herbs. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 49 their own schedule. She welcomes wildlife and weeds: Her farm is a habitat for birds and the odd volunteer plant, like the sunflowers that sprout in an ad hoc fashion. She favors an untamed aesthetic; tidy row crops aren’t her main concern. She’s all about cultivating the healthiest self-regulating soil she can in order to grow the most vibrant produce and herbs possible. Chef Lee appreciates what she brings to the kitchen table. “In order to be a better cook it is important to learn and experience where food comes from and be personally involved and invested in how it grows,” he says. Lee, his brothers, and restaurant employees and their families have all spent time on the farm. During the summer, the chef regularly brings his daughters to lend a hand on the farm. “You don’t look at produce the same way after you’ve grown it yourself,” said Lee in a SAGE report on the farm project. Leach’s restaurant experience is a bonus for Lee. “She understands the daily demands and inner workings of a kitchen and I can communicate with her more easily [about what I need] because of that,” he says. On a recent visit, crops in the ground included Korean melons, okra, eggplant, Korean black soybeans, and several different varieties of peppers. And, of course, perilla. All will end up at Namu Gaji. Peppers are the chief ingredients in that signature spicy Korean paste known as gochujang. Other varieties are pickled or grilled. Radishes are pickled or fermented in the house kimchi. Black soybeans are the basis of a traditional Korean side dish. The farm grows about 50 different crops and harvests around 7,000 pounds a year. Leach sometimes has excess bounty that she shares, for free, with local Korean and women’s community organizations that help those in need. Each year in September Leach has been holding a celebration of the Korean harvest ceremony called Chuseok with traditional Korean folk drummers. The Thanksgiving-like festival pays tribute to the harvest moon, the land, and the food that nature provides. “This food has weight for people and personal meaning for me. I couldn’t lift my head up at first, I was focused on getting it right for the restaurant,” she says. But she has a bigger vision than simply being part of commerce within a community; she wants to be part of community engagement. Does this restaurant-run farm make financial sense? “People ask us if this is replicable as a model all the time,” says Leach. “This is a unique situation, if someone asked us to break it down by the hours, if it was just any restaurant that came to us and dictated what to grow, that’s not a job I’d take. But we’re doing the work we want to do and they take care of us.” It’s a hard life with a modest income but the rewards are many from Leach’s perspective. “It’s so physically rigorous, this practice—no till, no machinery—it can seem like torture,” she jokes. But her work ethic and farm philosophy are part of the greater plan of how she wants to live her life. “They bust ass all the time over at the restaurant,” says Leach of her partners, who receive two deliveries a week from the farm during peak growing seasons. “Everyone here loves what they do and are in it together.” Leach has an open canvas to grow whatever she wants. In reality, she plants produce the restaurant can use, what they have a hard time finding elsewhere, and what does well in the Sunol climate and soil. Even given that, there’s a lot of leeway, she says, about what goes into the ground. She understands the vision behind the brothers’ menu. Sometimes it takes some dogged scouting to source seeds for specific plants. For example, Leach ended up breeding two different varieties of sought-after chiles they finally got their hands on. “We call them Lady Han and Lady Choi, after two leading characters in my favorite Korean soap opera,” she says. “They’re not peppers that have a reference point to most people, so we got to name them.” The value to a 33-year-old farmer immersed in the specific plants and farming practices of her birthplace playing out in the heart of an agricultural oasis in her adopted homeland? Priceless. • 50 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Namu Farm is a habitat for birds and odd volunteer plants, like this sunflower that was left to grow where it sprouted. LEARN MORE Feral Heart Farm: facebook.com/feralheartfarm; [email protected] CSA at Juhu Beach Club 11am to 2pm Thursdays, $20â€“$25 sliding scale; 5179 Telegraph Ave, Oakland Namu Farm instagram.com/namu_farm; namusf.com SAGE The nonprofit hosts community field workdays at the AgPark six to seven times per year to encourage public participation in volunteer farm activities and natural resource stewardship. It also hosts an annual harvest festival, slated for September 27 this year, and other special events, including a spring plant sale and an April farm tour. sagecenter.org/sunol-agpark edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 51 WHO INVENTED THE MARTINI? The murky truth behind local cocktail lore and how curiosity can spin a good tail BY SHANNA FARRELL ILLUSTRATIONS BY GARY HANDMAN W hat was the first cocktail ever made? Why are they called “cocktails”? Where did the tiki bar originate? Those enchanted by cocktail lore love to ask these questions while perched on a bar stool, but the truth behind any answers can be as cloudy as a glass of absinthe mixed with water. Ah, but this is why we have Wikipedia! It’s why we keep our smartphones nearby while at the bar! Well, we all know by now that the Information Age has made it just as easy to perpetuate misinformation as it is to find quick answers. Still, following cocktail lore can be an engaging and memorable journey, like when you learn that Chartreuse was once produced by monks in France but is now made by robots. Some invented drinks do have documented origins: the Boothby, for instance. After creating this concoction—a Manhattan topped with sparkling wine—at San Francisco’s Palace Hotel, William Boothby put the recipe in his book The World’s Drinks and How to Mix Them, published in 1907. But the origins of many drinks remain enigmatic. We’re lucky to have several astute modern writers helping us get closer to accurate accounts 52 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY of cocktail history. One is David Wondrich, a James Beard Award– winning author who, in 2007, published Imbibe!: From Absinthe Cocktail to Whiskey Smash, a Salute in Stories and Drinks to “Professor” Jerry Thomas, Pioneer of the American Bar Featuring the Original Formulae. The book has spiked interest in cocktail history and helped launch the modern cocktail renaissance. As its subtitle implies, this book serves as a tribute to Jerry Thomas, a bartender and larger-than-life character whose own book on cocktails, How to Mix Drinks or the Bon Vivant’s Companion, was published in 1862, and is considered to be the world’s first volume on the subject. Thomas traveled the country, but spent considerable time in New York and San Francisco. He is thought to have created the Martini during a stint in the Bay Area. But did he really? This question—or doubt—has spawned arguments and articles among bartenders and cocktail aficionados alike. What about the Pisco Punch? Good question! It is widely believed that this cocktail, which is based on a Peruvian brandy called “pisco,” was created by Duncan Nicol at San edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 53 Francisco’s Bank Exchange, a bar of much historic fame. The problem with that notion is that the Bank Exchange opened its doors in 1853— with much acclaim—but wasn’t purchased by Nicol until 1893. We know from an 1850’s review of the Bank Exchange by San Francisco Bulletin writer Pauline Jacobsen that barmen well before Nicol’s day “always prepared punches with pisco.” According to Duggan McDonnell, a San Francisco– based author of Drinking the Devil’s Acre: A Love Letter from San Francisco and Her Cocktails, Nicol bought the recipe for the Pisco Punch when he became the Bank Exchange’s new owner. “He created mythology around it as marketing,” explains McDonnell. However, the Pisco Punch is now invariably associated with Nicol, who perfected the recipe and made it the most popular drink in town. In fact, Nicol’s drink inspired the old saying, “A visitor to San Francisco must absolutely do three things: ride a cable car, watch the sun set through the Golden Gate, and drink a Pisco Punch.” But, Nicol was proprietary about his recipe, which he took to his grave. Many, including McDonnell, have tried to decipher the ingredients and their proportions. A common misconception is that it was originally made with limes, but we now know it had to be lemons, since limes weren’t yet available in Northern California at that time. Pisco Punch is what led McDonnell down a rabbit hole out of which he has yet to climb. As a bartender with an MFA in creative writing, McDonnell has thought and read deeply on the history Modern Cocktail Myth No. 1: Regarding invention of the tiki bar Which city is home to the first ever tiki bar, Los Angeles or San Francisco? Sorry Bay Area, it was indeed Los Angeles. The Facts: In 1933, Ernest Raymond Beaumont Gantt, known fondly as “Donn Beachcomber,” opened the first tiki bar—Don’s Beachcomber Café—in Los Angeles. He created the Zombie cocktail there in 1934. (The drink was featured at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.) Donn moved his bar across the street in 1937 and changed its name to Don the Beachcomber. A year after Donn ushered in his first customers to the seminal tiki bar, a man named Victor Jules Bergeron Jr. opened a place called Hinky Dink’s in Oakland. Bergeron quickly changed his restaurant’s name to Trader Vic’s, and by 1940 the first franchised location was opened. Trader Vic’s later grew into a national chain. Many believe that Bergeron invented the Mai Tai cocktail in Oakland, but the only truth there is that both he and Donn laid claim to the famed tiki drink. 54 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY of his home city, and his research has brought him around to regarding pisco as an interesting emblem of the unique culture and geography of San Francisco: Just as pisco is an imported spirit that America embraced and made its own, the spirit could be seen to symbolize the great melting pot. McDonnell, who also owns Cantina (a bar on Sutter Street in SF), fell so hard for pisco that he got himself involved in producing the spirit: In 2008, with Carlos Ruben RomeroGamero, who serves as master distiller, and Walter Moore, he founded a distillery in Ica Valley, Peru, where the partners created a muchadmired pisco called Campo de Encanto Pisco. But McDonnell couldn’t stop there: In the fall of 2014, he began a campaign to have Pisco Punch declared as San Francisco’s official cocktail. Having secured the support of District 3, the Golden Gate Restaurant Association, and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, he says he’s now working on the Mayor’s Office and the San Francisco Historical Society. And though he’s taken a break to finish and promote Drinking the Devil’s Acre—a narrative account of San Francisco cocktail history through the lens of 25 drinks—he plans to continue his efforts to formalize San Francisco’s sweet relationship with the Pisco Punch. Though we may never know the names of the original bartenders who concocted the first Pisco Punch at the Bank Exchange, it was indeed Duncan Nicol who popularized it and helped to put San Francisco on the map as an innovative drinking city. So, we might edibleeastbay.com Modern Cocktail Myth No. 2: Regarding St. George Spirits and Hangar One Did St. George Spirits get bought out? Many think so, and the rumor mill has been swirling since news broke in 2014 that St. George would no longer be making Hangar One Vodka. Is this true? No, St. George—the company—was not sold, only the Hangar One line. The facts: St. George began making Hangar One Vodka in 2002 and released four types: Straight, Mandarin, Buddha’s Hand, and Kaffir Lime. In 2010, the team, Jörg Rupf, Lance Winters, and Dave Smith, sold only the Hangar One Vodka to Proximo Spirits, not the entire company or any of their other products. As part of the contract, St. George continued producing the vodkas for a few more years but has now handed the Hangar One line over to Proximo completely. (Proximo’s new production facility is located just up the block from St. George’s distillery in Alameda, which may account for some of the confusion.) Meanwhile, St. George has just released a new vodka line, which includes California Citrus, Green Chile, and All Purpose. fall harvest 2015 55 now ask, “Did the drink belong to Nicol, even though he didn’t create it?” “Yes, it did and it does,” posits McDonnell. “It begs the question: What makes something yours? Did Nicol invent the drink? No. But he made it popular and brought it to the masses, so I would argue that it does indeed belong to him.” And although it came from Peru, does pisco belong to San Francisco? Should the Pisco Punch be the City by the Bay’s official drink? Does McDonnell now carry the torch for Nicol? In keeping with this logic, we can say yes on all accounts. “What is Whose?” The question becomes even more fascinating as we move forward in the Information Age. Identity is something that’s cultivated. It evolves with the invention, adoption, and engagement of ideas, just as it does with the mixing of a drink. Now, how do you want that Martini? Dry, wet, shaken, stirred, gin, vodka, dirty . . . COCKTAILS MENTIONED IN THIS STORY Author’s Favorite Martini 2.5 ounces St. George Spirits Botanivore gin .5 ounce French vermouth Stir with ice, strain into a coupe glass, and garnish with an orange peel. The Boothby 2 dashes Angostura Bitters 2 dashes orange bitters 2 ounces rye whiskey 1 ounce sweet vermouth Stir with ice, strain into a coupe glass, top with 1 ounce sparkling wine, and garnish with a maraschino cherry. 56 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Lagers, Saisons, Sours Grower Champagne, Rosés Organic and Natural Wines Aperitifs, Sakes and Bitters Wine Club, Weekend Tasting Winemaker Events and so much more Hours: 11–7 Mon to Fri 11–6 Sat • 12–6 Sun Wine on Piedmont 4183 Piedmont Ave, Oakland 510.595.9463 • wineonpiedmont.com Pisco Punch 1 dash aromatic bitters 2 ounces pisco 1 ounce pineapple gum syrup 1 ounce fresh lime juice .5 ounce Lillet Rouge Shake with ice, strain over a Nick & Nora glass, and garnish with an orange peel. Zombie 1 dash Angostura bitters 1.5 ounces Gold Puerto Rican rum 1.5 ounces aged Demerara rum .75 ounce fresh lime juice .5 ounce Donn’s mix (fresh grapefruit boiled with cinnamon syrup; find recipes online) .5 ounce Falernum 1 teaspoon grenadine 6 drops Pernod 6 ounces crushed ice Blend ingredients with ice, pour contents of blender into ice, add ice to fill glass, and garnish with a mint sprig. Quality & Service Since 1922 Mai Tai 2 ounces premium aged rum .75 ounce fresh lime juice (about half a lime) .5 ounce orange curaçao .25 ounce orgeat syrup .25 ounce simple syrup Shake with ice, pour contents into a rocks glass, and garnish with a mint spring. edibleeastbay.com 3068 claremont avenue 510-652-2490 • meat 510-652-7712 Star_Grocery_EEB.indd 1 7/14/1057 3:36 PM fall harvest 2015 A SAVORY PUZZLE Finding clues in the pastry at the Growlers’ Arms BY CHERYL ANGELINA KOEHLER PHOTOS BY STACY VENTURA 58 fall harvest 2015 T hink of a word that means “dog,” “pork pie,” and “refillable beer jug.” The answer can be found in Oakland’s quiet Glenview neighborhood. Look at the sign above the archway into the Mediterranean-style turret on the southeast corner of Glenfield Avenue and Park Boulevard. I have to say that when that odd coat of arms first appeared there last October, I was a bit puzzled as to what to expect inside. First there’s this strange bobble-head bulldog guarding the bar. Then the strikingly similar visage of Winston Churchill peers forth from the mossy-green deeps. A Victorian-styled dining room. More portraits: Frederick Law Olmsted, John Muir, Joaquin Miller, Mark Twain … various dogs. A church pew. Dark wood and leather. Pork pies baking in the wood oven. Antique barware, flatware, teacups. Pickled and potted fish. Roast beef with Yorkshire pudding. Local craft beers on tap. “To go: Picnic Pork Pies, for lunch or a midnight snack” (pictured below and in progress at left) are always on the menu at the Growlers’ Arms. Right: A replica of an antique “growler” sculpture once popular in England. Shelly Mulhall says originals go for as much as $20,000. edibleeastbay.com 60 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Proprietor Seamus Mulhall, his sweet Irish accent softened by decades living in California, comes up to explain that they are doing a traditional English country menu at the Growlers’ Arms. His wife and co-proprietor Shelly Mulhall (a half-Brit) wanders by and fills in some detail about how she and Seamus began envisioning this new restaurant while they were both working front of house at Gary Danko. (If you’ve never been, GD is an upscale San Francisco financial district restaurant known for its spectacular service. Seamus worked there from the day it opened in 1999 until September of 2014.) So, what kind of menu would they want to offer at their new place? “Not more Italian, French, or Californian,” Seamus recounts with a note of cool ennui as he describes their decision to buck the trend and turn instead toward their own heritage. “We want to offer a little piece of the past,” Seamus says often. I ask if this could be called a “gastropub,” realizing I’m not entirely sure what that term means. “Yes, but of the Heston Blumenthal type, serving pies, sausages, and roasts,” Seamus replies. I learn that he’s referring to the celebrity chef of the Fat Duck, whose three-star Michelin restaurant is located west of London. Nextdoor is a 15th-century pub, the Hind’s Head, which Blumenthal acquired in 2004 and transformed into a one-star Michelin eatery. The Hind’s Head’s website describes the menu as featuring “traditional seasonal cuisine and historic British dishes.” Seamus gives me a quick rundown on how star chefs like Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White, spurred along by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, author/broadcaster of the River Cottage series, have been bringing about a revival in traditional British cuisine. He also explains that a few decades back, all a hungry body might expect to find at a British pub was a pickled egg and maybe some pork rinds. Clockwise from top left: A Sunday roast (always served with roasted vegetables, “Royal Yorkie,” horseradish, and claret sauce) emerges from the almond-wood flames; Shelly and Seamus Mulhall relax for a brief moment at the bar; Dog-decorated pillows and many other items around the pub were handcrafted by the Mulhall’s relatives; Chef Brian Ventura takes a break to smile for his wife’s camera. edibleeastbay.com Heirloom and Cherry Tomato Salad with Creamy Anise Hyssop and Lovage Dressing Chef Brian Ventura’s inspiration for this summer salad comes directly from his experience touring the Irish countryside: “I can see the farmer making his cheese and growing the herbs and tomatoes in his garden, taking fresh buttermilk to make the dressing. At least that’s what I would do if ever I’m blessed enough to have a real farm.” Brian buys the anise hyssop and lovage from White Crane Springs Ranch at the San Francisco Ferry Plaza Farmers Market. Both are wonderful plants to grow in a home garden, and it’s not too hard to find starts or seeds at your local nursery. Serves 3–4 2 handfuls frilly red mustard greens 3 large heirloom tomatoes (choose a mix of colors and flavors) ½ basket cherry tomatoes 1 bunch lovage 1 bunch anise hyssop (leaves plus flowers) ¼ pound Coolea Cheddar Maldon sea salt For the dressing: ½ teaspoon red wine vinegar 1 tablespoon Champagne vinegar ½ teaspoon apple cider vinegar ¾ tablespoon lemon juice ¾ cup aioli ½ teaspoon Dijon mustard ¼ cup buttermilk 1 tablespoon crème fraîche 1 tablespoon chopped anise hyssop leaves 1 tablespoon chopped lovage leaves Maldon sea salt To prepare the dressing, combine the vinegars and lemon juice in a bowl. Whisk in aioli, Dijon, buttermilk, and crème fraîche. Finish with the herbs and salt to taste. In a large bowl, salt and dress the mustard greens with some of the dressing, then arrange on a large serving plate. Cut the large tomatoes into bite-size wedges and the cherry tomatoes in half. Toss them in the bowl with additional dressing, salt, and 3 to 4 torn lovage and anise hyssop leaves. Once those are topping the mustard greens, shave some Coolea Cheddar over the top, and finish with some small anise hyssop flower petals. fall harvest 2015 61 Bubble & Squeak with Smoked Trout Pâté, Cherry Tomatoes, and Crème Fraîche This traditional British fried dish is a way for cooks to use up leftover mashed potatoes after a roast dinner. As the patties cook in the pan they bubble and squeak. Serves 5 For the patties: 4 cups mashed potatoes ¼ cup chopped leeks 1 egg 1 yolk Salt Flour for dusting For the pâté: 1 pound smoked trout 1½ tablespoons horseradish ¼ bunch chervil, chopped ¼ bunch chives, chopped ¼ bunch tarragon, chopped ⅛ bunch parsley, chopped Zest of 1 lemon Juice of ¼ lemon ½ tablespoon mustard 2 tablespoons aioli 1 tablespoon crème fraîche To plate: 1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved Crème fraîche for garnish Chopped chives for garnish Mix the mashed potatoes, leeks, and eggs in a large bowl. Salt to taste. Cover a half sheet pan in plastic and dust with flour. Shape the mashed potato mixture into 2-inch patties and dust in the flour. For the pâté, shred the smoked trout and fold in the horseradish, chervil, chives, tarragon, parsley, lemon zest and juice, mustard, aioli, and crème fraîche. Fry the patties in olive oil until golden brown on the top and bottom. Serve topped with a spoonful each of trout paté, cherry tomatoes, crème fraîche, and chives. The term “gastropub” first appeared in 1991 when new owners at the Eagle, another old London pub, started offering Spanish-style tapas. Since that time, there have been various attempts by the members of the British press to abolish the term, but it’s persisted as a quick way for watering hole proprietors (on both sides of the pond) to signal that they are paying conscious attention to their food offerings. Style at American gastropubs continues to trend Mediterranean, but in the British Isles the word has become a likely indicator that there’s a chef in the house participating in that nation’s revival of its traditional cuisine. The Mulhalls’ interest in emulating Blumenthal was not an idle endeavor of perusing cookbooks or just dragging recipes out of Mum. What they did in May 2014 while preparing to open the Growlers’ Arms was rather more ambitious: “We went to England with the Venturas,” says Shelly, referring to their thensoon-to-be executive chef, Brian Ventura—who Shelly knew from San Francisco’s Southern-Italian-focused A-16 restaurant, where he was chef and she worked front of house for a few years—and Brian’s wife Stacy Ventura. (A frequent contributor to Edible East Bay, Stacy shot the photographs for this article. She also tends a tiny urban farm at the couple’s home in San Rafael.) “It was just the four of us,” continues Shelly. “We toured the English countryside visiting Michelin-starred gastropubs. They were all one-star except the Hand and Flowers, which is the only two-star gastropub in the country.” Brian and Stacy stayed on for another three weeks to tour Ireland, enjoying the offer of the Mulhall family residence as home base. Sous-chef Renée Reed helps chef Brian Ventura butcher some lamb. They source whole animals for most meats served at the Growlers’ Arms. 62 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Lamb Sausage with Green Beans, Cherry Tomatoes, and Mustard Greens in Champagne-Shallot Vinaigrette You’re very likely to find this sausage dish (or versions using rabbit or goat meat) on the Growlers’ menu. Serves 5 1 pound lean lamb meat ⅜ pound pork back fat 2½ teaspoons salt 4 cloves garlic ¼ bunch of thyme ¼ bunch of parsley 1 tablespoon white wine 1 teaspoon Aleppo pepper 1 teaspoon dry mustard Pinch mace 3–4 feet 24mm sheep casings Equipment: Meat grinder with 10mm die 10-inch bamboo skewers Sausage stuffer Serve with: Green beans Cherry tomatoes, halved Red frill mustard greens Mix all the sausage ingredients (except sheep casings) in a large bowl. (It’s important to keep the ingredients and equipment cold so that the meat doesn’t over emulsify in the next step.) Put the 10mm die on your grinder and begin feeding the meat/fat mixture through. Prepare (clean) the casings by running water through them until you get one continuous tube. Also, soak the skewers. Fill the canister of your sausage stuffer with the ground lamb mixture and lock into position. Spray the plastic tube with cooking spray and feed the casing onto it. Now crank the plunger down and fill the sheep casings slowly, making sure not to overfill and puncture the casing. Fill each sausage to between 12 and 15 inches long, then cut, twist the ends, coil the sausage, and skewer the coil so it stays wound in a disc shape. To serve the sausages, grill the coils until they begin to get firm. For a summer dish at Growlers’ Arms we might serve them with blanched green beans sautéed in butter that are folded together with halved cherry tomatoes and placed on mustard greens that have been tossed in a vinegar and oil. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 63 “English food was totally new to me,” says Brian, who hails from Bakersfield, California. And while this is a chef well versed in whole-animal cookery (and butchery), the trip allowed Brian to see what happens with a small country inn’s kitchen and menu when the chef has just bagged a deer. Brian was also amused to see that nearly every inn was named “The [Something’s] Arms.” He came back with valuable insight into how farm-to-table works in a land with ancient agrarianbased food traditions. Shelly and Seamus, in spite of their front-of-house professions, are themselves inspired cooks. They bring a few of their own recipes to the menu and prepare them for patrons each week. Seamus especially likes working at a makeshift baker’s table in front of the wood-fired oven in the open bar area. The oven, an asset that came with the space, is kept stoked through the week with almond wood. (Brian says almond burns better than walnut, the latter of which he describes as ashy, but not as good as smooth-burning oak, which he considers too precious to harvest). All manner of menu items are cooked in this oven, but perhaps its most notable use is with the bread program, the purview of pastry chef Andrew Chaney (CIA-Napa–trained and another Gary Danko alumnus). Moving back to the Bay Area after a baking gig in NYC, Andrew got excited about what the Mulhalls were up to, at first offering to help out and then going full time when sous-chef Miranda Eckerfield left on maternity leave. “Since then he’s been in charge of baking the bread, making the pastry for the savory and sweet pies, and really elevating our dessert program,” says Shelly. The daily-made bread comes to a diner’s table at no extra charge. It’s baked first thing in the morning, since that’s when the oven has cooled from the previous evening’s 700 or so degrees to around 350°. The oven is left to cool on Mondays when the restaurant is closed, so Andrew resumes on Tuesday by baking rolls, which are easier to tend as the staff is busy creating the unique “Tasty Tuesday” menu. That’s when the staff veers off script from the traditional fare so they can enjoy some creative license. Just as at any reputable Bay Area restaurant these days, chefs at the Growlers’ Arms draw inspiration from the spectacular seasonal bounty of the California landscape. And, as also has become more expected with the rise of the DIY movement, all condiments here, such as ketchup, tartar sauce, and horseradish, are made in house. “Everything but the butter,” says Shelly. As of this writing, I have returned to the Growlers’ Arms three times for dinner, in part because I needed more details to fully answer the riddle of this story, but Andrew Chaney, pastry chef at the Growlers’ Arms, spends each morning shaping and baking two types of bread, a country sourdough and a wheat-oatmeal bread. 64 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Clontarf Fish Pie Clontarf is the suburb on the north side of Dublin where Seamus Mulhall grew up. “In the ’60s and ’70s, everything was tied to the Catholic Church,” he says. “All the schools were named after saints. Prayers were the first thing the teachers said before any lessons were taught, so the church had a big say in everything we did. It was a blasphemy to eat meat on a Friday so we all had fish, as a sort of penance. My mother would take the bus out to ‘Howth,’ a quaint fishing village on the north side of Dublin, to buy fresh fish so she could make fish pie. It became something that we all looked forward to on Fridays: Even our schoolmates would hang out just so they could have some of my mum’s fish pie. So now at the restaurant we do a fish pie on Fridays. It is becoming a sort of tradition: We see the same people on Friday nights. Thank you, Saint Francis.” Makes 1 large or 10 small pies For the sauce: 4 cups fish stock 1 stick (4 ounces) unsalted butter 1 yellow onion, diced 2 tablespoons flour 2 cups dry white wine 2 cups heavy cream Salt and finely ground white pepper For the filling: 8 ounces peas 4 medium potatoes, diced into thumb-size pieces 1 tablespoon butter 4–5 medium carrots, peeled and diced 10 ounces sole, cut in 2-inch pieces 8 ounces halibut, cut in 2-inch pieces 8 ounces scallops, cut in 2-inch pieces 6 large prawns, cut in 2-inch pieces (original 4 each) 2 sprigs tarragon For the pies: 4 pounds puff pastry (Seamus likes the prepared dough from La Farine Bakery, which is sold in 2-pound blocks.) Egg wash (Make by whisking together 1 egg with 2 teaspoons water.) 10 6-ounce ceramic ramekins (or 1 large ceramic soufflé dish) To make the roux, start by bringing the fish stock to a simmer in a heavy pot. Meanwhile, melt the stick of butter in a large skillet and sweat the onions, being careful not to brown them. Add flour and reduce the heat. Stir with a wooden spoon for 5 edibleeastbay.com minutes and then slowly stir in the wine, a cup at a time. The roux will thin out as you add liquid, but it thickens as it cooks. Start adding the fish stock a cup at a time, stirring with a whisk. Add heavy cream a cup at a time until all liquid is in the pot. The roux should be the consistency of a thin custard. Season with salt and white pepper. Set aside. Bring a pot of salted water to a boil, then blanch the peas, strain them out, and set aside in a medium size bowl. Simmer the diced potatoes in the same water until soft, then strain them out and add to the blanched peas. Melt the tablespoon of butter in a smaller pot, add some of the water you used for the potatoes and a pinch of salt, then simmer the diced carrots until soft. Strain and then combine with the peas and potatoes, and divide half of this mixture among the ramekins (or place in the soufflé dish). Now sear all the fish to golden brown, break it up into bite-size bits and distribute over the vegetables in the ramekins or soufflé dish. Top with the rest of the potatoes, carrots, and peas, and then pour the creamy fish sauce over everything. Do not fill to the top. Sprinkle some torn tarragon leaves over top. Roll out puff pastry to ⅛ inch thick. Using a bowl as a guide, cut a circle from the pastry that’s about an inch bigger than the diameter of the ceramic dish, then stretch pastry over top (trying to keep it from touching the fish mixture), pulling it a half inch down the sides of the dish all around and pressing pastry with your finger onto the sides of the dish. Brush with egg wash. Refrigerate for about a half hour while you preheat oven to 350°. Bake for 20 to 30 minutes or until the pastry is golden. fall harvest 2015 65 Apple Gallette Serves 6 2–3 large Fuji apples Dried currants, rehydrated in gin or water overnight For dough: 2 cups flour 1 teaspoon sugar ¼ teaspoon salt 6 ounces butter 3½ ounces cold water For almond filling: ¼ cup ground almonds or almond flour 2 tablespoons brown sugar ¼ teaspoon cinnamon To finish: Egg wash (Make by whisking together 1 egg with 2 teaspoons water.) Turbinado sugar Start the currants rehydrating in the gin or water the night before. To make the dough: Combine the flour, sugar, and salt in a mixing bowl. Add the butter and break up into the flour mixture until coarse. Add water and mix into a ball. Let refrigerate at least 1 hour before rolling out. Combine filling ingredients. The roll out the dough to a 10-inch circle, place on a sheet pan, and spread almond filling evenly over the dough leaving 1 inch around the outside uncovered. Spread half of the currants over the filling. Peel and thinly slice the apples and arrange the slices over the almond filling. Scatter remaining currants over top. Fold the edges of the dough onto the apples pressing lightly to hold in the juices from the apples. To finish, brush the edges of the crust with egg wash and sprinkle with turbinado sugar. Bake at 400° for 20 to 30 minutes or until the crust is cooked on the bottom. 66 fall harvest 2015 also because I appreciate Brian’s way of bringing out clear and straightforward flavors with fresh greens and herbs, like mustard, tarragon, and anise hyssop. I’ve found that merely thinking about the food makes me hungry. I also like the feeling of being there. As Shelly shows me the cocktail menu, I see another key to the restaurant’s particular character: “We do a mix of what we call ‘Old Friends,’ which are classic cocktails, and ‘New Friends,’ which are Linda’s new creations,” she says with a nod to bar manager Linda Hare-Touye (another Gary Danko alumna), who makes custom syrups, shrubs, and infusions for their cocktails. It’s the word “friends” that reverberates, since it echoes the palpable ambience the Mulhalls have cultivated among their staff, and one that seems to spill through the hall. In the short time the restaurant has been open, many neighbors have become regulars, and everyone seems to be acquainted with and enjoying the company of everyone else gathering there, whether they are in for the evening or passing through to pick up a Picnic Pork Pie. The Mulhalls are certainly hoping the Gary Danko set will make Growlers’ a destination, but for now, one can still hope to find a place to park in this sleepy neighborhood and a seat near the oven. I’m quite certain that even if those become in short supply, there still will be plenty of scrumptious pies and and other satisfying dishes to devour, and you’ll certainly enjoy a warm welcome from the Mulhalls and their staff. But do watch out for the growler. • Editor’s Note: Two weeks after this article went to press, we learned that the Mulhalls had decided to close their restaurant. We wish them the best in their future endeavors. EDIBLE EAST BAY Available at Whole Foods Mark et s and other fine retailers PCFMA.ORG 1.800.949.FARM JACKLONDONSQUARE.COM 1650 park street at buena vista in 7 11 SUSHI KING CUSTOM CRAFTED SALADS & FRESH TO GO MEALS ON SITE CHAIR MASSAGE RELAXATION STATION HIGH QUALITY KITCHEN TOOLS & TABLEWARE FRESHLY MADE SUSHI, SASHIMI & NIGIRI BAR * A Bay Area Certified Green Business edibleeastbay.com WHAT’S IN SEASON? BY BARBARA KOBSAR Choosing produce harvested at its peak is your sure bet for flavor and freshness. AUGUST Gravenstein, an heirloom apple that’s a favorite for cooking and eating, ushers in the season, and if you’re lucky, you may be able to find a few at your local farmers’ market. As much as this apple is loved, it carries two frustrating characteristics for farmer and consumer. One is that the apples have short, weak stems, so as they grow and snuggle up on the tree, they tend to drop. The other is that they don’t store well, so you shouldn’t let them linger when you bring them home. Also, watch for the Gala, another early- to mid-season favorite apple. Its dense, sweetly aromatic flesh makes it good for eating out of hand, and while it can work out in baking, there are better choices coming along later, such as Granny Smith, Pippin, and Rome Beauty, which hold their shape better when cooked. SEPTEMBER In early fall, table grapes are a feature of market displays, where Thompson and Red Flame seedless varieties predominate, but be sure to check out some of the other varieties as they arrive: Crimson, Fantasy, and Ruby followed by Muscat, Tokay, and Ribier. Table grapes represent only 12–15% of the total grape harvest, with the remainder made up of raisin- and wine-variety grapes. OCTOBER Pumpkins preside in October, luring crafty Halloween carvers to market stands. But once these orange charmers have done their job, there’s more room for the dozen or so other hard-shelled winter squash types that cooks prefer, and it’s best to choose one that fits your recipe. Many people reach for the familiar pearshaped butternut squash: Its creamy texture, deep orange flesh, and smooth, easy-to-remove skin are a real appeal. Buttercup squash, with its full, sweet flavor, is a great candidate for pies, cakes, and breads. Favorites for savory dishes include the spaghetti squash, with its stringy, spaghetti-like flesh, and smaller varieties, like the acorn squash or the tender-skinned Delicata. Remember that the farmers at your neighborhood farmers’ markets are your best resource for answers on variety, preparation, and storage. Step right up and ask! • 68 fall harvest 2015 fall harvest 2015 69 east bay farmers’ markets Concord Alameda Haight & Webster Tuesday & Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Harbor Bay 1451 Harbor Bay Pkwy Thursday 10–2 weekly thru Sept 24, then Oct 8, 22; Nov 5, 19; Dec 3, 17 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Antioch Kaiser 4501 Sand Creek Rd Thursday 10–2 thru Oct 29 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Benicia Illustration: “Pleated Tomato” by Margo Rivera-Weiss Note on the North Berkeley Market Move As of October, the Thursday North Berkeley Farmers’ Market will be moving from its current site to the adjacent portion of Shattuck Avenue along the frontage road that serves businesses on Shattuck between Rose and Vine streets. The market’s configuration will change from two rows of food booths divided by a grassy strip to one long row. “We disagree with the City’s decision not to permit the market for the current location,” says Ben Feldman, food and farming program director at the Ecology Center. “The move will undoubtedly change the character of the market. However, we are committed to doing our best to make the farmers’ market work in the new location.” The change came about because the owner of Shattuck Commons (located on Shattuck & Rose) believes that the market negatively affects his property value and has pushed for its removal. The Ecology Center urges residents to continue supporting local farmers and farmers’ markets by shopping at the new site. EBT: Electronic Benefit Transfer is an electronic system for the food stamp program. WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children serves to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk, by providing nutritious foods to supplement their diet. MM: Market Match provides EBT customers token or voucher incentives to shop at farmers’ markets and spend their federal benefits on fresh fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Available seasonally. Contact individual organizations for details. First St btwn B & D Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 29 WIC beniciamainstreet.org Berkeley Adeline & 63rd St Tuesday 2–6:30 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Shattuck at Rose Thursday 3–7 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Corner of Center & MLK Saturday 10–3 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Brentwood First St Btwn Oak & Chestnut Saturday 8–noon thru Nov 21 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Castro Valley Todos Santos Plaza Willow Pass & Grant St Tuesday 10–2 year-round & Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 29 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Danville Railroad & Prospect Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Dublin Emerald Glen Park Tassajara & Central Pkwy Thursday 4–8 thru Sept 24 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com El Cerrito El Cerrito Plaza San Pablo & Fairmount Tuesday & Saturday 9–1 WIC Manager: 510.528.7992 Fremont Centerville Bonde Way & Fremont Blvd Saturday 9–1 Some WIC fremontfarmersmarket.com Irvington Bay St & Trimboli Sunday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 39400 Paseo Padre Pkwy Thursday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Hayward City Hall Plaza 777 B St Saturday 9–1 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org Railroad & North L Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Martinez Contra Costa Regional Medical Center Rotunda Cir, Main Entrance Tuesday 10–2 thru Sept 29 EBT + WIC + MM cccfm.org Main St & Estudillo Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Moraga Moraga Center Moraga Rd & Moraga Way Sunday 9–1 WIC cafarmersmkts.com Newark NewPark Mall Sunday 9–1 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org Oakland Children’s Hospital 52nd St & MLK Tuesday 2–7 EBT + WIC + MM phatbeetsproduce.org De la Fuente Plaza Btwn International & E 12th St near BART Sunday 10–2 WIC [email protected] Fruitvale Village Paseo San Leandro & 35th Ave Near BART Tuesday & Thursday 1–7 WIC [email protected] Grand Lake Grand Ave & Lake Park Way Saturday 9–2 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org BART Station Redwood Rd & Norbridge Saturday 10–2 WIC urbanvillageonline.com Kensington Livermore Jack London Square Broadway & Water St Sunday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Diablo St between Main and Center Saturday 8–noon thru Sept 19 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Carnegie Park Third & J St Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 3600 Broadway Friday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com 70 fall harvest 2015 Oak View Ave at Colusa Cir Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC kensingtonfarmersmarket.org EDIBLE EAST BAY Pleasanton Montclair Village Moraga & La Salle Sunday 9–1 WIC urbanvillageonline.com Corner of W Angela & Main Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com North Oakland 970 Grace at Lowell St Saturday 9:30–2:30 EBT + WIC + MM phatbeetsproduce.org Civic Auditorium Parking lot Btwn 24th & Barrett Ave Friday 8–5 EBT + WIC richmondfarmersmarket.org Old Oakland 9th St btwn Broadway & Clay Friday 8–2 EBT + WIC urbanvillageonline.com Telegraph 5316 Telegraph Saturday 10–3 freedomfarmersmarket.tumblr. com Temescal DMV at 5300 Claremont Sunday 9–1 EBT + WIC urbanvillageonline.com Uptown 1 Kaiser Plaza Wednesday 10–2 thru Nov 11 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Orinda Orinda Way at Orinda Village Saturday 9–1 Free Kids Activities every 2nd Sat cccfm.org Pinole Sanwa Bank Parking Lot Pear St & Fernandez Ave Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Pittsburg Old Town Plaza Railroad Ave at 6th St Saturday 9–1 thru Oct 31 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Pleasant Hill Downtown Plaza Gregory Ln & Trelany Rd Saturday 9–1 thru Nov 14 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com edibleeastbay.com Richmond Main St 13th and Nevin Wednesday 10–2 thru Nov 18 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Leandro Bayfair Mall Fairmont & E 14th St Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC cafarmersmkts.com Kaiser Merced St & Fairway Dr Wednesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Parrott St & E 14th St Wednesday 4–8 thru Oct 21 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Pablo City Hall Parking Lot 1 Alvarado Sq Saturday 10–2 thru Sept 26 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Ramon Bishop Ranch 3 Camino Ramon & Bishop Dr off Bollinger Canyon Rd Thursday 10–2 & Saturday 9–1 sanramonfarmersmarket.org San Ramon Sports Park E Branch Way & Sherwood Way Wednesday 4–8 thru Sept 30 sanramonfarmersmarket.org Kaiser 3553 Whipple Tuesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Old Alvarado/ Cesar Chavez Park Smith & Watkins St Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com fresh produce Sundays, 10am to 2pm • Kensington Colusa Circle Where the community comes to the table! Subscribe to our newsletter : KensingtonFarmersMarket.org Vallejo Georgia & Marin St Saturday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 975 Sereno Dr down Kaiser Pkwy Friday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Walnut Creek Diablo Valley Shadelands Office Complex Mitchell Dr & N Wiget Ln Saturday 9–1 cafarmersmkts.com Kaiser 1425 S Main St Tuesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Union City N Locust St Sunday 9–1 EBT + WIC cccfm.org East Plaza 11th St & Decoto Rd. Saturday 9–1thru Oct 3 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Rossmoor Golden Rain Rd & Tice Creek Dr Friday 9:30–1 (Rossmoor residents only) cafarmersmkts.com fall harvest 2015 71 source guide Arts, Education & Entertainment AUTUMN FOOD AND WINE FESTIVAL (p. 3) September 11–13 at Northstar California Resort, 5001 Northstar Dr, Truckee, CA. 880.GO.NORTH, northstarcalifornia.com EAST BAY REGIONAL PARK DISTRICT (p. 13) Parklands and trails ideal for healthful recreation and environmental education. ebparks.org EMERYVILLE CELEBRATION OF THE ARTS (p. 19) 29th annual exhibition runs October 3–25. EmeryArts.org FOOD CRAFT INSTITUTE (p. 13) Eat Real Festival, plus classroom and hands-on education in traditional food-making techniques and entrepreneurship skills. foodcraftinstitute.org INSTITUTE OF URBAN HOMESTEADING (p. 20) Offering the best in Bay Area sustainability education since 2008. iuhoakland.com LAUREL BOOK STORE (p. 7) Downtown Oakland’s new indie bookseller. 1423 Broadway. 510.452.9232. laurelbookstore.com THE LOCAL FOODS WHEEL (p. 18) Learn more about your foodshed. localfoodswheel.com MERRITT COLLEGE HORTICULTURE CLUB (p. 19) Don’t miss the Fall Plant Sale, October 3 & 4. merrittlandhort.com MRS DALLOWAY’S (p. 15) A full-service, independent neighborhood bookstore, featuring a wide variety of garden books, cookbooks, and author events. 2904 College Ave, Berkeley. 510.704.8222. mrsdalloways.com MYRTLE’S LODGE (p. 25) Gifts for the ice cream enthusiast, retro toys, Fentons logo apparel, and handcrafted toppings and candies. 4211 Piedmont Ave, Oakland. 510.655.2600. myrtleslodge.com PICNIC WITH MARKET HALL (p. 8) Join the Merchants of Market Hall for a picnic in the street during the Rockridge Out & About Street Fair on October 11. 5655 College Ave, Oakland. 510.250.6000. rockridgemarkethall.com ROCKRIDGE DISTRICT ASSOCIATION (p. 9) Come out for the Rockridge Kitchen Tour on September 20 and Rockridge Out & About street fair on October 11. rockridgedistrict.com UC BOTANICAL GARDEN AT BERKELEY (p. 25). Foods of the Americas exhibit this fall. botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu Farmers’ Markets CALIFORNIA FARMERS’ MARKETS ASSOCIATION (p. 23) Year-round markets in Walnut Creek, San Leandro, and Moraga. 800.806.FARM. cafarmersmkts.com CONTRA COSTA CERTIFIED FARMERS’ MARKETS (p. 15) Supporting small family farms and serving Contra Costa communities since 1982. 925.431.8361. cccfm.org ECOLOGY CENTER (p. 71) Building a sustainable, healthy, and just future through farmers’ markets, education, curbside recycling, and advocacy. With three farmers’ markets in Berkeley. 2530 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.2220. ecologycenter.org JACK LONDON SQUARE FARMERS’ MARKET (p. 71) Seasonal produce, fresh eggs, local honey, organic options, and more. Sundays year-round, 9am–2pm. jacklondonsquare.com, pcfma.com KENSINGTON FARMERS’ MARKET (p. 71) A 100% community-supported nonprofit market. kensingtonfarmersmarket.org PACIFIC COAST FARMERS’ MARKET ASSOCIATION (p. 25) Creating economic opportunities for California farmers and serving Bay Area communities since 1988. 800.949.FARM. pcfma.com URBAN VILLAGE FARMERS’ MARKET ASSOCIATION (p. 19) Four local year-round markets. urbanvillageonline.com Food, Beverage, & Flower Producers BLUE CIRCLE (p. 67) Responsible Seafood. Available through fine food retailers and distributors. 202.232.5282. bluecirclefoods.com LES CHÊNES ESTATE VINEYARDS (p. 23) Rhône Renaissance in the Livermore Valley. 5562 Victoria Ln, Livermore. 925.373.1662. leschenesvine.com CLOVER STORNETTA FARMS (p. 19) Healthy family, healthy cows! Milk, cream, yogurt, eggs, cheese, and ice cream. cloverstornetta.com COMMON CIDER (76) Premium hard cider in flavors like lemon, blood orange, and hibiscus. facebook. com/CommonCider or commoncider.com DASHE CELLARS (p. 24) Tasting room near Jack London Square, 55 Fourth St, Oakland. dashecellars.com DONKEY & GOAT (p. 17) Natural winemaking at 1340 5th Street in Berkeley. Tasting room open F–Su 2–6pm. donkeyandgoat.com FARM FRESH TO YOU (p. 11) Home delivery of guaranteed organically grown fruits and vegetables. Available in most of the Bay Area. farmfreshtoyou.com FROG HOLLOW FARM (p. 51) Outstanding organic fruits, conserves, olive oil, and baked goods. Join Happy Child CSA. 888.779.4511. froghollow.com GARRÉ WINERY (p. 24) 7986 Tesla Rd, Livermore. 925.371.8200. garrewinery.com INZANA RANCH AND PRODUCE (pp. 14, 30) Famously fresh fruit, decidedly delicious nuts, and extra virgin olive oil. Call 209.883.2935 or order online at InzanaRanch.com. THE LOCAL BUTCHER (p. 16) High-quality, sustainable meat and poultry. Whole animals sourced directly from local farmers and ranchers within 150 miles of the shop. 1600 Shattuck Ave, Ste 120, Berkeley. 510.845.6328. thelocalbutchershop.com MONTEREY MARKET (p. 15) Delicious seasonable produce and other quality products. 1550 Hopkins St, Berkeley. 510.526.6042. montereymarket.com MOONSHADOW GROVE (p. 30) Extra-virgin olive oils from an organic old-growth estate. moonshadowgrove.com NORTHBRAE BOTTLE SHOP (p. 57) Wine, craft beer, and spirits. 1590 Hopkins St, Berkeley. 510.525.5323. northbraebottleshop.com MORRIS GRASSFED (p. 18) 100% locally raised and grassfed beef. Order online or at 831.623.2933. morrisgrassfed.com OAKTOWN SPICE SHOP (p. 39) Spice up your dinner routine with the freshest spices, hand-mixed blends, and spice know-how. 546 Grand Ave, Oakland. 510.201.5400. oaktownspiceshop.com MR ESPRESSO (p. 31) Oak wood roasted coffee since 1978. 510.287.5200. mrespresso.com NIMAN RANCH (p. 3) The finest all-natural meats raised by family farmers and ranchers committed to sustainable and humane practices. nimanranch.com RETZLAFF WINERY (p. 24) Fine wines made from estate-grown certified-organic grapes. Lovely, historic grounds. Exceptional from vine to glass. 1356 S Livermore Ave, Livermore. 925.447.8941. retzlaffwinery.com SÉKA HILLS (p. 30) Extra-virgin olive oil, estate grown and milled by the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation in the Tribe’s ancestral Capay Valley homeland. Visit their olive mill and tasting room just off Hwy 16, 19326 County Rd 78, Brooks, CA. sekahills.com/olive-oil STEVEN KENT WINERY (p. 24) Tasting room open daily noon–4:30pm at 5443 Tesla Rd, Livermore. 925.243.6442. stevenkent.com STONEHOUSE CALIFORNIA OLIVE OIL (p. 31) Award-winning extra-virgin olive oils. One Ferry Building, San Francisco. 415.765.0405. stonehouseoliveoil.com THOMAS FARM (p. 29) A second-generation family farm producing sustainable organic produce and cut flowers since 1971. Pleasant Valley Rd, Aptos. 831.768.7262. thomasfarmorganic.com VICTORINE VALLEY FARMS (p. 31) Tuscan-blend and varietal extra virgin olive oils. Visit their tasting room at 21 S Livermore Ave, Livermore. 925.454.8777, VictorineValley.com Grocers & Specialty Markets FRANTOIO GROVE (p. 31) Tuscan variety extravirgin olive oil. Estate-pressed in San Martin. Frantoiogrove.com ALAMEDA MARKETPLACE (p. 67) Ten locally owned businesses under one roof at 1650 Park St, Alameda. alamedamarketplace.com FREY ORGANIC WINES (p. 24) Taste at Solar Living Center/Real Goods, Hopland. FreyWine.com CORNER MARKET (p. 20) The little market that can. 6040 Telegraph @ 61st, Oakland 72 fall harvest 2015 PIEDMONT GROCERY (p. 11) A full-service neighborhood grocery store at 4038 Piedmont Ave, Oakland, since 1902. 510.653.8181. piedmontgrocery.com THE SPANISH TABLE (p. 31) Bringing the best of Spain and Portugal to your table. 1814 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.1383. spanishtable.com, spanishtablewines.com STAR GROCERY & STAR MEATS (p. 57) Quality service since 1922. Lots of local farm products. 3068 Claremont Ave, Berkeley. 510.652.2490. facebook.com/stargroceryberkeley, star-meats.com WE OLIVE WALNUT CREEK (p. 30) California-grown and certified artisan olive oils. Tasting room at 1364 N Main St, Walnut Creek. 925.280.4574. walnutcreek.weolive.com WINE ON PIEDMONT (p. 57) Hand-selected fine wines and artisanal spirits in all price ranges. 4183 Piedmont Ave, Oakland. 510.595.9463. wineonpiedmont.com Health & Wellness CENTER FOR NATURAL HEALTH CARE (p. 23) For people who choose to live naturally. Mention the ad in this publication for $50 off your first visit. Carol Lourie, ND, L.Ac, 776 Page St, Berkeley. 510.526.2028. cfnhc.com FIVE FLAVORS HERBS (p. 23) Herbs, teas, and supplements for good health. 344 40th St, Oakland. 510.923.0178. fiveflavorsherbs.com LHASA KARNAK (p. 20) Western herb specialists, spices, oils, teas, extracts, and supplements. 2482 Telegraph Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.0380 and 1942 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.0372. Mail, phone, and web orders. Herb-inc.com OHLONE HERBAL CENTER (p. 20) Certified training in Western herbalism, workshops, field trips, and clinic. 1250 Addison St, #113, Berkeley. 510.540.8010. ohlonecenter.org EDIBLE EAST BAY Home, Kitchen & Garden and selling. [email protected]. taniahomeinsight.com ALDERSON CONSTRUCTION (p. 9) Established in 1979, Alderson Construction is a custom residential builder in the San Francisco Bay Area. We bring passion and an uncommon commitment to integrity, quality, and collaboration. 510.841.7159. aldersonconstruction.com TLC GARDENER (p. 7) Love your piece of ground. Dinwoodie Landscape Services. Commercial/ residential. 510.233.9336. TLCGardener.com AMY ROBESON (p. 13) Professional realtor, enthusiastic composter. Pacific Union Real Estate, 1625 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, and 1900 Mountain Blvd, Oakland. 510.828.3478. amyrobeson.com BERKELEY HORTICULTURAL NURSERY (pp. 15, 51) Family-owned retail nursery since 1922. 2nd Annual Nevada County Fiber Arts Trunk Show September 13. 1310 McGee Ave, Berkeley. 510.526.4704. berkeleyhort.com BIOFUEL OASIS (p. 15) An urban farm store and worker-owned co-op specializing in biodiesel made from recycled vegetable oil. 1441 Ashby Ave @ Sacramento, Berkeley. 510.665.5509. biofueloasis.com EAST BAY NURSERY (p. 16) California natives, drought-tolerant plants, succulents, organic veggie starts and seeds, fruit trees, and more. 2332 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.845.6490. eastbaynursery.com Resorts HOTEL BURLINGTON (p. 75) Historic hotel in Port Costa next to the Bull Valley Roadhouse (see Guide to Good Eats). 510.787.6795, thehotelburlington.com LOS POBLANOS (p. 3) Designed in 1932 by architect John Gaw Meem, the “Father of Santa Fe Style”, Los Poblanos combines 20 guest rooms, a working organic farm, award-winning field-tofork dining, and the ideal setting for meetings and special events. lospoblanos.com SORENSEN’S RESORT (p. 57) An all-season Sierra resort near South Lake Tahoe. 14255 Hwy 88, Hope Valley. 800.423.9949. sorensensresort.com Restaurants, Caterers, & Food To Go Turn to page 74 for our Guide to Good Eats! why subscribe to a free magazine? So you won’t miss a single mouth-watering issue! It’s easy to have Edible East Bay delivered promptly to your door each quarter. Just photocopy this page, fill in the information below, place it in an envelope along with your check (payable to Edible East Bay) and mail it to: Edible East Bay 1791 Solano Ave D14 Berkeley CA 94707 Save time and money with our discounted two-year subscription! Yes, I want to subscribe for ☐ 1 year (4 issues for $28) ☐ 2 years (8 issues for $46) Please start my subscription with the ☐ spring ☐ summer ☐ fall ☐ winter issue. Name:___________________________________________________ FLOWERLAND (p. 29) Nursery, gifts for home and garden, and coffee garden oasis. 1330 Solano Ave, Albany. 510.526.3550. flowerlandshop.com Address:__________________________________________________ FRINGE FLOWER COMPANY (p. 11) Seasonal, locally sourced, farm fresh flowers for daily delivery and special celebrations. 1489 Newell Ave, Walnut Creek. fringeflowers.com Include your email address if you would like to receive our free e-newsletter, which goes out several times each month: City:_________________________ State:____ Email: _____________________________________________ Need more information or want to pay by credit card? Please go online to edibleeastbay.com. THE GARDENER (p. 18) Beautiful and useful things for home and garden. 1836 Fourth St, Berkeley. 510.548.4545. thegardener.com GREENTOOLS (p. 13) Supplies Hungry Bin, a large-capacity worm composter designed for home, business, and institutional uses. Greentools represents products that help people minimize their environmental impact and reduce their operating costs. 888.886.7721, greentools.ca KITCHEN TABLE (p. 9) Home and kitchen supplies for chefs and foodies, plus beautiful handmade gifts. 1373 Locust St, Walnut Creek. 925.937.8888 Zip:_____________ Below: “Watermelons” by Margo Rivera-Weiss Reach our 70,000 active local readers with an ad in Edible East Bay. Contact us at [email protected] or 510.225.5776. ORCHARD NURSERY (p. 25) A full-service nursery, florist, and gift shop in Lafayette. “We make goodness grow!” orchardnursery.com POLLINATE FARM & GARDEN (p. 51) Fully stocked farm and garden store plus lectures and workshops. 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland. 510.686.3493. pollinatefarm.com TANIA BALAZS, MARVIN GARDEN REAL ESTATE (p. 29) Thoughtful approach to home buying edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 73 edible EAST BAY Guide to Good Eats Berkeley Ajanta 1888 Solano Ave 510.526.4373 ajantarestaurant.com Sophisticated Indian dining with creative dishes from all over India. Changing menu includes many gluten-free and vegan options. Organic and sustainable ingredients. Café Rouge 1782 Fourth St Reservations: 510.525.1440 Meat Market: 510.525.2707 caferouge.net Offering some of the freshest, tastiest meats, charcuterie, and seafood in the Bay Area. A full sevice bar, comfortable dining room, fresh seafood bar, and a specialty meat market. Gather 2200 Oxford St 510.809.0400 gatherrestaurant.com Standard Fare 2701 Eighth St 510.356.2261 StandardFareBerkeley.com 5427 College Ave 510.654.7159 bittersweetcafe.com 5474 College Ave 510.428.4078 Enoteca-Molinari.com Delicious meals to take home. Locally sourced ingredients and beautiful presentations. Delectable desserts, artisanal hot chocolates, and savory delights, all made from scratch. Three Stone Hearth Brown Sugar Kitchen An intimate Italian restaurant in Oakland’s Rockridge district, serving homemade pasta and other traditional dishes with 30 + wines by the glass. 1581 University Ave 510.981.1334 threestonehearth.com 2534 Mandela Pkwy 510.839.7685 brownsugarkitchen.com A community-supported kitchen offering nourishing foods and traditional wisdom. Online ordering, pickup, and delivery available. Chef Tanya Holland serves up “New-Style, Down-Home” cooking in Sweet West Oakland. Locally grown, organic, and seasonal ingredients whenever possible. Zatar 1981 Shattuck Ave 510.841.1981 zatarcatering.com A warmly lit spot for Mediterranean cuisine in the theater arts district. Some dishes made with ingredients from the chefs’ garden. Also caters. Danville B-Side Baking 3303 San Pablo Ave 510.595.0227 Enjoy sweet and savory baked goods, from pies to meaty puff pastries, in a modern café space. Cactus Taquería Join the countdown to 30 years. This sustainably focused restaurant uses seasonal, local, organic (whenever possble) produce and meats and supports other local businesses. 5642 College Ave Local produce, fresh ingredients 510.658.6180 purchased daily from responsible cactustaqueria.com purveyors It’s all about freshness, sustainability, and the GMOand MSG-free authentic 925.736.7781 traditional, mouthwatering flavors of Mexico. home cooking Aryana Afghan Cuisine Everything made from scratch. Meats sourced Family recipes inspired 9000 Crow Canyon Rd from partner farms that never ever by feedtravel the and bygrowth the love forantibiotics, quality orfood 925.763.7781 animals hormones, animal aryanaafghancuisine.com by-products. Food that captivates the taste buds of vegetarians, carnivores, Local produce and fresh ingredients purchased Calavera and gluten-free foodies alike daily from responsible purveyors. GMO- and 2337 Broadway MSG-free authentic home cooking. Family recipes 9000 Crow Canyon Rd. calaveraoakland.com inspired by travel and by the love of quality food. Danville Calavera is a Mexican restaurant with a focus on aryanaafghancuisine.com authentic, ingredient-driven fare and an innovaOakland tive tequila/mezcal-heavy cocktail program. Poulet 1685 Shattuck Ave 510.845.5932 pouletdeli.com 5478 College Ave 510.655.6469 acoterestaurant.com Co-founded in 1979 by Marilyn Rinzler and Bruce Aidells, Poulet serves fresh, healthy, gourmet food. Enjoy it at the deli or take it home. Small plates featuring the best of seasonal Mediterranean cuisine served family-style in a festive atmosphere in the main dining room or on the sunny patio. Smoke Berkeley 2434 San Pablo Ave 510.548.8801 smokeberkeley.com 5330 College Ave 510.655.1700 barrelroomsf.com Authentic Texas-style BBQ beef brisket, ribs, and chicken; tea-smoked salmon; South Carolina pulled pork; and all the fixin’s. Chef Tina’s blueribbon-winning pies and desserts made daily. This intimate restaurant features a quarterly changing, regionally focused menu, offering 50+ wines paired with masterful food sourced locally from high-end purveyors. A menu inspired by local farmers, ranchers, and artisan food producers. West Coast wines and innovative craft cocktails. Lalime’s 1329 Gilman St 510.527.9838 lalimes.com Chop Bar 247 Fourth St #111 510.834.2467 oaklandchopbar.com A neighborhood favorite serving breakfast, weekend brunch, lunch, and dinner, using the finest ingredients found in the Bay Area. Communitē Table 4171 MacArthur Blvd 510.482.2114 communite-table.com Fentons Restaurant & Creamery 4226 Piedmont Ave 510.658.7000 fentonscreamery.com Handmade ice cream, quality ingredients, and friendly service. E.S. Fenton founded the Oakland creamery in 1894. Lungomare One Broadway 510.444.7171 lungomareoakland.com On the waterfront at Jack London Square, Chef Craig DiFonzo sources ingredients locally for his Italian-inspired menu of seafood, housemade charcuterie, pizza, and fresh pastas. Oliveto 5655 College Ave 510.547.5356 oliveto.com Restaurant Upstairs: whole-animal, locally sourced Italian-based cuisine; known for housemade pastas & salumi, innovative antipasti. Cafe Downstairs: bar, oak-roasted coffees, pizza, evening rosticceria. Smitten Ice Cream 5800 College Ave 510.594.7630 smittenicecream.com Churned-to-order ice cream made with only the purest, locally sourced and organic ingredients (and no artificial anything—zero, zilch, nada). Spice Monkey 1628 Webster St at 17th 510.268.0170 spicemonkeyrestaurant.com Globally inspired cuisine, incorporating spices and culinary traditions from around the world. Delicious dishes for meat eaters, vegetarians, gluten-free, and vegans! Beautiful historic ambience, creative cocktails, and lively event schedule. American comfort food in the Laurel. Eat in or bring home. Linden Street Beer and four Napa Valley wines on tap. Now serving lunch and dinner. 74 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Toast kitchen + bar 5900 College Ave 510.658.5900 toastoakland.com Serving California cuisine with local and organic ingredients for lunch, dinner, and weekend brunch, TOAST kitchen + bar offers a full bar and an extensive selection of small production wines. The front patio is a welcome oasis to the daily grind. Friendly dogs are even welcome on the patio! The Town Kitchen 510.761.8690 thetownkitchen.com We deliver chef-crafted boxed-lunch and employ low-income youth. Delivery area includes Oakland, Berkeley, and SF. Easy online ordering. Solano County Veronica’s Veggies 707.771.4410 veronicasveggies.com Homemade vegan comfort food. Delivered frozen to your door. You can heat and enjoy when you like! Please call for free delivery schedule information. Tahoe Sorensen’s Resort 14255 Hwy 88 Hope Valley, CA 800.423.9949 sorensensresort.com Zachary’s Chicago Pizza 5801 College Ave and 3 other East Bay locations 510.655.6385 zacharys.com An all-season Sierra resort near South Lake Tahoe. Café serves three delicious meals a day to lodging guests and the traveling public. Since this much-loved pizza place opened in Rockridge in 1983, it has been serving exemplary deep-dish and stuffed pizzas. Now in four locations, all stores are employee-owned. Niles Pie Co. 32990 AlvaradoNiles Rd 510.324.4743 nilespie.com Port Costa Sweet, savory, local, and fresh pies. Eat in, carry out. Available at shops and markets around the East Bay. Bull Valley Roadhouse 14 Canyon Lake Dr 510.787.1135 bullvalleyroadhouse.com Union City minutes from your house but 100 years away West Marin County Traditional American fare with a regional touch. The 1883 hotel next door is the Victorian jewel of historic Port Costa. San Francisco Frog Hollow Café Ferry Building Marketplace, Shop #46 888.779.4511 froghollow.myshopify.com Learn about the principals of sustainability practiced at Frog Hollow Farm as you enjoy nourishing, seasonal food and beverages from local farms, vineyards, and breweries. Nick’s Cove Restaurant Oyster Bar \| Cottages 23240 Hwy 1 Marshall CA 415.663.1033 x120 nickscove.com Situated on the shores of Tomales Bay, Nick’s Cove offers award-winning California coastal cuisine with 12 beautifully appointed guest cottages nestled along historic Highway One. A beacon at the end of a canyon road in the 1880’s dock town of Port Costa, the Bull Valley Roadhouse serves American food that warms body and soul HUNGRY? Tuck into a classic, hearty menu featuring ingredients from our best small farms. THIRSTY? Belly up to the bar for our turn-of-the-century cocktails. TIRED? Turn in at the eccentric old Burlington Hotel next door! For reservations and for more information, please visit our website at... bullvalleyroadhouse.com or to see the hotel: edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 75 WHAT JOY TASTES LIKE. Our exuberant hard apple cider has met its muse in the form of Blood Orange Tangerine. Not only has this playful pair been busy sweeping up awards, but they’ve also made their way to the shelves of your favorite retailer in 12oz slim cans. Open yourself to the joy. GOLD AL MEINDNER W COMMON C I D E R C O M PA N Y Find Common Cider near you. commoncider.com/locator 76 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY	Mai Tai
Oncology is the study of what?	Edible East Bay Fall Harvest 2015 by Edible East Bay - issuu issuu Fall Harvest 2015 Ten Years in Print edibleeastbay.com Member of Edible Communities fall harvest 2015 1 There are 125 reasons why chefs choose Niman Ranch Raised With Care® is more than a tag line—it is engrained in everything we do. From the way our family farmers treat the land and the animals to how we support our farmers, ranchers and their local communities—we have 125 ways that we back this up. We care and so do the chefs, grocers and consumers that support Niman Ranch. · All Vegetarian Feeds · Raised Outdoors or in Deeply Bedded Pens (No Confinement) · No Antibiotics or Added Hormones*–Ever · No Preservatives · No Nitrites · No Gluten We appreciate the opportunity that Niman Ranch affords us to make a living as a family farm. Paul Brown, Iowa Paul Brown Young farmers, we just ask for a chance. We don’t ask for a ton of money or whatever. We just want to have a chance. A chance to get started and work hard. Scott Sibbel, Iowa Scott Sibbel and children I probably wouldn’t have come back to farm, to raise pigs, if we were in a more conventional swine operation. We prefer to see our sows outside, our pigs outside, exhibiting their natural behaviors. There’s just no other way to do it in our eyes. Adair Crowe, Missouri Adair Crowe The finest all- natural meats raised by family farmers and ranchers committed to sustainable and humane practices Learn more at nimanranch.com 2 fall harvest 2015 Minimally processed. No artificial ingredients. Federal regulations prohibit the use of hormones in pork. EDIBLE EAST BAY “...a fine embodiment of innovative agricultural and architectural preservation.” ~ edible Austin lospoblanos.com Farm Shop • Dining • Lavender Fields • Historic Inn • Organic Farm • Weddings P R E S E N T E D B Y T H E N O R T H L A K E TA H O E R E S O R T A S S O C I AT I O N September 11-13, 2015 at Northstar California Blazing Pans Mountain Chef Cook Off Farm to Tahoe Dinner Culinary Competition and Grand Tasting Purchase tickets now at and much more! WWW.TAHOEFOODANDWINE.COM WWW.NORTHSTARCALIFORNIA.COM/AFW A fundraiser for the Community Fund of North Lake Tahoe, through the 501c-3 Truckee Tahoe Community Foundation edibleeastbay.com Roasted Winter Squash and Apple Soup 4 fall harvest 2015 ABOUT OUR COVER PHOTOGRAPHER, DAVID GANS I f the name David Gans rings a bell, it may be because he’s contributed articles and photos to this magazine, was interviewed in our Harvest 2008 issue by Mary Tilson, the popular host of KPFA’s America’s Back Forty, and is a familiar performer at Oakland’s Grand Lake Farmers’ Market. But David is far better known in the wider world as a musician, journalist, and famous chronicler of the Grateful Dead. At the time of this interview, he had just returned home to Oakland from a 12day tour of the Midwest during which he performed original material and hosted the SiriusXM broadcasts of the Grateful Dead “Fare Thee Well” shows in Chicago. Edible East Bay: How did you first get into performing at the farmers’ market? David Gans: A friend suggested I apply. I play there two or three times a year. I love it. EEB: How did you come to appreciate good food and why? DG: It started when I met my wife, Rita. Her Italian family cherished good food, and she was part of a collective that started San Francisco’s Inner Sunset Community Food Store in the mid-1970s. The store’s focus was on organic produce. EEB: Tell us about your profession and what you’re working on right now. DG: I have been a working musician since I was 16. I took a long detour into music journalism—interviewing musicians, producers, engineers, executives, etc.—which provided an income and a million-dollar education. My interest in the Grateful Dead led to a book contract and thence into the radio business. About 15 years ago I began touring. With several self-published records, I have seen enough success to merit continuing and have been able to avoid holding a “real” job for almost 40 years. I am now recording a solo album of Grateful Dead songs, and my book hits the streets on November 10: This Is All a Dream We Dreamed: An Oral History of the Grateful Dead, a collaboration with my Oakland neighbor Blair Jackson. Photographer Scott Peterson visited David Gans and Rita Hurault at their home in Oakland to shoot these images. The set of photos was so charming that we couldn’t resist posting them as a slideshow online at edibleeastbay.com. The set includes some of David’s produce shots and an audio clip of his song about the Grand Lake Farmers’ Market. EEB: What drew you to photography? DG: I had a Brownie at a pretty early age and started doing darkroom work as a teenager. With my Nikon SLR (a 21st birthday gift), I launched a freelance career and sold photos along with interviews and articles. Once I got into radio, I did a lot less journalism and music photography … until I got a digital camera! Now I never go anywhere without a camera (and phone-cam) in my pocket. I love taking photos of weird-looking produce and other sweet sights at the markets. I named my last record The Ones That Look the Weirdest Taste the Best, a line from my song about the Grand Lake Market, “The Bounty of the County.” edibleeastbay.com EEB: Did that hornworm on our cover eat a quarter of that tomato all in one sitting? And how did you feel about it? DG: Not being the gardener, I don’t take pests as seriously as Rita does. I just enjoy the fruits of her labor! Rita Hurault: YIPES! and COOL! were my reactions, and then yipes again. I looked around to see if there were any others and then sent the picture to friends who are avid gardeners and naturalists. It was late in the season, and I’d harvested most of my tomatoes by then. I think the worm may have gone with some kids to school for show and tell. No signs of another this year, thank heavens. • fall harvest 2015 5 edible east bay editor’s mixing bowl Edible East Bay celebrates ten years in print. (And online, too!) We offer our deep appretiation for all the writers, artists, and photographers who contribute to this effort, as well as to the subscribers and advertisers who make it all possible! Of special note are our charter advertisers: Clover Stornetta Farms, Ecology Center, Monterey Market, Pacific Coast Farmers’ Market Association, Piedmont Grocery, and Rockridge Market Hall. With much appreciation, Cheryl Angelina Koehler PUBLISHER/EDITOR /DESIGNER Cheryl Angelina Koehler contributing editors Sarah Henry Kristina M. Sepetys Rachel Trachten COPY EDITORS Carrington Morris Sam Tillis SOCIAL MEDIA Sam Tillis DIGITAL DESIGNER Charmaine Koehler-Lodge edible EAST BAY Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 3, No. 1 EDIBLE EAST BAY Winter 2006 Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Member of Edible Communities Winter Holidays 2012 Number 33 minimum wagE LivErmorE winE advEnturEs wiLd turkEy: a good choicE for thE sustainaBiLity piLgrim’s thanksgiving Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region Composting to Save the Planet Farm to Fast Food in Berkeley Livermore Valley Gets Some Cheese Therapy Member of Edible Communities Summer 2015 ◆ No. 40 ◆ Year 10 6 fall harvest 2015 Spring 2015 ◆ No. 39 ◆ Year 10 Member of Edible Communities No. 39 ² Spring 2015 On the Menu: Backyard Bounty ◆ A Controversy Over Seed Saving ◆ Pickled Green Walnuts The Medicineshed Digital Dining Garden to Glass Member of Edible Communities Member of Edible Communities edible East Bay Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region Ì Number 38 Ì Winter Holidays 2014 No. 34 edible East Bay edible East Bay No part of this publication may be used without written permission of the publisher. © 2015 All rights reserved. Number 4 doris muscatine • home wine makers • nettles • planting tomatoes Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 2, No. 2 WINTER 2007 DUCK EGGS • ZEN • HOME ROASTED COFFEE Every effort is made to avoid errors, misspellings, and omissions. If, however, an error comes to your attention, please accept our sincere apologies and notify us. Thank you. Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season nowhere else but here: the context of berkeley’s food revolution chanterelles & seasonal citrus • frog hollow farm • rosenblum cellars AD SALES Niki Z Shelly Mariposa Chris Lynch Edible East Bay is published quarterly (February 15, May 15, August 15, and November 15) by Edible East Bay L.L.C. Distribution throughout California’s Alameda and Contra Costa counties and nationally by subscription. Subscriptions are $28 for four issues or $46 for eight issues, and can be purchased online at edibleeastbay.com or by mail with a check sent to the above address. Summer 2006 preserving brentwood • musicians on cooking • brown rice • the seoul of oakland ® Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Vol. 3, No. 2 Number 1 east bay charcuterie • knoll organics • livermore valley wines • amity works edible EAST BAY EDIBLE EAST BAY Autumn 2005 MUSHROOMS • OAKLAND’S WOMEN CHEFS edible EAST BAY No. 40 ² Summer 2015 Celebrating the food culture of San Francisco’s East Bay region ON THE MENU: BACKYARD BOUNTY The Three-Tier Roadblock to Barroom Creativity A Controversy Over Seed Saving Pickled Green Walnuts Member of Edible Communities EDIBLE EAST BAY our contributors Local produce, fresh ingredients purchased daily from responsible purveyors Melissa Fairchild Clark is an Oakland-based culinary creative who works with all things seasonal and sustainable. Find her recipes, writing, styling, and photography at whatclarkcooked.com. 925.736.7781 A Bay Area native, Lindsay Dobbs developed her passion for photography in the high school darkroom and then furthered her knowledge at Brooks Institute in Santa Barbara, graduating in 2012 with a BFA in photography. Lindsay’s rich zest for life is transcribed in her photographs with bright and colorful images. lindsaydobbs.com GMO- and MSG-free authentic home cooking Family recipes inspired by travel and by the love for quality food Food that captivates the taste buds of vegetarians, carnivores, and gluten-free foodies alike 9000 Crow Canyon Rd. Danville Shanna Farrell is an oral historian with UC Berkeley’s Regional Oral History Office, where she is currently the project lead for their West Coast Cocktails: An Oral History project. In addition to cocktail and spirit history, she works on environmental history. You can find her on Twitter as @shanna_farrell. a ry a n a a fg h a n c u i si n e .c o m Love your piece of earth Gary Handman is an occasional freelance illustrator and cartoonist whose work has appeared in a strangely diverse gaggle of books and journals. In a former (pre-retirement) life he daylighted as the film and video librarian of the UC Berkeley library. He has lived in Berkeley with his wife, Pam, for ages. You can reach Gary at [email protected]. Dinwoodie Landscape Services Contributing editor Sarah Henry’s food and farming stories have appeared in the Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle, and California, and online at CHOW, Civil Eats, and Modern Farmer. Henry also writes regularly for Edible San Francisco and Edible Marin & Wine Country. Find her in Best Food Writing 2014, on Twitter @ lettuceeatkale, and at sarahhenrywriter.com. Sarah is writing a book about California coastal farmsteads, slated for publication in 2016. commercial/residential 510.233.9336 Your neighborhood book store in the heart of downtown Oakland Veteran journalist Barbara Kobsar has authored two cookbooks focusing on traditional home-cooked meals using local produce. You’ll find her each week at the Walnut Creek Farmers’ Market selling her Cottage Kitchen jams and jellies made from farmers’ market produce. Free gift wrapping and expert opinions. 24/7 shopping for Books & E-books @ www.laurelbookstore.com Gardening Cheryl Angelina Koehler is the founding editor, designer, and publisher of Edible East Bay. Reach her at [email protected]. Cookbooks Fiction Mystery Freelance writer Anna Mindess follows immigrant food journeys and stories of cities where food and locale deliciously intertwine. A frequent contributor to Oakland Magazine, KQED Bay Area Bites, and Berkeleyside, she also works as a sign language interpreter and combines her food and culture interests by leading tasting tours in ASL. Find more of her writing at eastbayethniceats.com. Laura Ness, aka “Her VineNess,” treasures her time in vineyards, fields, cellars, and kitchens, appreciating the magical processes that turn earth’s bounty into heavenly delights. Follow her epicurean adventures on WineOhTv.com and winefoodexplorer.com. Children’s Current Events History more 1423 Broadway, Oakland @ 12th St. BART 510-452-9232 pouletad.pdf 7/6/10 2:15:29 PM [email protected] C Y CM Charlotte Peale is a student at College Preparatory School in Oakland, where she is studying photography. MY CY Photographer and videographer Scott Peterson has lived in the Bay Area for over 25 years and in Oakland for the past 12. During this time, he’s witnessed the explosion of food culture in the East Bay, and he’s happy to be involved with it as a photographer for magazines, edibleeastbay.com AFFORDABLE FRESH FOOD SINCE 1979 1685 Shattuck Ave 510.845.5932 pouletdeli.com fall harvest 2015 7 our contributors books, cookbooks, and blogs. “It’s exciting. And certainly makes my commute easier.” scottpetersonproductions.com Author of Full Moon Feast: Food and the Hunger for Connection, Jessica Prentice is also co-founder of Berkeley’s Three Stone Hearth community-supported kitchen. threestonehearth.com Kristen Rasmussen is a culinary nutritionist who teaches at UC Berkeley and the Culinary Institute of America on topics ranging from food science to foraging. Find her at rootedfood.com. Oakland-based artist Margo Rivera-Weiss makes food-related art and draws daily. She teaches monthly sketchbook classes at Women’s Cancer Resource Center in Oakland. Connect at margoriveraweiss.com or Margo Rivera-Weiss - Art on Facebook. To join in on local sketching outings, check out the group Margo co-founded on Facebook – East Bay Sketchers. Patricia Robinson is thrilled to be painting again after decades spent away from art while she pursued a career in engineering. As a long-term vegan, she especially enjoys painting the vibrant ingredients our California farmers bring to market. She currently works as a therapist in Danville. Contributing editor Kristina Sepetys is a writer and consultant living in Berkeley. Her work focuses on the intersection of food, farming, energy, land, water, and sustainable resource use. She can be reached at [email protected]. Photographer Carmen Silva’s interests in visual storytelling and positive social transformation run deep. In addition to photography, she produces commercials and videos and advises social enterprises and NGOs on communication and messaging. You can reach her at [email protected]. Jillian Laurel Steinberger has written for the San Francisco Chronicle, Bay Area News Group papers, BUST, Bitch, and other publications. As a landscape designer, she loves creating inspiring spaces with a focus on native plants and edibles for year-round color, food, and pollination. [email protected] Contributing editor Rachel Trachten writes about food, gardens, and cooking as tools for social change. She also contributes to Oakland and Alameda magazines and The East Bay Monthly. View her stories at racheltrachten.contently.com and contact her at [email protected]. Illustrator and artist Lila Volkas combines her love for art and sustainable food in many ways. Her work has been featured on KQED’s Bay Area Bites and on posters, t-shirts, and zines. She also leads monthly kombucha brewing workshops. Find her at lilavolkas.com. 8 fall harvest 2015 fall harvest 2015 9 edible events Sign up for our e-newsletter, East Bay Appetizer, and you’ll get lots of extra juicy tidbits in your email in-box several times per month. Go to our website, edibleeastbay.com, and follow the sign-up link. Ongoing Thursday August 20–September 24, 9:30–11:30am Cooking Matters for Adults Sunday August 23, 9am Farmers’ Market Walk & Cooking Class Family Justice Center 256 24th St, Richmond This free, six-week-long cooking and nutrition class is taught by a chef, nutritionist, and class assistant It’s offered by 18 Reasons. Volunteers needed. Info on this and other classes: 18reasons.org Walnut Creek Farmers’ Market and Tender Greens 1352 Locust St, Walnut Creek Walk the market with Tender Greens chef Sean Eastwood. Taste ingredients and bring them back to the restaurant for an interactive cooking class followed by private lunch with wine pairings. Cost: $95. Info: tendergreens.com/blog/834/newwalnut-creek-farmers-market-walk-cooking-classand-lunch Every Friday, 5–9pm Friday Nights @OMCA Oakland Museum of California, 1000 Oak St, Oakland Half-price admission to museum exhibits and family-friendly Off the Grid food-truck party. Info: museumca.org/friday-nights-omca Second Saturday of the month, 10–11am City Slicker Farms Tours 1625 16th St, Oakland Come learn about urban agriculture as a solution to food insecurity. Suggested $10 donation supports City Slicker Farms community programs. Info: cityslickerfarms.org Last Saturday of each month, usually 11am–2pm Ruckus n’ Resiliency 970 Grace Ave @ Feel the Beet! Farmers’ Market, Oakland A lively street party celebrating food traditions, resistance, and culture with workshops, music, free tastings, and a cook-off alongside the farmers’ market. Free. Info: phatbeetsproduce.org Third Sunday each month, 1–3pm “Vines and Wines” Captain Vineyards, Moraga Susan and Sal Captain offer an intimate look at grape growing and wine processing at a small, family-owned vineyard following green and sustainable practices. Barrel tasting and cheese pairing included. Cost: $43. Info: 925.899.0703 or [email protected] Twice monthly Resilient Communities Legal Café Various East Bay locations Sustainable Economies Law Center and East Bay Community Law Center offer free legal advice for launching community-centric enterprises. Check website for days and times. Info: theselc.org/cafe 10 fall harvest 2015 Sunday August 23, 10am–3pm Inviting California to Dinner: Using Native Plants in Your Everyday Diet Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Tilden Regional Park Wildcat Canyon Rd at S. Park Dr, Berkeley Learn about edible natives like miner’s lettuce, wild grape, saltbush, and Cleveland sage. Includes lecture, detailed recipe cards, samples, harvesting, and cooking demos. Please bring a lunch. Cost: Members $90; Nonmembers $100. Info: nativeplants.org Thursday August 27, all day International Cabernet Sauvignon Day Concannon Vineyard, 4590 Tesla Rd, Livermore Hop on the Livermore Valley Wine Trolley for a high-end cabernet-focused wine tasting experience. Sit back and enjoy the views of Livermore Valley. Also classes, pairings, and more. concannonvineyard.com/cabernetday Thursday August 27, 6–8pm DIY Fresh Cheese, Butter & Yogurt PRESERVED, located in the backyard at 4200 Piedmont Ave #2, Oakland Learn to make your own yogurt, butter, crème fraîche, and ricotta in this hands-on workshop with PRESERVED owner Elizabeth Vecchiarelli. Students go home with recipe guides and a jar of fresh cheese. Cost: $40. Info: preservedgoods.com Sunday August 30, 10am–5pm FARMcurious Hands-On Greywater Installation Workshop 176 Marlow Dr, Oakland Save water by learning to install a simple home greywater system. Work with the group and Greywater Action instructors to build a laundryto-landscape system and get expert advice about your own site. Cost: $75. Info: farmcurious.com EDIBLE EAST BAY Customize your box with the local, organic produce and farm products you want. $15 off your first box COUPON CODE: EDIBLEEB locally grown flowers and greens weddings I celebrations I special events I daily deliveries 1489 Newell Ave., Walnut Creek â€˘ www.fringeflowers.com edibleeastbay.com Sign Up For Home Delivery Today! 1.800.796.6009 www.farmfreshtoyou.com fall harvest 2015 11 Sunday August 30, 11am–3pm Late Summer Fruit Tree Pruning and Care Photo by Carole Topalian Pollinate Farm & Garden, 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Expert instructors John Valenzuela and John Heenan discuss tree biology, solutions for pests, and tool selection, then demonstrate pruning techniques for aesthetics and optimal fruit production. Cost: $35. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 LEARN A Berkeley Institution Since 1985 1329 Gilman Street, Berkeley 510.527.9838 • www.lalimes.com follow us on facebook, twitter, and instagram At Ardenwood Historic Farm 34600 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont Sundays August 23, September 13 & 27, October 4, 11am–1pm Cooking in the Country Kitchen Learn how they cooked in a historic country kitchen. Sample special treats and pick up a historic recipe to try at home. Now Featuring Organic Ingredients Sophisticated Indian Dining Green Certified Serving creative dishes from all over India through a monthly changing menu, in an elegant dining hall featuring art work inspired by Ajanta caves in India. Gluten free and Vegan dishes available. Gourmet lunches offered from $10, dinners from $16 1888 Solano Ave., Berkeley • 526-4373 Open Daily, 11:30am–2:30pm, 5:30–9pm www.ajantarestaurant.com Memorial Civic Center Complex 403 Civic Center Plaza, Richmond Join international leaders, farmers, scientists, community members, and environmental and food justice advocates for workshops, presentations, and networking. Inspired by Dr. Vandana Shiva’s book Soil Not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis. Cost varies by event. Info: soilnotoilcoalition.org Tuesday–Thursday, September 8–10, all day National Heirloom Seed Exposition Spice up an old staple of farm life with exotic spices and flavors. Sonoma County Fairgrounds, Santa Rosa Speakers, exhibitors, and 350 vendors gather to discuss and showcase ideas and products related to natural food, gardening, green-tech, and sustainability. Benefits school gardening education and other sustainable food programs. Info: theheirloomexpo.com Saturday September 12, 5:30–8pm Murder Mystery Dinner Friday–Sunday, September 11–13 Lake Tahoe Autumn Food & Wine Festival Find clues, act out roles, and catch the Patterson House criminal while enjoying a formal dinner. Registration req’d. Cost: $69 Sunday September 13, 1–2pm Wax: It’s the Bee’s Knees Northstar California, 5001 Northstar Dr, Truckee CA Celebrate this event’s 30th anniversary with a culinary competition, cooking demos, food and wine tastings, art exhibits, and more in a beautiful mountain resort. Cost varies by event. Info: gotahoenorth.com/events Learn about beeswax and why it’s important for both bees and humans. Make a candle and sample Ardenwood’s honey. Saturday September 12, 9am–3pm Urban Farm Tours: Hayward & environs Saturday September 12 & Sunday September 20, 1–2pm Gourmet Popcorn Voted Best Indian in the entire Bay Area Zagat Guide 2009 through 2015 Friday September 4 & Saturday September 5, times TBA Soil Not Oil: Practicing Sustainable Agriculture to Restore Ecosystems and Mitigate Climate Change Saturday September 19, 1–2pm The Queen’s Sweetmeat Butterscotch has a tasty place in history. Learn to stir up this sweet treat and taste a sample fresh from the outdoor stove. Saturday September 26, 11:30am–12:30pm Apple Cookin’ Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA This tour of farms from Cherryland to Hayward to Castro Valley shows diverse options from a 9-acre hobby farm to a moderate-size homestead on a typical urban lot. Includes bees, chickens, goats, worm composting, vertical gardening, water-wise gardens, and more. Cost: Adults: $30, kids $18, lowincome or half-day $20. Info: iuhoakland.com Learn about different apple varieties, and taste a bit of sweet apple goodness cooked in the country kitchen. Saturday September 12, 11am–1pm Ask Mrs. Wheelbarrow: Practical Preserving Q&A with bestselling author Cathy Barrow No registration required. All programs are free except where noted once you have paid the park entry fee of $2–6. Disabled accessible. Info: 510.544.2797 or ebparks.org Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Bring your food-preserving questions to Cathy Barrow, contributing food writer (DIY) for the Washington Post and author of the award-winning 12 fall harvest 2015 Visit for Free WITH YOUR ANNUAL PARK MEMBERSHIP Resident Membership: $50 for individuals. $95 for a family of two adults, four kids. Call today! (510) 544-2220 www.ebparks.org/rpf/ membership * special event days not included Ardenwood Historic FArm – Celebrating 30 Years • Fremont edibleeastbay.com years! Photos courtesy of Guittard Chocolate Company Mrs. Wheelbarrow’s Practical Pantry: Recipes and Techniques for Year-Round Preserving. Enjoy some treats as Cathy signs copies of her book. Cost: $25. Info: pollinatefarm. com or 510.686.3493 Gary Guittard (left), fourth-generation chocolate maker and current Guittard Chocolate Company CEO, at work with with daughter Amy and son Jesse at a cacao plantation. READ, TASTE, & COOK Guittard Chocolate Cookbook INZANA RANCH & PRODUCE FAMOUSLY FRESH FRUITS DECIDEDLY DELICIOUS NUTS Visit our farm in Hughson and at the Grand Lake, Irvington, Montclair, Pleasanton, and Temescal Farmers Markets. Order online: inzanaranch.com Or call: 209.883.2935 Apples Walnuts Pistachios Chestnuts Pecans Filberts Olives Figs Peaches Cherries Pears Almonds Nectarines Pomegranates Apricots Grapes Plums Pluots Prunes Kiwi Persimmons Citrus For nearly 150 years, America’s oldest continuously family-run chocolate company has been making artisan chocolate for home bakers, pastry chefs, and confectioners. Now, Amy Guittard, the company’s marketing director and great-great-granddaughter of Guittard Chocolate Company founder Etienne Guittard, shares the story of the Guittard family and friends, their work, and their chocolate traditions while connecting readers with the larger history, culture, and artistry of chocolate. The book, Guittard Chocolate Cookbook: Decadent Recipes from San Francisco’s Premium Bean-to-Bar Chocolate Company, includes a forward by the East Bay’s own Alice Medrich, a much-lauded baking instructor and award-winning cookbook author, plus 60 recipes from Guittard’s resident pastry chef and teacher Donald Wressell, which range from easy-to-follow to more involved. Saturday September 12, 1–3pm Book Signing, Tastings, and Conversation with Amy Guittard The Pasta Shop Fourth Street 1786 4th St, Berkeley Meet Amy Guittard, enjoy comparative chocolate tastings and samples of items cooked from the Guittard Chocolate Cookbook, and receive discounts on Guittard chocolate. Signed copies of the book available. No charge except for purchases. Info: pastashop.net or 510.250.6004 14 fall harvest 2015 Saturday September 12, 9am–1pm Bike and Dine McLaughlin Eastshore State Park Ride from the Berkeley Marina to Little Louie’s, a casual café in Point Richmond’s historic district. Enjoy lunch before returning to Berkeley. Seventeen miles roundtrip. Loaner bikes and helmets available. Registration required. Cost: $30. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Saturday September 12, noon–4pm Garin Apple Festival Garin Regional Park, 1320 Garin Ave, Hayward Celebrate the apple harvest in a heritage antique apple orchard with varieties you won’t see anywhere else. Try your hand at hand-cranking ice cream and cider pressing. Music, dancing, crafts, and old-fashioned games make event fun for the whole family. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Sunday September 13, 10am–1pm Native Bees and Native Plants: Pollination for the People! Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA Learn about the lifecycles and biology of honeybees and native bees, the differences between the two, the relationship between bees and flowers, and how to support bees and insects in your garden. Cost: $35–75 sliding scale. Info: iuhoakland.com Friday–Sunday, September 18–20, Fri 1–9pm, Sat 10:30am–9pm, Sun 10:30am–5pm Eat Real Festival Jack London Square, Oakland This celebratory street-food festival features offerings made from regionally sourced, sustainably produced ingredients. The event is the premier educational program of the nonprofit Food Craft Institute. Admission is free; all served street food items are $8 or less. Info: eatrealfest.com Saturday September 19, noon–5pm September Harvest Tasting BioFuel Oasis, 1441 Ashby Ave, Berkeley Taste local honey and homemade kombucha, pet chickens, take a free urban farming workshop, and vote on the East Bay’s best honey. Kids welcome. Free. Info: 510.665.5509 or biofueloasis.com EDIBLE EAST BAY BioFuel Oasis Cooperative Biodiesel Station & Urban Farm Store Organic Chicken Feed & Supplies Beekeeping Equipment & Local Honey Kefir/Kombucha Starters & Fermentation Kits 1441 Ashby Ave. Berkeley 510 665 5509 biofueloasis.com B-SIDE BAKING CO. NOW OPEN tuesday–sunday 7am-3pm 3303 San Pablo Ave oak/ca 510.595.0227 Bookstore L ITE RARY Come in for the Perfect Cookbook! GAR D E N ART S Books Cards Garden Boutique 2904 College Avenue, Berkeley • MrsDalloways.com edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 15 Photo courtesy of Uli Westphal Institute of Urban Homesteading, location TBA Learn about jam, jellies, compotes, vinegar pickles, vegetables sauces, salsa, no-fail low-sugar jams, and the secrets of pectin. Take home three jars of goodies. Cost: $60–90 sliding scale plus $15 supply fee paid on day of class. Info: iuhoakland.com Sunday September 20, 10am–1pm Backyard Beekeeping Class SHOP UGLY Imperfect CSA There’s a new kind of CSA box in town— the cosmetically challenged kind. “We’re trying to create the first major consumer brand around ugly produce in America,” says Imperfect cofounder Ben Simon. His business launches this month with deliveries of great-tasting fruit and veggies that aren’t quite mainstream in size, shape, or color to locations in Oakland, Berkeley, and Emeryville. There are plans to expand to the rest of the Bay Area soon, and Simon also recently announced a partnership between Imperfect and Raley’s supermarket in Sacramento, marking the first time a major U.S. retail chain is selling ugly produce. The look is wonky to some, charming to others. Imperfect sources its fruit and veggies directly from California farmers, who are delighted to sell food that would otherwise go to waste. Simon notes that operations managers at Central Valley agricultural pack houses and shipping facilities have consistently told him that 20–30% of their produce is rejected by grocery stores for aesthetic reasons. An Imperfect CSA box of assorted fresh fruit or mixed produce costs $12 per week, and a large mixed box costs $18, about 30% less than supermarket prices. The delivery fee is $3, and produce is conventional rather than organic because organic farms have so much less surplus. Imperfect is working to add an organic option. Simon and Imperfect cofounder Ben Chesler also masterminded the Food Recovery Network, a group of 147 colleges nationwide that redistribute unused food from their dining halls. imperfectproduce.com Saturday September 19, 1–5pm Canning Extravaganza —Rachel Trachten 16 fall harvest 2015 Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley Learn all you need to know to feel ready to have a Langstroth backyard beehive—how to get bees, what equipment you need, where to put the hive, and how to extract honey and upkeep the hive. Taste local honey. Cost: $40. Info: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday September 20, 11am–2pm Beehive Health Workshop Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Alan Kramer teaches the basics of assessing the health of your colony of honeybees through a basic hive inspection, with a focus on varroa destructor mites. Cost $40. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday September 20, 12:30–5:30pm Rockridge Kitchen Tour Rockridge district of Oakland This self-guided/self-paced tour covers eight stunningly renovated Rockridge kitchens ranging in style from classic Craftsman to contemporary. Proceeds from the event are used to support a wide range of community activities. Info: rockridgekitchentour.org Sunday September 20, 1–5pm Preserving Heirloom Apples Dimond Recreation Center, 3860 Hanly Rd, Oakland Learn about canning theory and safety with Pollinate Farm & Garden and master preserver Shakirah Simley. Create lovely jars of tart and sweet fruit and take home recipes and samples. Bring a sharp knife and apron and wear closed-toe shoes. Cost: $80. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday September 20, 5–7 pm Pâté and Terrine Making The Local Butcher Shop Production Kitchen 1327 61st St, Emeryville The Local Butcher Shop butchers and chefs demo and teach how to make three different pâtés and terrines. Participants take home ½ pound each of pâté de campagne, chicken liver mousse, and head cheese. Cost: $75. Info: thelocalbutchershop.com EDIBLE EAST BAY Mrs. Dalloway’s Literary & Garden Arts 2904 College Ave, Berkeley Velden asks us to seek deeper meaning in the kitchen space and explores what cooking can teach about intimacy, failure, curiosity, and beauty. Free. Info: mrsdalloways.com Photo by Carole Topalian Thursday September 24, 7:30pm Dana Velden: Finding Yourself in the Kitchen: Kitchen Meditations and Inspiring Recipes from a Mindful Cook Saturday September 26, noon–1pm Brag-Worthy Butter Making Tilden Park Visitor Center North end of Central Park Dr Learn how butter is made with heavy cream straight from a cow. Learn the process, teach your friends, and take some home. Free. Info: 888.EBPARKS or ebparks.org Sunday September 27, 10am–3pm Sunol AgPark Harvest Festival 505 Paloma Way, Sunol Celebrate the harvest season with SAGE and the AgPark farmers. Includes farm tours, a pumpkin patch, family activities, food, local wines, and craft beer. Suggested $5 donation supports SAGE. Info: sagecenter.org Sunday September 27, 11am–4pm Piedmont Harvest Festival Piedmont Park, 711 Highland Ave, Piedmont Enjoy growing and cooking contests, a tri-school carnival, scarecrows made by children, a jazz festival, an organic farmers’ market, locally grown lemonade, a FixIt clinic, and more. Info: piedmontharvestfestival.org Thursday October 1–Sunday October 18 Foods of the Americas UC Botanical Garden 200 Centennial Dr, Berkeley A Family Fun Day, harvest dinner, book event, and workshops in natural dye, gardening, and botanical drawing are features of this annual event showcasing the cornucopia of food crops that originated in the Americas thousands of years ago. Visit the “marketplace” filled with produce first cultivated from the wild by ancient Mayan, Incan, and Aztec cultures and wander through the Crops of the World Garden. Info on fees and registration: botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu Friday October 2, 11am–7pm Student Medicine Show Ohlone Herbal Center 1250 Addison St, Ste 113, Berkeley A craft fair featuring herbal potions, lotions, and elixirs for sale plus food and drink, live music, and free student-guided herb walks through the neighborhood. Proceeds from product sales go directly to the students to help them jump-start medicinal herbal careers. Info: ohlonecenter.org edibleeastbay.com WINER Y & TAS TING ROOM VISIT OUR TASTING ROOM & ENJOY OUR BOCCE COURT! Mention this ad & receive a complimentary tasting SWAP YOUR CROPS! Share your garden’s bounty and come home with someone else’s at these free weekly crop swaps. Some swaps encourage trading gardening tools and materials, recipes, baked goods, and tips on getting more involved in your community. Arrive on time for the best selection. Mondays, 6:30–7:30pm Berkeley Ohlone Greenway @ Sacramento & Delaware TASTING ROOM HOURS FRIDAY — SUNDAY 2-6pm 1340 5th Street, Berkeley donkeyandgoat.com we deliver chef-crafted boxed lunch & employ low-income youth. Tuesdays, 6:30–7:30pm Albany Community Center 1249 Marin Ave Wednesdays, 5–6pm Richmond In the Public Library courtyard 325 Civic Center Plaza Wednesdays, 5:30–6:30pm El Sobrante Lila’s House 2932 May Rd Third Saturdays through October, 10–10:30am Maxwell Park, Oakland Various sites in the neighborhood Info: mpgardenswap.wordpress.com or [email protected] Saturdays through September Playndirt Crop Swaps Times and locations vary Info: playndirt.com or [email protected] Sundays, 1–3pm Oakland Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave Our Pantry Is Now Open Drop On By! Full Pantry and Dinner Menu Take-Away Lunch Coffee and Pastries Online Ordering Pick Up or Delivery Catering 2701 Eighth St (at Carleton), Berkeley 510.356.2261 StandardFareBerkeley.com fall harvest 2015 17 Friday October 2, 6–9pm (opening reception with the artists) and daily October 3–25 29th Annual Emeryville Art Exhibition Even the most avid gardener lives indoors. BERKELEY HEALDSBURG SAN FRANCISCO Photo by Laura Ness Emeryville, location TBA A gala public reception with the artists kicks off the Emeryville Celebration of the Arts. Exhibition features works by nearly 100 Emeryville-based artists and craftspeople, and all works on exhibit are for sale. Free admission to the exhibition and opening reception. Info: 510.652.6122 or EmeryArts.org TREK Follow the Tri-Valley Beer Trail www.thegardener.com morrisgrassfed.com A century or so ago, the Tri-Valley area (Amador, Livermore, and San Ramon valleys) was home to one of the largest hops farms in the world. Today, it boasts a beer trail of dizzying proportions, with 16 local taprooms and microbreweries to visit. Emmy Kasten, vice president of marketing for Visit Tri-Valley, says the idea began when she asked vice chair Andrew Ebel to teach her about tasting beer. “Our schedules were so crazy that when we finally set a date, we decided we should make something more of our time together. BOOM! The trail was born.” Favorite tastes? Leigh Cranor, marketing assistant for Visit Tri-Valley, loves the Berry White from Altamont Beer Works and the BeSmoked Porter from Eight Bridges Brewing. Kristen GoodearlyDobson at Tap 25 in Livermore (which has 25 rotating taps of only American craft beer) likes selections from Ale Industries in Concord and Schubros in San Ramon. Other fun stops? Caps and Taps in Dublin is like an indoor beer garden with free samples. At Three Sheets Craft Beer Bar in Dublin you’ll find 27 taps of craft beer, while the Growler Pub in Danville offers 20 rotating taps plus gourmet burgers and Belgian fries. But it’s hard to top the Artistic Table in Livermore, which has 12+ craft beers on tap, 45+ cheeses, 100+ wines, and 99 bottles of beer on the wall. Download the Tri-Valley Beer Trail passport from visittrivalley.com —Laura Ness 18 fall harvest 2015 Saturday October 3, 11am–6pm Oaktoberfest in the Dimond MacArthur Blvd @ Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Enjoy Oakland’s family-friendly craft beer festival. Features breweries, wineries, vendors, homebrew competition, kids rootbier garden, four entertainment venues, and street performances. Cost: $20 includes festival tasting stein and four 12-ounce craft beer pours. Info: oaktoberfest.org Saturday October 3, time TBA Urban Tilth Ten-Year Anniversary Celebration Richmond, location TBA Enjoy an evening of delicious food, friends, film, music, and celebration of Urban Tilth’s accomplishments in building a sustainable, healthy, and just local food system. Info: urbantilth.org Saturday October 3, 9am–3pm & Sunday October 4, noon–3pm Merritt College Fall Plant Sale 12500 Campus Dr, Oakland Loads of interesting plants, including California natives, heirloom, and perennial edibles, plus live music, local food, vendors, demonstrations (rock placement demonstration in afternoon), tours, information tables, and more. For updated info and plant lists, visit merrittlandhort.com. Saturday & Sunday, October 3 & 4 Cooking for Solutions Make It Sustainable Weekend Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey Learn to live an ocean-friendly lifestyle with cooking demos, tastings, and a kelpforest feeding. Cost varies by event. Info: montereybayaquarium.org Saturday October 3, 11am–11pm (main festival) Sunday October 4 (some additional events) 28th Annual Hoes Down Harvest Festival Full Belly Farm, located on County Rd 43 btwn Guinda and Rumsey on Hwy 16 A festival of rural living and local agriculture, including farm tours, traditional arts and crafts, farm-fresh food, folk music, dancing, seminars, EDIBLE EAST BAY east Bay Farmers Markets Castro Old Montclair Temescal Oakland Valley Supporting Local Farmers since 1997 edibleeastbay.com we Gladly accept WIC & EBT October 3 â€“ 25 \| emeryarts.org We Trust and hands-on workshops. Camp in the orchard and make it a whole-weekend experience. Info: hoesdown.org Teas, Extracts, Supplements Western Herb Specialists Photo by Charlotte Peale OPEN DAILY Mail • phone • web orders Herb-inc.com 2482 Telegraph Ave, Berkeley • 510.548.0380 1942 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley • 510.548.0372 OHLONE HERBAL CENTER Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley In this hands-on class, participants uncap frames of honeycomb and hand-spin them in an extractor to expel the honey. Cost: $35. Info and registration: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday October 4, 11:30am–4pm 6th Annual Orinda Olive Festival TASTE Jamnation It all started when Gillian Reynolds wanted a way to share the bold and intense flavors of California fruits with her family in New York City. With the help Certified Training in WE S T E R N H E R B A L I S M of her brother and collaborator ChristoWorkshops & Fieldtrips pher Reynolds, she created Jamnation, Community Clinic a line of jams featuring creative flavor combinations like Blenheim apricot and 510-540-8010  www.ohlonecenter.org almond essence (Apricot Up in the Mo1250 Addison St., #113 Berkeley CA 94702 ment), Seascape strawberry with key lime (In the Limelight), and Arctic Star nectarine with rose essence (Rose to the Grindstone). The jams are deeply flavorful, spread easily, and showcase the natural colors of the fruits. Gillian, who studied economics at Stanford, is committed to promoting sustainability and helping small-scale farmers. All her jams use fair trade sugar and spices, as well as local and mostly organic corner market fruits. Packaging is fully recyclable, biothe little market that can degradable, and eco-friendly. coffee.milk.bread.honey.greens Christopher Reynolds, a trained chef 6040 Telegraph @ 61st with a creative writing major from USC, Oakland, California works with Gillian on flavor pairings, the website, and naming the jams. “The rejected jams names make for great fun,” laughs Gillian. “For example, the first dible ad.indd 1 4/5/14 10:46:26 PM name for ‘Cardamom Knows Zest’ was east ‘Orange is the New Crack’.” bay Gillian’s workspace is in downtown Berkeley at Certified Kitchens (the first certified gluten-free and organic-dedicatedible EAST BAY serves up a ed rental kitchen in the Bay Area). Jams are sold at jamnationjams.myshopify.com, few things to whet your appetite but you can also find them in San Francisbetween issues, including lateco at Bi-Rite and Rainbow Grocery. We breaking news on events. hear chances are good they may be at East Bay purveyors in the near future. Sign up for our email newsletter Appetizer at edibleeastbay.com Sunday October 4, 10am–noon Honey Harvesting Class —Charlotte Peale 20 fall harvest 2015 Wagner Ranch Nature Area 350 Camino Pablo, Orinda Celebrate the California olive at a historic ranch. Tastings and information on olives and olive products; olive recipe cooking demos, docent tours of the ranch and grove; games, crafts, music, and food. Free admission. Tax-deductible donations support outdoor environmental science and social studies programs. Info: fwrna.org Saturday & Sunday, October 10 & 11, 10am–5pm Harvest Festival at Ardenwood Historic Farm 34600 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont Help harvest this year’s corn crop and enjoy magic shows, cider pressing, historic crafts, rides on a narrow-gauge train, and old-fashioned music. Bring home a portion of what you harvest. Cost: Adults $10; Seniors $8; Children $6; Free for kids under 4. Free parking. Disabled accessible. Info: 510.544.2797 or ebparks.org Sunday October 11, noon–6pm 9th Annual Out & About in Rockridge College Ave from Manila to Alcatraz, Oakland Hundreds of artisans, businesses, and community organizations join the district’s shop owners for a great street fair offering items for sale, useful information, and high-end entertainment. The Picnic with Market Hall features tastings and chef demos along with picnic items, wine, and beer. Cookbook Exchange, Cheese Box Art, pumpkin painting, recycled container succulent planting, and raffle prizes all benefit local organizations. Live music on the BART plaza. Free admission. Info: rockridgeoutandabout.com and pastashop.net Tuesday October 13, 7–9:30pm Herbs for Colds and Flu Ohlone Herbal Center 1250 Addison St, Ste 113, Berkeley Learn to care for yourself and loved ones with herbs during the cold season. Topics include preventative health care, therapies for common winter illnesses, and how to prepare home remedies. Free. Info: ohlonecenter.org. To register, send an email to [email protected] EDIBLE EAST BAY Check out the edible east bay Guide to Good Eats, page 74. Friday October 16–Sunday October 18, times TBA Black Farmers & Urban Gardeners Conference Laney College, 900 Fallon St, Oakland A gathering to empower growers, chefs, eaters, and activists interested in the relationship between food and health in the Black community. Black Urban Growers (BUGS) is an organization of volunteers committed to building networks and community support for growers in both urban and rural settings. Cost: TBA. Info: blackurbangrowers.org Friday October 16, 7–10pm Food First 40th Gala and Auction Impact HUB Oakland, 2323 Broadway, Oakland Celebrate and support Food First, which has worked since 1975 to end injustices that cause hunger. This fundraising gala features food movement leaders, live performances, a silent auction, dinner, and dancing. Info: foodfirst.org or [email protected] Sunday October 18, 10am–5pm Mini Maker Faire Park Day School and Studio One Art Center, Oakland A family-friendly celebration featuring rockets and robots, digital fabrication, DIY science and technology, urban farming and sustainability, alternative energy, bicycles, unique hand-made crafts, music and local food, and educational workshops and installations. Info: ebmakerfaire.wordpress.com Sunday October 18, 10am–1pm Bee Medicine Making with Honey, Beesewax, and Propolis Sticky Art Lab, 1682 University Ave, Berkeley Learn to make bee medicine: an herbal honey, a salve with beeswax, and propolis tincture. Combine the bee products with common medicinal herbs like rose petals, rose hips, lavender, and calendula. Cost: $40 plus $15 materials. Info: biofueloasis.com or 510.665.5509 Sunday October 18, 11am–2pm Backyard Beekeeping 101 Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Curious what all the buzz is about? Join Alan Kramer for a class on the basics of backyard beekeeping, including common hive types, edibleeastbay.com tools and safety equipment, and hive maintenance. Cost: $40. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Saturday October 24, 11am–3pm Harvest Festival Alameda Point Collaborative Farm2Market Farm 2600 Barbers Point Rd Enjoy APC’s annual celebration of the harvest and community with pumpkin carving, children’s games, a community resource fair, and more. Explore the working farm and sample delicious produce. Free. Info: apcollaborative.org Tuesday November 3, 7:30pm City Arts & Lectures: Robert Reich in Conversation with Mark Bittman Nourse Theater, 275 Hayes St, San Francisco Robert Reich (secretary of labor under President Bill Clinton, now Chancellor’s Professor of Public Policy at UC Berkeley’s Goldman School of Public Policy) speaks with food policy expert and New York Times columnist Mark Bittman. Info: cityarts.net/event/robert-reich-2 Wednesday November 4, 6:30–8pm Sharpening Kitchen and Field Cutlery Pollinate Farm & Garden 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland Join blacksmith Grant Marcoux of Pilgrim Soul Forge and learn to hone, steel, and strop your knife edges for top performance. Bring your own knives and sharpening stone (or borrow one at the class). Cost: $25. Info: pollinatefarm.com or 510.686.3493 Sunday November 8, 5–7pm Holiday Cooking Class The Local Butcher Shop Production Kitchen 1327 61st St, Emeryville Local Butcher Shop butchers and chefs show how to roast a turkey and a rib roast to perfection. Class includes different cooking methods and info on what to ask for, plus how to season, tie, and cut or carve. Participants take home a 3-pound rib roast. Cost: $125. Info: thelocalbutchershop.com For more events and other tasty tidbits, go to edibleeastbay. com and sign up for our free e-newsletter. fall harvest 2015 21 side dish PLUM PERFECT Japanese-style umeboshi made in Berkeley BY KRISTINA SEPETYS PHOTOS BY CHARLOTTE PEALE I f you’ve spent any time looking around the shelves at Monterey Market, the Local Butcher Shop, Berkeley Bowl, Three Stone Hearth, or online at Good Eggs, you may have noticed some pretty jars with very simple calligraphed white labels reading “ume boshi.” Filled with umeboshi, a salty, slightly sour pickled plum with wrinkly skin, the jars are from Ayako Iino, a culinary school graduate and alumna of both Oliveto and Boulettes Larder, who lives with her family in a bright, airy home in South Berkeley. Her company name is, aptly, Yumé Boshi. Recipes for the fruit ferment, a Japanese pantry staple, are as varied as those for dill pickles, which makes the delicate taste Iino achieves with simple ingredients—locally grown fruit, sea salt, and red shiso leaves—especially intriguing. Iino grew up in Japan watching her mother make traditional Japanese pickles and preserves, including umeboshi. She eventually began making them herself. “I lived in a 100-year old farm house in a village in rural Japan where I relocated from Tokyo,” Iino explains. “There I learned about rural living from grandmothers in the neighborhood, including umeboshi making: how to know when to harvest ume plums from your trees, how to prep, how to salt, how to sun dry, how to store. Every grandmother had slightly different methods and recipes. I also got a lot of information from books. And I learned through my taste buds, too.” After settling in California, Iino was delighted to find a farmer in the Central Valley growing Prunus mume, an Asian tree species more closely related to the apricot, which produces the traditional ume “plum.” The tree’s soft-pink, deeply fragrant spring blossoms give way to fruits with a light yellow-green skin. Finding the traditional ume inspired Iino to return to making umeboshi and other ume products. Preparing umeboshi starts in late May or June, when the fruit is harvested firm, green, and unripe. Iino uses sea salt to draw moisture out of the plums, retaining the liquid that drains off to use in making her aka umesu, a sweet and fruity red plum vinegar that’s good for dribbling on vegetables and Above: Ayako Iino (that’s her young son Kai peeking out from behind) with jars of her umeboshi, aka umesu vinegar, and deliciously sweet ume-peach preserve. Left: One of Iino’s succulent pickled plums, ready to eat! 22 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Your East Bay Herb Shop • • • • • • • Bulk Western & Chinese Herbs and Teas House-made Tinctures & Tea blends Custom Formulas Licensed practitioners on staff Herbal Education Books Medicine-making supplies Open Mon–Sat 9:30–6:30 344 40th Street, Oakland 510.923.0178 • fiveflavorsherbs.com Farmers’ Markets This Weekend San Leandro Farmers’ Market at Bayfair Center salads. Once the skin of the fruit has started to wrinkle, Iino lays out the plums on racks to sun-dry them for several days. Drying softens and tenderizes the fruit, contributing to its subtle and complex flavor. After drying, the fruit is placed in buckets where the pickles will mature through the summer. To the buckets she also adds fresh leaves from the red shiso plant, a Japanese herb of the mint family, which she sources from a local farmer who grows it for her using seeds saved from the previous year. The leaves react with the brine to give the fruits the deep pink color Iino is particularly proud of. Iino usually jars the pickles around mid-to-late August. The fermented plums are moist (not juicy or wet), with a distinct fruitiness and hints of anise and cinnamon from the shiso. The finished fruit smells like ripe cherries, and the salty and tart taste that characterizes umeboshi is particularly nuanced. In 2014, Iino produced about 600 jars of umeboshi. This year, she’s more than doubled her output, as well as that of her ume vinegar and specialty preserves. For her ume-peach jam, Iino sources yellow peaches—June Pride, Rich Lady, and Flavorcrest—from Woodleaf Farm in Oroville. June Pride has a reddish color which, together with organic sugar, gives the jam a dark orange color. The fermented umeboshi pickle is thought to have many healthful properties, in part due to its alkaline quality, which neutralizes acidity and aids digestion. A traditional part of a Japanese breakfast, umeboshi are typically served as a condiment on warm, steamed rice; inside an onigiri rice ball; stirred into miso, tea, or porridge; or as an accompaniment to a meal. A delightful traditional Japanese plum condiment! • edibleeastbay.com Saturdays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM Bayfair Center Parking Lot, San Leandro Diablo Valley Farmers’ Market Saturdays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM N. Wiget Ln. and Mitchell Dr. (Shadelands Business Park), Walnut Creek Moraga Farmers’ Market Sundays 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM Moraga Road and Moraga Way, Moraga Center, Moraga CAFarmersMkts.com 800-806-3276 Providing Natural Health Care to the Bay Area for over 30 years! Women’s Health & Fertility • Complementary Cancer Care Inflammatory Conditions • Integrative Mental Health Call to schedule your complimentary 15-minute consultation 510-526-2028 Carol Lourie • www.CenterForNaturalHealthCare.com fall harvest 2015 23 Celebrate the Harvest! Retzlaff Winery Tasting room open M–Su noon–4:30pm, or by appt. 1356 S Livermore Ave, Livermore 925.447.8941 retzlaffwinery.com Fine wines made from estate-grown, certified-organic grapes. Lovely, historic grounds. Exceptional from vine to glass. Garré Winery Tasting room open F–Su 11:30am–5pm 7986 Tesla Rd, Livermore 925.371.8200 GarreWinery.com Dashe Cellars Tasting room near Taste a wide array of Jack London Square award-winning wines at open Th–Su, noon–6pm 55 4th St, Oakland our winery and tasting room 510.452.1800 near Jack London Square. dashecellars.com A glass from the past, a toast to the future. 55 4th Street, Oakland Old World inspiration and New World style: Michael and Open Thu–Sun, noon–6pm Anne Dashe, winemakers at Oakland’s largest working 510.452.1800 winery, specialize in exceptional vineyards and balanced, dashecellars.com complex wines. Steven Kent Winery Tasting room open daily noon–4:30pm 5443 Tesla Rd, Livermore 925.243.6442 StevenKent.com “Producing today’s greatest Livermore Cabernets, wines that hearken back to the valley’s roots as one of California’s best wine regions.” —Wine Enthusiast Frey Vineyards Frey Organic Wines Tasting Bar open daily 11am–5pm at the Solar Living Center/ Real Goods in Hopland, Mendocino County 707.744.1026 FreyWine.com Come and taste American’s first organic and biodynamic wines! Les Chênes Estate Vineyards Cheese pairings with wine tasting Sa & Su noon–4:30pm 5562 Victoria Ln, Livermore 925.373.1662 leschenesvine.com Rhône Renaissance in the Livermore Valley. 24 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY U FOODS AMERICAS of the E XH I B I T October 1 - 18 \| Daily 10 am - 4 pm P RO G RA M S Family Fun Day! Sunday, October 4 \| 10 am - 2 pm Growing Food in the Bay Area’s Secret Season with Pam Pierce Saturday, October 10 \| 10 am - 12 pm Fall Harvest Benefit Dinner Saturday, October 17 \| 5:30 - 8 pm Colors of the Americas: Natural Dye Workshop Sunday, October 18 \| 1pm - 4pm Botanical Illustration: Fall Fruit Thursday, October 22 \| 10 am - 4 pm The Occidental Arts & Ecology Cookbook Author Event with Olivia Rathbone Saturday, October 24 \| 10 am - 12 pm UC Botanical Garden \| 200 Centennial Drive, Berkeley For more info and to register - botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu The Beauty of Four Seasons Brought to You by a Family Owned and Operated Garden Center You’ll find a way to celebrate every season when you pay us a visit. Coming in October: Our Annual Harvest Festival • Something Fun Every Weekend! Join us on Saturday October 24th for our Holiday Open House Certified Nursery Staff • Rare & Unusual Plants Distinctive Gifts • Floral Design Services Open Daily 9-5:30 • 925-284-4474 Hwy 24, Acalanes Exit at 4010 Mt. Diablo Blvd. in Lafayette • www.orchardnursery.com edibleeastbay.com HOME BASE At Alameda Point Collaborative, farming helps to break the cycle of homelessness “I never wanted to be a farmer; that was hard work,” says Vincent Figueroa, who came to farming relatively late in life. The 56-year-old self-described former drug addict arrived at Alameda Point Collaborative (APC) two years ago in need of housing, work, and support for his sobriety. When Figueroa’s case manager offered him an $8 per hour job-training slot in APC’s Farm2Market program, he stepped up to the challenge. At APC, formerly homeless people like Figueroa find themselves in permanent housing supported by an array of on-site social services. Situated on the grounds of the decommissioned Alameda Naval Air Station, APC opened in 1999 and operates 200 units of housing on 34 acres. Of their 500 residents, 300 are children or youth, and one adult family member must have a mental health disorder or physical disability to qualify. Don’t Be Afraid BY RACHEL TRACHTEN PHOTOS BY LINDSAY DOBBS Figueroa has always loved to cook, but he had no experience growing food. On the farm, he appreciated the chance to learn. He describes the process with a sense of awe: “To plant something from a little seedling and then watch it pop up and plant it in the field and watch it grow, then pick it and sell it.” He adds that the experience taught him about vegetables like Asian eggplant and Napa cabbage, and how to cook with zucchini. Figueroa’s 21-year-old son had also entered the training program, but quit. Then Figueroa convinced his son to rejoin so they could be trainees together. Both enjoyed the parent-child bonding experience, something Figueroa says he missed out on with his other children because of his drug use. “I was teaching him how to drive the fork lift,” he says of the time he and his son spent on the farm, “and how to weed and get down on your hands and knees and get grimy and dirty, and don’t be afraid.” Evan Krokowski supervises the training program, which combines hands-on farm work with sales of weekly produce boxes through the farm’s CSA program. Cohorts of 3 to 6 trainees work 20 hours per week during each six-month training session, starting with two weeks in the office for a job skills review. Krokowski views his trainees as a potential employer would, identifying any barriers to maintaining employment and seeking help from APC casework staff when barriers arise. For example, if a trainee isn’t reliably showing up to work, Krokowski alerts a caseworker, who can arrange for needed childcare or extra emotional support to help the trainee commit to a daily schedule. Krokowski says his focus is on building skills essential to any job, like being on time, following through on tasks, and communicating well with supervisors and coworkers. And the farm tasks also carry over into other types of work. “Yes, we’re gardening and growing food,” he says, “but really we’re creating a product and doing quality control and inventory; we’re filling orders; on the back end we’re doing marketing and sales and customer service.” Chicken Three Squash Delight Interacting with customers turned out to be a strong suit for the outgoing Figueroa, who says he developed the gift of gab once he stopped using drugs. When CSA customers asked him what to do with so many zucchini, he gave them the recipe for his Chicken Three Squash Delight, a dish that also The farm at Alameda Point Collaborative supports a thriving CSA program and serves as a job-training site for formerly homeless residents. 26 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Farm2Market program coordinator Evan Krokowski (left) and trainee Willie Key wash and bunch bok choy for CSA boxes. features oyster sauce, garlic, red onions, and avocado. Likewise, he had advice for making the most of an abundance of tomatoes. “Don’t just use them for one thing; dehydrate them to make sundried tomatoes, make sauce, then freeze it,” he told CSA customers. Figueroa had been driving the farm’s CSA produce to the pick-up site at Alameda’s Buena Vista United Methodist Church and getting to know church congregants while talking tomatoes. “The people were so loving, and I got attached to them, and they got attached to me,” he says. Last December he was baptized in the church and became part of the congregation. He attends every Sunday. Proceeds from the Farm2Market CSA support the farm and training program, and Krokowski says they have the capacity to add more people to their CSA roster. The fruits and veggies are pesticide free, with two pick-up sites available, one on each end of Alameda Island. Water used to wash CSA produce is recycled to sprinkle on growing plants. The farm is home to 15 beehives and a good composting operation, which accepts additional green waste donated by Alameda neighbors Hangar 1, St. George Spirits, and Rock Wall Wine Company. Right next to the farm is the Ploughshares Nursery, a social enterprise of APC that gives its income to APC’s supportive housing programs. (Additional funding comes from the federal Department of Housing & Urban Development, and residents pay 30% of their income toward rent.) The sprawling nursery space is packed with drought-tolerant plants, California natives, and demonstration areas. “We want to show people how easy it is,” says Jeff Bridge, the operation’s general manager. His demo sites feature straw-bale gardening, native strawberries used as ground cover, a chicken coop, and a habitat with a birdbath basin to attract bees and butterflies. The nursery hosts free gardening workshops throughout the year, and a new nursery building, complete with solar power, greywater recycling, and a living roof, is under construction. As a trainee in the Farm2Market program, Vincent Figueroa developed the skills and confidence that launched him toward culinary training and catering work. (Photo by Rachel Trachten) Making the Leap About 30 people, ranging in age from 18 to 60-something, have graduated from the Farm2Market program. (The farm has been an adult job-training site for 2.5 years; before that it hosted a program geared toward youth and food justice.) Some graduates have moved on to jobs in commercial kitchens or training programs in solar panel installation; others went on to complete their GED, and several were hired by the City of Alameda for building and grounds maintenance. Figueroa followed his passion for cooking to the Kitchen of Champions culinary training program at St. Vincent de Paul, which serves 1000 meals daily to homeless people. In addition, he has part-time work with a local catering company. Krokowski says that although APC offers permanent housing, the goal is to get each individual and family to a place where they feel stable and supported enough to decide to move on. Once people have faced the trauma of being homeless, he says, “the decision to leave this permanent, stable situation is a huge leap.” Figueroa hopes to make that leap some day. “I want to move up,” he says, “and as I move up I want to give somebody else a chance to be in this permanent housing; I’d like to land a good job and let someone else be in my place; it’s like a circle.” • apcollaborative.org, Farm2Market CSA: squareup.com/market/farm2market-csa edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 27 side dish INTERVIEW BY ANNA MINDESS Two widely respected East Bay entrepreneurs are celebrating ten-year milestones in the food and publishing worlds. Cheryl Angelina Koehler marks a decade as editor and publisher of Edible East Bay, and Dianne Jacob celebrates the 10-year anniversary of Will Write for Food (known to many as the “food writer’s bible”) with the of publication of an updated 3rd edition. She also coaches food writers and is co-author of two pizza books: Grilled Pizzas & Piadinas, and The United States of Pizza, both with chef Craig Priebe. In this interview, Cheryl and Dianne share their wisdom and reveal the journeys that brought them here. Anna: A decade ago, both of you refashioned your careers after successful runs in other positions. What were you doing before you made that big switch in mid-life? Cheryl Angelina Koehler: Five years before the opportunity to found Edible East Bay fell into my lap, I ended my career as a modern dance choreographer, performer, and costumer with the intent of writing for a living. Through college and after, I also found employment as a cook and baker, but cooking as a life profession never struck me as a good idea. Dianne Jacob: Since the 1970s, I’ve been a journalist and magazine editor for newspapers, and city and international magazines. I became self-employed almost 20 years ago, but it took me a while to make the leap into food writing. It’s a tough way to make a living. Anna: What motivated that change? Cheryl: I had grown weary of the endless search for funding and the constant need to coax the public and the press to take note of the ardent work my felEDIBLE EAST BAY low dancers and I were engaged in. Nonfiction seemed to be my calling, especially with the discovery that as a journalist I had an open ticket to explore the real world. I started by chronicling my own projects, with my first published story on a snail ranching experiment, but became increasingly grateful for opportunities to report on other people doing wildly fascinating things. Member of Edible Communities Autumn 2005 Celebrating the Abundance of Local Foods, Season by Season Number 1 east bay charcuterie • knoll organics • livermore valley wines • amity works Premiere issue: Edible East Bay, Fall 2005 Illustration by Lila Volkas Dianne: I’d written and edited on many subjects, but rarely food. I missed my parents and their obsession with cooking as a way to identify themselves and their cultural inheritance. I had to give myself permission to dive in as a food writer. It’s still easier for me to approach it as an editor and coach. Dianne, you travel across the country and the world teaching food writing workshops and Cheryl, you are involved with Edible Communities publications all over North America. What do you feel is special about the East Bay and its food scene? Cheryl: The East Bay is full of food artists and innovators. We developed a large urban orbit of organic farming here earlier than it appeared elsewhere, due to our good land and good climate, along with the Bay Area’s forward-thinking population that sees clean, wholesome, and beautiful food as a life necessity. I feel most moved by the way East Bay activism has distinguished our local food community. In 2007, at one of the early Edible Communities conferences, I surprised some other publishers when I used the term “food justice” in describing what I felt was distinctive about my East Bay beat. Now, eight years later, food justice is a topic of national interest. I’m sure the change is not fast enough for the sick and the hungry, but the work is going in a positive direction. Dianne: Well said, Cheryl. The East Bay has a radical food justice edge that I respect. Oakland is, after all, home of the Black Panthers, who served free school breakfasts to children. What changes have you observed in the last 10 years in terms of writers’ and readers’ interests? Cheryl: Advances in technology and communications have dramatically reshaped the food world and reporting on it: Blogging and social media have changed the way people produce and access information. 28 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Tania Balazs HOME INSIGHT Molecular gastronomy has become part of kitchen technique and the lingo around it, and findings from research in microbiology are spurring a revolution in interest in ancient arts of food production. On the dark side are the looming effects of environmental degradation and climate change, which are requiring us to rethink agricultural and food system practices, as well as how they are financed. For a Realtor with a green thumb, a big heart and integrity. 510.206.2686 taniahomeinsight.com CalBRE # 01469906 Dianne: Food blogging has upended the print world and forced it to compete. The online world has taken over as we move to mobile devices, yet cookbooks continue to sell. We can devour food writing on any topic: micro blogs where writers gush over smoothies, and macro pieces about food politics around the world. Special diets— paleo, gluten-free, vegan—have moved into the mainstream. Both of you were writers and moved up to being editors. Are you still reinventing yourselves? Cheryl: I’m a lifelong entrepreneur, often the person leading projects. Upon switching to writing, I immediately found editing opportunities. I’m also a designer and continue to earn my keep by offering my design skills to others. I currently do magazine layout for eight other Edible Communities publications. Dianne: I’m thrilled with this current incarnation: writing coach, food writer, book and manuscript editor, speaker, and teacher, with clients and workshops around the world. What are your favorite East Bay food hangouts? Cheryl: I like to walk to the store and have been lucky to live (at different times) near Rockridge Market Hall and Monterey Market, two of the East Bay’s best food markets. I also love visiting all the farmers’ markets to learn how each is unique, but I often find I’m too busy getting to know the farmers and artisans to get any real shopping done. It’s a hazard of my job. For eating out, what matters most is whom I’m with and whether it’s quiet enough to enjoy a good conversation. Dianne: I’ve been going to the Grand Lake Farmers’ Market forever, but sometimes it’s a zoo. I retreat to my little Montclair market, where I know many of the organic farmers. As for restaurants, I never tire of Champa Garden. My new favorite is Fusebox. Home of Devilishly Good Dry Farmed Tomato www.thomasfarmorganic.com 831.768.7262 – [email protected] And what do you see yourself doing during the next 10 years? Cheryl: Lately I have reinvested myself in writing, which I find the most labor-intensive of all the labors, but also the most rewarding. If I can find the time, I’d like to write another book [Koehler is the author of Touring the Sierra Nevada]. Dianne: Slowing down to write more personal essays. I’ve also teamed up with colleagues to offer food-writing workshops around the world. Travel will be a continuing delight. • edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 29 Enjoy the great flavors of fresh California extra-virgin olive oil! We Olive Walnut Creek—the Olive Oil Experience Come in to 1364 N Main Street, Walnut Creek, and taste local California extra virgin olive oils certified by the California Olive Oil Council. This beautiful store brings the Napa Valley to Walnut Creek to ignite a flame of culinary imagination. Celebrate fresh, healthy foods made with ingredients from local artisans. 925.280.4574, walnutcreek.weolive.com Inzana Ranch Usually crushed in December and late February in California, Inzana’s Mission, Manzanillo, Sevillano, Frantoio, and Leccino olives are hand picked and blended into soft, smooth, and flowery extra-virgin olive oils with a peppery and very slight artichoke sweetness. Visit them at their farm in Hughson and at these East Bay farmers’ markets: Grand Lake, Irvington, Montclair, Pleasanton, and Temescal. Call 209.883.2935 or order online at InzanaRanch.com. Séka Hills MoonShadow Grove From this traditional-planting old-growth estate come three single varietal organic extra virgin oils (Mission, Manzanillo, Ascolano), a custom blend (Miscela), and two organic co-pressed citrus oils (Mandarin Orange, Meyer Lemon). These oils have already won three golds in New York International Oil Competition, another Best of Show and two golds in LA International Oil Competition, and Best of Show and two golds in NAPA Olive Oil Competition. Visit moonshadowgrove.com for more information. 30 fall harvest 2015 Arbequina Estate grown and milled by the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation in Northern California’s Capay Valley, the Tribe’s ancestral homeland, this certified extra virgin olive oil is available at grocery stores and specialty food retailers throughout the Bay Area. Please visit the Séka Hills Olive Mill and Tasting Room just off Hwy 16, 19326 County Rd 78, Brooks, CA. SekaHills.com/Olive-Oil CAPAY VALLEY CALIFORNIA EDIBLE EAST BAY Distant Shores Victorine Valley Farms Taste this family farm’s Tuscanblend and varietal extra virgin olive oils at their tasting room: 21 S Livermore Ave, Livermore, Th–Su 11–5, and at the Danville Saturday and Livermore year-round farmers’ markets. 925.454.8777 VictorineValley.com We bring the best of Spain and Portugal to your table, as well as exotic and hard-to-find ingredients from around the world. Gear Paella Pans for a cozy dinner for 2 to a party for 200 people, Terracotta Cazuelas, Tagines, Hand-painted Ceramics, & Cookbooks Ingredients Saffron, Bomba Rice, Chorizo, Smoked Paprika, Manchego Cheese, Anchovy-Stuffed Olives, Harissa, & Preserved Lemons Crisp Whites, Dry Rosados, Lush Reds, Cava Rare Sherries, Ports & Madeiras Stonehouse California Olive Oil The Spanish Table 1814 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley Mon–Sat 10am to 6pm, Sun 11am to 5pm spanishtable.com, spanishtablewines.com Available at the San Francisco Ferry Building, Flowerland in Albany, The Local Butcher Shop in Berkeley, and Standard Fare in Berkeley. Also online at stonehouseoliveoil.com Frantoio Grove Made from the Tuscan olive variety, Frantoio, this fruity complex oil is milled in the grower’s own mill on their San Martin property. Certified extra virgin by COOC, it’s a Good Food Award winner and has garnered LA and New York International Gold Medals. Available at Pasta Shop, Healdsburg Shed, Draeger’s, Bi-Rite Market (public label), and other fine food stores. Frantoiogrove.com edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 31 SEVEN STARS OF THE HARVEST SEASON BY JESSICA PRENTICE Jessica Prentice, Maggie Gosselin, and Sarah Klein created the Local Foods Wheel to help us all enjoy the freshest, tastiest, and most ecologically sound food choices month by month. Here are seven of Jessica’s seasonal favorites illustrated by Sarah Klein (sarahklein.com) with coloring by Maggie Gosselin. You can learn more about the Local Foods Wheel and the group’s other ventures at localfoodswheel.com. I first discovered chayote on a visit with my godmother in the Chiapas highlands. Early in the chilly, foggy mornings, I would walk across the colonial town of San Cristóbal de las Casas to the huge market, where women and men from the surrounding Mayan villages would come, each in their distinctive dress, to sell produce. Returning with a couple of pale green chayotes and a little packet of ground toasted pumpkin seeds, I’d slice up this distinctive Mexican squash and sauté it with the pumpkin seeds to serve as a side dish. Nearly two decades later I was reminded of that magical month when I found locally grown chayotes at a Berkeley farmers’ market. They seemed starchier than their Chiapas cousins, and pricklier than I remember, but inside they were creamy and calming, sweet and soothing. To deal with the spines, I cut the chayote into big chunks, steam it until tender, let it cool a bit, then peel off the skin. Mashed with plenty of butter, the flesh is a delicious alternative to mashed potatoes. Chayote is a Bay Area permaculture favorite, since it’s a perennial here and the vines love to climb up walls and fences. You might harvest the squash as early as September or as late as December. I once made a big mistake while preparing a traditional chiles en nogada (stuffed poblano chiles with walnut sauce) for about 50 people, and underestimated the peppers’ spice level as I stuck my bare hand in chile after chile to pull out the seeds. By the time dinner was served, my hand was on fire. The only way I could fall asleep that night was with my hand in a bowl of ice water. Nevertheless, I love poblanos and am grateful for the hard lesson they taught me. Chile relleno—a fire-roasted poblano stuffed with cheese and then fried in batter and served with a mild tomato sauce—is one of my all-time favorite meals. Oregano, the quintessential Italian herb that makes pizza taste like pizza is one of the easiest herbs to grow in our dry area. It takes little water and produces a huge and hearty plant that practically begs to be harvested. It’s also a powerful medicinal herb, which is known to be effective against intestinal parasites, nasal congestion, flu viruses, and menstrual cramps. A simple oregano tea can be made by steeping the leaves in boiling water. As the prices for supplements are often inflated, and the side effects of pharmaceuticals are frightening, backyard healthcare appeals to me more and more. I absolutely love duck. The meat is rich, flavorful, and moist, and why chicken is so much more popular I can’t begin to fathom. I like the breast roasted rare or cured and the legs braised or confited. Duck prosciutto is something I’ve learned we can make at home, so someday I may raise meat ducks in my side yard. When I was young, my family had a dear friend who had been a strict vegetarian ever since living on an ashram. Everything she cooked tasted amazing: Lentils, greens, potatoes, beans, and other vegetables seemed to melt in my mouth. When I wondered at the flavor, my father replied, “Well, she uses about a pound of ghee for every meal!” These days, I don’t know where my kitchen would be without ghee. We love the local product made by Ancient Organics, but my partner Jake likes to make this staple at home. He slowly melts a pound of butter in a heavy-bottomed pan and then simmers it until it gets “strangely quiet.” Then he strains out the milk solids through a mesh strainer as he pours the liquid butter into a pint mason jar. Ghee is one of the planet’s most perfect cooking fats. It can be heated to a very high smoking point and is full of fat-soluble vitamins such as A and K2. It can be tolerated by many people who have reactions to other dairy products. Oh, and it makes everything extremely delicious! When I was a child, the myth of Persephone struck me powerfully. Hades abducted her to the underworld, but convinced her to eat a few pomegranate seeds (arils), which gave her the ability to return home annually for a few months each year to bring us winter. I can’t eat pomegranate seeds without thinking of her. Last year I discovered an easier way to get the arils out of the fruit so we can enjoy these mysterious, delicious, nutritious, and beautiful seeds: Cut the fruit in half (not from pole to pole, but along the equator). Hold the fruit cut-side down in your hand over a large bowl, and with the other hand, beat on the fruit with a wooden spoon as you rotate it, allowing the arils to fall through your fingers into the bowl. Repeat with the other half, and you may find you can get all the seeds from a pomegranate in about five minutes. I have always had a funny relationship with walnuts and have often picked them out of baked goods or pushed them off a salad. On the other hand, sauces featuring walnuts, like pesto, tarator, nogada, and Circassian chicken, have an endlessly romantic allure for me. I finally determined my problem might be with the high level of tannic acid, so now I soak walnuts in salt-water and then dehydrate them. This reduces both tannic and phytic acids and increases the walnuts’ digestibility, flavor, and nutrient availability. When my partner and son foraged some English walnuts off a wellestablished tree last fall, we got out a few tools and with 20 minutes of work, we had enough fresh, local walnut meat to make this recipe: 32 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY PERSIAN DUCK IN POMEGRANATE WALNUT SAUCE (FESENJAN) Walnut trees and pomegranate trees both thrive in Mediterranean climates, so it’s no surprise to see them paired in Mediterranean recipes as well. A rich, sweet-sour sauce of simmered pomegranate juice and walnuts is the essence of fesenjan, a Persian stew featuring poultry, but sometimes made with lamb, meatballs, or eggplant instead. I use local pomegranate juice produced by Smit Farms or Blossom Bluff Orchards. Serves 4 1½ cups walnuts 2 teaspoons Celtic sea salt Filtered water 4 whole duck legs ¼ cup lime juice (or substitute a different citrus juice) 2 tablespoons ghee 2 medium onions, sliced thinly into rounds or half-moons 1½ cups pomegranate juice 1 cup chicken-bone broth 1 inch piece of cinnamon stick A few gratings of nutmeg A pinch of saffron ½ teaspoon Celtic sea salt Photo by Jessica Prentice Additional salt, as needed More citrus juice, as needed Honey, as needed Fresh ground pepper to taste Optional garnishes: Fresh pomegranate arils (seeds) Minced fresh parsley Toasted walnut pieces edibleeastbay.com The day before you plan to serve this dish, dissolve ½ teaspoon Celtic sea salt in a bowl with about a cup of filtered water. Add the walnuts plus enough additional water to cover nuts by 1 to 2 inches. Allow to sit in a warm place overnight. Also, sprinkle the duck legs with the citrus juice and allow to marinate in the fridge for 1 hour to overnight. To bake and serve the dish, preheat the oven to 250°. Strain the salt water off the walnuts and using a food processor, purée the walnuts into a paste. Heat the ghee in a wide heavy-bottomed oven-safe pot and brown the duck legs on both sides. Remove to a plate. Add the onions to the fat and sauté until translucent. Add the walnut paste and cook, stirring, for a few minutes until the paste begins to brown. Add pomegranate juice, chicken-bone broth, cinnamon, nutmeg, saffron, salt, and duck legs. Bring to a simmer and then cover and put in the preheated oven. Let bake for an hour (or more), then remove the pot from the oven and check the duck legs. If the meat is tender, remove the duck legs from the pan and set aside. If not, continue to cook unlidded over low heat on the stove until the duck is tender, then remove. To make the sauce thick and smooth, transfer the cooking liquid to a smaller pot and purée it using an immersion blender. Return it to the pan and cook, unlidded, stirring frequently, until the sauce gets thick and becomes a chocolate brown color. This could take 20 minutes or more, depending on how thick and dark you want it. Taste the sauce. If it is too tangy, adjust as needed with salt, citrus juice, honey, and pepper. If you made this dish in advance, you can let the sauce sit for several hours, or even refrigerate the sauce and the duck separately overnight. When you are almost ready to serve, preheat a broiler. (If the duck legs are cold, put them in the oven for 20 minutes or so to heat through, then proceed.) Put the duck legs in a heat-safe pan and broil until the skin crisps up a bit. Meanwhile, reheat the sauce. To serve, pour the sauce onto a shallow serving platter. Place the duck legs on top and garnish as desired with parsley, pomegranate arils, and walnut pieces. Serve with steamed basmati rice and a vegetable. fall harvest 2015 33 ROASTED BAY NUTS Northern California’s indigenous cacao STORY, PHOTOS, AND RECIPE BY KRISTEN RASMUSSEN Y ou can’t go far in a Bay Area wild area without coming across Umbellularia californica, the California bay laurel tree. A native of the Pacific West, it’s a close cousin to the Mediterranean tree Laurus nobilis, which produces the bay leaves we buy at the store. Many people cook with our wild bay leaves in lieu of storebought, but they learn to use them in moderation, since they are quite a bit more pungent. However, the real culinary gem of this ubiquitous plant is its nuts. Foragers start gathering them here in October. In hotter climes (or even here, with this crazy weather we’ve been having), the nuts might be falling from the trees as early as September. The flavor of the roasted bay nut evokes a combination of coffee and dark chocolate and offers a dessert-like decadence rarely found in foraged plants. It’s simply and consistently a wild-edible crowd pleaser. This dark and mysterious seed is actually a close relative of the avocado: When fresh, it resembles an avocado pit with a thin layer of green flesh around it. The flesh changes from a bright green when young to purple when ripe, and the whole fruit is technically edible (although it rots very quickly). Before roasting, bay nuts have a strongly astringent and bitter flavor, like that of uncured olives or acorns, and should not be consumed. After proper roasting, the nuts can be used creatively in many ways—such as in a mole or ricotta cheesecake—or simply eaten on their own. (Try them with whiskey around a campfire!) Bay nuts have stimulating compounds similar to caffeine, and if eaten in large quantities they may cause digestive issues for some people. Like with all new foods, it’s a good idea to consume with caution at first. Foraging and Processing Bay nuts can be collected right off the ground. You’re likely to find the outside flesh to be brown and soft, but sometimes you can find the The forager’s bowl (top photo) is filled with very ripe bay nuts. In her hand (second photo down) she compares an unripe bay nut covered in bright green flesh to one with no flesh left on it at all. Pulling the flesh away from a ripe nut (third photo down), she demonstrates the bay nut’s resemblance to an avocado. The bottom photo shows some perfectly roasted bay nuts. Their shells crack open during roasting. 34 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY nuts without the flesh, which is even better. Do not pick up nuts that look moldy. To process them, peel off the flesh and continue to discard any nuts that you find are rotten. Wash the nuts, removing any excess goop, and lay on a cloth towel or baking sheet to allow any remaining moisture to evaporate. Complete the drying process by storing in a dark place for two weeks. They should be stored in an open bowl or jar or in paper bags. You can store them like this for up to two years. Roasting and Eating Roast the nuts at 350° on a baking sheet in a single layer. This usually takes about 1 to 1½ hours, but you’ll know they’re done when the insides look brown/black. (Some nuts will crack open, so this should be easy to see.) Alternately, you can up the temperature to as high as 450° and bake for 45 minutes. Either way works, just check them every 30 minutes. When they’re done, you can crack open the shells with a nutcracker and enjoy the nuts in any way you choose. • edibleeastbay.com BAY NUT CHICKEN MOLE Traditionally, moles get their robust coffee-cacao flavor from chocolate, but roasted bay nuts are a great alternative for a similar rich-but-wild flavor. Serves 6 2½ pounds skinless chicken thighs and/ or legs 1–2 teaspoons salt (or to taste) 2 tablespoons grapeseed (or other neutral flavored) oil, divided 1½ cups low-sodium chicken broth Juice and zest from 2 blood oranges 2 cinnamon sticks 1 yellow onion, chopped ¼ cup almonds, chopped 3 large garlic cloves, diced 2 teaspoons cumin seeds 2 teaspoons coriander seeds 1½ ounces dried pasilla chiles, stemmed, seeded, and torn into strips ½ ounce dried negro chiles, stemmed, seeded, and torn into strips 3 prunes, chopped 1 teaspoon dried oregano 2 ounces roasted bay nuts, chopped (Mexican chocolate can be substituted for bay nuts, brown sugar, and cinnamon) 1 tablespoon brown sugar Chopped fresh cilantro, queso fresco, avocado, and corn tortillas (to serve) Rub chicken all over with salt. Heat 1 tablespoon oil in large pot over medium-high heat. Brown chicken (about 3 minutes per side). Add broth, blood orange juice, and cinnamon sticks then bring to a boil. Reduce heat to medium-low, then cover and simmer until chicken is tender and just cooked through, about 25 minutes. Meanwhile, heat remaining 1 tablespoon oil in large saucepan over medium heat. Add onions and garlic and sauté until softened and beginning to caramelize, about 10–12 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add almonds, cumin, coriander, and chiles. Reduce heat to medium-low and cook while stirring until chiles soften, about 4 minutes. Using tongs, transfer chicken from pot to a large bowl. Pour chicken cooking liquid into saucepan with onionchile mixture. (No need to wash the pot, since you’ll use it again shortly.) Add blood orange zest, prunes, oregano, bay nuts, and brown sugar to saucepan. Cover and simmer until chiles are very soft, stirring occasionally, about 30 minutes. Remove and discard cinnamon sticks. Transfer sauce mixture to a food processor or blender and purée until smooth; return to reserved pot. Season sauce to taste with salt. Coarsely shred chicken and return to sauce; stir to coat and re-heat chicken. Serve over homemade corn tortillas topped with cilantro springs, avocado, and queso fresco (as desired). The dish pairs well with vinegary red cabbage slaw (the vinegar is a great contrast to the dark, rich mole) and roasted delicata or butternut squash. fallharvest harvest2015 2015 35 35 fall DEPARTMENT OF DROUGHT ADAPTATION It comes down to eating bugs iStock illustration STORY, PHOTOS, AND RECIPE BY MELISSA FAIRCHILD CLARK 36 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY A s this readership possesses the inherently openminded nature of an innovative society, and this writer is vehemently against bait-and-switch, allow me to be entirely transparent: I’m here to talk about eating bugs. On purpose. For a purpose. It’s probably not a stretch for me to assume that some background might be required as to why we should eat bugs. That California is in a historic drought comes as news to no one, and that our food system needs to shift its focus towards more sustainable practices is also old hat. But we sometimes take things that are old hat for granted and forget the hard-hitting statistics, so here is some surprising background: California provides a third of the vegetables, two-thirds of the fruits and nuts, and 90% of the wine grown and produced in the United States, a staggering output for a single state, made even more miraculous considering it’s a state with three deserts. Agriculture is sucking down 80% of the state’s water, 10% of which is consumed by the almond industry, requiring a daunting one-gallon-per-nut. Of the remaining 70%, the protein industry shows alarming numbers. Producing a single pound of beef requires 2,500 gallons of water. In human terms, that means ten hamburgers require as much water as we use to shower in an entire year. (This fact was a devastating blow to this lady who, no matter what she just ate, would have rather had a cheeseburger.) If we continue down this path-of-protein, producing a single pound of pork requires 800 gallons; chicken, 567; an egg, 53. All together, livestock is responsible for consuming between 100 and 250 million gallons of water each day. Vegetarians and vegans aren’t off the hook either: A pound of soy requires 216 gallons of water to produce. Even the least impactful of our current sources of protein, the egg, takes 155% more water to produce than a human is recommended to use in a single day (34 gallons). That’s without considering that said egg needed to come from a grown chicken (water required). What then do we do with this conundrum? For countless cooks like me, along with legions of start-up entrepreneurs, food scientists, and environmental activists, the situation looks like a truly exciting opportunity for innovation within the food community and a revolution within the eaters’ world, as we introduce edible insects to U.S. and European markets. To begin activating this sustainable protein economy, companies like Bitty Foods, Exo, and Chapul are looking where 80% of the world has been looking for centuries: the cricket. Cousins of our beloved shrimp, our coveted crab, our revered lobster, crickets are, as Bitty co-founder Leslie Ziegler describes, “nutritionally complete, contain[ing] fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and a slew of other important vitamins and minerals. They take up just 2 square feet of pasture per pound versus beef ’s 200 square feet. They emit zero greenhouse gases. And pertinent to this conversation, they require only 1 gallon of water for every 1 pound grown. Even the United Nations put out a report calling edible insects a ‘key to global food security.’” Go ahead, read that again. I read it three or four times to let the impact of that statement sink in. edibleeastbay.com Cousins of our beloved shrimp, our coveted crab, our revered lobster, crickets are, as Bitty co-founder Leslie Ziegler describes, “nutritionally complete, contain[ing] fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and a slew of other important vitamins and minerals. They take up just 2 square feet of pasture per pound versus beef ’s 200 square feet. They emit zero greenhouse gases. And pertinent to this conversation, they require only 1 gallon of water for every 1 pound grown. Even the United Nations put out a report calling edible insects a ‘key to global food security.’” fall harvest 2015 37 Important note: Crickets are essentially “land shrimp” (the chitin in their exoskeleton is the same as that of shrimp and other shellfish), so eating them is not recommended for those with shellfish allergies. Now, we all eat with our eyes first, so before you begin picturing eating a whole cricket, allow me to put your mind at ease and say that cricket protein sources on the U.S. market now are taking on innocuous, familiar, and enticing shapes such as protein bars and even cookies. The companies tackling this challenge have endeavored to make the world’s most abundant and sustainable protein source not just palatable, but delicious. With both top-down support from chefs like René Redzepi of Noma in Copenhagen and Tyler Florence of Wayfare Tavern in San Francisco and bottom-up support from such cultures as Thai, Mexican, and Chinese, we are facing both gourmet and traditional arguments for discovering the abundant, exciting flavor combinations that involve insects. Does an ant that tastes like lemongrass sound exciting? René Redzepi found it does. And does a pan-fried cricket with garlic and lime sound like an awesome alternative to nuts as a bar snack? Oaxacans have been crunching on those for years. Chapul and Exo make gourmet energy bars from their house-made cricket powder, Chapul importing flavor inspiration from cultures that have been happily eating crickets for centuries—try their Aztec bar with chocolate, coffee, and cayenne or the Thai bar with coconut, ginger, and lime. Exo creates more Americanized flavors like peanut butter and jelly or apple cinnamon. Bitty specifically dry roasts crickets that have been humanely euthanized and takes the toasted, nutty flavored hoppers to a mill, where they are ground into a superfine, high-protein powder. The powder is then mixed with other gluten- and grain-free flours to form a paleo-friendly cup-for-cup flour replacement with vastly higher and more diverse nutritional benefits than our familiar all-purpose flour. They sell this flour to home cooks and also use it in their cookies, which come in aromatic flavors like orange ginger, cocoa spice, and chocolate chip. As someone who has eaten crickets and other bugs before (in fact, so have you, knowingly or not, since the average pound of all-purpose flour has about eight insects in it), tried all of these products multiple times, eats the cookies, bakes with the flour regularly (as a contracted baker, recipe tester, and recipe developer with Bitty Foods), and holds flavor and texture in the highest regard, I can confidently say that the most “cricket flavor” you get is a nuttiness from the roasting process. If no one told me, I would never know that I was getting a concentrated boost of protein in my delicious snack. Instead, I’m more likely to notice how much fun it is to enjoy such treats while helping shift our food economy towards a sustainable protein source. • Curious about other edible insects that live in the Bay Area? Besides crickets, carpenter ants and dragonflies are worth a try. Many human cultures regard bee larvae as a valuable food, due to the baby bees’ rich diet of honey, pollen, and royal jelly; however, they are surely troublesome to harvest and it’s not recommended to do so for the sustainability of this fragile species. 38 fall harvest 2015 COME EAT PIE! Sweet, savory, local, fresh 32990 AlvaradoNiles Road Union City NILESPIE.COM ZUCCHINI, SWEET POTATO, APPLE SPICE CRICKET BREAD If cookies and energy bars aren’t your thing but you want to experiment with the flour, try this zucchini bread recipe, one of my favorites: 2 cups cricket flour 2 teaspoons ground cinnamon ½ teaspoon ground nutmeg ½ teaspoon ground cloves ½ teaspoon ground dried ginger ⅛ teaspoon nutmeg 1 teaspoon baking soda ¼ teaspoon baking powder ¼ teaspoon salt 1 cup granulated sugar ½ cup light brown sugar ¾ cup vegetable or grapeseed oil 3 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla ½ cup shredded apple (about 1 apple) 1½ cups shredded zucchini (about 2 medium zucchini) 1½ cups peeled and shredded sweet potato (I used leftover cooked sweet potato for one trial which worked well too) ½ cup chopped walnuts (optional) Preheat the oven to 350° and butter a 9x5 loaf pan. Combine the dry ingredients in a bowl, leaving the sugar out. Combine the sugar, eggs, oil, and vanilla in the bowl of a stand mixer. When the sugar looks well combined into the wet ingredients, add edibleeastbay.com the shredded zucchini, sweet potato, and apple until evenly distributed. Add the combined dry ingredients, ½ cup at a time until everything is well incorporated. Pour the dough into the prepared baking dish and bake for 1 hour 20 minutes, or until a toothpick stuck in the center comes out clean. Allow to cool for at least an hour before serving. I recommend toasting or warming a slice under the broiler and serving with a good smear of butter. Photo by Erin Scott Spice up your dinner routine. Get the freshest spices, hand-mixed blends and spice know-how. 546 Grand Ave, Oakland t h re e stone h e a rt h a community supported kitchen Nourishing Foods, Traditional Wisdom, Building Community order online for pickup or delivery • check online for new Saturday open store hours threestonehearth.com fall harvest 2015 39 “WITH PERPETUITY IN MIND” A piece of land brings security to City Slicker Farms BY JILLIAN LAUREL STEINBERGER \| PHOTOS BY CARMEN SILVA I t’s a new chapter in an organization’s life: After enduring the rigors of farming on borrowed land since 2001, City Slicker Farms is turning yet another blighted lot in West Oakland into a lush food oasis—but this time on its own land. The lack of land security had always loomed large. “The Farm Park’s got everything: a functioning farm, a functioning park, a functioning playground, a functioning farmstand. I’m excited that we’ll be able to have so many different people come here. It’s a destination point in West Oakland, something to do here, somewhere to be.” —Farm Park Council member Samaki Dorsey, a City Slicker backyard garden mentor 40 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Now, gone are the fears of having to uproot established farms when an old site becomes unavailable, which has happened many times. Now the hardworking staff at this nonprofit can relax, take a breath, connect to place, and let roots grow deep. “The new site is an urban agriculture education hub that brings all the pieces of the program together,” says Ariel Dekovic, City Slicker’s interim executive director, smiling brightly. The new West Oakland Farm and Park—known as the Farm Park—is located on 1.4 acres at 28th and Peralta streets in the Dogtown neighborhood. Formerly a brownfield—it had been a paint factory for decades and a junkyard—the lot was cleaned up in 2006 by the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, when up to two feet of soil was removed across the site. (New soil brought in has been tested, and construction plans specified no use of chemicals.) From Brownfield to Paradise “If you could have whatever you wanted, what would it be?” That’s the question the design team posed to West Oakland residents. Spearheaded by CMG landscape architect Carrie Rybcynski and community leaders, the team conducted a series of charrettes and visioning sessions over three months in 2010, which led to a concept design that matched the community’s wants and needs. But there was a caveat…. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 41 At left is the architect’s view of the Farm Park from the corner of Peralta and Helen streets, where the weekly sliding-scale farm stand will be held every Saturday from 10am until everything sells out. Below: The community can relax on benches shaded by fruit trees while watching staff and volunteers tending the lush market farm. (Images courtesy of City Slicker Farms) … City Slicker couldn’t just operate a farm on the land they proposed to purchase and develop with the $4 million grant they were awarded for the project. The funds, which came via California’s Proposition 84 (the Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply, Flood Control, River and Coastal Protection Bond Act) set aside $5.4 billion in taxpayer funds to develop open space in underserved communities and designated that the space had to include a public park. Not a problem. Says Dekovic, “Our experience running other urban farms is that the more we can draw people into a site—whether it’s through seating areas, planned activities, or interactive demonstration areas—the more engaged and connected people feel.” Rybczynski says the park and farm are a natural fit. “There will be lots of eyes on the project, and advocates for keeping it going. It’s a good way to build community around food.” Several years in the making, the new Farm Park will open by late fall. It has emerged as a busy site. On the farm side, the community settled on an outdoor classroom for urban agriculture education; a market farm on approximately one-third of the site; a community garden for 28 families; an orchard, greenhouse, and shade structure for plants; a large chicken coop and beehives; a toolshed and woodshop; and a nutrition demonstration zone. The park, which will be free and open to the public seven days a week, features public art, a plaza with seating, open space for playing and picnics, and a children’s playground surrounded by a food forest. “By including a food forest in the children’s play area, we are creating an opportunity for kids to naturally see and understand where their food comes from, while making it a normalized and everyday part of their reality,” says Dekovic. To maximize access, City Slicker’s popular weekly, sliding-scale farmstand will be situated in the park and will be open every Saturday 42 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Left: Head gardener Joseph Davis mentors interns on ecological farming techniques. Right: Volunteers get veggie starts ready for planting. morning from 10:00am until everything is sold out. (Head gardener Joseph Davis says most people try to pay something even if it’s a stretch.) Produce and eggs at the stand will come from the Farm Park, of course, and will be supplemented by produce from City Slicker’s three other “borrowed” sites. These include the market farm at Fitzgerald and Union Plaza Parks (corner of 34th and Peralta), the Ralph Bunche Nursery at Bunche Academy (1240 18th Street), and the Secret Garden (5105 Genoa Street), which is in a big backyard in North Oakland. “The Farm Park’s got everything: a functioning farm, a functioning park, a functioning playground, a functioning farmstand,” says Farm Park Council member Samaki Dorsey, one of City Slicker’s backyard garden mentors. “I’m excited that we’ll be able to have so many different people come here. It’s a destination point in West Oakland, something to do here, somewhere to be.” Allies and Partners A collaborative approach has characterized City Slicker Farms from its conception, and the model continues. “You know the phrase, ‘It takes a village’? Well, the new Farm Park is the personification of that,” says Rybczynski, who designed the project. In Good Company, a community service project of Clif Bar & Company, built the woodshed, toolshed, and farmstand. Apprentices from the Crucible built a gate—a dramatic and beautiful portal that opens from the park to the farm—which serves as the public art component of the grant. The playground was built by Kaboom!, a nonprofit that promotes the importance of play in kids’ lives. Groups such as 18 Reasons will teach nutrition classes based on that organization’s belief in the transformative power of good food. The people are also united around the project. An impressive 253 individuals contributed to a Barnraiser campaign, which surpassed its $25,000 goal by 11%, raising $27,861 to start construction on the community garden. Social Entrepreneurship Award from California College of the Arts’ Center for Art and Public Life for their chicken coop design. The group, which calls itself Team Instructa-COOP, includes graduates Frances Reid, Logan Kelley, Leila Khosrovi, Shawn Komlos, and Hachem Mahfoud. “We designed the coop so that there are spyholes and benches to stand on and look through at different heights, and different places where you can see what’s going on without disturbing the chickens,” says team member Frances Reid. A spacious 400 square feet, the four-chambered compound can house 20 chickens. Besides the coop, it includes three paddocks, or enclosures, where the chickens can scratch, peck, and enjoy the sunshine. One paddock can be dedicated to hatchlings, as needed. The coop incorporates permaculture design principles, such as “stacking functions.” For example, worm bins are placed below the chickens’ roosts (where they sleep). As team member Frances Reid points out, “The roosts are where chickens most frequently poop.” The worms turn the poop into compost with no shoveling or transport. If funds permit, there will also be a rainwater catchment system with the ability to collect around 1500 gallons of water off the roof in an average year. Plans for Instructa-COOP are open source and are available on City Slicker Farm’s website, which also hosts a plan for a smaller, twoto three-chicken coop developed by the team for backyard gardens. Help City Slicker Farms build the new Farm Park! Volunteers are needed for the playground build August 18–20. cityslickerfarms.org Team Instructa-COOP Eggs are the second most popular item after collards, says Davis. As such, chickens are important to the farm and have prompted the idea of a chicken facility that could help meet both customer demand and educational goals. The outcome is that the Farm Park may become home to the single most innovative urban chicken education system in the region. In yet another example of good partnering, City Slicker connected with a group of masters of architecture students who won an IMPACT edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 43 44 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY FARMER/SERVER/COOK Sunol AgPark Growers Have Strong Kitchen Ties Continuing our year-long series about relationships between local farms and restaurants BY SARAH HENRY \| PHOTOS BY SCOTT PETERSON C ulinary chops can make for better crops. So say farmers with cooking and serving backgrounds who toil in the soil under relentless sun on the urban-rural edge of Alameda County. And they have the industry connections to back up such claims, growing their heirloom produce and uncommon herbs for standout Bay Area restaurants known for their creative use of produce. This experiment in sustainable agriculture on a small scale—we’re talking one-acre, hand-sown plots—is happening in Sunol, a slip of a community just 30 minutes from downtown Oakland that feels a world away. Sunol gets frost in winter and serious sun in summer, making it ideal for growing peppers, tomatoes, okra, and other heat-loving plants. Feral Heart Farm and Namu Farm are neighbors here. The farms are part of the Sunol Water Temple Agriculture Park, 20 acres of watershed farmland managed by Berkeley nonprofit Sustainable Agriculture Education (SAGE). The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission owns the AgPark land. SAGE offers affordable plots in close proximity to major markets. That makes the AgPark attractive to novice farmers. These growers lease an acre of land for $1,000 a year; water costs $500 a year. In its first nine years of operation, the project on the periphery of suburbia has been home to more than a dozen farms. The AgPark is also home to a Beaux Arts–style water temple, designed by influential architect Willis Polk in 1910 to honor the water resources that then supported San Francisco and Oakland. The unlikely piece of architecture in the middle of ag country only adds to the funky farm charm. And the farmers? Feral Heart is Sophie Bassin, also a server at Juhu Beach Club in Oakland, and Aaron Dinwoodie, who makes a value-added dip at Kitchener Oakland. They grow row crops for Juhu, as well as Farm Burger in Berkeley and Niles Pie Co. in Union City. Namu Farm’s Kristyn Leach is a former prep cook at the Oakland restaurant Camino. Leach grows exclusively for Namu Gaji, a modern Korean-influenced restaurant in San Francisco, whose owners fund her farm salary. It’s the kind of arrangement that thrives when farmers on the edge team up with innovative chefs who do more than tout their farm-totable cred. They put their money where their mouth is and back beginner businesses run by local growers. Radical Farmers Build Restaurant Relationships Organically Feral Heart Farm is in its second year at Sunol. Bassin and Dinwoodie bring a wealth of diverse farming experience to the new enterprise. For 11 years, Dinwoodie managed a farm on a private residence near Half Moon Bay. The gig sounds idyllic: His salary wasn’t contingent on production. He grew vegetables, cared for fruit orchards, and looked after goats and chickens. edibleeastbay.com Dinwoodie, who now lives in Sunnyvale, is gentle, soft-spoken and thoughtful. A former physicist, at one time he worked as an engineer at Stanford’s Linear Accelerator Center. The long and lean Filipino-Chinese-American brings a scientist’s mind to growing. The 38-year-old is also an avid seed saver and favors a holistic approach to farming. “We believe in letting plants live their whole life cycle,” says Dinwoodie. “In just one generation a saved seed becomes better adapted to conditions and the new crop is better than the previous one. Their flowers attract beneficial bugs and provide important nectaries for bees.” The bubbly Bassin, who rocks an urban farmgal look complete with outdoors-inspired tattoos, spent the better part of a decade working for production growers on the East Coast. A transplanted Midwesterner, the 31-year-old comes from a food justice background, most recently collaborating with Oakland collective Phat Beets. The pair met at Fifth Crow Farm in Pescadero in 2011, where Bassin was doing a six-month internship. “It was a random coming together but it’s become a pretty sweet partnership,” says Bassin, whose warm, easygoing manner is on display during peak service on weekends at the Indianish Juhu Beach Club. The duo work the fields three to four days a week. They farm diverse crops: brassicas, lettuce, beets, and carrots in the spring; summer brings peppers, eggplant, okra, beans, squashes, sweet potatoes, and melons. At press time, the farm was in the process of obtaining its organic certification. When not planting, weeding, or harvesting, Bassin, in particular, focuses on tending the business side of the operation. The restaurant relationships the farmer has forged this year have been key. There’s a genuine mutual respect, says Bassin. She brings her boss at Juhu Beach Club, chef-owner Preeti Mistry, two deliveries of produce a week and says Mistry is an ideal partner: open to experimentation and a new farm booster. “We bring her produce not in its usual form, color, or shape, and she gets excited by it,” says Bassin. “It feeds her creative fire.” The size is right, too. “These are small restaurants so the relationships are intimate and I think they need to stay that way for us to thrive,” adds Dinwoodie. “The farm and restaurant need to match up in terms of scale.” The relationship works both ways. Mistry texts the pair and asks them if they can grow specific vegetables or herbs for the restaurant. Her latest request: fenugreek. And the farmers turn cooks on to their favorite varieties of say, squash, that ubiquitous summer crop. “It’s a dance—growing things that we want to introduce chefs to while also planting produce we know they can use. That’s what keeps us on our toes,” says Bassin. Juhu, she says, feels like home. “I don’t want to be a server forever, but there’s something about that space that feels right, it supports me financially and emotionally,” she says. “I’m exhausted; both jobs are fall harvest 2015 45 46 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY pretty physical. But the culture of the restaurant is special; people are invested. They serve my food.… It feels good.” Mistry gives a shout out on the menu to the farm and its pickled vegetables, which accompanied a summer special, dubbed a Feral Heart Farm Dog. Bassin is not above letting diners know where their food comes from. “To customers who I think might appreciate it, I’ll mention if there’s produce from my farm, like beets or greens, when I bring their order. It’s fun; some people really value that.” The relationship has other mutual benefits. Mistry can work with produce that is a little bug bitten or misshapen. Such so-called imperfect produce finds a home in sauces. She’ll also give the farmers frank feedback. Bassin says that Mistry told her recently the farm’s lettuces weren’t sexy enough—though she’s fond of Feral Heart’s chicories. The farm’s salad greens go elsewhere. “At Farm Burger it is much more like: ‘Here’s what we need, can you provide it?’” says Bassin. “They’re different styles and we work with both.” “Even though they’re new to the game in terms of growing directly for restaurants, they understand the needs of the industry,” says Michael McGuan, West Coast general manager of Farm Burger, a grass-fed beef burger chain with Southern roots. “We have good feedback going and there’s a real, personal connection there. That matters to me.” Baker Carolyn Berke of Niles Pie Co. met Dinwoodie at an AgPark plant sale. She likes the quirkiness of Feral Heart, which supplies leeks, collards, chard, kale, carrots, turnips, and other vegetables for her savory pies. Their produce is first rate, says Berke, who concedes there’s also a feel-good factor in her decision to work with a fellow small business. “They challenge us to do different stuff based on whatever they’ve got,” she says. “At one point I was pickling a lot of turnip greens. They were fabulous.” Mistry knows firsthand the challenges of getting a business off the ground. “It’s important to me to support young farmers,” says the chef, profiled in these pages in 2013. “There’s a level of trust that develops over time between a farmer and a chef. I have confidence in how and what they grow and I find them inspiring.” The chef still gets produce from established growers like Full Belly Farm and Dirty Girl Produce. But she also values having a farmer she knows personally growing specific things just for her. “They planted okra that I’m excited about, they grow Italian frying peppers I just love, and baby Indian eggplant,” says Mistry, listing off recent favorites. “We’re a small mom and mom restaurant so we’re able to adapt more easily with supply issues, though I’ve also gotten to depend on them; sometimes I’m like: ‘Dude, heads up, I need more of that.’” The farmers are looking for a couple more restaurant accounts. So far, personal connections have landed them clients and they would like that to continue. Case in point: They grow a lot of bunching greens, the kind that are popular for juicing. A queer female friend of Bassin’s is planning on opening a juice bar, Super Juiced, in Old Oakland and is interested in sourcing from Feral Heart. “That would be a great fit for us, that’s my community,” she says. The farmers are grateful to their initial clients who took a chance on them. “These restaurant partners really support us. Buying produce from a local farm isn’t really key support to that farm,” says Dinwoodie, “just like going to a farmers’ market doesn’t really support an individual farm.” What does real support look like in this grower’s view? “When they say: ‘Tell us what you have a lot of, we’ll make a special.’ They’ll take something when it’s abundant and at its best and work with it.” Upper Left: Feral Heart Farm partners Aaron Dinwoodie and Sophie Bassin take a break from their work at the Sunol AgPark. Bottom Left: Chef Preeti Mistry, left, of Juhu Beach Club, plates food from Feral Heart Farm that waiter Bassin, right, grows and serves. Right: Sunol AgPark’s one-acre plots are a good fit for beginning businesses like Feral Heart Farm. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 47 48 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY What does real support look like in this grower’s view? “When they say: ‘Tell us what you have a lot of, we’ll make a special.’ They’ll take something when it’s abundant and at its best and work with it.” —Aaron Dinwoodie The jury is still out on whether the farm can provide a livelihood. “At first we weren’t even holding that as a value,” says Bassin, who lives in North Oakland, just blocks from the restaurant where she works. “In our second year we are generating revenue and feel there’s potential. It’s challenging on just one acre. Maybe it’s idealistic, but with community support and our relationships, we think we can contribute to the hyperlocal economy.” They’re diversifying. In addition to restaurant clients, Feral Heart recently launched a solstice-to-solstice CSA. About 25 people pick up fresh produce—along with their pickled vegetables, another farmer’s pastured eggs, and Dinwoodie’s beet dip—at Juhu and at Bassin’s home on Thursdays. The farmers would like to grow the seasonal program to around 40. As with most things Feral Heart Farm related, the CSA evolved organically. The farmers piloted a CSA with 10 friends in the winter. It went well, so they expanded. They’ve been able to build business in a financially low-risk way while figuring out what makes most sense for them. The farm’s name seems fitting. “Our hearts are in this, first and foremost, interacting with plants, bugs, soil—that feeds our souls,” says Dinwoodie. “And the feral is because we’re a little wild. While everything is grown in straight lines, I appreciate what the weeds are telling us and what is wild that we can eat.” Adds Bassin: “We’re not textbook farmers—we’re in this collusion where the wild meets the domestic, we push up against the status quo and play with it a bit.” It’s that kind of friskiness that risk-taking chefs hunger for. Korean Crops Destined for Korean-Influenced Dishes It all started with a perilla patch. Back in 2010, Kristyn Leach was managing Paradise Valley Produce, a lettuce farm in Bolinas, and she happened to be growing the popular Korean herb by her trailer. In Korean cuisine, perilla is a frequent garnish for meat and fish dishes and used in salads, shoju drinks, and iced tea. Fresh perilla leaves have an aroma reminiscent of apples and mint. The herb’s large, flat leaves are also pickled and used to wrap meats. Leach was born in Daegu, South Korea, in 1982. Adopted by IrishCatholic New Yorkers as an infant, she hadn’t been back to her birthplace until last year. She didn’t grow up eating kimchi as a child; she learned about Korean cuisine through crop cultivation as an adult. When she moved from New York City to Washington State, where she worked as a printmaker, she began growing her own perilla. Every old Korean lady in the area, she says, grew perilla. Perilla was Leach’s gateway plant to discovering her roots. She had a hunch that interest in the cuisine of her birth culture was heating up and that maybe it was a good time to be growing Korean produce beyond her personal curiosity. She was right. At the time, chef Dennis Lee, one of three brothers behind Namu Gaji in San Francisco, was having a tough time sourcing organic Asian vegetables and herbs—mainstays on their menu—in particular perilla. It was Russell Moore, the chef at Camino—and subject of our cover story about backyard bounty in this series in the summer issue—who suggested Leach and Lee meet. Both parties saw the possibility of a collaboration. The seeds for Namu Farm, launched in 2012, were sown. But first, back to Moore. When Leach moved to the Bay Area in 2009, she surprised herself by landing a job at Camino in Oakland, despite having no culinary experience. “I feel so fortunate, some weird stroke of fate led me in there, it wasn’t on my radar,” says Leach, a sunkissed, fresh-faced young farmer with closely cropped hair, a slight frame, and the weathered hands of a veteran working with dirt. Moore, whose mother is Korean, saw that her résumé was all farms, and, she says, told her: “You know how to work hard, I can teach someone to cook.” Leach recalls her steep learning curve. She questioned why she was doing the job. She had no aspirations to be a professional chef. It was a lot of chopping and peeling and feeling badly about messing things up. “When I look back, that experience gave me something unique that is completely relevant to having a farm now,” she says. “Having literacy around food, which [Moore] helped ingrain in me, was such a missing part of my experience as a farmer,” says Leach, who has been growing food for 10 years. “It helped me understand what chefs need and what kind of partnership is required. There’s this creative give and take. They’re so good at what they do, that means we want to step it up and be really good at what we do. It’s a true collaboration.” First the farmer-chef partners had to find a locale for Namu Farm. Leach, who like many newcomers to the Bay Area, was juggling multiple jobs, already had an in at Sunol AgPark. She was working on a founding farm there, Baia Nicchia Farm, a seven-acre operation specializing in squash blossoms, winter squash, herbs, peppers, and heirloom tomatoes. Leach inquired about a plot. She was delighted to discover an acre was available. Leach has farmed for the Lees for the past four years. Currently, Will Santiago works with her on the farm: He’s a grower who shares her approach to farming. They met while both worked at Baia Nicchia. Leach’s interest in Korean crops and understanding of Namu’s cuisine informs decisions on the land. For example, she grows gochu peppers, which provide the heat for many Korean dishes. Chile peppers are another staple. A seed saver and seed collector, Leach has inherited heirloom varieties from diverse sources, including Korean immigrants and the Lee brothers’ mother. Some seeds come from Oakland-based Kitazawa Seed Co., the oldest seed business in the U.S. specializing in Asian vegetables. At Namu Farm, Leach combines organic, biodynamic, and permaculture practices with traditional Korean peasant farming methods. No fossil fuel is used on the farm, for instance. It’s truly manual labor. There’s not a tractor or tiller in sight. Instead, Leach encourages the growth of indigenous microorganisms by incorporating fungus from nearby woods into the soil. She allows cover crops to decompose on It’s truly manual labor at Namu Farm. Kristyn Leach (on right in top photo and in both lower photos) uses a simple Korean-style hand hoe as she works together with Will Santiago pulling weeds from around some seedling eggplants. Among the items in cultivation this summer are Korean melons and cucumbers, three kinds of chile peppers, yard-long beans, soybeans, and an array of Korean herbs. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 49 their own schedule. She welcomes wildlife and weeds: Her farm is a habitat for birds and the odd volunteer plant, like the sunflowers that sprout in an ad hoc fashion. She favors an untamed aesthetic; tidy row crops aren’t her main concern. She’s all about cultivating the healthiest self-regulating soil she can in order to grow the most vibrant produce and herbs possible. Chef Lee appreciates what she brings to the kitchen table. “In order to be a better cook it is important to learn and experience where food comes from and be personally involved and invested in how it grows,” he says. Lee, his brothers, and restaurant employees and their families have all spent time on the farm. During the summer, the chef regularly brings his daughters to lend a hand on the farm. “You don’t look at produce the same way after you’ve grown it yourself,” said Lee in a SAGE report on the farm project. Leach’s restaurant experience is a bonus for Lee. “She understands the daily demands and inner workings of a kitchen and I can communicate with her more easily [about what I need] because of that,” he says. On a recent visit, crops in the ground included Korean melons, okra, eggplant, Korean black soybeans, and several different varieties of peppers. And, of course, perilla. All will end up at Namu Gaji. Peppers are the chief ingredients in that signature spicy Korean paste known as gochujang. Other varieties are pickled or grilled. Radishes are pickled or fermented in the house kimchi. Black soybeans are the basis of a traditional Korean side dish. The farm grows about 50 different crops and harvests around 7,000 pounds a year. Leach sometimes has excess bounty that she shares, for free, with local Korean and women’s community organizations that help those in need. Each year in September Leach has been holding a celebration of the Korean harvest ceremony called Chuseok with traditional Korean folk drummers. The Thanksgiving-like festival pays tribute to the harvest moon, the land, and the food that nature provides. “This food has weight for people and personal meaning for me. I couldn’t lift my head up at first, I was focused on getting it right for the restaurant,” she says. But she has a bigger vision than simply being part of commerce within a community; she wants to be part of community engagement. Does this restaurant-run farm make financial sense? “People ask us if this is replicable as a model all the time,” says Leach. “This is a unique situation, if someone asked us to break it down by the hours, if it was just any restaurant that came to us and dictated what to grow, that’s not a job I’d take. But we’re doing the work we want to do and they take care of us.” It’s a hard life with a modest income but the rewards are many from Leach’s perspective. “It’s so physically rigorous, this practice—no till, no machinery—it can seem like torture,” she jokes. But her work ethic and farm philosophy are part of the greater plan of how she wants to live her life. “They bust ass all the time over at the restaurant,” says Leach of her partners, who receive two deliveries a week from the farm during peak growing seasons. “Everyone here loves what they do and are in it together.” Leach has an open canvas to grow whatever she wants. In reality, she plants produce the restaurant can use, what they have a hard time finding elsewhere, and what does well in the Sunol climate and soil. Even given that, there’s a lot of leeway, she says, about what goes into the ground. She understands the vision behind the brothers’ menu. Sometimes it takes some dogged scouting to source seeds for specific plants. For example, Leach ended up breeding two different varieties of sought-after chiles they finally got their hands on. “We call them Lady Han and Lady Choi, after two leading characters in my favorite Korean soap opera,” she says. “They’re not peppers that have a reference point to most people, so we got to name them.” The value to a 33-year-old farmer immersed in the specific plants and farming practices of her birthplace playing out in the heart of an agricultural oasis in her adopted homeland? Priceless. • 50 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Namu Farm is a habitat for birds and odd volunteer plants, like this sunflower that was left to grow where it sprouted. LEARN MORE Feral Heart Farm: facebook.com/feralheartfarm; [email protected] CSA at Juhu Beach Club 11am to 2pm Thursdays, $20â€“$25 sliding scale; 5179 Telegraph Ave, Oakland Namu Farm instagram.com/namu_farm; namusf.com SAGE The nonprofit hosts community field workdays at the AgPark six to seven times per year to encourage public participation in volunteer farm activities and natural resource stewardship. It also hosts an annual harvest festival, slated for September 27 this year, and other special events, including a spring plant sale and an April farm tour. sagecenter.org/sunol-agpark edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 51 WHO INVENTED THE MARTINI? The murky truth behind local cocktail lore and how curiosity can spin a good tail BY SHANNA FARRELL ILLUSTRATIONS BY GARY HANDMAN W hat was the first cocktail ever made? Why are they called “cocktails”? Where did the tiki bar originate? Those enchanted by cocktail lore love to ask these questions while perched on a bar stool, but the truth behind any answers can be as cloudy as a glass of absinthe mixed with water. Ah, but this is why we have Wikipedia! It’s why we keep our smartphones nearby while at the bar! Well, we all know by now that the Information Age has made it just as easy to perpetuate misinformation as it is to find quick answers. Still, following cocktail lore can be an engaging and memorable journey, like when you learn that Chartreuse was once produced by monks in France but is now made by robots. Some invented drinks do have documented origins: the Boothby, for instance. After creating this concoction—a Manhattan topped with sparkling wine—at San Francisco’s Palace Hotel, William Boothby put the recipe in his book The World’s Drinks and How to Mix Them, published in 1907. But the origins of many drinks remain enigmatic. We’re lucky to have several astute modern writers helping us get closer to accurate accounts 52 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY of cocktail history. One is David Wondrich, a James Beard Award– winning author who, in 2007, published Imbibe!: From Absinthe Cocktail to Whiskey Smash, a Salute in Stories and Drinks to “Professor” Jerry Thomas, Pioneer of the American Bar Featuring the Original Formulae. The book has spiked interest in cocktail history and helped launch the modern cocktail renaissance. As its subtitle implies, this book serves as a tribute to Jerry Thomas, a bartender and larger-than-life character whose own book on cocktails, How to Mix Drinks or the Bon Vivant’s Companion, was published in 1862, and is considered to be the world’s first volume on the subject. Thomas traveled the country, but spent considerable time in New York and San Francisco. He is thought to have created the Martini during a stint in the Bay Area. But did he really? This question—or doubt—has spawned arguments and articles among bartenders and cocktail aficionados alike. What about the Pisco Punch? Good question! It is widely believed that this cocktail, which is based on a Peruvian brandy called “pisco,” was created by Duncan Nicol at San edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 53 Francisco’s Bank Exchange, a bar of much historic fame. The problem with that notion is that the Bank Exchange opened its doors in 1853— with much acclaim—but wasn’t purchased by Nicol until 1893. We know from an 1850’s review of the Bank Exchange by San Francisco Bulletin writer Pauline Jacobsen that barmen well before Nicol’s day “always prepared punches with pisco.” According to Duggan McDonnell, a San Francisco– based author of Drinking the Devil’s Acre: A Love Letter from San Francisco and Her Cocktails, Nicol bought the recipe for the Pisco Punch when he became the Bank Exchange’s new owner. “He created mythology around it as marketing,” explains McDonnell. However, the Pisco Punch is now invariably associated with Nicol, who perfected the recipe and made it the most popular drink in town. In fact, Nicol’s drink inspired the old saying, “A visitor to San Francisco must absolutely do three things: ride a cable car, watch the sun set through the Golden Gate, and drink a Pisco Punch.” But, Nicol was proprietary about his recipe, which he took to his grave. Many, including McDonnell, have tried to decipher the ingredients and their proportions. A common misconception is that it was originally made with limes, but we now know it had to be lemons, since limes weren’t yet available in Northern California at that time. Pisco Punch is what led McDonnell down a rabbit hole out of which he has yet to climb. As a bartender with an MFA in creative writing, McDonnell has thought and read deeply on the history Modern Cocktail Myth No. 1: Regarding invention of the tiki bar Which city is home to the first ever tiki bar, Los Angeles or San Francisco? Sorry Bay Area, it was indeed Los Angeles. The Facts: In 1933, Ernest Raymond Beaumont Gantt, known fondly as “Donn Beachcomber,” opened the first tiki bar—Don’s Beachcomber Café—in Los Angeles. He created the Zombie cocktail there in 1934. (The drink was featured at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.) Donn moved his bar across the street in 1937 and changed its name to Don the Beachcomber. A year after Donn ushered in his first customers to the seminal tiki bar, a man named Victor Jules Bergeron Jr. opened a place called Hinky Dink’s in Oakland. Bergeron quickly changed his restaurant’s name to Trader Vic’s, and by 1940 the first franchised location was opened. Trader Vic’s later grew into a national chain. Many believe that Bergeron invented the Mai Tai cocktail in Oakland, but the only truth there is that both he and Donn laid claim to the famed tiki drink. 54 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY of his home city, and his research has brought him around to regarding pisco as an interesting emblem of the unique culture and geography of San Francisco: Just as pisco is an imported spirit that America embraced and made its own, the spirit could be seen to symbolize the great melting pot. McDonnell, who also owns Cantina (a bar on Sutter Street in SF), fell so hard for pisco that he got himself involved in producing the spirit: In 2008, with Carlos Ruben RomeroGamero, who serves as master distiller, and Walter Moore, he founded a distillery in Ica Valley, Peru, where the partners created a muchadmired pisco called Campo de Encanto Pisco. But McDonnell couldn’t stop there: In the fall of 2014, he began a campaign to have Pisco Punch declared as San Francisco’s official cocktail. Having secured the support of District 3, the Golden Gate Restaurant Association, and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, he says he’s now working on the Mayor’s Office and the San Francisco Historical Society. And though he’s taken a break to finish and promote Drinking the Devil’s Acre—a narrative account of San Francisco cocktail history through the lens of 25 drinks—he plans to continue his efforts to formalize San Francisco’s sweet relationship with the Pisco Punch. Though we may never know the names of the original bartenders who concocted the first Pisco Punch at the Bank Exchange, it was indeed Duncan Nicol who popularized it and helped to put San Francisco on the map as an innovative drinking city. So, we might edibleeastbay.com Modern Cocktail Myth No. 2: Regarding St. George Spirits and Hangar One Did St. George Spirits get bought out? Many think so, and the rumor mill has been swirling since news broke in 2014 that St. George would no longer be making Hangar One Vodka. Is this true? No, St. George—the company—was not sold, only the Hangar One line. The facts: St. George began making Hangar One Vodka in 2002 and released four types: Straight, Mandarin, Buddha’s Hand, and Kaffir Lime. In 2010, the team, Jörg Rupf, Lance Winters, and Dave Smith, sold only the Hangar One Vodka to Proximo Spirits, not the entire company or any of their other products. As part of the contract, St. George continued producing the vodkas for a few more years but has now handed the Hangar One line over to Proximo completely. (Proximo’s new production facility is located just up the block from St. George’s distillery in Alameda, which may account for some of the confusion.) Meanwhile, St. George has just released a new vodka line, which includes California Citrus, Green Chile, and All Purpose. fall harvest 2015 55 now ask, “Did the drink belong to Nicol, even though he didn’t create it?” “Yes, it did and it does,” posits McDonnell. “It begs the question: What makes something yours? Did Nicol invent the drink? No. But he made it popular and brought it to the masses, so I would argue that it does indeed belong to him.” And although it came from Peru, does pisco belong to San Francisco? Should the Pisco Punch be the City by the Bay’s official drink? Does McDonnell now carry the torch for Nicol? In keeping with this logic, we can say yes on all accounts. “What is Whose?” The question becomes even more fascinating as we move forward in the Information Age. Identity is something that’s cultivated. It evolves with the invention, adoption, and engagement of ideas, just as it does with the mixing of a drink. Now, how do you want that Martini? Dry, wet, shaken, stirred, gin, vodka, dirty . . . COCKTAILS MENTIONED IN THIS STORY Author’s Favorite Martini 2.5 ounces St. George Spirits Botanivore gin .5 ounce French vermouth Stir with ice, strain into a coupe glass, and garnish with an orange peel. The Boothby 2 dashes Angostura Bitters 2 dashes orange bitters 2 ounces rye whiskey 1 ounce sweet vermouth Stir with ice, strain into a coupe glass, top with 1 ounce sparkling wine, and garnish with a maraschino cherry. 56 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Lagers, Saisons, Sours Grower Champagne, Rosés Organic and Natural Wines Aperitifs, Sakes and Bitters Wine Club, Weekend Tasting Winemaker Events and so much more Hours: 11–7 Mon to Fri 11–6 Sat • 12–6 Sun Wine on Piedmont 4183 Piedmont Ave, Oakland 510.595.9463 • wineonpiedmont.com Pisco Punch 1 dash aromatic bitters 2 ounces pisco 1 ounce pineapple gum syrup 1 ounce fresh lime juice .5 ounce Lillet Rouge Shake with ice, strain over a Nick & Nora glass, and garnish with an orange peel. Zombie 1 dash Angostura bitters 1.5 ounces Gold Puerto Rican rum 1.5 ounces aged Demerara rum .75 ounce fresh lime juice .5 ounce Donn’s mix (fresh grapefruit boiled with cinnamon syrup; find recipes online) .5 ounce Falernum 1 teaspoon grenadine 6 drops Pernod 6 ounces crushed ice Blend ingredients with ice, pour contents of blender into ice, add ice to fill glass, and garnish with a mint sprig. Quality & Service Since 1922 Mai Tai 2 ounces premium aged rum .75 ounce fresh lime juice (about half a lime) .5 ounce orange curaçao .25 ounce orgeat syrup .25 ounce simple syrup Shake with ice, pour contents into a rocks glass, and garnish with a mint spring. edibleeastbay.com 3068 claremont avenue 510-652-2490 • meat 510-652-7712 Star_Grocery_EEB.indd 1 7/14/1057 3:36 PM fall harvest 2015 A SAVORY PUZZLE Finding clues in the pastry at the Growlers’ Arms BY CHERYL ANGELINA KOEHLER PHOTOS BY STACY VENTURA 58 fall harvest 2015 T hink of a word that means “dog,” “pork pie,” and “refillable beer jug.” The answer can be found in Oakland’s quiet Glenview neighborhood. Look at the sign above the archway into the Mediterranean-style turret on the southeast corner of Glenfield Avenue and Park Boulevard. I have to say that when that odd coat of arms first appeared there last October, I was a bit puzzled as to what to expect inside. First there’s this strange bobble-head bulldog guarding the bar. Then the strikingly similar visage of Winston Churchill peers forth from the mossy-green deeps. A Victorian-styled dining room. More portraits: Frederick Law Olmsted, John Muir, Joaquin Miller, Mark Twain … various dogs. A church pew. Dark wood and leather. Pork pies baking in the wood oven. Antique barware, flatware, teacups. Pickled and potted fish. Roast beef with Yorkshire pudding. Local craft beers on tap. “To go: Picnic Pork Pies, for lunch or a midnight snack” (pictured below and in progress at left) are always on the menu at the Growlers’ Arms. Right: A replica of an antique “growler” sculpture once popular in England. Shelly Mulhall says originals go for as much as $20,000. edibleeastbay.com 60 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Proprietor Seamus Mulhall, his sweet Irish accent softened by decades living in California, comes up to explain that they are doing a traditional English country menu at the Growlers’ Arms. His wife and co-proprietor Shelly Mulhall (a half-Brit) wanders by and fills in some detail about how she and Seamus began envisioning this new restaurant while they were both working front of house at Gary Danko. (If you’ve never been, GD is an upscale San Francisco financial district restaurant known for its spectacular service. Seamus worked there from the day it opened in 1999 until September of 2014.) So, what kind of menu would they want to offer at their new place? “Not more Italian, French, or Californian,” Seamus recounts with a note of cool ennui as he describes their decision to buck the trend and turn instead toward their own heritage. “We want to offer a little piece of the past,” Seamus says often. I ask if this could be called a “gastropub,” realizing I’m not entirely sure what that term means. “Yes, but of the Heston Blumenthal type, serving pies, sausages, and roasts,” Seamus replies. I learn that he’s referring to the celebrity chef of the Fat Duck, whose three-star Michelin restaurant is located west of London. Nextdoor is a 15th-century pub, the Hind’s Head, which Blumenthal acquired in 2004 and transformed into a one-star Michelin eatery. The Hind’s Head’s website describes the menu as featuring “traditional seasonal cuisine and historic British dishes.” Seamus gives me a quick rundown on how star chefs like Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White, spurred along by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, author/broadcaster of the River Cottage series, have been bringing about a revival in traditional British cuisine. He also explains that a few decades back, all a hungry body might expect to find at a British pub was a pickled egg and maybe some pork rinds. Clockwise from top left: A Sunday roast (always served with roasted vegetables, “Royal Yorkie,” horseradish, and claret sauce) emerges from the almond-wood flames; Shelly and Seamus Mulhall relax for a brief moment at the bar; Dog-decorated pillows and many other items around the pub were handcrafted by the Mulhall’s relatives; Chef Brian Ventura takes a break to smile for his wife’s camera. edibleeastbay.com Heirloom and Cherry Tomato Salad with Creamy Anise Hyssop and Lovage Dressing Chef Brian Ventura’s inspiration for this summer salad comes directly from his experience touring the Irish countryside: “I can see the farmer making his cheese and growing the herbs and tomatoes in his garden, taking fresh buttermilk to make the dressing. At least that’s what I would do if ever I’m blessed enough to have a real farm.” Brian buys the anise hyssop and lovage from White Crane Springs Ranch at the San Francisco Ferry Plaza Farmers Market. Both are wonderful plants to grow in a home garden, and it’s not too hard to find starts or seeds at your local nursery. Serves 3–4 2 handfuls frilly red mustard greens 3 large heirloom tomatoes (choose a mix of colors and flavors) ½ basket cherry tomatoes 1 bunch lovage 1 bunch anise hyssop (leaves plus flowers) ¼ pound Coolea Cheddar Maldon sea salt For the dressing: ½ teaspoon red wine vinegar 1 tablespoon Champagne vinegar ½ teaspoon apple cider vinegar ¾ tablespoon lemon juice ¾ cup aioli ½ teaspoon Dijon mustard ¼ cup buttermilk 1 tablespoon crème fraîche 1 tablespoon chopped anise hyssop leaves 1 tablespoon chopped lovage leaves Maldon sea salt To prepare the dressing, combine the vinegars and lemon juice in a bowl. Whisk in aioli, Dijon, buttermilk, and crème fraîche. Finish with the herbs and salt to taste. In a large bowl, salt and dress the mustard greens with some of the dressing, then arrange on a large serving plate. Cut the large tomatoes into bite-size wedges and the cherry tomatoes in half. Toss them in the bowl with additional dressing, salt, and 3 to 4 torn lovage and anise hyssop leaves. Once those are topping the mustard greens, shave some Coolea Cheddar over the top, and finish with some small anise hyssop flower petals. fall harvest 2015 61 Bubble & Squeak with Smoked Trout Pâté, Cherry Tomatoes, and Crème Fraîche This traditional British fried dish is a way for cooks to use up leftover mashed potatoes after a roast dinner. As the patties cook in the pan they bubble and squeak. Serves 5 For the patties: 4 cups mashed potatoes ¼ cup chopped leeks 1 egg 1 yolk Salt Flour for dusting For the pâté: 1 pound smoked trout 1½ tablespoons horseradish ¼ bunch chervil, chopped ¼ bunch chives, chopped ¼ bunch tarragon, chopped ⅛ bunch parsley, chopped Zest of 1 lemon Juice of ¼ lemon ½ tablespoon mustard 2 tablespoons aioli 1 tablespoon crème fraîche To plate: 1 cup cherry tomatoes, halved Crème fraîche for garnish Chopped chives for garnish Mix the mashed potatoes, leeks, and eggs in a large bowl. Salt to taste. Cover a half sheet pan in plastic and dust with flour. Shape the mashed potato mixture into 2-inch patties and dust in the flour. For the pâté, shred the smoked trout and fold in the horseradish, chervil, chives, tarragon, parsley, lemon zest and juice, mustard, aioli, and crème fraîche. Fry the patties in olive oil until golden brown on the top and bottom. Serve topped with a spoonful each of trout paté, cherry tomatoes, crème fraîche, and chives. The term “gastropub” first appeared in 1991 when new owners at the Eagle, another old London pub, started offering Spanish-style tapas. Since that time, there have been various attempts by the members of the British press to abolish the term, but it’s persisted as a quick way for watering hole proprietors (on both sides of the pond) to signal that they are paying conscious attention to their food offerings. Style at American gastropubs continues to trend Mediterranean, but in the British Isles the word has become a likely indicator that there’s a chef in the house participating in that nation’s revival of its traditional cuisine. The Mulhalls’ interest in emulating Blumenthal was not an idle endeavor of perusing cookbooks or just dragging recipes out of Mum. What they did in May 2014 while preparing to open the Growlers’ Arms was rather more ambitious: “We went to England with the Venturas,” says Shelly, referring to their thensoon-to-be executive chef, Brian Ventura—who Shelly knew from San Francisco’s Southern-Italian-focused A-16 restaurant, where he was chef and she worked front of house for a few years—and Brian’s wife Stacy Ventura. (A frequent contributor to Edible East Bay, Stacy shot the photographs for this article. She also tends a tiny urban farm at the couple’s home in San Rafael.) “It was just the four of us,” continues Shelly. “We toured the English countryside visiting Michelin-starred gastropubs. They were all one-star except the Hand and Flowers, which is the only two-star gastropub in the country.” Brian and Stacy stayed on for another three weeks to tour Ireland, enjoying the offer of the Mulhall family residence as home base. Sous-chef Renée Reed helps chef Brian Ventura butcher some lamb. They source whole animals for most meats served at the Growlers’ Arms. 62 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Lamb Sausage with Green Beans, Cherry Tomatoes, and Mustard Greens in Champagne-Shallot Vinaigrette You’re very likely to find this sausage dish (or versions using rabbit or goat meat) on the Growlers’ menu. Serves 5 1 pound lean lamb meat ⅜ pound pork back fat 2½ teaspoons salt 4 cloves garlic ¼ bunch of thyme ¼ bunch of parsley 1 tablespoon white wine 1 teaspoon Aleppo pepper 1 teaspoon dry mustard Pinch mace 3–4 feet 24mm sheep casings Equipment: Meat grinder with 10mm die 10-inch bamboo skewers Sausage stuffer Serve with: Green beans Cherry tomatoes, halved Red frill mustard greens Mix all the sausage ingredients (except sheep casings) in a large bowl. (It’s important to keep the ingredients and equipment cold so that the meat doesn’t over emulsify in the next step.) Put the 10mm die on your grinder and begin feeding the meat/fat mixture through. Prepare (clean) the casings by running water through them until you get one continuous tube. Also, soak the skewers. Fill the canister of your sausage stuffer with the ground lamb mixture and lock into position. Spray the plastic tube with cooking spray and feed the casing onto it. Now crank the plunger down and fill the sheep casings slowly, making sure not to overfill and puncture the casing. Fill each sausage to between 12 and 15 inches long, then cut, twist the ends, coil the sausage, and skewer the coil so it stays wound in a disc shape. To serve the sausages, grill the coils until they begin to get firm. For a summer dish at Growlers’ Arms we might serve them with blanched green beans sautéed in butter that are folded together with halved cherry tomatoes and placed on mustard greens that have been tossed in a vinegar and oil. edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 63 “English food was totally new to me,” says Brian, who hails from Bakersfield, California. And while this is a chef well versed in whole-animal cookery (and butchery), the trip allowed Brian to see what happens with a small country inn’s kitchen and menu when the chef has just bagged a deer. Brian was also amused to see that nearly every inn was named “The [Something’s] Arms.” He came back with valuable insight into how farm-to-table works in a land with ancient agrarianbased food traditions. Shelly and Seamus, in spite of their front-of-house professions, are themselves inspired cooks. They bring a few of their own recipes to the menu and prepare them for patrons each week. Seamus especially likes working at a makeshift baker’s table in front of the wood-fired oven in the open bar area. The oven, an asset that came with the space, is kept stoked through the week with almond wood. (Brian says almond burns better than walnut, the latter of which he describes as ashy, but not as good as smooth-burning oak, which he considers too precious to harvest). All manner of menu items are cooked in this oven, but perhaps its most notable use is with the bread program, the purview of pastry chef Andrew Chaney (CIA-Napa–trained and another Gary Danko alumnus). Moving back to the Bay Area after a baking gig in NYC, Andrew got excited about what the Mulhalls were up to, at first offering to help out and then going full time when sous-chef Miranda Eckerfield left on maternity leave. “Since then he’s been in charge of baking the bread, making the pastry for the savory and sweet pies, and really elevating our dessert program,” says Shelly. The daily-made bread comes to a diner’s table at no extra charge. It’s baked first thing in the morning, since that’s when the oven has cooled from the previous evening’s 700 or so degrees to around 350°. The oven is left to cool on Mondays when the restaurant is closed, so Andrew resumes on Tuesday by baking rolls, which are easier to tend as the staff is busy creating the unique “Tasty Tuesday” menu. That’s when the staff veers off script from the traditional fare so they can enjoy some creative license. Just as at any reputable Bay Area restaurant these days, chefs at the Growlers’ Arms draw inspiration from the spectacular seasonal bounty of the California landscape. And, as also has become more expected with the rise of the DIY movement, all condiments here, such as ketchup, tartar sauce, and horseradish, are made in house. “Everything but the butter,” says Shelly. As of this writing, I have returned to the Growlers’ Arms three times for dinner, in part because I needed more details to fully answer the riddle of this story, but Andrew Chaney, pastry chef at the Growlers’ Arms, spends each morning shaping and baking two types of bread, a country sourdough and a wheat-oatmeal bread. 64 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Clontarf Fish Pie Clontarf is the suburb on the north side of Dublin where Seamus Mulhall grew up. “In the ’60s and ’70s, everything was tied to the Catholic Church,” he says. “All the schools were named after saints. Prayers were the first thing the teachers said before any lessons were taught, so the church had a big say in everything we did. It was a blasphemy to eat meat on a Friday so we all had fish, as a sort of penance. My mother would take the bus out to ‘Howth,’ a quaint fishing village on the north side of Dublin, to buy fresh fish so she could make fish pie. It became something that we all looked forward to on Fridays: Even our schoolmates would hang out just so they could have some of my mum’s fish pie. So now at the restaurant we do a fish pie on Fridays. It is becoming a sort of tradition: We see the same people on Friday nights. Thank you, Saint Francis.” Makes 1 large or 10 small pies For the sauce: 4 cups fish stock 1 stick (4 ounces) unsalted butter 1 yellow onion, diced 2 tablespoons flour 2 cups dry white wine 2 cups heavy cream Salt and finely ground white pepper For the filling: 8 ounces peas 4 medium potatoes, diced into thumb-size pieces 1 tablespoon butter 4–5 medium carrots, peeled and diced 10 ounces sole, cut in 2-inch pieces 8 ounces halibut, cut in 2-inch pieces 8 ounces scallops, cut in 2-inch pieces 6 large prawns, cut in 2-inch pieces (original 4 each) 2 sprigs tarragon For the pies: 4 pounds puff pastry (Seamus likes the prepared dough from La Farine Bakery, which is sold in 2-pound blocks.) Egg wash (Make by whisking together 1 egg with 2 teaspoons water.) 10 6-ounce ceramic ramekins (or 1 large ceramic soufflé dish) To make the roux, start by bringing the fish stock to a simmer in a heavy pot. Meanwhile, melt the stick of butter in a large skillet and sweat the onions, being careful not to brown them. Add flour and reduce the heat. Stir with a wooden spoon for 5 edibleeastbay.com minutes and then slowly stir in the wine, a cup at a time. The roux will thin out as you add liquid, but it thickens as it cooks. Start adding the fish stock a cup at a time, stirring with a whisk. Add heavy cream a cup at a time until all liquid is in the pot. The roux should be the consistency of a thin custard. Season with salt and white pepper. Set aside. Bring a pot of salted water to a boil, then blanch the peas, strain them out, and set aside in a medium size bowl. Simmer the diced potatoes in the same water until soft, then strain them out and add to the blanched peas. Melt the tablespoon of butter in a smaller pot, add some of the water you used for the potatoes and a pinch of salt, then simmer the diced carrots until soft. Strain and then combine with the peas and potatoes, and divide half of this mixture among the ramekins (or place in the soufflé dish). Now sear all the fish to golden brown, break it up into bite-size bits and distribute over the vegetables in the ramekins or soufflé dish. Top with the rest of the potatoes, carrots, and peas, and then pour the creamy fish sauce over everything. Do not fill to the top. Sprinkle some torn tarragon leaves over top. Roll out puff pastry to ⅛ inch thick. Using a bowl as a guide, cut a circle from the pastry that’s about an inch bigger than the diameter of the ceramic dish, then stretch pastry over top (trying to keep it from touching the fish mixture), pulling it a half inch down the sides of the dish all around and pressing pastry with your finger onto the sides of the dish. Brush with egg wash. Refrigerate for about a half hour while you preheat oven to 350°. Bake for 20 to 30 minutes or until the pastry is golden. fall harvest 2015 65 Apple Gallette Serves 6 2–3 large Fuji apples Dried currants, rehydrated in gin or water overnight For dough: 2 cups flour 1 teaspoon sugar ¼ teaspoon salt 6 ounces butter 3½ ounces cold water For almond filling: ¼ cup ground almonds or almond flour 2 tablespoons brown sugar ¼ teaspoon cinnamon To finish: Egg wash (Make by whisking together 1 egg with 2 teaspoons water.) Turbinado sugar Start the currants rehydrating in the gin or water the night before. To make the dough: Combine the flour, sugar, and salt in a mixing bowl. Add the butter and break up into the flour mixture until coarse. Add water and mix into a ball. Let refrigerate at least 1 hour before rolling out. Combine filling ingredients. The roll out the dough to a 10-inch circle, place on a sheet pan, and spread almond filling evenly over the dough leaving 1 inch around the outside uncovered. Spread half of the currants over the filling. Peel and thinly slice the apples and arrange the slices over the almond filling. Scatter remaining currants over top. Fold the edges of the dough onto the apples pressing lightly to hold in the juices from the apples. To finish, brush the edges of the crust with egg wash and sprinkle with turbinado sugar. Bake at 400° for 20 to 30 minutes or until the crust is cooked on the bottom. 66 fall harvest 2015 also because I appreciate Brian’s way of bringing out clear and straightforward flavors with fresh greens and herbs, like mustard, tarragon, and anise hyssop. I’ve found that merely thinking about the food makes me hungry. I also like the feeling of being there. As Shelly shows me the cocktail menu, I see another key to the restaurant’s particular character: “We do a mix of what we call ‘Old Friends,’ which are classic cocktails, and ‘New Friends,’ which are Linda’s new creations,” she says with a nod to bar manager Linda Hare-Touye (another Gary Danko alumna), who makes custom syrups, shrubs, and infusions for their cocktails. It’s the word “friends” that reverberates, since it echoes the palpable ambience the Mulhalls have cultivated among their staff, and one that seems to spill through the hall. In the short time the restaurant has been open, many neighbors have become regulars, and everyone seems to be acquainted with and enjoying the company of everyone else gathering there, whether they are in for the evening or passing through to pick up a Picnic Pork Pie. The Mulhalls are certainly hoping the Gary Danko set will make Growlers’ a destination, but for now, one can still hope to find a place to park in this sleepy neighborhood and a seat near the oven. I’m quite certain that even if those become in short supply, there still will be plenty of scrumptious pies and and other satisfying dishes to devour, and you’ll certainly enjoy a warm welcome from the Mulhalls and their staff. But do watch out for the growler. • Editor’s Note: Two weeks after this article went to press, we learned that the Mulhalls had decided to close their restaurant. We wish them the best in their future endeavors. EDIBLE EAST BAY Available at Whole Foods Mark et s and other fine retailers PCFMA.ORG 1.800.949.FARM JACKLONDONSQUARE.COM 1650 park street at buena vista in 7 11 SUSHI KING CUSTOM CRAFTED SALADS & FRESH TO GO MEALS ON SITE CHAIR MASSAGE RELAXATION STATION HIGH QUALITY KITCHEN TOOLS & TABLEWARE FRESHLY MADE SUSHI, SASHIMI & NIGIRI BAR * A Bay Area Certified Green Business edibleeastbay.com WHAT’S IN SEASON? BY BARBARA KOBSAR Choosing produce harvested at its peak is your sure bet for flavor and freshness. AUGUST Gravenstein, an heirloom apple that’s a favorite for cooking and eating, ushers in the season, and if you’re lucky, you may be able to find a few at your local farmers’ market. As much as this apple is loved, it carries two frustrating characteristics for farmer and consumer. One is that the apples have short, weak stems, so as they grow and snuggle up on the tree, they tend to drop. The other is that they don’t store well, so you shouldn’t let them linger when you bring them home. Also, watch for the Gala, another early- to mid-season favorite apple. Its dense, sweetly aromatic flesh makes it good for eating out of hand, and while it can work out in baking, there are better choices coming along later, such as Granny Smith, Pippin, and Rome Beauty, which hold their shape better when cooked. SEPTEMBER In early fall, table grapes are a feature of market displays, where Thompson and Red Flame seedless varieties predominate, but be sure to check out some of the other varieties as they arrive: Crimson, Fantasy, and Ruby followed by Muscat, Tokay, and Ribier. Table grapes represent only 12–15% of the total grape harvest, with the remainder made up of raisin- and wine-variety grapes. OCTOBER Pumpkins preside in October, luring crafty Halloween carvers to market stands. But once these orange charmers have done their job, there’s more room for the dozen or so other hard-shelled winter squash types that cooks prefer, and it’s best to choose one that fits your recipe. Many people reach for the familiar pearshaped butternut squash: Its creamy texture, deep orange flesh, and smooth, easy-to-remove skin are a real appeal. Buttercup squash, with its full, sweet flavor, is a great candidate for pies, cakes, and breads. Favorites for savory dishes include the spaghetti squash, with its stringy, spaghetti-like flesh, and smaller varieties, like the acorn squash or the tender-skinned Delicata. Remember that the farmers at your neighborhood farmers’ markets are your best resource for answers on variety, preparation, and storage. Step right up and ask! • 68 fall harvest 2015 fall harvest 2015 69 east bay farmers’ markets Concord Alameda Haight & Webster Tuesday & Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Harbor Bay 1451 Harbor Bay Pkwy Thursday 10–2 weekly thru Sept 24, then Oct 8, 22; Nov 5, 19; Dec 3, 17 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Antioch Kaiser 4501 Sand Creek Rd Thursday 10–2 thru Oct 29 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Benicia Illustration: “Pleated Tomato” by Margo Rivera-Weiss Note on the North Berkeley Market Move As of October, the Thursday North Berkeley Farmers’ Market will be moving from its current site to the adjacent portion of Shattuck Avenue along the frontage road that serves businesses on Shattuck between Rose and Vine streets. The market’s configuration will change from two rows of food booths divided by a grassy strip to one long row. “We disagree with the City’s decision not to permit the market for the current location,” says Ben Feldman, food and farming program director at the Ecology Center. “The move will undoubtedly change the character of the market. However, we are committed to doing our best to make the farmers’ market work in the new location.” The change came about because the owner of Shattuck Commons (located on Shattuck & Rose) believes that the market negatively affects his property value and has pushed for its removal. The Ecology Center urges residents to continue supporting local farmers and farmers’ markets by shopping at the new site. EBT: Electronic Benefit Transfer is an electronic system for the food stamp program. WIC: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children serves to safeguard the health of low-income women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk, by providing nutritious foods to supplement their diet. MM: Market Match provides EBT customers token or voucher incentives to shop at farmers’ markets and spend their federal benefits on fresh fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Available seasonally. Contact individual organizations for details. First St btwn B & D Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 29 WIC beniciamainstreet.org Berkeley Adeline & 63rd St Tuesday 2–6:30 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Shattuck at Rose Thursday 3–7 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Corner of Center & MLK Saturday 10–3 EBT + WIC + MM ecologycenter.org Brentwood First St Btwn Oak & Chestnut Saturday 8–noon thru Nov 21 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Castro Valley Todos Santos Plaza Willow Pass & Grant St Tuesday 10–2 year-round & Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 29 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Danville Railroad & Prospect Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Dublin Emerald Glen Park Tassajara & Central Pkwy Thursday 4–8 thru Sept 24 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com El Cerrito El Cerrito Plaza San Pablo & Fairmount Tuesday & Saturday 9–1 WIC Manager: 510.528.7992 Fremont Centerville Bonde Way & Fremont Blvd Saturday 9–1 Some WIC fremontfarmersmarket.com Irvington Bay St & Trimboli Sunday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 39400 Paseo Padre Pkwy Thursday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Hayward City Hall Plaza 777 B St Saturday 9–1 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org Railroad & North L Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Martinez Contra Costa Regional Medical Center Rotunda Cir, Main Entrance Tuesday 10–2 thru Sept 29 EBT + WIC + MM cccfm.org Main St & Estudillo Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Moraga Moraga Center Moraga Rd & Moraga Way Sunday 9–1 WIC cafarmersmkts.com Newark NewPark Mall Sunday 9–1 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org Oakland Children’s Hospital 52nd St & MLK Tuesday 2–7 EBT + WIC + MM phatbeetsproduce.org De la Fuente Plaza Btwn International & E 12th St near BART Sunday 10–2 WIC [email protected] Fruitvale Village Paseo San Leandro & 35th Ave Near BART Tuesday & Thursday 1–7 WIC [email protected] Grand Lake Grand Ave & Lake Park Way Saturday 9–2 EBT + some WIC + MM agriculturalinstitute.org BART Station Redwood Rd & Norbridge Saturday 10–2 WIC urbanvillageonline.com Kensington Livermore Jack London Square Broadway & Water St Sunday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Diablo St between Main and Center Saturday 8–noon thru Sept 19 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Carnegie Park Third & J St Thursday 4–8 thru Oct 1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 3600 Broadway Friday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com 70 fall harvest 2015 Oak View Ave at Colusa Cir Sunday 10–2 EBT + WIC kensingtonfarmersmarket.org EDIBLE EAST BAY Pleasanton Montclair Village Moraga & La Salle Sunday 9–1 WIC urbanvillageonline.com Corner of W Angela & Main Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com North Oakland 970 Grace at Lowell St Saturday 9:30–2:30 EBT + WIC + MM phatbeetsproduce.org Civic Auditorium Parking lot Btwn 24th & Barrett Ave Friday 8–5 EBT + WIC richmondfarmersmarket.org Old Oakland 9th St btwn Broadway & Clay Friday 8–2 EBT + WIC urbanvillageonline.com Telegraph 5316 Telegraph Saturday 10–3 freedomfarmersmarket.tumblr. com Temescal DMV at 5300 Claremont Sunday 9–1 EBT + WIC urbanvillageonline.com Uptown 1 Kaiser Plaza Wednesday 10–2 thru Nov 11 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Orinda Orinda Way at Orinda Village Saturday 9–1 Free Kids Activities every 2nd Sat cccfm.org Pinole Sanwa Bank Parking Lot Pear St & Fernandez Ave Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Pittsburg Old Town Plaza Railroad Ave at 6th St Saturday 9–1 thru Oct 31 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Pleasant Hill Downtown Plaza Gregory Ln & Trelany Rd Saturday 9–1 thru Nov 14 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com edibleeastbay.com Richmond Main St 13th and Nevin Wednesday 10–2 thru Nov 18 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Leandro Bayfair Mall Fairmont & E 14th St Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC cafarmersmkts.com Kaiser Merced St & Fairway Dr Wednesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Parrott St & E 14th St Wednesday 4–8 thru Oct 21 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Pablo City Hall Parking Lot 1 Alvarado Sq Saturday 10–2 thru Sept 26 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com San Ramon Bishop Ranch 3 Camino Ramon & Bishop Dr off Bollinger Canyon Rd Thursday 10–2 & Saturday 9–1 sanramonfarmersmarket.org San Ramon Sports Park E Branch Way & Sherwood Way Wednesday 4–8 thru Sept 30 sanramonfarmersmarket.org Kaiser 3553 Whipple Tuesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Old Alvarado/ Cesar Chavez Park Smith & Watkins St Saturday 9–1 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com fresh produce Sundays, 10am to 2pm • Kensington Colusa Circle Where the community comes to the table! Subscribe to our newsletter : KensingtonFarmersMarket.org Vallejo Georgia & Marin St Saturday 9–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Kaiser 975 Sereno Dr down Kaiser Pkwy Friday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Walnut Creek Diablo Valley Shadelands Office Complex Mitchell Dr & N Wiget Ln Saturday 9–1 cafarmersmkts.com Kaiser 1425 S Main St Tuesday 10–2 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Union City N Locust St Sunday 9–1 EBT + WIC cccfm.org East Plaza 11th St & Decoto Rd. Saturday 9–1thru Oct 3 EBT + WIC + MM pcfma.com Rossmoor Golden Rain Rd & Tice Creek Dr Friday 9:30–1 (Rossmoor residents only) cafarmersmkts.com fall harvest 2015 71 source guide Arts, Education & Entertainment AUTUMN FOOD AND WINE FESTIVAL (p. 3) September 11–13 at Northstar California Resort, 5001 Northstar Dr, Truckee, CA. 880.GO.NORTH, northstarcalifornia.com EAST BAY REGIONAL PARK DISTRICT (p. 13) Parklands and trails ideal for healthful recreation and environmental education. ebparks.org EMERYVILLE CELEBRATION OF THE ARTS (p. 19) 29th annual exhibition runs October 3–25. EmeryArts.org FOOD CRAFT INSTITUTE (p. 13) Eat Real Festival, plus classroom and hands-on education in traditional food-making techniques and entrepreneurship skills. foodcraftinstitute.org INSTITUTE OF URBAN HOMESTEADING (p. 20) Offering the best in Bay Area sustainability education since 2008. iuhoakland.com LAUREL BOOK STORE (p. 7) Downtown Oakland’s new indie bookseller. 1423 Broadway. 510.452.9232. laurelbookstore.com THE LOCAL FOODS WHEEL (p. 18) Learn more about your foodshed. localfoodswheel.com MERRITT COLLEGE HORTICULTURE CLUB (p. 19) Don’t miss the Fall Plant Sale, October 3 & 4. merrittlandhort.com MRS DALLOWAY’S (p. 15) A full-service, independent neighborhood bookstore, featuring a wide variety of garden books, cookbooks, and author events. 2904 College Ave, Berkeley. 510.704.8222. mrsdalloways.com MYRTLE’S LODGE (p. 25) Gifts for the ice cream enthusiast, retro toys, Fentons logo apparel, and handcrafted toppings and candies. 4211 Piedmont Ave, Oakland. 510.655.2600. myrtleslodge.com PICNIC WITH MARKET HALL (p. 8) Join the Merchants of Market Hall for a picnic in the street during the Rockridge Out & About Street Fair on October 11. 5655 College Ave, Oakland. 510.250.6000. rockridgemarkethall.com ROCKRIDGE DISTRICT ASSOCIATION (p. 9) Come out for the Rockridge Kitchen Tour on September 20 and Rockridge Out & About street fair on October 11. rockridgedistrict.com UC BOTANICAL GARDEN AT BERKELEY (p. 25). Foods of the Americas exhibit this fall. botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu Farmers’ Markets CALIFORNIA FARMERS’ MARKETS ASSOCIATION (p. 23) Year-round markets in Walnut Creek, San Leandro, and Moraga. 800.806.FARM. cafarmersmkts.com CONTRA COSTA CERTIFIED FARMERS’ MARKETS (p. 15) Supporting small family farms and serving Contra Costa communities since 1982. 925.431.8361. cccfm.org ECOLOGY CENTER (p. 71) Building a sustainable, healthy, and just future through farmers’ markets, education, curbside recycling, and advocacy. With three farmers’ markets in Berkeley. 2530 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.2220. ecologycenter.org JACK LONDON SQUARE FARMERS’ MARKET (p. 71) Seasonal produce, fresh eggs, local honey, organic options, and more. Sundays year-round, 9am–2pm. jacklondonsquare.com, pcfma.com KENSINGTON FARMERS’ MARKET (p. 71) A 100% community-supported nonprofit market. kensingtonfarmersmarket.org PACIFIC COAST FARMERS’ MARKET ASSOCIATION (p. 25) Creating economic opportunities for California farmers and serving Bay Area communities since 1988. 800.949.FARM. pcfma.com URBAN VILLAGE FARMERS’ MARKET ASSOCIATION (p. 19) Four local year-round markets. urbanvillageonline.com Food, Beverage, & Flower Producers BLUE CIRCLE (p. 67) Responsible Seafood. Available through fine food retailers and distributors. 202.232.5282. bluecirclefoods.com LES CHÊNES ESTATE VINEYARDS (p. 23) Rhône Renaissance in the Livermore Valley. 5562 Victoria Ln, Livermore. 925.373.1662. leschenesvine.com CLOVER STORNETTA FARMS (p. 19) Healthy family, healthy cows! Milk, cream, yogurt, eggs, cheese, and ice cream. cloverstornetta.com COMMON CIDER (76) Premium hard cider in flavors like lemon, blood orange, and hibiscus. facebook. com/CommonCider or commoncider.com DASHE CELLARS (p. 24) Tasting room near Jack London Square, 55 Fourth St, Oakland. dashecellars.com DONKEY & GOAT (p. 17) Natural winemaking at 1340 5th Street in Berkeley. Tasting room open F–Su 2–6pm. donkeyandgoat.com FARM FRESH TO YOU (p. 11) Home delivery of guaranteed organically grown fruits and vegetables. Available in most of the Bay Area. farmfreshtoyou.com FROG HOLLOW FARM (p. 51) Outstanding organic fruits, conserves, olive oil, and baked goods. Join Happy Child CSA. 888.779.4511. froghollow.com GARRÉ WINERY (p. 24) 7986 Tesla Rd, Livermore. 925.371.8200. garrewinery.com INZANA RANCH AND PRODUCE (pp. 14, 30) Famously fresh fruit, decidedly delicious nuts, and extra virgin olive oil. Call 209.883.2935 or order online at InzanaRanch.com. THE LOCAL BUTCHER (p. 16) High-quality, sustainable meat and poultry. Whole animals sourced directly from local farmers and ranchers within 150 miles of the shop. 1600 Shattuck Ave, Ste 120, Berkeley. 510.845.6328. thelocalbutchershop.com MONTEREY MARKET (p. 15) Delicious seasonable produce and other quality products. 1550 Hopkins St, Berkeley. 510.526.6042. montereymarket.com MOONSHADOW GROVE (p. 30) Extra-virgin olive oils from an organic old-growth estate. moonshadowgrove.com NORTHBRAE BOTTLE SHOP (p. 57) Wine, craft beer, and spirits. 1590 Hopkins St, Berkeley. 510.525.5323. northbraebottleshop.com MORRIS GRASSFED (p. 18) 100% locally raised and grassfed beef. Order online or at 831.623.2933. morrisgrassfed.com OAKTOWN SPICE SHOP (p. 39) Spice up your dinner routine with the freshest spices, hand-mixed blends, and spice know-how. 546 Grand Ave, Oakland. 510.201.5400. oaktownspiceshop.com MR ESPRESSO (p. 31) Oak wood roasted coffee since 1978. 510.287.5200. mrespresso.com NIMAN RANCH (p. 3) The finest all-natural meats raised by family farmers and ranchers committed to sustainable and humane practices. nimanranch.com RETZLAFF WINERY (p. 24) Fine wines made from estate-grown certified-organic grapes. Lovely, historic grounds. Exceptional from vine to glass. 1356 S Livermore Ave, Livermore. 925.447.8941. retzlaffwinery.com SÉKA HILLS (p. 30) Extra-virgin olive oil, estate grown and milled by the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation in the Tribe’s ancestral Capay Valley homeland. Visit their olive mill and tasting room just off Hwy 16, 19326 County Rd 78, Brooks, CA. sekahills.com/olive-oil STEVEN KENT WINERY (p. 24) Tasting room open daily noon–4:30pm at 5443 Tesla Rd, Livermore. 925.243.6442. stevenkent.com STONEHOUSE CALIFORNIA OLIVE OIL (p. 31) Award-winning extra-virgin olive oils. One Ferry Building, San Francisco. 415.765.0405. stonehouseoliveoil.com THOMAS FARM (p. 29) A second-generation family farm producing sustainable organic produce and cut flowers since 1971. Pleasant Valley Rd, Aptos. 831.768.7262. thomasfarmorganic.com VICTORINE VALLEY FARMS (p. 31) Tuscan-blend and varietal extra virgin olive oils. Visit their tasting room at 21 S Livermore Ave, Livermore. 925.454.8777, VictorineValley.com Grocers & Specialty Markets FRANTOIO GROVE (p. 31) Tuscan variety extravirgin olive oil. Estate-pressed in San Martin. Frantoiogrove.com ALAMEDA MARKETPLACE (p. 67) Ten locally owned businesses under one roof at 1650 Park St, Alameda. alamedamarketplace.com FREY ORGANIC WINES (p. 24) Taste at Solar Living Center/Real Goods, Hopland. FreyWine.com CORNER MARKET (p. 20) The little market that can. 6040 Telegraph @ 61st, Oakland 72 fall harvest 2015 PIEDMONT GROCERY (p. 11) A full-service neighborhood grocery store at 4038 Piedmont Ave, Oakland, since 1902. 510.653.8181. piedmontgrocery.com THE SPANISH TABLE (p. 31) Bringing the best of Spain and Portugal to your table. 1814 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.1383. spanishtable.com, spanishtablewines.com STAR GROCERY & STAR MEATS (p. 57) Quality service since 1922. Lots of local farm products. 3068 Claremont Ave, Berkeley. 510.652.2490. facebook.com/stargroceryberkeley, star-meats.com WE OLIVE WALNUT CREEK (p. 30) California-grown and certified artisan olive oils. Tasting room at 1364 N Main St, Walnut Creek. 925.280.4574. walnutcreek.weolive.com WINE ON PIEDMONT (p. 57) Hand-selected fine wines and artisanal spirits in all price ranges. 4183 Piedmont Ave, Oakland. 510.595.9463. wineonpiedmont.com Health & Wellness CENTER FOR NATURAL HEALTH CARE (p. 23) For people who choose to live naturally. Mention the ad in this publication for $50 off your first visit. Carol Lourie, ND, L.Ac, 776 Page St, Berkeley. 510.526.2028. cfnhc.com FIVE FLAVORS HERBS (p. 23) Herbs, teas, and supplements for good health. 344 40th St, Oakland. 510.923.0178. fiveflavorsherbs.com LHASA KARNAK (p. 20) Western herb specialists, spices, oils, teas, extracts, and supplements. 2482 Telegraph Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.0380 and 1942 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley. 510.548.0372. Mail, phone, and web orders. Herb-inc.com OHLONE HERBAL CENTER (p. 20) Certified training in Western herbalism, workshops, field trips, and clinic. 1250 Addison St, #113, Berkeley. 510.540.8010. ohlonecenter.org EDIBLE EAST BAY Home, Kitchen & Garden and selling. [email protected]. taniahomeinsight.com ALDERSON CONSTRUCTION (p. 9) Established in 1979, Alderson Construction is a custom residential builder in the San Francisco Bay Area. We bring passion and an uncommon commitment to integrity, quality, and collaboration. 510.841.7159. aldersonconstruction.com TLC GARDENER (p. 7) Love your piece of ground. Dinwoodie Landscape Services. Commercial/ residential. 510.233.9336. TLCGardener.com AMY ROBESON (p. 13) Professional realtor, enthusiastic composter. Pacific Union Real Estate, 1625 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, and 1900 Mountain Blvd, Oakland. 510.828.3478. amyrobeson.com BERKELEY HORTICULTURAL NURSERY (pp. 15, 51) Family-owned retail nursery since 1922. 2nd Annual Nevada County Fiber Arts Trunk Show September 13. 1310 McGee Ave, Berkeley. 510.526.4704. berkeleyhort.com BIOFUEL OASIS (p. 15) An urban farm store and worker-owned co-op specializing in biodiesel made from recycled vegetable oil. 1441 Ashby Ave @ Sacramento, Berkeley. 510.665.5509. biofueloasis.com EAST BAY NURSERY (p. 16) California natives, drought-tolerant plants, succulents, organic veggie starts and seeds, fruit trees, and more. 2332 San Pablo Ave, Berkeley. 510.845.6490. eastbaynursery.com Resorts HOTEL BURLINGTON (p. 75) Historic hotel in Port Costa next to the Bull Valley Roadhouse (see Guide to Good Eats). 510.787.6795, thehotelburlington.com LOS POBLANOS (p. 3) Designed in 1932 by architect John Gaw Meem, the “Father of Santa Fe Style”, Los Poblanos combines 20 guest rooms, a working organic farm, award-winning field-tofork dining, and the ideal setting for meetings and special events. lospoblanos.com SORENSEN’S RESORT (p. 57) An all-season Sierra resort near South Lake Tahoe. 14255 Hwy 88, Hope Valley. 800.423.9949. sorensensresort.com Restaurants, Caterers, & Food To Go Turn to page 74 for our Guide to Good Eats! why subscribe to a free magazine? So you won’t miss a single mouth-watering issue! It’s easy to have Edible East Bay delivered promptly to your door each quarter. Just photocopy this page, fill in the information below, place it in an envelope along with your check (payable to Edible East Bay) and mail it to: Edible East Bay 1791 Solano Ave D14 Berkeley CA 94707 Save time and money with our discounted two-year subscription! Yes, I want to subscribe for ☐ 1 year (4 issues for $28) ☐ 2 years (8 issues for $46) Please start my subscription with the ☐ spring ☐ summer ☐ fall ☐ winter issue. Name:___________________________________________________ FLOWERLAND (p. 29) Nursery, gifts for home and garden, and coffee garden oasis. 1330 Solano Ave, Albany. 510.526.3550. flowerlandshop.com Address:__________________________________________________ FRINGE FLOWER COMPANY (p. 11) Seasonal, locally sourced, farm fresh flowers for daily delivery and special celebrations. 1489 Newell Ave, Walnut Creek. fringeflowers.com Include your email address if you would like to receive our free e-newsletter, which goes out several times each month: City:_________________________ State:____ Email: _____________________________________________ Need more information or want to pay by credit card? Please go online to edibleeastbay.com. THE GARDENER (p. 18) Beautiful and useful things for home and garden. 1836 Fourth St, Berkeley. 510.548.4545. thegardener.com GREENTOOLS (p. 13) Supplies Hungry Bin, a large-capacity worm composter designed for home, business, and institutional uses. Greentools represents products that help people minimize their environmental impact and reduce their operating costs. 888.886.7721, greentools.ca KITCHEN TABLE (p. 9) Home and kitchen supplies for chefs and foodies, plus beautiful handmade gifts. 1373 Locust St, Walnut Creek. 925.937.8888 Zip:_____________ Below: “Watermelons” by Margo Rivera-Weiss Reach our 70,000 active local readers with an ad in Edible East Bay. Contact us at [email protected] or 510.225.5776. ORCHARD NURSERY (p. 25) A full-service nursery, florist, and gift shop in Lafayette. “We make goodness grow!” orchardnursery.com POLLINATE FARM & GARDEN (p. 51) Fully stocked farm and garden store plus lectures and workshops. 2727 Fruitvale Ave, Oakland. 510.686.3493. pollinatefarm.com TANIA BALAZS, MARVIN GARDEN REAL ESTATE (p. 29) Thoughtful approach to home buying edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 73 edible EAST BAY Guide to Good Eats Berkeley Ajanta 1888 Solano Ave 510.526.4373 ajantarestaurant.com Sophisticated Indian dining with creative dishes from all over India. Changing menu includes many gluten-free and vegan options. Organic and sustainable ingredients. Café Rouge 1782 Fourth St Reservations: 510.525.1440 Meat Market: 510.525.2707 caferouge.net Offering some of the freshest, tastiest meats, charcuterie, and seafood in the Bay Area. A full sevice bar, comfortable dining room, fresh seafood bar, and a specialty meat market. Gather 2200 Oxford St 510.809.0400 gatherrestaurant.com Standard Fare 2701 Eighth St 510.356.2261 StandardFareBerkeley.com 5427 College Ave 510.654.7159 bittersweetcafe.com 5474 College Ave 510.428.4078 Enoteca-Molinari.com Delicious meals to take home. Locally sourced ingredients and beautiful presentations. Delectable desserts, artisanal hot chocolates, and savory delights, all made from scratch. Three Stone Hearth Brown Sugar Kitchen An intimate Italian restaurant in Oakland’s Rockridge district, serving homemade pasta and other traditional dishes with 30 + wines by the glass. 1581 University Ave 510.981.1334 threestonehearth.com 2534 Mandela Pkwy 510.839.7685 brownsugarkitchen.com A community-supported kitchen offering nourishing foods and traditional wisdom. Online ordering, pickup, and delivery available. Chef Tanya Holland serves up “New-Style, Down-Home” cooking in Sweet West Oakland. Locally grown, organic, and seasonal ingredients whenever possible. Zatar 1981 Shattuck Ave 510.841.1981 zatarcatering.com A warmly lit spot for Mediterranean cuisine in the theater arts district. Some dishes made with ingredients from the chefs’ garden. Also caters. Danville B-Side Baking 3303 San Pablo Ave 510.595.0227 Enjoy sweet and savory baked goods, from pies to meaty puff pastries, in a modern café space. Cactus Taquería Join the countdown to 30 years. This sustainably focused restaurant uses seasonal, local, organic (whenever possble) produce and meats and supports other local businesses. 5642 College Ave Local produce, fresh ingredients 510.658.6180 purchased daily from responsible cactustaqueria.com purveyors It’s all about freshness, sustainability, and the GMOand MSG-free authentic 925.736.7781 traditional, mouthwatering flavors of Mexico. home cooking Aryana Afghan Cuisine Everything made from scratch. Meats sourced Family recipes inspired 9000 Crow Canyon Rd from partner farms that never ever by feedtravel the and bygrowth the love forantibiotics, quality orfood 925.763.7781 animals hormones, animal aryanaafghancuisine.com by-products. Food that captivates the taste buds of vegetarians, carnivores, Local produce and fresh ingredients purchased Calavera and gluten-free foodies alike daily from responsible purveyors. GMO- and 2337 Broadway MSG-free authentic home cooking. Family recipes 9000 Crow Canyon Rd. calaveraoakland.com inspired by travel and by the love of quality food. Danville Calavera is a Mexican restaurant with a focus on aryanaafghancuisine.com authentic, ingredient-driven fare and an innovaOakland tive tequila/mezcal-heavy cocktail program. Poulet 1685 Shattuck Ave 510.845.5932 pouletdeli.com 5478 College Ave 510.655.6469 acoterestaurant.com Co-founded in 1979 by Marilyn Rinzler and Bruce Aidells, Poulet serves fresh, healthy, gourmet food. Enjoy it at the deli or take it home. Small plates featuring the best of seasonal Mediterranean cuisine served family-style in a festive atmosphere in the main dining room or on the sunny patio. Smoke Berkeley 2434 San Pablo Ave 510.548.8801 smokeberkeley.com 5330 College Ave 510.655.1700 barrelroomsf.com Authentic Texas-style BBQ beef brisket, ribs, and chicken; tea-smoked salmon; South Carolina pulled pork; and all the fixin’s. Chef Tina’s blueribbon-winning pies and desserts made daily. This intimate restaurant features a quarterly changing, regionally focused menu, offering 50+ wines paired with masterful food sourced locally from high-end purveyors. A menu inspired by local farmers, ranchers, and artisan food producers. West Coast wines and innovative craft cocktails. Lalime’s 1329 Gilman St 510.527.9838 lalimes.com Chop Bar 247 Fourth St #111 510.834.2467 oaklandchopbar.com A neighborhood favorite serving breakfast, weekend brunch, lunch, and dinner, using the finest ingredients found in the Bay Area. Communitē Table 4171 MacArthur Blvd 510.482.2114 communite-table.com Fentons Restaurant & Creamery 4226 Piedmont Ave 510.658.7000 fentonscreamery.com Handmade ice cream, quality ingredients, and friendly service. E.S. Fenton founded the Oakland creamery in 1894. Lungomare One Broadway 510.444.7171 lungomareoakland.com On the waterfront at Jack London Square, Chef Craig DiFonzo sources ingredients locally for his Italian-inspired menu of seafood, housemade charcuterie, pizza, and fresh pastas. Oliveto 5655 College Ave 510.547.5356 oliveto.com Restaurant Upstairs: whole-animal, locally sourced Italian-based cuisine; known for housemade pastas & salumi, innovative antipasti. Cafe Downstairs: bar, oak-roasted coffees, pizza, evening rosticceria. Smitten Ice Cream 5800 College Ave 510.594.7630 smittenicecream.com Churned-to-order ice cream made with only the purest, locally sourced and organic ingredients (and no artificial anything—zero, zilch, nada). Spice Monkey 1628 Webster St at 17th 510.268.0170 spicemonkeyrestaurant.com Globally inspired cuisine, incorporating spices and culinary traditions from around the world. Delicious dishes for meat eaters, vegetarians, gluten-free, and vegans! Beautiful historic ambience, creative cocktails, and lively event schedule. American comfort food in the Laurel. Eat in or bring home. Linden Street Beer and four Napa Valley wines on tap. Now serving lunch and dinner. 74 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY Toast kitchen + bar 5900 College Ave 510.658.5900 toastoakland.com Serving California cuisine with local and organic ingredients for lunch, dinner, and weekend brunch, TOAST kitchen + bar offers a full bar and an extensive selection of small production wines. The front patio is a welcome oasis to the daily grind. Friendly dogs are even welcome on the patio! The Town Kitchen 510.761.8690 thetownkitchen.com We deliver chef-crafted boxed-lunch and employ low-income youth. Delivery area includes Oakland, Berkeley, and SF. Easy online ordering. Solano County Veronica’s Veggies 707.771.4410 veronicasveggies.com Homemade vegan comfort food. Delivered frozen to your door. You can heat and enjoy when you like! Please call for free delivery schedule information. Tahoe Sorensen’s Resort 14255 Hwy 88 Hope Valley, CA 800.423.9949 sorensensresort.com Zachary’s Chicago Pizza 5801 College Ave and 3 other East Bay locations 510.655.6385 zacharys.com An all-season Sierra resort near South Lake Tahoe. Café serves three delicious meals a day to lodging guests and the traveling public. Since this much-loved pizza place opened in Rockridge in 1983, it has been serving exemplary deep-dish and stuffed pizzas. Now in four locations, all stores are employee-owned. Niles Pie Co. 32990 AlvaradoNiles Rd 510.324.4743 nilespie.com Port Costa Sweet, savory, local, and fresh pies. Eat in, carry out. Available at shops and markets around the East Bay. Bull Valley Roadhouse 14 Canyon Lake Dr 510.787.1135 bullvalleyroadhouse.com Union City minutes from your house but 100 years away West Marin County Traditional American fare with a regional touch. The 1883 hotel next door is the Victorian jewel of historic Port Costa. San Francisco Frog Hollow Café Ferry Building Marketplace, Shop #46 888.779.4511 froghollow.myshopify.com Learn about the principals of sustainability practiced at Frog Hollow Farm as you enjoy nourishing, seasonal food and beverages from local farms, vineyards, and breweries. Nick’s Cove Restaurant Oyster Bar \| Cottages 23240 Hwy 1 Marshall CA 415.663.1033 x120 nickscove.com Situated on the shores of Tomales Bay, Nick’s Cove offers award-winning California coastal cuisine with 12 beautifully appointed guest cottages nestled along historic Highway One. A beacon at the end of a canyon road in the 1880’s dock town of Port Costa, the Bull Valley Roadhouse serves American food that warms body and soul HUNGRY? Tuck into a classic, hearty menu featuring ingredients from our best small farms. THIRSTY? Belly up to the bar for our turn-of-the-century cocktails. TIRED? Turn in at the eccentric old Burlington Hotel next door! For reservations and for more information, please visit our website at... bullvalleyroadhouse.com or to see the hotel: edibleeastbay.com fall harvest 2015 75 WHAT JOY TASTES LIKE. Our exuberant hard apple cider has met its muse in the form of Blood Orange Tangerine. Not only has this playful pair been busy sweeping up awards, but they’ve also made their way to the shelves of your favorite retailer in 12oz slim cans. Open yourself to the joy. GOLD AL MEINDNER W COMMON C I D E R C O M PA N Y Find Common Cider near you. commoncider.com/locator 76 fall harvest 2015 EDIBLE EAST BAY	i don't know
The site of a mid-19th century conflict, in which modern day country is the Crimean peninsula?	War in Crimea, 19th Century Russia – Blogshevik Revolution War in Crimea, 19th Century Russia { 10 } The Russian Empire survived a conflict ridden existence of violent political change and internal reform from 1721 up to the Russian revolution in 1917. One point of interest, in this vast historical time period, is the Crimean War that took place in the mid-19th century from October 1853 to February 1856, culminating in a Russian defeat by a coalition of French, British, and Ottoman Turks. Understanding the history and relation of Russia and Crimea play into current events and understanding Russian interest in the region from a historical aspect. Battle of Sinop 1853 The Crimean war was spurned on by poor relations between Russia and the ruling Ottomans in the contested area of Crimea. Russia viewed their rights to protect ethnic and Russian Orthodox citizens from Ottoman subjugation, within the region that is now largely the Ukraine and Romania, as paramount in maintaining sovereignty of the empire. The expansion and protection of Russian Orthodox Christianity in the region was viewed as an affront to the supremacy of the holy Roman Church, of which France had a vested interest in maintaining at the time. This led to violations of multiple treaties and the escalation of full blown naval and land based warfare between the aforementioned parties. Historical Map of the Area of Operations The heaviest fighting was seen when the allied troops landed a coalition fighting force in Russian controlled Crimea. The battle of Sevastopol began, a siege that would last a full year and mark the focal point of the fighting. Russians eventually retreated and gave up Sevastopol late in 1855. The amount of casualties in the war is viewed in retrospect as costly and unnecessary by all sides, totaling near 750,000 deaths combined. Siege of Sevastopol The Crimean war brought upon some valuable lessons to be learned by all parties, but specifically Russia. The realization that Russia had become weaker than the rest of the modernizing European powers was highlighted by their inability to effectively wage war for their own national interest. Technologically, they were far behind the French and British in naval superiority, and socially it had become apparent that the feudalistic ways of serfdom were no longer effective in maintaining and implementing national interest. The eventual emancipation of the serfs in 1861 can be drawn back to, in part, the failure of Russia to succeed in this costly and embarrassing war that reshaped the political geography of the region and set the tone for World War one, as well as the following revolution that would prompt a great change in Russian history.	Ukraine
How many dice are used in the games of Yahtzee?	BBC News - Regions and territories: Crimea Printable version Regions and territories: Crimea The Republic of Crimea, a part of Ukraine, lies on a peninsula stretching out from the south of Ukraine between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It is separated from Russia to the east by the narrow Kerch Strait. The Russian Tsars and Soviet elite spent summers on its subtropical southern shores which still attract holidaymakers and, latterly, wealthy property developers. Overview Media Crimea was annexed by the Russian Empire during the reign of Catherine The Great in 1783 and remained part of Russia until 1954 when it was transferred to Ukraine under the then Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Ethnic Russians still make up the bulk of the population, Ukrainians under a quarter and the Muslim Crimean Tatars about 12%. Yalta: The port city is a mecca for tourists For centuries under Greek and Roman influence, Crimea in 1443 became the centre of a Tatar Khanate, which later became an Ottoman vassal state. Rival imperial ambitions in the mid 19th century led to the Crimean War when Britain and France, suspicious of Russian ambitions in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire declined, sent troops. Tatar deportation Given autonomous republic status within Russia after the Bolshevik revolution, Crimea was occupied by the Nazis in the early 1940s. The Tatars were accused of collaboration by Stalin and deported en masse to Central Asia and Siberia in 1944. Many did not survive. Only as the Soviet Union collapsed were they allowed to return. By the time over a quarter of a million did so in the early 1990s, it was to an independent Ukraine where they faced very high unemployment and extremely poor housing conditions. There have been persistent tensions and protests over land rights, and allocation of land to Crimean Tatars remains a highly contentious issue. After Ukrainian independence, political figures from the local Russian community sought to assert sovereignty and strengthen ties with Russia through a series of moves declared unconstitutional by Kiev. Sevastopol is the main base for Russia's Black Sea Fleet The 1996 Ukrainian constitution stipulated that Crimea would have autonomous republic status but reasserted that Crimean legislation must be in keeping with that of Ukraine. Crimea has its own parliament and government with powers over agriculture, public infrastructure and tourism. The Crimean Tatars have their own unofficial parliament, the Mejlis, which states its purpose as being to promote the rights and interests of the Crimean Tatars. Ukraine-Russia tension The port of Sevastopol is a major naval base and has been home to the Black Sea Fleet since Soviet times. Following the collapse of the USSR, the fleet was divided up between Russia and Ukraine. The continuing presence of the Russian fleet in Sevastopol has been a focus of tension between Russia and Ukraine. In 2008, Ukraine - then under the pro-Western President Viktor Yuschenko - demanded that Moscow not use the Black Sea Fleet during the its conflict with Georgia. Both countries had agreed to allow the Russian fleet to stay until 2017, but after the election of the pro-Russian Viktor Yanukovych as president in 2010, Ukraine agreed to extend the lease by 25 years beyond 2017, in return for cheaper Russian gas. There was also friction over plans - later scrapped by Mr Yanukovych - by Mr Yushchenko to strengthen ties with Nato. In 2006, ethnic Russians took to the streets to disrupt preparations for Nato-led naval exercises off Crimea. There is a rumbling border dispute between Moscow and Kiev in the Kerch Strait. Tensions rose sharply in late 2003 after Russia started building a causeway between the Russian coast and the island of Tuzla, just off Crimea. Facts Status: Semi-autonomous region of Ukraine Status: Autonomous republic within Ukraine Population: 2 million Area: 26,100 sq km (10,077 sq miles) Languages Ukrainian (official), Russian, Crimean Tatar Ethnic groups Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Religion: Christianity, Islam Media Chairman of Supreme Council: Volodymyr Konstantynov Volodymyr Konstantynov became chairman of the Crimean Supreme Council in March 2010, following the resignation of his predecessor, Anatoliy Hrytsenko. He was reappointed after regional election in November. The change come soon after the election of Viktor Yanukovych as Ukrainian president. Mr Yanukovych had promised to reorganise the leadership of the Crimean republic, and asked Mr Konstantynov and the new prime minister, Vasyl Dzharty, to carry out extensive reforms upon their appointment. Prime minister: Anatoliy Mohylyov The Crimean prime minister is appointed by the Crimean parliament with the approval of the Ukrainian president, and current President Viktor Yanukovych has taken the lead in actively nominating close political allies to key posts in the republic since taking office in 2010. His first prime minister in Crimea, Vasyl Dzharty, died of lung cancer in August 2011. President Yanukovych then nominated Anatoliy Mohylyov, Ukraine's outgoing interior minister, whom the Crimean parliament approved in November 2011. The appointment was controversial, as Russian-born Police General Mohylyov was chief of police in Crimea in 2007-2010 and angered civil-rights groups and Crimean Tatars with his tough stance on Tatar land protests. Since taking office he has pledged to cooperate with Tatar leaders. Chairman of Crimean Tatar Majlis: Mustafa Jemilev Also known as Mustafa Abdulcemil Qirimoglu Cemilev, the longstanding Crimean Tatar leader was born in 1943 and almost immediately sent with his family to Soviet Uzbekistan under Joseph Stalin's policy of deporting the Tatars. He was a prominent dissident in the 1980s, campaigning for the Tatars' right to return to Crimea, and was frequently imprisoned. Mr Jemilev founded the Crimean Tatar National Movement in 1989, and moved back to Crimea. His work in helping 250,000 Tatars return home was recognized by the UN with its Nansen Medal in 1998. He has led the Majlis, an unofficial body representing Tatar interests, since 1998, and seen off efforts by both Islamic extremists and Crimean Russian nationalists to undermine it. A supporter for Ukraine's Orange Revolution in 2004, he has also sat in the Ukrainian parliament as a ally of the future President Viktor Yushchenko since 1998. Media Media Rival media and their political backers compete for the attention of the peninsula's ethnic groups. Almost 100 broadcasters and around 1,200 publications are registered in Crimea, although no more than a few dozen operate or publish regularly. Outlets catering for the ethnic Russian majority dominate, supported by a mix of state and private funding. Crimea's ethnic Russians are also served by the main Moscow-based TV networks. Other broadcasters and publishers cater for the Ukrainian and Tatar minorities. There are no Ukrainian-only broadcasters operating from Crimean soil, but Ukrainian-language papers published elsewhere in Ukraine are available on the peninsula. Tatars too can choose from a range of outlets. Crimea's first Tatar-owned, Tatar-language TV launched in 2006. The press	i don't know
Bass, Tom-tom, and Snare are all types of what?	Tom Drum Replacement Parts You save: $56.41 (59%) Tom Drum Replacement Parts Lost the doodad that goes on your wotsit? Need to replace a worn-out part on your tom tom drums? You will find it here: swivel nuts, rubber feet and wing screws. Displaying 1 to 16 (of 16 products) Choose Number of Products To Display Per Page: 12 , All Pearl replacement clamping hook only for the 0810SL to 1216SL I.S.S. suspension mounts. Includes a single claw hook. Sale Price: $1.82 We've taken an extra $0.10 (5.21%) off our already low price DC472 Pearl replacement die cast hook only for the IS0810N/1216N. Includes a single claw hook. Sale Price: $1.82 We've taken an extra $0.10 (5.21%) off our already low price KB625WN Pearl replacement key bolt with washers for the I.S.S. suspension mount. The KB-625WN is designed to fasten the rim hook onto the bracket mounting... Sale Price: $0.37 To be notified when this product is back in stock please click here . S61/12 Pearl 12 pack of nickel plated brass swivel nut lug inserts. The S61/12 are the small swivel nut insert from Pearl with a 5.8mm thread that accepts... Sale Price: $4.92 We've taken an extra $0.26 (5.02%) off our already low price ZD57NF Pearl chrome die cast rim hook for ISS suspension mounts. The Pearl ZD57NF is the hook that comes on Pearl's Integrated Suspension System (ISS)... Sale Price: $3.92 We've taken an extra $0.21 (5.08%) off our already low price SNB-20SQ This is the small threaded lug insert, or lug swivel nut, which accepts the tension rod for snare drums, bass drums and tom-tom drums. Has a 13/16... Sale Price: $0.93 To be notified when this product is back in stock please click here . SNB-21 Single swivel nut insert for a drum lug with internal spring, 16mm long. This drum lug swivel nut insert is for drum lugs that have a spring on the... Sale Price: $1.38 We've taken an extra $0.07 (4.83%) off our already low price FL-32GR Replacement rubber tip or foot for 9.5mm or 3/8" diameter floor tom leg. This floor tom leg replacement foot is non-marking and non-skidding. Sale Price: $1.14 We've taken an extra $0.06 (5.00%) off our already low price FL-33GR Replacement rubber tip or foot for 10.5mm diameter floor tom leg. This deluxe floor tom leg replacement foot is non-marking and non-skidding. Sale Price: $0.89 We've taken an extra $0.05 (5.32%) off our already low price SC-RTL Set of 3 large Gibraltar floor tom leg replacement rubber feet. These feet only fit 12.7mm diameter legs, the leg hole is too big to stay on 10.5mm... Sale Price: $4.08 We've taken an extra $0.21 (4.90%) off our already low price R5/3 Pearl replacement rubber floor tom leg feet. The R-5/3 includes 3 rubber feet designed to fit 3/8 inch diameter floor tom legs. Sale Price: $4.92 We've taken an extra $0.26 (5.02%) off our already low price SC-RTS Set of 3 Gibraltar replacement floor tom leg feet for 9.mm and 10.5mm diameter floor tom legs. Sale Price: $4.08 We've taken an extra $0.21 (4.90%) off our already low price NP260P Pearl rubber gasket for the BT-3 tom mounting bracket. The NP-260P is the gasket designed to be used with the BT-3 Pearl tom mounting bracket.... Sale Price: $0.72	Drum kit
A hinny is the product of a male horse and a female donkey. What is the name for the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse?	What Are the Different Types of Marching Percussion? What Are the Different Types of Marching Percussion? Last Modified Date: 11 January 2017 Copyright Protected: These 10 animal facts will amaze you Percussion instruments are common types of musical instruments found in a marching band . Depending on the type of instrument, a marching percussion instrument may be attached to a musician via a harness or he may be able to carry it. Bass , snare, and tom-tom drums are all usually attached to a musician. Cymbals , on the other hand, are typically carried by a member of a marching band. Marching bands typically consist of several musicians marching and playing different instruments at the same time. Most marching bands have some type of percussion instruments . This section of the marching band is sometimes known as the drum line or the battery. Bass drums are some of the most common and easily recognized types of marching percussion instruments. These are often the largest of the percussion instruments in a marching band. They are typically around 14 inches (35.6 centimeters) deep and up to 36 inches (91.4 centimeters) in diameter. The bass drum is typically strapped to a harness worn by a musician in a marching band. Its sides are typically facing to the left and the right of the drummer. This allows the drummer to strike the skins of the drum using both hands. When struck, this marching percussion instrument usually emits a low or deep pitch. Ad Another common type of marching percussion instrument is the snare drum . This drum is typically a little deeper than other types of snare drums, which allows the instrument's sound to carry in an outdoor environment. These types of marching percussion instruments are also strapped to a harness worn by a musician in a marching band. Unlike a bass drum, however, the top of the drum, or drumhead, is usually facing up or at an angle. The snare drum gets its name from the wire snares that are stretched across the bottom of the drumhead. When the drumhead is struck, these snares vibrate. This causes the drum to make the distinct rattling sound, unique to the snare drum. A tom-tom drum, or tom-tom, is another type of marching percussion instrument that is strapped to a member of a marching band. This type of drum is similar to a snare drum, but it does not have the wire snares. Tom-tom drums are often put together in groups of four to six, known as quads, and they are arranged in a semi-circle. Cymbals are musical percussion instruments that do not need to be strapped to a musician's harness. Instead, a musician holds onto straps hooked to the center of them. Basically, cymbals consist of two large concave discs. When the are banged together, they make a metallic crashing sound. They also can make a light, subtle tinkling sound when they are simply touched together. Ad	i don't know
What can be a film director, producer, and actor, a move in chess, or a fortified residence?	Adrien Brody - IMDb IMDb Community LATEST HEADLINES Actor \| Producer \| Composer Adrien Nicholas Brody was born in Woodhaven, Queens, New York, the only child of retired history professor Elliot Brody and Hungarian-born photographer Sylvia Plachy . He accompanied his mother on assignments for the Village Voice, and credits her with making him feel comfortable in front of the camera. Adrien attended the American Academy of ... See full bio » Born: Share this page: Related News a list of 30 people created 25 Feb 2012 a list of 25 people created 30 Apr 2012 a list of 30 people created 31 Dec 2013 a list of 33 people created 24 Feb 2014 a list of 26 people created 15 Aug 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Adrien Brody's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 11 wins & 34 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1996 Bullet Hearts (TV Movie) Chuckie Bragg 1994 Rebel Highway (TV Series) Skinny 1988 Home at Last (TV Movie) Billy 1988 Annie McGuire (TV Series) Lenny McGuire 2015 Stone Barn Castle (Documentary) (producer) 2011 Detachment (executive producer) 2002 Dummy (performer: "She'll Be Comin' 'Round the Mountain When She Comes" - uncredited) 1999 Summer of Sam (performer: "Hello from the Gutters" (1999)) Hide 2013 InAPPropriate Comedy (additional dialogue written by) Hide 2006 Hollywoodland (additional cinematographer: super 8mm) Hide 2004-2016 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Breakthrough (TV Series documentary) Narrator 2014 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2013 Driven to Extremes (TV Series) Himself 2012 Chelsea Lately (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2012 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2010-2012 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2010 The 7PM Project (TV Series) Himself 2010 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2007-2010 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2010 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Guys Choice (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Festivals SUNcovered (TV Series) Himself 2009 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2008 Charity Poker Festival (TV Movie) Himself - Poker Player #5 2008 Seitenblicke (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 Reel Comedy (TV Series) Himself 2007 Caiga quien caiga (TV Series) Himself 2007 Miradas 2 (TV Series documentary) Himself 2006 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2006 MovieReal: Hollywoodland (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 The View (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005-2006 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary) Himself 2005 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself 2005 It's All Gone King Kong (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Corazón de... (TV Series) Himself 2005 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 Total Request Live (TV Series) Himself 2003-2005 The Daily Show (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 Deconstructing 'The Village' (Video documentary short) Himself 2003 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) Himself - Host 2003 A Sorta Fairytale (Video documentary short) Himself 2003 The Making of 'The Pianist' (TV Short documentary) Himself 2002 Hyper show (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 Split Screen (TV Series) Harry Personal Details Other Works: (1/25/05) Announced nominations for the 77th Oscars in a live telecast from Beverly Hills. See more » Publicity Listings: 14 Interviews \| 15 Articles \| 3 Pictorials \| 10 Magazine Cover Photos \| See more » Official Sites: Did You Know? Personal Quote: [on fame] It's made the world a much smaller place. I was lost, hiking in New Zealand and these two girls literally picked me up and drove me home. There was nothing weird, there was no agenda, nobody asked for anybody's number, not even a photograph, but they recognised me and they felt safe to put me in their car - a complete stranger from New York, a grown man. The reason that resonated with ... See more » Trivia: Appears in the music video of the song "A Sorta Fairytale" by Tori Amos. See more » Trademark: Often plays intellectuals or artistic types See more » Star Sign:	Castle
The June 3, 1888 edition of the San Francisco Examiner included a baseball poem by Ernest Thayer, which featured the exploits of what member of the Mudville Nine?	Adrien Brody - IMDb IMDb Community LATEST HEADLINES Actor \| Producer \| Composer Adrien Nicholas Brody was born in Woodhaven, Queens, New York, the only child of retired history professor Elliot Brody and Hungarian-born photographer Sylvia Plachy . He accompanied his mother on assignments for the Village Voice, and credits her with making him feel comfortable in front of the camera. Adrien attended the American Academy of ... See full bio » Born: Share this page: Related News a list of 30 people created 25 Feb 2012 a list of 25 people created 30 Apr 2012 a list of 30 people created 31 Dec 2013 a list of 33 people created 24 Feb 2014 a list of 26 people created 15 Aug 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Adrien Brody's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 11 wins & 34 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1996 Bullet Hearts (TV Movie) Chuckie Bragg 1994 Rebel Highway (TV Series) Skinny 1988 Home at Last (TV Movie) Billy 1988 Annie McGuire (TV Series) Lenny McGuire 2015 Stone Barn Castle (Documentary) (producer) 2011 Detachment (executive producer) 2002 Dummy (performer: "She'll Be Comin' 'Round the Mountain When She Comes" - uncredited) 1999 Summer of Sam (performer: "Hello from the Gutters" (1999)) Hide 2013 InAPPropriate Comedy (additional dialogue written by) Hide 2006 Hollywoodland (additional cinematographer: super 8mm) Hide 2004-2016 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2015 Breakthrough (TV Series documentary) Narrator 2014 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2013 Driven to Extremes (TV Series) Himself 2012 Chelsea Lately (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2012 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2010-2012 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary) Himself 2010 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2010 The 7PM Project (TV Series) Himself 2010 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2007-2010 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2010 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Guys Choice (TV Movie) Himself 2010 Festivals SUNcovered (TV Series) Himself 2009 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race (TV Movie) Himself 2008 Charity Poker Festival (TV Movie) Himself - Poker Player #5 2008 Seitenblicke (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 Reel Comedy (TV Series) Himself 2007 Caiga quien caiga (TV Series) Himself 2007 Miradas 2 (TV Series documentary) Himself 2006 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2006 MovieReal: Hollywoodland (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 The View (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005-2006 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary) Himself 2005 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself 2005 It's All Gone King Kong (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Corazón de... (TV Series) Himself 2005 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 Total Request Live (TV Series) Himself 2003-2005 The Daily Show (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2005 Deconstructing 'The Village' (Video documentary short) Himself 2003 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) Himself - Host 2003 A Sorta Fairytale (Video documentary short) Himself 2003 The Making of 'The Pianist' (TV Short documentary) Himself 2002 Hyper show (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 Split Screen (TV Series) Harry Personal Details Other Works: (1/25/05) Announced nominations for the 77th Oscars in a live telecast from Beverly Hills. See more » Publicity Listings: 14 Interviews \| 15 Articles \| 3 Pictorials \| 10 Magazine Cover Photos \| See more » Official Sites: Did You Know? Personal Quote: [on fame] It's made the world a much smaller place. I was lost, hiking in New Zealand and these two girls literally picked me up and drove me home. There was nothing weird, there was no agenda, nobody asked for anybody's number, not even a photograph, but they recognised me and they felt safe to put me in their car - a complete stranger from New York, a grown man. The reason that resonated with ... See more » Trivia: Appears in the music video of the song "A Sorta Fairytale" by Tori Amos. See more » Trademark: Often plays intellectuals or artistic types See more » Star Sign:	i don't know
The June 1974 edition of Emergency Medicine included an article entitled "Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary", which described what common procedure?	Basic First Aid Instructor Tim Winer Orange Coast College (714) , Ext ppt download Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "Basic First Aid Instructor Tim Winer Orange Coast College (714) 432-0202, Ext. 26677."— Presentation transcript: 1 Basic First Aid Instructor Tim Winer Orange Coast College (714) , Ext 2 The Key Emergency Principle The key principle taught in almost all systems is that the rescuer, be they a lay person or a professional, should assess the situation for Danger. The reason that an assessment for Danger is given such high priority is that it is core to emergency management that rescuers do not become secondary victims of any incident, as this creates a further emergency that must be dealt with. A typical assessment for Danger would involve observation of the surroundings, starting with the cause of the accident (e.g. a falling object) and expanding outwards to include any situational hazards (e.g. fast moving traffic) and history or secondary information given by witnesses, bystanders or the emergency services (e.g. an attacker still waiting nearby). Once a primary danger assessment has been complete, this should not end the system of checking for danger, but should inform all other parts of the process. If at any time the risk from any hazard poses a significant danger (as a factor of likelihood and seriousness) to the rescuer, they should consider whether they should approach the scene (or leave the scene if appropriate). 3 Principles for assessing an emergency Once a primary check for danger has been undertaken, a rescuer is then likely to follow a set of principles, which are largely common sense. These assessment principles are the types of information that the emergency services will ask when summoned. This information usually includes number of Casualties, history of what's happened and at what time, location and access to the site and what emergency services are likely to be required, or that are already on scene. There are several mnemonics which are used to help rescuers remember how to conduct this assessment, which include CHALET (Casualties, Hazards, Access, Location, Emergency Services, Type of Incident) and ETHANE (Exact Location, Type of Incident, Hazards, Access, Number of casualties, Emergency services required)mnemonicsCHALETETHANE For small scale medical incidents (one or two casualties), the rescuer may also conduct a first aid assessment of the patient(s) in order to gather more information. The most widely used system is the ABC system and it's variations, where the rescuer checks the basics of life on the casualty (primarily their breathing in modern protocols).patientABC system In larger incidents, of any type, most protocols teach that casualty assessment should not start until emergency services have been summoned (as multiple casualties are expected). Accurate reporting of this important information helps emergency services dispatch appropriate resource to the incident, in good time and to the right place. 4 Summoning Emergency Services After undertaking a scene survey, the rescuer needs to decide what, if any, emergency services will be required. In many cases, an apparent emergency may turn out to be less serious than first thought, and may not require the intervention of the emergency services. If emergency services are required, the lay person would normally call for help using their local emergency telephone number, which can be used to summon professional assistance. The emergency dispatcher may well give instructions over the phone to the person on scene, with further advice on what actions to take.call for helpemergency telephone number 5 Action whilst awaiting emergency services The actions following the summoning of the emergency services are likely to depend on the response that the services are able to offer. In most cases, in a metropolitan area, help is likely to be forthcoming within minutes of a call, although in more outlying, rural areas, the time in which help is available increases. Actions may include: First Aid for casualties on sceneFirst Aid Obtaining further history on the incident to pass on the emergency services Checking for further, previously unnoticed, casualties Or in instances where emergency assistance is delayed, actions may include: Moving any casualties away from danger Undertaking more advanced medical procedures dependant on training 6 Check the Patient ABC (and extensions of this initialism) is a mnemonic for memorizing essential steps in dealing with an unconscious or unresponsive patient. It stands for Airway, Breathing and Circulation. Some protocols add additional steps, such as an optional "D" step for Disability or Defibrillation. It is a reminder of the priorities for assessment and treatment of many acute medical situations, from first-aid to hospital medical treatment. Airway, breathing and circulation are vital for life, and each is required, in that order, for the next to be effective.initialism mnemonicunconsciousAirwayBreathing CirculationDefibrillation 7 ABC’s The key part of the mnemonic is made up of the first three letters of the alphabet — A, B and C. Together they are designed to remind practitioners of the correct procedure (including the order) in which to deal with a non-breathing patient. A — Airway If the patient's airway is blocked, oxygen cannot reach the lungs and so cannot be transported round the body in the blood. Ensuring a clear airway is the first step in treating any patient. Common problems with the airway involve blockage by the tongue or vomit. Initial opening of the airway is often achieved by a "head tilt — chin lift" or jaw thrust technique, although further maneuvers such as intubation may be necessary. (See Airway)jaw thrustintubationAirway B — Breathing The patient is next assessed for breathing. Common findings during an assessment of breathing may include normal breathing, noisy breathing, gasping or coughing. The rescuer proceeds to act on these based on his/her training. Generally at this point it will become clear whether or not the casualty needs supportive care (such as the recovery position) or Rescue Breathing.recovery positionRescue Breathing C — Circulation Once oxygen can be delivered to the lungs by a clear airway and efficient breathing, there needs to be a circulation to deliver it to the rest of the body. This can be assessed in a number of ways, including a pulse check, ECG analysis, or Capillary refill time. Other diagnostic techniques include blood pressure checks or temperature checks on peripheral areas.pulseECGCapillary refill Circulation is the original meaning of the 'C' as laid down by Jude, Knickerbocker & Safar, but in some revised modern protocols, this step stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation or more simply, Compressions, which is effectively artificial circulation. In this case, this step should only apply to those patients who are in Cardiogenic or other form of Shock, and therefore not breathing normally and with an unsatisfactory heart rhythm.Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiogenic 8 Recovery position The recovery position or semi-prone position is a first aid technique recommended for assisting people who are unconscious, or nearly so, but are still breathing. It is frequently taught as part of classes in CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) or first aid.first aidunconsciouscardiopulmonary resuscitationfirst aid When an unconscious person is lying face upwards, there are two main risks factors which can lead to suffocation: The tongue can fall to the back of the throat, due to loss of muscular control. The back of the tongue then obstructs the airway.tongue Fluids, possibly blood but particularly vomit, can collect in the back of the throat, causing the person to drown. When a person is lying face up, the esophagus tilts down slightly from the stomach towards the throat. This, combined with loss of muscular control, can lead to the stomach contents flowing into the throat, called passive regurgitation. As well as obstructing the airway, fluid which collects in the back of the throat can also then flow down into the lungs; stomach acid can attack the inner lining of the lungs and cause a condition known as aspiration pneumonia.esophagusstomach acidaspiration pneumonia Many fatalities occur where the original injury or illness which caused unconsciousness is not itself inherently fatal, but where the unconscious person suffocates for one of these reasons. This is a common cause of death following unconsciousness due to excessive consumption of alcohol. To a limited extent, it is possible to protect against risks to the airway from the tongue by tilting the head back and lifting the jaw. However, an unconscious person will not remain in this position unless held constantly, and crucially it does not safeguard against risks due to fluids. If the person is placed in the recovery position, the action of gravity will both keep the tongue from obstructing the airway and also allow any fluids to drain. Also the chest is raised above the ground, which helps to make breathing easier. 9 Recovery position 10 When to use the Recovery Position The recovery position is recommended for unconscious people, those who are too inebriated to assure their own continued breathing, victims of drowning, and also for victims of suspected poisoning (who are liable to become unconscious). It is suitable for any unconscious person who does not need CPR.CPR 11 Putting a victim in the Recovery Position Before using the Recovery Position, perform the preliminary first aid steps. First assess whether the scene is safe for the rescuer. If not, leave. Assess whether the person is responsive to your voice by asking something like "hey, buddy, are you OK?". If not, assess whether the person responds to painful stimulus by rubbing their sternum with your knuckles (this is not accepted practice in some countries). Assess whether the victim has an open airway, is breathing and has a pulse ("airway, breathing, and circulation" or "ABC"). If the victim is alert and an adult, obtain consent before performing first aid. For children, attempt to obtain consent from a parent, guardian, or other responsible caregiver. If the victim is not alert, and is not breathing, check for a pulse. If there is no pulse, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. If there is circulation, perform Rescue breathing. The initial assessment should be done quickly, in a minute or less. Next, alert trained emergency medical personnel. Call the emergency telephone number or other emergency services.cardiopulmonary resuscitationRescue breathingemergency telephone number 12 Putting a victim in the Recovery Position If no spinal or neck injury is indicated The correct position is called the "lateral recovery position."[1] Start with the victim lying on the back and with the legs straight out. Kneel on one side of the victim, facing the victim. Move the arm closest to you so it is perpendicular to the body, with the elbow flexed (perpendicular). Move the farthest arm across the body so that the hand is resting across the torso.[1] Bend the leg farthest from you so the knee is elevated. Reach inside the knee to pull the thigh toward you. Use the other arm to pull the shoulder that is farthest from you. Roll the body toward you. Leave the upper leg in a flexed position to stabilize the body. Victims who are left in this position for long periods may experience nerve compression. Still, that is a more desirable outcome for the victim than choking to death. If spinal or neck injuries are possible When the injury is apparently the result of an accidental fall, collision or other trauma, the risk of spinal or neck injuries should be assumed. Normally, only trained medical personnel should attempt to move a victim with neck or spinal injuries.[2] Such movements run the risk of causing permanent paralysis or other injuries.[2] Movement of spinal-injured victims should be minimized. Such victims should only be moved to a recovery position when it is necessary to drain vomit from the airway. In such instances, the correct position is called the "HAINES modified recovery position." HAINES is an acronym of High Arm IN Endangered Spine. In this modification, one of the patient's arms is raised above the head (in full abduction) to support the head and neck.[3][4]acronym[3][4] There is less neck movement (and less degree of lateral angulation) than when the lateral recovery position is used, and, therefore, HAINES use carries less risk of spinal-cord damage.[5][5] 13 Choking Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs. Choking prevents breathing, and can be partial or complete, with partial choking allowing some, although inadequate, flow of air into the lungs. Prolonged or complete choking results in asphyxiation which leads to hypoxia and is potentially fatal. breathing asphyxiationhypoxia Choking can be caused by: Introduction of a foreign object into the airway, which becomes lodged in the pharynx, larynx or trachea.airwaypharynxlarynxtrachea Respiratory diseases that involve obstruction of the airway.Respiratory diseases Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx or trachea in strangles.laryngopharynx strangles 14 Choking Foreign objects The type of choking most commonly recognized as such by the public is the lodging of foreign objects in the airway. This type of choking is often suffered by small children, who are unable to appreciate the hazard inherent in putting small objects in their mouth. In adults, it mostly occurs whilst the patient is eating.hazardpatient Symptoms and Clinical Signs The person cannot speak or cry out. The person's face turns blue (cyanosis) from lack of oxygen.cyanosis The person desperately grabs at his or her throat. The person has a weak cough, and labored breathing produces a high-pitched noise. The person does any or all of the above, and then becomes unconscious. 15 Choking Treatment Choking can be treated with a number of different procedures, with both basic techniques available for first aiders and more advanced techniques available for health professionals.first aiders Many members of the public associate abdominal thrusts, also known as the 'Heimlich Maneuver' with the correct procedure for choking, which is partly due to the widespread use of this technique in movies, which in turn was based on the widespread adoption of this technique in the USA at the time, although it also produced easy material for writers to create comedy effect.moviesUSA Most modern protocols (including those of the American Heart Association and the American Red Cross, who changed policy in 2006[1] from recommending only abdominal thrusts) involve several stages, designed to apply increasingly more pressure.[1] The key stages in most modern protocols include: Encouraging the victim to cough This stage was introduced in many protocols as it was found that many people were too quick to undertake potentially dangerous interventions, such as abdominal thrusts, for items which could have been dislodged without intervention. Also, if the choking is caused by irritating liquids (alcohol, spice, mint, gastric acid, etc.) or anything without a solid shape, and if conscious, the patient should be allowed to drink water on their own to try to clear the throat. Since the airway is already closed, there is very little danger of water entering the lungs. Coughing is normal after most of the irritant has cleared, and at this point the patient will probably refuse any additional water for a short time.alcoholspicemintgastric acid 16 Choking Abdominal thrusts A demonstration of abdominal thrusts Abdominal thrusts, also known as the Heimlich Maneuver (after Henry Heimlich, who first described the procedure in a June 1974 informal article entitled "Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary," published in the journal Emergency Medicine. Edward A. Patrick, MD, PhD, an associate of Heimlich, has claimed to be the uncredited co-developer of the procedure, and has been quoted calling it the Patrick maneuver.[4] Heimlich has objected to the name "abdominal thrusts" on the grounds that the vagueness of the term "abdomen" could cause the rescuer to exert force at the wrong site.[citation needed]Henry Heimlich[4]citation needed Performing abdominal thrusts involves a rescuer standing behind a patient and using their hands to exert pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm. This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it. This amounts to an artificial cough.diaphragmtracheacough Due to the forceful nature of the procedure, even when done correctly it can injure the person on whom it is performed. Bruising to the abdomen is highly likely and more serious injuries can occur, including fracture of the xiphoid process or ribs.[5]abdomenxiphoid processribs[5] Self treatment with abdominal thrusts A person may also perform abdominal thrusts on themselves by using a fixed object such as a railing or the back of a chair to apply pressure where a rescuers hands would normally do so. As with other forms of the procedure, it is likely that internal injuries may result. 17 Choking Other uses of abdominal thrusts Dr. Heimlich also advocates the use of the technique as a treatment for drowning[6] and asthma[7] attacks, but Heimlich's promotion to use the maneuver to treat these conditions resulted in marginal acceptance. Criticism of these uses has been the subject of numerous print and television reports which resulted from an internet and media campaign by his son, Peter M. Heimlich, who alleges that in August 1974 his father published the first of a series of fraudulent case reports in order to promote the use of abdominal thrusts for near-drowning rescue.[8]drowning[6]asthma[7][8] Modified chest thrusts A modified version of the technique is sometimes taught for use with pregnant women and obese casualties. The rescuer places their hand in the center of the chest to compress, rather than in the abdomen.pregnantobese CPR In most protocols, once the patient has become unconscious, the emphasis switches to performing CPR, involving both chest compressions and artificial respiration. These actions are often enough to dislodge the item sufficiently for air to pass it, allowing gaseous exchange in the lungs.CPRartificial respiration Finger Sweeping Some protocols advocate the use of the rescuer's finger to 'sweep' foreign objects away once they have reached the mouth. However, many modern protocols recommend against the use of the finger sweep as if the patient is conscious, they will be able to remove themselves, or if they are unconscious the rescuer should simply place them in the recovery position (where the object should fall out due to gravity). There is also a risk of causing further damage (for instance inducing vomiting) by using a finger sweep technique. Direct vision removal The advanced medical procedure to remove such objects is inspection of the airway with a laryngoscope or bronchoscope, and removal of the object under direct vision, followed by CPR if the patient does not start breathing on their own. Severe cases where there is an inability to remove the object may require cricothyrotomy.laryngoscope bronchoscopeCPRcricothyrotomy 18 Heart Attack Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted, most commonly due to rupture of a vulnerable plaque. The resulting ischemia or oxygen shortage causes damage and potential death of heart tissue. It is a medical emergency, and the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world.[1] Important risk factors are a history of vascular disease such as atherosclerotic coronary heart disease and/or angina, a previous heart attack or stroke, any previous episodes of abnormal heart rhythms or syncope, older age— especially men over 40 and women over 50, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of certain drugs, high triglyceride levels, high LDL (low-density lipoprotein, "bad cholesterol") and low HDL (high density lipoprotein, "good cholesterol"), diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and chronically high levels of stress. Chronic kidney disease[2] and a history of heart failure[3] are also significant risk factors which may also predict fatality from MI.blood supplyheartvulnerable plaqueischemiaoxygen shortage medical emergency[1]risk factorsatheroscleroticcoronary heart diseaseanginastrokeabnormal heart rhythmssyncopesmokingLDL HDLdiabeteshigh blood pressureobesity Chronic kidney disease[2]heart failure[3] 19 Heart Attack Risk factors Risk factors for atherosclerosis are generally risk factors for myocardial infarction:atherosclerosis Older age Male sexMale Tobacco smoking Hypercholesterolemia (more accurately hyperlipoproteinemia, especially high low density lipoprotein and low high density lipoprotein)Hypercholesterolemiahyperlipoproteinemialow density lipoproteinhigh density lipoprotein Hyperhomocysteinemia (high homocysteine, a toxic blood amino acid that is elevated when intakes of vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folic acid are insufficient)Hyperhomocysteinemiahomocysteineamino acidvitaminsfolic acid Diabetes (with or without insulin resistance)Diabetesinsulin resistance High blood pressure Obesity[14] (defined by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m², or alternatively by waist circumference or waist-hip ratio).Obesity[14]body mass indexwaist-hip ratio Stress Occupations with high stress index are known to have susceptibility for atherosclerosis.Stress Many of these risk factors are modifiable, so many heart attacks can be prevented by maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Physical activity, for example, is associated with a lower risk profile.[15] Non- modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history of an early heart attack (before the age of 60), which is thought of as reflecting a genetic predisposition.[13][15]genetic predisposition[13] 20 Heart Attack Symptoms Rough diagram of pain zones in myocardial infarction (dark red = most typical area, light red = other possible areas, view of the chest). Back view. The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous.[44] Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and epigastrium, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which the patient localizes his chest pain by clenching his fist over the sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed that it had a poor positive predictive value.[45][44] Chest painischemia angina pectorisarmjawneckback epigastriumheartburnLevine's sign[45] Shortness of breath (dyspnea) occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system[46] which occurs in response to pain and the hemodynamic abnormalities that result from cardiac dysfunction. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate cerebral perfusion and cardiogenic shock) and even sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in myocardial infarctions.dyspneaoutputleft ventricleleft ventricular failurepulmonary edemadiaphoresissweatinglight-headednessnauseavomitingpalpitations catecholaminessympathetic nervous system[46]Loss of consciousnesssudden death Women often experience markedly different symptoms than men. The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea, weakness, and fatigue. Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and dyspnea have been reported as frequently occurring symptoms which may manifest as long as one month before the actual clinically manifested ischemic event. In women, chest pain may be less predictive of coronary ischemia than in men.[47]fatiguedyspneachest painischemia[47] Approximately half of all MI patients have experienced warning symptoms such as chest pain prior to the infarction.[48][48] Approximately one fourth of all myocardial infarctions are silent, without chest pain or other symptoms.[49] These cases can be discovered later on electrocardiograms or at autopsy without a prior history of related complaints. A silent course is more common in the elderly, in patients with diabetes mellitus[50] and after heart transplantation, probably because the donor heart is not connected to nerves of the host.[51] In diabetics, differences in pain threshold, autonomic neuropathy, and psychological factors have been cited as possible explanations for the lack of symptoms.[50][49]elderlydiabetes mellitus[50]heart transplantationdonor[51]pain thresholdautonomic neuropathy psychological[50] Any group of symptoms compatible with a sudden interruption of the blood flow to the heart are called an acute coronary syndrome.[acute coronary syndrome[ 21 Bleeding and Wound Care Basic external wound management The type of wound (incision, laceration, puncture etc.) will have a major effect on the way a wound is managed, as will the area of the body affected and the presence of any foreign objects in the wound. The key principles of wound management are:[1][1] Elevation - Keeping the wound above the level of the heart will decrease the pressure at the point of injury, and will reduce the bleeding. This mainly applies to limbs and the head, as it is impractical (and in some cases damaging) to attempt to move the torso around to achieve this. Most protocols also do not use elevation on limbs which are broken, as this may exacerbate the injury. Direct Pressure - Placing pressure on the wound will constrict the blood vessels manually, helping to stem any blood flow. When applying pressure, the type and direction of the wound may have an effect, for instance, a cut lengthways on the hand would be opened up by closing the hand in to a fist, whilst a cut across the hand would be sealed by making a fist. A patient can apply pressure directly to their own wound, if their consciousness level allows. Ideally a barrier, such as sterile, low-adherent gauze should be used between the pressure supplier and the wound, to help reduce chances of infection and help the wound to seal. Third parties assisting a patient are always advised to use protective latex or nitrile medical gloves to reduce risk of infection or contamination passing either way. Direct pressure can be used with some foreign objects protruding from a wound, and to achieve this, padding is applied from either side of the object to push in and seal the wound - objects are never removed.consciousnessinfectionlatexnitrilemedical gloves 22 Bleeding and Wound Care Pressure points In situations where direct pressure and elevation are either not possible or proving ineffective, and there is a risk of exsanguination, some training protocols advocate the use of pressure points to constrict the major artery which feeds the point of the bleed. This is usually performed at a place where a pulse can be found, such as in the femoral artery. There are significant risks involved in performing pressure point constriction, including necrosis of the area below the constriction, and most protocols give a maximum time for constriction (often around 10 minutes). There is particularly high danger if constricting the carotid artery in the neck, as the brain is sensitive to hypoxia and brain damage can result within minutes of application of pressure. Other dangers in use of a constricting method include rhabdomyolysis, which is a build up of toxins below the pressure point, which if released back in to the main bloodstream may cause cardiogenic shockexsanguinationpulsefemoral arterynecrosiscarotid arteryhypoxiarhabdomyolysiscardiogenic shock 23 Bleeding and Wound Care A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialized shaped bandages designed for a specific limb or part of the body, although bandages can often be improvised as the situation demands, using clothing, blankets or other material.dressingsplint In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, which is used directly on a wound, whereas a bandage is technically only used to support a dressing, and not directly on a wound. 24 Shock Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, allergic reactions, severe infection, poisoning or other causes. Various signs and symptoms appear in a person experiencing shock: The skin is cool and clammy. It may appear pale or gray. The pulse is weak and rapid. Breathing may be slow and shallow, or hyperventilation (rapid or deep breathing) may occur. Blood pressure is below normal. The eyes lack luster and may seem to stare. Sometimes the pupils are dilated. The person may be conscious or unconscious. If conscious, the person may feel faint or be very weak or confused. Shock sometimes causes a person to become overly excited and anxious. If you suspect shock, even if the person seems normal after an injury: Dial 911 or call your local emergency number. Have the person lie down on his or her back with feet higher than the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or further injury, keep him or her flat. Keep the person still. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin CPR. Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen belt(s) and tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Even if the person complains of thirst, give nothing by mouth. Turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking if the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth. Seek treatment for injuries, such as bleeding or broken bones. 25 Burns The most common system of classifying burns categorizes them as first-, second-, or third-degree. Sometimes this is extended to include a fourth or even up to a sixth degree, but most burns are first- to third-degree, with the higher-degree burns typically being used to classify burns post-mortem. The following are brief descriptions of these classes:[4][4] First-degree burns are usually limited to redness (erythema), a white plaque and minor pain at the site of injury. These burns only involve the epidermis.erythemapainepidermis Second-degree burns manifest as erythema with superficial blistering of the skin, and can involve more or less pain depending on the level of nerve involvement. Second-degree burns involve the superficial (papillary) dermis and may also involve the deep (reticular) dermis layer.blisteringnervedermis Third-degree burns occur when most of the epidermis is lost with damage to underlying ligaments, tendons and muscle. Burn victims will exhibit charring of the skin, and sometimes hard eschars will be present. An eschar is a scab that has separated from the unaffected part of the body. These types of burns are often considered painless, because nerve endings have been destroyed in the burned area. Hair follicles and sweat glands may also be lost due to complete destruction of the dermis. Third degree burns result in scarring and may be fatal if the affected area is significantly large.ligamentstendons 26 Burns For minor burns, including first-degree burns and second-degree burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter, take the following action: Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for at least five minutes, or until the pain subsides. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Don't put ice on the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Don't use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the burned skin, reduces pain and protects blistered skin. Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others). Never give aspirin to children or teenagers. Minor burns usually heal without further treatment. They may heal with pigment changes, meaning the healed area may be a different color from the surrounding skin. Watch for signs of infection, such as increased pain, redness, fever, swelling or oozing. If infection develops, seek medical help. Avoid re-injuring or tanning if the burns are less than a year old — doing so may cause more extensive pigmentation changes. Use sunscreen on the area for at least a year. Caution Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging your skin. Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn. This could prevent proper healing. Don't break blisters. Broken blisters are vulnerable to infection. 27 Burns Third-degree burn The most serious burns are painless, involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning, or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn. For major burns, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: Don't remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat. Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water. Doing so could cause shock. Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Elevate the burned body part or parts. Raise above heart level, when possible. Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels. 28 Fractures A fracture is a broken bone. It requires medical attention. If the broken bone is the result of major trauma or injury, call 911 or your local emergency number. Also call for emergency help if: The person is unresponsive, isn't breathing or isn't moving. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if there's no respiration or heartbeat. There is heavy bleeding. Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain. The limb or joint appears deformed. The bone has pierced the skin. The extremity of the injured arm or leg, such as a toe or finger, is numb or bluish at the tip. You suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head or back. You suspect a bone is broken in the hip, pelvis or upper leg (for example, the leg and foot turn outward abnormally). Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing. Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone, but if you've been trained in how to splint and professional help isn't readily available, apply a splint to the area. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain until emergency personnel arrive. Don't apply ice directly to the skin — wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material. Treat for shock. If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs. 29 Strains and Sprains For immediate self-care of a sprain or strain, try the P.R.I.C.E. approach — protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation. In most cases beyond a minor strain or sprain, you'll want your doctor and physical therapist to help you with this process: Protection. Immobilize the area to protect it from further injury. Use an elastic wrap, splint or sling to immobilize the area. If your injury is severe, your doctor or therapist may place a cast or brace around the affected area to protect it and instruct you on how to use a cane or crutches to help you get around, if necessary. Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. But don't avoid all physical activity. Instead, give yourself relative rest. For example, with an ankle sprain you can usually still exercise other muscles to prevent deconditioning. For example, you could use an exercise bicycle, working both your arms and the uninjured leg while resting the injured ankle on a footrest peg. That way you still exercise three limbs and keep up your cardiovascular conditioning. Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately. Use an ice pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes each time and repeat every two to three hours while you're awake for the first few days following the injury. Cold reduces pain, swelling and inflammation in injured muscles, joints and connective tissues. It also may slow bleeding if a tear has occurred. If the area turns white, stop treatment immediately. This could indicate frostbite. If you have vascular disease, diabetes or decreased sensation, talk with your doctor before applying ice. Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage until the swelling stops. Don't wrap it too tightly or you may hinder circulation. Begin wrapping at the end farthest from your heart. Loosen the wrap if the pain increases, the area becomes numb or swelling is occurring below the wrapped area. Elevation. To reduce swelling, elevate the injured area above the level of your heart, especially at night. Gravity helps reduce swelling by draining excess fluid. Continue with P.R.I.C.E. treatment for as long as it helps you recover. Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) also can be helpful. If you want to apply heat to the injured area, wait until most of the swelling has subsided. After the first two days, gently begin to use the injured area. You should see a gradual, progressive improvement in the joint's ability to support your weight or your ability to move without pain. Mild and moderate sprains usually heal in three to six weeks. If pain, swelling or instability persists, see your doctor. A physical therapist can help you to maximize stability and strength of the injured joint or limb. 30 Poisoning Many conditions mimic the signs and symptoms of poisoning, including seizures, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction. So look for the signs and symptoms listed below if you suspect poisoning, but check with the poison control center at (in the United States) before giving anything to the affected person. Signs and symptoms of poisoning: Burns or redness around the mouth and lips, which can result from drinking certain poisons Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or paint thinner Burns, stains and odors on the person, on his or her clothing, or on the furniture, floor, rugs or other objects in the surrounding area Empty medication bottles or scattered pills Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, confusion or other unexpected signs 31 Poisoning When to call for help: Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately if the person is: Drowsy or unconscious Having difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing Uncontrollably restless or agitated Having seizures If the person seems stable and has no symptoms, but you suspect poisoning, call the poison control center at Provide information about the person's symptoms and, if possible, information about what he or she ingested, how much and when. What to do while waiting for help: If the person has been exposed to poisonous fumes, such as carbon monoxide, get him or her into fresh air immediately. If the person swallowed the poison, remove anything remaining in the mouth. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or other chemical, read the label and follow instructions for accidental poisoning. If the product is toxic, the label will likely advise you to call the poison control center at Also call this 800 number if you can't identify the poison, if it's medication or if there are no instructions. Follow treatment directions that are given by the poison control center. If the poison spilled on the person's clothing, skin or eyes, remove the clothing. Flush the skin or eyes with cool or lukewarm water, such as by using a shower for 20 minutes or until help arrives. Take the poison container (or any pill bottles) with you to the hospital. What NOT to do Don't administer ipecac syrup or do anything to induce vomiting. In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics advised discarding ipecac in the home, saying there's no good evidence of effectiveness and that it can do more harm than good. 32 Heat Exhaustion Heat exhaustion is one of the heat-related syndromes, which range in severity from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion to potentially life-threatening heatstroke. Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion often begin suddenly, sometimes after excessive exercise, heavy perspiration and inadequate fluid intake. Signs and symptoms resemble those of shock and may include: Feeling faint or dizzy Nausea Heavy sweating Rapid, weak heartbeat Low blood pressure Cool, moist, pale skin Low-grade fever Heat cramps Headache Fatigue Dark-colored urine If you suspect heat exhaustion: Get the person out of the sun and into a shady or air-conditioned location. Lay the person down and elevate the legs and feet slightly. Loosen or remove the person's clothing. Have the person drink cool water. Cool the person by spraying or sponging him or her with cool water and fanning. Monitor the person carefully. Heat exhaustion can quickly become heatstroke. If fever greater than 102 F (38.9 C), fainting, confusion or seizures occur, dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. 33 Heatstroke Heatstroke is the most severe of the heat-related problems, often resulting from exercise or heavy work in hot environments combined with inadequate fluid intake. Young children, older adults, people who are obese and people born with an impaired ability to sweat are at high risk of heatstroke. Other risk factors include dehydration, alcohol use, cardiovascular disease and certain medications. What makes heatstroke severe and potentially life-threatening is that the body's normal mechanisms for dealing with heat stress, such as sweating and temperature control, are lost. The main sign of heatstroke is a markedly elevated body temperature — generally greater than 104 F (40 C) — with changes in mental status ranging from personality changes to confusion and coma. Skin may be hot and dry — although if heatstroke is caused by exertion, the skin may be moist. Other signs and symptoms may include: Rapid heartbeat Rapid and shallow breathing Elevated or lowered blood pressure Cessation of sweating Irritability, confusion or unconsciousness Feeling dizzy or lightheaded Headache Nausea Fainting, which may be the first sign in older adults If you suspect heatstroke: Move the person out of the sun and into a shady or air-conditioned space. Dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. Cool the person by covering him or her with damp sheets or by spraying with cool water. Direct air onto the person with a fan or newspaper. Have the person drink cool water, if he or she is able. 34 Cold Emergencies Under most conditions your body maintains a healthy temperature. However, when exposed to cold temperatures or to a cool, damp environment for prolonged periods, your body's control mechanisms may fail to keep your body temperature normal. When more heat is lost than your body can generate, hypothermia can result. Wet or inadequate clothing, falling into cold water, and even having an uncovered head during cold weather can all increase your chances of hypothermia. Hypothermia is defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 F (35 C). Signs and symptoms include: Shivering Slurred speech Abnormally slow breathing Cold, pale skin Loss of coordination Fatigue, lethargy or apathy Confusion or memory loss Signs and symptoms usually develop slowly. People with hypothermia typically experience gradual loss of mental acuity and physical ability, so they may be unaware that they need emergency medical treatment. Older adults, infants, young children and people who are very lean are at particular risk. Other people at higher risk of hypothermia include those whose judgment may be impaired by mental illness or Alzheimer's disease and people who are intoxicated, homeless or caught in cold weather because their vehicles have broken down. Other conditions that may predispose people to hypothermia are malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism). 35 Cold Emergencies To care for someone with hypothermia: Dial 911 or call for emergency medical assistance. While waiting for help to arrive, monitor the person's breathing. If breathing stops or seems dangerously slow or shallow, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately. Move the person out of the cold. If going indoors isn't possible, protect the person from the wind, cover his or her head, and insulate his or her body from the cold ground. Remove wet clothing. Replace wet things with a warm, dry covering. Don't apply direct heat. Don't use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the victim. Instead, apply warm compresses to the neck, chest wall and groin. Don't attempt to warm the arms and legs. Heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. This can be fatal. Don't give the person alcohol. Offer warm nonalcoholic drinks, unless the person is vomiting. Don't massage or rub the person. Handle people with hypothermia gently, because they're at risk of cardiac arrest. 36 Acknowledgements Thank you to: Wikipedia and MayoClinic.com for the information provided in this handout.MayoClinic.com	Abdominal thrusts
What was the awesome nickname of depression era bank robber Charles Arthur Floyd?	The United States of America The United States of America July 2009 14,910 Posts To all the people criticizing Britain, how can you criticize a country that comes out with comedy like this? 1st September 2010 NorthernFall posted: This thread is like watching the Hindenburg disaster. are you saying its fun to laugh at the stupid people as you watch then go into disaster? 1st September 2010 Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search To view United States inventions from other historical time periods, please see Timeline of United States inventions (1890-1991) and Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991). Thomas Alva Edison, one of the most prolific inventors in the history of the United States, obtained 1,093 patents throughout his lifetime for his inventions and improvements.[1] A timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Colonial Period to the Gilded Age, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress: ï¿½ To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. ï¿½ On March 6, 1646, the first patent in North America was issued to Joseph Jenkes by the General Court of Massachusetts for making scythes.[2] On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for ï¿½any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.ï¿½[3] On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of ï¿½Making Pot and Pearl Ashes."[4] The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimantï¿½s invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years.[3] However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law.[5] The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792). From 1836 to 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,472,428 patents[6] relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions before 1890 include Walter Huntï¿½s safety pin (1849),[7] Thomas Edisonï¿½s phonograph (1877),[8] Hiram Maximï¿½s machine gun (1884),[9] and Nikola Teslaï¿½s alternating current motor (1888).[10] A separate timeline focusing on United States discoveries as well as lists outlining African-American inventors and scientists, Native American contributions, and NASA spinoffs developed by the United Statesï¿½ space program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), are also available. Contents * 1 Colonial Period (1500sï¿½1775) * 2 Independence and the Federalist Era (1776ï¿½1801) * 3 Manifest Destiny (1802ï¿½1860) * 4 Civil War and the Reconstruction Era (1861ï¿½1877) * 5 Gilded Age (1878ï¿½1889) * 6 See also [edit] Colonial Period (1500sï¿½1775) 1717 Swim fins * Swim fins, also known as swimfins, fins, or flippers, are blade-shaped extensions worn on feet or hands for use in water. They aid movement in aquatic sports such as swimming, surfing, and underwater diving. Swim fins are typically made of rubber or plastic. Benjamin Franklin invented wooden swim fins in 1717.[11] His original design consisted of 10-inch-long (250 mm) and 6-inch-wide (150 mm) palettes. Contrary to today's version of rubberized swim fins worn on the feet, Franklin's swim fins were originally intended for use on a person's hands. Shaped like lily pads or an artist's paint pallet, they helped attain greater speed with each stroke.[12] Franklin has since been posthumously honored by being inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.[13] 1731 Octant An example of an octant An octant, also called reflecting quadrant, is a measuring instrument used primarily in navigation. It is a type of reflecting instrument that uses mirrors to reflect the path of light to the observer and, in doing so, doubles the angle measured. This allows the instrument to use a one-eighth circle arc to measure a quarter circle or quadrant. The octant was invented in 1731 by Thomas Godfrey, a glazier in Philadelphia, and independently at the same time in England by John Hadley, who began work on a similar version of the octant. Both men have an equal and legitimate claim to the invention of the octant.[14] 1742 Franklin stove The Franklin Stove, also known as the circulating stove, is a metal-lined fireplace with baffles in the rear to improve the airflow, providing more heat and less smoke than an ordinary open fireplace. The stove became very popular throughout the Thirteen Colonies and gradually replaced open fireplaces. The Franklin stove was invented by Benjamin Franklin in 1742.[15] 1744 Mail order A mail-order catalog is a publication containing a list of general merchandise from a company. Those who publish and operate mail-order catalogs are referred to as catalogers within the industry, who also buy or manufacture goods and then market those goods to prospective customers. Mail ordering uses the postal system for soliciting and delivering goods. According to The National Mail Order Association, Benjamin Franklin invented and conceptualized mail order cataloging in 1744.[16] 1749 Lightning rod * A lightning rod is one component in a lightning protection system. In addition to rods placed at regular intervals on the highest portions of a structure, a lightning protection system typically includes a rooftop network of conductors, multiple conductive paths from the roof to the ground, bonding connections to metallic objects within the structure and a grounding network. Individual lightning rods are sometimes called finials, air terminals or strike termination devices. The pointed lightning rod conductor, also called a "lightning attractor" or "Franklin rod," is generally thought to have been conceived when Benjamin Franklin came to the conclusion in 1749 that electricity and lightning were identical and of the same.[17] By building lightning rods originally intended to be adorned atop church steeples, Franklin set about trying to prove their usefulness of shielding people and buildings from lightning. By 1752, Dr. Franklin tied the string of his "electrical kite" to an insulating silk ribbon for the knuckles of his hand. The kite in turn was attached to a metal key. During a storm, witnessed by his son William Franklin, Dr. Franklin had finally proven that lightning was a form of electricity when the metal key received an electrical charge from a bolt of lightning. Thus, the practical use of lightning rods, attributed to the inventor Benjamin Franklin, was confirmed.[18] 1752 Flexible urethral catheter * In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Catheters thereby allow drainage, injection of fluids, or access by surgical instruments. Prior to the mid 18th-century, catheters were made of wood or stiffened animal skins which were not conducive to navigating the anatomical curvature of the human urethra. Extending his inventiveness to his family's medical problems, Benjamin Franklin invented the flexible catheter in 1752 when his brother John suffered from bladder stones. Dr. Franklin's flexible catheter was made of metal with segments hinged together in order for a wire enclosed inside to increase rigidity during insertion.[11][19] 1761 Armonica * Also known as the glass harmonica or glass armonica, Benjamin Franklin invented a musical instrument in 1761, an arrangement of glasses after seeing water-filled wine glasses played by Edmund Delaval in Cambridge, England. Dr. Franklin, who called his invention the "armonica" after the Italian word for harmony, worked with London glassblower Charles James to build one, and it had its world premiï¿½re in early 1762, played by Marianne Davies. In this version, 37 bowls were mounted horizontally nested on an iron spindle. The whole spindle turned by means of a foot-operated treadle. The sound was produced by touching the rims of the bowls with moistened fingers. Rims were painted different colors according to the pitch of the note.[20] [edit] Independence and the Federalist Era (1776ï¿½1801) 1776 Swivel chair * A swivel or revolving chair is a chair with a single central leg that allows the seat to spin around. Swivel chairs can have wheels on the base allowing the user to move the chair around their work area without getting up. This type is common in modern offices and are often also referred to as office chairs. Using an English-style Windsor chair of which was possibly made and purchased from Francis Trumble or Philadelphia cabinet-maker Benjamin Randolph, Thomas Jefferson invented the swivel chair in 1776. Jefferson heavily modified the Windsor chair and incorporated top and bottom parts connected by a central iron spindle, enabling the top half known as the seat, to swivel on casters of the type used in rope-hung windows. When the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, Jefferson's swivel chair is purported to be where he drafted the United States Declaration of Independence. Jefferson later had the swivel chair sent to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, where he later built a "writing paddle" onto its side in 1791.[21] 1782 Flatboat * A flatboat is a rectangular boat with a flat bottom and square ends generally used for freight and passengers on inland waterways. After serving through the American War of Independence in the Pennsylvania line, Jacob Yoder built a large boat at Fort Red Stone, on the Monongahela River, which he freighted with flour and carried to New Orleans in May, 1782. This was the first attempt to navigate the Ohio and Mississippi rivers for commercial purposes.[22] 1784 Bifocals Bifocals can provide a magnification factor of 10x to read text Bifocals are eyeglasses whose corrective lenses contain regions with two distinct optical powers. Benjamin Franklin is credited with the invention of the first pair of bifocals in the early 1760s, though according to the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first indication of Dr. Franklin wearing his double spectacles comes from a political cartoon printed in 1764. Many publications from that period onward refer to Dr. Franklin's double spectacles, including his first reference to them in a letter written in Paris, France on August 21, 1784 that was addressed to his personal friend, English philanthropist George Whatley.[23] 1785 Artificial diffraction grating In optics, a diffraction grating is an optical component with a regular pattern, which diffracts light into several beams. The first man-made diffraction grating was invented around 1785 in Philadelphia by David Rittenhouse who strung 50 hairs between two finely threaded screws with an approximate spacing of about 100 lines per inch.[24] 1787 Automatic flour mill Classical mill designs were generally powered by water or air. In water-powered mills, a sluice gate opens a channel, starts the water flowing, and a water wheel turning. In 1787, American inventor Oliver Evans revolutionized this labor-intensive process by building the first fully automatic mill using bucket elevators, screw conveyors, and the hopper boy to spread, cool, and dry the meal between grinding and bolting. This was the first time that anyone had conceived and executed a system of continuous, fully automatic production.[25] 1792 Cracker * A cracker is a type of biscuit that developed from military hardtack and nautical ship biscuits. Crackers are now usually eaten with soup, or topped with cheese, caviar, or other delicacies. The holes in crackers are called "docking" holes as a means to stop air pockets from forming in the cracker while baking. Crackers trace their origin to the year 1792 when John Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts invented a cracker-like bread product from just flour and water that he called "pilot bread." An immediate success with sailors because of its shelf life, it also became distinctly known as a hardtack or sea biscuit for long voyages away from home while at sea.[26] 1793 Cotton gin * The cotton gin is a machine that separates cotton fibers from seedpods and sometimes sticky seeds, a job previously done by hand. These seeds are either used again to grow more cotton or, if badly damaged, disposed. The cotton gin uses a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through the screen, while brushes continuously remove the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and later received a patent on March 14, 1794.[27] Whitney's cotton gin could have possibly ignited a revolution in the cotton industry and the rise of "King Cotton" as the main cash crop in the South. However, it never made him rich. Instead of buying his machine, farmers built inferior versions of their own which led to the increasing need for African-American slave labor.[28] 1795 Wheel cypher Jefferson's disk The Jefferson disk, or wheel cypher, is a cipher system for encrypting messages and used as a deterrent for codebreaking. Using 26 wheels, each with the letters of the alphabet arranged randomly around them, Thomas Jefferson invented the wheel cypher in 1795. Falling in and out of use and obscurity, the wheel cypher was "re-invented" twice: first by a French government official around 1890, and then just prior to World War I by an officer in the United States Army. Designated as M-94, the latter version was used by the United States Army and other military services from 1922 to the beginning of World War II.[29] 1796 Rumford fireplace The Rumford fireplace created a sensation in 1796 when Benjamin Thompson Rumford introduced the idea of restricting the chimney opening to increase the updraught. Rumford fireplaces were common from 1796, when Benjamin Rumford first wrote about them, until about 1850. Thomas Jefferson had them built at Monticello, and Henry David Thoreau listed them among the modern conveniences that everyone took for granted. Rumford and his workers changed fireplaces by inserting bricks into the hearth to make the side walls angled and added a choke to the chimney to increase the speed of air going up the flue. It produced a streamlined air flow, reducing turbulence so the smoke would go up into the chimney rather than choking the residents. Rumford fireplaces are appreciated for their tall classic elegance and heating efficiency. This simple alteration in the design of fireplaces were copied everywhere in an age when fires were the principal source of heat. The Rumford fireplace is still used in the 21st century.[30] 1801 Suspension bridge Detail of "View of the Chain Bridge invented by James Finley Esq." (1810), wood engraving, William Strickland, delineator, The Port Folio [Magazine], June 1810. A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck, the load-bearing portion, is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders that carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. Primitive in their earliest form, the ancestor to what is now considered a suspension bridge, the simple suspension bridge, was developed sometime around 2000 B.C. in China and India, relying upon ropes thrown across a narrow gorge or river, from which people could hang as they crawled across. With the extreme dangers of swinging back and forth, these simple suspension bridges were deemed impractical as horses as well as carriages later found it difficult to maneuver across their wooden planks.[31] The world's first suspension bridge in a modern sense, the Jacob's Creek Bridge at approximately 70 feet in length, was invented by James Finley of Uniontown, Pennsylvania in 1801,[32] who designed vertical towers to elevate the curved iron cables and to stiffen trusses in order to make the deck of bridges architecturally sound for passing travelers. Nowadays, suspension bridges use steel cables. However, the suspension bridge and its basic, fundamental design of which Finley is duly accredited to inventing, is still evident today in suspension bridges found throughout the world.[33] 1801 Fire hydrant * A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in most urban, suburban and rural areas with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. Before the existence of fire hydrants, a primitive fire suppression system known as "fire plugs" consisted of burying a wooden water pipe (often no more than a hollowed out log) along the streets for teams of bucket brigades to form and fight fires. Wooden pegs would then need to be hammerred over fire plugs in order to stop the flow of water.[34] The invention of a post or pillar type fire hydrant is generally credited to Frederick Graff Sr., Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works around the year 1801. It had a combination hose/faucet outlet and was of "wet barrel" design with the valve in the top. It is said that Graff held the first patent for a fire hydrant, but this cannot be verified due to the fact that the patent office in Washington D.C. was burned to the ground in 1836 where all patent records from that time period were destroyed in the process.[35] In 1863, Birdsill Holly invented the modern version of the fire hydrant. While Holly was only one of many involved in the development of the fire hydrant, innovations he introduced are largely responsible for the fire hydrant taken for granted today. In 1869, Holly was issued U.S. patent #94749, for an "improved fire hydrant".[34] [edit] Manifest Destiny (1802ï¿½1860) 1804 Burr Truss * The Burr Arch Truss, Burr Truss, or the Burr Arch, is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design typically implemented in the construction of covered bridges. The design principle behind the Burr arch truss was that the arch should be capable of holding the entire load on the bridge while the truss was used to keep the bridge rigid. In 1804, American architect Theodore Burr, a cousin of then Vice President of the United States, Aaron Burr, designed and built the first Burr Truss on a bridge over the Hudson River in Watertown, New York.[36] 1805 Self-propelled amphibious vehicle The Oruktor Amphibolos An amphibious vehicle is one which can be used on land or water. The self-propelled variant was invented by Oliver Evans who named it the "Orukter Amphibolos". Its steam-powered engine drove either wooden wheels or a paddle wheel used as a means of transport, on land and in water. Evans demonstrated his machine in Philadelphia's Center Square in 1805, built on commission from the Philadelphia Board of Health.[37] Evans' steam engine differed fundamentally from later models, operating at a high pressure, 25 or 30 pounds. Many years later, Evans' invention would be sold off for parts. On July 16, 2005, Philadelphia celebrated the 200th anniversary of Oliver Evansï¿½s Orukter Amphibolos. Many historians describe Oliver Evans' invention as the United States' first land and water transporter.[38] 1805 Refrigeration Schematic of Gorrie's 1841 ice machine Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature. The American inventor Oliver Evans, acclaimed as the "father of refrigeration," designed the vaporized refrigeration machine in 1805.[39] However, Jacob Perkins modified Evans' original design, building the world's first refrigerator in 1834 and filing the first legal patent for refrigeration using vapor compression.[40] John Gorrie, an American doctor from Florida, invented the first mechanical refrigeration unit in 1841, based on Evans' original invention to make ice in order to cool the air for yellow fever patients. Gorrie's mechanical refrigeration unit was issued a patent in 1855.[41] In 1913, refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box.[42] A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by Alfred Mellowes in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by William C. Durant in 1918, who started the Frigidaire Company in order to begin the first mass-production of refrigerators.[43] 1806 Coffee percolator A coffee percolator is a type of pot used to brew coffee. In the case of coffee-brewing the solvent is water, the permeable substance is the coffee grounds, and the soluble constituents are the chemical compounds that give coffee its color, taste, and aroma. In 1806, Benjamin Thompson Rumford invented the percolating coffee pot with a metal sieve to strain away the grounds.[44] 1808 Lobster trap A lobster trap is a portable trap which traps crustaceans such as lobsters or crayfish and is used in the industry of lobster fishing. A lobster trap can catch multiple lobsters at once. The lobster trap was invented in 1808 by Ebenezer Thorndike of Swampscott, Massachusetts.[45] 1813 Circular saw * The circular saw is a metal disc or blade with saw teeth on the edge as well as the machine that causes the disk to spin. It may cut wood or other materials and may be hand-held or table-mounted. Tabitha Babbitt is credited with inventing the first circular saw used in a saw mill in 1813.[46] 1815 Dental floss * Dental floss is either a bundle of thin nylon filaments or a plastic ribbon used to remove food and dental plaque from teeth. Levi Spear Parmly, a dentist from New Orleans, is credited with inventing the first form of dental floss. He had been recommending that people should clean their teeth with silk floss since 1815.[47] 1816 Milling machine * A milling machine is a machine tool used for the shaping of metal and other solid materials. In contrast to drilling, where the drill is moved exclusively along its axis, the milling operation uses movement of the rotating cutter sideways as well as 'in and out'. Simeon North is generally credited for inventing and building the earliest, though primitive, milling machine to replace filing operations by about 1816 or even earlier.[48] 1818 Profile lathe * A lathe is an adjustable horizontal metal rail and a tool rest, between the material and the operator which accommodates the positioning of shaping tools. With wood, it is common practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object after shaping it to smooth the surface. As the first of its kind, Thomas Blanchard of Middlebury, Connecticut, invented the profile lathe in 1818, intended for the mass duplication of woodworking.[49] 1827 Detachable collar * A detachable collar is a collar separate from the shirt, fastened to the shirt by studs. Hannah Lord Montague invented the detachable collar in Troy, New York in 1827, after she snipped the collar off one of her husband's shirts to wash it, and then sewed it back on.[50] 1830 Platform scale * Also known as the Fairbanks Scale, the platform scale is a benched scale for measuring the counter-balance weight of loaded objects at ground level, thus eliminating the use of a hoist. After a series of trial and error in his designs, Thaddeus Fairbanks patented his invention in 1830. E & T Fairbanks & Company, a business partnership between Thaddeus and his brother, Erastus Fairbanks, exported their famous scales around the world to exotic locations such as England, China, Cuba, Russia, and India due to the high demand.[51] 1831 Electric doorbell * A doorbell is a signaling device commonly found near a door. It commonly emits a ringing sound to alert the occupant of the building to a visitor's presence. The electric doorbell was invented by Joseph Henry in 1831.[52] 1831 Mechanical reaper * The reaping machine is a type of harvester for cutting down grain, of which the essential feature is the reciprocating knife moving within the fingers of a finger-bar. The reaper has a reel for bending the grain down upon the knives, and by a platform, a raking mechanism, sheaves of grain are thrown out of the machine and then binded together. Picking up where his father, Robert McCormick attempted and failed to create a practical reaping device, Cyrus Hall McCormick invented, tested, and demonstrated the first mechanical reaper that would automatically cut, thresh, and bundle grain while being pulled through a field by a team of horses.[53] On June 21, 1834, the first patent for the mechanical reaper was issued to McCormick. Although farmers remained skeptical for many years of McCormick's reaper, the device would eventually catch on by 1884, with the McCormick Harvesting Co. reporting sales of 54,841 reapers.[54] 1832 Morse code A typical "straight key" model used for transmitting and transcribing Morse code Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation, and special characters of a given message. After many years of development, an electrical telegraph came to exclusively refer to a signaling telegram, as an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key, resulting in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by an operator. The short and long elements are formed by sounds, marks, or pulses, in on off keying and are commonly known as "dots" and "dashes" or "dits" and "dahs". In 1832, Alfred Vail in collaboration with Samuel Morse, began the process of co-inventing the Morse code signalling alphabet.[55] After a few minor changes, including the development of International Morse code which is distinct from the original encoding system, American Morse code, Morse code was standardized in 1865 by the International Telegraphy Congress in Paris, France and later made the norm by the International Telecommunication Union. After 160 years of continuous use, international regulations beginning on January 31, 1999, no longer required ships at sea to call for help in an emergency using Morse code or the famous SOS signal.[56] 1833 Sewing machine {lock-stitch version) Most modern sewing machines use the lockstitch technique of sewing invented by Walter Hunt, which consists of two threads, an upper and a lower. The upper thread runs from a spool kept on a spindle on top of or next to the machine, through a tension mechanism, a take-up arm, and finally through the hole in the needle. The lower thread is wound onto a bobbin, which is inserted into a case in the lower section of the machine. Walter Hunt invented the first lock-stitch sewing machine in 1833. Hunt lost interest and did not patent his invention.[57] In 1846, Elias Howe secured a patent on an original lock-stitch machine, and failed to manufacture and market it. Isaac Singer infringed on Howe's patent to make his own machine, making him wealthy. Elias Howe filed a lawsuit, alleging patent infringement. On July 1, 1854, a federal commission ruled in favor of Howe, ordering Isaac Singer as well as all sewing machine makers to pay Elias Howe royalties.[58] 1834 Threshing machine * In 1834, John Avery and Hiram Abial Pitts invented significant improvements to a machine that automatically threshes and separates grain from chaff, freeing farmers from a slow and laborious process. Avery and Pitts were granted a patent on December 29, 1837.[59] 1834 Combine harvester A John Deere combine harvesting corn The combine harvester, or combine, or thresher, is a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops. The objective is to complete these three processes, which used to be distinct, in one pass of the machine over a particular part of the field. The waste straw left behind on the field is the remaining dried stems and leaves of the crop with limited nutrients which is either chopped or spread on the field, or baled for livestock feed. The first combine harvester was invented by Hiram Moore in 1834.[60] 1835 Steam shovel A steam shovel is a large steam-powered excavating machine designed for lifting and moving material such as rock and soil, typically in the mining industry. The steam shovel is composed of a bucket, boom and 'dipper stick', boiler, water tank and coal bunker, a steam engine, and a winch. The steam shovel was invented in 1835 by William Otis, later receiving a patent for his invention on February 24, 1839.[61] 1835 Wrench The wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide a mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn bolts, nuts or other items designed to interface with a wrench. The first wrench was invented and patented in 1835 by Solymon Merrick.[62] 1835 Relay * A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. The relay was invented by the renowned American scientist, Joseph Henry in 1835.[63] 1836 Revolver Revolver A revolver is a repeating firearm with multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. As the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next round with the barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In 1836, Samuel Colt invented the world's first practical revolving firearm. According to Samuel Colt, he came up with the idea for the revolver while at sea, inspired by the capstan winch, which had a ratchet and pawl mechanism on it, a version of which was used in his guns to rotate the cylinder.[64] 1837 Self-polishing cast steel plow The plow is a tool used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, and represents one of the major advances in agriculture. In modern use, a plowed field is typically left to dry out, and is harrowed before planting. An American agricultural pioneer named John Deere modernized the plow by shaping steel from an old sawmill blade and joining it to a wrought iron moldboard. Deere polished both parts smooth so the damp soil would no longer stick. After patenting the device in 1837, it became an instant success and a necessity on American farms.[65] 1839 Corn sheller * A corn sheller or maize sheller, is a machine used to shell or shuck ears of sweet corn of their silk. By feeding ears of sweet corn into a concentric cylindrical rest, they are parallel to the axis of the shelling cylinder in a hopper fixed on one side of the machine. As the cylindrical rest revolves, an ear falls into each space between staves, and is kept in contact with the shelling cylinder by the pressure of the segment concave. The grain shelled falls beneath the machine and the ear of sweet corn is delivered at the side opposite to the hopper, after having been in contact with the cylinder during approximately four or five revolutions. The corn sheller was invented by Lester E. Denison of Sayville, Connecticut who received a patent on August 12, 1839.[66] 1839 Sleeping car * The sleeping car or sleeper is a railroad passenger car that can accommodate passengers in beds, primarily to make nighttime travel more restful. The first such cars saw sporadic use on American railroads in the 1830s and could be configured for coach seating during the day. The pioneer of this new mode of traveling transcontinental was the Cumberland Valley Railroad which introduced service of the first sleeping car in the spring of 1939. The sleeping car did not become commercially practical until 1857 when George Pullman invented the Pullman sleeping car.[67] 1840 Howe truss * A Howe truss is a specialized design of a trussed bridge whereby the vertical trusses are in tension and the diagonal trusses are compressed. How trusses slope upwards and towards the center of the bridge. The Howe truss was patented in 1840 by William Howe.[68] 1842 Ether anesthesia * Crawford Long, of Jefferson, Georgia, performed the first operation using his development of ether-based anesthesia, when he removed a tumor from the neck of Mr. James Venable. Long did not reveal the practicality of using ether anesthesia until 1849.[69] 1842 Grain elevator * Grain elevators are buildings or complexes of buildings for storage and shipment of grain. They were invented in 1842 in Buffalo, New York, by Joseph Dart, who first developed a steam-powered mechanism, called a marine leg, for scooping grain out of the hulls of ships directly into storage silos.[70] 1843 Multiple-effect evaporator * A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water. In 1843, Norbert Rillieux invented and patented the multiple-effect evaporator where its first installation and use was in a Louisiana sugar factory.[71] 1843 Rotary printing press * A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. In 1843, Richard Hoe invented a revolution in printing by rolling a cylinder over stationary plates of inked type and using the cylinder to make an impression on paper. This eliminated the need for making impressions directly from the type plates themselves, which were heavy and difficult to maneuver.[72] 1844 Vulcanized rubber * Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon to carbon bonds. A vast array of products are made with vulcanized rubber including ice hockey pucks, tires, shoe soles, horses and many more. Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in 1844.[73] 1844 Pratt truss * A Pratt truss is a specialized design of a trussed bridge whereby the vertical trusses are compressed and the diagonal trusses are in tension. Sloping downwards and towards the center of the bridge, Pratt trusses therefore create Y and K-shaped patterns. As the exact opposite of the Howe truss design, the Pratt truss was co-invented and co-patented in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt.[74] 1845 Maynard tape primer * The Maynard tape primer is a system designed to allow for more rapid reloading of muskets which previously relied on small copped caps that were filled with mercury fulminate. Dr. Edward Maynard, a dentist with an interest in firearms, embedded tiny pellets of priming material in thin strips of paper, then glued a second strip of paper on top of the first, creating a "tape" of primer. The tape could be manufactured quickly and cheaply, since paper was much less expensive than copper. In 1845, Edward Maynard patented his new firearm invention which in later years, would be widely used in the American Civil War.[75] 1845 Baseball A sketch of an early baseball game played at Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey As the United States' national sport and pastime, baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. Some attribute baseball's beginnings to the English sports of Cricket and Rounders. However, the bat-and-ball sports played in the United States, Europe, or elsewhere in the world prior to 1845 did not resemble the standard of modern day rules as to which baseball has continuously used since the mid-19th century. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright wrote the official and codified set of regulated rules of baseball formally known as the Knickerbocker Rules.[76] On June 3, 1953, the United States Congress unanimously credited Cartwright with inventing the game of baseball which led to his appointment into the Baseball Hall of Fame.[77][78] 1846 Printing telegraph The printing telegraph is a derivative of the electrical telegraph which links two 28-key piano-style keyboards by electrical wire representing a letter of the alphabet and when pressed causing the corresponding letter to print at the receiving end. The receiver would then receive the instantly readable text of the message on a paper strip. This is in contrast to the electrical telegraphs that used Morse Code 'dots' and 'dashes' which needed to be converted into readable text. After 1850, the printing telegraph was in common use, namely along the United States east coast and in France. The printing telegraph was invented in 1846 by Royal Earl House of Rockland, Vermont.[79] 1849 Safety pin The safety pin is a fastening device, a variation of the regular pin which includes a simple spring mechanism and a clasp. The clasp serves two purposes, to form a closed loop thereby properly fastening the pin to whatever it is applied to, and to cover the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point. The safety pin was invented by Walter Hunt, and patented in April 1849. The rights to the invention were sold for $400.[80] 1849 Street sweeper * Street sweepers are equipped with water tanks and sprayers used to loosen particles and reduce dust on streets. The brooms gather debris into a main collection area from which it is vacuumed and pumped into a collection bin. The first mechanical street sweeper was invented by C.S. Bishop, patented on September 4, 1849. 1849 Gas mask * A gas mask is a mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling "airborne pollutants" and toxic gasses. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Often, the African-American inventor Garrett A. Morgan is misattributed as the inventor of the gas mask in 1914. According to a book entitled Black Inventors From Africa to America, Morgan is credited with patenting a safety helmet he referred to as a "Breathing Device" that served as a gas mask. However, Morgan never originated the idea of the first gas mask. The earliest claim of the gas mask is from the 19th century. According to Famous First Facts, it states that the "gas mask resembling the modern type was patented by Lewis Phectic Haslett of Louisville, Kentucky, who received a patent on June 12, 1849."[81] 1850 Inverted microscope * An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage pointing up. The inverted microscope was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty member of Tulane University and the Medical College of Louisiana.[82] 1852 Elevator brake * An elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis invented the first safety brake for elevators which prevents an elevator from spiralling into a free fall between numerous floors inside a building.[83] 1853 Potato chips * Potato chips, also known as crisps in British English, are thin slices of potato that are deep fried or baked until crispy. Potato chips serve as an appetizer, side dish, or snack. The basic chips are cooked and salted, and additional varieties are manufactured using various flavorings and ingredients including seasonings, herbs, spices, cheeses, and artificial additives. The original potato chip recipe was invented by chef George Crum at Moon's Lake House near Saratoga Springs, New York, on August 24, 1853.[84] Fed up with a customer who continued to send his fried potatoes back complaining that they were too thick and soggy, Crum decided to slice the potatoes so thin that they couldn't be eaten with a fork. As they couldn't be fried normally in a pan, he decided to stir-fry the potato slices. Against Crum's expectation, the guest was ecstatic about the new chips and they soon became a regular item on the lodge's menu, and were known as "Saratoga chips."[85] 1853 Clothespin A clothespin with metal lever action A clothespin is a fastener with a lever action used to hang up clothes for drying, usually on a clothes line. Clothespins often come in many different designs. This design was invented by David M. Smith of Springfield, Vermont, in 1853.[86] 1854 Breast pump A breast pump is a mechanical device that extracts milk from the breasts of a lactating woman. Breast pumps may be manual devices powered by hand or foot movements or electrical devices powered by mains electricity or batteries. The first breast pump was patented by O.H. Needham on June 20, 1854.[87] 1856 Condensed milk Condensed milk is cow's milk from which water has been removed and to which sugar has been added, yielding a very thick, sweet product that can last for years without refrigeration if unopened. Gail Borden invented condensed milk in 1856 and was later used by soldiers during the American Civil War.[88] 1857 Toilet paper (rolled) Joseph Gayetty invented the first packaged and rolled toilet paper in 1857 which was called "Gayetty's Medicated Paper".[89] Before Gayetty's invention, people tore pages out of mail order catalogs. And even before catalogs were common, leaves were used. Unfortunately, Gayetty's invention failed commercially. In 1867, Thomas, Edward, and Clarence Scott were successful at marketing toilet paper that consisted of a small roll of perforated paper. They sold their new toilet paper from a push cart in what would become known as the beginning of the Scott Paper Company.[90] 1857 Brown Truss * A Brown truss is a type of bridge truss, used in covered bridges. It is noted for its economical use of materials, taking the form of a box truss. There may be vertical or almost vertical tension members, but there are no vertical members in compression. In practice, when used in a covered bridge, the most common application, the truss is protected with outside sheathing. The Brown Truss was invented and patented by Josiah Brown Jr. in 1857.[91] 1858 Pepper shaker A pepper shaker with a screw-on cap Salt and pepper shakers are typically placed on tabletops in restaurants and in home kitchens. Used as condiment holders in Western culture, salt and pepper shakers are designed to store and dispense edible salt and ground peppercorns. The first pepper shaker with screw-on cap was invented by John Landis Mason who received a patent on November 30, 1858.[92] 1858 Monkey wrench The monkey wrench is an adjustable wrench that was popular in the 19th century but is rarely used today. Its use has generally been replaced by the adjustable-end wrench, which has a compact head and so is more easily used in confined places. The monkey wrench was invented by Charles Monky in 1858.[62] 1858 Mason jar In home canning, food is packed into a jar, and the steel lid is placed on top of the jar with the integral rubber seal resting on the rim of the jar. The band is screwed loosely over the lid, which will allow air and steam to escape. By far, though, the most popular form of seal was the screw-on zinc cap, the precursor to today's screw-on lids. The earliest glass jars were called wax sealers, because they used sealing wax, which was poured into a channel around the lip that held on a tin lid. The earliest successful application of this was discovered by John Landis Mason and patented on November 30, 1858, a date embossed on millions of jars for food preservation and pickling.[93] 1858 Burglar alarm * A burglar alarm contains sensors which are connected to a control unit via a low-voltage hardwire or narrowband RF signal which is used to interact with a response device. Edwin Holmes of Boston invented the electric burglar alarm in 1858. Later, his workshop was used by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 as the young Bell pursued a later prototype of Meucci's telephone. Holmes will be the first person to have a home telephone.[94] 1858 Can opener * The can opener is a device used to open metal cans. Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut was an American inventor, who invented and patented the design of the can opener in 1858. Crudely shaped bayonet and sickle combo, his design was widely accepted by the Union Army during the American Civil War.[95] 1859 Escalator A typical escalator tube on the London Underground An escalator is a moving staircase, a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. Commonly found and used in shopping malls, department stores, airports, an escalator consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal. The escalator was invented in 1859 by Nathan Ames of Saugus, Massachusetts for an invention that he called "Revolving Stairs". However, Ames' escalator was never built. The earliest form of a working escalator, patented in 1892 by Jesse W. Reno, was introduced as a new novelty ride at the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New York in 1896.[96] 1859 Modern oil well An oil well is a general term for any boring through the Earth's surface designed to find and produce petroleum oil hydrocarbons. Drilling at Titusville, Pennsylvania, "Colonel" Edwin Drake struck oil at a depth of 69.5 feet (21.2 m). Prior to 1859, oil, which had been used mostly as a lubricant and lamp fuel, had been obtained only at places where it seeped from the ground. Using cast iron pipe and steam power, "Colonel" Edwin Drake used his new invention to perform the world's first oil drill on August 27, 1859.[97][98] 1860 Modern water tower A water tower or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container constructed for the purpose of holding a water supply at a height sufficient to pressurize a water distribution system. The city of Louisville, Kentucky began using the first modern water tower, to equalize pressure and to provide safe and clean drinking water. Chlorine research by the Louisville Water Company helped to virtually wipe out cases of typhoid and cholera from the water. This new and innovative system of water treatment was the first major advancement since the fall of the Roman Empire.[99] 1860 Repeating rifle * A repeating rifle is a single barreled rifle containing multiple rounds of ammunition. Benjamin Tyler Henry, chief designer for Oliver Fisher Winchester's arms company, adapted a breech-loading rifle invented by Walter Hunt and created a new lever action repeating rifle in 1860. First known as the Henry, the rifle became famously known as the Winchester.[100] 1860 Vacuum cleaner * A vacuum cleaner uses a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa, invented the first vacuum cleaner in 1860. Calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner, his machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like a traditional vacuum cleaner which also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust and dirt. Hess received a patent for his invention of the first vacuum cleaner on July 10, 1860.[101] [edit] Civil War and the Reconstruction Era (1861ï¿½1877) 1861 Twist drill * A twist drill is a bit with two cutted grooves in opposite sides of a round bar, whereby the twisted bar produces a helical flute in order to drill holes in metal, plastic, or wood. The twist drill was invented by Stephen A. Morse in October 1861 and later patented on April 7, 1863.[102] 1861 Postcard * A postcard or post card is a rectangular piece of material, such as paper, leather or other materials, intended for writing and mailing without an envelope. "Postal card" is the term used for a post card issued by a postal authority, generally with postage prepaid. The post card was invented by John P. Charlton of Philadelphia in 1861 for which he obtained the copyright later transferred to H.L. Lipman. The cards were adorned with a small border and labeled "Lipman's Postal Card, Patent Applied For." and later "COPY-RIGHT SECURED 1861." They were on the market until 1873 when the first United States issued postcards appeared.[103] 1861 Modern pin tumbler lock * The pin tumbler lock is a lock mechanism that uses pins of varying lengths to prevent the lock from opening without the correct key. Pin tumblers are most commonly employed in cylinder locks, but may also be found in tubular or radial locks. The earliest pin-tumble locks were made over 4,000 years ago by the Egyptians. But due to their large, cumbersome size and since they were made of wood, the locks were not practical to use.[104] In 1861, Linus Yale, Jr. was inspired by the original 1840s cylindrical lock designed by his father, Linus Yale, Sr., thus inventing and patenting a smaller flat key with serrated edges as well as pins of varying lengths within the lock itself, the same design of the pin-tumbler lock which still remains in use today.[105] 1861 Machine gun (hand-cranked) * The machine gun is typically considered to be a fully automatic firearm, usually designed to fire rifle cartridges in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine. The Gatling gun, invented and patented in 1861 by Richard Gatling during the American Civil War, was the earliest precursor to a machine gun in the sense that it had all of the underlying features of reliable loading as well as the ability to fire sustained multiple bursts of rounds, the only drawback being, it had to be manually operated and hand-cranked unlike its 1884 successor, the Maxim gun, which was indisputably the world's first true machine gun.[106][107] 1863 Breakfast cereal A bowl of breakfast cereal filled with milk and topped with raspberries Breakfast cereal is a packaged food product intended to be consumed as part of a breakfast. The first breakfast cereal, Granula was invented in the United States in 1863 by James Caleb Jackson, operator of the Jackson Sanitorium in Dansville, New York. The cereal never became popular since it was inconvenient, as the heavy bran nuggets needed soaking overnight before they were tender enough to eat.[108] 1863 Ratchet wrench A socket wrench, more commonly referred to as a ratchet, is a type of wrench, or tightening tool, that uses separate, removable sockets to fit many different sizes of fittings and fasteners, most commonly nuts and bolts. The ratchet wrench was invented by J.J. Richardson of Woodstock, Vermont, receiving a patent for the ratcher wrench from the Scientific American Patent Agency on June 18, 1863.[109] 1863 Roller skates (four-wheeled) Roller skates are devices worn on the feet to enable the wearer to roll on wheels. James Leonard Plimpton of Medford, Massachusetts, invented the first practical four-wheeled roller skates in 1863.[110] 1864 Spar torpedo The Confederate torpedo boat CSS David showing the spar torpedo mounted to the bow. The spar torpedo consists of a bomb placed at the end of a long pole, or spar]], and attached to a boat. The weapon is used by running the end of the spar into the enemy ship. Spar torpedoes were often equipped with a barbed spear at the end, so it would stick to wooden hulls. A fuse could then be used to detonate it. The spar torpedo was invented in 1864 during the American Civil War by E. C. Singer, a private engineer who worked on secret projects for the benefit of the Confederate States of America.[111] 1865 Cowboy hat The cowboy hat is a high-crowned, wide-brimmed hat best known as the defining piece of attire for the North American cowboy. Today it is worn by many people, and is particularly associated with ranch workers in the western and southern United States, western Canada and northern Mexico, with country-western singers, and for participants in the North American rodeo circuit. It is recognized around the world as part of Old West cowboy lore. The shape of a cowboy hat's crown and brim are often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against weather. The cowboy hat was invented in 1865 by John Batterson Stetson during a hunting trip, showing his companions how he could make fabric out of fur without weaving. Using the fur collected during the trip, his bare hands, and boiling water, Stetson made a piece of felt and then shaping it into a hat with a large brim which could protect he and his hunting party from weather elements such as rain, wind, and snow.[112] 1865 Web rotary printing press * In 1865, William Bullock invented a printing press that could feed paper on a continuous roll and print both sides of the paper at once. Used first by the Philadelphia Ledger, the machine would become an American standard. It would also kill its inventor, who died when he accidentally fell into one of his presses.[113] 1866 Urinal (restroom version) * Not to be confused with a urinal in bottle form that is used in health care, a urinal is a specialized toilet for urinating only, generally by men and boys. It has the form of being wall mounted, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing. The urinal was patented by Andrew Rankin on March 27, 1866.[114] 1866 Chuckwagon * The chuckwagon is a wagon that carries food and cooking equipment on the prairies of the United States and Canada. They were part of a wagon train of settlers to feed nomadic workers like cowboys or loggers. While mobile kitchens had existed for generations, the invention of the chuckwagon is attributed to Texan rancher Charles Goodnight who introduced the concept in 1866.[115] 1867 Motorcycle The motorcycle The motorcycle is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle powered by an engine. Although the first gasoline/petrol motorcycle powered by an internal combustion engine was developed in 1885 by a German named Gottlieb Daimler, his was certainly not the first motorcycle. Withstanding the absence of an internal combustion engine in its design, the world's first and earliest motorcycle was a coal-powered, two-cylinder, steam-driven motorcycle invented in 1867 by an American named Sylvester Howard Roper.[116][117] 1867 Paper clip The paper clip attaches sheets of paper together, allowing them to be detached as necessary. The first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded to its inventor, Samuel B. Fay, in 1867.[118] 1867 Barbed wire Barbed wire is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands. It is used to construct inexpensive fences and is used atop walls surrounding secured property. It is also a major feature of the fortifications in trench warfare. A person or animal trying to pass through or over barbed wire will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed wire fencing requires only fence posts, wire, and fixing devices such as staples. On June 25, 1867, Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, patented barbed wire. Shortly thereafter, several other inventors, such as Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, patented inventions for similar products, but Smith patented his first, allowing him to claim that he invented barbed wire.[119] 1867 Ticker tape * Ticker tape is a means of transmitting stock price information over telegraph lines. It consists of a paper strip which ran through a machine called a stock ticker, which printed abbreviated company symbols followed by price and volume information. In 1867, Edward A. Calahan of the American Telegraph Company invented the first stock telegraph printing instrument.[120] 1867 Water-tube boiler * A water-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire. Water-tube boilers are used for high-pressure boilers. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats up water in the steam-generating tubes. The water-tube boiler was co-invented and co-patented by George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox in 1867.[121] 1867 Refrigerator car * A refrigerator car or "reefer" is a refrigerated boxcar, designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from simple insulated boxcars and ventilated boxcars, neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. They can be ice-cooled, or use one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize carbon dioxide as a cooling agent. In the 1860s, slaughtered cattle from the Great Plains were preserved in barrels of salt. Regular box cars were loaded with ice in another effort to preserve fresh meat that had limited success. Generally, it was found more economical in the early days of refrigeration to cool the cars with ice or frozen brine which was periodically replenished at icing stations along rail routes. In 1857, the first shipment of refrigerated beef was made from the Chicago stockyards to the East Coast in an ordinary box car packed with ice. Finally in 1867, the first patent (U.S. Patent #71,423) for a specialized refrigerator car was issued to its inventor, J.B. Sutherland of Detroit, Michigan.[122] 1868 Paper bag Two paper bags A bag is a non-rigid or semi-rigid container usually made of paper which is used to hold items or packages. In 1868, Margaret E. Knight while living in Springfield, Massachusetts invented a machine that folded and glued paper to form the brown paper bags familiar to what shoppers know and use today.[123] 1868 Tape measure A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. The design on which most modern spring tape measures are built was invented and patented by a New Haven, Connecticut resident named Alvin J. Fellows on July 14, 1868.[124] 1869 Vibrator A vibrator is a device intended to vibrate against the body and stimulate the nerves for a relaxing and pleasurable feeling. Some vibrators are designed as sex toys and are inserted inside the vagina or anus for erotic stimulation. The first vibrator was a steam-powered massager, which was invented by American physician George Taylor in 1869.[125] Dr. Taylor recommended his vibrators for treatment of an illness known at the time as "female hysteria." Hysteria, from the Greek for "suffering uterus," involved anxiety, irritability, sexual fantasies, pelvic heaviness, and excessive vaginal lubricationï¿½in other words, sexual arousal.[126] 1869 American football A quarterback preparing to throw a pass American football, known in the United States simply as football, is a spectator sport known for combining strategy with competitive physical play. The objective of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it (a running play) or by throwing it to a teammate (a passing play). Points can be scored in a variety of ways, including carrying the ball over the opponent's goal line, catching a pass thrown over that goal line, kicking the ball through the goal posts at the opponent's end zone, or tackling an opposing ball carrier within his end zone. The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires. The very first game of American football, a collegiate one, was held on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers University and Princeton University with a final score of Rutgers 6 Princeton 4.[127] The first professional game of American football was held on November 12, 1892 between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club ending in a 6ï¿½6 tie.[128] As a descendant of rugby, the modern sport now known as American football is generally credited to its inventor, Walter Camp, who beginning in the 1880s, devised the play from scrimmage, the numerical assessment of goals and tries, the restriction of play to eleven men per side, set plays, sequences, and strategy features which led to the gradual evolution of the regulated game. Camp also was the leader of the American Football Rules Committee which devised the set of codified and regulated rules as to which American football continuously uses.[129] 1869 Pipe wrench * The pipe wrench, or Stillson wrench, is an adjustable wrench used for turning soft iron pipes and fittings with a rounded surface. The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to rock in the frame, such that any forward pressure on the handle tends to pull the jaws tighter together. Teeth angled in the direction of turn dig into the soft pipe. The pipe wrench was invented by Daniel C. Stillson in 1869.[130] 1869 Clothes hanger * A clothes hanger, or coat hanger, is a device in the shape of human shoulders designed to facilitate the hanging of a coat, jacket, sweater, shirt, blouse, or dress in a manner that prevents wrinkles, with a lower bar for the hanging of trousers or skirts. The shoulder-shaped wire hanger, was inspired by a coat hook invented in 1869 by O. A. North of New Britain, Connecticut.[131] 1870 Sandblasting * Sandblasting or bead blasting is a generic term for the process of smoothing, shaping, and cleaning a hard surface by forcing solid particles across that surface at high speeds. Sandblasting equipment typically consists of a chamber in which sand and air are mixed. The mixture travels through a hand-held nozzle to direct the particles toward the surface or workpiece. Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Boron carbide is a popular material for nozzles because it resists abrasive wear well. In 1870, the sandblasting process was invented and patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman.[132] 1870 Chewing gum * Chewing gum is a type of confection traditionally made of chicle, a natural latex product, or synthetic rubber known as polyisobutylene, which is a non-vulcanizable form of the butyl rubber (isoprene-isobutylene) used for inner tubes or to line tubeless tires. Chewing gum was invented in 1870 by Thomas Adams, receiving a patent on February 14, 1871.[133] 1870 Hand mixer * A hand mixer is a hand-cranked mixing device for whipping, beating, and folding food ingredients. It typically consists of a handle mounted over a piston, which drives one or two beaters. The beaters are immersed in the food to be mixed. In 1870, Walter Scott of Providence, Rhode Island, invented the first hand-cranked egg beater.[134] 1872 Cream cheese * Cream cheese is a sweet, soft, mild-tasting, white cheese which is not naturally matured and is meant to be consumed fresh. In 1872, cream cheese was invented by American dairyman William Lawrence of Chester, New York, selling it in foiled wrapping. From the 1880s and onwards, Lawrence's cream cheese was distributed under his company's name, Philadelphia cream cheese.[135] 1872 Diner * A diner is a restaurant characterized by a wide range of foods, a casual and often nostalgic atmosphere, a counter, and late operating hours. The precursor to the fast food eatery began in 1872 when Walter Scott, a myopic pressman for the Providence Journal, became serious about selling food and refreshments in the streets. Scott had a plan. Instead of wearing out the soles of his shoes and roaming the streets of Providence, Rhode Island, he decided to buy a horse-drawn delivery van. Rolling on four wagon wheels, he would take his food to the people.[136] 1872 Railway air brake A valve on a railway air brake A railway air brake is a conveyance braking system which applies the means of compressed air which modern locomotives use to this day. George Westinghouse, a pioneer of the electrical industry, invented the railroad air brake in 1872.[137] 1873 Jeans Jeans are trousers generally made from denim. Jeans became popular among teenagers starting in the 1950s which remains as a distinct icon of American fashion. In 1873, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis co-invented and co-patented the idea of using copper rivets at the stress points of sturdy work pants. After one of Davis' customers kept purchasing cloth to reinforce torn pants, he had an idea to use copper rivets to reinforce the points of strain, such as on the pocket corners and at the top of the button fly. Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they both go into business together. Early Levis, called "waist overalls," came in a brown canvas duck fabric and a heavy blue denim fabric. His business became extremely successful, revolutionizing the apparel industry.[138] 1873 Knuckle coupler Two railway cars interlocked and joined together by a knuckle coupler Also known as a Janney coupler and the buckeye coupler, the knuckle coupler is the derivative of a coupling device that links and connects rolling railway cars such as passenger, refrigerator, freight, and stock cars together on railroad track. The knuckle coupler have a bifurcated drawhead and a revolving hook, which, when brought in contact with another coupler, automatically interlocks with its mate. Knuckle couplers replaced the much more dangerous link-and-pin couplers and became the basis for standard coupler design for the rest of the 19th century. The knuckle coupler was invented and patented by Eli H. Janney in 1873.[139][140][141] 1873 Earmuffs Earmuffs cover a person's ears for thermal protection. Earmuffs consist of a thermoplastic or metal head-band, that fits over the top of the head, and a pad at each end, to cover the external ears. Earmuffs were invented by Chester Greenwood in 1873.[142] 1874 Fire sprinkler A fire sprinkler is the part of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a pre-determined temperature has been reached. Henry S. Parmelee of New Haven, Connecticut invented and installed the first closed head fire sprinkler in 1874.[143] 1874 Quadruplex telegraph * A quadruplex telegraph is a type of electrical telegraph which allows a total of four separate signals to be transmitted and received on a single wire at the same time. With two signals in each direction, quadruplex telegraphy thus implements a form of multiplexing. The quadruplex telegraph was invented by Thomas Alva Edison in 1874, which enabled Western Union to save money by greatly increasing the number of messages the company could send without building new lines. It also allowed the company to use its existing lines more efficiently to meet seasonal increases in message traffic and to lease excess capacity for private lines.[144] 1874 Forstner bit * Forstner bits, also known as Forstner flange bits or webfoot augers, bore precise, flat-bottomed holes in wood, in any orientation with respect to the wood grain. Forstner bits can cut on the edge of a block of wood, and can cut overlapping holes. Because of the flat bottom to the hole, they are useful for drilling through veneer already glued to add an inlay. Forstner bits were invented and patented by Benjamin Forstner in 1874.[145] 1874 QWERTY * QWERTY is the most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top row of letters. The QWERTY design was invented and patented by Christopher Sholes in 1874.[146] 1875 Electric dental drill * A dental drill is a small, high-speed drill used in dentistry to remove decayed tooth material prior to the insertion of a dental filling. George F. Green of Kalamazoo, Michigan invented the electric powered device to drill teeth in 1875.[147] 1875 Mimeograph * The stencil duplicator or mimeograph machine is a low-cost printing press that works by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. Once prepared, the stencil is wrapped around the ink-filled drum of the rotary machine. When a blank sheet of paper is drawn between the rotating drum and a pressure roller, ink is forced through the holes on the stencil onto the paper. Thomas Alva Edison invented the mimeograph in 1875.[148] 1876 Synthesizer * The first electric synthesizer was invented in 1876 by Elisha Gray who accidentally discovered that he could control sound from a self vibrating electromagnetic circuit and in doing so, invented a basic single note oscillator. This musical telegraph used steel reeds whose oscillations were created and transmitted, over a telephone line, by electromagnets. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device in later models consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field to make the oscillator audible.[149] 1876 Airbrush * An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that sprays various media including ink and dye, but most often paint by a process of nebulization. Spray guns developed from the airbrush and are still considered a type of airbrush. The first airbrush was invented in 1876 by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts.[150] 1876 Tattoo machine * A tattoo machine is a hand-held device generally used to create a tattoo, a permanent marking of the skin with ink. The basic machine, which was called Stencil-Pens, was invented by Thomas Alva Edison and patented in the United States in 1876. It was originally intended to be used as an engraving device, but in 1891, Sean Casey discovered that Edison's machine could be modified and used to introduce ink into the skin, and later patented it as a tube and needle system serving as an ink reservoir.[151] 1877 Phonograph Thomas Edison's talking machine The talking machine is generally known as a record player, phonograph, or gramophone. Arguably, any device used to record sound or reproduce recorded sound could be called a type of "phonograph", but in common practice it has come to mean historic technologies of sound recording. Thomas Alva Edison conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to "play back" recorded telegraph messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by telephone. Edison announced his invention of the first record player on November 21, 1877, and he demonstrated the device for the first time on November 29, 1877.[152] 1877 Modern district heating District heating distributes heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning fossil fuels but increasingly biomass, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal heating and central solar heating are also used, as well as nuclear power. The United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland began steam district heating service in 1853. However, the first commercially successful district heating system was launched in Lockport, New York, in 1877 by American hydraulic engineer Birdsill Holly, considered the founder of modern district heating.[153] [edit] Gilded Age (1878ï¿½1889) 1878 Carbon microphone * The carbon microphone is a sound-to-electrical signal transducer consisting of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon. When sound waves strike this plate, the pressure on the granules changes, which in turn changes the electrical resistance between the plates. A direct current is passed from one plate to the other, and the changing resistance results in a changing current, which can be passed through a telephone system, or used in other ways in electronics systems to change the sound into an electrical signal. After a lengthy court battle over patent rights filed in 1877, a United States federal court as well as a British court in 1878 ruled in favor of Thomas Alva Edison over a claim held by Emile Berliner since Edison indisputably preceded Berliner in inventing the transmission of speech as well as the use of carbon in a transmitter.[154] 1878 Free jet water turbine * A free jet water turbine or impulse water turbine, also commonly known as a Pelton's wheel, is a wheel that uses cups, or buckets, that are split down the middle by a metal divider, so that in effect two cups are mounted side-by-side at each "spoke" in the wheel. A high-pressure water jet aimed at the center of each bucket is split by the divider to hit each of cup, one on the left, the other on the right. The design of this water turbine takes advantage of a mechanics principle known as impulse, a force defined as the product of the force and the time during which it acts. In 1878, Lester Pelton invented his prototype known as the Pelton's wheel, first demonstrating it to miners in the Sierra Nevada. In 1880, Lester Pelton received a patent for his invention.[155] 1878 Bolometer * A bolometer measures the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation. It was invented in 1878 by American astronomer Samuel Pierpont Langley.[156] 1879 Cash register A vintage cash register The cash register is a device for calculating and recording sales transactions. When a transaction was completed, the first cash registers used a bell that rang and the amount was noted on a large dial on the front of the machine. During each sale, a paper tape was punched with holes so that the merchant could keep track of sales. Known as the "Incorruptible Cashier," the mechanical cash register was invented and patented in 1879 by James Ritty of Dayton, Ohio. John H. Patterson bought Ritty's patent and his cash register company in 1884.[157] 1880 Oil burner An oil burner is a heating device which burns fuel oil. The oil is directed under pressure through a nozzle to produce a fine spray, which is usually ignited by an electric spark with the air being forced through by an electric fan. In 1880, Amanda Jones invented the oil burner in the oil fields of northern Pennsylvania where Jones completed her trial and error efforts of heating furnaces.[158] 1880 Candlepin bowling * Candlepin bowling is a North American variation of bowling that is played primarily in the Canadian Maritime provinces, Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. A candlepin bowling lane somewhat resembles lanes used in tenpin bowling. However, unlike tenpin bowling lanes that are flat, candlepin lanes are slightly depressed ahead of the pindeck. The candlepins themselves take on a cylindrical shape which are tapered at the tops and bottoms, thus giving them a resemblance to wax candles. In 1880, candlepin bowling was invented by Justin White of Worcester, Massachusetts.[159] 1881 Electric chair * Execution by electrocution is an execution method which the person being put to death is strapped to a specially built wooden chair and electrocuted through electrodes placed on the body. In 1881, Alfred Southwick witnessed an intoxicated man touch a live electric generator. After the man died quickly, Dr. Southwick concluded that electricity could be used as an alternative to hanging for executions. Southwick was a dentist who was accustomed to performing procedures on subjects in chairs, and so he designed an "electric chair." The first electric chair based on Southwick's design was made by Harold P. Brown and the first person to be executed via the electric chair was William Kemmler in New York's Auburn Prison on August 6, 1890.[160] 1881 Metal detector * Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. In 1881, the Scots-American named Alexander Graham Bell invented the first metal detector as President James Garfield lay dying from a fatal gunshot wound. Despite an effort to locate the lodged bullet, Bell's invention proved to be unsuccessful as the metal detector was confused by the metal-framed bed which the assassinated president laid on.[161] 1881 Electric iron * An iron is a small appliance used to remove wrinkles from fabric. The electric iron was invented in 1881 and patented in 1882 by Henry W. Seely of New York. A second electric iron, a "cordless" one instead heated on a stand powered by electricity, was developed with his partner Dyer in 1883.[162] 1882 Electric Christmas lights * The first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree was the creation of Edward H. Johnson, an associate of inventor Thomas Alva Edison. While he was vice-president of the Edison Electric Light Company, a predecessor of today's Consolidated Edison electric utility, Johnson devised incandescent light bulbs the size of walnuts strung on a continuous electrical wire. Johnson displayed his Christmas tree on December 22, 1882 at his home on Fifth Avenue in New York City.[163] 1882 Electric fan * An electric fan contains an arrangement of blades usually powered by an electric motor in order to produce airflow for the purpose of creating comfort (particularly in the heat), ventilation, or exhaust. Between the years 1882 and 1886, New Orleans resident Schuyler Skaats Wheeler invented the first electric fan.[164] 1883 Solar cell Solar panels at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada generating and absorbing the sun's natural light A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Although French physicist Antoine-Cï¿½sar Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect much earlier in 1839, the first solar cell, according to Encyclopï¿½dia Britannica, was invented by Charles Fritts in 1883, who used junctions formed by coating selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold. In 1941, the silicon solar cell was invented by another American named Russell Ohl. Drawing upon Ohl's work, three American researchers named Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin essentially introduced the first practical use of solar panels through their improvement of the silicone solar cell in 1954, which by placing them in direct sunlight, free electrons are turned into electrical current enabling a six percent energy conversion efficiency.[165] 1883 Thermostat A thermostat is a device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint temperature. The thermostat does this by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. The thermostat was invented in 1883 by Warren S. Johnson.[166] 1884 Dissolvable pill A dissolvable pill is any pharmaceutical in tablet form that is ingested orally, which are crushable and able to dissolve in the stomach unlike tablets with hard coatings. The dissolvable pill was invented in 1884 by William E. Upjohn.[167] 1884 Machine gun Maximï¿½s machine gun in operation with the British Royal Navy The machine gun is defined as a fully automatic firearm, usually designed to fire rifle cartridges in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine. Thus, the world's first true machine gun, the Maxim gun, was invented in 1884 by the American inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim, who devised a recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than the crude method of a manually operated, hand-cranked firearm.[107][168] With the ability to fire 750 rounds per minute, Maxim's other great innovation was the use of water cooling to reduce overheating. Maxim's gun was widely adopted and derivative designs manufactured by Vickers were used on all sides during World War I.[169] 1885 Lap steel guitar The lap steel guitar is a type of steel guitar that are designed to be adapted between lap and conventional playing. Lap steel guitars have strings raised at both the nut and bridge ends of the fingerboard, typically to about half an inch. The lap steel guitar was invented in 1885 by Joseph Kekuku of Lāʻie, a village on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii.[170] 1885 Photographic film Photographic film is a sheet of material coated with a photosensitive emulsion. When the emulsion is sufficiently exposed to light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and is developed it forms an image. George Eastman and his company, Eastman Kodak, invented the first flexible photographic film as well as the invention of roll film in 1885. This original "film" used a paper carrier. The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. Before this, glass photographic plates were used, which were far more expensive and cumbersome, although of better quality due to their size. Early film was made from flammable nitrocellulose with camphor as a plasticizer.[171] 1885 Fuel dispenser A vintage service pump located in Mount Olive, Illinois A fuel dispenser is used to pump gasoline, diesel, or other types of fuel into vehicles or containers. As the automobile was not invented yet, the gas pump was used for kerosene lamps and stoves. Sylvanus F. Bowser of Fort Wayne, Indiana invented the gasoline/petrol pump on September 5, 1885.[172] Coincidentally, the term "bowser" is still often used in countries such as New Zealand and Australia as a reference to the fuel dispenser.[173] 1885 Skyscraper A skyscraper is a tall building that uses a steel-frame construction. After the Great Fire of 1871, Chicago had become a magnet for daring experiments in architecture as one of those was the birth of the skyscraper. William Le Baron Jenney completed the 10-story Home Insurance Company Building in 1885, the first to use steel-frame construction.[174] 1886 Dishwasher The dishwasher cleans dishes, glassware, and eating utensils. In 1886, Josephine Cochrane successfully invented the first mechanical device with the use of soap to wash cups, saucers, and dishes within built compartments.[175] 1886 Horizontal filing cabinet * A filing cabinet is a piece of office furniture used to store paper documents in file folders. It is an enclosure for drawers in which items are stored. On November 2, 1886, Henry Brown patented his invention of a "receptacle for storing and preserving papers." This was a fire and accident safe container made of forged metal, which could be sealed with a lock and key. It was special in that it kept the papers separated.[176] 1886 Telephone directory * A telephone directory is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. R. H. Donnelley created the first official telephone directory which was referred to as the Yellow Pages in 1886.[177] 1887 Slot machine * A slot machine is a casino gambling machine. Due to the vast number of possible wins with the original poker card based game, it proved practically impossible to come up with a way to make a machine capable of making an automatic pay-out for all possible winning combinations. The first "one-armed bandit" was invented in 1887 by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California who devised a simple automatic mechanism with three spinning reels containing a total of five symbols ï¿½ horseshoes, diamonds, spades, hearts and a Liberty Bell, which also gave the machine its name.[178] 1887 Softball * As a bat-and-ball team sport, softball is a variant of baseball. The difference between the two sports is that softball uses larger balls and requires a smaller playing field. Beginning as an indoor game in Chicago, softball was invented in 1887 by George Hancock.[179] 1887 Gramophone record * A gramophone record, commonly known as a record, or a vinyl record, is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Ever since Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, it produced distorted sound because of gravity's pressure on the playing stylus. In response, Emile Berliner invented a new medium for recording and listening to sound in 1887 in the form of a horizontal disc, originally known as the "platter."[180] 1887 Comptometer * A comptometer is a mechanical or electro-mechanical adding machine. The comptometer was the first adding device to be driven solely by the action of pressing keys, which are arranged in an array of vertical and horizontal columns. Although the comptometer was designed primarily for adding, it could also do division, multiplication, and subtraction. Special comptometers with varying key arrays were produced for a variety of purposes, including calculating currencies, time and Imperial measures of weight. The original design was invented and patented in 1887 by Dorr Felt.[181] 1888 AC motor Nikola Tesla's AC induction motor In 1883, Nikola Tesla identified the rotating magnetic induction field principle and pioneered the use of this rotating and inducting electromagnetic field force to generate torque in rotating machines. Thus, Tesla further exploited this principle in his invention of a poly-phase induction motor using alternating current in 1888.[182] Introduction of Tesla's AC motor from 1888 onwards initiated what is sometimes referred to as the "Second Industrial Revolution," making possible both the efficient generation and long distance distribution of electrical energy using his alternating current system. The rights to Tesla's epoch-making invention were bought by George Westinghouse, who demonstrated the system for the first time at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Two years later, Tesla's alternating-current motors were installed at the Niagara Falls power project.[183] 1888 Kinetoscope The Kinetoscope was an early motion picture exhibition device. It was designed for films to be viewed individually through the window of a cabinet housing its components. The Kinetoscope introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent of video, creating the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First described in conceptual terms by Thomas Alva Edison in 1888, his invention was largely developed by one of his assistants, William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, between 1889 and 1892.[184] 1888 Telautograph The telautograph, an analog precursor to the modern fax machine, transmits electrical impulses recorded by potentiometers at the sending station to stepping motors attached to a pen at the receiving station, thus reproducing at the receiving station a drawing or signature made by sender. It was the first such device to transmit drawings to a stationary sheet of paper. The telautograph's invention is attributed to Elisha Gray, who patented it in 1888.[185] 1888 Trolley pole An example of a trolley pole used in Japan A trolley pole is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal placed in contact with an overhead wire to provide electricity to the trolley car. The trolley pole sits atop a sprung base on the roof of the trolley vehicle, the springs maintaining the tension to keep the trolley wheel or shoe in contact with the wire. Occasionally, a Canadian named John Joseph Wright is credited with inventing the trolley pole when an experimental tramway in Toronto, Ontario was built in 1883. While Wright may have assisted in the installation of railways at the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), and may even have used a pole system, there's no hard evidence to prove it. Likewise, Wright never filed or was issued a patent.[186] Official credit for the invention of the electric trolley pole has gone to an American, Frank J. Sprague, who devised his working system in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888.[186] Known as the Richmond Union Passenger Railway, this 12 mile system was the first large-scale trolley line in the world, opening to great fanfare on February 12, 1888.[187] 1888 Drinking straw The drinking straw is a tube used for transferring a liquid to the mouth, usually a drink from one location to another. The first crude forms of drinking straws were made of dry, hollow, rye grass. Marvin Stone is the inventor of the drinking straw. Stone, who worked in a factory that made paper cigarette holders, did not like this design because it made beverages taste like grass. As an alternative, on January 3, 1888, Stone got a piece of paper from his factory and wrapped it around a pencil. By coating it with wax, his drinking straw became leak-proof so that it would not get waterlogged.[188] 1888 Revolving door * A revolving door has three or four doors that hang on a center shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a round enclosure. In high-rise buildings, regular doors are hard to open because of air pressure differentials. In order to address this problem, the revolving door was invented in 1888 by Theophilus Van Kannel of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Van Kannel patented the revolving door on August 7, 1888.[189] Timeline of United States inventions (1890ï¿½1991) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Timeline of United States inventions (1890-1991)) Jump to: navigation, search To view United States inventions from other historical time periods, please see Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890) and Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991). Vint Cerf, an American computer scientist, is the "person most often called the father of the Internet" who co-invented internet protocol/TCP with Robert Kahn in 1973.[1][2][3] A timeline of United States inventions (1890ï¿½1991) encompasses the ingenuity and innovative advancements of the United States within a historical context, dating from the Progressive Era to the end of the Cold War, which have been achieved by inventors who are either native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Copyright protection secures a person's right to his or her first-to-invent claim of the original invention in question, highlighted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the United States Constitution which gives the following enumerated power to the United States Congress: ï¿½ To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. ï¿½ On March 6, 1646, the first patent in North America was issued to Joseph Jenkes by the General Court of Massachusetts for making scythes.[4] On April 10, 1790, President George Washington signed the Patent Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 109) into law which proclaimed that patents were to be authorized for ï¿½any useful art, manufacture, engine, machine, or device, or any improvement therein not before known or used.ï¿½[5] On July 31, 1790, Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the first person in the United States to file and to be granted a patent for an improved method of ï¿½Making Pot and Pearl Ashes.ï¿½[6] The Patent Act of 1836 (Ch. 357, 5 Stat. 117) further clarified United States patent law to the extent of establishing a patent office where patent applications are filed, processed, and granted, contingent upon the language and scope of the claimantï¿½s invention, for a patent term of 14 years with an extension of up to an additional 7 years.[5] However, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 (URAA) changed the patent term in the United States to a total of 20 years, effective for patent applications filed on or after June 8, 1995, thus bringing United States patent law further into conformity with international patent law.[7] The modern-day provisions of the law applied to inventions are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code (Ch. 950, sec. 1, 66 Stat. 792). From 1836 to 2009, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has granted a total of 7,472,428 patents[8] relating to several well-known inventions appearing throughout the timeline below. Some examples of patented inventions between the years 1890 and 1991 include Nikola Teslaï¿½s transmission of radio (1893),[9] Ransom Eli Oldsï¿½ assembly line (1901),[10] Willis Carrierï¿½s air-conditioning (1902),[11] the Wright Brothersï¿½ airplane (1903),[12] Robert H. Goddardï¿½s liquid-fuel rocket (1926),[13] William Shockleyï¿½s transistor (1947),[14] John Blankenbakerï¿½s personal computer (1971),[15] Vinton Cerf's and Robert Kahnï¿½s Internet protocol/TCP (1973),[16] and Martin Cooperï¿½s mobile phone (1973).[17] A separate timeline focusing on United States discoveries as well as lists outlining African-American inventors and scientists, Native American contributions, and NASA spinoffs developed by the United Statesï¿½ space program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), are also available. Contents * 1 Progressive Era (1890ï¿½1919) * 2 Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age (1920ï¿½1928) * 3 Great Depression and World War II (1929ï¿½1945) * 4 Cold War (1946ï¿½1991) o 4.1 Post-war and the late Forties (1946ï¿½1949) o 4.2 The Fifties (1950ï¿½1959) o 4.3 The Sixties (1960ï¿½1969) o 4.4 The Seventies (1970ï¿½1979) o 4.5 The Eighties and the early Nineties (1980ï¿½1991) * 5 See also [edit] Progressive Era (1890ï¿½1919) 1890 Stop sign The stop sign design currently used in English-speaking countries, as well as in most European countries A stop sign is a traffic sign, usually erected at road junctions such as a four-way intersection, that instructs drivers to stop and then to proceed only if the way ahead is clear. The idea of placing stop signs at road junctions was first conceived in 1890 when William Phelps Eno of Saugatuck, Connecticut proposed and devised the first set of traffic laws in an article published in Rider and Driver. However, the first use of stop signs did not appear until 1915 when officials in Detroit, Michigan installed a stop sign with black letters on a white background. Throughout the years and with many alterations made to the stop sign, the current version with white block-lettering on a red background that is used in the United States as well as emulated in many other countries around the world today, did not come into use until the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices adopted the design in 1954.[18] 1890 Tabulating machine The tabulating machine is an electrical device designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. The results of a tabulation are electrically coupled with a sorter while displayed on clock-like dials. The concept of automated data processing had been born. In 1890, Herman Hollerith invented the mechanical tabulating machine, a design used during the 1890 Census which stored and processed demographic and statistical information on punched cards.[19][20] 1890 Babcock test The Babcock test was the first inexpensive and practical test which were used to determine the fat content of milk. Invented by Stephen Moulton Babcock in 1890, the test was developed to prevent dishonest farmers who could, until the 1890s, water down their milk or remove some cream before selling it to the factories because milk was paid by volume.[21] 1890 Smoke detector * A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke and issues a signal. Most smoke detectors work either by optical detection or by physical process, but some of them use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke. Smoke detectors are usually powered by battery while some are connected directly to power mains, often having a battery as a power supply backup in case the mains power fails. The first automatic electric fire alarm was co-invented in 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton and Fernando J. Dibble. Upton and Dibble were issued U.S. patent #436,961. Upton was an associate of Thomas Alva Edison, although there is no evidence that Edison contributed to this invention.[22] 1891 Ferris wheel The first Ferris wheel at the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago The Ferris wheel is a non-building structure, consisting of an upright wheel with passenger gondolas attached to the rim. Opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, the Ferris wheel was invented two years earlier by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bridge-builder George Washington Gale Ferris in 1891.[23] 1891 Crown cork The crown cork, the first form of a bottle cap, was invented by William Painter in Baltimore, Maryland in 1891.[24] 1891 Dow process The Dow process is the electrolytic method of bromine extraction from brine, and was Herbert Henry Dow's second revolutionary process for generating bromine commercially in 1891.[25] 1891 Gas-operated reloading Gas-operation is a system of operation used to provide energy to operate autoloading firearms. In gas-operation, a portion of high pressure gas from the cartridge being fired is used to power a mechanism to extract the spent case and chamber a new cartridge. Energy from the gas is harnessed through either a port in the barrel or trap at the muzzle. This high-pressure gas impinges on a surface such as a piston head to provide motion for unlocking of the action, extraction of the spent case, ejection, cocking of the hammer or striker, chambering of a fresh cartridge, and locking of the action. John Moses Browning, a well known designer of lever action firearms, filed his first patent for an automatic firearm that harnessed expanding propellant gas to operate the mechanism in 1891.[26] 1891 Tesla coil * A Tesla coil is a type of resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. Nikola Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, x-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires for point-to-point telecommunications, broadcasting, and the transmission of electrical power.[27] 1891 Traveler's check * A traveler's check is a preprinted, fixed-amount check designed to allow the person signing it to make an unconditional payment to someone else as a result of having paid the issuer for that privilege. Traveler's checks were invented by Marcellus F. Berry at American Express in 1891.[28] 1891 Zipper * The zipper is a popular device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric. Whitcomb L. Judson was an American engineer from Chicago, Illinois, who invented the metal zipper device with locking teeth in 1891.[29] 1892 Dimmer * Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and hence the mean power to the lamp it is possible to vary the intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devices are used for various purposes, the term dimmer is generally reserved for those intended to control lighting. Dimmers are popularly used in venues such as movie theatres, stages, dining rooms, restaurants, and auditoriums where the need or absence of light during activities requires constant change. The dimmer was invented in 1892 by Granville Woods.[30] 1892 Tractor An Oliver 60 Row Crop, circa 1944 A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. The term is used to describe the distinctive farm vehicle. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanized. In 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa.[31][32][33] 1893 Silicon carbide Silicon carbide, or carborundum, is a compound of silicon and carbon bonded together to form ceramics, but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. The material was manufactured by Edward Goodrich Acheson around 1893.[34] 1893 Spectroheliograph The spectroheliograph is an instrument used in astronomy that captures a photographic image of the Sun at a single wavelength of light, a monochromatic image. The spectroheliograph was invented in 1893 by George Ellery Hale and independently later by Henri Alexandre Deslandres in 1894.[35] 1893 Radio Timeline of Tesla/Marconi dispute Radio uses electromagnetic waves to send signals. The frequencies are below those of visible light. Information is carried by systematically changing some property of the radiated waves such as amplitude, frequency, or phase. Nikola Tesla is regarded by most, as well as the United States Supreme Court who in 1943 (with Justices Rutledge and Frankfurter dissenting) overturned Guglielmo Marconi's infringement on Tesla's #645,576 patent,[36][37] to be the original inventor of effective radio transmissions and many of the patents concerning radio such as reliable radio frequencies, Tesla's system of four circuits in resonance which showed the aerial connection with the ground as the essential element of wireless telegraphy, and effective transmission of long-distance signals. The supreme court's decision considered Marconi's claim that he had no knowledge of Tesla's work to be false since Tesla himself had already published his invention of a wireless radio device in 1893, two years before Marconi was awarded a British patent in 1895 for the same findings Tesla described earlier.[9] In addition, the United States Supreme Court invalidated Marconi's patent for radio on the basis that he used prior art. Thus, the fundamental radio circuit had been earlier anticipated as well as publicly demonstrated by Tesla beforehand in St. Louis in 1893; that is, two tuned circuits each at the transmitter and receiver, all four tuned to the same frequency, of which forms the modern definition of radio transmission today.[38] 1894 Jackhammer * A jackhammer is a portable percussive drill powered by compressed air. It is used to drill rock and break up pavement, among other applications. It jabs with its bit, not rotating it. In 1894, Charles Brady King of Detroit, Michigan invented and patented the pneumatic hammer.[39] 1894 Mousetrap * A mousetrap is a specialized type of animal trap designed primarily to catch mice. However, it may also trap other small animals. Mousetraps are usually set in an indoor location where there is a suspected infestation of rodents. The first mouse trap was invented by William C. Hooker of Abingdon, Illinois, exactly three years before James Henry Atkinson developed a prototype called the "Little Nipper", who Atkinson himself probably saw the Hooker trap in shops or in advertisements, thus copying it as the basis for his own model.[40] Hooker received US patent #528671 for his invention, the mousetrap, in 1894.[41][42] 1895 Volleyball Three volleyball players performing a block Volleyball is an Olympic sport in which two teams of 6 active players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points against one another by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. William G. Morgan invented the sport first known as "Mintonnette" in 1895 while studying at a YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was later re-named volleyball by Alfred S. Halstead.[43] 1896 Comic book A comic book is a magazine or book of narrative artwork and, virtually always, dialog and descriptive prose with humorous or action-oriented content. The first known proto-comic-book magazine was "The Yellow Kid in McFadden's Flats", published by the G. W. Dillingham Company in 1896. Cartoonist Richard F. Outcault created the first illustrations.[44] 1897 Cotton candy Cotton candy is a soft confection made from sugar that is heated and spun into slim threads that look like a mass of cotton. It was invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton, candy-makers from Nashville, Tennessee.[45] 1897 Charcoal briquette * A charcoal briquette, or briquet is a block of flammable charcoal matter which is used as fuel to start and maintain a fire, mainly used for food preparation over an open fire or a barbecue. Charcoal briquettes are made by using a process which consists of compressing charcoal, typically made from sawdust and other wood by-products, with a binder and other additives. The binder is usually starch. Some charcoal briquettes may also include brown coal, mineral carbon, borax, sodium nitrate, limestone, raw sawdust, and other additives like paraffin or petroleum solvents to aid in ignition. The design of the charcoal briquette was invented and patented by Ellsworth B. A. Zwoyer in 1897.[46] 1898 Remote control * A remote control is an electronic device used to operate any machine, such as a television, remotely. Many of these remotes communicate to their respective devices through infrared signals and radio control. In Madison Square Garden, at the Electrical Exhibition, Nikola Tesla gave the first demonstration of a boat propelling in water, controlled by his remote control which he designed using radio signals. Tesla received a patent for his invention in 1898.[47] 1898 Semi-automatic shot gun * A semi-automatic, or self-loading shot gun is a firearm that requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired, unlike a single-action revolver, a pump-action firearm, a bolt-action firearm, or a lever-action firearm, which all require the shooter to chamber each successive round manually. In 1898, John Moses Browning invented the first semi-sutomatic shot gun, later patenting it in 1900. Naming it the Auto-5, Browning's semi-automatic relied on long recoil operation. This design remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years, being widely used and the preferred weapon of choice among soldiers fighting in World War One. Production of the Auto-5 ceased in 1999.[48] 1898 Flashlight * A flashlight is a portable electric spotlight which emits light from a small incandescent lightbulb, or from one or more light-emitting diodes. The flashlight was invented in 1898 by Joshua Lionel Cowen in New York City.[49] 1898 Synthetic bristled hairbrush * A hairbrush is a small brush with rigid bristles used in hair care for brushing, styling, and detangling human hair, or for brushing a domestic animal's fur. Although not the first to invent a hairbrush, Lyda Newman was granted a patent in 1898 for the first hairbrush incorporating synthetic bristles as prior hairbrushes were made with boarï¿½s hair.[50] 1898 Vertical filing cabinet * A filing cabinet is a piece of office furniture usually used to store paper documents in file folders. In the most simple sense, it is an enclosure for drawers in which items are stored. A vertical file cabinet has drawers that extend from the short side (typically 15 inches) of the cabinet. The vertical filing cabinet was invented by Edwin G. Seibels in 1898, thus revolutionizing efficient record-keeping and archiving by creating space for offices, schools, and businesses.[51] 1898 Installer bit * Installer bits are a type of twist drill bit for use with a hand-portable power tool. Installer bits are also known as bell-hanger bits or fishing bits. The key distinguishing feature of an installer bit is a transverse hole drilled through the web of the bit near the tip. Once the bit has penetrated a wall, a wire can be threaded through this transverse hole, and the bit pulled back through the drilled hole. The installer bit was invented and patented by Sinclair Smith of Brooklyn, New York in 1898.[52] 1898 Sousaphone * The sousaphone, sometimes referred to as a marching tuba, is a wearable tuba descended from the hï¿½licon. It was designed such that it fits around the body of the wearer and so it can be easily played while being worn. The sousaphone is named after John Philip Sousa but was invented by C. G. Conn in 1898.[53] 1900 Duckpin bowling * Duckpin bowling is a variation of bowling that uses balls which are significantly smaller than those used in ten-pin bowling, weighing 1ï¿½2 kilograms (2ï¿½4 pounds) each, which are devoid of finger holes. The pins are correspondingly shorter and lighter than their ten-pin equivalents. Hence, when the pins are knocked down, they resemble a "flock of flying ducks". While the rules remained almost identical to those of the Ten-pin game, one rule change was made: A bowler is allowed to use three bowls on each turn. Strikes would still be strikes and spares still spares, but when all pins were knocked down on the third ball, it counts as a score of ten. During the summer of 1900, some bowlers at Diamond Alleys in Baltimore, Maryland thought it might be interesting to resize the pins to match the 6-inch ball. Thus, the inventor of duckpin bowling, John Van Sant, used a wood turner to do exactly that.[54] 1900 Merrill-Crowe process * The Merrill-Crowe process is a separation technique for removing gold from a cyanide solution. The basic process was conceptualized and patented by Charles Washington Merrill around 1900, then later refined by Thomas B. Crowe, working for the Merrill Company.[55] 1900 Carbide lamp * Carbide lamps, also known as acetylene gas lamps, are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene which is created by the reaction of calcium carbide with water. The first carbide lamp was invented and patented in New York City on August 28, 1900 by Frederick Baldwin.[56] 1900 Thumbtack * A thumbtack is a short nail or pin with a large, slightly rounded head made of metal which is used to fasten documents to a background for public display and which can easily be inserted or removed by hand. The thumbtack was invented by Edwin Moore around 1900, the year in which he founded the Moore Push-Pin Company.[57] 1901 Key punch * A keypunch is a device for manually entering data into punched cards by precisely punching holes at locations designated by the keys struck by the operator. Early keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were mechanized, often resembling a small desk, with a keyboard similar to a typewriter, and with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards. In 1901, Herman Hollerith invented and patented the mechanical key punch that was operated by keys, like a typewriter, and that advanced the card automatically to the next column after each punch. Later models would be motor driven with rudimentary programming features.[58] 1901 Mercury-vapor lamp * A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor. In either case, the outer bulb provides thermal insulation, protection from ultraviolet radiation, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube. In 1901, Peter Cooper Hewitt invented and patented the mercury-vapor lamp.[59] 1901 Assembly line production 1913 Ford Model T assembly line production. Used globally around the world, an assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner in order to create a finished product more quickly than with older methods. This type of manufacturing greatly reduces the amount of time taken to assemble a product,thus reducing production, material, and labor costs so that an affordable product cost can be passed onto consumers. Primitive assembly line production was used in 1901 by Ransom Eli Olds, an early car-maker.[10] Henry Ford used the first conveyor belt-based assembly-line in his car factory in 1913ï¿½1914 in the Highland Park, Michigan plant.[60] 1901 Disposable safety razor A safety razor protects the skin from all but the edge of the blade while shaving skin. King Camp Gillette, former traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac, invented the double-edged safety razor. His innovation of safety razors with disposable blades beat the competition. Gillette's thin blade was covered by the razor housing, thus protecting the skin against deep cuts. This enabled the majority of people to shave themselves safely for the first time.[61] 1902 Hearing aid A hearing aid is an electroacoustic body-worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sounds for the wearer. Although hearing aids in some form or fashion such as the ear trumpet were developed in previous years, the first electric hearing aid was invented by Miller Reese Hutchison in 1902.[62] 1902 Postage meter * A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage, or franking, to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use of postage meters. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The postage meter was invented by Chicago inventor Arthur Pitney, receiving a patent for the invention on October 14, 1902.[63] 1902 Teddy bear * A teddy bear is a stuffed toy bear. They are usually stuffed with soft cotton and have smooth and soft fur. It is an enduring form of a stuffed animal that has become a collector's item. The first teddy bear was invented in 1902 by Morris Michtom, owner of a Brooklyn toy store, who was inspired by Clifford Berryman's political cartoon "Drawing the Line in Mississippi" that depicted President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt on a hunting trip in Mississippi who spared the life of a Louisiana black bear cub. Michtom asked for and received President Rooseveltï¿½s permission to use his name for the hand-sewn bears called "Teddy bears" that he invented and his wife helped construct.[64] 1902 Collapsible periscope * A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position, known for use in submarines. In a simple form, it is a tube in each end of which are mirrors set parallel to each other and at an angle of 45 with a line between them. Periscopes allow a submarine, submerged at a shallow depth, to search for targets and threats in the surrounding sea and air. When not in use, the periscope is retracted into the hull. A sub commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates an observable wake and may be detectable to radar, giving away the sub's position. The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is credited to Simon Lake in 1902, who called his device the omniscope or skalomniscope.[65] 1902 Mercury arc valve * A mercury arc valve is a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current. Rectifiers of this type were used in electric motor power supplies for industry, in electric railways, streetcars, and diesel-electric locomotives. They also found use in static inverter stations and as rectifiers for high-voltage direct current power transmission. Mercury arc rectifiers were invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902.[66] 1902 Air conditioning Air conditioning units outside a classroom building Air conditioning is the cooling and de-humidification of indoor air for thermal comfort. Using a system of coils as a solution to cool and remove moisture from muggy air in a printing plant that was wrinkling magazine pages, Willis Carrier invented and manufactured the world's first mechanical air conditioning unit in 1902.[67] By increasing industrial production in the summer months, air conditioning revolutionized American life. The introduction of residential air conditioning in the 1920s helped start the great migration to the Sunbelt. However, air conditioning would not catch on until after World War II.[11] 1903 Tea bag A tea bag is a small, porous paper, silk or nylon sealed bag containing tea leaves for brewing tea. Tea bags were invented by Thomas Sullivan around 1903. The first tea bags were made from silk. Sullivan was a tea and coffee merchant in New York who began packaging tea samples in tiny silk bags, but many customers brewed the tea in them.[68] 1903 Offset printing press Offset printing is a commonly used printing technique where the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. Ira Washington Rubel invented the first offset printing press in 1903.[69] 1903 Crayons * A crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk, or other materials used for writing and drawing. Crayons were invented by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith, who owned a paint company in New York City. As inexpensive art supplies, Binney and Smith invented the modern-day crayon by combining paraffin wax with pigments. After great success of marketing them to consumers, they became known by the brand name of Crayola.[70] 1903 Airplane The Wright Flyer II flying almost four circles over Huffman Prairie, about 2 and 3/4 miles in 5 minutes and 4 seconds on November 9, 1904. A fixed-wing aircraft, or airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft whose lift is generated by air pressure differential between the upper and lower wing surfaces. The Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright of Dayton, Ohio, made the first powered and sustained airplane flights under control of the pilot in the Wright Flyer I on December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[71] In the two years afterward, they developed their flying machine into the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft. By October 1905, the Wright Flyer III was capable and proven to circle in the air 30 times in 39 minutes for a total distance of 24.5 miles.[72] The brothers' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of "three-axis control," which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium. This required method has become standard on all fixed-wing aircraft. From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on unlocking the secrets of control to conquer "the flying problem," rather than on developing more powerful engines as some other experimenters did. Charles Edward Taylor built the first aircraft engine and was a vital contributor of mechanical aspects in the building and maintaining of early Wright engines and airplanes.[73] Although there were many earlier attempts at heavier-than-air powered flight, some of which achieved successful short hops,[74] and disputed earlier claims of sustained flight,[75] the Wright brothers are officially credited by the Fï¿½dï¿½ration Aï¿½ronautique Internationale, the international record-setting body for aeronautics and astronautics, as achieving "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".[76] In addition, U.S. patent number #821393 for the airplane, was filed by Orville Wright on March 23, 1903 and was issued in May 1906.[77] 1903 Windshield wipers A windshield wiper with motorized arm The windshield wiper is a bladed device used to wipe rain and dirt from a windshield. The windshield wiper was invented by Mary Anderson in 1903 to help streetcars operate safely in the rain. In 1905, Anderson patented her invention, which allowed the car operator to control the external, swinging arm wipers from within the car. [78] 1903 Wood's glass Wood's glass is a light filter used in communications during World War I. An "invisible radiation" technique which worked both in infrared daylight communication and ultraviolet night communications, it does not transmit visible light, leaving the 'invisible radiation' as a signal beam. Wood's glass was invented by Robert Williams Wood in 1903.[79] 1903 Wood's lamp A Wood's lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology which shines ultraviolet light onto the skin of the patient; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence. Though the technique for producing a source of ultraviolet light was devised by Robert Williams Wood in 1903 using "Wood's glass", not until 1925 was the technique used in dermatology by Margarot and Deveze for the detection of fungal infection of hair.[80] 1904 Automatic transmission An automatic transmission is an automobile gearbox that changes gear ratios automatically as the vehicle moves, freeing the driver from having to shift gears manually. Modern automatic transmissions trace their origins to an early "horseless carriage" gearbox that was developed in 1904 by the Sturtevant brothers of Boston, Massachusetts.[81] 1904 AC power plugs and sockets * An electric plug is a male electrical connector with contact prongs to connect mechanically and electrically to slots in the matching female socket. Wall sockets, are female electrical connectors that have slots or holes which accept and deliver current to the prongs of inserted plugs. Sockets are designed to accept only matching plugs and reject all others. The original two blade electrical plug and socket were invented by Harvey Hubbell and patented in 1904.[82] The three-prong plug was invented by Philip F. Labre in 1928.[83] 1904 Dragline excavator * Dragline excavation systems are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road and port construction. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining. A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom, a large truss-like structure, with wire ropes. The bucket is manoeuvred by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful manoeuvre of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations. The dragline excavator was invented in 1904 by John W. Page.[84] 1905 Architectural acoustics * Architectural acoustics is the science of controlling sound within buildings. The first application of architectural acoustics was in the design of opera houses and then concert halls. It was developed by Wallace Clement Sabine from 1895 to 1905.[85] 1905 Fly swatter * A flyswatter is a hand-held device for swatting flies and other insects. Samuel Crumbine, a member of the Kansas board of health, wanted to raise public awareness of the threat of flies. He was inspired by a chant at a Topeka softball game: "swat the ball". In a health bulletin published soon afterwards, he exhorted Kansans to "swat the fly". In response, a schoolteacher named Frank H. Rose created the "fly bat", a device consisting of a yardstick attached to a piece of screen. Crumbine invented the device now commonly known as the fly swatter.[86] 1905 Ice pop * An ice pop, also commercially known as a popsicle, is a frozen water-based dessert on a stick. It is made by freezing a colored, flavored liquid around a stick. Once the liquid freezes solid, the stick can be used as a handle to hold the ice pop. The ice pop was invented by 11-year-old Frank Epperson in 1905. Living in San Francisco, California, Epperson had left a fruit drink out overnight, with a stirrer in it, thus making it freeze. In 1923, Epperson got a patent on his "frozen ice on a stick". Epperson also invented the twin ice pop, with two sticks so it could be shared by two children. The most famous brand name associated with the ice pop is Popsicle.[87] 1906 Audion tube * The Audion is an electronic amplifier device and was the forerunner of the triode, in which the current from the filament to the plate was controlled by a third element, the grid. A small amount of power applied to the grid could control a larger current from the filament to the plate, allowing the Audion to both detect radio signals and to provide amplification. The Audion tube was invented by Lee De Forest in 1906.[88] 1907 Electrostatic precipitator * An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. In 1907, the California physicist Frederick G. Cottrell invented and received a patent for the electrostatic precipitator.[89] 1907 Paper towel * A paper towel has the same purposes as conventional towels such as drying hands, wiping windows, dusting, cleaning up spills. However, paper towels can only be used once after they blot wet surfaces. A school teacher in Ashland, Ohio, named Kurt Klier, gave students individual paper squares, so that the single towel in the bathroom would not be infected with germs. When Arthur Scott, head of the Scott Paper Company heard about it, he decided to try and sell a load of paper that had been made too thick to use as toilet paper.[90] 1908 Electric washing machine * A washing machine, or washer, is a machine designed to clean laundry, such as clothing, towels and sheets. The Thor was the first electric-powered washing machine. Introduced in 1908, the electric washing machine was invented by Alva J. Fisher. A patent was issued on August 9, 1910.[91] 1908 Electric mixer * An electric mixer is a kitchen appliance used for whipping, beating, and folding food ingredients. It typically consists of a handle mounted over a large enclosure containing the motor, which drives one or two beaters. The beaters are immersed in the food to be mixed. The first electric mixer was invented by Herbert Johnston in 1908 and sold by the KitchenAid division of the Hobart Manufacturing Company.[92] 1909 Skee ball * Skee ball is a common game found in arcades and one of the first redemption games. Skee ball is similar to bowling except it is played on an inclined lane and the player aims to get the ball to fall into a hole rather than knock down pins. The object of the game is to collect as many points as possible by rolling balls up an incline and into the designated point value holes. Skee ball was invented and patented in 1909 by J.D. Estes of Philadelphia.[93] 1909 Paper shredder * Paper shredders are used to cut paper into chad, typically either strips or fine particles. Government organizations, businesses, and private individuals use shredders to destroy private, confidential, or otherwise sensitive documents. The first paper shredder is credited to prolific inventor Abbot Augustus Low of Horseshoe, New York. His patent for a ï¿½waste paper receptacleï¿½ to offer an improved method of disposing of waste paper received a U.S. patent on August 31, 1909.[94] 1909 Suppressor * A suppressor or silencer is a device either attached to or part of the barrel of a firearm to reduce the amount of noise and flash generated by firing the weapon. It generally takes the form of a cylindrically-shaped metal tube with various internal mechanisms to reduce the sound of firing by slowing the escaping propellant gas, and sometimes by reducing the velocity of the bullet. Hiram Percy Maxim, the son of famous machine gun inventor Hiram Stevens Maxim, is credited with inventing the suppressor in 1909.[95] 1909 Muffler * A muffler is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a machine. On internal combustion engines, the engine exhaust blows out through the muffler. The internal combustion engine muffler was invented in parallel with the firearm suppressor by Hiram Percy Maxim in 1909.[96] 1909 Gin rummy * Gin rummy, or Gin for short, is a simple and popular two-player card game with a standard 52-card pack. The objective of Gin Rummy is to score more points than your opponent improving one's hand by forming melds and eliminating deadwood. Gin rummy was invented by Elwood T. Baker and his son, C. Graham Baker in 1909.[97] 1910 Headset * A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. They are used in call centers and by people in telephone-intensive jobs. The first-ever headset was invented in 1910, by a Stanford University student named Nathaniel Baldwin.[98] 1911 Binder clip A single, large sized binder clip A binder clip, or a banker's clip or foldback clip, is a simple device for binding sheets of paper together. It leaves the paper intact and can be removed quickly and easily unlike the staple. The binder clip was invented in 1911 by Washington D.C. resident Louis E. Baltzley who was motivated by a desire to help his father, Edwin, a prolific writer and inventor, keep manuscripts in order. The original design was modified five times, but the essential mechanism has never changed.[99] 1911 Flying boat A flying boat is a specialized form of aircraft that is designed to take off from and land on water, using its fuselage as a floating hull. Such aircraft are sometimes stabilized on water by underwing floats or by wing-like projections from the fuselage. It is the use of the fuselage to provide the main buoyancy of the aircraft which distinguishes flying boats from floatplanes, which use one or more floats attached below the fuselage or the wings to keep the fuselage clear of the water. In 1911, American aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss invented the two-seat "Flying Fish", a large craft that became classified as a flying boat because the hull sat in the water.[100] 1911 Automobile self starter An automobile self-starter is an electric motor that initiates rotational motion in an internal combustion engine before it can power itself, therefore eliminating the hand crank used to start engines. Charles F. Kettering, who invented the self-starter while working at National Cash Register, sold his electric automobile starters to the Cadillac company.[101] 1911 Road surface marking Dead Man's Curve along the Marquetteï¿½Negaunee Road in Michigan shown in 1917 with the first hand-painted centerline A road surface marking is any kind of device or material that is used on a road surface in order to convey official information for drivers and pedestrians. Edward N. Hines originated the concept of painting a line down the center of a road to separate traffic in opposing directions. They were first used in Wayne County, Michigan in 1911.[102] 1912 Autopilot An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system used to guide a vehicle without assistance from a human being. Most people understand an autopilot to refer specifically to aircraft, but self-steering gear for ships, boats, space craft and missiles is sometimes also called by this term. The first aircraft autopilot was invented by Lawrence Sperry in 1912. Sperry demonstrated it in 1914, and proved the credibility of the invention by flying the aircraft with his hands away from the controls and visible to onlookers.[103] 1912 Fast food restaurant A fast food restaurant, sometimes known as a quick service restaurant or QSR, is a specific type of restaurant characterized both by its fast food cuisine and by minimal table service. Food served in fast food restaurants typically caters to a "meat-sweet diet" and is offered from a limited menu. Cooked in bulk and kept hot, it is finished and packaged to order, usually available ready to take away, though seating may be provided. The history of fast food can be traced to New York City on July 7, 1912 with the opening of a fast food restaurant by Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart called the Automat.[104] 1912 Electric blanket * An electric blanket is a blanket with an integrated electrical heating device usually placed above the top bed sheet. The first electric blanket was invented in 1912 by American physician Sidney I. Russell.[105] 1912 Electric traffic light Traffic lights in Spain The traffic light, also known as traffic signal, is a signaling device positioned at a road intersection, pedestrian crossing, or other location. Its purpose is to indicate, using a series of colors, the correct moment to stop, drive, ride or walk, using a universal color code. The color of the traffic lights representing stop and go are likely derived from those used to identify port (red) and starboard (green) in maritime rules governing right of way, where the vessel on the left must stop for the one crossing on the right. In Salt Lake City, Utah, policeman Lester Wire invented the first red-green electric traffic lights.[106] 1914 Regenerative circuit The regenerative circuit allows an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same vacuum tube or other active component such as a field effect transistor. A regenerative circuit is often an AM detector, converting the RF signal on the antenna to an audio waveform. Their use of positive feedback greatly increases both the selectivity and sensitivity of a simple receiver. Positive feedback builds up the input signal to very high levels. Edwin Armstrong, invented and patented the regenerative circuit while he was a junior in college, in 1914.[107] 1914 Traffic cone * Traffic cones, also called toddlers, road cones, safety cones, construction cones, pylons, or Witches' Hats, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or sidewalks to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. Traffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker.[108] 1914 Fortune cookie * A fortune cookie is a crisp cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a "fortune" wrapped inside. A "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of faux wisdom or a vague prophecy. In the United States, it is usually served with Chinese food in Chinese restaurants as a dessert. The message inside may also include a list of lucky numbers and a Chinese phrase with translation. Contrary to belief, the fortune cookie associated as a Chinese invention is a fallacy. In 1914, the Japanese-American named Makoto Hagiwara of the Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco, California introduced the fortune cookie and is thus recognized as its inventor.[109] 1915 Skeet shooting * Skeet shooting is an Olympic sport where participants attempt to break clay disks flung into the air at high speed from a variety of angles. The firearm of choice for this task is usually a high quality, double-barreled over and under shotgun with 28/30 inch barrels and open chokes. The event is in part meant to simulate the action of bird hunting. The shooter shoots from eight positions on a semicircle with a radius of 21 yards (19 m), and an 8th position halfway between stations 1 and 7. There are two houses that hold devices known as "traps" that launch the targets, one at each corner of the semicircle. Skeet shooting began in Andover, Massachusetts in 1915, when grouse hunter Charles Davis invented a game he called "shooting around the clock" to improve his wingshooting.[110] 1915 Single-sideband modulation * Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. Single-sideband modulation produces a modulated output signal that has twice the bandwidth of the original baseband signal. Although John Renshaw Carson invented SBB in 1915, his patent was not granted until March 27, 1923.[111] 1916 Supermarket The interior of a supermarket in Toronto, Canada A supermarket is a self-service store offering a wide variety of food and household merchandise, organized into departments. It is larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store. The concept of a "self-service" grocery store was invented by American entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. Beforehand, customers would shop at a general store where a clerk behind a counter would fetch inventory in limited quantity for customers to purchase. With Saunders' new innovation of self-service, customers would be able to choose a wider selection of goods at competitive prices. Saunders' first store opened in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1916.[112] 1916 Cloverleaf interchange A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns, in countries that drive on the right, are handled by loop roads. To go left, in right-hand traffic, vehicles first pass either over or under the other road, then turn right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp (270ï¿½) and merge onto the intersecting road. The cloverleaf was first patented in the United States by Arthur Hale, a civil engineer in Maryland, on February 29, 1916.[113] 1916 Tow truck A tow truck is a vehicle used to transport motor vehicles to another location, generally a repair garage, or to recover vehicles which are no longer on a drivable surface. Vehicles are often towed in the case of breakdowns or collisions, or may be impounded for legal reasons. The tow truck was invented in 1916 by Ernest Holmes, Sr., of Chattanooga, Tennessee. He was a garage worker who was inspired to create the invention after he was forced to pull a car out of a creek using blocks, ropes, and six men. An improved design led him to manufacture wreckers.[114] 1918 Superheterodyne receiver * In electronics, a superheterodyne receiver uses frequency mixing or heterodyning to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency, which can be more conveniently processed than the original radio carrier frequency. Virtually all modern radio and television receivers use the superheterodyne principle. The superheterodyne receiver was invented in 1918 by Edwin Armstrong. It was introduced to the market place in the late 1920s.[115] 1919 Pneumoencephalography * Pneumoencephalography is a medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is drained to a small amount from around the brain and replaced with a gas to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture. It was invented in 1919 by the American neurosurgeon Walter Dandy.[116] 1919 Silica gel * Silica gel is a granular, porous form of silica made from sodium silicate. Silica gel is a solid. The synthetic route for silica gel was invented and patented by chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland in 1919.[117] 1919 Pop-up toaster * The toaster is typically a small electric kitchen appliance designed to toast multiple types of bread products such as sliced bread, bagels, and English muffins. Although not the first to invent the toaster, the pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919, consisting of a variable timer and springs in order to prevent burnt toast. Strite received a patent for his invention on May 29, 1919.[118] [edit] Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age (1920ï¿½1928) 1920 Jungle gym A traditional set of monkey bars found on a playground The jungle gym, also known as monkey bars or climbing frame, is a piece of playground equipment made of many pieces of thin material, such as metal pipe or, in more current playgrounds, rope, on which children can climb, hang, or sit. The monkey bar designation was for the resemblance that playing children had to the rambunctious, climbing play of monkeys, though the term nowadays often refers specifically to a single row of overhead bars designed to be swung across. The jungle gym was invented and patented by Sebastian Hinton of Chicago in 1920.[119] 1920 Polygraph A polygraph, or lie detector, is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration breathing rhythms body temperature and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the theory that false answers will produce distinctive measurements. This device recording both blood-pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1920 by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement work by the Berkeley Police Department. In 1935, further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler.[120] 1920 Dendrochronology * Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. This technique was invented in 1920 by the astronomer A. E. Douglass.[121] 1921 Crystal oscillator * A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time as used in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The crystal oscillator was invented in 1921 by Dr. Walter Guyton Cady at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.[122] 1921 Wirephoto * Wirephoto or telephotography is the sending of pictures by telegraph or telephone. The first electronically-transmitted photograph was sent by Western Union. 1921 Flowchart * A flowchart is common type of chart, representing an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. The second structured method for documenting process flow, the "flow process chart", was invented by Frank Gilbreth to members of ASME in 1921 as the presentation ï¿½Process Chartsï¿½First Steps in Finding the One Best Wayï¿½.[123] 1921 Adhesive bandage * Popularly known by the brand name Band-Aid, an adhesive bandage is a self-sticking taped and small dressing used for injuries not serious enough to require a full-size bandage. This easy-to-use dressing with adhesive tape was invented by Earle Dickson in 1921.[124] 1922 Water skiing A water-skier making a turn Water skiing is a sport where one or more persons is pulled behind a motor boat or a cable ski installation on a body of water wearing one or more skis. Water skiing began in 1922 when Ralph Samuelson used two boards as skis and a clothesline as a tow rope on Lake Pepin in Lake City, Minnesota. The sport remained a little-known activity for several years. Samuelson took stunts on the road, performing shows from Michigan to Florida. In 1966 the American Water Ski Association formally acknowledged Samuelson as the first on record. Samuelson was also the first ski racer, first to go over a jump ramp, first to slalom ski, and the first to put on a water ski show.[125] 1922 Radial arm saw A radial arm saw has a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm. In addition to making length cuts a radial arm saw may be configured with a dado blade to create cuts for dado, rabbet or half lap joints. Some radial arm saws allow the blade to be turned parallel to the back fence allowing a rip cut to be performed. In 1922, Raymond De Walt of Bridgeton, New Jersey invented the radial arm saw. A patent was applied for in 1923 and awarded to De Walt in 1925.[126] 1922 Audiometer An audiometer is a machine used for evaluating hearing loss. Audiometers are standard equipment at ENT clinics and in audiology centers. They usually consist of an embedded hardware unit connected to a pair of headphones and a feedback button, sometimes controlled by a standard PC. The invention of this machine is generally credited to Dr. Harvey Fletcher of Brigham Young University who invented the first audiometer in 1922.[127] 1923 Bulldozer The Caterpillar bulldozer A bulldozer is a crawler or a continuous tracked tractor, equipped with a substantial metal plate or blade, used to push large quantities of soil, sand, or rubble during construction work. In 1923, a farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod co-invented and created the first designs. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville, Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer.[128][129] 1923 Masking tape Masking tape is a pressure sensitive tape made with an easy-to-tear thin paper, and fly back and a removable pressure sensitive adhesive. In 1923, Richard G. Drew's, an employee of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M), invented the first tape as a masking tape made for painters. This early masking tape was a wide paper tape with adhesive on only the edges of the tape and not in the middle.[130] 1923 Cotton swab Cotton swabs consist of a small wad of cotton wrapped around either one or both ends of a small rod. They are commonly used in a variety of applications including first aid, cosmetics application, for cleaning, and arts & crafts. The cotton swab was invented by Leo Gerstenzang in 1923, who invented the product after attaching wads of cotton to a toothpick. His product, which he named "Baby Gays", went on to become the most widely-sold brand name, "Q-tip".[131] 1924 Gas chamber execution * A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a toxic gas is introduced. The most commonly used poisonous agent is hydrogen cyanide; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide have also been used. In an effort to make capital punishment more humane, the State of Nevada introduced death by gas chamber. Convicted murderer John Gee took 6 minutes to die.[132] 1924 Radio altimeter * A radio altimeter measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft or spacecraft. This type of altimeter provides the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it, as opposed to a barometric altimeter which provides the distance above a pre-determined datum, usually sea level. In 1924, American engineer Lloyd Espenschied invented the radio altimeter. However, it took 14 years before Bell Labs was able to put Espenschied's device in a form that was adaptable for aircraft use.[133] 1924 Langmuir probe * A Langmuir probe is a device named after Nobel Prize-winning physicist Irving Langmuir, used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma.[134] 1926 Power steering * Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on vehicles by using an external power source to assist in turning the roadwheels. In 1926, Francis W. Davis of Waltham, Massachusetts invented power steering.[135] 1926 Drive through * A drive-through, or drive-thru, allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars. In 1926, City Center Bank, which became UMB Financial Corporation under R. Crosby Kemper opened what is considered the first drive-up window.[136] In-n-Out Burger claims to have built the first drive-through restaurant in 1948. Harry and Esther Snyder, the chain's founders, built their first restaurant in Baldwin Park, California, with a two-way speaker to enable patrons to order directly from their cars without the intermediation of a carhop.[137] 1926 Liquid-fuel rocket Used during the Viking program, NASA's Titan booster, a two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, was attached to two additional solid-propellant rockets The liquid-fuel rocket is a rocket with an engine that uses propellants in liquid form. On March 16, 1926 in Auburn, Massachusetts, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, the "father of modern rocketry," launched the first liquid fueled rocket in history, which used liquid oxygen and gasoline as propellants.[13] 1927 Bread slicer Sliced bread is a loaf of bread which has been pre-sliced and packaged for commercial convenience. The automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder. His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread. In 1928, the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick, a baker from St. Louis, Missouri.[138] 1927 Jukebox A jukebox is a partially automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that can play specially selected songs from self-contained media. The traditional jukebox is rather large with a rounded top and has colored lighting on the front of the machine on its vertical sides. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them that, when combined, are used to indicate a specific song from a particular record. The Automatic Music Instrument Company built and introduced the first electric automated musical instrument which later became known as the jukebox during the 1930s.[139] 1927 Garbage disposal A garbage disposal is a device, usually electrically-powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which shreds food waste into pieces small enough to pass through plumbing. The garbage disposal was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes. After eleven years of development, his InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1968.[140] 1927 Negative feedback amplifier A negative feedback amplifier, or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier, is an amplifier which uses negative feedback to improve performance and reduce sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environmental uncertainties. It was invented by Harold Stephen Black in 1927.[141] 1928 Recliner * A recliner is a reclining armchair. It has a backrest that can be tilted back, causing a footrest to extend from the front. Edward Knabusch and Edwin Shoemaker invented the first recliner in Monroe, Michigan in 1928 when they modified a wooden porch chair so that the seat moved forward as the back reclined. A padded model was later developed.[142] 1928 Ice cube tray * An ice cube tray is a tray divided into compartments. It is designed to be filled with water, then placed in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, producing ice cubes. The first flexible ice cube tray was invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman in 1928.[143] 1928 Bubble gum * Bubblegum is a type of chewing gum especially designed for blowing bubbles. Bubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, but was not successful; the formulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber," was too sticky. In 1928, Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, which he called " Double Bubble."[144] 1928 Electric razor * The electric razor has a rotating, vibrating or oscillating blade to remove unwanted hair. The electric razor does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor is powered by a small DC motor, and usually has rechargeable batteries, though early ones were powered directly by house current. The electric razor was invented in 1928 by Col. Jacob Schick.[145] 1928 Iron lung * An iron lung is a large machine that enables a person to breathe when normal muscle control has been lost or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability. It is a form of a medical ventilator. Philip Drinker invented the iron lung while working at Harvard University in 1928.[146] [edit] Great Depression and World War II (1929ï¿½1945) 1929 Air traffic control * Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other support for pilots when able. Archie League, who controlled aircraft using colored flags at what is today Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, is often considered the first air traffic controller.[147] 1929 Freon * Freon is an odorless, colorless, nonflammable, and noncorrosive chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, which is used in air conditioning, refrigeration and some automatic fire-fighting systems. Refrigerators from the late 1800s until 1929 used toxic gases, ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide as refrigerants. This new "miracle compound" was co-invented in 1929 by Charles Midgley Jr. and Charles Kettering.[148] 1929 Applicator tampon * A tampon is a mass of absorbent material into a body cavity or wound to absorb bodily fluid. The most common type in daily use is disposable and designed to be inserted into the vagina during menstruation to absorb the flow of blood. The applicator tampon with removal cord was invented in 1929 and submitted for patent in 1931 by Dr. Earle Haas, an American from Denver, Colorado. Dr. Hass later sold the patent of the applicator tampon to Gertrude Tendrich, who founded the Tampax Company for the mass production of the length ways expanding tampon.[149] 1929 Flight simulator * A flight simulator is a system that simulates the experience of flying an aircraft. The different types of flight simulator range from video games up to full-size cockpit replicas mounted on hydraulic or electromechanical actuators, controlled by state of the art computer technology. In 1929, Edwin Link invented the flight simulator, calling it the "Blue Box" or Link Trainer, which started the now multi-billion dollar flight simulation industry. Prior to his death in 1981, he had accumulated more than 27 patents for aeronautics, navigation and oceanographic equipment.[150] 1929 Sunglasses A pair of sunglasses for women Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid which feature lenses that are coloured, polarized or darkened to prevent strong light from reaching the eyes. In 1929, Sam Foster invented and mass-produced the first tinted eyewear pieces solely intended to block out sunlight.[151] 1929 Frozen food Frozen food is food preserved by the process of freezing. Freezing food is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for most bacterial growth and slows down most chemical reactions. Clarence Birdseye offered his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods.[152] 1929 Particle accelerator A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to propel electrically-charged particles to high speeds and to contain them. The earliest particle accelerators were cyclotrons, invented in 1929 by Ernest Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley.[153] 1930 Car audio * Car audio/video (car AV) is a term used to describe the sound or video system fitted in an automobile. In 1930, the Galvin Corporation introduced the first commercial car radio, the Motorola model 5T71, which sold for between $110 and $130 and could be installed in most popular automobiles. Inventors Paul Galvin and Joe Galvin came up with the name Motorola when their company started manufacturing car radios.[154] 1930 Pressure sensitive tape * Pressure sensitive tape, PSA tape, adhesive tape, self-stick tape, or sticky tape consists of a pressure sensitive adhesive coated onto a backing material such as paper, plastic film, cloth, or metal foil. Richard G. Drew's invention in 1930 was a clear cellulose, all-purpose adhesive tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape.[155] 1930 Runway lighting * Runway lighting is used at airports which allow night landings. Seen from the air, runway lights form an outline of the runway. The first runway lighting appeared in 1930 at Cleveland Municipal Airport, now known as Cleveland Hopkins International Airport in Cleveland, Ohio. 1930 Bathysphere * A bathysphere is a pressurized metal sphere that allows people to go deep in the ocean, to depths at which diving unaided is impossible. This hollow cast iron sphere with very thick walls is lowered and raised from a ship using a steel cable. The bathysphere was invented by William Beebe and Otis Barton in 1930. William Beebe, an American naturalist and undersea explorer, tested the bathysphere in 1930, going down to 1,426 feet (435 m) in a 4'9" (1.45 m) diameter bathysphere. Beebe and Otis Barton descended about 3,000 ft (914 m) feet in a larger bathysphere in 1934. They descended off the coast of Nonsuch Island, Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. During the dive, they communicated with the surface via telephone.[156] 1930 Chocolate chip cookie * A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie which features chocolate chips as its distinguishing ingredient. The traditional recipe combines a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips. Ruth Wakefield of Whitman, Massachusetts invented chocolate chips and chocolate chip cookies in 1930. Her new cookie invention was called the "Toll House Cookie" which used used broken-up bars of semi-sweet chocolate.[157] 1930 Thermistor * A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance inversely proportional to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. The thermosistor was invented by Samuel Ruben in 1930.[158] 1931 Electric guitar Body of an electric guitar An electric guitar is a guitar using pickups to convert its metal string vibration into electricity. This is amplified with an instrument amplifier. The output is altered with guitar effects such as reverb or distortion. The earliest electric guitars were hollow bodied acoustic instruments with tungsten steel pickups invented by George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker in 1931. The electric guitar was a key instrument in the development of musical styles that emerged since the late 1940s, such as Chicago blues, early rock and roll and rockabilly, and 1960s blues rock. It is used in almost every popular music genre.[159] 1931 Strobe light The strobe light, commonly called a strobe, is a device used to produce regular flashes of light. Modern uses of strobe lights serve a purpose for safety warning, and motion detection. Strobes can be found atop most police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks. The origin of strobe lighting dates to 1931, when Harold Eugene Edgerton invented a flashing lamp to make an improved stroboscope for the study of moving objects, eventually resulting in dramatic photographs of objects such as bullets in flight.[160] 1931 Aerogel Aerogel is a high-density solid-state material derived from gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas. The result is an extremely low-density solid with several remarkable properties, most notably its effectiveness as a thermal insulator. It was first invented by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid inside of a Fruit preserves jar with gas without causing shrinkage.[161] 1932 Staple remover A staple remover allows for the quick removal of a staple from a material without causing damage. The form of destapler described was invented by William G. Pankonin of Chicago, Illinois. A patent application for the same was filed on December 12, 1932, granted on March 3, 1936, and published on April 3, 1936 as a patent.[162] 1932 Radio telescope Full-size replica of Jansky's directional radio antenna, serendipitously the first radio telescope A radio telescope is a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. They differ from optical telescopes in that they operate in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where they can detect and collect data on radio sources. Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic or dish antenna used singularly or in an array. Karl Guthe Jansky started field of radio astronomy serendipitous in 1932 when his directional antenna found an radio static that he later identified as coming from the Milky Way.[163] 1932 Tape dispenser A tape dispenser holds a roll of tape and has a mechanism on one end to easily shear the tape. Dispensers vary widely based on the tape they dispense. Clear tape dispensers are commonly made of plastic, and may be disposable. Other dispensers are stationary and may have sophisticated features to control tape usage and improve ergonomics. The first tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee.[164] 1932 Drive-in theatre A drive-in theater consists of a large outdoor screen, a projection booth,a large parking area for automobiles, and usually a concession stand. Within this enclosed area, customers can view movies from the privacy and comfort of their cars. The drive-in theater was the invention of Camden, New Jersey, chemical company magnate Richard M. Hollingshead, Jr. in 1932 who conducted outdoor theater tests in his driveway. After nailing a screen to trees in his backyard, Hollingshead set a 1928 Kodak projector on the hood of his car and put a radio behind the screen, testing different sound levels with his car windows down and up. Blocks under vehicles in the driveway enabled him to determine the size and spacing of ramps so all automobiles could have a clear view of the screen.[165] 1933 Landing Vehicle Tracked A Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT) unloading a Willys MB during World War II A Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT), also known as amtracks, alligators, or in their fire support variants as buffaloes, were amphibious tracked vehicles capable of crawling out of the water and onto the beach and beyond. Used primarily by the United States Armed Forces in the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan during World War II, later versions were thinly armored, and some were equipped with a light tank turret to provide fire support, making them equivalent to light amphibious tanks. Highly versatile in their use, LVT's landed supplies ashore at Guadalcanal and soldiers ashore at Tarawa, other variations of the LVT were equipped with flamethrowers during the Peleliu Campaign. The LVT was derived from the Alligator, an amphibious vehicle invented by Donald Roebling in 1933 as a rescue vehicle for downed aviators in the Florida Everglades.[166] 1933 Multiplane camera The multiplane camera is a special motion picture camera used in the traditional animation process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past the camera at various speeds and at various distances from one another, creating a three-dimensional effect, although not stereoscopic. Various parts of the artwork layers are left transparent, to allow other layers to be seen behind them. The movements are calculated and photographed frame-by-frame, with the result being an illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork moving at different speeds. The further away from the camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is sometimes referred to as a parallax process. As a former director and animator of Walt Disney Studios, Ub Iwerks in 1933 invented the multiplane camera using four layers of flat artwork before a horizontal camera.[167] 1933 Frequency modulation * In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. While working in the basement laboratory of Columbia's Philosophy Hall, Edwin Armstrong invented wide-band frequency modulation radio in 1933. Rather than varying the amplitude of a radio wave to create sound, Armstrong's method varied the frequency of the wave instead. FM radio broadcasts delivered a much clearer sound, free of static, than the AM radio dominant at the time. Armstrong received a patent on wideband FM on December 26, 1933.[168] 1934 Modern trampoline * A trampoline is a gymnastic and recreational device consisting of a piece of taut, strong fabric stretched over a steel frame using many coiled springs to provide a rebounding force which propels the jumper high into the air. In a trampoline, the fabric is not elastic itself; the elasticity is provided by the springs which connect it to the frame. While the trampoline is an old invention which relied on crude and flawed designs, the modern trampoline was invented by George Nissen and Larry Griswold around 1934.[169] 1935 Richter magnitude scale * The Richter magnitude scale, or local magnitude ML scale, assigns a number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. It is a base-10 logarithmic scale obtained by calculating the logarithm of the combined horizontal amplitude of the largest displacement from zero on a Woodï¿½Anderson torsion seismometer output. Co-invented in 1935 by Charles Richter along with Beno Gutenberg of the California Institute of Technology, the Richter magnitude scale was firstly intended to be used only in a particular study area in California, and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument, the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer.[170] 1935 Franchising * Franchising refers to the methods of practicing and using another person's philosophy of business. In 1935, Howard Deering Johnson teamed up with Reginald Sprague to establish the first modern restaurant franchise and let independent operators use the same name, food, supplies, logo and even building design in exchange for a fee.[171] 1935 Black light * A Black light or UV Light is a lamp emitting electromagnetic radiation that is almost exclusively in the soft ultraviolet range, and emits little visible light. The black light was invented by William H. Byler, in 1935.[172] 1935 Parking meter * A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time. The parking meter was invented by Carl C. Magee of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1935. Magee also holds the patent for a "coin controlled parking meter," filed on May 13, 1935 and issued on May 24, 1938.[173] 1935 Surfboard fin * The surfboard fin, or keel, is the part of the back of a surfboard that enters the water. Similar to a rudder on a boat the surfboard fin works to steer the board and provide stability. The surfboard fin prevents a surfer from uncontrollably spinning in circles while trying to ride a wave. The surfboard fin was invented by Tom Blake in 1935.[174] 1935 pH meter * A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid. In 1935, Arnold Orville Beckman invented the pH meter.[175] 1936 Phillips-head screw * The Phillips-head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers. The Phillips-head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936.[176] 1936 EEG brain topography * EEG topography is a neuroimaging technique in which a large number of EEG electrodes are placed onto the head, following a geometrical array of even-spaced points. Special software in the apparatus' computer plots the activity on a color screen or printer, by coding the amount of activity in several tones of color. The spatial points lying between electrodes are calculated by mathematical techniques of interpolation, and thus a smooth gradation of colors is achieved. EEG brain topography was invented by William Grey Walter, who in 1936, proved that by using a larger number of electrodes pasted to the scalp, each one having a small size, and a triangulation algorithm, it was possible to identify abnormal electrical activity in the brain areas around a tumor, and diminished activity inside it.[177] 1936 Stock car racing The world famous Daytona 500 Stock car racing is a form of automobile racing. Shorter ovals are called short tracks, unpaved short tracks are called dirt tracks, and longer ovals are known as superspeedways. On March 8, 1936, the first stock car race was held on the Daytona Beach Road Course, promoted by local racer Sig Haugdahl.[178] The race was 78 laps long (250 miles) for street-legal family sedans sanctioned by the American Automobile Association (AAA) for cars built in 1935 and 1936. The city posted a $5000 purse with $1700 for the winner. In 1948, stock car racing became a regulated sport when Bill France, Sr. created NASCAR.[179] 1936 Programming languages A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication. The first programming languages predate the modern computer. In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a formal system designed to investigate function definition, function application and recursion. It was invented by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics, but has now emerged as a useful tool in the investigation of problems in computability, recursion theory, and as a fundamental basis and a modern paradigm to computer programming and software languages.[180] 1936 Chair lift * A chair lift is a type of aerial lift, which consists of a continuously circulating steel cable loop strung between two end terminals and usually over intermediate towers, carrying a series of chairs. They are the primary onhill transport at most ski areas, but are also found at amusement parks, various tourist attractions, and increasingly, in urban transport. James Curran, an engineer from the Union Pacific Railroad, invented and built the first chair lift in the world. Known as the Proctor Mountain Ski Lift, it was located in Sun Valley, Idaho.[181] 1937 Photosensitive glass * Photosensitive glass is a clear glass in which microscopic metallic particles can be formed into a picture or image by exposure to short wave radiations such as ultraviolet light. Photosensitive glass was invented in November 1937 by S. Donald Stookey of Corning Glass Works.[182] 1937 Digital computer * A digital computer is a device capable of solving problems by processing information on discrete form. It operates on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols that are expressed in binary form. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, George Stibitz, who is internationally recognized as the father of the modern digital computer, built the world's first relay-based computer which calculated binary addition.[183] 1937 Shopping cart A shopping cart filled with bagged groceries located in a parking lot A shopping cart is a metal or plastic basket on wheels supplied by a shop, especially a supermarket, for use by customers inside the shop for transport of merchandise to the check-out counter during shopping. Often, customers are allowed to leave the carts in the parking lot, and store personnel return the carts to the shop. The first shopping cart was invented by Sylvan Goldman in 1937, owner of the Humpty Dumpty supermarket chain in Oklahoma City.[184] 1937 Polarized sunglasses Polarized sunglasses are protective eyewear which incorporate oscillated lenses shifting the sun's rays in the opposite direction. Polarized sunglasses were invented in 1937 by Edwin Land.[185] 1937 Klystron A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube. Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern particle accelerator. Russell and Sigurd Varian of Stanford University are generally considered to be the inventors. Their prototype was completed in August 1937.[186] 1937 Cyclamate Cyclamate is an artificial sweetener 30ï¿½50 times sweeter than sugar, making it the least potent of the commercially used artificial sweeteners. It was invented in 1937 by graduate student Michael Sveda at the University of Illinois.[187] 1938 Beach ball The beach ball A beach ball is an inflatable ball for beach and water games. Their large size and light weight take little effort to propel; they travel very slowly and generally must be caught with two hands, making them ideal for lazy games and for children. Their lightness and size make them difficult to use in even moderate wind. The beach ball was invented in California by Jonathon DeLonge in 1938.[188] 1938 Fiberglass The technique of heating and drawing glass into fine fibers has been used for millennia. The use of these fibers for textile applications is more recent. The first commercial production of fiberglass was in 1936. In 1938, fiberglass was invented by Russell Games Slayter of Owens-Corning.[189] 1938 Xerography Xerography, which means "dry writing" in Greek, is a process of making copies. Xerography makes copies without using ink. In this process, static electricity charges a lighted plate; a plastic powder is applied to the areas of the page to remain white. The photocopier was invented in 1938 by Chester Floyd Carlson who marketed his revolutionary device to about 20 companies before he could interest any. The Haloid Company, later called the Xerox Corporation, marketed it, and xerography eventually became common and inexpensive.[190] 1938 Nylon * In 1938, a team of researchers working under Wallace H. Carothers at E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company invented a plastic that can be drawn into strong, silk-like fibers. Nylon soon became popular as a fabric for hosiery as well as industrial applications such as cordage.[191] 1938 Teflon * In chemistry, polytetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications. PTFE is most well known by the DuPont brand name Teflon. PTFE was accidentally invented by Roy Plunkett of Kinetic Chemicals in 1938.[192] 1938 Soft serve ice cream Soft serve ice cream in strawberry flavor Not to be confused with regular ice cream of the slow, churned type which was invented in China over two millennia ago,[193] soft serve is a distinctive type of frozen dessert that is similar to, but much softer than, ice cream. In 1938, J.F. "Grandpa" McCullough and his son Alex co-invented soft serve ice cream, devising a new way to serve ice cream in its soft, creamy form that it takes before going into the deep freeze to make it scoopable. After Alex McCullough commissioned Harry Oltz in 1939 to design the first soft serve ice cream machine, similar to ones used for making frozen custard, the Dairy Queen franchise was founded when Sherb Noble opened the first store in 1940.[194] 1939 Yield sign In road transport, a yield sign or give way sign indicates that a vehicle driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed. However, there is no need to stop if his way is clear. A driver who stops has yielded his right of way to another. The yield sign, but not the yield traffic rule itself, was invented in 1939 by Tulsa police officer Clinton Riggs.[195] 1939 VU meter A VU meter is often included in analog circuit, audio equipment to display a signal level in Volume Units. It is intentionally a "slow" measurement, averaging out peaks and troughs of short duration to reflect the perceived loudness of the material. It was originally invented in 1939 by the combined effort of Bell Labs and broadcasters CBS and NBC for measuring and standardizing the levels of telephone lines. The instrument used to measure VU is called the volume indicator (VI) instrument. Most users ignore this and call it a VU meter. 1940 Blood bank A blood bank is a cache or bank for blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donations which are stored and preserved for future uses in blood transfusions. In late 1940, just after earning his doctoral thesis, Charles R. Drew was called upon by physician John Scudder to set up and administer an early prototype program for collecting, testing and distributing blood plasma in the United Kingdom known as "Blood for Britain", the first blood bank.[196] 1940 Fluxgate magnetometer * A fluxgate magnetometer measures the direction and magnitude of magnetic fields. Fluxgate magnetometer sensors are manufactured in several geometries and recently have made significant improvements in noise performance, crossfield tolerance and power utilization. The fluxgate magnetometer was invented by Victor Vacquier in 1940 while working for Gulf Research in Pittsburgh.[197] 1941 Deodorant * Deodorants are substances applied to the body to reduce body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration. Jules Montenier holds a number of patents. Arguably, his January 28, 1941 patent for Astringent Preparation is his most famous which dealt with solving the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride, then and now the best working antiperspirant, by adding a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This innovation found its way into "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[198] 1941 Acrylic fiber * Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer Polyacrylonitrile with an average molecular weight of ~100,000, about 1900 monomer units. To be called acrylic in the United States, the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate. The Dupont Corporation invented the first acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name "Orlon".[199] 1942 Corn dog * The corn dog, pogo, dagwood dog, pluto pup or corny dog is a hot dog coated in cornbread batter and deep fried in hot oil, although some are baked. Almost all corn dogs are served on wooden sticks, though some early versions were stickless. Although a contending topic as numerous claims of the origins of the corn dog have surfaced, the invention of the corn dog is widely, yet not universally accredited to Neil Fletcher who first sold them at the Texas State Fair in 1942.[200] 1942 Ames process * The Ames process is a process to purify uranium ore. It can be achieved by mixing any of the uranium halides with calcium powder or aluminium powder. The Ames process was invented and used on August 3, 1942 by a group of chemists led by Frank Spedding at the Ames Laboratory.[201] 1943 Napalm * Napalm is the name given to any of a number of flammable liquids used in warfare, often jellied gasoline. Napalm is actually the thickener in such liquids, which when mixed with gasoline makes a sticky incendiary gel. Invented in the United States during World War II by a team of Harvard chemists led by Louis Fieser, Napalm's name is a portmanteau of the names of its original ingredients, coprecipitated aluminium salts of naphthenic acid and palmitic acids. These were added to the flammable substance to cause it to gel.[202] 1943 Yerkes spectral classification * The Yerkes spectral classification, also called the MKK system from the authors' initials, is a system of stellar spectral classification invented in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan, Phillip C. Keenan and Edith Kellman from the Yerkes Observatory.[203] 1945 Microwave oven A microwave oven with turn table located inside A microwave oven cooks or heats food by dielectric heating. Cooking food with microwaves was discovered by Percy Spencer on October 8, 1945, while building magnetrons for radar sets at Raytheon. Spencer was working on an active radar set when he noticed a strange sensation, and saw that a peanut candy bar he had in his pocket started to melt. Although he was not the first to notice this phenomenon, as the holder of 120 patents, Spencer was no stranger to discovery and experiment, and realized what was happening. The radar had melted his candy bar with microwaves. The first food to be deliberately cooked with microwaves was popcorn, and the second was an egg.[204] In 1947, Raytheon under Percy Spencer demonstrated the world's first microwave oven built at the company which was called the "Radarange".[205] 1945 Cruise control Cruise control automatically controls the rate of motion of a motor vehicle. The driver sets the speed and the system will take over the throttle of the car to maintain the same speed. Cruise control was invented in 1945 by a blind inventor and mechanical engineer named Ralph Teetor. His idea was born out of the frustration of riding in a car driven by his lawyer, who kept speeding up and slowing down as he talked. The first car with Teetor's system was the Chrysler Imperial in 1958. This system calculated ground speed based on driveshaft rotations and used a solenoid to vary throttle position as needed.[206] [edit] Cold War (1946ï¿½1991) [edit] Post-war and the late Forties (1946ï¿½1949) 1946 Spoonplug * A spoonplug is a form of fishing lure. The spoonplug was invented by Elwood L. "Buck" Perry, then a physics and math teacher in Hickory, North Carolina. Elwood Perry combined science with a logical approach to fishing to create a "total fishing system." He is credited as being the father of structure fishing and was later inducted into the National Freshwater Fishing Hall of Fame.[207] 1946 Cancer chemotherapy * Cancer chemotherapy can be traced directly to the discovery of nitrogen mustard, a chemical warfare agent, as an effective treatment for cancer. Two pharmacologists, Louis S. Goodman and Alfred Gilman were recruited by the United States Department of Defense to investigate potential therapeutic applications of chemical warfare agents. Autopsy observations of people exposed to mustard gas had revealed profound lymphoid and myeloid suppression. Goodman and Gilman reasoned that this agent could be used to treat lymphoma, since lymphoma is a tumor of lymphoid cells. They set up an animal model and established lymphomas in mice and demonstrated they could treat them with mustard agents. In collaboration with a thoracic surgeon, Gustav Linskog, they injected a related agent, mustine into a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They observed a dramatic reduction in the patient's tumor masses. Although this effect lasted only a few weeks, this was the first step to the realization that cancer could be treated by pharmacological agents.[208] 1946 DEET * N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, abbreviated DEET, is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It is intended to be applied to the skin or to clothing, and is primarily used to repel mosquitos. DEET was invented by the United States Army in 1946 following its experience of jungle warfare during World War II.[209] 1946 Proton therapy * Proton therapy utilizes a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer. The first suggestion that energetic protons could be an effective treatment method was made by Robert R. Wilson in a paper published in 1946 while he was involved in the design of the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory (HCL). The first treatments were performed at particle accelerators built for physics research, notably Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in 1954 and at Uppsala in Sweden in 1957.[210] 1946 Cloud seeding * Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds, by dispersing substances into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the microphysical processes within the cloud. The usual intent is to increase precipitation but hail and fog suppression are also widely practiced in airports. The method's use has ranged from increasing precipitation in areas experiencing drought to removing radioactive particles from clouds. Cloud seeding was invented by Vincent Schaefer in 1946.[211] 1947 Transistor A replica of the first working transistor. In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. Because the controlled output power can be much larger than the controlling input power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer, and other electronic systems. From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T Bell Labs, underwent experimentations and finally observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced whereby the output power was larger than the input.[212] The American physicist and 1956 Nobel Prize winner, William Shockley, saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors in order to construct the first point-contact transistor. Shockley is considered by many to be the "father" of the transistor.[14] Hence, in recognition of his work, the transistor is widely, yet not universally acknowledged as the most important invention of the entire 20th century since it forms todayï¿½s building blocks of processors found and used in almost every modern computing and electronics device.[213] 1947 Defibrillator Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the affected heart. Dr. Claude Beck invented the defibrillator in 1947.[214] 1947 Acrylic paint Acrylic paint is fast-drying paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion. The first acrylic paint was invented by Leonard Bocour and Sam Golden in 1947 under the brand Magna paint.[215] 1947 Correction fluid * Correction fluid is an opaque, white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. It was very important when material was typed with a typewriter, but has become less so since the advent of the word processor. Correction fluid was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951 and originally called by the brand name Mistake Out.[216] 1947 Mobile phone The advent of wireless telephone communications A mobile phone, or cell phone, is a long-range, electronic device used for mobile voice or data communication over a network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. Early mobile FM radio telephones were in use for many years, but since the number of radio frequencies were very limited in any area, the number of phone calls were also very limited. To solve this problem, there could be many small areas called cells which share the same frequencies. When users moved from one area to another while calling, the call would have to be switched over automatically without losing the call. In this system, a small number of radio frequencies could accommodate a huge number of calls. The first mobile telephone call was made from a car in St. Louis, Missouri on June 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today. The equipment weighed 80 lbs, and the AT&T service, basically a massive party line, cost $30 per month plus 30 to 40 cents per local call.[217] The basic network of hexagonal cells were devised by Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young at AT&T Bell Labs in 1947. Known as the "father of the cell phone," Martin Cooper invented the first handheld cellular/mobile phone in 1973.[17][218] 1947 Instant camera The instant camera is a type of camera with self-developing film. In 1947, Edwin H. Land invented a new camera that produced photographic images in 60 seconds. A colored photograph model would follow in the 1960s and eventually receive more than 500 patents for Land's innovations in light and plastic technologies.[219] 1947 Supersonic aircraft The Bell X-1 In aerodynamics, the sound barrier usually refers to the point at which an aircraft moves from transonic to supersonic speed. On October 14, 1947, just under a month after the United States Air Force had been created as a separate service, tests culminated in the first manned supersonic flight where the sound barrier was broken, piloted by Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager in the Bell X-1.[220] 1948 Hair spray Hair spray is a beauty aqueous solution that is used to keep hair stiff or in a certain style. Weaker than hair gel, hair wax, or glue, it is sprayed to hold styles for a long period. Using a pump or aerosol spray nozzle, it sprays evenly over the hair. Hair spray was first invented and manufactured in 1948 by Chase Products Company, based in Broadview, Illinois. 1948 Windsurfing Windsurfing in Maui Windsurfing, or sailboarding, is a surface water sport using a windsurf board, also commonly called a sailboard, usually two to five meters long and powered by wind pushing a sail. In 1948, 20 year old Newman Darby first conceived of using a handheld sail and rig mounted on a universal joint, to control a small catamaran. Darby did not file for a patent for his design, however, he is regonized as the inventor of the first sailboard.[221] However, what is clear from the historical record is that windsurfing, as it is known today, owes much if not all to the promotion and marketing activities of Hoyle and Diana Schweitzer. In 1968, they founded the company Windsurfing International in Southern California to manufacture, promote and license a windsurfer design. Together with Jim Drake, an aerospace engineer at the RAND Corporation, they were the holders of the very first windsurfing patent ever, which was granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1970, after being filed in 1968.[222] 1948 Cat litter Cat litter is one of any of a number of materials used in litter boxes to absorb moisture from cat feces and urine, which reduces foul odors such as ammonia and renders them more tolerable within the home. The first commercially available cat litter was Kitty Litter, available in 1948 and invented by Ed Lowe.[223] 1948 Video game * A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. In 1948, ten years before William Higinbotham's Tennis for Two was developed, Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle R. Mann co-patented the ï¿½Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device,ï¿½ making it the earliest documented video game. Primitive by modern standards in video gaming, the amusement device, however, required players to overlay pictures or illustrations of targets such as airplanes in front of the screen, dovetailing the gameï¿½s action.[224] 1948 Cable television * Cable television provides television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television broadcasting. First known as Community Antenna Television or CATV, cable television was born in the mountains of Pennsylvania in 1948 by John Walson and Margaret Walson.[225] 1948 Flying disc * Flying discs are disc-shaped objects thrown and caught for recreation, which are generally plastic and roughly 20 to 25 centimeters (8ï¿½10 inches) in diameter, with a lip. The shape of the disc, an airfoil in cross-section, allows it to fly by generating lift as it moves through the air while rotating. First known as the "Whirlo-Way", the flying disc was invented in 1949 by Walter Frederick Morrison who combined his fascination with invention and his interest in flight. Carved from a solid block of a plastic compound known as "Tenite," Morrison sold his flying disc invention to WHAMï¿½O, which introduced it in 1957 as the "Pluto Platter." In 1958, WHAMï¿½O modified the "Pluto Platter" and introduced the "FRISBIE" flying disc to the world. It became an instant sensation.[226] 1949 Radiocarbon dating * Radiocarbon dating is a dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years. In 1949, Willard F. Libby invented the procedure for carbon-14 dating.[227] 1949 Airsickness bag * An airsickness bag, also known as a barf bag, airsick bag, sick bag, or motion sickness bag, is a small bag commonly provided to passengers onboard airplanes and boats to collect and contain vomit in the event of motion sickness. The airsickness bag was invented by Gilmore Schjeldahl in 1949 for Northwest Orient Airlines.[228] 1949 Ice resurfacer * An ice resurfacer is a truck-like vehicle used to clean and smooth the surface of an ice rink. Frank J. Zamboni of Paramount, California invented the first ice resurfacer, which he called a Zamboni, in 1949.[229] 1949 Modacrylic * A modacrylic is a synthetic copolymer. They are soft, strong, resilient, and dimensionally stable. Commercial production of modacrylic fiber began in 1949 by Union Carbide Corporation in the United States.[230] 1949 Holter monitor * A Holter monitor is a portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart for 24 hours or more. Sticky patches (electrodes) on the chest are connected to wires from the Holter monitor. The functions of a Holter monitor captures and records information such as heart rates during day and night, abnormal heart beats, and normal and abnormal heart rhythms. The Holter monitor was invented by Norman Holter.[231] 1949 Atomic clock * An atomic clock uses an atomic resonance frequency standard as its timekeeping element. The first atomic clock was an ammonia maser device built in 1949 at the United States National Bureau of Standards.[232] 1949 Compiler * A compiler is a computer program or set of programs that transforms source code written in a computerized source language into another computer language often having a binary form known as an object code. The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program. The first compiler written for the A-0 programming language is attributed to its inventor, Grace Hopper in 1949.[233] 1949 Centrifugal clutch * A centrifugal clutch is a clutch that uses centrifugal force to connect two concentric shafts, with the driving shaft nested inside the driven shaft. The input of the clutch is connected to the engine crankshaft while the output may drive a shaft, chain, or belt. As engine RPM increases, weighted arms in the clutch swing outward and force the clutch to engage. The centrifugal clutch was invented in 1949 by Thomas Fogarty when he was 15 years old.[234] [edit] The Fifties (1950ï¿½1959) 1950 Artificial snowmaking A rear view of a snow cannon with its fan showing Snowmaking is the artificial production of snow by forcing water and pressurized air through a "snow gun" or "snow cannon", on ski slopes. Snowmaking is mainly used at ski resorts to supplement natural snow. This allows ski resorts to improve the reliability of their snow cover and to extend their ski seasons. The costly production of snowmaking requires low temperatures. The threshold temperature for snowmaking decreases as humidity decreases. Machine-made snow was first co-invented by three engineersï¿½Art Hunt, Dave Richey and Wayne Pierce of Milford, Connecticut on March 14, 1950. Their patented invention of the first "snow cannon" used a garden hose, a 10-horsepower compressor, and a spray-gun nozzle, which produced about 20 inches of snow.[235] 1950 Credit card A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. The issuer of the card grants a line of credit to the consumer from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user. The concept of paying different merchants using the same card was invented in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank X. McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards.[236] 1950 Leaf blower A leaf blower is a gardening tool that propels air out of a nozzle to move yard debris such as leaves. Leaf blowers are usually powered by two-stroke engine or an electric motor, but four-stroke engines were recently introduced to partially address air pollution concerns. Leaf blowers are typically self contained handheld units, or backpack mounted units with a handheld wand. The leaf blower was invented by Dom Quinto in 1950.[237] 1950 Disposable diaper * A diaper or nappy is an absorbent garment for incontinent people. The disposable diaper was invented in 1950 by Marion Donovan. Her first leak-proof diaper was a plastic-lined cloth diaper. Donovan then developed a disposable diaper. She was unsuccessful at selling her invention to established manufacturers, so she started her own company.[238] 1950 Sengstaken-Blakemore tube * A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is an oro or nasogastric tube used occasionally in the management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to bleeding from esophageal varices which are distended veins in the esophageal wall, usually as a result of cirrhosis. It consists of a gastric balloon, an esophageal balloon, and a gastric suction port. The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube was invented by Dr. Robert W. Sengstaken and Dr. Arthur H. Blakemore in 1950.[239] 1951 Cooler * A cool box, cooler, portable ice chest, chilly bin, or esky most commonly is an insulated box used to keep perishable food or beverages cool. Ice cubes, which are very cold, are most commonly placed in it to make the things inside stay cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as they either contain the melting water inside, or have a gel sealed inside that also stays cold longer than plain water. The cooler was invented in 1951 by Richard C. Laramy of Joliet, Illinois. Laramy filed a patent for the cooler on February 24, 1951 and was issued U.S. patent #2,663,157 on December 22, 1953.[240] 1951 Wetsuit * A wetsuit is a garment, usually made of foamed neoprene, which is worn by divers, windsurfers, canoeists, and others engaged in water sports, providing thermal insulation, abrasion resistance and buoyancy. The insulation properties depend on bubbles of gas enclosed within the material, which reduce its ability to conduct heat. The bubbles also give the wetsuit a low density, providing buoyancy in water. The wetsuit was invented in 1951 by the University of California at Berkeley physicist named Hugh Bradner.[241] 1951 Golf cart * A golf cart or golf buggy is a small vehicle designed originally to carry two golfers and their golf clubs around a golf course. The golf cart was invented by Merle Williams of Long Beach, California in 1951.[242] 1952 Polio vaccine * Vaccination works by priming the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization. The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine recipients and the wider community. In 1952, Dr. Jonas Salk announced his trial vaccine for Polio, or poliomyelitis. Salk's vaccine was composed of "killed" polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without the risk of infecting the patient. In 1954, Salk published his findings in the Journal of the American Medical Association, and nationwide testing was carried out. In 1955, Salk's polio vaccine was made public.[243] 1952 Barcode A UPC-A barcode symbol A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data, which shows certain data on certain products. Originally, barcodes represented data in the widths (lines) and the spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or 1 dimensional barcodes or symbologies. They also come in patterns of squares, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns within images termed 2 dimensional matrix codes or symbologies. Norman Joseph Woodland is best known for inventing the barcode for which he received a patent in October 1952.[244] 1952 Artificial heart An artificial heart is implanted into the body to replace the biological heart. On July 3, 1952, 41-year-old Henry Opitek suffering from shortness of breath made medical history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan. The Dodrill-GMR heart machine, considered to be the first operational mechanical heart was successfully inserted by Dr. Forest Dewey Dodrill into Henry Opitek while performing heart surgery.[245] In 1981, Robert Jarvik implanted the world's first permanent artificial heart,[246] the Jarvik 7, into Dr. Barney Clark. The heart, powered by an external compressor, kept Clark alive for 112 days. The Jarvik heart was not banned for permanent use. Since 1982, more than 350 people have received the Jarvik heart as a bridge to transplantation.[247] 1953 Heart-lung machine * Dr. John Heysham Gibbon performed the first successful cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in which the blood was artificially circulated and oxygenated by using his invention, a pump known as the heart-lung machine. This new medical technology, which allowed the surgeon to operate on a dry and motionless heart by maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body, greatly increased surgical treatment options for heart defects and disease.[248] 1953 Marker pen * A marker pen, marking pen, felt-tip pen, or marker, is a pen which has its own colored ink-source, and usually a tip made of a porous material, such as felt or nylon. Sidney Rosenthal, from Richmond Hill, New York, is credited with inventing the marker in 1953.[249] 1953 Apgar scale * The Apgar scale is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth. The Apgar scale is administered to a newborn at one minute after birth and five minutes after birth. It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color. This test quickly alerts medical personnel that the newborn needs assistance. This simple, easy-to-perform test was invented in 1953 by Dr. Virginia Apgar, a professor of anesthesia at the New York Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center.[250] 1953 Wiffle ball * Wiffleball is a variation of the sport of baseball designed for indoor or outdoor play in confined areas. The game is played using a perforated, light-weight, rubbery plastic ball and a long, plastic and typically a yellow bat. The Wiffle ball was invented by David N. Mullany of Fairfield, Connecticut in 1953 when he designed a ball that curved easily for his 12-year old son. It was named when his son and his friends would refer to a strikeout as a "whiff".[251] 1953 MASER * A maser is produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification due to stimulated emission. Historically the term came from the acronym "Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". Charles H. Townes, J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger built the first maser at Columbia University in 1953.[252] 1953 Carbonless copy paper * Carbonless copy paper is an alternative to carbon paper, used to make a copy of an original, handwritten document without the use of any electronics. Carbonless copy paper was invented by chemists Lowell Schleicher and Barry Green, working for the NCR Corporation, as a biodegradable, stain-free alternative to carbon paper.[253] 1953 Crossed-field amplifier * A crossed-field amplifier (CFA) is a specialized vacuum tube frequently used as a microwave amplifier in very-high-power transmitters. A CFA has lower gain and bandwidth than other microwave amplifier tubes, but it is more efficient and capable of much higher output power. William C. Brown is considered to have invented the first crossed-field amplifier in 1953 which he called an Amplitron.[254] 1954 TV dinner * A TV dinner is a prepackaged, frozen or chilled meal generally in an individual package. It requires little preparation, oven baked or microwaveable, and contains all the elements for a single-serving meal in a tray with compartments for the food. Carl A. Swanson of C.A. Swanson & Sons is generally credited for inventing the TV dinner. Retired Swanson executive Gerry Thomas said he conceived the idea after the company found itself with a huge surplus of frozen turkeys because of poor Thanksgiving sales.[255] 1954 Acoustic suspension loudspeaker * The acoustic suspension woofer is a type of loudspeaker that reduces bass distortion caused by non-linear, stiff mechanical suspensions in conventional loudspeakers. The acoustic suspension loudspeaker was invented in 1954 by Edgar Villchur, and brought to commercial production by Villchur and Henry Kloss with the founding of Acoustic Research in Cambridge Massachusetts.[256] 1954 Automatic sliding doors * Automatic doors are powered open and closed either by power, spring, or by a sensor. Automatic sliding doors are commonly found at entrance and exits of supermarkets, department stores, and airport terminals. In 1954, Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt invented the automatic sliding door.[257] 1954 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation * Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an important life saving first aid skill, practiced throughout the world. It is the only known effective method of keeping someone who has suffered cardiac arrest alive long enough for definitive treatment to be delivered. In 1954, James Elam was the first to demonstrate experimentally that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was a sound technique, and together with Dr. Peter Safar he demonstrated its superiority to previous methods.[258] 1954 Synthetic diamond * Synthetic diamonds are diamonds produced in a technological process as opposed to natural diamonds, which are created in geological processes. Synthetic diamonds are also widely known as HPHT diamonds or CVD diamonds, HPHT and CVD being the production methods, high-pressure high-temperature synthesis and chemical vapor deposition, respectively. Although the concept of producing high quality artificial diamonds is an old one, the reproductable synthesis of diamonds is not. In 1954, Howard Tracy Hall at the GE Research Laboratory invented a belt press in the shape of a doughnut, which confined the sample chamber and two curved, tapered pistons to apply pressure on the chamber in order to produce the first commercially successful and reproducible synthesis of a diamond.[259] 1954 Radar gun * A radar gun or speed gun is a small Doppler radar used to detect the speed of objects. It relies on the Doppler Effect applied to a radar beam to measure the speed of objects at which it is pointed. Radar guns may be hand-held or vehicle-mounted. Bryce K. Brown invented the radar gun in March 1954.[260] 1955 Crosby-Kugler capsule * A Crosby-Kugler capsule is a device used for obtaining biopsies of small bowel mucosa, necessary for the diagnosis of various small bowel diseases. It was invented by Dr. William Holmes Crosby, Jr. in 1955.[261] 1955 Nuclear submarine * The USS Nautilus (SNN 571), the world's first nuclear submarine, revolutionized naval warfare. Conventional submarines need two engines: a diesel engine to travel on the surface and an electric engine to travel submerged, where oxygen for a diesel engine is not available. By relying on nuclear capability, the USS Nautilus could travel uninterrupted for thousands of miles below the surface with a single fuel charge. Beginning in 1951, Admiral Hyman Rickover can be credited for the design of the world's first nuclear submarine who led and oversaw a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission. After sea trials were conducted and testing was completed, the USS Nautilus became fully operational in January 1955.[262] 1955 Hard disk drive * A hard disk drive, or hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces. The hard disk drive was invented by Reynold Johnson and commercially introduced in 1956 with the IBM 305 RAMAC computer.[263] 1956 Kart racing Go-karts on a speedway Kart racing or karting is a variant of an open-wheel motor sport with simple, small four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox karts depending on the design. Karts vary widely in speed and some can reach speeds exceeding 160 mph, while go-karts intended for the general public in amusement parks may be limited to speeds of no more than 15 mph. In the summer of 1956, hot rod veteran Art Ingels built the first go-kart out of old car frame tubing, welding beads, and a lawnmower motor, not realizing that he had invented a new sport and form of auto racing.[264] 1956 Bone marrow transplantation Stem cell transplantation was pioneered using bone-marrow-derived stem cells by a team at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center from the 1950s through the 1970s. The first successful bone marrow transplantation was for a cancer patient and was performed by E. Donnall Thomas in 1956.[265] 1956 Industrial robot An industrial robot is an automatically controlled, re-programmable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes. The first to invent an industrial robot was George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger.[266] 1956 Operating system (batch processing) * An operating system (OS) is software (programs and data) that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services for efficient execution of various application software. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will frequently call the OS or be interupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computerï¿½from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. The GM-NAA I/O, created by Owen Mock and Bob Patrick of General Motors Research Laboratories in early 1956 (or late 1955) for their IBM 701 mainframe computer is generally considered to be the first "batch processing" operating system and possibly the first ï¿½realï¿½ operating system. Rudimentary forms of operating systems existed before batch processing, the Input/Output Control System (IOCS) being one example. However, what specifically differentiated and made the GM-NAA I/O as the first of its kind was that instead of having a human operator manually load each program as what previous systems were only capable of doing, computerized software as used on GM-NAA I/O, thereafter handled the scheduling, management, and multi-tasking of all computer applications.[267] 1956 Fortran * Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, and imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continual use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational physics, and computational chemistry. It is one of the most popular languages in the area of High-performance computing and programs to benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers are written in Fortran. In 1956, John Backus and a team of researchers at IBM invented the Fortran programming language for the IBM 704 mainframe computer.[268] 1956 Videotape * Videotape is a means of recording images and sound onto magnetic tape as opposed to movie film. The first practical professional videotape machines were the Quadruplex machines introduced by Ampex on April 14, 1956. Invented by Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and linear heads for the soundtrack.[269] 1956 Particle storage ring * A storage ring is a type of circular particle accelerator in which a continuous or pulsed particle beam may be kept circulating for a long period of time, up to many hours. Gerard K. O'Neill invented the first particle storage ring in 1956.[270] 1957 Wireless microphone * A wireless microphone, also known as a lavalier microphone, is a small dynamic microphone used for television, theatre, and public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free operation. They are most commonly provided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing. The cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter in a pocket or clipped to a belt for mobile work, or directly to the mixer for stationary applications. The wireless microphone was invented in 1957 and patented in 1964 by the American electronics engineer Raymond A. Litke.[271] 1957 Laser An experiment with a laser A laser is a device that emits electromagnetic radiation through a process called stimulated emission. Laser light is usually spatially coherent, which means that the light either is emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of optical components such as lenses. In 1957, American physicist Gordon Gould first theorized the idea and use of laser technology. Despite a 35 year battle with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Gould is now widely, yet not universally known as the original inventor of laser.[272] However, Gould never developed or produced the first working laser. While working at Hughes Research Laboratories, physicist Theodore H. Maiman created the first laser in 1960. The core of his laser consisted of a man-made ruby, a material that had been judged unsuitable by other scientists who rejected crystal cores in favor of various gases.[273] 1957 Confocal microscopy Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique used to increase micrograph contrast and to reconstruct three-dimensional images by using a spatial pinhole to eliminate out-of-focus light or flare in specimens that are thicker than the focal plane. This technique has gained popularity in the scientific and industrial communities. Typical applications include life sciences and semiconductor inspection. The principle of confocal imaging was invented and patented by Marvin Minsky in 1957.[274] 1957 Air-bubble packing Air-bubble packing, popularly known by the brand name Bubble Wrap Better known by the brand name of Bubble Wrap, air-bubble packing is a pliable transparent plastic material commonly used for the cushioning of fragile, breakable items in order to absorb or minimize shock and vibration. Regularly spaced, the protruding air-filled hemispheres are known as "bubbles" which are 1/4 inch (6 millimeters) in diameter, to as large as an inch (26 millimeters) or more. Air-bubble packing was co-invented by Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes in 1957.[275] 1957 Borazon Borazon, a boron nitride allotrope, is the fourth hardest substance, after aggregated diamond nanorods, ultrahard fullerite, and diamond, and the third hardest artificial material. Borazon is a crystal created by heating equal quantities of boron and nitrogen at temperatures greater than 1800 ï¿½celsius, 3300 ï¿½Fahrenheit at 7 gigapascal 1 millionpound-force per square inch. Borazon was first invented in 1957 by Robert H. Wentorf, Jr., a physical chemist working for the General Electric Company. In 1969, General Electric adopted the name Borazon as its trademark for the crystal.[276] 1957 Gamma camera A gamma camera is a device used to image gamma radiation emitting radioisotopes, a technique known as scintigraphy. The applications of scintigraphy include early drug development and nuclear medical imaging to view and analyse images of the human body of the distribution of medically injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays. The gamma camera was invented by Hal Anger in 1957.[277] 1957 Cryotron * The cryotron is a switch that operates using superconductivity. The cryotron works on the principle that magnetic fields destroy superconductivity. The cryotron was invented by Dudley Allen Buck in 1957.[278] 1958 Lisp programming language * Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today where Fortran is the oldest. It was invented by John McCarthy in 1958.[279] 1958 Carbon fiber * Carbon fiber is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers about 0.005ï¿½0.010 mm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. In 1958, Dr. Roger Bacon invented the first high-performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center, located outside of Cleveland, Ohio.[280] 1958 Integrated circuit The integrated circuit An integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. On September 12, 1958, Jack Kilby developed a piece of germanium with an oscilloscope attached. While pressing a switch, the oscilloscope showed a continuous sine wave, proving that his integrated circuit worked. A patent for a "Solid Circuit made of Germanium", the first integrated circuit, was filed by its inventor, Jack Kilby on February 6, 1959.[281] 1959 Fusor The fusor is an apparatus invented by Philo T. Farnsworth in 1959 to create nuclear fusion. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects "high temperature" ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity. The approach is known as inertial electrostatic confinement.[282] 1959 Weather satellite * A weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2, was launched on February 17, 1959, although the first weather satellite to be considered a success was TIROS-1, launched by NASA on April 1, 1960.[283] 1959 Spandex * Spandex is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity that is typically worn as apparel for exercising and in gymnastics. Spandex is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major non-synthetic competitor. Spandex was invented in 1959 by DuPont chemist Joseph Shivers.[284] [edit] The Sixties (1960ï¿½1969) 1960 Magnetic stripe card * A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called a magstripe, is read by physical contact and swiping past a reading head. Magnetic stripe cards are commonly used in credit cards, identity cards such as a driver's license, and transportation tickets. The magnetic stripe card was invented in 1960 by IBM engineer Forrest Parry, who conceived the idea of incorporating a piece of magnetic tape in order to store secured information and data to a plastic card base.[285] 1960 Global navigation satellite system NASA's Transit seen orbiting the earth, was the first operational GNSS in the world A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provides autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. A GNSS allows small electronic receivers to determine their location such as longitude, latitude, and altitude to within a few meters using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites in outer space. Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments. The first such system was Transit, developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory under the leadership of Richard Kershner. Development of the system for the United States Navy began in 1958, and a prototype satellite,Transit 1A, was launched in September 1959. That satellite failed to reach orbit. A second satellite, Transit 1B, was successfully launched April 13, 1960 by a Thor-Ablestar rocket. The last Transit satellite launch was in August 1988.[285] 1960 Combined oral contraceptive pill The combined oral contraceptive pill, or birth-control pill, or simply "the Pill", is a combination of an estrogen and a progestin taken orally to inhibit normal female fertility. On May 9, 1960, the FDA announced it would approve Enovid 10 mg for contraceptive use. By the time Enovid 10 mg had been in general use for three years, at least a half a million women had used it. Beginning his research and studies in the feasibility of women's fertility in 1950, Dr. Gregory Pincus invented the combined oral contraceptive pill in 1960.[286] 1960 Obsidian hydration dating Obsidian hydration dating is a geochemical method of determining age in either absolute or relative terms of an artifact made of obsidian. Obsidian hydration dating was introduced in 1960 by Irving Friedman and Robert Smith of the United States Geological Survey.[287] 1960 Gas laser A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce light. The first gas laser, the Helium-neon, was invented by William R. Bennett, Don Herriott, and Ali Javan in 1960.[288] 1961 Wearable computer * Wearable computers are computers which can be worn on the body. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require computational support while the user's hands, voice, eyes or attention are actively engaged with the physical environment. The wearable computer was first conceived by American mathematician Edward O. Thorp in 1955 and co-invented with American electronic engineer Claude Shannon.[289] 1961 Frozen carbonated beverage * A frozen carbonated beverage is a mixture of flavored sugar syrup, carbon dioxide, and water that is frozen by a custom machine creating a drink consisting of a fine slush of suspended ice crystals, with very little liquid. In 1961, Omar Knedlik of Coffeyville, Kansas invented the first frozen carbonated drink machine and is thus recognized as the inventor of the frozen carbonated beverage. In 1965, 7-Eleven licensed the machine, and began selling Knedlik's invention by the brand name popularly known as Slurpee.[290] 1961 Biofeedback * Biofeedback is a form of alternative medicine that involves measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, sweat gland activity, and muscle tension, conveying the information to the patient in real-time. This raises the patient's awareness and conscious control of his or her unconscious physiological activities. Neal Miller is generally considered the father of modern-day biofeedback. Miller theorized the basic principles of biofeedback by applying his theory that classical and operant conditioning were both the result of a common learning principle in 1961. Miller hypothesized that any measurable physiological behavior within the human body would respond in some way to voluntary control.[291] 1962 Communications satellite * A communications satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits. For fixed point-to-point services, communications satellites provide a microwave radio relay technology complementary to that of submarine communication cables. Invented in 1962 by the American aerospace engineer John Robinson Pierce, NASA launched Telstar, the world's first active communications satellite, and the first satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications. Its name is still used to this day for a number of television broadcasting satellites.[292] 1962 Light-emitting diode Blue, green, and red LEDs can be combined to produce most perceptible colors, including white. A light-emitting-diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple LED circuit. The effect is a form of electroluminescence where incoherent and narrow-spectrum light is emitted from the p-n junction in a solid state material. The first practical visible-spectrum LED was invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr.[293][294][295] 1962 Electret microphone An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone, which eliminates the need for a power supply by using a permanently-charged material. Electret materials have been known since the 1920s, and were proposed as condenser microphone elements several times, but were considered impractical until the foil electret type was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1962 by Jim West, using a thin metallized Teflon foil. This became the most common type, used in many applications from high-quality recording and lavalier use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones.[296] 1962 Jet injector A jet injector is a type of medical injecting syringe that uses a high-pressure narrow jet of the injection liquid instead of a hypodermic needle to penetrate the epidermis. The jet injector was invented by Aaron Ismach in 1962.[297] 1962 Laser diode * A laser diode is a laser where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to that found in a light-emitting diode. The most common and practical type of laser diode is formed from a p-n junction and powered by injected electric current. These devices are sometimes referred to as injection laser diodes to distinguish them from optically pumped laser diodes, which are more easily manufactured in the laboratory. The laser diode was invented in 1962 by Robert N. Hall.[298] 1962 Glucose meter * A glucose meter is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. The first glucose meter was invented by Leland Clark and Ann Lyons at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital which was first known as a glucose enzyme electrode. The sensor worked by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed by the enzyme.[299] 1963 Computer mouse The first computer mouse In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. The mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User Interface. Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse at the Stanford Research Institute in 1963.[300] 1963 Lung transplantation Lung transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased lungs are partially or totally replaced by lungs which come from a donor. Lung transplantation is the therapeutic measure of last resort for patients with end-stage lung disease who have exhausted all other available treatments without improvement. A variety of conditions may make such surgery necessary. Dr. James Hardy of the University of Mississippi Medical Center performed the first human lung transplant, the left lung, in 1963.[301] 1963 BASIC In computer programming, BASIC is a family of high-level programming languages. The original BASIC was invented in 1963 by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to provide computer access to non-science students. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to be able to do. The language and its variants became widespread on microcomputers in the late 1970s and 1980s.[302] 1963 Balloon catheter * A balloon catheter is a type of "soft" catheter with an inflatable "balloon" at its tip which is used during a catheterization procedure to enlarge a narrow opening or passage within the body. The deflated balloon catheter is positioned, then inflated to perform the necessary procedure, and deflated again in order to be removed. A common use includes angioplasty. In 1963, Dr. Thomas Fogarty invented and patented the balloon catheter.[303] 1963 Geosynchronous satellite * A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite whose orbital track on the Earth repeats regularly over points on the Earth over time. The world's first geosynchronous satellite, the Syncom II which was launched on a Delta rocket at NASA in 1963, was invented by Harold Rosen.[304] 1963 Neutron bomb * A neutron bomb, technically referred to as an enhanced radiation weapon, is a type of tactical nuclear weapon formerly built mainly by the United States specifically to release a large portion of its energy as energetic neutron radiation. Samuel Cohen is credited with the conception of the neutron bomb and its testing was authorized and carried out in 1963 at an underground Nevada test facility.[305] 1964 Plasma display * A plasma display panel is a flat panel display common to large TV displays. Many tiny cells between two panels of glass hold an inert mixture of noble gases. The gas in the cells is electrically turned into a plasma which then excites phosphors to emit light. The monochrome plasma video display was co-invented in 1964 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Donald Bitzer, H. Gene Slottow, and graduate student Robert Willson for the PLATO Computer System.[306] 1964 8-track cartridge * Stereo 8, commonly known as the eight-track cartridge or eight-track, is a magnetic tape sound recording technology. In 1964, William Lear invented the eight-track, which went on to become the most popular musical medium from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s.[307] 1964 Permanent press * A permanent press is a characteristic of fabric that has been chemically processed to resist wrinkles and hold its shape. This treatment has a lasting effect on the fabric, namely in shirts, trousers, and slacks. Permanent press was invented in 1964 by Ruth Rogan Benerito, research leader of the Physical Chemistry Research Group of the Cotton Chemical Reactions Laboratory.[308][309] 1964 Heart transplantation * Heart transplantation or cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor and implant it into the patient. The patient's own heart may either be removed or, less commonly, left in to support the donor heart. It is also possible to take a heart from another speciesor implant or a man-made artificial heart. The first heart transplanted into a human occurred in 1964 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi when a team led by Dr. James Hardy transplanted a chimpanzee heart into a dying patient.[301] 1964 Artificial turf * Artificial turf, or synthetic turf, is a man-made surface made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass. David Chaney, who moved to Raleigh, North Carolina in 1960 and later served as dean of the North Carolina State University College of Textiles, headed the team of RTP researchers who created the famous artificial turf. Artificial turf was co-invented in 1964 by James M. Faria and Robert T. Wright,[310] employees of Monsanto Company. Widely known as Astroturf, it was invented in 1964 by James M. Faria and Robert T. Wright and patented in 1967, originally sold under the name "Chemgrass". 1964 Carbon dioxide laser * The carbon dioxide laser was one of the earliest gas lasers to be developed and is still one of the most useful. The carbon dioxide laser was invented by C. Kumar N. Patel of Bell Labs in 1964.[311] 1964 Liquid crystal display (Dynamic Scattering Mode) * A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. In 1964, George H. Heilmeier invented the dynamic scattering mode found in liquid crystal displays, wherein an electrical charge is applied which rearranges the molecules so that they scatter light.[312] 1964 SQUID * Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices are very sensitive magnetometers used to measure extremely small magnetic fields based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions. The DC SQUID was invented in 1964 by Arnold Silver, Robert Jaklevic, John Lambe, and James Mercereau of Ford Research Labs.[313] 1964 Argon laser * The argon laser is one of a family of ion lasers that use a noble gas as the active medium. The argon laser was invented by William Bridges in 1964.[314] 1965 Automatic adaptive equalizer * An automatic adaptive equalizer corrects distorted signals, greatly improving data performance and speed. All computer modems use equalizers. The automatic adaptive equalizer was invented in 1965 by Bell Laboratories electrical engineer Robert Lucky.[315] 1965 Snowboarding Snowboarders at a ski resort Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a slope that is either partially or fully covered with snow on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding. The development of snowboarding was inspired by skateboarding, surfing and skiing. The first snowboard, the Snurfer, was invented by Sherman Poppen in 1965. Snowboarding became an Winter Olympic Sport in 1998.[316] 1965 Kevlar Kevlar is the registered trademark for a light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. Invented at DuPont in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek, Kevlar was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.[317] 1965 Hypertext Hypertext most often refers to text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand. It is a relatively recent innovation to user interfaces, which overcomes some of the limitations of written text. Rather than remaining static like traditional text, hypertext makes possible a dynamic organization of information through links and connections called hyperlinks. Ted Nelson coined the words "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 and invented the Hypertext Editing System in 1968 at Brown University.[318] 1965 Cordless telephone * A cordless telephone is a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves with a base station connected to a fixed telephone line, usually within a limited range of its base station. The base station is on the subscriber premises, and attaches to the telephone network the same way a corded telephone does. In 1965, an American woman named Teri Pall invented the cordless telephone. Due to difficulties of marketing, Pall never patented her invention. George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio had more success, thus receiving a patent for the cordless telephone in 1969.[319] 1965 Space pen * The Space Pen, also known as the Zero Gravity Pen, is a pen that uses pressurized ink cartridges and is claimed to write in zero gravity, upside down, underwater, over wet and greasy paper, at any angle, and in extreme temperature ranges. The ballpoint is made from tungsten carbide and is precisely fitted in order to avoid leaks. A sliding float separates the ink from the pressurized gas. The thixotropic ink in the hermetically sealed and pressurized reservoir is claimed to write for three times longer than a standard ballpoint pen. In 1965, the space pen was invented and patented by Paul C. Fisher. After two years of testing at NASA, the space pen was fist used during the Apollo 7 mission in 1968.[320] 1965 Minicomputer * A minicomputer is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the largest multi-user systems and the smallest single-user systems. Wesley A. Clark and Charles Molnar co-invented the PDP-8 in 1965, the world's first minicomputer, using integrated circuit technology. Because of its relatively small size and its $18,000 price tag, Digital Equipment only sold several hundred units.[321] 1965 Compact disc The compact disc The Compact Disc, or CD, is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. While working at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, James Russell invented the compact disc,[322][323][324][325][326] later presenting and selling the rights to companies such as Sony and Philips who commercialized the compact disc beginning in 1980. Russell currently holds 22 legal patents relating to his inventions in optical recording and playback as well as the compact disc.[327] 1965 Chemical laser A chemical laser is a laser that obtains its energy from a chemical reaction. Chemical lasers can achieve continuous wave output with power reaching to megawatt levels. They are used in industry for cutting and drilling, and in military as directed-energy weapons. The first chemical laser was co-invented by Jerome V. V. Kasper and George C. Pimentel in 1965.[328] 1966 Dynamic random access memory Dynamic random access memory is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically. Because of this refresh requirement, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to static random access memory and other static memory. In 1966 DRAM was invented by Robert Dennard at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center.[329] 1967 Food bank * A food bank is a non-profit organization which distributes non-perishable goods and perishable food items to non-profit agencies involved in local emergency food programs. The first food bank was St. Mary's Food Bank started in 1967 in Phoenix, Arizona.[330] 1967 Airbag * An airbag is a vehicle safety device. It is an occupant restraint consisting of a flexible envelope designed to inflate rapidly in an automobile collision, to prevent vehicle occupants from striking hard interior objects such as steering wheels. An American inventor, Dr. Allen S. Breed, invented and developed a key component for automotive use in 1967, the ball-in-tube inertial sensor for crash detection. Breed Corporation then marketed this innovation first in 1967 to Chrysler.[331] 1967 Hand-held calculator * Invented by Jack Kilby in 1967,[315][332] the hand-held calculator is a device for performing mathematical calculations, distinguished from a computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive calculation rather than programming. Calculators can be hardware or software, and mechanical or electronic, and are often built into devices such as PDAs or mobile phones. 1968 Lunar Module Apollo Lunar Module The Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the Apollo program by Grumman in order to achieve the transit from cislunar orbit to the surface and back. The module was also known as the LM from the manufacturer designation. Tom Kelly as a project engineer at Grumman, successfully designed and built the first Lunar Module. NASA achieved the first test flight on January 22, 1968 using a Saturn V rocket. Six successful missions carried twelve astronauts, the first being Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the moon surface and safely back home to earth.[333] 1968 Virtual reality Virtual reality (VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a computer-simulated environment. Most current virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special or stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. In 1968, Ivan Sutherland, with the help of his student Bob Sproull, invented what is widely considered to be the first virtual reality and augmented reality (AR) head mounted display (HMD) system.[334] It was primitive both in terms of user interface and realism, and the HMD to be worn by the user was so heavy it had to be suspended from the ceiling, and the graphics comprising the virtual environment were simple wireframe model rooms. In 1989, Jaron Lanier, the founder of VPL Research popularized the concept of virtual reality with his "google n' gloves" system.[335] 1968 Racquetball A typical racquetball racquet and ball Racquetball is a racquet sport played with a hollow rubber ball in an indoor or outdoor court. Joe Sobek is credited with inventing the sport of racquetball in the Greenwich YMCA, though not with naming it. A professional tennis player and handball player, Sobek sought a fast-paced sport that was easy to learn and play. He designed the first strung paddle, devised a set of codified rules, and named his game "paddle rackets."[336] 1968 Crash test dummy A crash test dummy is a full-scale anthropomorphic test device that simulates the dimensions, weight proportions and articulation of the human body, and is usually instrumented to record data about the dynamic behavior of the ATD in simulated vehicle impacts. The first crash test dummy was invented by Samuel W. Alderson in 1968.[337] 1968 Bone marrow transplantation (non-cancer patient) The first physician to perform a successful human bone marrow transplantation for a non-cancer patient was Robert A. Good at the University of Minnesota in 1968.[338] 1969 Laser printer * A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. The laser printer was invented at Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Starkweather, who had an improved printer working by 1971 and incorporated into a fully functional networked printer system by about a year later.[339] 1969 Wide-body aircraft Boeing 747: Queen of the Skies A wide-body aircraft is a large airliner with two passenger aisles, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft. As the world's first wide-body aircraft, the Boeing 747, also referred to as a jumbo jet, revolutionized international travel around the globe by making non-stop and long distance travel accessible for all. Joe Sutter, the chief engineer of the jumbo jet program at The Boeing Company designed the world's first wide-body aircraft, the Boeing 747, with its first test flight on February 9, 1969.[340] 1969 Taser A Taser is an electroshock weapon that uses Electro-Muscular Disruption (EMD) technology to cause neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) and strong muscle contractions through the involuntary stimulation of both the sensory nerves and the motor nerves. The Taser is not dependent on pain compliance, making it highly effective on subjects with high pain tolerance. For this reason it is preferred by law enforcement over traditional stun guns and other electronic control weapons. Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, invented the Taser in 1969.[341] 1969 Bioactive glass * Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramics. The biocompatibility of these glasses has led them to be investigated extensively for use as implant materials in the human body to repair and replace diseased or damaged bone. Bioactive glass was invented in 1969 by Larry Hench and his colleagues at the University of Florida.[342] 1969 Mousepad * A mousepad is a hard surface, square-shaped and rubberized mat for enhancing the usability of a computer mouse. Jack Kelley invented the mousepad in 1969.[343] 1969 Chapman Stick * A polyphonic member of the guitar family, the Chapman Stick is an electric musical instrument used for music recordings to play various parts such as bass, lead, chords, and textures. The Chapman Stick looks like a wide version of the fretboard of an electric guitar, but having 8, 10 or 12 strings. The player will use both hands to sound notes by striking the strings against the fingerboard just behind the appropriate frets for the desired notes. The Chapman Stick was invented in 1969 by American jazz musician Emmett Chapman.[344] [edit] The Seventies (1970ï¿½1979) 1970 Wireless local area network * A wireless local area network is the linking of two or more computers or devices using spread-spectrum or OFDM modulation technology based to enable communication between devices in a limited area. In 1970, the University of Hawaii, under the leadership of Norman Abramson, invented the worldï¿½s first computer communication network using low-cost ham-like radios, named ALOHAnet. The bidirectional star topology of the system included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines.[345] 1970 Optical fiber * An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates. Robert D. Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter C. Schultz, and Frank Zimar, researchers at Corning Glass, co-invented glass fiber so clear that it could transmit pulses of light. GTE and AT&T soon began experimenting in order to transmit sound and image data using fiber optics, which transformed the communications industry.[346] 1971 Personal computer An early personal computer The personal computer (PC) is any computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator. The Kenbak-1 is officially credited by the Computer History Museum to be the world's first personal computer which was invented in 1971 by John Blankenbaker. With a price tag of $750 and after selling only 40 machines, Kenbak Corporation closed its doors in 1973.[347] 1971 Liquid crystal display (TN Field Effect) A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electronically-modulated optical device shaped into a thin, flat panel made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. James Fergason at the Westinghouse Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University co-invented the TN-effect of LCD technology. The Liquid Crystal Institute produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystal elements which twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, the light is polarized to pass through the cell.[348] 1971 Microprocessor The microprocessor The microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit. The first microprocessor was the 4004, co-invented in 1971 by Ted Hoff, Stanley Mazor, and Federico Faggin for a calculator company named Busicom, and produced by Intel.[349] 1971 Floppy disk A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible "floppy" magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. In 1971 while working at IBM, David L. Noble invented the 8-inch floppy disk. Floppy disks in 8-inch, 5ï¿½-inch, and 3ï¿½-inch formats enjoyed many years as a popular and ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange, from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s.[350] 1971 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a classification used for most Western Hemisphere tropical cyclones that exceed the intensities of tropical depressions and tropical storms. The scale divides hurricanes into five categories distinguished by the intensities of their sustained winds. The scale was invented by Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson in 1971.[351] 1971 Fuzzball router * Fuzzball routers were the first modern routers on the Internet. They were DEC LSI-11 computers loaded with router software. First conceptualized by its inventor, David L. Mills, fuzzball routers evolved as a virtual machine supporting the DEC RT-11 operating system and early developmental versions of the TCP/IP protocol and applications suite. Prototype versions of popular Internet tools, including Telnet, FTP, DNS, EGP and SMTP were first implemented and tested on fuzzball routers.[352] 1971 Supercritical airfoil * A supercritical airfoil is an airfoil designed, primarily, to delay the onset of wave drag on aircraft in the transonic speed range. Supercritical airfoils are characterized by their flattened upper surface, highly cambered aft section, and greater leading edge radius as compared to traditional airfoil shapes. The supercritical airfoil was invented and designed by NASA aeronautical engineer Richard Whitcomb in the 1960s. Testing successfully commenced on a United States Navy Vought F-8U fighter through wind tunnel results in 1971.[353] 1971 String trimmer * A string trimmer is a powered handheld device that uses a flexible monofilament line instead of a blade for cutting grass and trimming other plants near objects. It consists of a cutting head at the end of a long shaft with a handle or handles and sometimes a shoulder strap. String trimmers powered by an internal combustion engine have the engine on the opposite end of the shaft from the cutting head while electric string trimmers typically have an electric motor in the cutting head. Used frequently in lawn and garden care, the string trimmer is more popularly known by the brandnames Weedeater or Weedwhacker. The string trimmer was invented in 1971 by George Ballas of Houston, Texas.[354] 1971 E-mail The interface of an e-mail client Electronic mail, often abbreviated to e-mail, is any method of creating, transmitting, or storing primarily text-based human communications with digital communications systems. Ray Tomlinson as a programmer while working on the United States Department of Defense's ARPANET, invented electronic mail and sent the first message on a time-sharing computer in 1971. Tomlinson is also credited for inventing the "@" sign the mainstream of e-mail communications.[355] 1972 C programming language C is a general-purpose computer programming language originally invented in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in order to implement the Unix operating system. Although C was designed for writing architecturally independent system software, it is also widely used for developing application software.[356] 1972 Video game console A video game console is an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device that produces a video display signal which can be used with a display device such as a television to display a video game. A joystick or control pad is often used to simulate and play the video game. It was not until 1972 that Magnavox released the first home video game console, the Magnavox Odyssey, invented by Ralph H. Baer.[357] 1972 PET scanner * A PET scanner is a commonly used medical device which scans the whole human body for detecting diseases such cancer. The PET scanner was invented in 1972 by Edward J. Hoffman and fellow scientist Michael Phelps.[358] 1973 Personal watercraft A derivative of a personal water craft A personal watercraft (PWC) is a recreational watercraft that the rider sits or stands on, rather than inside of, as in a boat. Models have an inboard engine driving a pump jet that has a screw-shaped impeller to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Clayton Jacobson II is credited with inventing the personal watercraft, including both the sit-down and stand-up models in 1973.[359] 1973 E-paper Electronic paper, also called e-paper, is a display technology designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. Electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be changed later. Applications of e-paper technology include e-book readers capable of displaying digital versions of books, magazines and newspapers, electronic pricing labels in retail shops, time tables at bus stations, and electronic billboards. Electronic paper was invented in 1973 by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometres across.[360] 1973 Recombinant DNA * Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands, thereby combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together. The Recombinant DNA technique was engineered by Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1973. They published their findings in a 1974 paper entitled "Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in vitro", which described a technique to isolate and amplify genes or DNA segments and insert them into another cell with precision, creating a transgenic bacterium.[361] 1973 Catalytic converter * A catalytic converter provides an environment for a chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by-products are converted to less-toxic substances. First used on cars in 1975 to lower emission standards, catalytic converters are also used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, and other engine-equipped machines. The catalytic converter was co-invented by John J. Mooney and Carl D. Keith at the Engelhard Corporation, creating the first production catalytic converter in 1973.[362] 1973 Voicemail * Voicemail is the managing of telephone messages from a centralized data storing system. Vociemail is stored on hard disk drives, media generally used by computers in order to store other forms of data. Messages are recorded in digitized natural human voice similar to how music is stored on a compact disc. To retrieve and to playback messages, a user calls the system from any phone, and his or her messages can be retrieved immediately. The first voicemail system, known as the Speech Filing System (SFS), was invented by Stephen J. Boies in 1973. What started as a research project at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, the first working prototype became available to telephone users in 1975.[363] 1974 Heimlich maneuver * Performing abdominal thrusts, better known as the Heimlich Maneuver, involves a rescuer standing behind a patient and using their hands to exert pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm. This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea, hopefully expelling it. This amounts to an artificial cough. Henry Heimlich, as the inventor of his abdominal thrust technique, first published his findings about the maneuver in a June 1974 informal article in Emergency Medicine entitled, "Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary". On June 19, 1974, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported that retired restaurant-owner Isaac Piha used the procedure to rescue choking victim Irene Bogachus in Bellevue, Washington.[364] 1974 Post-it note * The Post-it note is a piece of stationery with a re-adherable strip of adhesive on the back, designed for temporarily attaching notes to documents and to other surfaces such as walls, desks and table-tops, computer displays, and so forth. Post-it notes were co-invented by 3M employees Arthur Fry and Spencer Silver in 1974.[365] 1974 Scanning acoustic microscope * A Scanning Acoustic Microscope (SAM) is a device which uses focused sound to investigate, measure, or image an object. It is commonly used in failure analysis and non-destructive evaluation. The first scanning acoustic microscope was co-invented in 1974 by C. F. Lemons and R. A. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of Stanford University.[366] 1974 Quantum well laser * A quantum well laser is a laser diode in which the active region of the device is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs. The wavelength of the light emitted by a quantum well laser is determined by the width of the active region rather than just the bandgap of the material from which it is constructed. The quantum well laser was invented by Charles H. Henry, a physicist at Bell Labs, in 1974 and was granted a patent for it in 1976.[367] 1974 Universal Product Code * The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a barcode symbology that scans 12-digits numbers along the bar in order to track trade items and to encode information such as pricing to a product on a store's shelf. The Universal Product Code, invented by George Laurer at IBM, was used on a marked item scanned at a retail checkout, Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio, at 8:01 a.m. on June 26, 1974.[368] 1975 Digital camera A typical DSLR camera The digital camera is a camera that takes video or still photographs, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor. Steven Sasson as an engineer at Eastman Kodak invented and built the first digital camera using a CCD image sensor in 1975.[369] 1975 Ethernet The ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). The name comes from the physical concept of the ether. It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the OSI networking model, through means of network access at the Media Access Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format. Robert Metcalfe, while at Xerox invented the ethernet in 1975.[370] 1976 Compact fluorescent lamp A standard compact fluorescent lamp A compact fluorescent lamp is designed to produce the same amount of visible light found in incandescent light, yet CFLs generally use 70% less energy and have a longer rated life. In 1976, Ed Hammer invented the first compact fluorescent lamp, but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube, General Electric did not manufacture or sell the device. Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995.,[371] 1976 Hepatitis B virus vaccine After Baruch Samuel Blumberg identified the Hepatitis B virus in 1964, he later developed a diagnostic test and vaccine for the Hepatitis B virus in 1976.[372] 1976 Gore Tex Gore-Tex is a waterproof, breathable fabric and is made using an emulsion polymerization process with the fluorosurfactant perfluorooctanoic acid. Gore Tex was co-invented by Wilbert L. Gore, Rowena Taylor, and Gore's son, Robert W. Gore for use in space. Robert Gore was granted a patent on April 27, 1976, for a porous form of polytetrafluoroethylene with a micro-structure characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils. Robert Gore, Rowena Taylor, and Samuel Allen were granted a patent on March 18, 1980 for a "waterproof laminate."[373] 1977 Human-powered aircraft A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is an aircraft powered by direct human energy and the force of gravity. The thrust provided by the human may be the only source. However, a hang glider that is partially powered by pilot power is a human-powered aircraft where the flight path can be enhanced more than if the hang glider had not been assisted by human power. Invented by designer Paul MacCready and constructed of mylar, polystyrene, and carbon-fiber rods, the Gossamer Condor was the world's first practical and successful human-powered aircraft, staying in the air for 7.5 uninterrupted minutes. By 1979, a cyclist named Byron Allen used McCready's successive model known as the Gossamer Albatross, and won British industrialist Henry Kremer's prize of $214,000 for crossing the 22-mile English Channel.[374] 1977 Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI), is primarily a medical imaging technique most commonly used in radiology to visualize the structure and function of the body. Although the development of magnetic resonance imaging was first conceived by Paul Lauterbur who later received a Nobel Prize in 2003 for his groundbreaking work,[375] Raymond Vahan Damadian invented and built the first full-body MRI machine and produced the first full magnetic resonance imaging ("MRI") scan of the human body, albeit using a "focused field" technique that differs considerably from modern imaging.[376] 1977 Chemical oxygen iodine laser * A chemical oxygen iodine laser is an infrared chemical laser. The chemical oxygen iodine laser was invented by the United States Air Force's Phillips Laboratory in 1977 for military purposes. Its properties make it useful for industrial processing as well; the beam is focusable and can be transferred by an optical fiber, as its wavelength is not absorbed much by fused silica but is very well absorbed by metals, making it suitable for laser cutting and drilling. COIL is the main weapon laser for the military airborne laser and advanced tactical laser programs.[377] 1978 Bulletin board system * A Bulletin Board System, or BBS, is a computer system running software that allows users to connect and log in to the system using a terminal program. Once logged in, a user can perform functions such as uploading and downloading software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users, either through electronic mail or in public message boards. Many BBSes also offer on-line games, in which users can compete with each other, and BBSes with multiple phone lines often provide chat rooms, allowing users to interact with each other. CBBS, the first Bulletin Board System, was invented by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess in Chicago, becoming fully operational on February 16, 1978.[378] 1978 Spreadsheet * A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns, each cell containing either alphanumeric text or numeric values. Dan Bricklin founded Software Arts, Inc., and began selling VisiCalc in 1978, the first spreadsheet program he invented and available for personal computers.[379] 1979 Inline skates An example of a four-wheeled inline skate Inline skates are a type of roller skate. Inline skates have two, three, four, or five wheels arranged in a single line. Some inline skates, especially those used for recreation, have a "stop" or "brake" which is used to slow down while skating. In 1979, Scott Olson invented inline skates, later receiving a patent for his invention and establishing his company, Rollerblade Inc. in 1983.[380] 1979 Winglets Wingtip devices are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft. Throughout the 1970s, NASA aeronautical engineer Richard Whitcomb began investigating and studying the feasibility of winglets in order to improve overall aerodynamics of aircraft. Whitcombï¿½s invention finally culminated with the first successful test flight of his attached winglets on a KC-135 Stratotanker on July 24, 1979.[381] 1979 Polar fleece Polar fleece, or "fleece", is a soft napped insulating synthetic wool fabric made from polyethylene terephthalate or other synthetic fibers. Found in jackets, hoodies, and casual wear, fleece has some of wool's finest qualities but weighs a fraction of the lightest available woolens. The first form of polar fleece was invented in 1979 by Malden Mills, now Polartec LLC., which was a new, light, and strong pile fabric meant to mimic and in some ways surpass wool.[382] [edit] The Eighties and the early Nineties (1980ï¿½1991) 1981 Control-Alt-Delete * Control-Alt-Delete, often abbreviated as Ctrl-Alt-Del, is a computer keyboard command on PC compatible systems that can be used to reboot a computer, and summon the task manager or operating system. It is invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Thus, it forces a soft reboot, brings up the task manager (on Windows and BeOS) or a jump to ROM monitor. Control-Alt-Delete was invented in 1981 by David Bradley while working at IBM.[383] 1981 Fetal surgery * Fetal surgical techniques using animal models were first developed at the University of California, San Francisco in 1980. In 1981, the first human open fetal surgery in the world was performed at University of California, San Francisco under the direction of Dr. Michael Harrison.[384] 1981 Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope * A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nm, can be observed. It can also be used to observe the fluorescence of a single molecule, making it an important tool of biophysics and quantitative biology. Daniel Axelrod invented the first total internal reflection fluorescence microscope in 1981.[385] 1981 Space shuttle The Space Shuttle: World's most complex machine The Space Shuttle, part of the Space Transportation System (STS), is a spacecraft operated by NASA for orbital human spaceflight missions. It carries payloads to low Earth orbit, provides crew rotation for the International Space Station (ISS), and performs servicing missions. The orbiter can also recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth. In 1981, NASA successfully launched its reusable spacecraft called the Space Shuttle. George Mueller, an American from St. Louis, Missouri is widely credited for jump starting, designing, and overseeing the Space Shuttle program after the demise of the Apollo program in 1972.[386] 1981 Paintball Paintball is a game in which players eliminate opponents by hitting them with pellets containing paint usually shot from a carbon dioxide or compressed-gas, HPA or N20, in a powered paintball gun. The idea of the game was first conceived and co-invented in 1976 by Hayes Noel, Bob Gurnsey, and Charles Gaines. However, the game of paintball was not first played until June 27, 1981.[387] 1981 Graphic User Interface Short for Graphic User Interface, the GUI uses windows, icons, and menus to carry out commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc. and although many GUI Operating Systems are operated by using a mouse, the keyboard can also be used by using keyboard shortcuts or arrow keys. The GUI was co-invented at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay and Douglas Engelbart in 1981.[388] 1983 Internet A plaque commemorating the birth of the Internet at Stanford University Not to be confused with a separate invention known as the World wide web which was invented much later in the early 1990s (see article on the English inventor Tim Berners-Lee), the Internet is the global system of overall interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and other technologies. The concept of packet switching of a network was first explored by Paul Baran in the early 1960s,[389] thus later invented by Leonard Kleinrock.[390] On October 29, 1969, the world's first electronic computer network, the ARPANET, was established between nodes at Leonard Kleinrock's lab at UCLA and Douglas Engelbart's lab at SRI. In addition, both Bob Kahn and Vinton Cerf are known as the "fathers of the Internet" since they co-invented Internet Protocol and TCP in 1973 while working on ARPANET at the United States Department of Defense.[16] The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational on January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet. This date is held as the birth of the Internet. It was then followed by the opening of the network to commercial interests in 1988.[391] 1983 Blind signature In cryptography, a blind signature, as invented by David Chaum in 1983, is a form of digital signature in which the content of a message is disguised before it is signed. The resulting blind signature can be publicly verified against the original, unblinded message in the manner of a regular digital signature. Blind signatures are typically employed in privacy-related protocols where the signer and message author are different parties. Examples include cryptographic election systems and digital cash schemes.[392] 1983 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, also known as Pneumovax, is a vaccine used to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infections such as pneumonia and septicaemia. It was developed by American scientists at Merck & Co. in 1983.[393] 1984 Polymerase chain reaction * The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology. It derives its name from one of its key components, a DNA polymerase used to amplify a piece of DNA by in vitro enzymatic DNA replication. As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is used as a template for replication. The polymerase chain reaction was invented in 1984 by Kary Mullis.[394] 1986 Stereolithography * Stereolithography is a common rapid manufacturing and rapid prototyping technology for producing parts with high accuracy and good surface finish by utilizing a vat of liquid UV-curable photopolymer "resin" and a UV laser to build parts a layer at a time. Stereolithography was invented by Chuck Hull in 1986.[395] 1987 Digital Micromirror Device * The Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) is a silicon chip of up to 2 million hinged microscopic aluminum mirrors all under digital control that tilt thousands of times per second in order to create an image by directing digital pulses through a projection lens and onto a television or movie theatre screen. The Digital Micromirror Device was invented by Dr. Larry Hornbeck while working at Texas Instruments, also holding several patents relating to DMD technology.[396] 1987 Perl * Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was originally invented by Larry Wall, a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA, in 1987, as a general purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Perl is also used for text processing, system administration, web application development, bioinformatics, network programming, applications that require database access, graphics programming etc.[397] 1988 Tilt-and-roll luggage Airline passengers rolling their luggage in an airport terminal Tilt-and-roll luggage or wheeled luggage, is a variant of luggage for travelers which typically contains two-fixed wheels on one end and a telescoping handle on the opposite end for vertical movement. Tilt-and-roll luggage is pulled and thus eliminates a traveler from directly carrying his or her luggage. In 1988, Northwest Airlines pilot Robert Plath invented tilt-and-roll luggage as travelers beforehand had to carry suitcases in their hands, toss garment bags over their shoulders, or strap luggage to on metal carts in airport terminals.[398] 1988 Fused deposition modeling Fused deposition modeling, which is often referred to by its initials FDM, is a type of additive fabrication or technology commonly used within engineering design. FDM works on an "additive" principle by laying down material in layers. Fusion deposition modeling was invented by S. Scott Crump in 1988.[399] 1988 Tcl Tcl, known as "Tool Command Language", is a scripting language most commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. Tcl is used extensively on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprinted versions. Tcl is also used for CGI scripting. Tcl was invented in the spring of 1988 by John Ousterhout while working at the University of California, Berkeley.[400] 1988 Ballistic electron emission microscopy Ballistic electron emission microscopy or BEEM is a technique for studying ballistic electron transport through variety of materials and material interfaces. BEEM is a three terminal scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique that was co-invented in 1988 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena California by L. Douglas Bell and William Kaiser.[401] 1988 Electron beam ion trap * The electron beam ion trap is used in physics to denote an electromagnetic bottle that produces and confines highly charged ions. The electron beam ion trap was co-invented by M. Levine and R. Marrs in 1988.[402] 1988 Nicotine patch * A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. It is usually used as a method to quit smoking. The nicotine patch was invented in 1988 by Murray Jarvik, Jed Rose and Daniel Rose.[403] 1988 Firewall * A firewall is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. At AT&T Bell Labs, William R. Cheswick and Steve Bellovin were continuing their research in packet filtering and co-invented a working model for their own company based upon their original first generation architecture of a firewall.[404] 1988 Resin identification code * The SPI resin identification coding system is a set of symbols placed on plastics to identify the polymer type. The resin identification code was developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) in 1988.[405] 1989 ZIP file format * The ZIP file format is a data compression and file archiver. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed to reduce file size, or stored as-is. The zip file format was originally invented in 1989 by Phil Katz for PKZIP, and evolved from the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson.[406] 1989 Selective laser sintering * Selective laser sintering is an additive rapid manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic, or glass powders into a mass representing a desired 3-dimensional object. The laser selectively fuses powdered material by scanning cross-sections generated from a 3-D digital description of the part on the surface of a powder bed. Selective laser sintering was invented and patented by Dr. Carl Deckard at the University of Texas at Austin in 1989.[407] 1989 Magnetic lock * A magnetic lock is a simple locking device that consists of an electromagnet and armature plate. By attaching the electromagnet to the door frame and the armature plate to the door, a current passing through the electromagnet attracts the armature plate holding the door shut. Receiving a patent on May 2, 1989, the magnetic lock was co-invented by Arthur Geringer, Richard Geringer, and David Geringer.[408] 1990 Optical space telescope The Hubble Space Telescope The space shuttle Discovery deployed the Hubble Space Telescope, the world's first optical space telescope,[409][410][411] approximately 350 miles (560 km) above the Earth. Although initial flaws limited its capabilities, the Hubble Space Telescope has been responsible for numerous discoveries and advances in the understanding of outer space. From 1946 onward, Lyman Spitzer at NASA was the driving force behind the Hubble Space Telescope and overseeing its design and tying in critical research components. Finally, in 1975, NASA began work on the Hubble Space Telescope which was launched in 1990.[412] 1990 Sulfur lamp The sulfur lamp is a highly efficient full-spectrumelectrodeless lighting system whose light is generated by sulfur plasma that has been excited by microwave radiation. The sulfur lamp consists of a golf ball-sized (30 mm) fused-quartz bulb containing several milligrams of sulfur powder and argon gas at the end of a thin glass spindle. The bulb is enclosed in a microwave-resonant wire-mesh cage. The technology was conceived by engineer Michael Ury, physicist Charles Wood and their colleagues in 1990. With support from the United States Department of Energy, it was further developed in 1994 by Fusion Lighting of Rockville, Maryland, a spinoff of the Fusion UV division of Fusion Systems Corporation.[413] 1993 Blogging * A blog is a website that displays the postings by one or more individuals in chronological order. Most blogs use a combination of text and visual elements such as images or video. Blogs have a comment function where readers can post their responses to the content. The first blog was invented in 1993 by Dr. Glen Barry, which began as an environmental platform for his Forest Protection Blog, the longest continuously running blog on the internet.[15][dubious ï¿½ discuss] 1993 Global Positioning System A GPS receiver for civilian use The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. As the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in the world, the Global Positioning System was invented by Ivan Getting and Bradford Parkinson, engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[16] 1994 DNA computing DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. DNA computing, or, more generally, molecular computing, is a fast developing interdisciplinary area. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments and applications of DNA computing. DNA computing is fundamentally similar to parallel computing in that it takes advantage of the many different molecules of DNA to try many different possibilities at once. This field was initially invented by Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California in 1994. Adleman demonstrated a proof-of-concept use of DNA as a form of computation which solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem.[17] 1995 Boseï¿½Einstein condensate A Boseï¿½Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 K, −273.15 ï¿½C, or −459.67 ï¿½F). It was first conceptualized by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924ï¿½25 and was produced in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado at Boulder National Institute of Standards and Technology Laboratory.[18] 1995 Screenless hammer mill * The screenless hammer mill, like regular hammer mills, is used to pound grain. However, rather than a screen, it uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones. The screenless hammer mill uses air flow to separate small particles from larger ones, rather than a screen, and is thus more reliable which results in much more energy efficiency. The screenless hammer mill was invented in 1995 by MIT professor and engineer Amy B. Smith.[19] 1995 Xtracycle * An Xtracycle is a load-carrying bicycle. An Xtracycle may be constructed by modifying an existing bicycle with an extension called a Free Radical or by custom-building an extended-tail bicycle frame. While in the country of Nicaragua on a research grant, an American named Ross Evans began talking with workers, commuters, farmers, and engineers about their transportation needs and carrying large loads up to 200 pounds on their bicycles. Hence in 1995, Ross Evans conceived the idea and built the first Xtracycle. With his friend Kipchoge Spencer, Evans founded Xtracycle International. He graduated from Stanford University and has since introduced the Xtracycle in communities around the world in developing and poor nations such as Ghana, Senegal, and South Africa that rely on cheap and efficient modes of transportation.[20] 1995 Nanoimprint lithography * Nanoimprint lithography is a novel method of fabricating nanometer scale patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by heat or UV light during the imprinting. Adhesion between the resist and the template is controlled to allow proper release. It was invented in 1995 by Princeton University professor Stephen Chou.[21] 1995 Scroll wheel * A scroll wheel, or mouse wheel, is a hard plastic or rubbery disc on a computer mouse that is used for scrolling up or down on a web page. It is perpendicular to the mouse surface and is normally located between the left and right mouse buttons. The scroll wheel was invented by Eric Michelman in 1995.[22] 1995 JavaScript * JavaScript is a scripting language widely used for client-side web development. It was the originating dialect of the ECMAScript standard. It is a dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based language with first-class functions. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to look like Java, but be easier for non-programmers to work with. In 1995, JavaScript was invented by Brendan Eich under the name Mocha, which was later renamed to LiveScript, and finally to JavaScript.[23] 1996 Flash programming * Adobe Flash is a multimedia platform created by Macromedia and currently developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Since its introduction in 1996, Flash has become a popular method for adding animation and interactivity to web pages. The program Flash was invented in 1996 by Jonathan Gay while in college and extended it while working for Silicon Beach Software and its successors.[24] 1996 Low plasticity burnishing * Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is a method of metal improvement that provides deep, stable surface compressive residual stresses with little cold work for improved damage tolerance and metal fatigue life extension. Improved fretting fatigue and stress corrosion performance has been documented, even at elevated temperatures where the compression from other metal improvement processes relaxes. The resulting deep layer of compressive residual stress has also been shown to improve high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) performance. LPB was developed and patented by Lambda Technologies, a small family-owned company from Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1996.[25] 1996 Bait car * A bait car is a vehicle used by a law enforcement agency to capture car thieves. The vehicles are specially modified with features including GPS tracking & hidden cameras that record audio, video, time and date, which can all be remotely monitored by police. A remote-controlled immobilizer is installed in the vehicle that allows police to disable the engine and lock the doors. The concept and technology was invented by Jason Cecchettini in 1996.[26] 1997 Mars rover Sojourner was the world's first Mars rover to successfully reach and explore the Martian surface A Mars rover is a spacecraft which propels itself across the surface of Mars after landing. The world's first successful Mars rover was the Sojourner which was designed by head project engineer Howard Eisen at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. As part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, Sojourner was launched on December 4, 1996 on a Delta II rocket. On July 4, 1997, Sojourner was the first rover to successfully land on the Martian surface and transmit date back to earth.[27] Spirit was the first of NASA's two Mars Exploration Rovers. It landed successfully on Mars at 04:35 Ground UTC on January 4, 2004, three weeks before its twin Opportunity landed on the other side of the planet. The rover has continued to function effectively over nineteen times longer than NASA planners expected, allowing it to perform extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that Spirit had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed "Humphrey". In addition, Spirit photographed the first high resolution colored image on the surface of another planet. Steven W. Squyres is the Goldwin Smith Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University who is credited as the brainchild for the development of NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers.[28] Drawing upon the success of the Mars Exploration Rovers, NASA built and funded the Phoenix Mars Lander in 2007, a robotic spacecraft on a space exploration mission on Mars under the Mars Scout Program. Mission scientists used instruments aboard the Phoenix to search for environments suitable for microbial life on Mars, and to research the history of water there. The 'Phoenix Mars Lander was a partnership of universities, NASA centers, and the aerospace industry. The science instruments and operations were a University of Arizona responsibility. Peter H. Smith of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, as Principal Investigator, along with 24 Co-Investigators, were selected to lead the mission.[29] Following a successful landing, NASA announced on July 31, 2008 that the Phoenix Mars Lander confirmed the presence of water on Mars.[30] 1997 Digital video recorder * A digital video recorder (DVR) or personal video recorder (PVR) is a device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive, USB keydrive, sd memory card or other memory medium within a device. The term includes stand-alone set-top boxes, portable media players (PMP) and recorders and software for personal computers which enables video capture and playback to and from disk. Intending to co-invent a home network device, Jim Barton and Mike Ramsay then evolved their original idea into recording digitized video on a hard disk. As the first to provide an electronic television programming schedule, Barton and Ramsay founded TiVo Inc. which was first incorporated on August 4, 1997 as "Teleworld, INC."[31] 1998 PageRank * PageRank is a link analysis algorithm used by the Google Internet search engine that assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. PageRank was invented at Stanford University by Larry Page as part of a research project about a new kind of search engine. The project started in 1995 and led to a functional prototype, named Google, in 1998. Shortly after, Larry Page founded Google Inc., the company behind the Google search engine.[32] 1998 Virtual globe U.S.G.S. Ortho-Urban Imagery of Huntington Beach, California A virtual globe is a 3D software model or representation of the Earth or another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. In 1998, Microsoft released a popular offline virtual globe in the form of Encarta Virtual Globe 98. The first widely publicized online virtual globe was Google Earth in 2006, a comprehensive mapping of the earth by the superimposition of images obtained from NASA satellite imagery, the Global Positioning System, aerial photography, and the GIS 3D globe.[33] 1999 Torino scale The Torino Scale, invented by Richard P. Binzel in 1999, is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. It was intended as a tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage potentials into a single threat value.[34] 1999 Phase-change incubator	i don't know
Drawing an estimated 235,000 visitors, what is the name of the annual festival of ethnic, folk, and traditional art, crafts, and music that took place at Seattle Center this last weekend?	Tacoma Event and Festival Guide ~ TacomaScene.com June Taste of Tacoma Held in mid-summer, Taste of Tacoma features the city's largest food festival, and is held in Point Defiance Park. Chefs and restaurants from the entire area participate. This event includes over 30 booths, offers goodies ranging from barbecue spareribs and ethnic dishes to heavenly desserts and Washington State wines and beers, plus live music and local artists. This is possibly the ultimate family picnic. June Vancouver International Jazz Festival . In Vancouver B.C. Today, twenty years after its inauguration, the TD Canada Trust Vancouver International Jazz Festival is the largest music festival in British Columbia, winner of numerous awards for Best Festival and praised as one of the leading jazz festivals in the world. Acclaimed for its innovative and adventurous programming, stellar production values, community partnerships, solid fiscal management and extraordinary volunteers (1000+) the Festival brings audiences a state of the art look at the global jazz scene. Over 400 shows (including 130 free concerts) take place during the 10 days of the Festival. By taking the music to concert halls, clubs, parks, community centers, public plazas, and neighborhoods and streets, the Jazz Festival animates the city like at no other time of year. From Water Street in historic Gastown to grand concert halls like the Orpheum and the Commodore; from the picturesque Capilano Suspension Bridge to the huge outdoor stage at David Lam Park, jazz of all styles and stripes, blues, funk, Latin, fusion, electronica and world music resonates in venues big and small across the city. June Freemont Fair . Held in June, the Fremont Fair is located in the funky and friendly Fremont neighborhoodï¿½Seattle, Washington's own "Center of the Universe." Now in its 39th year, Fremont Fair returns to celebrate the Summer Solstice and the best of its community: art, spirit, sharing, celebration and working together to help each other. During Fair weekend, people from all walks of life come together to shop, eat, drink, perform, smile, dance, run, converse, debate, groove and parade. And while Fremont Fair continues to emphasize good times, don't forget about the good work it does by raising awareness and understanding of the needs of low-income people in our community. Presented by Fremont Public Association (FPA), all donations received during this FREE event go directly to fund FPA programs that provide shelter, food, advocacy and care for low-income families and individuals throughout Seattle and King County. YOU CAN HELP! Bring a buck or two to drop in the orange donation boxes at the main festival entrances. It only takes $1 to make a difference! Thousands upon thousands of people come to Fremont to enjoy the sun, great food, music, street performances, wide variety of artisans and imports while supporting the fight against poverty in the community. June Olympic Music Festival . Imagine a turn-of-the-century dairy farm nestled on 55 acres of tranquil farmland on Washington's beautiful Olympic Peninsula...the sounds of exquisite chamber music floating in the air. Inside the beautiful barn, world-renowned musicians clad in blue jeans are enthralling Northwest natives and visitors with outstanding music from the most-beloved classical composers. The Olympic Music Festival has been voted "Best Classical Music Festival" for many years. From late June through early September, performances are held every Saturday and Sunday afternoon at 2pm. Pack a picnic, bring your friends, and spend a day roaming the Festival grounds before the concert. June Shoreline Arts Festival Held annually in June. With continuous entertainment, music and dance, juried art shows for adults and students, a photography show, artists and crafters in action, hands-on art, readings, theatre presentations, a used-book sale, and food there is sure to be something for everyone! One of the goals of the Festival is to provide participatory experiences in all the arts. In addition to dance lessons and hand-on art activities, some exciting new projects are always in the wind. This very successful event will be a great opportunity for the community to celebrate summer through the arts. Plan to be there! This creative, community event will takes place every June at the Shoreline Center, 18560 - 1st Ave. NE in Shoreline. June Northwest Garlic Festival . Held at Ocean Park's Sheldon Park, on the Long Beach peninsula. In the land of clams, crab and oysters what are folks looking forward to in June? Garlic, and plenty of it! Celebrate the passion for this exalted bulb with the faithful throngs who make their annual pilgrimage to the NW Garlic Festival which is held each June in the seaside community of Ocean Park, Washington, located on the Long Beach Peninsula. The Garlic Olympics of Gastronomy is not held for the region's Garlic growing ability. This Festival was born out of love of great, garlic-laden cuisine and fabulous wine to go with (and stand up to) it! More than 80 specialty food and craft vendors offer up this supernatural powered herb, prepared and put to use in every imaginable way including some ways that go beyond. Where else could indulgence be so healthy? Don't miss the succulent garlic oysters or garlic-smothered sausages paired with a garlic jam. For desert, decadent chocolate-covered garlic or some donuts laced with garlic herbs and cheese. Come and enjoy! June Maritime Gig Festival . Held on the first weekend in June in Gig Harbor, it includes the "blessing of the fleet" and includes many favorite activities and events, including the Fun Run, the Kiwanis Pancake Breakfast, the Grand Parade, Regatta, the Round Rock Contest, music and entertainment, food vendors, historic boat displays, arts and crafts, loads of children's activities. In conjunction with Maritime Gig Festival, there is the Gig Harbor Antique and Classic Yacht Festival available with about 450 linear feet of dock space at two locations: City Dock, 300 feet and Tides Tavern 150 feet. Moorage is free, but no water or power at either location. Rafting at City Dock is allowed. Attendants will greet you Friday, June 2nd from 1600 on to help you moor. This promises to be a fun filled weekend with thousands of people in attendance. A sister website for the event weekend is at the Gig Harbor Chamber of Commerce Also scheduled in for your memoriable visit is the Taste of Gig Harbor event: "Sample Our City's Finest Cuisine" gig. +++++ July July ï¿½ August ~ Puyallup Concerts in the Park . This popular series attracts thousands of music lovers every summer from July to August. The noon concert series at Pioneer Park in downtown Puyallup begins July 10th and is geared toward families and children. The Thursday evening concerts in Pioneer Park begin July 12th and runs every Thursday night until August 23rd. The evening concerts are programmed for adults and families. This year, by popular demand, Puyallup Parks and Recreation will be producing an August concert series at Bradley Lake Park on Puyallupï¿½s South Hill. These concerts will be held at 6:30 p.m. July 18, August 1 and August 15. Bring a blanket and a picnic basket and enjoy Puyallupï¿½s Concerts in the Park. The full concert lineup will be announced later this spring, but you may also check cityofpuyallup.org . July Viking Fest . Poulsbo's Viking Fest is a celebration of Norway's Constitution Day of May 17th (in Norwegian -"Syttende mai"), it is also referred to as Norway's national holiday (independence day is incorrect). In Norway, it is a festival of flags and colorful processions, where children have a central part to play as they walk to the music of marching bands. It is a time when you see traditional Norwegian costumes as a very prominent and natural part of the celebrations. The festivities last from the early morning to late at night. Parties with family and friends featuring traditional food and drinks are common. This is the most important day for the children during the summer. July Tacoma Jazz Music Festival . Generation to Generation: Passing on our Traditions. The cultural focus of the Festival brings masters of traditional arts to the Festival to show us what they believe is important to pass on to the next generation. See the Festival Program Guide for a complete list of performances and demonstrations. The purpose of the festival is to create a premier jazz festival that highlights the rich and significant achievements of northwest jazz and blues musicians and their impact on the local and national scene, to enrich and educate young music students, and to bring some of the top local, regional and national talent together in a perfect partnership, venue, and beautiful city for jazz and blues, Tacoma, Washington. July Puget Sound Bead Festival . Held primarily around the second weekend in July, The Puget Sound Bead Festival began in 1996 and has been running ever since. Throughout all those years, the show has had to move venues four times to accommodate an ever-growing list of vendors, class selections and attendance. With a running vendor list exceeding 75 and bead classes exceeding 100, attendance has been swelling each and every year. It is currently the largest national bead show on the west coast. Drawing levels of beaders from all over the country, including Canada and Japan, artists & bead merchants and artisans bring beads from all over the world: beads made from glass, clay, semi-precious stones, silver, wood, and polymer. Beads range from hundreds of years old to contemporary one-of-a-kind glass beads made by local artists. Each year, the show progressively grows and class selections increase, along with the showï¿½s national appeal. All workshops are taught by nationally- known instructors who teach glass bead making, seedbeading, wireworking, contemporary jewelry design and marketing. It is a function of the Puget Sound Bead Festival each year to bring high quality bead merchants and national bead instructors to the Pacific Northwest. Each year the Bead Festival tries to increase the quality of the show by adding features and services to enhance the attendeesï¿½ experience. With well over ten years of driving experience, the Puget Sound Bead Festival is the place to be for any beader who is fashion-driven and craving for high quality materials. Each year, classes are held in all the latest jewelry techniques where attendees are shown how to make fashionable jewelry and where that special beader-craving can be satisfied. Motto number one is to deliver a bead show unlike any other, with the highest quality vendors, classes & show services for the vendor, teachers, students and attendees. No matter how one is involved, attendees are treated like family to create an atmosphere that is inspiring, creative, and fun! For 2010, the Puget Sound Bead Festival is located in the Murano Hotelï¿½s Bicentennial Pavilion at 1320 Broadway in downtown Tacoma. July Tacoma Freedom Fair Air Show and Fireworks Extravaganza . Along the Ruston Way Waterfront, the Tacoma Freedom Fair events cover two miles of the Ruston Way waterfront on the 4th of July. Events include live entertainment performances featuring country, rock, folk, jazz, blues, Latin, folk, and music and dance. Everyone attending this annual extravaganza will find games, rides, kids carnivals, and an open-air market with arts, crafts and an international food court. In addition to that, a log boom for boaters, a classic car show, Dragon Boat races and Metro Parks Family fun zones are available for enjoyment. Of special interest to thousands every year is the Tacoma Air Show, and then capping off the day is the spectacular Grand Finale Fireworks Display. TacomaScene.com invites you to visit our photo album and experience our experiences at Freedom Fair 2001, 2002 and 2003. July Art on the Avenue Annually, in July, Art on the Ave. is held along the 6th Ave. business district in Tacoma, between Trafton St. and Pine St. Each year, the 6th Avenue Merchants Association invites the populous to participate in a celebration of the arts. This high-energy neighborhood festival offers art demonstrations, art vendors, childrenï¿½s activities, several music stages and much, much more. Local artists are always encouraged to participate. Look to see, maybe, about 10,000 folks coming to enjoy this ever-increasing popular event. 2005ï¿½s attendance was around 8,000 individuals and families. Art on the Avenue covers eight blocks of interesting and unique facades. There will be many interesting live performances. All this and numerous arts and crafts activities for the kids and young at heart. Glass, ceramics, woodworking, furniture, forged metal, mixed media, photography, weaving, watercolor and jewelry are just a smattering of the types of art vendors you may find. Do not expect to see any commercially manufactured or mass produced goods. July Tacoma Old Town Blues Festival . Held in the Old Town District, the Tacoma Old Town Blues Festival was founded in 1994 by Ted Brown and is becoming an annual South Sound favorite. An entire day of blues delights can be had during this musical event which highlights well-known local and regional blues acts. The day starts off with a Bluesberry Pancake Breakfast and continues right on into the night with "sounds to simmer your mind." This blues event brings blues lovers from all over and features vibrant music, smiling faces, dancing feet and soul-soothing dynamics ~ all in one activityï¿½packed Saturday! In presenting a full menu of musical delights it provides more than 15 hours of live entertainment performed by some of the best known local and regional blues acts. July Job Carr Days . Looking for some good old fashioned fun, come to Job Carr Days' Pioneer Day Festival that is held on the third Saturday in July in Old Town Park (Tacoma), home of the Job Carr Cabin Museum. This event is a full day celebrating the "birthplace of Tacoma." There will be games for all ages, such as gunnysack races, 3-legged races, watermelon seed spitting, tug of war, and many others. Throughout the day you will be entertained. This is a full day of booths, contests, music and good old fashioned fun for the whole family. July Tacoma Farmers Market -- Annual Dog Days of Summer - [Farmers Market is held each Thursday, from 10 am to 3 pm May 18th - Aug. 31st and 10 am to 2 pm Sep. 7th - Oct. 19th Downtown on Broadway Street, between 9th and 11th] -- The Broadway Street Market has over 80 booths of food, flowers, produce, and more. Restaurant and prepared food booths fill lunchtime shoppers with hot, delicious meals from a world of culinary traditions. Artists and craftspeople display handmade candles, fragrant soaps, sparkling jewelry, and colorful paintings. Our local farmersï¿½ booths overflow with fruits, vegetables, plants, and huge bouquets of the freshest flowers. And thereï¿½s no better place to stock your pantry with artisan breads, tasty jams and jellies, and much more. Perhaps the best part of the Broadway Street Market is the hundreds of people who come there each week ï¿½ to meet friends, listen to live music, or get a quick, delicious bite to eat. The Tacoma Farmers Market has become the seasonal spot where downtown Tacoma comes together. July marks the month that merchants, artists and animal welfare organizations get together. Learn about service animals, spay service, pet sitting, grooming, boutiques, animal artists, and more! And here you can learn about Woofstock, AnimaloCity Pet Parade and other events coming in the summer. Come not only for the Farmer Market experiences, but also come to see how you can help the animals of Pierce County. July Key Peninsula Community Fair . A carnival. A midway. Vendor booths. A cultural and historical center. A food court. An arcade. Rides. Games. Dance areas. Non-stop entertainment. Face painting. 4-H exhibits. Petting zoo. Youth events. That's what's at the Key Peninsula Community Fair, located on the historic Key Peninsula, 10 miles SE of Purdy. This Fair is much more then you would expect from a community fair, while maintaining ole' time charm. Located on 20 acres, the fair is a wonderful family oriented event serving both young and old. There are events featuring an ole' time pie judging contest, historical re-enactment actors, kids workshops, horticulture and animal events as well as three stages of entertainment and a beer garden. July Wooden Boat Festival Held annually in July. The Center for Wooden Boats holds a Fourth of July festival on Lake Union each year that attracts some 10,000 participants. The theme is heritage wooden boats. The ambiance is that of an old-fashioned, down-home waterfront festival where everything is fun, almost everything is free and nothing much is fancy. It's as authentically grassroots American as you can get and has been for over 25 years. If it's at the festival, you can probably touch it, try it or do it. Experience maritime culture first hand. It's a hands-on festival right in the center of the city, in the summer, on a bustling lake. Families come down in droves because everything can be done by young and old together - toy boat building, sailing model boats on the pond, boat rides and races, picnicking, clambering over boats big and small, festive food and music, and general joy. Over the last 25-plus years, the festival has developed into a gem of the Seattle Summer. We hope you'll join us. Try it -- you may like it: Lake Union Wooden Boat Festival and Classic Speedboat Show. Some of the activities you'll find: Lots of exhibits where families and individuals can go for a boat ride or "experience the craft" of boatbuilding and maritime skills; partnering activities with the Antique and Classic Boat Society; more than 40 classic runabouts and speedboats on display; on the water kayak and rowing shell demos, historic longboat rides. July Pacific Lutheran Universityï¿½s annual Jazz Under the Stars professional summer concert series marks its fourteenth year this summer -- 2012. This series is FREE to the public, our gift to our community. The 2012 concert series will focus on the wealth of jazz talent right here in Tacoma, including PLU graduate Sommer Stockinger, Buddy Rich band veteran Tracy Knoop, and saxophonist Bill Ramsay. Bill is going strong in his 80s and has played with the orchestras of Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Bob Florence and others. Starting July 12th, the series runs 6 consecutive Thursdays from 7-9 PM in the outdoor amphitheater of the Mary Baker Russell Music Center on the PLU campus. Bring your lawn chairs and your picnic food. (PLU is a dry campus. Bring the brie, leave the chablis!) The series is sponsored by the PLU music department and KPLU 88.5 FM. Music faculty member Paul Tegels offers an intermission performance on the world-famous Fuchs pipe organ in our beautiful Lagerquist Hall. Complimentary coffee at all events and stargazing after the last three concerts at PLU's Keck Observatory, weather permitting, courtesy of the PLU physics department. July Zoobilee . Zoobilee is an annual black tie fund raiser under the stars that benefits Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium in Tacoma, and is held the third Friday in July. For the last several years, Zoobilee has been a sold-out gala event. It is held on the third Friday in July every year. Since its inception in 1991, it has raised over $2 million in cash and in-kind support for educational and special needs at Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium. Zoobilee funds have been used for new educational graphics, the elephant restraint chute, expansion of the Red Rooster Grill deck, the Jellies: Jewels of the Sea exhibit, the education building offices and classroom space, parking lot and entrance lighting, and general operating expenses at the Zoo. July Zoobilee Encore . Held at Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium in Tacoma, Zoobilee Encore is a casual family festival that is held the third Saturday in July, the day following Zoobilee. Zoobilee Encore was designed for families to enjoy the sights and setting of Zoobilee in an alcohol-free setting and showcasing the entire Zoo. Zoobilee Encore hosts a stage concert appropriate for all ages and includes magicians, mimes, jugglers, a game area featuring kid's karaoke, carnival games and a basketball free-throw contest. It also focuses on education with live animal encounters and informative activity booths. July Sumner Rhubarb Days Friday & Saturday, July 13-14 2012 Sumner is the "Rhubarb Pie Capital of the Worldï¿½. Sumner's hold on that designation is unique and threads deeply through the fabric of Sumner's history. Sumnerï¿½s connection to rhubarb is strong -- Sumner has been growing it for over 100 years and it's still the number two producer in the country. The Sumner Downtown Association sees Rhubarb Days as the logical extension of our Pie Capital theme. It is considered to be Sumnerï¿½s signature event. Rhubarb Days is reflective of Sumnerï¿½s personality: it is family orientated, family friendly and offers something for all age groups and genders. It promotes Sumner as an active community and Main Street as the center of that activity. It is the kind of event Sumner wants to nurture. Families come and stay and play all day. Sumner plans to build on that in all the Rhubarb Days to come. Sumner appreciates how its area community has supported Sumner over the years. Rhubarb Days is its way to "give it backï¿½ to the community. The Sumner Downtown Association knows that "community" does not end at its city limits. Rhubarb Days events and activities are designed to interest everyone, whether they live in the Puyallup Valley, on the Plateau, in Western or Eastern Washington, the Pacific Northwest, the country or the world. These two days are a time to learn more about the history of Sumner and its valley and a chance to add to your knowledge of a unique agricultural product and the area where it is grown. It is also an opportunity to join in a lot of fun and family focused activities, the kind that lift the spirits of communities and the spirits of the individuals that participate whether they come from Sumner, the Valley or from afar. Join in at Sumner Rhubarb Days 2012, Friday and Saturday, July 13th and 14th, Downtown Sumner in Washington State. July Bellingham Music Festival . Also billed as Bellingham Festival of Music by some, is held at various venues during its season. Established in 1993, the Bellingham Festival of Music attempts to provide the area with educational opportunities to experience live music performances at the highest artistic level by nationally and internationally renowned musicians in a concentrated festival format. For over 13 seasons, the Festival has presented 175 concerts. The Festival has been dubbed by Arts & Entertainment Television as the ï¿½Premier Northwest Summer Music Festival." The annual series of concerts consists of classical, chamber, jazz and world music with a resident 40-piece orchestra of musicians from major American and European ensembles. The Festival utilizes various indoor and outdoor venues during the season. Adult education is provided via Prelude talks prior to most concerts and other lectures. An interactive youth education program called ï¿½Beethoven in the Schoolsï¿½ is presented annually in Bellingham and Whatcom County schools and has reached over 12,500 students. Annually, the Festival attracts over 10,000 people to its various activities drawing audiences locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. July Ethnic Fest, also known as Tacoma Ethnic Fair. This is a July festival held at Tacoma's Wright Park and is an annual celebration of diverse cultures. There are exhibits of arts and crafts, food vendors, and several stages featuring performances by many of Tacoma's ethnic groups. Ethnic Fest has celebrated Pierce County's cultural and ethnic diversity since 1986 and attracts tens of thousands of visitors each year. Each year, the festival features the many cultural and ethnic groups that make Tacoma and Pierce County a great place to live. At Ethnic Fest you can enjoy performing and visual arts, crafts, dancing, information and foods representing the many cultures from within Tacoma and Pierce County. July Salmon Bake - Steilacoom . Held on the last Sunday in July from noon-4:00 pm, the Sunnyside Beach Salmon Bake features delectably grilled salmon complemented with clam nectar, fresh fruit pies and live entertainment. This meal is prepared in Washington State's historic Steilacoom, truly a Northwest experience. July Sequim Lavender Festival . Held in Sequim, the Sequim Lavender Festival is a three-day summer celebration of the joys of lavender. This annual Festival includes Farms on Tour, each offering a variety of lavender-centered activities, including, lavender lore, demonstrations, agricultural history, workshops, horticultural programs, food, music and the opportunity to spend time in the fields. The Street Fair features more than 125 craft artists of hand made items and vendors of lavender and other Olympic Peninsula specialties. Also at the Street Fair is fine musical entertainment, great local foods and an Olympic Peninsula wine tasting event. July Seafair Indian Days POW WOW Held in July in Seattle's Daybreak Star Indian Cultural Center in Discovery Park. The United Indians of All Tribes Foundation holds an annual celebration on the grounds of Discovery Park with the Pow Wow averaging 400-600 dancers in full regalia, 30 drum groups and 10,000 spectators who come to celebrate the richness of the Native American culture. In addition to the dancers, more than 60 vendors showcase a wide array of Native American arts and crafts which include jewelry, carvings, intricate beadwork, artwork, tapes, CD's, and T-shirts.There are food concessions and on Saturday and Sunday there is a traditional Salmon Bake. Just some of the activities include traditional singing, dance contests, drum contests, arts & crafts, food booths, salmon bake grand entries. A highlighting event is the crowning of a Seafair Indian Days Pow Wow Princess. July Lake Union Wooden Boat Festival. Held at the Center for Wooden Boats, south Lake Union. Each year, The Center for Wooden Boats holds a Fourth of July festival on Lake Union that attracts some 15,000 participants. The theme is heritage wooden boats. The ambiance is that of an old-fashioned, down-home waterfront festival where everything is fun, almost everything is free and nothing much is fancy. It's as authentically grassroots American as you can get and has been for the last 28 years. If it's at the festival, you can probably touch it, try it or do it. Experience maritime culture first hand. It's a hands-on festival right in the center of the city, in the summer, on a bustling lake. Families come down in droves because everything can be done by young and old together - toy boat building, sailing model boats on the pond, boat rides and races, picnicking, clambering over boats big and small, festive food and music, and general joy. Over the last 28 years, the festival has developed into a gem of the Seattle Summer. Also, each month, all year 'round, The Center for Wooden Boats has many maritime heritage activities, classes and lectures for a person to participate in. July Seafair . Seafair is Seattle's summer community festival. It is a month-long, region-wide barbecue, that brings an entire community together in celebration. For over 50 years Seafair has been about community events, parades, Miss Seafair, the Navy and Coast Guard, amateur athletics, airplanes and of course, boat racing. But most of all, Seafair has been about people and it continues to be. There are more than 5,000 Seafair volunteers, hundreds of thousand of spectators who come out for the parades and hydroplane races, thousands more that participate in the half marathon, torchlight run and triathlon and the youth who participate in the Miss Seafair Scholarship. Itï¿½s about Drill Teams who practice for hours each week to synchronize their movements, hydroplane crews that fine tune helicopter turbine engines to perfection, the Pirates and Clowns that visit hospitals and convalescent centers in the ï¿½off-seasonï¿½ and marching bands that rehearse songs and steps for weeks in preparation of their performances in neighborhoods and through the streets of downtown. Seafair is for everyone. As someone once mentioned, itï¿½s a part of what makes up a ï¿½Quintessential Northwesterner.ï¿½ July West Seattle Hi-Yu Summer Festival . HiYu is a non-profit organization, established in 1934 by West Seattle's service clubs to produce a summer festival to promote the West Seattle Community. The annual HiYu Summer Festival is held throughout the month of July. Dozens of events occur all around West Seattle during this time. The kick-off event is the Seattle Seafair Pirates Landing at Alki Beach, and it finishes at the end of the month with the Miss West Seattle HiYu Scholarship Program and the Seafair Torchlight Parade. Named in 1934 (16 years prior to Seafair), in a community contest, HiYu means "much, plenty, abundance" in native Chinook jargon. It includes a kids fun fair, kids fishing derby, concert in the park, bowling tournament, kiddies parade and a grand parade. July Renton River Days . Each year Renton River Days welcomes almost 50,000 festival-goers to discover Renton's amenities, enjoy lively entertainment, and participate in extraordinary events and has been running for 20 years. Renton has been home to summer celebrations for decades with Renton's first ever summer festival, Frontier Days, held in 1939. Frontier Days catered to the cowboy and Wild West culture that was popular at the time. Renton became a tourist attraction with events like a beard growing contest, parade, cowboy movies at the local theaters, and a competitive Rodeo featuring cowboys from all over the western United States and Canada. By the 1970's Frontier Days was renamed Western Days and was sponsored by Renton Western Wear. The new festival boasted a parade, sidewalk sale and street dance. Other events also took place throughout the summer season, including the Mile Parade and activities at Longacres. After twenty years, Renton River Days has become a fixture in our community, each year bringing together thousands of neighbors and friends for an incredible experience. Just as businesses supported Frontier Days in the '30s, nearly 100 businesses contribute to the success of Renton River Days and continues to be a family friendly event that grows and flourishes. July Scottish Highland Games and Clan Gathering . - King County Fairgrounds - Competitive Highland Dancing, individual Piping and Drumming, Pipe Bands, Scottish Athletic Events, delicious, traditional Scottish Foods -- you will see and experience it all, plus much, much more at the King County Fairgrounds, in Enumclaw. Will you join in for a few hours or the entire weekend? Are you a veteran or a novice? No matter, you will find yourself on the doorstep of experiencing a wee bit of Scotland right here in the Pacific Northwest! Thrill to the bourdon of the bagpipes and the cadence of the drums as you witness first hand the fine array of talented pipers and drummers competing before judges of worldwide renown. Behold the grace and elegance of the Scottish dancers as they regale you with the Highland and National dances of Scotland. Be amazed by the titans who deftly toss the caber and put the stone, matching skill and strength, against the odds on the athletic field of battle. And during your visit, you'll be able to sample a wide variety of traditional Scottish foods. Take a stroll through the Avenue of the Clans and the Glen of the Clans and delve into your Scottish ancestry and heritage. Wind through the Hall of the Vendors and observe the fine workmanship of Scottish artisans, and spend your hard-earned tuppence on lovely imported goods from the British Isles. You and your party will be able to witness a Scottish Farm with shaggy Scotch Highland, Ayrshire and Galloway cattle, Clydesdale horses, and Black Faced sheep. Complete your tour with a visit to the Celtic Kennel as Celtic dog breeds will be featured at work and at play. Plan to attend the Ceilidh - a traditional Scottish party with music, sing-along, stories and Scottish country dancing. It is a weekend full of fun, education and traditional Scottish activities where you can enjoy a wee bit of Scotland right here in the Pacific Northwest! July Chief Seattle Days. Annual pow-wow celebrating the life of the chief for whom Seattle is named with canoe races, art exhibits, and a salmon bake, among other events. Held at the Suquamish Indian Reservation on the Kitsap Peninsula, third weekend in July. "A Northwest Indian Festival," in honor of Chief Seattle. Held on the Celebration Grounds in downtown Suquamish, there is no admission charge and everyone is welcome. Among the festivities is a Salmon bake, Indian Art, Parade, Canoe races, Pow-Wow, Traditional Indian dancing, fireworks display, and a special memorial service to Chief Seattle. Don't miss the Princess Contest, Teen Dance and the multitude of events! Just think: a Miss Chief Seattle Days Pageant, Canoes arriving, Teen Dance, fireworks displays at dusk, a Memorial at Chief Seattle grave site, parade, canoe races, dance demonstrations by dancers from many northwest tribes, Pow Wow competitions, Salmon Bakes, Fun Run and canoe races. July Bite of Seattle . A Seattle mid-summer tradition for the last 23 years, held at the Seattle Center, on the third weekend in July. It is hailed as "The Northwest's Premier Food Festival." Out of the dozens of festivals and special events held at Seattle Center each year, the Bite of Seattle ranks among the most popular. Food is not the only attraction; you'll also be able to enjoy live music, cooking demonstrations, and family-friendly entertainment. Visitors to "The Bite" have the opportunity to indulge in tasty treats of all kinds, including entrees, desserts, fruit drinks, microbrews, and wine. You'll be able to sample a variety of different ethnic foods, including Thai, German, Greek, Filipino, French, Russian, and Hawaiian. Adults can savor an alcoholic beverage at one of the Bite of Seattle's many beer and wine gardens. Beers of the world, Northwest wines, and brand-name cocktails can be enjoyed at designated locations throughout Seattle Center. You can rest your stomach between all those goodies by taking in live music and entertainment at one of Seattle Center's four stages. Rock-n-roll, swing, jazz, and reggae are just a few of the musical stylings that will be offered from noon to closing each day. July Ballard Seafood Fest . This is Ballard, Washington's Annual Seafood Fest. Besides seafood, there is musical entertainment, craft vendors, eating & coverall contests and firemen rescue demonstrations. They even have an official Seafood Fest Song. Each year this festival is held in Historic Downtown Ballard, centered around NW Market St. and is presented by the Ballard Chamber of Commerce. AND DON'T FORGET The Annual Lutefisk Eating Contest. Once a year at two o'clock on Saturday during Ballard Seafood Fest, iron-bellied contestants challenge their physical constitutions and eat with gusto and attempt to consume as much Lutefisk as their appetites can muster. This is classic. Check out participants shoveling gelatinous white-lyed cod down their gullets under hot July sun for a $100 reward! Motivation? It's all about Tradition, Nostalgia, and Fortitude. For the uneducated, Lutefisk is a centuries-old Yuletide delicacy in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Most anyone of Scandinavian descent has fond memories of the steaming hot plate placed so lovingly in front of them on Christmas Eve; mushing up the glob of jellied cod into their mashed potatoes, topping it with good greasy bacon gravy, dolloping some dried green peas on the side and covering the whole concoction with mustard and pepper. A lot of pepper. Check it out. July McCleary Bear Festival . The McCleary Bear Festival Was dreamed up in 1958 by Norman Porter, then editor of the McCleary Stimulator, the home town newspaper. It wasn't that he disliked bears, but he and other residents of this area knew that bears liked to eat the soft cambium layer of the inner bark of young evergreen trees. They especially crave this delicacy when they emerge from hibernation, and to satisfy their hunger they often strip a tree of all its bark, causing it to die, It started with a remark by a friend of Porter's by the name of Roy Craft, then editor of the Skamania County Pioneer in Stevenson, Washington, who claimed that Skamania bears, if properly cooked, were the world's most delicious. Porter countered with the claim that Grays Harbor's bears were the tops. The two agreed to meet head-on in a bear-tasting contest in McCleary. Civic minded McClearians got interested, formed committees and decided to stage something more than just a bear-eating contest. Working with Porter, they created the First Annual Second Growth and Bear Festival. It not only helped to rid the forests of unwanted surplus bears, but also supplied the Festival with bear for the barbecue. In 1966, fifteen bears went into the communal pot. Now selected portions of inspected bear meat is combined with beef to provide the distinctive flavor associated with McCleary Bear Stew. McCleary is a slumbering little lumber town 30 minutes west of the Capitol City, Olympia. Although the Bear Stew is the big attraction to the festival, there is also a kiddies parade, grand parade, royal court ceremony, bands, dances, slow-pitch baseball, and many other events during the run of the festival. July Music In the Park - Olympia A summer-long music festival on Wednesday evenings in Sylvester Park in downtown Olympia, Wash. during July and August. For over 25 years, this event has been organized by the Olympia Downtown Association and offers a range of musical genres -- ranging from traditional and patriotic to rock, soul, funk, hip, campy big band, blues, local talent, new talent, established talent -- and often including the Fort Lewis Army Concert Band. This event will typically draw some 10,000 people during its run. It is not unusual to see families showing up with picnic baskets or with food from one of downtown local restaurants. From toddlers to grandparents, concertgoers mingle with old friends they might not have seen all year and share space on their blankets with new friends. July Redmond Derby Days. Kid's parade, grand parade, live music, Derby Day Criterium, fireworks, and more. The Derby Days Carnival, including games and rides, runs outside the Old Redmond Schoolhouse Community Center. Redmond Derby Days, which has run annually for over 65 years, is a summer tradition that came to life at the end of the Depression. It began as a drive to raise money for downtown holiday decorations and school athletic equipment. The Redmond Bicycle Derby was the outgrowth of a small town's community spirit and is now the nation's oldest bicycle race. The event includes activities for young and old. The Redmond Derby Days is sponsored by the City of Redmond and many community businesses and organizations. It all started in July 1939 when the annual Derby Days bicycle race was inaugurated in Redmond, Washington. Redmond is located in King County and is on the east side of Lake Washington. Bicyclists race the 25-mile route around Lake Sammamish. The criterium is a multi-lap race on a closed course, and laps are typically shorter than one mile. This style of racing has bred a unique athlete, stressing speed and bike handling. July Mercer Island Summer Festival . Mercer Islandï¿½s annual Summer Celebration has run for over fifteen years. A premier community festival for the entire family, Summer Celebration! has become an island tradition and showcases summer at its best, with the idyllic beauty and diversity of Mercer Island. The festival offers a broad spectrum of activities for people of all ages and abilities ï¿½ free admission with a minimal cost for ticketed activities. It is a period packed with fun and excitement that includes a fireworks show, community parade, music, entertainment, arts and crafts, food faire, childrenï¿½s celebration, giant inflatable rides and games, boat rides around the island, teen battle of the bands, classic car gathering. July Chinatown/International District Summer Festival. Authentic international food, arts & crafts, community booths, and cultural entertainment, the Chinatown-International District Summer Festival is known to be the largest Asian-American Streetfair in Washington and offers a variety of Asian-inspired Entertainment including Japanese Drumming, Chinese Martial Arts, Filipino Dancing, Lion and Dragon dances plus live concerts featuring Jazz, New Age and Pop music. You'll find lots of hand-made Arts & Crafts, authentic Asian Cuisine and even a Karaoke Stage for those that feel inspired to showcase their vocal talents. It has taken place each summer since 1975. It has been delighting visitors of all ages with live cultural entertainment, authentic Pan-Asian cuisine, and beautiful Asian-inspired arts & crafts. The two-day event also includes a Children's Corner, Karaoke Idol Contest, car show, Sports Corner, Eco-Village, martial arts demonstrations and much more. July Kla Ha Ya Days Festival The annual Kla Ha Ya Days celebration began back yonder in 1938 and is still being held in downtown Snohomish. A former volunteer for the festival studied the history of the celebration and said Kla Ha Ya Days got its name from the Chinook term meaning "welcome." The celebration was a time for residents to gather and take part in games such as frog jumping, watermelon seed spitting, bed races and the baby crawl. Frog jumping is still a favorite part of the event. Other things going on include arts & crafts, antique shops, live music, silly contests, balloon flow, carnival, farmer's market, a hot-air balloon show, skydivers, circus clowns, fireworks display at dusk, street fair, food booths, games, entertainment and shopping, Salmon Bake, a five-mile river run, a one-mile run-walk, a kid's dash, soapbox grand prix, ice cream eating contest, baby crawl, pie eating contest, street chalk art drawings, drill team competition and classic car show. July Kent Cornucopia Days . Kent's Cornucopia Days celebration has been around for over 35 years and the City of Kent considers it to be the largest family festival in South King County. Events include skateboard and inline skate tournaments, bike race, fun run, and several dozen other things including carnival, street fair, a Miss Cornucopia scholarship pageant, Old Timers King & Queen, "Cornucopia Cup" Soccer Tournament, Cornucopia Days Grand Parade, Dragon Boat Races (apparently now the largest race in the State of Washington). July Mission Folk Music Festival . - British Columbia - Held at Fraser River Heritage Park in Mission, British Columbia you can discover one of B.C.'s musical treasures ï¿½ the Mission Folk Music Festival. Located in the midst of the beautiful Fraser Valley, overlooking the majestic (and muddy) Fraser River, the Mission Folk Music Festival offers great music from all over the world in the intimate, pastoral setting of Fraser River Heritage Park. An eclectic gathering of musicians take to the stage over three days. A variety of food concessions, a coffee kiosk and a licensed bistro are available on site, including Folk Art & Import market kiosks with great local crafts and fascinating, beautiful and sometimes even useful items from around the world. Also available are festival souvenirs and CD sales (featuring Festival artists and many others). This is your chance to find the rare and wonderful. July Fern Hill Annual Classic Car Show & Street Fair . - Tacoma - Beginning to be a long standing neighborhood community event, each year there is the Fern Hill Historic Business District's Annual Street Fair & Car Show. 2005 saw the community hosting its 8th annual event on Yakima Ave. between So. 83rd and 84th Sts. Each year promises to be a great day for fun, a classic car show, live music, children's fun and games and lots of great food. July Gig Harbor Summer Art Festival. Held in downtown Gig Harbor. It doesn't take long for a visitor or new resident to recognize the artsy orientation of the Gig Harbor Peninsula. Galleries and shops are filled with the work of talented local artists and craftspeople. The natural splendor of Gig Harbor has always attracted creative types, especially those working in the visual arts. For nearly a quarter century, Peninsula Art League has brought together many of the artists who live and work in our area. PAL sponsors exhibitions, workshops and classes and many other opportunities for artists to play, paint, learn and exhibit together and celebrate the creative spirit of the area. In 1984, PAL took a leap of faith and created the first Gig Harbor Summer Art Festival. By year two, the size of the festival doubled, and today the event includes over 160 booths. A scholarship fund from revenues was quickly implemented. Our goal of promoting arts education was realized, and it remains the fundamental mission of PAL. Other Art League activities include a variety of classes, a Plein Air Painting Group for the outdoorsy artist, a Portrait and Figure Group for those interested in portraying the human form, and special workshops taught by local and more widely acclaimed instructors. July Port Townsend Jazz Festival by Centrum. Summer jazz festival featuring internationally acclaimed jazz artists. Washingtonï¿½s finest summer jazz festival featuring internationally acclaimed jazz artists. Enjoy a weekend full of jazzï¿½s most electrifying artists performing in a WWI-era balloon hangar and in historic downtown clubs. Listen to participant combos from Centrumï¿½s Port Townsend Jazz Workshop between the afternoon and evening shows. July Ritzville Blues Festival . Held on the second Saturday in July in downtown Ritzville (between Moses Lake and Spokane) from noon to midnight. For over a dozen years, the Ritzville Blues Festival has entertained and mesmerized thousands. It is a one-day event featuring top-caliber regional, national and international blues acts. Over 25 bands play at multiple venues including an outdoor stage located on the streets of Ritzville. The downtown location makes the festival unique for an outdoor event. Festival goers can roam the streets and choose from many different acts playing in different locations. Featuring the entire range of blues - from traditional southern blues, to boogie woogie, and Cajun zydeco - the Ritzville Blues Festival offers something for everyone. The music starts at noon on the outdoor stage and doesn't stop till 2 a.m. in the bars around town. Headline acts play 1ï¿½ hour long sets on the main stage. The regional bands perform at bar/restaurant locations - all located within two blocks of the outdoor stage. Many of these groups will play two sets during the day, giving everyone the chance to see lots of different bands. Besides the bars and local restaurants, numerous food vendors are set up to keep you energized for the long day. Booths at previous festivals have included BBQ Chicken, Pitchfork steaks, Chinese food, Pasta, and Sno Cones. Beer, wine, and liquor are sold at the indoor venues as well as numerous outdoor beer gardens. July Sky High Blues Festival . - Rock Creek, British Columbia. The Sky High Blues Festival had its 14th annual festival in 2011. This great outdoor music event takes place in late July. The entertainment is seasoned and up & coming blues artists, predominantly Canadian and is family oriented. There is a campground with private beach access. Children under 16 are free, half price for students with I.D. and seniors. Concession stand are open all weekend. Great music, great weather and good times. July Methow Music Festival . In the Methow Valley near Winthrop - Chamber Music in the Methow. Its purpose is to present professional performances of, but not limited to, classical music in the barns and meadows of the Methow Valley. The Methow Music Festival is a magical, financially stable, famous and unique classical music series featuring artists of excellence and held in a spectacular setting. This well-endowed program is based in a permanent venue with indoor and outdoor seating. Educational opportunities and master classes complete this broad-based program. Each year goals are set which combine these documents, community feedback, and evaluations. Audience survey cards indicate that as a result of festival workers, the Festival is recognized throughout Washington, Oregon and California as producing quality classical music events in a unique, beautiful, serene, rural environment. In 2003, the Festival collaborated with Cascadia in presenting a concert to introduce young people to classical music. With the guidance and advice of Methow Arts, an organization that brings arts into the schools, underwriting from Cascadia, and a committee representing four nonprofit organizations, this young personï¿½s concert was offered to the community free as part of an expanded Community Day. Since then, the Festival has been emerging strongly into newer stages of growth, including a delightful blend of chamber music, friendship, and gustatory pleasures. Management philosophy is that with innovative programming, varied venues and community partnerships, chamber music festivals can attract and satisfy like no other medium. July King County Fair. Held in Enumclaw at the King County Fairgrounds, it is the Oldest Fair West of the Mississippi. The King County Fair was founded in 1863 - when Abraham Lincoln was president and Washington Territory was 26 years from statehood! It began as a simple celebration of agriculture and originally took place in the Georgetown area south of Seattle. The King County Fair moved to Renton around 1900, and then to Enumclaw after World War II. Included in admission price, is access to all shows, with entertainment scheduled on three different stages. Over a dozen vendors offer an international array of dishes, from Hawaiian fruit skewers to the traditional barbecued beef, turkey legs, corn dogs, ice cream and double dipped chocolate strawberries. More than 43,000 passed through King County Fair gates last year. The King County Fairgrounds feature a number of historic buildings originally constructed for the 1962 Seattle World's Fair +++++ August July ï¿½ August ~ Puyallup Concerts in the Park . This popular series attracts thousands of music lovers every summer from July to August. The noon concert series at Pioneer Park in downtown Puyallup begins July 10th and is geared toward families and children. The Thursday evening concerts in Pioneer Park begin July 12th and runs every Thursday night until August 23rd. The evening concerts are programmed for adults and families. This year, by popular demand, Puyallup Parks and Recreation will be producing an August concert series at Bradley Lake Park on Puyallupï¿½s South Hill. These concerts will be held at 6:30 p.m. July 18, August 1 and August 15. Bring a blanket and a picnic basket and enjoy Puyallupï¿½s Concerts in the Park. The full concert lineup will be announced later this spring, but you may also check cityofpuyallup.org . August South Tacoma Business District Annual Classic Car Show. The South Tacoma Business District merchants each year put on their own version of a summer car show and call it their Classic Car Show. 2010 marked their 14th annual show and takes place on South Tacoma Way between South 54th and 56th Streets. August Lakewood International Festival Lakewood, Washington's International Festival is a multicultural event that is held at the Sheila McGavick Student Center, Clover Park Technical College each year in association with the City of Lakewood's Sister Cities Association. Every year, there are arts and crafts booths, cultural food vendors and live entertainment. Family fun is a core of the festival and is for the benefit of the Lakewood community and surrounding areas. It is an opportunity to view and taste a variety of international foods, sing and dance to ethnic tunes, and to see traditional cultural costumes. Lakewood's international city affiliates are: Okinawa City, Japan; Bauang, Philippines; Danzhou, P. R. of China and Gimhae, South Korea. It is an opportunity for folks to enrich their lives and to participate in forums for community involvement. It is an event that celebrates culture and diversity. August Music and Art in Wright Park Music and Art in Wright Park is a free outdoor festival celebrating the talents of local artists and musicians in our community --- Rock, Rock-n-Roll, Alternative, Pop, Punk, whatever you want to call it, T acoma has a great history in it and a bright future for it. It is an event which relies on the generosity of individuals and local businesses for its continued support. The festival, which started almost two decades ago, has become a cultural institution in our community. As in previous years, it includes local food, art and craft vendors and continuous music throughout the day. Music and Art in Wright Park for 2012 will take place on Saturday afternoon, August 11th. It is a family friendly, free, music and arts event filled with art, crafts, food and a ton of music!! August The Browns Point Salmon Bake is held every other August. 2012 will celebrate its 66th anniversary and will take place from noon to 8 p.m. on Saturday, Aug. 4 and Sunday, Aug. 5 at the Browns Point Improvement Club. Now, according to the Browns Point folks, ï¿½This is Granddaddy of them all!ï¿½ and is the ï¿½best event in the Northwestï¿½ with big salmon dinners. The event is free and includes live music, entertainment, a beer garden and activities for children. Salmon dinners cost $20 for adults, $12 for children and $17 for seniors. Dinner includes corn on the cob, green salad, a roll and beverage, and of course, salmon, which ï¿½ unique to Browns Point ï¿½ is baked on cedar spits over fire pits of green alder wood. Dessert, chowder, hamburgers and shakes will also be available. While there, folks can also visit the neighboring Browns Point Lighthouse Park to tour the 1903 restored Lightkeepers Cottage and museum. The Lighthouse and museum house exhibits featuring the Life and Times of Jerry Meeker as well as hands-on displays of a single-room school house and historic kitchen; a Boat House maritime museum with replica Coast Guard surf boat; and the Pump House where the original lighthouse fog bell is hung and can be rung. August The Festival at Mount Si, formerly known as North Bend Alpine Days . This Festival has changed its name and returns to the Si View Community Center Park, 400 SE Orchard Street in North Bend. The community center allows North Bend to put on a very large festival each year. In the past, over 30,000 people have come to the weekend long summer festival. The Festival at Mount Si , formerly known as North Bend Alpine Days, celebrates North Bend 's community spirit by preserving the past, celebrating the present and embracing the future. The festival hosts an array of exciting weekend events and activities for folks of all ages. People come from all around Puget Sound to enjoy the music and entertainment on two separate stages at Si View Community Center where you can groove to the rhythmic beats of jazz, blues, rock-a-billy, Caribbean and reggae music played by some of the Northwest's finest musicians. Many also come to take part in the Snoqualmie Valley Track Club 5K/i OK Run and 1.5 Mi. Walk that begins Saturday morning before the colorful Grand Parade. The parade features a Grand Marshal in a grand procession with over 100 floats, bands, equestrian riders, drill teams, and more. In addition, the Festival at Mt. Si will have children's rides & games, spectacular fireworks, a beer garden, Skate Jam, Silent Auction and rides on the historic Snoqualmie Valley Train. August Fort Nisqually Brigade Encampment - Point Defiance Park. Reenactment of life in 1855 at the restored Hudson's Bay Company fur trading post in Point Defiance Park with participants in period garb demonstrating blacksmithing to candle making. August The Rainier Roundup - The Rainier Roundup happens on the fourth weekend of August when Blue Grass Bands roll into Wilkowski Park and the city is abuzz with happenings. It is never too early to mark your calendar to make sure you don't miss a great weekend Rainier. Vendors are sponsored by the Rainier Historical Society and are here from Friday through Sunday. Round Up Events will be an informal weekend of Bluegrass pickin' and grinnin' @ Wilkowski Park. Friday night dinner, sponsored by the Rainier Lion's Club where a little pickin and grinnin' may come into play also. Corn is served every evening at the park and the Senior Center Bake sale is found at the Blue Grass gate. Vendors Row opens Friday morning. On Saturday: The Round Up Parade at 11 a.m. There are things to see and do: Vendors Row, the Bluegrass Shows and a Saturday evening street dance. In addition to the ï¿½Bluegrass Pickin Party,ï¿½ the Rainier Roundup is held beginning with the parade down main street starting at 11 a.m. on Saturday. Come early so you can get a good spot for the parade. There will also be a flea market, bakes sales, corn feed, yard sales, and more. For a weekend of camping, suggested donation of $15 per rig. Stay all week, $20. Sunday brings the Gospel Jam and many of the vendors are on vendors row until mid afternoon. August Seattle Chamber Music Festival . The Seattle Chamber Music Society presents a summer festival of music at Lakeside School and an annual Summer Festival at The Overlake School in Redmond. Hear amazing chamber music concerts with pre-concert recitals, Music Under the Stars outdoor broadcasts, an Emerging Artist Concert, and Family Concerts. Established in 1982, the Seattle Chamber Music Society's mission is to foster the appreciation of chamber music in our region by presenting performances featuring world-class musicians in accessible and inviting formats, with an emphasis on developing a broad-based sustainable audience through education and community outreach. For its concerts, Seattle Chamber Music Society brings to the city some of North America's finest young chamber players. August Proctor Summer Arts Festival. The Proctor District in Tacoma was established in Tacomaï¿½s North End nearly 100 years ago. Each year The Proctor District plays host to an annual arts and craft fest in its unique and convenient ï¿½village.ï¿½ 2004 marks the district's 8th annual arts fest. August Whidbey Island Highland Games . Held annually in August. "Come and join us when the traditions of the Highland Games come alive at the Greenbank Farm, located in Greenbank, Washington on beautiful Whidbey Island. The centerpiece of the Games is competitions in four major areas, Highland Piping, Drumming, Dancing, and traditional Scottish Athletics. Bring your family and experience the Scottish music, culture and enjoy the variety of Celtic performances which are scheduled throughout the day on the Main Stage. Trace your ancestry as you stroll amongst the Clan Tents or enjoy browsing throughout the vender shops, which display traditional Scottish clothing, literature, music and much, much more. Thrill to the sound of the bagpipes and the cadence of the drums as you witness first hand the fine array of talented pipers and drummers competing before judges. Behold the grace and elegance of the Scottish dancers as they regale you with the traditional Highland and Nationals dances of Scotland. Be amazed by the titans who deftly toss the caber and put the stone, matching skill and strength against the odds on the athletic field of battle." August BrasilFest Held in August. The rest of the world has nothing over Brazil when it comes to joie de vive. BrasilFest, with its upbeat rhythms, joyful dance, and spicy flavors, takes place at the height of Seattle's summer - escalating the fun, celebratory atmosphere. Brazilian Folklore Day, not typically celebrated outside of Brazil, gives reason for the festival's date, but the usually good weather lends an authentic feel to the mostly outdoor event. Both folk traditions and contemporary arts have expression at the festival, where some of Seattle's most vibrant performers take the stage, along with impressive visiting artists. A focus on a specific region of the vast country gives visitors both a cultural and geographical understanding of the diversity found there. Stay tuned for more information about this year's theme. BrasilFest is produced by ShowBrazil Productions and Seattle Center's Festal. August Tibet Fest Held in August. Ritual and tradition are the heart of Tibet Fest, where the modern and ancient combine in an effort to preserve Tibetï¿½s unique cultural identity. Not only just the country of Tibet, but neighboring Nepal, North India, Ladakh, Bhutan and Mongolia. Performing groups share centuries old stories and legends through lilting melodies and rhythmic movements, wearing symbolic masks and authentic costumes made of rich fabrics and brocade. A Tibetan-style bazaar with traditional handmade items, prayer flags and more, creates a festive atmosphere. Instruments include unique combinations of flutes, horns, drums, bells and cymbals. Tibet Fest is produced by the Tibetan Association of Washington and Seattle Center's Festal. August Omak Stampede . Always the 2nd weekend in August in Omak, Washington, is billed as the wildest ride in Washington State which includes the world famous suicide race. Featured events include a Motor Rodeo, Horse Rodeo and an Indian Encampment. The Omak Motor Rodeo is a mechanical mayhem with a western twist. The night gets an exciting kick start by opening with a full blown demolition derby. Between the rounds of crunching, twisting steel, the night continues to heat up with the lawnmower races. And this ain't your grandpa's old lawnmower either... these are souped up riding lawnmower chassis that resemble ATV's more than lawnmowers that burn up the track in this exciting event. The evening ends with a spectacular fireworks display. The Omak Horse Rodeo is just as wild, but with real life bucking bulls and horses plus all that smelly 'ol hay and straw that goes with 'em. THEN we have the Omak Indian Encampment & Pow Wow. And that little ditty is sponsored by the Colville Confederated Tribes. This annual Indian Encampment and Pow Wow is held at the Omak Stampede Grounds and is a traditional gathering featuring authentic teepee village, dancing, drumming and singing competitions and stick games - a Native American game of chance. The encampment grounds are open to the public throughout the weekend. Stroll on through and enjoy the beauty, grace and sacred traditions of our Native American culture. This is a bit of excitement learning. August San Juan County Fair . Held on San Juan Island, the aim and purpose of the San Juan County Fair is to showcase San Juan County and its diverse skills, talents and accomplishments in Agriculture, 4H and youth activities, arts and crafts, fabric and fiber arts, environmental stewardship, service organizations, local history and industry. The San Juan County Fair offers high quality entertainment, education, great food, good old fashioned fun and neighborly socializing. August Kitsap County Fair & Stampede. Held at the Kitsap County Fairgrounds. The first recorded Kitsap County Fair was held in 1923 in Port Orchard, some 15 miles from its present location. It moved to Bremerton, its present location, in 1958. In 1929 exhibitors at the Fair totaled 1,000; today there are more than 6,000 and annual attendance exceeds 80,000. In 1960, the Chief Kitsap Stampede sold stock certificates for $1 and constructed the Thunderbird Arena. When completed it held 12,000 spectators. In the late ï¿½70ï¿½s portions of the Arena were condemned. The covered grandstands were later added. Today the Arena holds 5,000 spectators and is used year-round for various events such as D-derby, Draft Horse Show, monster trucks and more. The complex has an annual overall attendance at its various events of more than 211,000. August Pierce County Fair . Graham, Washington. For over 60 years, the Pierce County Fair Association has put on an annual fair highlighting rural life, agriculture and good ol' family values. It is situated amongst the firs and green grass of Frontier Park. Each year, wide selections of tasty fair foods are offered up to those so inclined and interested while viewing some of the many free entertainment acts and attractions. The Pierce County Fair is a local link to an agricultural past and a fast paced modern life. Farm related projects are the emphasis of the fair. The 4-H Fair, as it was called then, had drawn youth members from all over the county. When it first began, there were few entrants and there were few categories. For the first three years, the fair was without a permanent home. From Benson Grange, it moved to Woodland School and then to the Fruitland Grange. The 4-H fair gave way to the Pierce County Junior Fair which gave way to the Pierce County Fair. August Thurston County Fair . The Thurston County Fair in Olympia, Washington is a family-oriented, old fashioned, five-day fair. The fair runs Wednesday through Sunday, always on the first weekend in August. Come join us and pet the animals, spin some wool, cruise the carnival, visit the exhibits, get dizzy on the rides, check out the commercial vendors, and feast on the fabulous fair food. And above all, duck in and have fun. Included in fair activity are 4-H contests where members learn how to "make the best better," or in other words, how to improve their projects. Contests and fairs also give members a sense of pride and accomplishment. 4-H'ers receive ribbons and prizes for their efforts. The Thurston County Fair is its showcase event of the year. August Skagit County Fair . Held in Mt. Vernon where there is live entertainment fun for the whole family. Each August people honor the Skagit valleyï¿½s rich agricultural history by attending the Skagit County Fair. Since the first fair in 1898 many venues have come and gone, but always at the heart of this summer tradition was the farm families and the crops and animals they raised. For over a hundred years, the Skagit County Fair has existed. Dozens of displays and exhibits flourish, from honeybee and flower displays to the sheep, goats, dairy cows and horses shown by 4-H and FFA kids, all honoring the agriculture foundation of the Skagit Valley. Savor cotton candy or a ï¿½fairburgerï¿½ while watching the FFA dairy judging. Admire a pig. Check out the new rodeo. Enjoy some live music. Toss a dart at the carnival. As you explore the fair, relish the experience - then come back for more. Main attractions include stage shows, often ranging from country and bluegrass, to steel drum bands and Cajun groups. And for those who enjoy jump-starting their hearts, enjoy the spinning, sliding, whizzing, and lurching rides. There are also games of skill and chance for the opportunity to win your sweetheart a stuffed animal. August Grays Harbor County Fair . Held at Elma where there's Poultry in Motion. Activities include a Creative Kids Exhibit where children ages six through fifteen can exhibit their creativity and skill. It includes art, baking, creative writing, photography, sewing and bird houses/feeders. Additionally, there is quilt block contests and talent shows. The Fairgrounds is 68 acres in size and includes 15 major buildings and barns, 1200 parking spaces and two outdoor stages. August Hempfest . The Seattle Hempfest is billed as "the foremost cannabis policy reform event in the world," and "the world's phattest protestival." Seattle Hempfest 2005 was apparently a smashing success, as thousands of freedom lovers enjoyed the bright summer sunshine along the downtown waterfront. Established first in 1991, Hempfest now spans two of Seattle's downtown gems, Myrtle Edwards and Elliot Bay Parks and lasts for two days in August. Multiple stages, hundreds of vendors, and scores of political organizations come together at Hempfest to make the world's phattest protestival a safe and educational demonstration of people power. Hempfest contends it is a work party with a new permanent theme of education, with a specific additional focus on an individual topic each year. August Oldtime Fiddlers Contest Held in August. For over 10 years, the Oldtime Fiddlers Contest has been held in Winthrop, Washington every August in the beautiful Methow Valley at the Winthrop Park Bandshell. Championship fiddlers and top notch acoustic musicians from all over the Northwest and as far away as Texas, North Carolina, Georgia, Colorado and Canada have competed here. Brad Pinkerton, contest chair, has attended and competed in oldtime fiddle contests since 1970. "We changed some of the standard fiddle contest rules to loosen our contest up and make it more fun for both the fiddlers and the audience. At most Northwest contests the fiddlers have a strict four minute time limit within which the contestant must play three tunes; a hoedown, a waltz, and a tune of choice. Because of the time limit the audience is told not to applaud in between the tunes, just at the end of the round. At our contest there is no time limit for a contestants round and the audience is strongly encouraged to holler their encouragement to the fiddlers during the tunes and to just generally whoop it up! We also allow as many accompanists as the fiddler wants, so the dads and moms can play along with hot-shot accompanists behind their fiddling kids. And we allow cross tuning, so you can hear some of the old archaic tunes. Oldtime fiddling is a living folk art, one of the last. Some of these old tunes are 300 years old and have been passed down from generations. Where else could you see a kid playing a tune in 2005 that his great-grandpa played in 1902? The music is learned by ear, not sheet music. The oldtime fiddling harks back to when music wasn't made by celebrities, but by your uncle and neighbors. At a fiddle contest there are no 'stars' kept separate back stage. You can meet and greet some of the best fiddlers in the world here. It's just a different music scene." In addition to the fun of fiddling, a big draw for the fiddlers is the prize money. This is the best paying dinky contest in the country. All of the prize money is generously donated by local merchants and individuals. Bring your lawn chairs & blankets. Seating will be available for seniors under a shade tent. Divisions break down like this: Pee-Wee (age 11 & under): Senior (age 60 & over): Junior (12 to 17): Open: Championship: Accompanist division: Miscellaneous acoustic division (open to banjo, mandolin, acoustic guitar, bass, accordion, tuba, banjo sexto, etc.) If 'yer into fidlin' this is for you! This is definitely classic. August Seattle Tibet-Fest. Northwest Tibetans will gather to celebrate and display Tibetan culture, art, handicrafts, music, and traditional food for the general public. The spectacular music and dance of Tibet are the star attractions at this colorful two-day festival at the Seattle Center. Featuring arts, crafts, literature, lectures and plenty of food, TibetFest is a cultural feast of entertainment from the Land of the Snows that is guaranteed to dazzle all visitors. Members of the esteemed Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts from Dharamsala in India join local dance troupe Nyenchen Thangla to present traditional folk music and dances of Tibet. Dressed in stunning silks and brocades of many colors and dripping in silver and turquoise jewels, the dancers wow audiences with tales of nomads and farmers and dances of gypsies, stags and yaks. TibetFest has been running since 1985 and is brought to Seattle by the close-knit community of Tibetan refugees who live in the area, through a local organization called the Tibetan Association of Washington. August Makah Days . The grand parade, street fair, canoe races, traditional "slahal" games, singing , feasting, bone games, salmon bake, traditional dancing and a spectacular fireworks show are all part of Makah Days. This celebration is held every year towards the end of August at the Makah Indian Reservation, Neah Bay. August Anacortes Arts Festival . In downtown Anacortes, the Anacortes Arts Festival's mission is to promote the arts in the community, reflect a desire to expand the support of the arts and to continue to promote a high quality yearly festival with a commitment to produce an outstanding fine art show. For over 40 years, the Festival is one of the oldest and largest in the Northwest. Since the early 60ï¿½s the Festival has been building a Permanent Collection, which includes pieces from many Northwest artists. The Anacortes Arts and Crafts Festival got its start in 1962 from the Parisienne Montmartre - a French open-air cafe. With the support of the Anacortes Chamber of Commerce, the first festival in July of 1962 was billed as ï¿½the longest art display in the worldï¿½. In the 45 years since that simple beginning, the Festival has grown into one of the largest and most respected Festivals in the northwest. August Washington State International Kite Festival . The Washington State International Kite Festival has been held in Long Beach for more than two decades and is held during the 3rd full week of August each year. This event has been voted Best Kite Festival in the World. Its a place where you can come and join in the fun during a colorful, friendly fun- filled week. Festivities start out with Kite Trains, Arches and Multi-line stacks and join the "engineers" for some fun. It includes a workshop for adults and children with special needs. Then comes Tubular Tuesday, followed by Red, White and Blue Day honoring our flag. On Thursday, there is Handcrafted Kite Day, which is a popular event for all with a variety of categories and three levels of competition. On Friday, there are Demos, Hot Tricks, Junior Dual Line Competition and Mass Ascensions. The night skies are lighted with the Night Fly and fireworks. Starting Saturday off are Fighter Kites, Rokkaku babbles and the cody Kite Fly. Then there are more mass Ascensions, the Pin Challenge and Showtime. Saturday evening brings the Kite Museum Auction / Festival / Awards and Fireworks on the beach. Sunday wraps things up with a Family Fun Fly. August Seattle Music Fest. Seattle Music Fest at Alki Beach is billed as Seattle's premiere summer event showcasing emerging Northwest bands and select national acts. It is a free, all-ages, three-day music festival with a beautiful waterfront stage at Alki Beach in West Seattle. Three days of amazing music at one of the most beautiful beaches around. New music, new things to do, new foods to try, and an atmosphere like no other event. SMF is unique among NW festivals. ï¿½ It focuses on the music. ï¿½ It showcases extraordinary, emerging artists as well as featured headliners, giving some of the most carefully scouted bands an opportunity for us all to get to know them. ï¿½ It's hip, but never hipper-than-thou. All the cool music with a very welcoming environment.ï¿½ It's truly all-ages. The beautiful surroundings and open tradition make this a show for families. Tattooed and pierced 19-year-olds stand next to retired folks. ï¿½ It's a menu of good music. If you'd like to go out more to see live music but have no idea who those bands are, here's your chance to see dozens of bands in three days and pick your favorites. ï¿½ It's low-cost for those who need it. SMF is free with a small, suggested donation. Those who can't afford other concerts can attend here. Three Short Days to Discover Great Music. August Arts in Nature Festival . During August, experience jazz, folk, classical, and other music; dance and theatre; visual arts; and kids' activities held by the Nature Consortium at Camp Long in West Seattle. Arts~in~Nature Festival is a 2-day celebration exploring themes of nature through the creative arts. There is music, dance, theatre, an outdoor museum of sound, kids & family activities, food & drink and a whole lot more where creative artists of all genres "come out to play in the woods" during this funky annual celebration. From dancers scaling a glacier to an outdoor museum of sound, this festival will showcase an impressive number of locally renowned performing artists, sound artists and ensembles. This multidisciplinary event is nestled in the forested arms of Camp Long in West Seattle. Eight rustic cabins will house the "museum of sound" where artists will take up residency for the weekend, creating interactive sound and visual installations. Wandering musicians, characters and dancers will also infiltrate the forested landscape between the cabins. The festival will have 4 performance venues: in the Lodge, in a forested grove by the Pond, on the climbing "Glacier," and at the creative sound stage by the fire circle. There will be a wide array of eclectic and traditional offerings from experimental & improvised to classical, Javanese, traditional Latin American and indie/brit-pop. The event includes a 2-hour Kite Festival on Saturday and a Laughter Circle on Sunday. There will be hands-on interactive EcoArt workshops in the Family/Kids area and String Figure Art in the Woods by the West Shelter. In addition, there will be healthy, delicious food & drink. With a serious commitment to conservation, all festival marketing materials are printed on tree-free paper made from the kenaf plant. August Olalla Bluegrass Festival . Held in Olalla (on the Kitsap Peninsula, north of Gig Harbor and south of Port Orchard) here's an opportunity to "kick the city off your shoes" during mid-August of each year. Here you can experience old time fiddlers, hand-crafted arts and crafts, good country food, a kid's parade and a berry pie contest. Plus old-time craft demonstrations. "Olalla" means "land of many berries." What tastier way to celebrate roots than with a homemade berry pie. For those so interested, your best berry pie can be declared the tastiest in all the land. Olalla may be a small place, but it has a big appetite for good berry pie. If you think that you can tip the M-m-m-m Scale, give the Olalla Bluegrass Festival your best shot while enjoying good ol' bluegrass music. August Loggers Jubilee . Every year on the second weekend of August, the town of Morton, Washington opens it's doors and welcomes all to come and experience their past and present community history. The Loggers' Jubilee has become "the Granddaddy of all Logging Shows" and a celebration for people of all ages. From the Main Street Parades to the Lawnmower races, the world famous Logging show to the Jubilee Queen Coronation, Morton's Loggers' Jubilee promises a good time for anyone. August Evergreen State Fair . Held at Monroe, Snohomish County the last weekend of August since 1908. August Northwest Washington Fair . Held at Lynden in Whatcom County. "Our Vision is for the Northwest Washington Fair to become a destination event where families and individuals come to enjoy an experience that is totally unique. They will be impacted as a result of their personal involvement with the Fair and its interactive exhibits in an environment that sets the industry standard for safety, cleanliness and aesthetics. Our facilities, considered a resource by the community, will be impeccably maintained and will grow and expand as is required for the development of the fair and to reflect the needs of the area. Our Mission is that the Northwest Washington Fair Association will organize an annual ï¿½Fairï¿½ that will promote an appreciation for our agricultural heritage, provide education about the role agriculture plays in life today while providing youth with a hands on experience. The annual Fair will be a social gathering place where family values will be honored and individuals of all ages will be entertained. The mission of the association will further be accomplished by generating revenue via rental of the facilities during the off-season, developing promotional activities to encourage off-season usage, and promoting agriculture as a way of life." August Bremerton Blackberry Festival . Located on the Bremerton Boardwalk in the heart of downtown the Bremerton Blackberry Festival draws over 50,000 people from around the country. It is held on the first weekend of September and has been moving right along for well over 15 years. And for this occasion, the Bremerton Main Stream Association brings its biggest street party of the year to bear for this annual festival over Bremerton's picturesque waterfront each and every September. From modest beginnings in 1990, the berry-fest has evolved into THE summer-ending extravaganza for the Puget Sound. As the festival draws more public attention, it also gains a plethora of unique entertainment and culinary delights, blackberry-style! Breezing down Bremerton's boardwalk, one can stop and sample the best blackberry jams, jellies, pies and cobblers. The beer garden has blackberry cider and the very popular blackberry wine with the festival label. More than one hundred vendors offer a vast array of foods, drinks and art. For children, the little Blackberry Festival is a storybook come to life. Kids will be fascinated by magicians and musicians. They can play games and have their faces painted. Little artists can even grab some colored chalk and make their mark on a giant blackberry poster mural. As in past years, the Bremerton Blackberry Festival is packed with free entertainment. Some of the best musicians and entertainers in the area will perform throughout both days. Other Festival staples are back each year, like the Berry Fun Run and Dream's on Wheels Car Club Car Show right next door in downtown Bremerton. +++++ September Commencement Bay Maritime Fest Held at Dock Street, Thea Foss Waterway, and the Port of Tacoma, the Commencement Bay Maritime Festival is a week long festival to celebrate Tacomaï¿½s working waterfront. The Fest encourages all citizens to celebrate its waterfront by experiencing art, history, environmental education, music, trade, boat and train rides, cultural diversity and hands-on activities unique to the Thea Foss Waterway and the Tacoma Tideflats. Organized by the Port of Tacoma, featuring a celebration along Thea Foss Waterway, this event is held in September and features activities from parades to port tours, cruises to concerts, tugboat races to rip-tide rowers. The Commencement Bay Maritime Fest is a relative newcomer on the scene, yet the city's waterfront community has a long tradition of tugboat and steamboat racing -- going back over a hundred years. The setting for the Tacoma event is perfect, with activities taking place along Thea Foss Waterway, named, of course, after the woman who told the old man to get out there with that row boat and bring those square riggers and schooners in here! If you're a maritime fan, you will probably find something of interest along Thea Foss Waterway come the middle of September of each year. September Sequim Balloon Festival Western Washington now has an amazing first class hot air balloon festival on Labor Day Weekend. Bring your camera because you are in for a sensory overload. Not only will you get to see five-story balloons fly across the Dungeness Valley, but a huge classic car show, arts and crafts booths, live music, street dances, Balloon Glow at night in a reflection pond, food court, chalk drawing contest, kids corral, beer and wine garden, wine stomp, Volksmarch, running race, bicycle race and more. And this all happens in the best weather in the state - Sequim, Washington. September Roy Pioneer Rodeo . Downtown Roy, Washington - Held in June (and September) the Roy Pioneer Rodeo features an Old West flavor. At the Roy Pioneer Rodeo, there are bucking broncos, homemade sweets, bake sales, a cowboy breakfast, a spaghetti feed dinner, and evening country dancing, all in the country town of Roy, just south of Tacoma. September Classical Tuesdays in Old Town Chamber Music Series 2010 marks the sixth year for Classical Tuesdays in Old Town that are held each September, October, November and December. Tacoma's Old Town Business & Professional Association presents an outstanding chamber music series on the second Tuesday of each of these four months. These live concerts are held in the beautiful setting of the grand old Slavonian Hall located at 2306 N. 30th Street. Innovative programming features some of the Pacific Northwest's finest classical musicians. Under the leadership of Artistic Director Pamela Ryker, this popular series is free and open to the public. September Decibel Festival - International Festival of Electronic Music Performance, Arts and New Media. Held annually in September in Seattle's Capitol Hill District. This festival reflects the burgeoning audience and growing interest in this adventurous multimedia world. Decibel Festival features more than 75 electronic music artists from around the world, presented in 17 individual performance showcases spread out over four days. As part of a new visual arts focus, Decibel will host talented visual artists throughout the weekend which will culminate in DB-Optical, a multimedia fusion of installations and live art. Decibel will happen on eight stages throughout the event with several showcases dedicated to emerging performers and DJs. Genres accepted include: Electronica, Downtempo, Electro, Techno, Tech House, Experimental, Ambient and Electro Pop. Decibel is a four-day, multiple venue, community music and arts festival exposing the Northwest to both the international and regional electronic music scene. A goal of the festival is to educate and entertain through workshops, seminars, open discussion, venues, sound, riveting performances, interesting visuals, and a diverse selection of quality electronic music. September Kittitas County Fair . Held at Ellensburg. From the first organized Kittitas County Fair in 1885 to the modern five day event held each Labor Day weekend, the fair has always been about agriculture. From its inception by local farmers and ranchers the fair has showcased the best that Kittitas County has to offer. With the building of the rodeo arena and the first permanent buildings on the fairgrounds in 1923, the beginnings of the permanent location for the combined County Fair and Rodeo took hold. Now, each year, as in 1923, agricultural exhibits and competitions, a four day rodeo and a gathering of Yakama Indians takes place. The fair has something for everybody! Whether you are a kid or a kid at heart, the Kittitas County Fair has special attractions to celebrate the history, heritage, and culture of the county. Want to step back in history, dance under the stars, or hob-knob with the clowns? There is plenty going on at the Kittitas County Fair. Frontier Village - Step through the gates of this turn-of-the-century town and visit homesteaders from Cooke Canyon, the blacksmith, the sarsaparilla saloon keeper, and the schoolmaster. Meet Betty Kelley, manager of the General Store and fill your pockets with penny-candy or a big fat pickle. Donï¿½t forget to try your luck by panning for gold with Marv at the old mine shaft. Everyone can be a Tom Sawyer or Huck Finn in Frontier Village. Heritage Center - The Center Association launches new displays and improves the Heritage Center each year, pivoting on the historical importance of mining in the region. Kids Town - Kids come first at the Kittitas County Fair. Nestled between the Rodeo South Grandstands and Frontier Village is an exciting entertainment center just for kids. Thatï¿½s where youï¿½ll find Letï¿½s Pretend Wild West Show and Linda Huletï¿½s Silly Staff Production of Kids Town. Face painting, bean bag toss, hula hoops, kiddy shows, and much more! Pee Wee Rodeo - Grab the bull by the horns; throw a leg over the stick horse and ride ï¿½ itï¿½s Pee Wee Rodeo time for tots. Kids show their ï¿½tough stuffï¿½ in the make-believe rodeo arena in front of the big Coke Stage. Every kid contestant is a Rodeo Star ï¿½ yahoo! Beer and Wine Exhibit - No need to travel to the south of France ï¿½ visit Kittitas County Fairï¿½s beer and wine exhibit located in the Armory near the 8th Avenue entrance gate. The exhibit celebrates Washingtonï¿½s contribution to the wine and beer industry. Collect educational material on how to brew beer or age wine. Visit the tasting corner to sample local wines and beers (must be 21 years of age). And while you sip your wine, take time to listen to musical entertainment scheduled throughout the day. And More. September Freemont Oktoberfest . Held in the Freemont District of Seattle. Historically, in old Germany, the brewing season began with the fall harvest of barley and hops and any beer left at harvest time had to be consumed before the new beer arrived. September was designated as the time to drink-up all of last season's beer. It officially became Oktoberfest in 1810, when Ludwig I, the Crown Prince of Bavaria declared a 16-day celebration in commemoration of his wedding. According to Fremont advocates, since most of us have to work on Monday and cannot party for 16 days, they invite everybody to experience how the Fremont Oktoberfest squeezes 16 days into one unbelievable weekend. The Fremont Oktoberfest will fire up the chainsaw, turn up the high-energy and tap over 50 distinct Northwest Microbrews in the beer garden. Additionally, there will be an Urban Carnival with classic carnival rides for both adults and children. Long standing Oktoberfest favorites will return as well. Live music is scheduled on two stages. There'll be the Microbrew Garden, the Brew-ha-ha 3 Mile Fun Run and a wide assortment of local arts and crafts, imported treasures, and festive treats as well as traditional German food. And everyone's favoriteï¿½ the Fremont Arts Council once again brings us their Annual Texas Chainsaw Pumpkin Carving Contest. This is just one more event for you to squeeze into your summer fun. September Central Washington State Fair . Held in Yakima. In 1892 the first fair was held in Yakima. Previous to this time the entire State of Washington had been in an uproar trying to decide on the location of the State Capitol. On February 16, 1892, the Legislature made its decision and Yakima received the nod for the State Fair and Olympia retained the title of Capitol City. Agricultural exhibits, Indian races, war dances, coyote hunts, harness races, and horse races began to take hold. Starting in 1925, harness races, horse races, and automobile races were the feature grandstand attractions. Fireworks displays were always popular for the night shows. A great many free acts were brought in to fill in the lull between the ever-popular horse races. Since the first Fair was held in 1892, throughout its history, when the Central Washington Fair Association was incorporated in 1939, and continuing to this day, the purpose of the Association has remained steadfast -- to hold an annual fair and to promote and develop agriculture. The annual Fair is truly a showcase of agriculture -- with the world-renowned Grange displays, all forms of livestock, horticultural displays, farm equipment -- and the fastest-growing agricultural commodity for the Yakima Valley -- wine and wine grapes. The Fair, of course, encompasses all the attributes that make it a fair -- every imaginable kind of food, exciting carnival rides and games, entertainment to satisfy every age group, exhibits of all kinds, cutting-edge technology displays -- all showcased on the beautiful 135-acre park-like fairgrounds. September Rainier Mountain Festival . Held annually at Rainier Base Camp, Ashford, the third weekend in September. Event highlights include: World Class Climbers -- Mingle, ask questions, and get autographs from mountaineering legends such as Ed Viesturs, Jim and Lou Whittaker, Jim Wickwire, Dave Hahn, John Roskelly and many more. In 2004, over fifteen Everest summiteers attended the event. Trail Run at Rainier -- Five mile trail run starting in the high foothills of Mt. Rainier. Trail is hilly at times and located directly behind the festival grounds. This course can be run or walked. Alpine Games -- Compete for cash prizes in mountain events such as Ice Climbing, the sled pull, Erect-a-tent and Speed Bouldering. Mountain Technique Demonstrations -- Get helpful hints from Mountain Pros from fitting a backpack, Ice Climbing, boot fitting and other great tricks of the trade. Book Signings -- Famous climbing authors, when on-site, will sign copies of their books. Raffle -- Over $10,000 worth of gear will be raffled off with all proceeds going towards The Washington National Park Fund. Films and Slideshows -- Personal video and slide presentations by mountaineering legends such as Jake Norton, who found the long lost body of George Mallory high on Mt. Everest in 1999. And countless others. Salmon Bake Nï¿½Brews -- Join us for our all-day Salmon feast. The menu includes wild salmon, bake potato, lots of veggies, salad and bread. Quench your thirst with an ice cold ale or soda pop. Music -- On Saturday come and be entertained with live music starting on festival grounds at around 4:00 PM moving to the local watering hole at around 9:00 PM. Kids Games -- Great fun for kids. There will be a free rock wall to climb and have fun with, ice climbing demoï¿½s for kids of all ages and an inflatable bounce house. It's all fun and it's all free! September Ellensburg Rodeo . The Ellensburg Rodeo...The Tradition Lives On! Started in 1923, the Ellensburg Rodeo is one of the top rodeo events in the nation, and is held in conjunction with the Kittitas County Fair on Labor Day Weekend. The Ellensburg Rodeo is one of the "old rodeos." It has earned its place as one of America's Top 25 professional rodeos. Started in 1923 with the same volunteer spirit that still "fuels the fire" of today's volunteers, the rodeo has grown from a local competition among ranch hands to the Professional event of today with over 500 contestants and prize money in excess of $250,000! Today's best riders, ropers and wrestlers compete in what many consider to be the best rodeo arena in the nation. The Friday night opening performance starts in the evening and ends under the stars. The Saturday and Sunday afternoon "perfs" feel electrically charged by the brilliant blue sky. It all leads up to the Labor Day Monday Championship Finals... the best of the best dueling in the dirt! Surround all this with the fun of the Kittitas County Fair, the old-west hospitality of the City of Ellensburg, and you can understand why in Ellensburg, it's "More than just your average rodeo." September Puyallup Fair . The Puyallup Fair (officially known as the Western Washington Fair) is the largest single attraction held annually in the state of Washington. The Fair continually ranks in the top ten largest fairs in the world. The Western Washington Fair Association hosts two annual events, the 17-day Puyallup Fair every September, and the four-day Puyallup Spring Fair every April. Situated south of Seattle and east of Tacoma in the shadow of majestic Mount Rainier, the Fairgrounds comprise 169+ acres, with buildings and land valued at more than $54 million. The facilities are available for rent during the year, making the grounds a valuable community resource. A staff of 55 works year-round. Over 1,900+ employees are hired each September during the Puyallup Fair. The mission of the fair is to respond to the communities' needs by producing a dynamic Fair, in a year-round facility, that serves an ever-expanding circle of peoples. The Fair will showcase excellence in the traditions of the Past, the products of the Present and the vision of the Future in the areas of Agriculture, Trade and Industry. Values are placed on Family, Fun, People, Learning, Entertainment, Safety, Financial Strength, Responsiveness, Cleanliness and Flexibility. Come and enjoy! September Pike Place Market Buskers ' Festival. A "busker" is a street performer and the Pike Place Market has a long tradition of being friendly to street performers. Dating to 451 BC Rome, buskers, or entertainers, have performed for the public masses and receiving "tips" by the populace by them throwing coins to the performers for their "wares." Later, King Henry VIII of England ordered the licensing of ï¿½beggars who could not work, as well as pardoners, fortune tellers, fencers, minstrels and players.ï¿½ Later, British law regarded street performers with, ï¿½Cripples, blind men, old men, women, children, sweepers, match girls, sham watermen, fishermen, and gardenersï¿½ as people for the police force to ï¿½Watch,ï¿½ which basically implied that it was alright to harass them. Indeed it would seem that, throughout history, buskers have been pushed to the fringes of society, by the very society they seek simply to entertain. Even today, it is illegal to busk in most major cities, all over the world. Yet people continue to sing, dance, juggle, draw, act, paint, sculpt, and prestidigitate on the streets and sidewalks, willingly risking punishment (albeit less violent than in times gone by) for the pleasure and entertainment of passersby, and a coin or two. So the next time you see street performers, carrying on the great and ancient occupation of busking, remember the history they carry, and the risk involved, and remember to toss a buck or two their way. Now, apparently in an organized fashion, Seattle's Pike Place Market offers to refine the profession of busking. September Port Townsend Wooden Boat Festival . The Port Townsend Wooden Boat Festival is the premier annual celebration of wooden boat enthusiasts in North America. There are hundreds of boats & expert demonstrations, activities for the whole family. Its mission is to celebrate and preserve traditional maritime skills, heritage and culture through education and community participation. It is the largest gathering of wooden boat enthusiasts on the West Coast and premier festival of its kind, this three-day educational celebration should not be missed by the true boat enthusiast. Over 100 finely crafted wooden boats are displayed in the water and on land. Workshops, lectures, demonstrations, regional music, food and fun for the entire family. Proceeds support the Wooden Boat Foundation's mission. September Bumbershoot : The Seattle Arts Festival. At the Seattle Center, Labor Day weekend, Bumbershoot explodes with music, film, comedy and a heck of a lot more. It made its debut in 1971, and is one of the country's largest urban arts festivals. And with hundreds of artists of all kinds performing today, it's a sensory overload. And each and every Bumbershoot features at least one "act of absurdity" to help kick things off and keep things rolling. It began at a fertile time -- during the arts explosion of the 1970s that gave rise to such institutions as the Pilchuck Glass School, Northwest Folklife Festival, Linda Farris Gallery and the Empty Space and Intiman theaters -- and is now so ingrained into Pacific Northwest lifestyles that it is just about THE thing to go to EVERY YEAR. As a Bumbershoot spokesperson states: "Bumbershoot fits the personality of this city so well because people here are curious and engaged and they come to the festival to sample." September Olympia Harbor Days . Arts & crafts booths, food fair, music, kids' activities (including slides, bounce houses and a climbing wall), tugboat tours, Swantown Regatta (human-powered boat races) and Tugboat Races. Held at Percival Landing in Olympia. Boats and crowds fill the boardwalk on the downtown Olympia waterfront for Olympia's annual Harbor Days Festival each year. Tugboat tours. September Washington State Autumn Leaf Festival . Held in Leavenworth. "Bavarian Harvest Time." Since 1964, Washington State Autumn Leaf Association has presented the Autumn Leaf Festival in Leavenworth, which is situated on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. It is a non-profit organization and all volunteers work year-around promoting our Bavarian Village. Celebrate the area's spectacular fall foliage! Enjoy the Grand Parade at noon on Saturday. Continuous entertainment, food booths and activities for the whole family. September Seattle Fiestas Patrias . Celebration of Mexican independence, held at the Seattle Center, along with the independence of other Latin countries, Seattle Fiestas Patrias celebrates with an annual Fiestas Patrias. Entertainment and cultural displays by artists from countries such as Peru, Honduras, Argentina, Mexico and Columbia offer an authentic look at a culture where countries share language, food and sounds, but have very distinct traditions. Of course there will be Mariachi, fabulous costumes and satisfying food - favorites among the festival goers. Seattle Fiestas Patrias is produced by the Seattle Fiestas Patrias Committee and Seattle Center's Festal. Seattle Center's Festï¿½l is a year-long series of world cultural events that honors the richness and diversity of our region. Festï¿½l plays a vital part of Seattle Center's role in connecting our dynamic and varied community. The collection of events is produced by Seattle Center and individual cultural organizations. September Italian Festival . The largest Italian-American event in the northwest, featuring music, dance, and theater performances, food, plus a bocce tournament, grape stomping contest, children's puppet show, and film festival. Held at the Seattle Center. Fiesta Italiana is a series of events held the last week of September which culminates in a major Italian Festival at Seattle Center. For over 15 years, Festal Italiana has celebrated the cultural roots of Italians and Italian-Americans by presenting and promoting the arts, the food and the spirit that are uniquely Italian. Highlights include a free all-ages concert and dance, plus cooking demonstrations by Seattle's leading Italian chefs. In addition, there is a wide array of cultural and educational opportunities in which to participate but as always, the main attractions continue to be food, entertainment and fun for the whole family! Learn culinary secrets from the masters at the "Great Italian Chefs" cooking demonstrations outdoors in the piazza. Explore the Bocce Tournament -- now indoors and on three courts -- this is the Italian version of lawn bowling that is one of the fastest growing sport in America and one of the most popular events at the festival. Explore the Grape Stomp -- jump in with both feet and make wine as they used to in the old country. Team competition and a chance to win great prizes! Click here for Grape Stomp information. Come for the Food - Stay for the Fun! September Westport In September . All during the month of September, there are activities galore in Westport. Come check ï¿½em out. Thereï¿½s an annual seafood festival, a world famous oyster feed, a Washington tuna classic, a huge blues festival, a boat basin salmon derby and an art show & wine tasting event, plus loads of other stuff to go to. Check ï¿½em out. September Korean Cultural Celebration Held in September. Chï¿½usok or Harvest Festival Day is one of the great holidays of the year in Korean culture. On this day, feasts are prepared, families hold memorial services at ancestral gravesites, and full-moon viewing takes place in the evening. This Korean holiday is considered not only the most generous in spirit, but a day of thanksgiving for a good harvest. As on Lunar New Yearï¿½s Day, families come home from all across the country to celebrate together. Traditionally, new clothes were worn, but today people dress up in customary Korean dress, such as the han-bok. Ancestors are remembered with wine, newly harvested chestnuts, jujubes, persimmons, apples, pears, and songpï¿½yon, half-moon-shaped rice cakes. New Yearï¿½s Day activities and games are also popular during Ch'usok when the weather is good and, according to the Korean saying, ï¿½The sky is high and the horse is fat.ï¿½ The Korean Cultural Celebration is produced by the Korean American Art & Cultural Association of the Pacific Northwest and Seattle Center's Festï¿½l. +++++ October Steilacoom Apple Squeeze . Attending this annual event in October, you will experience old-fashioned presses squeezing apples into cider in Washington Stateï¿½s oldest incorporated town. You can bring your own apples to squeeze. Various apple delicacies are for sale, such as fresh apple pie and apple butter. You can also visit the 1895 Bair Drug Store, which features a 1906 soda fountain. While you are there, donï¿½t forget to visit the historic Town Hall Museum and Steilacoom Tribal Cultural Center & Museum. October City of Fife Harvest Festival. Held annually in October, the event begins with a parade from Fife City Hall to Dacca Park. Festivities include entertainment and family-friendly activities including local organizational informational booths and vendor & food booths. Entertainment will include live music, a Native American dance group, a Mexican dance group, a fire dance and a martial arts demonstration and will conclude with a fireworks finale at approximately 8:30 PM. For the children, there's face painting, a magician, clowns and various other activities and games. October Tacoma Greek Festival Held annually in October, over a three day weekend at St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. Over the years, stewardship alone has not provided sufficient funds to support the church and all of its expenses. Tacoma's annual Greek Festival has evolved from a tiny bazaar by a few dedicated ladies to a large festival, staged by members of St. Nicholas with the help of friends and welcoming guests from around the Puget Sound region. Each year the parish selects an overall chairperson and chairs for each committee. It appears that all of Tacoma looks forward every year to this event. Each year, there are exquisite pastries, salads, gyros, music, Greek Folk Dancing, imported goods, beverages, calamari, coffee, a raffle, and Greek folk dancing in colorful costumes in additional to a Children's Corner, and more.... October Lokahi ï¿½Ohana O Hawaiï¿½i Ho'olaule'a -- Held semi-annually at Chief Leschi School, 5625 52nd St. E., Puyallup, WA. Here's ten hours of continuous Hawaiian entertainment, island-style shopping, arts & crafts, food, and fun! How's this assortment of Hawaiian/Polynesian items for openers? ....... island comforts, Hawaiian prints, blankets, hula bags, material flowers, orchid and butterfly magnets, towels and aprons, Hawaiian clothing, pillows, jewelry, checkbook covers, lehua blossoms, Hawaiian dolls, quilts, children's books, ps'u skirts, bonnets, fabric-art, wall hangings, stickers, soaps, fresh water pearls, Portuguese sausage, Hawaiian alphabet and slippah quilts, planters, wind chimes, sun catchers, sarongs, kukui leis, silk leis, island snacks, t-shirts, decals, lotions, perfumes, CD's, hair accessories, crack seed, cookies, chips, jellies, books, cushions, specialty paddles, iup's for vehicles, home fragrances, Hawaiian snacks, car seat covers, body sprays, paintings of Hawaiian flowers, artwork, handbags, necklaces, paniolo hats, island flowers. Lokahi 'Ohana O Hawai'i (United Families of Hawai'i) is a non-profit Native Hawaiian organization in the State of Washington formed in 1992. It provides information and resources to local and Native Hawaiians. Lokahi 'Ohana O Hawai'i welcomes local involvement to perpetuate the Hawaiian culture. It is wholly operated and composed of volunteers. Lokahi Board of Directors, their family and friends are committed to serving our communities through various activities and projects to enrich our lives. October Oktoberfest Northwest Puyallup Fair Grounds, Puyallup, Washington. The first annual Oktoberfest Northwest took place October 6-9, 2005 at the Puyallup Fairgrounds, bringing German culture and entertainment to Western Washington. Nearly 15,000 festival attendees enjoyed German music and dancing, arts and crafts, authentic cuisine and family activities over the four days of the event. The event kicked off with the Tapping of the Golden Keg by Festmaster Bob Carlson on Thursday evening, which was attended by almost 4,000 people and filled the Festhalle Biergarten. Thousands more braved the uncertain weather to come out and celebrate Oktoberfest throughout the rest of the weekend. The Bavarian Brewerï¿½s Band from Germany was a huge crowd favorite, playing polkas and dances that energized the Festhalle Biergarten Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights. The Schaefer Brothers Band and the Greg Meier Bavarian Quartet were also big hits, getting the crowd on their feet and even involving over 1,000 people in the Chicken Dance at the same time! Festival-goers also enjoyed the Scandinavian Heritage Festival, which paired with Oktoberfest Northwest and showcased Scandinavian foods, music and crafts. Event producers have received much positive feedback on this first-time event and plan to make Oktoberfest Northwest an annual tradition. October Leavenworth Oktoberfest Celebration . Held in Leavenworth. A German tradition from the old country with great German bands in the Festhalle, lots of food, and a traditional parade! Two Weekends of Fun-Filled Activities. Leavenworth invites you to celebrate with them at their Annual Oktoberfest. Leavenworth, "The Bavarian Village," is the ideal setting for you and your family to enjoy a great tradition. There will be continuous live music featuring music groups from Germany and Austria plus German groups from the US. There will be German food & beer, Kinderplatz- "For Kids Only," Arts and Crafts, Traditional Biergarten, Used Bavarian Clothing Sale, and more. Celebrate in Leavenworth, the ideal setting for you and your family to enjoy the great tradition of Oktoberfest! October Cranberry Harvest Festival . Held in Grayland every October, it has recently celebrated its 12th Annual Cranberry Harvest Festival. (The Historic Grayland Community Hall-located a country block off of SR Hwy 105, on Grange Rd., in Grayland. (Approximately 25 miles south of Aberdeen) Celebrating the harvest of Cranberries is a tradition going back almost 100 years. At the Historic Community Hall you will find local crafts featuring, of course, the Cranberry, in food, drink, and decoration. At the Cranberry Heritage Museum you will find cranberry and area artifacts galore. Don't miss the Annual lighted "Firefly Parade" Saturday evening. This annual event is sponsored by The Cranberry Coast Chamber of Commerce. Highlights of the Cranberry Festival include: Jog the Bog, Cranberry Pancake Breakfast, Cranberry Bog Tours and Furford, Cranberry Museum Tours, Cranberry Cook-Off, Cranberry Market Place, Lighted Firefly Parade, Growers Big Berry Contest, Bite Of The Beach, Children's Games, Inside and Outside Vendors, Live Entertainment, Quilt Show, Dueling Fiddlers, Meet The Royalty .(Royal Blossom (Berry Young); Royal Berry (Berry Ripe) and Royal Crasin (Berry Old) October Wild Mushroom Festival . At Long Beach, Seaview, Ilwaco, and other locations, the annual Wild Mushroom Festival kicks off in October and runs through the end of the month. As part of the festival, participating restaurants, inns and bed and breakfast establishments will offer daily wild mushroom specials. Wild mushroom workshops, field excursions and prix-fixe dinners will also be offered. October CroatiaFest Held in October. Experience the treasures of Croatia - breathtaking landscapes, music, art, history and folklore during CroatiaFest at Seattle Center. From the cosmopolitan 1000 year old capital of Zagreb, the city of history and legends, to the port city of Split, home of Diocletianï¿½s Palace, on the Dalmatian Coast; from the ancient walled city of Dubrovnik, the ï¿½Pearl of the Adriaticï¿½, a favorite of the rich and famous, to the sixteen Plitvice Lakes, one of the most beautiful natural wonders in the world, CroatiaFest invites you to discover Croatia, one of the last undiscovered treasures on earth. October Dungeness Crab & Seafood Festival Port Angeles. The Festival is located at the Port Angeles City Pier and the Red Lion Hotel, at the foot of Lincoln Street, and overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca, with Victoria, B.C. just a ferry ride away. This waterfront park is a welcoming haven to boaters and visitors and a great place to enjoy the view and salty fresh air. In the main tent, you'll find an old-fashioned Crab Feed complete with large kettles of fresh crab, tender oysters, sweet mussels, and succulent clams. Wild Northwest salmon will scent the air. There will be wine tasting by award-winning local wineries, a beer garden, live music, and cooking demonstrations, activities for kids, marine and agricultural exhibits, and more. October OysterFest . West Coast Oyster Shucking Championship and Washington State Seafood Festival, held at the Mason County Fairgrounds in Shelton. Heading into its 25th year. OysterFest is held annually on the first full weekend in October. The word is, that during OysterFest, the Mason County Fairgrounds is a great place to be. With the help of nearly 100 community organizations, Skookum Rotary stages it's annual small town, BIG event! The gates are open from 10am to 6pm each day; you are invited, and the Rotarians hope to see you there! The Pacific Rim Oyster Open Speed & Half-Shell Oyster Shucking Contests are the centerpiece of the festival. Two other Open events are the Art and Photography Competition and the Seafood Cook-Off. Free entertainment is on-going. Wine tasting is provided by several Washington State Wineries and the Microbreweries certainly know how to do their thing. Not to mention the food venders -- none of whom may duplicate another's delicacy. Our advice-Come Hungry! The Fairground is located on Sanderson Field, 1/2 mile north of Shelton, west of US Highway 101. Many folks with private aircraft fly in for the event, park their planes and walk or ride to the Fairground. Skookum Rotary Club contracts for the Free Shuttle Service with Mason County Transportation Authority. Free parking areas and pick-up points are located at the Shelton Civic Center, Shelton Yacht Club, Olympic College, Shelton High School, the Port of Shelton property adjacent to the Olympic Air facility. It is recommended that you consider the Port of Shelton satellite parking area which is reached through the Main Entrance to the Port of Shelton. (The Port entrance is about 3/4 of a mile north of the Fairground Entrance, both of which are on US Highway 101. Also, the Port Entrance has a left turn lane in this stretch of the highway for Northbound traffic.) October Dia de Muertos. Offering a warm, bold and electric cultural experience, the annual Dia de Muertos Celebration at Seattle Center is as relevant today as it was a millennium ago, the holiday pays tribute to ancestors while celebrating one's own mortal existence. Altars, artwork, food and music are prominent, but music and dance are hardly an afterthought. Performing artists, both local and visiting, offer exceptional talent, both traditional and contemporary, representing countries throughout Latin America. Artwork depicts both heritage and vision. Candlelight graces altars adorned with vibrantly colored artwork and personal artifacts for a deeply moving, visually compelling, experience. This celebration is produced by La Casa de Artes and organized by dedicated community members who work countless hours, dedicating their ideas, creativity and hands-on work. They do so because they believe itï¿½s vital to show the depth of their culture and their many traditions. October Issaquah Salmon Days Festival . "Salmon Days -- Celebrating the annual return of the salmon to our streams and hatchery!" The Issaquah Salmon Days Festival, presented by the Issaquah Chamber of Commerce, is the annual celebration of the returning salmon to our lakes, streams and downtown hatchery. This two day event held annually the first full weekend in October draws crowds of more than 150,000 people. Salmon Days features a weekend full of salmon and free fun, including more than 300 artists, the Foods of the World, a Grande Parade, 5k and 10k runs, four stages of live entertainment, the Field of Fun, and much more. Come see whatï¿½s in the water at the Issaquah Salmon Days. In 1970, the Greater Issaquah Chamber of Commerce presented the first Issaquah Salmon Days Festival to celebrate the return of the salmon to Issaquah's lakes, streams and downtown hatchery. Since then, the Festival has grown into one of the Northwest's premier community events. Along with more people attending, the overall Salmon Days experience has also grown. Today, more than 300 artists line Front Street and Sunset Way, fifty-plus food vendors featuring delightful entrees from all over the world fill Depot Park, the Field of Fun bustles with excited children and bursts with free activities for the family to enjoy and three stages offering live entertainment enchant ears throughout the weekend. Salmon Days prides itself in being an event the entire community can benefit from and enjoy. October Earshot Jazz Festival . Seattle's Jazz Festival. The newest edition of "Seattle's most important annual jazz event" is shaping up to be one of the most exciting and compelling ever. From mid-October, for a couple of weeks, Seattleï¿½s non-profit jazz-support organization presents hundreds of the most important artists of our day in more than 50 events in venues all around Seattle. In addition to concert performances, the festival includes educational programs and panels, a film series, poetry and author readings, and a photo exhibit. Earshot Jazz collaborates with Seattle organizations and institutions such as: The Central District Forum, Consolidated Works, Kirkland Performance Center, The Triple Door, Seattle Repertory Jazz Orchestra, Seattle Chamber Players, and Town Hall Seattle. Earshot Jazz also joins the Seattle Mayorï¿½s Office of Film and Music in dedicating a 12th and Jackson Historic Jazz District. For over 16 years, Earshot Jazz has been pumping out beat after beat. Some of the projects that have taken place include: The World Saxophone Quartetï¿½s Jimi Hendrix Project, "Seattle Jazz Legends," New Cuban Jazz, Jazz Poetry on Jackson Street, Solo, presentations by the award-winning Garfield and Roosevelt High School bands and many more, including over 100 Seattle resident artists. October TurkFest Held in October. For many centuries, Turkey has been a mosaic of cultures and a bridge between Europe and Asia, connecting Eastern and Western cultures, both geographically and historically. From Hittites and Assuryrians to Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine cultures, each civilization has left relics that can be found in many corners of the country and represented in its music, dance and art. The annual Turkish cultural festival presents concerts of classical and contemporary music, folk dancing, films, fashion and carpet shows, workshops and more. Produced by the Assembly of Turkish-American Associations, the Turkish American Cultural Association and Seattle Center's Festal. +++++ November Classical Tuesdays in Old Town Chamber Music Series 2010 marked the sixth year for Classical Tuesdays in Old Town that are held each October, November, December, January and February. Tacoma's Old Town Business & Professional Association presents an outstanding chamber music series on the second Tuesday of each of these five months. These live concerts are held in the beautiful setting of the grand old Slavonian Hall located at 2306 N. 30th Street. Innovative programming features some of the Pacific Northwest's finest classical musicians, such as baritone Charles Robert Stephens, violinists Maria Sampen, Jennifer Caine and Timothy Christie, flutist Pamela Ryker, cellist Sally Singer, lutenist Elizabeth Brown and the brass ensemble Brass Unlimited. Under the leadership of Artistic Director Pamela Ryker, and now in its fourth season, this popular series is free and open to the public. Join us! November Ballard Jazz Festival. Held late November. Formerly an oddly timed supplement to the Earshot Jazz Festival's epic three weeks of concerts, the Ballard Jazz Festival has blossomed into a distinct, down-home event. Earshot does what big festivals should do ï¿½ it explores the outer margins of its stated purview ï¿½ while the Ballard Jazz Festival stays closer to home, booking more local musicians for concerts and its jazz pub crawl, the Ballard Jazz Walk. It's a thing that will, typically, stuff 12 groups into nine venues. This way, instead of staying for a whole set you can wander in and out of a bunch of venues. You get a feel for who's doing what and maybe discover a group you haven't heard before. November Hmong New Year Celebration Held in November. A well-attended festival by both Hmong and non-Hmong people, this is the largest of the Hmong New Year events in the Pacific Northwest. Symbolizing the end of the harvest, this is the time when Hmong relax, prepare special foods, and begin courtships. Most Hmong have been in the United States less than 30 years, and Washington's Hmong population is growing. A little known culture, the Hmong people most recently came from the mountain regions of Laos, Thailand and Burma. Retrospective photo and artifact exhibits tell the Hmong story, as do demonstrations and hands-on learning of distinct cultural activities such as embroidery, basket weaving, and leaf blowing. With no modern telephones, smitten youth declared their love for each other by blowing through leaves ï¿½ an innovative communication device that carried sounds across mountaintops! The Hmong, whose written language was almost lost centuries ago, preserved it through intricate and vibrant embroidery. This functional art form is also a significant part of Hmong attire, now worn only on special occasions but at one time was part of everyday dress. The beautifully colored, hand-made costumes are now an integral part of the New Year celebration, and are seen on stage and off at this festival. The Hmong New Year Celebration is produced by the Hmong Association of Washington and Seattle Center's Festal. November Holiday Torchlight Parade & Tree Lighting. Held in late November / early December, the annual Tacoma parade is located downtown and ushers in Santa and the Christmas season, culminating in the lighting of the city's official Christmas Tree at So. 9th and Broadway, downtown. The majestic fir tree is donated annually by Fort Lewis and its troops who transport it to Tacoma, a tradition since 1946 recognizing the Tacoma community's support for the armed forces. November 28, 2004 will mark the start of things in the Stadium District on Division & Tacoma Ave N down to 9th & Broadway, Tacoma. Come & watch the festive parade featuring floats, marching bands, vintage autos & much more! +++++ December The Tacoma Philharmonic Throughout the year, The Tacoma Philharmonic enriches the cultural life of Tacoma by presenting classical music performances of world-renowned orchestras and artists otherwise unavailable in the Tacoma area and offers many unique music education opportunities. Originated in 1933 by a 21-year old hitchhiker from Portland, Oregon, Tacomaï¿½s Philharmonic Orchestra has grown into and become truly "the South Sound Source for World Class Classical Music." Additionally, the Tacoma Philharmonic has a Music Education Program that has been designed to enhance classical music education for children in Pierce County which provides free educational programming. It also conducts outreach activities that reach under-served populations in the community. With Christmas-time having so much musical relativity, it is no wonder that this time of year can be filled with ear-tantalizing splendor. In 2007, the original group's "12 Days of Christmas" video became a YouTube phenomenon with more than 7,000,000 views during the month of December alone. December The Christmas Revels in the Rialto Theater. Each year at the Rialto Theater in downtown Tacoma, The Christmas Revels involves 60 to 90 people on-stage, the heart of which is a large chorus of adults and children (auditioned from the community) to which is added professional actors, storytellers, singers, dancers and instrumentalists with each show being professionally lit and costumed. The Puget Sound Revels incorporated in 1992 and have been producing and putting on Christmas tidings at Tacomaï¿½s Rialto Theater since 1994. Audiences can expect a different and new theme from year to year that revolves around the mid-winter themes of light and dark. Puget Sound Revelsï¿½ challenge is to give the audience that experience while exposing them each year to a different time and place (i.e. Italian, Nordic, Celtic, American, Victorian, Medieval, etc). It is dance, drama and storytelling rooted in ancient seasonal ritual and traditions. It is seasonal, celebratory, and participatory -- long on theme, short on plot, not a concert, not a play. The Christmas Revels revives the ancient connection between the community and the arts, between celebration and the seasons as we create a celebrating village onstage that ends up encompassing the whole theater. Unique in its intentional blending of community and professional theater and its blending of folk and more formal forms of song and dance, the material is ancient, beautiful, funny and strong and has an unusual way of touching the players and our large, multi-age audiences. December ZooLights . Each year, ZooLights features approximately a half a million holiday lights which illuminate paths and create replicas of 100 animal figures. This event is held at Point Defiance Park Zoo & Aquarium. Come and visit and taste apple cider or hot cocoa and holiday treats of all kinds while listening to live holiday music. December Christmas at Meeker Mansion . The time-honored Ezra Meeker Mansion in Puyallup each Christmas is decorated for the season with special displays. Family fun and enjoyment on the weekends is available with readings from Ezra's short stories for children plus planned special entertainment. December Victorian Country Christmas . A Victorian Country Christmas Festival is held at the Western Washington Fairgrounds in Puyallup every December. The fairgrounds are transformed into a Victorian Village filled with sights and sounds of Christmas festivities.There are shops, stores, entertainment stages, food, music, dance and more. A "living nativity" scene is also featured, including over 100 singers and dancers. 2010 was the 23rd annual Victorian Country Christmas Festival at the Puyallup Fair Grounds and will be held December 1st thru December 5th. December Fantasy Lights . Each year, Pierce County Parks & Recreation promotes Fantasy Lights at Spanaway Park, billed out to be the largest animated drive-through display of seasonal lights. 2010 was its 16th year. The Fantasy Lights drive-thru runs each year during December. Visitors viewing from cars, vans and buses will be treated to thousands of lights and creative animation that promises to dazzle the eye and tantalize the imagination of the whole family. This holiday 2-mile drive-through spectacular features over 200 elaborate displays as part of 60 major scenes in the park by the lake. Fantasy Lights boasts more than 260 displays along its two-mile route which begins just west of 152nd St. and Pacific Ave. in Spanaway. The annual show depicts holiday themes, northwest traditions and recreational activities. December Snowball Express Christmas Train . Tacoma-Elbe Run - For an opportunity to experience the Golden Age of Steam as you chug across spectacular bridges and travel through lush tall forests, make it a point to ride the rails of Mt. Rainier Scenic Railroad. All trains are pulled by vintage steam locomotives departing Tacoma from Freighthouse Square.. December Festival of Trees. Usually held in early December, Festival of Trees is an annual display of decorated Christmas trees at the Tacoma Dome to benefit Mary Bridge Children's Hospital. Proceeds benefit Mary Bridge Children's Hospital's Critical Care Services. In all, the Festival of Trees has contributed more than $4,200,000 to Mary Bridge facilities. December First Night - December -- Come December 31st, you can join in on the family-oriented, alcohol-free, New Year's Eve celebration of the performing and visual arts in Tacoma's Broadway Theater District and just way too much more to fit into a few sentences. Celebrate the coming of the New Year. Overcome adversity with grace and strength and land on your feet. Buy a button. Volunteer. Bring a friend. But most of all, fully involve yourself, family and friends in a spectacularly and meaningful start to the New Year. Please check out First Night's website at www.firstnighttacoma.org for updates and more. (Photography and digital architecture by Leo Kuehn)	Northwest Folklife
Known as The Prairie State, what was the 21st state to join the Union on Dec 3. 1818?	Seattle facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Seattle Seattle, Washington, United States of America, North America Founded: 1851; Location: Washington State, on the eastern shore of Puget Sound Motto: Alki ("By and by," state motto) Flower: Western rhododendron (state flower) Time Zone: 4 am Pacific Standard Time (PST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 75.3%; Black, 10.1%; Native American, 1.4%; Asian 11.2% Elevation: sea level to 137 m (450 ft) Latitude and Longitude: 47°60'N, 122°33'W Climate: Mild winters and cool summers, with a pronounced rainy season Annual Mean Temperature: 10.7°C (51.3°F); January 3.9°C (39.1°F); August 33.6°C (65.6°F) Seasonal Average Snowfall: 38 cm (15 in) Average Annual Precipitation (total of rainfall and melted snow): 91.8 cm (36.2 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. 1. Introduction Located on the eastern shore of Puget Sound, Seattle is the largest city in the state of Washington. Formerly a staid, conservative town built on the lumber, shipping, and aircraft industries and little known outside its immediate region, today Seattle has become one of the hottest locations in the country, a mecca for the computer software industry and a cultural trendsetter that originated the grunge rock of the early 1990s and the coffee craze that has swept across the United States. Its newfound business and cultural attractions, combined with a picturesque setting and mild climate, have created a population boom and made Seattle the commercial and cultural hub of the Pacific Northwest, as well as one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States. 2. Getting There Seattle is a city surrounded by both water and mountains. It is situated on a narrow but hilly isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington. To the west lie the Olympic Mountains; Mount Rainier rises in the south; and the Cascade mountain range is found to the east. In addition to the water that surrounds it, Lake Union and the Lake Washington Ship Canal run through the city. Highways I-5, leading north to Portland and south toward Mexico, is the major north-south route that passes through Seattle; I-405 also runs north-south, but passes just east of Seattle, through Bellevue. From the east, I-90 is the major route offering access to the city. State Route 520 also reaches Seattle from the east. Bus and Railroad Service Amtrak provides passenger service between Seattle and major destinations in the United States, and a variety of buslines connect Seattle with major cities in the United States and Canada . Airport Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, located 21 kilometers (13 miles) from downtown Seattle's business center, is the closest airport to Asia in the continental United States. In 1997, 24.7 million passengers passed through Seattle-Tacoma (also known as Sea-Tac), which is served by 41 airlines. Shipping Seattle boasts the fifth-largest container port in the United States. Encompassing over 182 hectares (450 acres) of handling space, it is served by 27 steamship lines and annually serves as a conduit for goods worth $37 billion. Fishmen's Terminal is the home port for the U.S. North Pacific fishing fleet. Transcontinental rail service is provided by the Union Pacific and Burlington Northern railroads, which operate three inter-modal shipyards in Seattle. Seattle Population Profile 3. Getting Around The streets of the downtown area—which extends roughly north-south from Denny Way to Yesler Way, and east-west from Broadway to Elliott Bay—are arranged in a grid pattern. Running parallel to the shoreline (beyond the first two streets, Alaskan Way and Western Avenue) are numbered avenues; named streets run perpendicular to the avenues. Bus and Commuter Rail Service A county-wide bus system serves the Seattle area, providing free service downtown. A transit plan, when implemented, will integrate public transportation in the metropolitan area using light rail and commuter rail service. Sightseeing Bus tours of Seattle are offered by Gray Line tours. A variety of boat tours are available, including an all-day cruise of Puget Sound, as well as walking tours and a rail tour. 4. People In 1990, the population of Seattle was 516,259, of which 75.3 percent were white, 11.2 percent Asian, 10.1 percent black, and 1.4 percent Native American. Hispanics (both white and black) accounted for 3.6 percent of the population. The population estimate for 1997 was 536,600, and the estimate for 2010 was 580,591. The population of the Seattle Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area was reported as 2,033,128 in 1990 and estimated at 2,268,126 for 1997. The region's racial composition was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1996 as 85.7 percent white; 8.5 percent Asian/Pacific Islander; and 4.6 percent black. The percentage of residents of Hispanic origin (an ethnic rather than a racial designation) was 3.7 percent. Seattle has the second-highest percentage of baby boomers of any major U.S. city—31.5 percent (surpassed only by Denver , which has 32.8 percent). 5. Neighborhoods Seattle's main downtown retail area, situated atop a series of steep hills, runs roughly north-south from Pike Place Market to Pioneer Square and east-west from Seventh to First avenues. It combines historic buildings with steep skyscrapers and boasts a sophisticated array of retail establishments. At the southern edge of the downtown area is Pioneer Square, the historic heart of the city, where restored nineteenth-century buildings house a colorful array of shops, galleries, and restaurants. Immediately to the southeast, the International District is home to the majority of the city's substantial Asian population. In addition to a market brimming with fresh local produce and fish, the Pike Place Market area northwest of the main business district is also home to a variety of arts and crafts stores and restaurants, and a favorite haunt of street performers. Further north is Belltown, a "gentrified" former warehouse neighborhood whose lively assortment of restaurants and clubs makes it one of the prime centers of nightlife in the city. Still further from downtown, and just north of the Seattle Center, is the prestigious Queen Anne neighborhood. Yet further north, beyond the Lake Washington Ship Canal, lie Fremont, an interesting district known for its artists' studios, ethnic restaurants, and offbeat shops, and Ballard, a former Scandinavian enclave that today is a popular entertainment venue. East of Fremont, the University District surrounding the University of Washington (or the U District, as it is known to locals) has the typical features of a college neighborhood. Nearby is Wallingford, an increasingly fashionable area known for its shops and restaurants. The Capitol Hill district northeast of downtown is a bastion of the area's youth culture and also the center of its gay community. The upscale Madison Park neighborhood, located on the western shore of Lake Washington, is home to the University of Washington Arboretum. 6. History Exploration of the Seattle region began in 1792, with the British captain George Vancouver (whose name today graces cities in both Washington state and British Columbia). However, the first permanent European settlers didn't arrive until 1851, when a party of farmers from Illinois formed a community at the present-day site of Alki Point, west of the city. By the following year, they moved to the current site of downtown Seattle, east of Elliott Bay and gave it its present name in honor of Chief Sealth of the Suquamish Indians who were indigenous to the region. City Fact Comparison 1948 1United Nations population estimates for the year 2000. 2The maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York : The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. Although the first settlers were farmers, it soon became apparent that the region's primary natural resource was lumber. Sawmills were built, and the city's fledging timber industry found a ready market for its logs in San Francisco , which was enjoying a building boom following the 1849 gold rush. Seattle was incorporated in 1869. By 1889, it had a population of over 25,000 and was one of the major cities of the northwestern United States. However, that year disaster struck when the city's entire business district—a total of 25 city blocks—burned down in a fire. The rebuilding of the city proved to be not only a reconstruction effort but also a major improvement, as a large-scale regrading of the city's hills was done to resolve drainage and waste disposal problems, and the new streets were built on higher land. One of Seattle's original seven hills—Denny Hill—was leveled altogether; today its name graces the neighborhood where it once stood. An important chapter in Seattle's history opened with the discovery of gold in Alaska 's Yukon Valley (1898). The resulting Klondike gold rush brought new prosperity to Seattle, as prospectors stopped in the city to stock up on their way north and returned to spend much of their newfound wealth on their way back home. Seattle's population grew to 80,600 by 1900 and tripled within the next decade. Seattle's aerospace industry, which dominated the city's economy for much of the century, had its beginnings in 1916, with the launch of the first airplane produced by William Boeing, an event that laid the foundation for the eventual establishment of the Boeing Company, which is still Seattle's single-largest employer. The world wars brought new bursts of economic activity to Seattle. The city's lumber resources were in demand during World War I (1914–18); during World War II (1939–45) Boeing won defense contracts for the B-17 and B-29 bombers and other weapons. Seattle's population grew rapidly as new residents arrived from other parts of the country, attracted by jobs in the aerospace and shipbuilding industries. By the end of World War II the city's population had reached almost half a million. In the post-war years, the growth of commercial aviation—Boeing once again at the forefront with the 707—provided an additional boost to Seattle's economy. A landmark in Seattle's twentieth-century history was the 1962 World's Fair, which drew almost ten million visitors and left the city with its dominant landmark, the Space Needle (as well as the Monorail). The drawbacks of heavy dependence on a single economic sector were brought home in the 1970s, when reduced defense spending resulted in employment cutbacks at Boeing, leaving some 60,000 Seattle workers jobless and depressing the local economy for years. An increase in defense contracts and a booming Asian market for aircraft triggered a rebound in the 1980s. By then a new high-tech field—computers—had also entered the picture. In the last decades of the twentieth century, Microsoft, located in nearby Redmond, and a multitude of other software and computer-related firms that sprang up in the area added a major new feature to Seattle's image and economy. As a new century dawned, Seattle found itself in the midst of a period of prosperity, growth, and development, as new technology helped it fulfill the futuristic promise plotted out years earlier. 7. Government Seattle is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council, all elected for four-year terms in nonpartisan elections held every odd-numbered year. Both the city's revenues and its appropriations for fiscal year 1998 totaled $1.9 billion. 8. Public Safety The Seattle Police Department is divided into north, south, east, and west precincts. The rapid population growth of the 1990s has brought with it a rising crime rate. In 1995, Seattle's incidence of reported violent crimes per 100,000 population was 926, including eight murders, 49 rapes, and 418 robberies. The incidence of property crimes was 9,556 and included 1,452 burglaries, 6,793 cases of larceny/theft, and 1,311 motor vehicle thefts. 9. Economy The Greater Seattle area is a leader in high-technology fields including computer software, electronics, environmental engineering, and biotechnology. Among its advantages as a business center are a well-educated and skilled work force, high-quality transportation and infrastructure resources, and strong manufacturing capabilities. The 469,802 full-time equivalent positions recorded for Seattle in the 1990 census are expected to grow to 521,878 by 2000 and 597,836 by 2010. Seattle has a strong service-sector economy. Services account for 29 percent of Seattle's jobs, wholesale and retail trade for 24 percent, and government for 16 percent, the same percentage as manufacturing. Top industrial fields are wood products, transportation equipment, food products, fish processing, and apparel design. Seattle is home to Microsoft, the world's largest personal computer software company, and the region is also home to over 2,000 other software development companies. Also headquartered in Seattle is Boeing, the world's biggest aircraft manufacturer. Other major companies located in Seattle include Costco, Weyerhaeuser, Paccar, Safeco, Nordstrom, Airborne Freight, and Starbucks. Seattle's biotechnology enterprises generate revenue of over $2 billion a year, a figure that is expected to more than double by 2005. The median family income for metropolitan Seattle in 1998 was $59,000. 10. Environment Environmental issues have a strong impact on Seattle, which was built on resource-based industries such as lumber and fishing. Even with the current dominance of the aerospace and high-tech fields, these older industries continue to play an important role in the region's economy. In recent years, logging practices—most notably clear-cutting—have come under fire from environmentalists, who have also raised the ire of those involved in the timber industry with their campaign to protect the forest habitat of the spotted owl. To save the old-growth forestland that serves as the birds' habitat, logging on federal lands in the region has been restricted since the late 1980s. Salmon fishing has also raised environmental issues, including the debate over what to do about sea lions that feed on fish slowly making their way through the fish ladders built to facilitate their progress through the locks of area canals. When conservative efforts to discourage the sea lions failed, heated controversy arose over plans to have them killed. More than 90 percent of Seattle's residents participate in the city's model curbside recycling program, which has reduced the volume of household-generated landfill waste by 40 percent. 11. Shopping With its mix of major department stores and smaller retailers, Seattle provides abundant shopping opportunities. Seattle's premier shopping attraction is the Pike Place Market, which features dozens of stalls selling every kind of locally available produce and food item, as well as a wing devoted mostly to crafts by local artisans and a lower-level area featuring an eclectic variety of small specialty shops. The market neighborhood is also a center for household furnishings and furniture retailers. Seattle is the home of the nationwide Nordstrom chain, and Nordstrom's flagship store at Pine Street and Fifth Avenue is one of two department stores that anchor the downtown shopping area—the other is Bon Marche. There is also a Nordstrom outlet for close-outs and returned merchandise called Nordstrom Rack. Also found in the downtown area is the main store of another Seattle-based retailer that has gone national—Eddie Bauer. Pioneer Square is home to a variety of small art galleries and independent shops, including antique stores, Oriental rug dealers, and the region's premier bookstore, Elliott Bay Book Company. 12. Education According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Seattle ranks well above the national average in terms of the educational level of its population. Of persons age 25 or over, 86.4 percent have graduated from high school, and 37.9 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher (compared with national averages of 82 percent and 23 percent, respectively). As of fall 1997, Seattle had a total enrollment of 47,457 in its public schools, with a racial and ethnic composition that was 40.6 percent white, 24.8 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, 23 percent black, 8.5 percent Hispanic, and 3.1 percent Native American. The public school district operated 116 schools and employed 2,450 classroom teachers and 4,636 support staff. There are over 300 private and parochial schools in the city. Seattle's major universities (with their fall 1997 enrollments) are the University of Washington (34,368), Seattle University (5,091), and Seattle Pacific University (3,293). Community college enrollment on the three Seattle campuses totaled 25,545. Major research centers in the Seattle area include the Battelle Memorial Institute and the Washington Technology Center. 13. Health Care With 26 acute-care hospitals and four specialized facilities, the Seattle metropolitan area is the leading health care center for the Pacific Northwest region. Altogether, the city has 4,500 hospital beds and some 3,000 physicians in clinical practice. The premier teaching hospital is the University of Washington Hospital. In 1997 the hospital, with 348 staffed beds, admitted 15,117 patients and logged 314,580 outpatient visits. Other well-known health care institutions are Children's Hospital and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle is also the home to a large number of free clinics and the Bailey-Boushay House, which has pioneered an inexpensive treatment setting for patients with AIDS . 14. Media Seattle's major daily newspapers (with 1998 circulation figures) are the Seattle Times (weekdays, 227,715; Sunday, 504,259) and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (weekdays, 196,2271; Sunday, 504,259). The Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, published Monday through Saturday covers the business community (1998 circulation 5,047). The Seattle Weekly and The Stranger are both alternative weekly newspapers with entertainment listing and local features. Papers serving Seattle's ethnic communities include La Voz (15,000), the Korea Times (10,000), the Seattle Chinese Post (10,000), the Northwest Asian Weekly (10,000), and the Korea Central Daily (7,000). All major television networks have affiliates in Seattle, which has a total of eight commercial television stations, as well as cable channels offered by Viacom and TCI. Broadcasts by about 40 am and FM radio stations provide news, music, and local features to the Seattle area. KUOW radio broadcasts programming by National Public Radio (NPR) and the BBC World Service. 15. Sports Seattle fields teams in all major-league sports. The American League's Seattle Mariners played in the Kingdome from 1990 to 1998, when they moved to the new Safeco Field. The Kingdome, which was imploded on March 26, 2000, was also the home of the National Football League's Seattle Seahawks. A new stadium for footbal and soccer is scheduled to open in 2002. The Seattle Super Sonics of the National Basketball Association compete in the Seattle Center Auditorium. Seattle also has a women's basketball team, the Reign. The Seattle Thunderbirds Hockey Club also plays at the Seattle Center. Also popular with Seattle sports fans are the University of Washington Huskies football team, which plays at Husky Stadium, and the university's women's basketball team. 16. Parks and Recreation Seattle's public park system extends over more than 2,024 hectares (5,000 acres). Landscape architects John Charles Olmsted and Frederick Olmsted Jr. (sons of famed planner Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822–1903) designed many of the city's parks, which today number around 400. Among the most popular parks are Waterfall Gardens (which boasts a seven-meter/22-foot waterfall in the heart of downtown); Volunteer Park (a graceful park that includes lily ponds and a conservatory); Green Lake (whose paved five-kilometer/3.2-mile path is popular with joggers and in-line skaters); Discovery Park (a 208-hectare/ 513-acre wilderness park that encompasses broad meadows, dense forests, and steep sea cliffs); and Gas Works Park (created on the former property of a gas-processing plant). Alki Beach on the shore of Puget Sound is a popular summertime site for swimming, picknicking, and volleyball. Seattle also abounds in outstanding garden centers, including Bloedel Reserve, the Herbfarm, Kubota Gardens, Pacific Rim Bonsai Collection, Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden, the University of Washington Medicinal Herb Garden, Woodland Park Rose Garden, and the Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens. The Seattle Tilth Demonstration Gardens offer instruction to gardeners at all levels. Popular outdoor pursuits in the Seattle area include bicycling, golf (with more than a dozen public courses), and hiking in the surrounding region, which includes three national parks. The city's maritime location makes an excellent location for such water sports as fishing, kayaking and canoeing, sail-boarding, and sailing. 17. Performing Arts Seattle has a lively theater scene, with flourishing mainstream and experimental troupes. The city's best-known theater company is the Intiman Theatre, which staged the area premiere of Tony Kushner's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Angels in America. A Contemporary Theatre, housed in Queen Anne Hall, an elegant historic facility with three contrasting performance spaces, displays the talents of local actors and, occasionally, big-name guest stars. Seattle Repertory Theatre, the city's oldest, is known for its lavish, high-quality productions. Alternative theater groups include the Empty Space Theatre, Printer's Devil Theatre, and A Theatre Under the Influence. Seattle is also known for its annual three-week Seattle Fringe Theatre Festival. Improvisation can be seen regularly at Theatre-Sports, and the Comedy Underground is the city's major comedy club. The Seattle Symphony, which performs at Benaroya Concert Hall, has distinguished itself under the direction of Gerard Schwartz, who has been its musical director since 1984. Seattle also supports the only chamber orchestra in the Pacific Northwest, the Seattle Orchestra, which performs works for small ensembles written between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The Seattle Opera stages full-scale productions of five operas every year, including a summertime performance of the Ring cycle by Richard Wagner. The Pacific Northwest Ballet, which performs at Seattle's Opera House, is the region's premier ballet troupe. Seattle is also home to the Allegro Dance Festival, a dance ensemble that focuses on ethnic dance and new works by area choreographers. The home of the "grunge rock" of the early 1990s, Seattle has a lively popular music scene that encompasses jazz, rock, and "world beat" as well as Latin, Celtic, and other types of ethnic music, reflecting the growing diversity and cultural sophistication of its population. Popular music is performed at numerous venues throughout Seattle, including the area's many cafes and pubs. In addition to the standard complement of modern multiplex movie theaters, Seattle has a good selection of art houses that show foreign films and revivals, and the Seattle International Film Festival entertains movie buffs annually for three weeks in late May and June. 18. Libraries and Museums Founded in 1891, the Seattle Public Library operates a central library downtown and 23 neighborhood branches. With a total of 865,732 book titles and 1,776,672 volumes, the library serves a population of more than half a million and employs a staff of 421. Its special collections cover subject areas including aviation history, genealogy, and Seattle history. Annual circulation totals nearly five million items. Located in the center of downtown, the Seattle Art Museum is housed in a striking building designed by architect Robert Venturi (b. 1925) and completed in 1991. The museum is known especially for its Asian, African, and modern art collections. The facility includes a large gallery for locally mounted special exhibitions and traveling exhibits, a 300-seat auditorium, and a Japanese gallery with an authentic teahouse. (Currently, the museum's outstanding Asian collection is actually housed in its original building, which has been renamed the Seattle Asian Art Museum.) The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum, remodeled and expanded in 1997, houses the nineteenth-century painting collection of its founders, as well as a variety of other nineteenth- and twentieth-century paintings and presents an eclectic schedule of musical performances, poetry readings, and other activities, as well as temporary exhibits. The Bellevue Art Museum specializes in works by regional artists, and the newly expanded Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington features an excellent permanent photography collection, as well as exhibits highlighting a variety of new media, including video. The Museum of Flight (often referred to as the Boeing Museum of Flight) honors Seattle's history as a capital of aviation. The museum's exhibits retell the history of flight and include replicas of the early glider flown by the Wright brothers, the Apollo and Mercury space capsules, and Air Force One. The Seattle Center is home to the Pacific Science Center and the Children's Museum, both of which feature hands-on exhibits for children and adults. 19. Tourism Seattle's relatively recent transformation into a trend-setting, high-profile city has brought an increase in tourism and tourist facilities. In addition to the city's mild climate and picturesque location amid water, forestland, and mountains, visitors are drawn by its bustling cultural and commercial life, the recreational opportunities that are available, and Seattle's growing reputation as a mecca for contemporary youth culture. Today the metropolitan area boasts 17,500 hotel and motel rooms. The Seattle Center, the city's main conference and convention facility, offers 3,995 square meters (43,000 square feet) of exhibition space, eight large conference rooms, and banquet seating for 1,500 people. Seattle is also the site of the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, conveniently located on I-5, the major artery that passes through the city. The Battelle Conference Center on the University of Washington campus is often used to host meetings, and the Kingdome sports stadium is a popular venue for trade shows. Seattle, WA 98111 Books Beebe, Morton. Cascadia: A Tale of Two Cities, Seattle and Vancouver, B.C. Photographs by Morton Beebe; essays by J. Kingston Pierce. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. Crowley, Walt. Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1995. Egan, Timothy. The Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest. New York: Knopf, 1990. Morgan, Murray. Skid Road. New York: Viking Press, 1960. Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1994. Reed, Wilson Edward. The Politics of Community Policing: The Case of Seattle. New York: Garland, 1999. Roe, Jo Ann. Seattle Uncovered. Plano, Texas : Seaside Press, 1995. Smith, Giselle. Seattle Best Places. Seattle, Washington: Sasquatch Books, 1999. Taylor, Quintard. The Forging of a Black Community. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994. Tisdale, Sallie. Stepping Westward: The Long Search for Home in the Pacific Northwest. New York: Henry Holt, 1991. Videorecordings Alki, Birthplace of Seattle. Produced, directed and written by B.J. Bullert; a presentation of the Southwest Seattle Historical Society and KCTS Television. Seattle, Washington: Distributed by Wehman Video, 1997. 1 video-cassette (28 min.): sd., col.; 1/2 in. Cite this article Seattle : Recreation Sightseeing Seattle is consistently ranked among the top U.S. tourist destinations. Many attractions are located in the pedestrian-scale downtown area or within easy access by bus and monorail. Tourists can choose from several diversions, including historical sites, internationally acclaimed cultural events, and outdoor activities in the spectacular mountains, forests, and waters surrounding the city. A popular Seattle landmark is the Space Needle, focal point of the Seattle Center, the 74-acre park and building complex constructed for the 1962 World's Fair. The 605-foot Space Needle features an observation deck for viewing the city, Puget Sound, and adjacent Cascade and Olympic mountains. At its base is the $100 million Experience Music Project, a nonprofit interactive museum tracing the history of American music, which was funded entirely by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. The Seattle Center, linked to the central business district by free bus service and the high-speed Monorail, contains an amusement park and sponsors outdoor concerts as well as other events. Pioneer Square, near the waterfront downtown, is the city's historic district. This area offers a trip back to late-1800s Seattle via cobblestone streets, the original Skid Road (an expression that later evolved into Skid Row), and restored brick and sandstone buildings, many of them housing shops and restaurants. A unique point of interest beneath Pioneer Square is the "underground city," five blocks of sidewalks and storefronts that were left standing after the 1889 fire, when the street levels were raised. Seattle offers an abundance of attractions related to the maritime industry. Harbor traffic on Elliott Bay can be observed from Waterfront Park, located in the pier area just off Alaskan Way. South of the park at Pier 53, the Seattle Fire Department boats, Alki and Chief Seattle, are berthed; a favorite local event is practice day, when the fireboats shoot high water arcs into the bay. At Fishermen's Terminal, a working commercial fishing port, residents and visitors enjoy watching fishermen mend nets and tend their boats. Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, among the busiest locks in the world, furnish diversion for navigation enthusiasts as scores of large and small vessels are transferred daily between salt and fresh water. The Seattle Aquarium on the downtown waterfront links the waterfront to First Avenue, which lies just above. For those wanting to go out onto the water, ferries provide rides along the coast and across the sound; tour boats offer longer cruises and excursions to points of interest in the area. Seattle is known for the Woodland Park Zoo, which contains about 1,000 animals in their natural habitats with minimal fencing and barriers; special features are 50 endangered species and the world's largest group of liontail macaques. Washington Park on the University of Washington campus is the setting for the Arboretum, 200 acres of public gardens, including a Japanese tea garden, with especially striking displays of blossoms and foliage during spring and fall. Arts and Culture Seattle is the cultural and entertainment hub of the Pacific Northwest as well as one of the nation's leading cities for theater and opera. Rivaled only by New York in the number of equity theaters based in the area and considered one of the leading U.S. cities for opera performances, Seattle is the only place in the Western Hemisphere where Richard Wagner's Ring cycle is performed annually. Attaining wide recognition has in fact become a Seattle tradition, yet cultural events also emphasize regional artists and performers. The arts scene includes the Seattle Symphony, located in the world-class Benaroya Hall; Seattle Opera; the Pacific Northwest Ballet; numerous art galleries; the Seattle Art Museum; the Seattle Asian Art Museum; and the Experience Music Project rock and roll museum. The 2003–2004 season marked the Seattle Symphony's Centennial Season. The city is rich in theater arts with 80 companies, 13 of which are professional. The Seattle Opera, recognized internationally for its compelling and accomplished performances, moved into its new state-of-the-art home, Marion Oliver McCaw Hall, in August 2003. The Seattle Repertory Theatre Company, the city's principal and nationally-acclaimed professional theater company, stages its annual productions at the Bagley Wright Theater at Seattle Center. Downtown's Paramount Theatre houses both the Fifth Avenue Theatre and visiting Broadway shows. Live theater is presented by area companies, including a Contemporary Theater (ACT), now housed at the renovated Eagle's Auditorium; Empty Space; and Intiman. Several small theaters are also active in the Seattle metropolitan area. Dramatic and musical performances are regularly scheduled at the University of Washington. Seattle hosts large-scale musical concerts and has gained international attention as the place of origin of many trend-setting rock and pop groups. Seattle supports a number of museums and galleries specializing in a wide range of areas. The Seattle Art Museum displays a large collection of Oriental, Asian, African, and modern art; of special interest is a collection of paintings by the Northwest Mystics school. The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum downtown features exhibits of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century and contemporary paintings. The Belle-vue Art Museum in Bellevue Square specializes in works by regional artists. The Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington is one of the oldest art museums in the state. Commercial galleries, most of them clustered around Pioneer Square, regularly schedule shows. The Museum of Flight traces the history of flight from Leonardo da Vinci to the present with such exhibits as "Apollo," which chronicles manned space exploration, and more than forty aircraft. The Suquamish Museum is devoted to the preservation of Puget Sound native culture; artifacts, photographs, and oral histories are featured. Daybreak Star Arts and Cultural Center in Discovery Park pays homage to Northwest Coast tribes through indoor and outdoor displays of paintings and carvings. The Burke Museum displays artifacts and geological materials relating to Northwest Coast native and Pacific Rim cultures; dinosaur exhibits are a highlight. The Museum of History and Industry concentrates on the heritage of Seattle, King County, and the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Science Center, located at Seattle Center, presents exhibits pertaining to science; laser shows and films are shown at the Eames/IMAX Theater; the Science Center also is home to the Boeing 3D IMAX Theatre. The Seattle Children's Museum, also at Seattle Center, offers such hands-on activities as a child-size neighborhood for both adults and children. Festivals and Holidays Seattle and its environs, a major attraction for the television and film industry, support an annual, world-famous international film festival. Other festival celebrations include the International Children's Theater Festival and the Bite of Seattle food festival. The Northwest Folklife Festival is held at Seattle Center on Memorial Day weekend in May; this annual event features traditional folk music, folk dances, and the culture of the people of the Pacific Northwest. Held annually for 23 days in mid-July to early August, the Seattle SEAFAIR includes boat races and exhibitions, parades, a queen coronation and pageant, fishing derbies, food, and entertainment. Also in July and August is the famous Pacific Northwest Wagner Festival, presenting performances of the composer's complete Ring cycle, staged at Seattle Center Opera House. Seattle Center is the site on Labor Day weekend of the Seattle Arts Festival, popularly known as "Bumbershoot;" rated as one of the five top festivals in the nation, it is a celebration of the city's arts community with more than 400 performances ranging from grunge bands to Russian tightrope walkers. The year closes with the Harvest Festival in November and the Christmas Cruise in December. Sports for the Spectator Seattle is the only city in the Northwest to support professional teams in all three major sports. The Seattle Seahawks of the American Football Conference play at Qwest Field, a 72,000-seat, open-air stadium built in 2002. The Seattle Mariners play American League baseball at Safeco Field, which has a retractable roof. The SuperSonics, a National Basketball Association team, hold their games in the Key Arena in the Seattle Center, which is also the scene of hockey action from the Seattle Thunderbirds of the Western Hockey League. Soccer fans enjoy matches featuring the Seattle Sounders at Qwest Field. WNBA women's basketball is played by the Seattle Storm. Area colleges and universities field teams in all primary sports. There is also horse racing at Emerald Downs, minor league baseball with the Everett Aquasox and Tacoma Rainiers, PRCA Rodeo, and numerous other spectator and participatory sports. Sports for the Participant Considered one of the best recreational cities in the United States , Seattle offers a variety of outdoor activities. Especially popular are water sports such as fresh- and salt-water fishing, boating, swimming, scuba diving, and whitewater rafting on lakes and waterways within an hour of downtown. Hiking and horseback riding can be enjoyed on miles of forest trails maintained in area parks and mountains; skiing and mountain climbing, including guided climbs to the top of Mount Rainier, can be pursued at several locations in the mountains surrounding Seattle. Five golf courses, 151 tennis courts, 12 beaches, 10 swimming pools, and 33 play fields can be found in the area's 397 parks and open spaces. Shopping and Dining Shopping can be a unique experience in Seattle, where high-fashion merchandise and recreational gear coexist on shop counters. Major department stores and designer boutiques are located downtown within walking distance of hotels and in suburban shopping centers throughout the area. Seattle is the nation's primary manufacturing and retail center for recreational and outdoor equipment. Northwest Native American handicrafts and art items are available at local artisan centers, specialty shops, and galleries and museums; goods imported from the Orient are featured at shops in Seattle's International District, where Chinatown is located. Historic Pike Place Market near Pioneer Square is one of the few remaining authentic farmer's markets in the nation. A terraced walkway leads from the market to Alaskan Way, a colorful waterfront streetcar route lined with piers, marine equipment shops, and seafood restaurants. Seafood is a Seattle specialty, and seafood stands and restaurants featuring dishes prepared from daily catches abound. The city has also gained a national reputation as the center for "Northwest cuisine:" Olympia oysters, geoduck clams, wild mushrooms, fresh produce, whole-grain breads, and local cheeses and wines. Many restaurants feature scenic locations that enhance dining pleasure, and opportunities for alfresco dining are plentiful. Asian food is found on many local menus, and citizens have gone wild for coffee—coffee shops and espresso carts can be found in the usual locations and even in gas stations and hardware stores. Visitor Information: Seattle/King County Convention & Visitors Bureau, 701 Pike Street, Suite 800, Seattle, WA 98101; telephone (206)461-5800; fax (206)461-5855; email [email protected]. Cite this article Seattle : Economy Major Industries and Commercial Activity While Seattle has in the past been largely dependent on the aerospace industry (it is the headquarters of the Boeing Company, the world's largest aerospace firm), the city's diverse economy is also based on the manufacture of transportation equipment and forest products as well as food processing and advanced technology in computer software, biotechnology, electronics, medical equipment, and environmental engineering. In 2003 Corbis, one of the world's leading providers of digital images, moved its headquarters to downtown Seattle. Nonmanufacturing activities, however, comprise more than 85 percent of the Seattle economy; international trade, for instance, is a leading industry, accounting for a large portion of jobs statewide. The Port of Seattle, the second largest handler of container cargo in the country, provides a direct connection to the Orient and serves as a major link in trade with markets in Alaska , on the Gulf of Mexico, and on the Atlantic Coast. With its multifaceted transportation network of freeways, railroads, an airport, a ferry system, and port facilities, Seattle is the principal trade, distribution, financial, and services center for the Northwest. Tourism continues to be a vital part of the city's economy. Items and goods produced: food products, textiles, aluminum, iron and steel products, lumber, flour, clothing, airplanes, canned fish and fruit Incentive Programs—New and Existing Companies Among the incentives available to businesses in Seattle/King County are customized employee training, low interest loans, and tax deferrals. In addition to federal government assistance, state and local governments in the area have offered a package of incentives to meet the unique needs of business and industry. Development Projects With Seattle mired in a recession in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States , Mayor Greg Nickels created the Economic Opportunity Task Force to revitalize distressed neighborhood business districts and work on policies that benefit the University of Washington. Also at the top of the mayor's economic development agenda were transportation issues, including replacement of the Alaskan Way Viaduct, the expansion of the Seattle mono-rail, and the improvement of Sound Transit's light rail line. Perhaps one of the area's most ambitious projects, the replacement of the Alaskan Way Viaduct with a tunnel, has been announced. Because the adjacent seawall is deteriorating and the viaduct itself was severely damaged in the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, both structures need to be rebuilt in order to remove a threat to public safety and the economy. The viaduct is one of the state's most important transportation corridors, carrying 110,000 vehicles a day. Since 2001, millions of dollars have been spent to secure it. The next steps for the project will be to complete a Final Environmental Impact Statement in 2006 and pursue funding for the project. Construction to replace the viaduct and seawall will begin in 2009, pending available funding. Numerous apartment, condominium, hotels, retail, and other spaces are under construction or renovation in the downtown area. The new 362,987-square-foot Downtown Central Library opened in May 2004. The first phase of construction to transform eight acres of waterfront property adjoining Myrtle Edwards Park into an open space began in June 2004. The park will have a two-story pavilion, parking for 54 vehicles, and pedestrian walkways as well as a pedestrian overpass. In addition to a massive, $300 million expansion of Terminal 18, the Port of Seattle has been carrying out other projects as a part of the Seattle Seaport Terminal Project. The plan consists of numerous smaller projects that are expected to improve the port's terminals for businesses, tourists, and passengers. In past decades, the Port has invested $2.1 billion in facilities improvements and plans to invest an additional $2.9 billion over the next decade. Dredging the east waterway of the Duwamish River is expected to cost $7.5 million and will help make several more of the Port's container berths deep enough to accommodate the next generation of container ships. This will also create jobs both on the waterfront and throughout the region. The first phase of a $12.7 million cruise terminal began in 2000; Norwegian Cruise Line and Royal Caribbean International will use the port for new cruise services. Economic Development Information: City of Seattle Office of Economic Development, telephone (206)684-8090; fax (206)684-0379. State of Washington, Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development, telephone (206)464-6282. Trade Development Alliance of Greater Seattle, telephone (206)389-7301 Commercial Shipping Seattle's economy benefits from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, which is served by 16 cargo carriers. The city's most important commercial asset is Elliott Bay, one of the finest deep-water ports in the world. The Port of Seattle is the fifth largest container port in the United States and the twentieth largest in the world. It can accommodate ships up to 1,400 feet in length and provides generous warehouse space. Two transcontinental railroads and more than 170 motor freight carriers transport goods to and from Seattle. Labor Force and Employment Outlook Seattle offers an educated, skilled, productive, and stable work force, who are attracted to the area by the quality of life. Although experts proclaim that the post-September 11, 2001, recession has ended, it will not be until beyond 2005 that the area will surpass employment levels seen at the peak of the economic boom in December 2000. In spite of recent setbacks, local analysts expect continued growth in the Seattle area, especially in manufacturing industries (mainly aircraft and biotechnology) and services. The following is a summary of data regarding the Seattle-Bellevue-Everett metropolitan area labor force, 2004 annual averages. Size of nonagricultural labor force: 1,335,500 Number of workers employed in . . . natural resources and mining: 1,300 construction: 76,400 trade, transportation, and utilities: 260,100 information: 72,200 professional and business services: 181,800 educational and health services: 138,700 leisure and hospitality: 122,600 10,000 Cost of Living The cost of living in Seattle is not inexpensive, given the relatively high price of housing. The average monthly rental cost for a two-bedroom, two-bathroom, unfurnished apartment is $913. The estimated purchase price for a new home (three bedrooms and two full baths) with approximately 1,800 square feet of living space in the Seattle area is $313,983. The following is a summary of data regarding several key cost of living factors for the Seattle area. 2004 (3rd Quarter) ACCRA Average House Price: $354,843 2004 (3rd Quarter) ACCRA Cost of Living Index: 122.7 (U.S. average = 100.0) State income tax rate: None State sales tax rate: 6.5% (food and prescription drugs are exempt) Local income tax rate: None Local sales tax rate: 1.0% Property tax rate: $10.21-12.18 per $1,000 assessed value (2004) Economic Information: The Greater Seattle Datasheet, City of Seattle, Office of Intergovernmental Relations, telephone (206)684-8055; fax (206)684-8267 Cite this article Seattle : History Illinois Farmers Build Sawmills in Seattle The original inhabitants of the region surrounding the site of present-day Seattle were the Suquamish tribe. Their chief, Sealth, befriended a group of Illinois farmers who settled in the area in 1851. These settlers, the first people of European descent to arrive north of the Columbia River, had established a town at Alki Point on Elliott Bay then moved to the location of present-day Pioneer Square. They named their new town Seattle in gratitude to Chief Sealth. Finding an abundant lumber resource in the rich forests, the settlers set up sawmills for the preparation of logs for export to San Francisco , where the 1849 gold rush had generated a building boom. By 1853 the lumber industry was thriving in the area, and for several years it provided the sole economic base of Seattle, which was incorporated in 1869. City Rebuilds After Fire; Becomes Commercial Center In 1889 a great fire, ignited by a flaming glue pot in a print shop, destroyed the entire business district, consuming sixty blocks. Damaged wood-frame buildings were replaced by masonry structures on a higher elevation than the original storefronts, resulting in the creation of an underground city that is a popular tourist attraction in modern Seattle. The city recovered fairly quickly from the setback caused by the fire. During the last decade of the nineteenth century Seattle became a rail and maritime commercial center when the Great Northern Railroad reached town and the city was selected by a major shipping line as the port of entry for trade with the Orient. The Alaska gold rush brought further growth and development, and Seattle, dubbed the "gateway to the Klondike," increased in population from 56,842 people in 1897 to 80,600 people in 1900. Prosperity continued and within the next decade the population grew to 240,000 residents. Rise of Aerospace Industry; World's Fair Brings Tourists Seattle's aerospace industry began when a small local firm that became the Boeing Company—now the world's foremost manufacturer of jet aircraft and spacecraft—started making two-seater biplanes in 1916. The shipping and aircraft industries continued to play an important role in the city's economy during both world wars and into the 1960s. The Seattle World's Fair in 1962 brought new economic dimensions to the region, establishing Seattle as a tourist and entertainment center. As a result of the reduction of federal support for aerospace projects in the 1970s, the city's reliance on the aircraft industry shifted to development of its position as a transportation hub in the international market. Since 1975 Seattle has undergone renewed economic expansion to become the financial, industrial, and trade center for the Pacific Northwest. Seattle made international headlines in 1999 when the city played host to the World Trade Organization meeting. Forty thousand demonstrators gathered to protest globalization; city leaders had hoped that the summit would showcase Seattle as a world-class friend to free trade. The event highlighted the tension between those who liked the new high-tech, high-wealth Seattle and those who believed that Seattle is losing its small-town charm. Today, Seattle is a hotbed of activity in the Pacific Northwest. Located just two hours south of Vancouver, Canada , the city of Seattle is an international port that boasts several professional sports teams, hundreds of restaurants, a myriad of cultural venues, and a lifestyle that is unique to the Pacific Northwest. Cite this article maximum: $56,217 Funding per pupil: $6,229 More than 300 private and parochial schools, preschools, and special schools also operate in the Seattle metropolitan area. Public Schools Information: Seattle Public Schools, 815 Fourth Avenue North, PO Box 19116, Seattle, WA 98109; telephone (206)298-7000 Colleges and Universities The University of Washington (which enrolls nearly 40,000 students), Seattle Pacific University (which enrolls 3,800), and Seattle University (which enrolls 3,900) are the major four-year accredited institutions of higher learning in Seattle. They offer baccalaureate degrees in a wide range of disciplines and graduate degrees in such fields as education, law, software engineering, and medicine. A number of community colleges, vocational schools, and adult-education centers serve Seattle residents. Libraries and Research Centers In addition to its main branch downtown, the Seattle Public Library system operates 23 branches throughout the city. Its collection consists of more than 2.5 million items. Special collections focus on aeronautics, African Americans, and Northwest history. In 1998 Seattle voters approved a $196.4 million bond measure to upgrade the Seattle Public Library system with new facilities, technology, and books. The new, 362,987-square-foot facility, which opened May 2004, includes a 275-seat auditorium and parking for 143 vehicles. The University of Washington's library, said to be the largest and most comprehensive in the Northwest, holds more than 6 million volumes. Special libraries there are affiliated with universities, government agencies, hospitals, and local corporations, which concentrate on such fields as medicine, business, banking, law, and science. The University of Washington is the heart of research study in Seattle, including the areas of microcomputer architecture, digital systems theory, speech and image processing, artificial intelligence, and metallurgical and ceramic engineering. Other major research facilities are the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Battelle Memorial Institute. Public Library Information: Seattle Public Library, 1000 Fourth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104-1193; telephone (206)386-4636 Cite this article Percent change, 1990–2000: 9.1% U.S. rank in 1980: 23rd U.S. rank in 1990: 21st (State rank: 1st) U.S. rank in 2000: 30th Density: 6,717.0 people per square mile (2000) Racial and ethnic characteristics (2000) White: 394,889 Black or African American: 47,541 American Indian and Alaskan Native: 5,659 Asian: 73,910 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 2,804 Hispanic or Latino (may be of any race): 29,719 Other: 13,423 Percent of residents born in state: 38.8% (2000) Age characteristics (2000) Population under 5 years old: 26,215 Population 5 to 9 years old: 24,459 Population 10 to 14 years old: 23,425 Population 15 to 19 years old: 29,648 Population 20 to 24 years old: 51,014 Population 25 to 34 years old: 122,282 Population 35 to 44 years old: 95,077 Population 45 to 54 years old: 81,453 Population 55 to 59 years old: 24,839 Population 60 to 64 years old: 17,164 Population 65 to 74 years old: 29,463 Population 75 to 84 years old: 27,273 Population 85 years and over: 11,071 Median age: 35.4 years Seattle : Communications Newspapers and Magazines Seattle's major daily newspapers are the evening The Seattle Times and the morning Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Seattle is also the headquarters for several weekly, biweekly, or monthly publications appealing to ethnic groups, such as Northwest Asian Weekly, and Korea Central Daily. Slate, an online publication developed by Microsoft, is based in Seattle. Television and Radio All major television networks have affiliates in Seattle, and cable service is available. More than 30 AM and FM radio stations are based in Seattle, providing music, news, and features; other stations broadcast from neighboring communities. Media Information: The Seattle Times, 1120 John St., Seattle, WA 98109; telephone (206)264-2111; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 101 Elliott Ave. W., Seattle WA 98119; telephone (206)464-2111 Seattle Online City of Seattle home page. Available www.pan.ci. seattle .wa.us enterpriseSeattle. Available www.edc-sea.org Greater Seattle Chamber of Commerce. Available www.seattlechamber.com Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce. Available www.djc.com Seattle-King County Convention & Visitors Bureau. Available www.seeseattle.org Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Available seattlep-i.com Seattle Public Library. Available www.spl.org Seattle Public Schools. Available www.seattleschools.org Seattle Times. Available seattletimes.nwsource.com Washington State Tourism home page. Available www.tourism.wa.gov Selected Bibliography Dillard, Annie, The Living (New York: HarperCollins, 1992) Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994) Rex-Johnson, Braiden, and Paul Souders, Inside the Pike Place Market: Exploring America's Favorite Farmer's Market (Seattle, Wa.: Sasquatch Books, 1999) Cite this article Seattle : Transportation Approaching the City Air travelers to Seattle are served by the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac), the sixteenth busiest commercial airport in the United States . The airport is currently being upgraded with a new runway that will enable aircraft to land in any weather conditions. A new South Terminal and new Central Terminal and Pacific Marketplace were completed in 2004. Plans are also underway for a multi-year capital improvement project slated for completion by 2010 that will add needed capacity. Two interstate highways serve Seattle: I-5 (north-south) and I-90 (east-west). Passenger rail service is available from Amtrak's four daily trains. Seattle is the southern terminus of the Alaska Marine Highway System; ferries transporting passengers and motor vehicles operate year round from points in southeast Alaska . Passenger rail service to major U.S. destinations is provided by Amtrak, and buses connect Seattle with U.S. and Canadian cities and with Tijuana , Mexico. Traveling in the City Avenues in Seattle run north and south and streets run east and west. The city center is perhaps best explored on foot. Seattle's bus- and trolley-based mass transit system, Metro Transit, operates routes throughout the Seattle-King County area, with service in downtown Seattle provided free of charge from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. A five-year plan to upgrade facilities, equipment, systems, and services is scheduled for completion in 2007. Cite this article Seattle : Convention Facilities The Washington State Convention and Trade Center is the city's major meeting and conference facility. The facility currently offers 54 meeting rooms and ballrooms totaling approximately 105,000 square feet of space, and exhibit space totaling 205,700 square feet. The Convention Center expansion, which was completed in July 2001, includes a magnificent new arch spanning Pike Street, along with an office tower at the northeast corner of 7th and Pike. The center sits on top of Interstate 5, within walking distance of more than 9,000 hotel rooms. Just north of downtown, the 831,000-square-foot Seattle Center also hosts conventions and meetings. Lynnwood Convention Center, Meydenbaur Center, and Bell Harbor International Conference Center are among other locations used for trade shows and meetings. Hotels and motels throughout the metropolitan area provide a total of nearly 25,000 rooms as well as additional convention and meeting accommodations. Convention Information: Seattle/King County Convention & Visitors Bureau, 701 Pike Street, Suite 800, Seattle, WA 98101; telephone (206)461-5800; fax (206)461-5855; email [email protected] Cite this article Seattle : Health Care With a national reputation for its diagnostic and treatment facilities, which include more free clinics than in any other West Coast city, Seattle-King County is the health care center for the Pacific Northwest. The metropolitan area offers 26 general acute-care and five special purpose centers providing thousands of beds and physicians. University of Washington Hospital is the teaching hospital for the University of Washington. Among its other leading health care institutions are Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Virginia Mason Medical Center, and Swedish Medical Center. Bailey-Boushay House, a residence where people with HIV can be treated less expensively than at traditional centers, has provided over a decade of life-changing care. The Seattle Cancer Treatment and Wellness Center is the only cancer center in the Pacific Northwest where medical oncologists work side by side with practitioners of alternative medicine. Cite this article Seattle : Introduction Little more than a century ago, Seattle—nicknamed "The Emerald City"—was a pioneer outpost and a quiet lumbering town. Transformed by the Yukon gold rush into a thriving metropolis, Seattle has become the transportation, manufacturing, commercial, and services hub for the Pacific Northwest as well as the largest urban area north of San Francisco , California . The city's arts community has gained an international reputation, annually drawing audiences from throughout the United States and abroad. Nestled between two magnificent mountain ranges, with a breathtaking view of a lake and bay, Seattle enjoys a climate one observer has likened to "an airborne ocean bath." Cite this article	i don't know
Chum, pink, and Chinook are all types of what?	Washington Salmon and Steelhead Species Salmonscape Salmon and Steelhead Species in Washington Salmon and steelhead have long played an important role in the ecology, economy and culture of the Pacific Northwest, providing a source of food for humans and wildlife alike. Unfortunately, many naturally spawning stocks are struggling to survive significant losses in spawning and rearing habitat and other factors related to growth in the region's human population over the past century. There are five species of Pacific salmon in Washington - chinook, coho, chum, pink and sockeye - all emerge from eggs and rear in freshwater, migrate to sea to feed, then return to their natal waters to spawn. Scientists use the term "salmonid" to refer to salmon, steelhead and anadromous trout species that share this anadromous lifecycle. Oftentimes "salmon and steelhead" will be used as well as "salmon" to generally refer to all salmon and steelhead species. Each salmonid species is adapted to the natural conditions found in Washington rivers and in the ocean. Salmon and steelhead are further divided into 486 known "populations," each a scientifically designated, biologically distinct group of individuals (e.g., Lower Columbia River Spring Chinook, Skagit River coho) adapted to specific streams, estuaries and other conditions. When thousands of mature salmon spawn and die, they do far more than produce another generation. They also provide a source of nutrition, arriving in the fall, that allows many animals to survive the harshness of winter. Where salmon runs have become extinct, the local ecosystem suffers. Species such as bear, eagle, mink and river otter suffer large population losses when salmon runs decline. What Salmon need Although the habitat requirements of each species of salmon and steelhead differ somewhat, all share some common habitat needs to support life stage development (Spence et al. 1996). Common habitat functions include: stable incubation environment (flow regime/water quantity), cool, well-oxygenated, unpolluted water (water quality), cover (habitat structure), sufficient sources of prey (food source), and unimpeded access to off-channel areas and saline waters (access). How are Washington's Salmon and Steelhead doing? In 1991, the federal government declared Snake River sockeye salmon as endangered. In the next few years, 16 more geographically distinct subgroups (i.e., evolutionarily significant units composed of several populations) of Chinook, coho, chum, and sockeye salmon, as well as several steelhead groups, were listed as either threatened or endangered. By 1999 75% of the state was covered by federal listings of at-risk salmon. Washington's 2010 State of the Salmon in Watershed Report provided an overview of which salmon and steelhead populations are increasing, decreasing or showing no changes. For status and information on specific populations in Washington you can click on each species of "salmonid" below and get a listing of all the populations within that species name:	Salmon
Based upon a 1987 historical fantasy novel by Tim Powers, what is the name and inspiration for the fourth installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series?	ODFW Marine Sport Fish ID - Salmon The ocean phase of six different species of Pacific salmon. From top to bottom: chinook, chum, coho, sockeye, pink, and steelhead. The two most commonly caught species of salmon in the ocean hook and line fisheries off Oregon are coho and chinook salmon. Pink salmon are intercepted to a much lesser degree, and are most prevalent off Oregon in years ending in an odd number (i.e. '95, '97, '99, '01, etc.). Chum salmon and steelhead trout are occasionally intercepted as well. Sockeye salmon are rarely caught by Oregon ocean fishers. Fishing regulations require anglers and commercial fishers to correctly identify salmon species as legal lengths, seasons, and other restrictions often vary based on the species. Anglers who incorrectly identify their catch, may have their fish confiscated, and receive a costly citation as well. It is highly recommended that fishers take the time to review fish identification materials that are available, including the information on this page. Do's and Don'ts for Ocean Salmon i.d. DO use the gumline on the LOWER jaw for identifying a salmon. It is the single best feature to use. It is also the characteristic that is most likely to be used by enforcement officers in deciding whether a violation has occurred and if a citation should be issued. DO review the identification materials provided on this web page, and keep a copy of this or another ocean salmon identification guide with you while fishing. DO carefully release any salmon if you are unable to make a positive identification and the fish may be a prohibited species. DON'T rely on body color or spots to identify a salmon caught in the ocean. Salmon in the ocean phase of their life cycle will not show the colors that are common after they enter the estuaries and rivers. All ocean salmon are primarily silver in color, and there can be wide variations in spots and color both within and between species. DON'T use the presence or absence of a hooked nose as an identifying characteristic. A hooked nose is a common secondary sexual characteristic of male salmon as they approach maturity, and is present in all species. DON'T use the size of a salmon to determine the species. Although the chinook grows to be the largest of our salmon, with fish over 50 pounds being caught on occasion, the average size of an ocean caught chinook is 12-15 pounds. On the other hand coho, chum, and steelhead have been observed in the 25-30 pound range. Coho Salmon "Silver" (Oncorhynchus kisutch) The coloration on the lower jaw exhibits a distinct banding pattern. Outside the base of the teeth there is a dark band, at the base of the teeth is a white or very light band, and inside of the base of the teeth is another dark band. Bone segments in the fin rays of the tail can be felt by lightly running a finger nail along the top of the fin ray. Teeth are sharp and firmly set in the jaw. Tail may or may not have "round" spots in the upper lobe. Occasionally, coho will have spots in both lobes of the tail. "Small" spots may or may not be present on the back. Lower jaw of coho salmon. Note the distinct banding pattern of dark to light to dark. Back to top Chinook Salmon "King" (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) The lower jaw is a uniform dark coloration (in some cases may be mottled). Bone segments in the fin rays of the tail CANNOT be felt by lightly running a finger nail along the top of a fin ray. Teeth are sharp and firmly set in the jaw. Tail may or may not have "round" spots in both the upper and lower lobe. "Large" wavy spots are usually present on the back Diagram and two photos showing coloration of lower jaw of chinook salmon. Note that the coloration at the base of the teeth is consistent with the area inside and outside i.e. no distinct banding coloration although colors can vary substantially. Pink Salmon "Humpie" (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) The lower jaw is a uniform dark coloration (in some cases may be mottled).Teeth are dull and are loosely set in the jaw. Tail is translucent, with large oval spots throughout. Lower jaw of pink salmon and pink salmon tail displaying the large oval spots. Note that there is more variation in the color of the pink salmon gumline than in other salmon species. Generally, the gumline is most similar to the chinook's, however pink salmon will have dull and loosely set teeth while the chinook will have sharp firmly set teeth. Lower jaw of a chum salmon. Note banding pattern of light to dark to light, the opposite of what is seen in coho. Chum Salmon "Dog" (Oncorhynchus keta) Coloration on the lower jaw exhibits a distinct banding pattern. Outside the base of the teeth it is light, at the base of the teeth it is dark, and inside of the base of the teeth it is light again.Tail has no spots. Diameter of the pupil of the eye is large.	i don't know
The Indianapolis 500 race, held over the Memorial Day weekend, takes how many laps to complete the full 500 miles?	Indianapolis 500 \| Autopedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Template:Indycar race infobox The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, is an American automobile race , held annually over the Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing" is one of the oldest and richest motorsport events in existence, having the largest attendance and one of the largest TV/radio audiences of any single-day sporting events worldwide. While the official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, news media estimate attendance in excess of 270,000 [1] . The event lends its name to the " IndyCar " class of formula , or open-wheel , race cars that have competed in it. It has been broadcast live over radio on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1952, televised live in 1949 and 1950 on then-independent, local station WFBM-TV (now WRTV), and not again until ABC Sports was permitted to broadcast the race via tape delay from 1965 to 1985, and then with live flag-to-flag coverage beginning in 1986. In May 2006, the race celebrated its 90th running and 61st consecutive year of uninterrupted occurrence. Contents File:Speedageindy.jpg The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909, and hosted a smattering of small events before the promoters decided to focus on just one major event and it was paved with 3.2 million bricks urged by principal Carl G. Fisher. The creation of a 500 mile (804.672 km) race allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races. The first "500" was held at the Speedway on Memorial Day, May 30, 1911, with Ray Harroun piloting a Marmon "Wasp" -- outfitted with his invention, the rear-view mirror -- to victory. 80,200 spectators paid $1 admission, and an annual tradition had been established. Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race, as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic, who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming. Template:Wikisourcepar Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car, European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event, which they did from 1913 to 1919. However, after World War I, the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race, with the engineer Harry Arminius Miller setting himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders. His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s. Miller and Offenhauser Edit In the early 1920s, Miller built his own 3.0 litre (183 in³) engine, inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914, installing it in Jimmy Murphy's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race. Miller then created his own automobiles, which shared the 'Miller' designation, which, in turn, were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter (122 and 91 in³) engine single-seaters, winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 (two of them, 1926 and 1928, in Miller chassis). The engines then won another seven races until 1938 (again two of them, 1930 and 1932, in Miller-designated chassis), then ran at first with stock-type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 liter formula. However, in 1935, Miller's former employees, Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen, had already achieved their first win with the soon-to-become famous 4-cylinder Offenhauser or "Offy" engine. This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard's history with a to-date record total of 27 wins, in both naturally-aspirated and supercharged form, and winning a likewise record-holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964. Race Name Edit The 500 was first called "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race" in 1911. This name continued until 1919 when the name "Liberty Sweepstakes" was used following World War I in 1919 only. The race went back to "International Sweepstakes Race" in 1920. From then until 1980, the race was called either the "International Sweepstakes Race, Distance 500 Miles" or the "International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race." During the latter parts of this time period, the race was unofficially known, but recognized as "The 500," "Indianapolis 500," or "Indy 500." The Borg-Warner Trophy , introduced in 1936, proclaims the event as "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race." Beginning in 1981, the race was officially called the "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race" (Indianapolis 500 for short), with all references as the "International Sweepstakes" dropped. European Incursions Edit Hot Rod magazine cover showing a Granatelli Lotus Turbine IndyCar, 1968 In the meantime, European manufacturers, gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades, made a brief return just before World War II, with the competitive Maserati 8CM allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis in 1941. With the 500 having been a part of the World Drivers' Championship between 1950 and 1960, Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari, but European entries were few and far between during those days. In fact, it wouldn't be until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the calendar that entries with a European background made their return, with Australian Jack Brabham driving his slightly modified F1 Cooper in the 1961 race. In 1963, technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time, attracted by the large monetary prizes, far bigger than the usual at a European event. Racing a mid-engined car, Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963, dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on the 47th lap, and completely dominating the race in 1965, a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy, and offering the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race. The following year, 1966, saw another British win, this time Graham Hill in a Lola -Ford. Offenhauser too would join forces with a British maker, McLaren , obtaining three wins for the chassis, one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue , and two for the McLaren Works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford . This was also the last time the Offy would win a race, its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983. American drivers kept on filling the majority of entries at the Brickyard for the following years, but European technology had taken over. Starting from 1978, most chassis and engines were European, with the only American-based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer (which was actually built in Bicester, England) in 1982 and 1992 respectively. Ford and Chevy engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor , respectively. World Series Edit After foreign cars became the norm, foreign drivers started showing up at the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis, choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities. Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi , Italian Teo Fabi and Colombian Roberto Guerrero , were able to obtain good outings in the 80s. However, it wasn't until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States, winning the PPG CART IndyCar World Series title and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green-flag restarts. Foreign-born or, at least, -bred drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow. Organizational Issues Edit At the end of the 1995 season, the Indianapolis 500 was transferred to its fourth regulations ruling body since its inception. From 1911-1955, the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA . Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster , AAA ceased its auto racing division to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public. Starting in 1956, United States Automobile Club (USAC) took over and became the motor racing sanctioning authority in the United States for several years. Due to control issues of monetary prizes and regulation amendments in the 1970s, along with the death of Tony Hulman in 1977, and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash, several key team owners banded together and formed Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), which started organizing the Indycar World Series in 1978. However, the Indianapolis 500 remained with USAC for the next several years and became the only high-level race the body still sanctioned after its own series was discontinued after 1979. The race was temporarily removed from the championship calendar, although the same cars and drivers were in attendance. The stand-off was eventually diffused and the race became part of the CART calendar in 1983. Although the race only paid the same points as any of the other races it was by far the highest-profile event of the championship, with the largest purse of the year. Despite the CART/USAC divide, from 1983 to 1994 the race was run in relative harmony, with CART and USAC occasionally disagreeing over the technical regulations. However, in 1994, IMS owner Tony George announced that he planned to remove the race from the CART series and make it the centerpiece of a new series, to be called the Indy Racing League (IRL). Opinions varied on his motivations, with his supporters sharing his disapproval of Indy's lack of status within CART when it was obvious that it was the series' flagship, the increasing number of foreign drivers with big bank accounts forcing professional American racing drivers away, and the decreasing number of oval-track races in the series, while his detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and playing politics with the race and its heritage just for a power play furthering his own interests at the expense of the sport overall. Some mention was made of the fact that the race purse had not gone up in a long time. In its first season in 1996 , the IRL attracted mainly little known and inexperienced drivers, smaller teams, older cars, and widespread ridicule as "replacement players." Both pundits and fans alike predicted success for CART and failure for the IRL, but the IRL played its hole card, the "25/8" rule. George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indianapolis 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in the IRL points standings, effectively leaving only eight entries for teams who had not competed in the first two IRL races. (This rule would be similar to NASCAR's exemption rules established in 2005 .) CART's reaction to this move was to announce a competing race, the U.S. 500 , to run on the same day as Indianapolis. Nevertheless, the showdown between the U.S. 500 and Indianapolis 500 ended unsettled. Relative unknown American Buddy Lazier , a driver who had however qualified for three previous 500's ( 1991 , 1992 , 1995 ), won a competitive but crash-filled Indianapolis. The CART race had to be delayed when the front-row drivers collided at the start and triggered a massive pile-up, spoiling their carefully chosen public pose as the "stars and cars." The U.S. 500 never generated much in the way of fan interest or television ratings associated with a major event. For 1997, it was moved from being directly opposite the Indianapolis 500 to July, and then eventually discontinued altogether. Since the IRL had decided that their crown jewel should be the climactic last race of the season, similar to the USAC Marlboro Championship Trail before the 1978 dispute, the 1996 IRL season consisted of only three races: the Indy 200 at Walt Disney World in January, Phoenix in March, and the Indianapolis 500 in May. The next race, at New Hampshire in August, began the 1996-97 season . However, this caused confusion for fans used to the traditional calendar year based schedule used by almost all motorsports organizations. It also did not meet the needs of corporate sponsors, whose budget sheets ran on the fiscal year. Therefore in September 1996, the IRL announced their season would revert back to a calendar year based schedule. Since the second season had already commenced, the two races held in late 1996 ( New Hampshire and Las Vegas were included in a 17-month schedule. combined with all events held in 1997. This marathon season coming right after the three-race 1996 season did not help the league's image. By 1998 , the IRL schedule fell into sync with the rest of the motorsports world. In 1997 George made his next move and specified new technical rules for less expensive cars and "production based" engines that outlawed the CART-spec cars that had been the mainstay of the race since the mid-1970s. For the next few years almost all of the CART teams and drivers did not compete in the race. While this situation allowed many American drivers to participate in an event they might otherwise have been unable to afford, the turbulent political situation and the absence of the many of the top IndyCar drivers, the big-name sponsors and faster CART-spec cars casting something of a shadow over the race; it was certainly arguable that to the average fan the replacement of at least fairly-well-known foreign drivers by almost-unknown American ones was not perceived as a real gain. In 2000 Chip Ganassi , while still racing in the CART Series, made the decision to return to Indianapolis with his drivers, the 1996 CART champion Jimmy Vasser , and the 1999 CART champion Juan Pablo Montoya . On race day Montoya put on a dominating performance, leading 167 of the 200 laps to win. The defeat was somewhat humiliating for the IRL teams, with the Ganassi team's advantage primarily being pit stops that were frequently several seconds quicker than their main rivals. Yet the real winner was George, who had brought back one of the CART teams, and its sponsor, to race with the IRL cars. A year later, Roger Penske, historically CART and Indianapolis' most successful team owner, also came back to Indianapolis and won. For 2002, Penske and Ganassi became permanent entrants in the IRL, with many other former CART teams joining them in switching sides. In 2003 Honda and Toyota switched their engine supply from CART to the IRL. CART went bankrupt shortly following, with its rights and infrastructure purchased by remaining car owners. NASCAR drivers in the 500 Edit Between 1994 and 2005, a few NASCAR drivers would be able to compete double duty racing the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca-Cola 600 at Lowe's Motor Speedway , which takes place the same day, just after the race. In order to make it on time, drivers usually caught a helicopter directly from the Speedway to take them to the Indianapolis International Airport, flew into Concord Regional Airport, and even then barely made it in time to race. Notable drivers include Tony Stewart , Robby Gordon , and John Andretti . Stewart competed double duty in 1999 and 2001, but contract limits restricted him from doing so in 2004. Gordon has done it the most number of times; in 2004 the rain caused him to have to hand over driving duties to fellow driver Jaques Lazier . In 2000 Gordon missed the start of the Coca-Cola 600, which started pace laps when the Indianapolis 500 finished. Gordon, who was his own team owner, placed P.J. Jones , an Indianapolis 500 veteran, in his NASCAR while Gordon finished the Indianapolis 500. Jones received the driver's points but the owner's points were not affected. Tony Stewart is the only driver to complete the full race distance (1100 miles {1770 km}) in both races on the same day. For 2005 the start of Indianapolis was pushed back one hour from noon to 1 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time to improve national television air-time. This makes it impossible for NASCAR drivers to be able to compete at Indy and Lowe's on the same day; that decision made the starting times of the races (1 p.m. and 5:30 p.m., respectively) too close for drivers to compete in both races on the same day in the foreseeable future. However, in 2006, Casey Mears , nephew of four-time Indianapolis 500 winner Rick Mears, said that car owner Chip Ganassi--who also presently runs a two-car IRL operation--was open to entering Mears if he won the 2006 Daytona 500 [2] ; he eventually finished 2nd. Two winners of NASCAR's premiere event, the Daytona 500 , have also won the Indianapolis 500: the first being Mario Andretti , A.J. Foyt became the second to do so a few years later. Traditions Edit Due to the longevity of the Indianapolis 500, a number of traditions have developed over the years. For many fans, these traditions are almost as important as the race itself, and they have often reacted quite negatively when the traditions are changed or broken. Pre-race Edit On the Friday before the race the "Last Row Party" has been held every year for charity since 1972. It serves as a roast for the final three qualifiers in the 500 that will be starting on the eleventh and final row on Sunday. Like Mr. Irrelevant, many of these drivers are often obscure, but six former or eventual race winners have participated in the honor at some time in their career. At 6 a.m., and in some years as early as 5 a.m., an explosive is set off to signal the opening of the gates. In remembrance of Memorial Day, the Purdue University All-American Marching Band plays "Taps", and aircraft from the United States military do a fly-by. When multiple aircraft are used, they often execute the missing man formation. In most years since the mid-1990s, the song "God Bless America" has been perfomed by Florence Henderson. Henderson is a friend of the Hulman-George family. Her performance is followed by "The Star-Spangled Banner," performed by a notable artist each year. The final and most traditional performance is the singing of "Back Home Again in Indiana" by Jim Nabors, accompanied by the Purdue Marching Band. Nabors has performed the song in most years since 1972. During the line "...the new mown hay..." thousands of multicolored balloons are released from an infield tent. This tradition has accompanied the race since the late 1940s. The call for the engines to start is made by stating "Gentlemen, start your engines!" When female drivers are competing, the call has been amended to "Lady and Gentlemen" or "Ladies and Gentlemen." Wilbur Shaw , President of the Speedway from 1946-1954, coined the phrase and is believed to have recited the command, albeit probably informally, during most of those years. Tony Hulman made the command eloquent and famous while he did it from 1955-1977. From 1978-1980 and 1982-1996, the call was made by his widow Mary Fendrich Hulman . Her daughter, Mari Hulman George recited the command in 1981, and has done so since 1997. On occasions when rain has forced delay or postponement of the race after either the race has begun or the initial command has been given (1967, 1973, 1986, 1997, 2004), an amended command, "restart your engines," has been given. In 1986, this restart command was given by Tony George . In 2004, the restart of the race after a rain delay was given by public address announcer Tom Carnegie . Race Edit Indianapolis 500, 1994 The cars begin the race in a rolling start, traditionally in eleven rows of three, for a field of 33 cars. Most other automobile races have two cars in a row. This derives from a 1919 AAA mandate of one car for every 400 feet (120 meters) of track. Early races, however, saw varying numbers of starters, from as low as 21, to as high as 42. Since 1933 there have been no fewer than 33 starters in the 500, with the exception of 1947 when a boycott over the purse led to only 30 starters. In 1979 there were 35 starters, when there was a rules dispute over turbocharger inlets. In 1997 there were again 35 starters, after a rules dispute added two bumped cars back to the field. Tom Carnegie announced on June 9, 2006 that the previous month's race, would be his last as official track announcer. Having called the race since 1946 on the public address system, he is best known for his lines, "He's on it!" (signalling the start of a qualifying attempt), "It's a new track record!" (when a driver surpasses either a one- or four-lap track record in qualifications), and "He's slowing down on the backstretch!" or "Andretti's slowing down!" (The latter for the Andretti family's historical misfortune at Indianapolis.). Post-race Edit A long-standing tradition of the Indianapolis 500 is for the victor to drink from a bottle of milk immediately after the race. This practice first began in 1936 after victor Louis Meyer asked for a glass of buttermilk, his favorite drink. Afterward it became a ritual as milk companies became sponsors of the race purse and handed a bottle of milk to the winner to promote their product. A sponsorship of currently $10,000 now paid out by the American Dairy Association if the winner swigs the milk in victory lane. Among Indycar drivers, Emerson Fittipaldi is infamous for drinking orange juice instead after his 1993 victory, before he drank the customary milk. Fittipaldi owned citrus farms in Brazil, and wished to promote his industry. A bas-relief sculpture of the winner's face, along with his name, average speed, and date of victory is added to the Borg-Warner Trophy . A smaller replica of this trophy has been officially presented to the winner after the race since 1988. Prior to that, winners received a replica mounted on a chestnut plaque. The winner has been awarded one of the pace cars , or a replica, almost every year since 1936. In 1941, there were only six copies of the special Chrysler Newport Phaeton, and no production models created. The co-winners did not receive it. In 1946, an oil painting and a trip to Italy was substituted as the award, but winner George Robson died in a motorsports accident before he received it. In 1991, the Dodge Viper was still a prototype vehicle, and only two were in existence. Winner Rick Mears was awarded instead a Dodge Stealth , which was to be the original pace car but after protests by the UAW (because the Stealth was a captive import built by Mitsubishi in Japan), they were instead used at the track for festival cars. Memorabilia File:Indiana quarter, reverse side, 2002.jpg Many people promote and share information about the Indy 500 and its memorabilia collecting. The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities. Based in Indianapolis, they include an experienced membership available for discussion and advise on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general. Entertainment	200
What is the alter ego of everyone's favorite hero, Underdog?	Indy 500 celebrates centennial running Sunday \| fox8.com Indy 500 celebrates centennial running Sunday Posted 12:33 pm, May 29, 2016, by CNNwire and Associated Press , Updated at 12:41PM, May 29, 2016 Email INDIANAPOLIS, IN – The Indianapolis 500 is celebrating its centennial Sunday, with the 100th running of the “Greatest Spectacle in Racing.” James Hinchcliffe won the pole a year after he suffered life-threatening injuries during practice for the biggest race on the IndyCar calendar. Here’s a look at everything you need to know about the famous race, which is held on Memorial Day weekend in Indianapolis: May 29, 2016 – The 100th running of the Indianapolis 500 is scheduled to take place. May 24, 2015 – Juan Pablo Montoya wins the 99th running of the Indianapolis 500. It is his second career win at the Indy 500. Other Facts: Known as “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing.” During the race, the cars go 200 laps around the 2.5-mile track, equaling 500 miles. The track’s current dimensions are much the same as when it was constructed in 1909. With more than 250,000 permanent seats, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway is one of the world’s largest seating facilities. The race is among the world’s best-attended single-day sporting events. It drew crowds of over 400,000 during the 1990s. Currently 33 cars start the race in rows of three. In the past there have been as few as 21 (1916) and as many as 42 (1933). With 35 starts, A.J. Foyt Jr. has the most starts of any driver. Three men have won the race four times: A.J. Foyt Jr., in 1961, 1964, 1967 and 1977; Al Unser Sr. in 1970, 1971, 1978 and 1987 and Rick Mears in 1979, 1984, 1988 and 1991. The youngest winner is Troy Ruttman. He was 22 years and 80 days old when he won in 1952. The oldest winner is Al Unser Sr. He was 47 years and 360 days old when he won in 1987. Since 1936, tradition holds that winners of the race celebrate with a bottle of milk (with the exception of 1947-1955). Race record time (200 laps/500 miles) – Tony Kanaan, May 26, 2013; 2 hr., 40 min., 3.4181 sec.; average speed was 187.433 mph. Timeline: 1906 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is founded by Carl Fisher. February 9, 1909 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway track is built when 328 acres of farmland northwest of Downtown Indianapolis are purhased by Fisher and his partners Jim Allison, Frank Wheeler and Arthur Newby. August 19, 1909 – The first automobile race takes place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Twelve thousand are in attendance. 1911 – The first Indianapolis 500 takes place, with Ray Harroun winning in six hours, 42 minutes and eight seconds. The race is held annually since 1911, except for the war years 1917-18 and 1942-45. 1945 – The track is sold to Anton Hulman Jr. 1996 – Indy Racing League begins. Also Sunday in the racing world: Formula One starts things off Sunday with the Monaco Grand Prix. Nico Rosberg has won the past three races in Monaco and has a 39-point lead in the drivers’ standings. Rosberg and defending champion Lewis Hamilton are racing for the first time since they crashed into each other on lap one of the Spanish Grand Prix two weeks ago. NASCAR wraps things up Sunday night with one of its biggest races of the year, the Coca-Cola 600 in Charlotte, North Carolina. You can watch it right here on Fox 8. (Coverage starts at 5:30.)	i don't know
In the United States, if liquor is defined as 80 proof, what is the percentage of alcohol by volume?	Alcohol Proof Alcohol Proof Alcohol Proof Alcohol Proof Definition and Examples How proof works: 1-1/2 ounces of 80 proof liquor is equal in alcohol content to 12 ounces of beer or 5 ounces of wine. Matt Meadows, Getty Images Updated November 10, 2015. Alcohol Proof Definition Alcohol proof is twice the volume percentage of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic beverage. The term originated in the United Kingdom and was defined as 7/4 the alcohol by volume (ABV). However, the UK now uses ABV as the standard to express alcohol concentration, rather than the original definition of proof. In the United States, the modern definition of alcohol proof is twice the percentage of ABV. Alcohol Proof Example: An alcoholic beverage that is 40% ethyl alcohol by volume is referred to as being '80 proof'. 100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43% alcohol by volume. Determining ABV Since ABV is the basis for calculated alcohol proof, it's useful to know how alcohol by volume is determined. There are two methods: measuring alcohol by volume and measuring alcohol by mass. The mass determination does not depend on temperature, but the more common percent (%) of total volume is temperature dependent. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) requires volume percent (v/v%) measurements be performed at 20 °C (68 °F). Countries belonging to the European Union may measure ABV using either mass percent or volume percent. The United States measures alcohol content in terms of percent alcohol by volume. The percentage of alcohol by volume must be labelled, although most liquors also state proof. Alcohol content may vary within 0.15% of ABV stated on the label, for spirits containing no solids and over 100 ml in volume. Officially, Canada uses US labeling stating percent alcohol by volume, although the UK proof standard may still be seen and heard. Common spirits at 40% ABV are called 70° proof, while 57% ABV is 100 proof. "Over-proof rum" is rum containing greater that 57% ABV or exceeding 100° UK proof. Older Versions of Proof The UK used to measure alcohol content using proof spirit. The term came from the 16th century, when British sailors were given rations of rum. In order to demonstrate the rum hadn't been watered down, it was "proved" by covering it with gunpowder and igniting it. If the rum didn't burn, it contained too much water and was "under proof", while if it burned, this meant at least 57.17% ABV was present. Rum with this alcohol percentage was defined to be 100° or one hundred degrees proof. In 1816, the specific gravity test replaced the gunpowder test. Until January 1, 1980, the UK measured alcohol content using proof spirit, which was equivalent to 57.15% ABV and defined to be spirit with a specific gravity 12/13 that of water or 923 kg/m3. Reference	40
What is the name of the astromech droid companion of Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars franchise?	proof (alcoholic) proof (alcoholic) In the United States, the proof of an alcoholic beverage is twice its alcohol content expressed as percentage by volume at 60°F. So an 80-proof whiskey is 40% alcohol. Recently the United States has begun to label bottles containing wine and spirits with the percentage of alcohol by volume, instead of proof. In Europe a different proof system, called Gay-Lussac, is used; it is also the percentage of alcohol by volume, which is half the American proof. The European Union has adopted Gay-Lussac proof as its standard. In Great Britain the situation is much more complicated. A distilled spirit was originally “proved” by one of several methods. One method involved dissolving gunpowder in the spirit and trying to ignite it. If it wouldn't burn, there was too much water. If it burned evenly and steadily, the spirit was “proven.” Later a legal standard for proof spirit was defined: half rainwater and half spirit proven by the gunpowder method. Such proof spirit was deemed to weigh 7 pounds, 12 ounces per gallon, with a specific gravity of 0.923 at 51° Fahrenheit. A hydrometer introduced in 1725, Clarke's hydrometer, became the standard way tax collectors determined proof. By 1762 this hydrometer was even mentioned in the law defining the standard gallon of spirits, six parts spirits and one part water by weight, and weighing 7 pounds, 13 ounces at 50° Fahrenheit. A hydrometer, however, can only determine the composition of a water-alcohol mixture if it contains only water and alcohol–and there are other complicating factors, especially temperature. By adding sweeteners, such as molasses, importers could evade the tax on higher proof spirits. After decades of controversy, on 6 January 1817 a different hydrometer, Sike's, was made the legal method for determining proof. By Sike's hydrometer, proven spirits were at least 57.1% alcohol by volume (49.28% by weight). The British proof system is built on this number. “Proof” spirits, or 100-proof spirits, are 57.1% alcohol by volume. Proofs above and below 100-proof are sometimes referred to as so many degrees under proof or over proof. American 100-proof whiskey, for example, might be called either “87.5-proof” or “12.5 under proof.” For a quick conversion of British proof to American, multiply the British proof by 8, then divide by 7. Thus the same beverage may be 40 proof (Gay-Lussac), 80 proof (American), or 70 proof (British), depending on where you are drinking it. William J. Ashworth. “Between the Trader and the Public,” British alcohol standards and the proof of good governance. Technology and Culture, volume 42, no. 1 (January 2001). Pages 27–50.	i don't know
With a June, 1938 cover date, Action Comics #1 introduced what iconic character created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster?	Action Comics Action Comics 901 (plus issues numbered 0 and 1,000,000; as well as 13 Annuals) Main character(s) Edit Block Action Comics #1 (June 1938), the debut of Superman. Cover art by Joe Shuster. Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, the first major superhero character as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was originally known as Detective Comics, Inc., and later as National Comics and as National Periodical Publications, before taking on its current name of DC Comics, a subsidiary of Time Warner. Publication history Edit Block Superman Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman (also known as Kal-El, originally Kal-L), launched in Action Comics #1 in April 1938 (cover-dated June). Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character (originally conceived as a newspaper strip) without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his telepathic abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shuster's book Science Fiction. Siegel then commented, "What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil?" The writer and artist had worked on several features for National Periodical Publications' other titles (Slam Bradley in Detective Comics, for example) and were asked to contribute a feature for National's newest publication. They submitted Superman for consideration and, after re-pasting the sample newspaper strips they had prepared into comic book page format, National decided to make Superman the cover feature of their new magazine. Early anthology Originally, Action Comics was an anthology title featuring a number of other stories in addition to the Superman story. Zatara, a magician, was one of the other characters who had their own stories in early issues. (Zatanna, a heroine introduced in the 1960s, is Zatara's daughter.) There was also the hero Tex Thompson, who eventually became Mr. America and later the Americommando. Vigilante also enjoyed a lengthy run in this series. Sometimes stories of a more humorous nature were included, such as those of Hayfoot Henry, a policeman who talked in rhyme. Gradually, the size of the issues was decreased as the publisher was reluctant to raise the cover price from the original 10 cents, so there were fewer stories. For a while, Congo Bill and Tommy Tomorrow were the two features in addition to Superman (Congo Bill eventually gained the ability to swap bodies with a gorilla and his strip was renamed Congorilla), but soon after the introduction of Supergirl in issue #252 (May 1959) the non-Superman-related strips were crowded out of Action altogether. Since then, it has generally been an all-Superman comic, though other backup stories such as the Human Target occasionally appear. Hiatus, name changes, publication changes, and special numbering In number of issues, Action Comics is the longest running DC Comics series, followed by Detective Comics; however, it cannot claim to have had an uninterrupted run, due in large part to two separate occasions on which the title was put on a three-month hiatus. The first of these occurred during the summer of 1986, with issue #583 bearing a cover date of September, and issue #584 listing January 1987. The regular Superman titles were suspended during this period to allow for the post-Crisis revising of the Superman story through the publication of John Byrne's six-issue The Man of Steel limited series. Publication was again suspended between issues #686 and #687 (February and June 1993) following the "Death of Superman" and "Funeral for a Friend" storylines, before Action Comics returned in June with the "Reign of the Supermen" arc. (The two "Funeral for a Friend" issues, #685 and #686, featured the cover announcement of "Supergirl in Action Comics", highlighting the passing of Superman.) In 1988, DC Comics tried unsuccessfully to return the format of the comic to an anthology and publish it on a weekly basis. After May 1988's landmark issue #600, issues #611-615 all bore August cover dates. The Action Comics Weekly experiment lasted only until the beginning of March 1989, however, and after a short break, July's issue #643 brought the title back onto a monthly schedule. (However, the temporarily increased frequency of issues allowed Action to further surpass the older Detective Comics in the number of individual issues published. It originally passed Detective Comics in the 1970s when that series was bi-monthly for a number of years.) Another departure from a strict monthly schedule were the giant-size Supergirl reprint issues of the 1960s (published as a 13th issue annually): issues #334 (March 1966), #347 (March/April 1967), #360 (March/April 1968), and #373 (March/April 1969). An issue #0 (October 1994) was published between issues #703 and #704 as part of the Zero Month after the "Zero Hour" crossover event. There was also an issue #1,000,000 (November 1998) during the "DC One Million" crossover event in October 1998 between issues #748 and #749. Starting with issue #875, Thara Ak-Var and Chris Kent, two characters introduced in the "New Krypton" story arc, took Superman's place as the main protagonists of the comic, while Superman left Earth to live on New Krypton. These are written by Greg Rucka with artist Eddy Barrows, who left the art duties on Teen Titans to pencil Action. Action Comics Weekly For slightly less than a year in 1988–1989, the publication frequency was changed to weekly and the title became Action Comics Weekly, and was an anthology format series; this change lasted from issue #601 to issue #642. During this time, Superman appeared only in a two-page story per issue; however, he was still the only character to appear in every issue of the run. Due to going weekly for this period, Action Comics was able to surpass the issue total of Detective Comics, despite that title being older by a year. Prior to its launch, DC cancelled its ongoing Green Lantern title Green Lantern Corps, and made Green Lantern Hal Jordan and his adventures exclusive to Action Comics Weekly. During the Action Comics Weekly run, a Green Lantern Special was published in 1988, tying in with the events happening in Action Comics Weekly. Green Lantern was soon moved out of the title, with Green Lantern Special #2 (1989) published concluding the story plots from Action Comics Weekly, and the character was relaunched with a limited series in 1989 (Green Lantern: Emerald Dawn), followed up by a new ongoing series in June 1990 (Green Lantern vol. 3). The rest of these issues featured rotating serialized stories of other, mostly minor, DC heroes, as try-outs that led to their own limited series. Characters with featured stories in the run included Black Canary, Blackhawk, Captain Marvel, Catwoman, Deadman, Nightwing, Phantom Lady (Dee Tyler), Phantom Stranger, Secret Six, Speedy, and Wild Dog. Each issue also featured a two-page Superman serial, a feature which, according to an editorial in the first weekly issue, was intended as a homage to the Superman newspaper strips of the past. The final issue of the weekly was originally intended to feature a book-length encounter between Clark Kent and Hal Jordan penned by writer Neil Gaiman. While Gaiman's story primarily teamed up Green Lantern and Superman, it also featured other characters from Action Comics Weekly, including the Blackhawks (in flashback), Deadman, and the Phantom Stranger. The story ran counter to DC editorial policy at the time as it portrayed Hal Jordan and Clark Kent as old friends who knew each other's secret identities. This was not considered canon in 1989 (though other issues of Action Comics Weekly implied Hal and Clark were friends) and Gaiman was unwilling to change this aspect of the story. The story was pulled and a different story was run. Gaiman's story was finally published as a one-shot in Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame in November 2000. 2000s After the "One Year Later" company-wide storyline, Action Comics had a crossover arc with the series Superman, titled "Up, Up and Away!" and which told of Clark Kent attempting to protect Metropolis without his powers and eventually regaining his powers. Afterward, he leaves Earth and is replaced by the new Nightwing and Flamebird as the starring characters of the book. Starting in July 2009, Action Comics includes back-up stories featuring Captain Atom. On February 22, 2010, a copy of Action Comics #1 (June 1938) sold at auction for $1 million, besting the $317,000 record for a comic book set by a different copy, in lesser condition, the previous year. The sale, by an anonymous seller to an anonymous buyer, was through the Manhattan-based auction company ComicConnect.com. Although DC had initially announced that Marc Guggenheim would take over writing of the title following the War of the Supermen limited series, he was replaced by Paul Cornell. Cornell has stated that Lex Luthor would feature as the main character in Action Comics from issues #890-900 and Death would appear in issue #894, with the agreement of the character's creator, Neil Gaiman. In April 2011, the 900th Action Comics issue was released. It served as a conclusion for Luthor's Black Ring storyline and a continuation for the Reign of Doomsday storyline. Collected editions The Action Comics series is included in a number of trade paperbacks and hardcovers. These generally reprint only the Superman stories from the given issues. The Superman Chronicles Volume 1: reprints issues #1-13; New York World's Fair Comics #1; Superman #1; January 2006; ISBN 978-1-4012-0764-9 Volume 2: reprints issues #14-20; Superman #2-3; February 2007; ISBN 978-1-4012-1215-5 Volume 3: reprints issues #21-25; New York World's Fair Comics #2; Superman #4-5; August 2007; ISBN 978-1-4012-1374-9 Volume 4: reprints issues #26-31; Superman #6-7; February 2008; ISBN 978-1-4012-1658-0 Volume 5: reprints issues #32-36; Superman #8-9; World's Best Comics #1; August 2008; ISBN 978-1-4012-1851-5 Volume 6: reprints issues #37-40; Superman #10-11; World's Finest Comics #2-3; February 2009; ISBN 978-1-4012-2187-4 Volume 7: reprints issues #41-43; Superman #12-13; World's Finest Comics #4; July 2009; ISBN 978-1-4012-2288-8 Volume 8: reprints issues #44-47; Superman #14-15; April 2010; ISBN 978-1-4012-2647-3 Superman in the Forties, includes issues #1-2, 14, 23, 64, 93, 107; November 2005; ISBN 978-1-4012-0457-0 Superman in the Fifties, includes issues #151, 242, 252, 254-255; October 2002; ISBN 978-1-56389-826-6 Superman in the Sixties, includes issue #289; October 1999; ISBN 978-1-56389-522-7 Superman in the Seventies, includes issue #484; November 2000; ISBN 978-1-56389-638-5 Superman in the Eighties, includes issues #507-508, 554, 595, 600, 644; April 2006; ISBN 978-1-4012-0952-0 Superman: The Action Comics Archives Volume 1: reprints issues #1, 7-20, and summarizes #2-6; May 1998; ISBN 978-1-56389-335-3 Volume 2: reprints issues #21-36; December 1998; ISBN 978-1-56389-426-8 Volume 3: reprints issues #37-52; August 2001; ISBN 978-1-56389-710-8 Volume 4: reprints issues #53-68; June 2005; ISBN 978-1-4012-0408-2 Volume 5: reprints issues #69-85; March 2007; ISBN 978-1-4012-1188-2 Awards Action Comics #687-689 were part of The Reign of the Supermen storyline, which won the 1993 Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Comic Book Story that year.[citation needed] See also	Superman
Last week saw the end of the line for the Oprah Winfrey Show, after how many years on the air?	GCD :: Issue :: Superman: The Golden Age Omnibus #1 superhero Characters: Superman [Clark Kent]; George Taylor; Lois Lane; Evelyn Curry; Bea Carroll; Butch Matson; Senator Barrows; Alex Greer Synopsis: Superman delivers a witness to the governor to stop an execution, then stops a wife-beater. Later Superman, as Clark Kent goes out with Lois, but she earns the wrath of Butch Matson and Superman must save her. Finally, Clark is assigned a story on the South American republic of San Monte. He heads to Washington D.C. to find out who is behind Senator Barrows pushing legislation which will embroil the United States in a war in Europe by grabbing lobbyist Alex Greer and scaring the truth out of him. Reprints: Superman [Clark Kent]; Lois Lane; Davey Merrill; Mr. Tweed; Mrs. Tweed Synopsis: Clark arrives for a date with Lois, who is making a donation to the Brentwood Rehabilitation Home. Clark tells her that the place is more interested in money than their young charges. Lois decides they should visit the home so that she can disprove Clark. After a pleasant visit, Lois and Clark are stopped by a charge, Davey Merrill, who cut his hands climbing the wall just to ask for something to eat. Once they feed him, he tells them all about the horrible conditions at the home. Reprints: superhero Characters: Superman [Clark Kent]; George Taylor; Lois Lane; Sgt. Casey [as Sgt. Clancy]; John (cameo, contruction company head, death); Sam Goetz; Mr. Jackson (villain, introduction); Mayor Hansen (villain, introduction) Synopsis: When a department store collapses and the head of the construction firm that erected it is slain, Clark Kent smells a story in the making, and knows it when, as Superman, he investigates the construction of the city's new Municipal Stadium. At the opening day ceremonies of the stadium it collapses, and, while Superman rescues children, Lois Lane is seriously injured and taken to the hospital where a transfusion is necessary...provided by Clark Kent! Reprints:	i don't know
On June 2, 1997, major asshat Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his part in what heinous act?	Timothy Mcveigh & Oklahoma City - First thoughts about Timothy Mcveigh & Oklahoma City Timothy James Tim McVeigh (April 23, 1968 â June 11, 2001) was an American terrorist. He detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 30th among United States cities in population. 5.0/5 20 Oct 2016 16:50 only takes a few though for Trump's rhetoric to be dangerous.Remember Timothy McVeigh and Oklahoma City Bombing ? 23 Apr 2016 22:06 The front page in 1995. Timothy McVeigh is arrested for Oklahoma City Bombing . 23 Mar 2016 00:53 Did you ever hear of Timothy McVeigh? Blew up a building in Oklahoma City. Killed 168 people. White guy. Catholic. 24 Jan 2016 04:51 Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing , April 19, 1995. 168 dead, 600 injured. 25 Nov 2015 13:46 Sorry, liberals... 1995 Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was an agnostic, Muslim sympathizer 24 Nov 2015 18:51 srsly tho does no one remember Oklahoma City? Timothy McVeigh? White domestic terrorist? 168 killed? Revenge for Waco? Anybody? Bueller? 25 Sep 2015 14:49 Today, Kevin Durant is exactly as old as Timothy McVeigh was the day of the Oklahoma City Bombing : 9,857 days. 11 Sep 2015 19:26 TIL Timothy McVeigh, Oklahoma City Bombing Orchestrator that killed 168 people, ordered twâ¦ 17 Jul 2015 15:14 much like Timothy McVeigh's Federal Building terrorist attack in Oklahoma City, oh he is a christian, citizen.. 19 Apr 2015 22:33 20 years after Oklahoma City Bombing , SPLC says extremist networks that made Timothy McVeigh are stronger than ever 19 Apr 2015 22:28 Timothy McVeigh committed the violent domestic terrorist attack in Oklahoma City that killed 168 people 20 years ago today. 19 Apr 2015 21:33 Oklahoma City & Boston Marathon bombings linked by mystery of why Timothy McVeigh & the Tsarnaevs became terrorists. 19 Apr 2015 21:01 April 19, 1995 Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols bomb the Oklahoma City Federal Building , killing 68 people and injuring over 680 19 Apr 2015 20:49 20 years after the Oklahoma City Bombing , Timothy McVeigh remains the only terrorist executed by US 19 Apr 2015 20:28 Timothy McVeigh never apologized for the Oklahoma City Bombing via 14 Mar 2015 02:13 Fraternity caught in racist chant fiasco hires the Oklahoma City bomber's attorney 18 Nov 2014 01:20 Fun fact: Timothy McVeigh, the terrorist responsible for the Oklahoma City Bombing , was born in Lockport. 04 Aug 2014 03:00 Jun 13 1997- A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing 02 Aug 2014 06:39 Timothy McVeigh. Ring a bell? Oklahoma City bomber. Christian. Are all Christians like him? Definitely not. 28 Jul 2014 20:30 Trial begins over Oklahoma City Bombing : Attorney: Suppressed video proves Timothy McVeigh had partner in 1995... 28 Jul 2014 18:43 âTrial begins in case over Oklahoma City Bombing I think Timothy McVeigh did it. 14 Jun 2014 01:40 6/13/1997 Jurors in Oklahoma City Bombing trial sentence Timothy McVeigh to death 31 years after SCOTUS issued Miranda, right to counsel. 13 Jun 2014 08:55 Rock Calendar 6 -13-97: Timothy McVeigh is sentenced to death for the 1995 bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City which killed 168 02 Jun 2014 05:43 June 02, 1851 First US alcohol prohibition law enacted (Maine). 1855 The Portland Rum Riot occurs in Portland, Maine. 1862 General Robert E Lee takes command of the Confederate armies of East Virginia and North Carolina 1913 First strike settlement mediated by US Department of Labor-railroad clerks. 1924 U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States . Jun 2, 1935: Babe Ruth retires 1967 Race riots in Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts. 1983, half of the 46 people aboard an Air Canada DC-9 were killed after fire broke out on board, forcing the jetliner to make an emergency landing at Cincinnati/ Northern Kentucky International Airport . 1997 In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1998 Death of Sylvester Ritter ("Junkyard D ... 30 Apr 2014 19:47 It never ceases to amaze me how prevalent the belief is that terrorist only come from other countries and never from our own country. I guess many people find it easier to forget about homegrown terrorists like Timothy McVeigh, Charles Whitman , and Robert Jay Matthews. I also find it somewhat puzzling how many people think terrorists are only ever motivated by religion. I will cite again Timothy McVeigh, whose bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City was entirely motivated by politics. I will also point out the terrorist group Earth Liberation Front , a band of ecoterrorists who use sabotage and guerrilla warfare tactics as a means of preventing "the destruction of the environment." They are not motivated by religious ideals, but by their love of the environment. Theirs is a case of taking active environmentalism too far. There are plenty of other examples, but I do not find it necessary to compile the full list here. 29 Apr 2014 04:09 Learn all about Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols , the men responsible for one of the most shocking terrorist attacks within America, the Oklahoma City Bombing . 28 Apr 2014 22:44 The Turner Diaries Is a novel written in 1978 by William Luther Pierce (former leader of the white nationalist organization National Alliance ) under the pseudonym " Andrew Macdonald ". The Turner Diaries depicts a violent revolution in the United States which leads to the overthrow of the United States Federal Government , nuclear war, and, ultimately, to a race war leading to the extermination of all groups deemed by the author as impure such as Jews, * people, and non-whites. The book was called "explicitly racist and anti-Semitic" by The New York Times and has been labeled a "bible of the racist right" by the Southern Poverty Law Center.The novel has been associated with a number of real-life violent crimes committed by white separatists and other radicals. Two pages of the book containing a scene depicting preparations for the bombing of the J. Edgar Hoover Building, the FBI national headquarters, were found in the getaway car of Timothy McVeigh, the perpetrator of the Oklahoma City Bombing in 1995. 22 Apr 2014 17:20 So why did God put Timothy McVeigh at the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City? Or was that his "destiny?' 21 Apr 2014 20:08 April 21 1836 Texan army under Sam Houston defeated Mexicans in the Battle of San Jacinto . 1910 Samuel Clemens ( Mark Twain ), author of the novel Huckleberry Finn , died at the age of 74. 1918 Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the notorious World War I German flying ace known as the " Red Baron ," was killed in action today. 1960 Brazil inaugurated its new capital, Brasilia. 1975 South Vietnamese President Nguyen VanThieu resigned. 1980 Rosie Ruiz was the first woman to cross the finish line at the Boston Marathon . She was later disqualified for cheating. 1995 Timothy McVeigh was arrested in connection with the Oklahoma City Bombing . 1997 The ashes of Timothy Leary , Gene Roddenberry , and 22 others blasted into space for the first space funerals. 20 Apr 2014 14:35 Progressive TV at its finest: Katie Couric recently had a special on racism in America. Did she talk to any of the myriad white people whose sons, daughters, wives, husbands, and grandparents have been killed by black thugs in the past year? No, she just interviewed the parents of Trayvon Martin . Even more recently, she talked to "survivors of terrorism." Did she reach out to the victims of 9/11, or Ft. Hood, or the Boston Marathon bombing? No, she interviewed a woman whose grandchild was killed by Timothy McVeigh in the 1995 Oklahoma City attack. Next week she'll be discussing slavery with a descendant of Harriet Tubman . 19 Apr 2014 22:20 Exactly 19 years ago...A white Christian terrorist named Timothy McVeigh bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City killing 168 people... 19 Apr 2014 16:07 A memorial and museum built to remember the worst act of domestic terrorism on American soil is in the midst of a $7 million upgrade so it can better portray how different the world was when Timothy McVeigh blew up the Oklahoma City Federal Building 19 ... 18 Apr 2014 16:33 On the morning of April 19, 1995 Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people during the Oklahoma City Bombing . Find out more about that tragedy here. 09 Mar 2014 07:52 This is for those family & friends who think I'm a "conspiracy theorist" and that I have been consumed by irrational thinking. In 2007, during the 2008 presidential campaign, a dormant human attribute known as "critical thinking" was awakened in me. I cocked my head like the RCA dog & thought * Since that memorable moment I really began to question the crap I was being fed known as the "news." In 1995 I believed like everybody else there was only one bomb made of ammonium nitrate in a rental truck parked in front of the Murrah Building by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols in Oklahoma City. But I learned from the Oklahoma City local TV live newscast videos that there were four explosive devices inside the under building parking area. You can find it on youtube. Research PATCON, or Kenneth Trentadue (sp). My best estimate of time spent in research since that awakening is approximately 5,000+ hours. Every answer I found created another dozen questions. My information resources include Library of Congress . ... 27 Feb 2014 00:59 1995 - Timothy McVeigh killed 168, injured 600+ at Oklahoma City, USA, with fertiliser and diesel. Not a gun in sight! 14 Dec 2013 02:35 These precedent-setting jabs at the Constitution represent the rise of a techno-fascist state where privacy is vanquished and Big Brother is welcomed into our cities, neighborhoods and even homes. The Ides of April The April 16th date of the Boston bombings is significant, since mid-April is a time of Satanic Illuminati carnage. Here is a short list from just the past 20 years: April 19, 1993 â ATF sets fire to the Branch Davidian compound at Waco, TX â 76 dead April 19, 1995 â Timothy McVeigh bombs Federal Building in Oklahoma City â 168 dead April 20, 1999 â Massacre at Columbine High School â 13 dead April 16, 2007 â Massacre at Virginia Tech â 32 dead April 20, 2010 â BP Deepwater Horizon Blowout â 11 dead, Gulf of Mexico devastated April 18, 2013 â Ferilizer plant explosion in West, TX â 14 dead Before Itâs News is reporting that the explosion at the fertilizer plant may have been some type of bomb. [3] According to Biblioteca Pleyades: âApril 19-May 1 constitute a 13-day ... 11 Dec 2013 06:43 When Timothy McVeigh (the disgraced US marine who detonated a bomb in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995), was asked to say a final word before an intravenous lethal injection was administered on his arm, he defiantly penned down INVICTUS poem as if he was the master of his fate and the captain of his soul, he was WRONGâ¦. William Ernest Henley wrote the poem in protest of his own suffering from arthritis; he did not inflict pain to the others like the murderous US marine did! 09 Dec 2013 06:52 Senior Airman Brian Kolfage: Bill Jefferson Clinton and Janet Reno 's attack of the Davidian compound spawned the home grown terrorist Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols to blow up the Federal Building in Oklahoma City. The Government could have waited them out and saved lives. Dallas Pierce: What isn't fair? The government kills children through their ineptness, or a psychotic man who killed his mother, stole her guns and went on a rampage then being used as propaganda for gun grabbers? Seems to me the people that shouldn't be given the guns are the FBI and ATF agents... 08 Dec 2013 01:40 in 1995.Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols killed 168 people in Oklahoma City, including 19 children. 07 Dec 2013 09:51 In every year but 1995 [the year Timothy McVeigh bombed the federal office building in Oklahoma City] and 2001, more Americans were killed by lightning, deer, peanut allergies, bee stings, and âignition or melting of nightwearâ than by terrorist attacks-- Know your [more common] dangers, too. 06 Dec 2013 09:23 Bizarre fact: Invictus was the favourite poem not only of Mandela, but Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. What one believes matters. 27 Oct 2013 14:28 Didn't the Germans have an agent involved with the Timothy McVeigh crowd prior to Oklahoma City? 16 Sep 2013 04:20 Pamela Geller , wrote a guest report here at LR, back in April of 2010 " Oklahoma City Bombing - Muslim Terrorist Connection, ignored by Mainstream Media ": Last weekend was the terrible anniversary of the Oklahoma Federal Building bombing. Worse still is the Democrats' exploitation of OKC to demonize patriots, tea partiers, senior citizens and great Americans working to save this great nation from the scourge of the party of treason and, worst of all, the cover-up of the OKC Islamic connection. Hussein-al-Husseini, an Iraqi soldier in Saddam Hussein 's Army, sat beside Timothy McVeigh in the Ryder truck financed by Ramzi Yousef f (Khalid Sheik Muhammad's nephew). The Oklahoma City Bombing , 15 years ago, was the first heinous Islamic terror attack on American soil. There is serious, yet in some cases circumstantial, evidence that suggests a possible Middle Eastern connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing (named âOKBOMBâ by federal investigators): For example, of all the cities in the world, convicted terror ... 10 Aug 2013 08:05 1995: Timothy McVeigh & Terry Nichols were charged with 11 counts in the Oklahoma City Bombing 10 Aug 2013 06:29 1995: Oklahoma City Bombing : Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are indicted for the bombing. Michael Fortier pleads guilty in a â¦ 01 Jul 2013 10:39 The Turner Diaries Author: William Pierce (as Andrew Macdonald ), leader of the neo-Nazi National Alliance Published: 1978 Publisher: Previously, the book was only available through the National Alliance 's National Vanguard Press, but Barricade Books, a small independent publisher, began publishing it in 1996. Premise: The diaries of Earl Turner, member of an underground white supremacist army, provide an inside account of an Aryan revolution that overturns the United States government in the near future. Tone: Lurid, violent, apocalyptic, misogynistic, racist and anti-Semitic Notable sequence: Turner's guerrilla unit detonates a homemade bomb at FBI headquarters, killing hundreds - a passage that came to be seen as foreshadowing, and as an inspiration to, Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. Influence: One of the most widely read and cited books on the far-right; it has explicitly influenced, among others, The Order, the Aryan Republican Army, The New Order, Timothy McVeigh. Timeline: 1991 - Turner's dia ... 11 Jun 2013 13:53 June 11, 1488---King James III of Scotland is stabbed to death by a nobleman disguised as a priest. 1509, King Henry VIII of Britain takes Catherine of Aragon, widow of his brother, as his first of six wives. 1895, Charles A. Duryea is granted the first U.S. patent for a gas-powered automobile. 1927, Charles Lindbergh is welcomed as a hero in Washington, D.C.; in his speech he cites the need to develop airports. 1963, Lines are drawn in the defining struggles for civil rights in America. Martin Luther King , Jr. is arrested for attempting to integrate restaurants in Florida; Governor George Wallace tries to thwart the registration of African-American students at the University of Alabama; and in a speech, President Kennedy brands segregation as morally wrong, concluding, "It is time to act." 1986, The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the 1973 decision in ROE v. WADE that legalized abortion. 2001, Timothy McVeigh, mastermind of the Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing, is executed by lethal injection at t ... 11 Jun 2013 10:57 Today In History 2012 Winds in southwestern Western Australia of up to 140km/h batter the area and leave more than 170,000 homes without power 2012 Construction of The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), the world's biggest optical telescope is approved 2011 In Rome, Italy, over 500,000 people demonstrate, demanding same-sex rights 2011 Ancient Korean royal books looted by French troops in 1866 are returned to South Korea ; 1,000 officials and locals celebrate the return of the 297-volume 'Oegyujanggak' books 2010 Flash floods on the Little Missouri River kill at least 20 people near a campground in the Ouachita Mountains , west of Little Rock , Arkansas 2009 The "swine flu", the H1N1 influenza strain is the first condition deemed a global pandemic since the Hong Kong flu of 1967 - 1968 2001 Timothy McVeigh executed for the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing that killed at least 168 1996 Bob Dole , Senator-R-Kansas, resigns from U.S. senate to run for president 1995 65th French Mens Tennis: Thomas Muster beat ... 03 Jun 2013 04:11 June 2, 1997: JIM LEHRER: Timothy McVeigh was found guilty today of bombing the Federal Building in Oklahoma City two years ago. The 29-year-old Gulf War veteran was convicted of all 11 counts for planning and executing the explosion that killed 168 people. The jury of seven men and five women deliberated for more than 23 hours over four days in reaching its decision. The 11 charges against McVeigh included conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, use of such a weapon, destruction of a federal property by explosives, and first degree murder for the deaths of eight federal law enforcement agents working in the building. ARTICLE TOOLS Print Email Share McVeigh faces the death penalty for the conviction. The jury will reconvene Wednesday to decide whether he will be executed or sent to prison. After the verdict, prosecutors were greeted with cheers and applause by survivors and families of the bombing victims. Lead prosecutor Joseph Hartzler said he was pleased by the verdict. JOSEPH HARTZLER: I'm not ... 23 May 2013 17:19 Good Afternoon friends and welcome to "Today In History" I'm your host Jacob Moore . Today's episode- May 23rd. In 1995- The Alfred Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City is demolished by planned implosion following the terrorist attack damage by Timothy McVeigh weeks earlier. 1945- Leader of the Gestapo Heinrich Himmler while in American Custody commits suicide to prevent trial/conviction at Nuremberg. 1934- The bank robbing Barrow Gang of Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker are ambushed and killed by federal agents and Texas Rangers following a firefight. 1929- Walt Disney Studios releases the first talking picture featuring Mickey Mouse entitled, "The Karnival Kid." 1911- The New York Public Library is Christened and open to NY's citizens. 1813- Revolutionist Simon Bolivar leads the invasion of Venezuela and is proclaimed "The Liberator." 1788- Captain Kidd after being found guilty of piracy and murder is Hanged in London . Famous Births- Drew Carey- Former Marine and game show host, ("Whose Line Is It An ... 23 May 2013 11:39 UAF statement on the Woolwich murder. Unite Against Fascism sends its condolences to the family and friends of the soldier murdered yesterday in Woolwich. There can be no justification for such a terrible attack on an individual. But we must recognise that fascist organisations such as the English Defence League and British National Party are trying to use the murder to whip up racism and direct hatred against all Muslims. EDL thugs attempted to start a race riot in Woolwich last night. Mosques have been attacked by racist thugs. These fascists and racists should be condemned and opposed. We must not give a quarter to those who would judge an entire religion, race or nationality by the actions of a few. We do not hold Norwegian Christians responsible for the actions of the fascist Anders Breivik , whose 2011 rampage left 77 dead. We do not hold white people collectively responsible for Timothy McVeigh, the US neo-Nazi whose 1995 Oklahoma City bomb killed 168 people, or for David Copeland, the former BNP me ... 29 Apr 2013 02:00 Ammonium nitrate became infamous when convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh used it in the Oklahoma City Bombing . 26 Apr 2013 17:39 Who's more hated in Oklahoma City right now, Patrick Beverly or Timothy McVeigh? 26 Apr 2013 16:47 Timothy McVeigh- born April 23rd (1968-2001) plotted an attack that killed 168 people in the Oklahoma City Bombing on April 19, 1995. 21 Apr 2013 16:15 The arrested Timothy McVeigh and charged him in the Oklahoma City on this day in 1995 21 Apr 2013 15:22 1995:Federal authorities arrest Timothy McVeigh in connection with the Oklahoma City Bombing . 21 Apr 2013 11:17 21st April,1995 - FBI arrested Timothy McVeigh & charge him with Oklahoma City Bombing . 15 Apr 2013 23:39 Do not jump to any conclusion just remember Timothy McVeigh of Oklahoma City 15 Apr 2013 23:34 Remember when that Muslim Timothy McVeigh bombed the Federal Building in Oklahoma City? Oh, wait. 06 Apr 2013 21:41 You know Timothy McVeigh son work there right ? I'm at Dell Corp. Building A (Oklahoma City, OK) 01 Apr 2013 22:35 Oklahoma City Bombing had one bomb which was a truck bomb with fertilizer set off by Timothy McVeigh. 29 Mar 2013 20:50 "movement was on the rise. 6 months later, militia sympathizer Timothy McVeigh bombed the Oklahoma City Federal Building " 2/3 28 Mar 2013 18:08 NRA says no record of "member relationship" with Adam Lanza , unlike Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. 20 Mar 2013 23:56 ED not guts it votes they dont have.Guns didn't kill at Sandy Hook a sick person did Just like Timothy McVeigh/ Oklahoma City Bombing 09 Mar 2013 06:49 This is from one of my favorite View episodes: On a May 18, 2009, appearance on The View, Ventura asked Elisabeth Hasselbeck if waterboarding is acceptable, why were the Oklahoma City bombers, Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols , not waterboarded. "We only seem to waterboard Muslims."[90] Comparing the waterboarding of detainees to the North Vietnamese torture of American P.O.W.s, Ventura asserted, "We created our own Hanoi Hilton in GuantÃ¡namo. That's our Hanoi Hilton ."[90] "'Enhanced interrogation' is Cheney changing a word. * Cheney comes up with a new word to cover his * "[90] On May 20, 2009, Ventura appeared on Fox & Friends. When Brian Kilmeade told Ventura that he would stop supporting waterboarding when "they're dead", Ventura responded, "Really? Have you enlisted? Have you enlisted or are you just talking?... Go walk the walk, don't talk the talk."[91] 08 Mar 2013 12:09 On this day in 1999, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Timothy McVeigh for the bombing of a Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995... 08 Mar 2013 10:12 1999 â The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the murder convictions of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing . 08 Mar 2013 03:47 Now that bin Laden's son has been captiured and faces charges for his involvement in 911,(and the Black Prez knocked off his DAD). no mass murders of school children or movie patrons for 60 days, no kids forced into a bunker by (Bunker Bob) and/or gun ehtusiasts/anti United States of America government advocates.in 50 days.What do you think of the alarming rise of in domestic Anti U S miltias that sprang from these events ???...Many (legitimate) news sources have noticed a rapid ressurection of the Timothy McVeigh style of domestic terrorist groups.Most spurred by the false 2nd Amendment proponent allegations that the "Black Prez" wants their guns.Should we once again steer clear of Federal Building s like the Alfred P Murraw Building in Oklahoma City ??? Spring is coming.Fertilizer is a fast mover in this time frame...The Anti-American "americans" have grown silent.Too Silent...Hope against hope we don't have a repeat performance.Prove the profilers wrong.When the Fearful run out of Fears...Unreasonable . ... 07 Mar 2013 13:58 Drone strikes. Yet another attempt to distract you, and bait you into an issue that you have no control over. And, haven't in years. I don't agree with it or, like this at all. Let me start with that. Mainly because as time goes by, I become a more likely target every day. But get real. What an "American" is now days can be anything. There are "Americans" alive who have never even set foot on American soil. There are high level terrorists who are Americans. What if it wasn't a drone? What if it was September 11 and the government had the ability to shoot down those airliners? Knowing what we know now my order would be to shoot them down, Americans or not. What if the government knew about Oklahoma City? Would YOU have given the green light to kill Timothy McVeigh if for whatever reason he couldn't be arrested in time? WAKE UP ! YOUR government kills people all the time. People who aren't a immediate threat at all. Your government killed David Koresh , 54 other adults and 28 children. He was a medium bad gu ... 01 Mar 2013 21:17 Today in 2004 Terry Nichols is convicted of state murder charges and being an accomplice to Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. 01 Mar 2013 20:44 Timothy McVeigh, who was executed in June 2011 for the Oklahoma City Bombing , the worst terrorist act on American... 26 Feb 2013 14:07 The Muslim Game: Bringing other religions down to the level of Islam is one of the most popular strategies of Muslim apologists when confronted with the spectacle of Islamic violence. Remember Timothy McVeigh, the Oklahoma City bomber? How about Anders Breivik , the Norwegian killer? Why pick on Islam if other religions have the same problems? The Truth: Because they donât. Regardless of what his birth certificate may or may not have said, Timothy McVeigh was not a religious man (in fact, he stated explicitly that he was agnostic and that "science" was his religion). At no time did he credit his deeds to religion, quote Bible verses, or claim that he killed for Jesus. His motives are very well documented through interviews and research. God is never mentioned. The so-called âmembers of other faithsâ alluded to by Muslims are nearly always just nominal members who have no active involvement. They are neither inspired by, nor do they credit religion as Muslim terrorists do - and this is what mak ... 25 Feb 2013 19:36 Watching a Documentary on the Oklahoma City Bombing by Timothy McVeigh. 23 Feb 2013 00:07 Timothy McVeigh, responsible for the Oklahoma City Bombing , was found carrying an envelope containing pages from... 20 Feb 2013 08:30 It said 168 people were killed in the Oklahoma City Bombing and hundreds more injured. Before the World Trade Center attack on 9/11 it was the worst attack on American soil. Timothy McVeigh and ? Nichols were found guilty of the crime in Oklahoma City. 13 Feb 2013 03:52 do you know about the Federal State bombing in Oklahoma City by Timothy Mcveigh? 04 Feb 2013 23:36 Just read the whole Alabama hostage story. Glad the boy is alive and safe, but the thing that stuck out the most to me was that the culprit was an avid conservative talk radio fan. Seriously, Timothy Mcveigh set the bomb off in Oklahoma City for fear that the overbearing government was going to take away his guns. (In fact, he thought conservatives would rally behind him, as if his bombing would be the new present day "shot heard round the world") Jimmy Lee * was nearly the same. James Oliver Huberty (San Ysidro McDonald's massacre, 1984) was strongly anti-government, convinced that they were the cause of the destruction of his business, and also convinced they were intentionally bankrupting America through the Federal Reserve . The list goes on. Obviously this is only one factor, and I'm not trying to blame incidents like this on conservatives in general - not at all. But conservatives who believe conspiracy theories put out by things like conservative talk radio face a serious chance of going crazy o . ... 28 Jan 2013 02:01 in the Afghanistan training manuals, a recipe also used by Timothy McVeigh to blow up the Federal Building in Oklahoma City 26 Jan 2013 04:52 Timothy McVeigh did not kill 168 people in Oklahoma City Bombing with a gun, but they still sell fertilizer. 23 Jan 2013 17:09 Framing this violence motif around the example of Timothy McVeigh and the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing , liberals claim that such violence âderived from the modern anti-federalist movement appeared in full force only in the early to mid-1990s and is interested in undermining the influence, legitimacy and effective sovereignty of the Federal Government and its proxy organizations.â The report claims that there were a total of 350 âattacks initiated by far-right groups/individualsâ in 2011 alone. More recently, The Department of Justice-funded anti-terrorism presentation that equated widely circulated conservative materials â including a popular bumper sticker advocating for a U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations â with right-wing extremism. That this latest attack on conservative values should come from one of the nation's chief training centers for military leaders is particularly troubling. While the report âis outrageous in and of itself,â commented one conservative observer, writing in ... 14 Jan 2013 20:08 Kenneth Michael Trentadue Kenneth Michael Trentadue (December 19, 1950 â August 21, 1995) was allegedly found hanged in his cell at FTC Oklahoma during the investigation of the Oklahoma City Bombing , allegedly a suicide.[1][2] Trentadue's family maintains that he was murdered by the FBI themselves[1] and that officials at the prison engaged in a cover-up.[1] Oklahoma City's chief medical examiner, Fred Jordan, said of Trentadue that it was "very likely he was murdered."[3]Timothy McVeigh stated that he believes Trentadue was mistaken for Richard Lee Guthrie Jr., a suspected co-conspirator in the bombing who also died in federal custody, allegedly from suicide by hanging. In 1999, fellow-inmate Alden Gillis Baker volunteered to testify that he witnessed Trentadue's murder, a year later he was found hanged in his cell, another apparent suicide. Early life Kenneth Trentadue was born to a family of coal miners and raised in Number 7, a coal camp located between Cucumber, West Virginia , and Horsepen, Virgini ... 13 Jan 2013 02:53 Those who advocate gun control measures as solutions to tragedies like those in Newtown, Connecticut and Aurora, Colorado seem to be ignoring the fact that the perpetrators of the carnage in those towns were severely psychiatrically ill and could have chosen other lethal means to cause just as many deaths. Explosives are one obvious example. In 1995, Timothy McVeigh used explosives to kill 168 people at the Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City. Between 1978 and 1995, Ted Kaczynski used homemade bombs delivered by mail to kill 3 people and severely injure 23 others. Back in 1982, 12 people, including a 12-year-old girl, died when someone (who has never been apprehended) poisoned Tylenol capsules with potassium cyanide. Sadly, I could cite dozens of examples. But, equally important, gun control advocates also ignore the potential widespread psychological harm that disarming Americans could cause. As Thomas Jefferson wrote to his nephew Peter Carr in 1785, "A strong body makes the mind strong. As to th ... 06 Jan 2013 04:23 Casey Phillips put up a bizarre post this evening on how Timothy McVeigh did not need a gun to kill over 100 people in Oklahoma City, McVeigh used a home made bomb! This was a very bizarre post to defend the gun's activists rights to own assault rifles, high volume magazines for these assault rifles and people killing pistols. I called him on this bizarre post and without putting forth an intelligent come back on his reasoning for his post or his concern for gun control, Casey unfriended me! The unfriending is not a concern of mine but what does concern me is that many supporters of our rights to bear arms have no idea of what common sense gun control is about. I do hope there are some gun activists out there that have not sold their souls to the NRA and are willing to look at real common sense gun control issues! Gun control is trying to save human lives, not cut down the amount of venison you bring home! Learn what gun control is and what it isn't before you jump on the bandwagon for nixing any att ... 05 Jan 2013 20:57 Last October, someone from the Ohio Militia posted a recruiting video on YouTube, billed as a "wake-up call" for America. It's been viewed more than 60,000 times. "Things are bad, things are real bad, and it's going to be a lot worse," said the man on the video, who did not give his name. "Our country is in peril." The man is holding an AR-15 semiautomatic rifle, and he encourages viewers to buy one. While anti-government sentiment has been on the rise over the last two years, there aren't as many threats and violent acts at this point as there were in the 1990s, according to the report. That movement bore the likes of Timothy McVeigh, who in 1995 blew up a Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people. But McEntire fears it's only a matter of time. 05 Jan 2013 15:54 Claiborne on McVey. " THE SCANDAL OF GRACE Thereâs another person who felt the world killed the good in him, a young man who was a decorated army veteran in the 1991 Gulf War . I remember reading the letters he wrote home from the war, in which he told his family how hard it was to kill. He told them he felt like he was turning into an animal because day after day it became a little easier to kill. His name was Timothy McVeigh. He came home from serving in the Army Special Forces, horrified, crazy, dehumanized, and became the worst domestic terrorist we have ever seen. His essays cry out against the bloodshed he saw and created in Iraq: âDo people think that government workers in Iraq are any less human than those in Oklahoma City? Do they think that Iraqis donât have families who will grieve and mourn the loss of their loved ones? Do people believe that the killing of foreigners is somehow different than the killing of Americans?â5 No doubt his mind had been tragically deranged by the myth of rede ... 20 Nov 2012 12:35 Over 3000 mosques in Istanbul, and we were free and welcomed to take our shoes off and enter any one of them to admire the interior. It is terrible that Palestine and Israel seem to be heating up again, but I would now welcome a mosque built in my community. It is too bad that they somehow became linked to 9/11 in the U.S. A mosque is no more a symbol of 9/11 than a church is a symbol of Timothy McVeigh's killing 168 Americans in Oklahoma City. I wish that I had Muslim friends, because now my feeling that I have a diverse group of friends has evaporated. There are crazies in every religion, but I don't feel that in general Islam is threatening to Christianity, or no more than we are threatening to them. 14 Nov 2012 19:02 We interviewed the founder of the notorious Michigan Militia to find out about its ties with Timothy McVeigh, the Oklahoma City Bombing and more. Check out m... 03 Nov 2012 17:52 "Local ties: Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was from Michigan." 23 Oct 2012 22:52 " Sic Semper Tyrannis " (Latin: Thus always to tyrants). The state motto of Virginia. Originally attributed to Marcus Brutus who helped assassinate Julius Caesar . Recommended to the Virginia Legislature for the state motto by George Mason . Yelled by John Wilkes Booth after killing Lincoln. And inscribed on a tee-shirt worn by Timothy McVeigh in Oklahoma City. 03 Oct 2012 03:40 Timothy James McVeigh was an American domestic terrorist who detonated a truck bomb in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. 26 Sep 2012 05:21 How many people have died in Joe Arpaio 's jails? Almost as many as Timothy McVeigh killed in Oklahoma City. Satan loves ... 21 Sep 2012 07:24 You know I was thinking...Timothy Mcveigh was executed way too fast. Theres something fishy about that whole Oklahoma City Bombing . Terry Nichols admitted Mcveigh was a black operative for the government and now the media wont even say his name even after going to every news organization to tell the truth, and they killed Mcveigh off so he wouldnt talk. And now I heard that the FBI agents who worked in the building were told to take the day off that morning. So..you tell me. 19 Sep 2012 15:52 Timothy McVeigh, the man behind the Oklahoma City Bombing , has a date with death. Heâll receive a lethal injection for killing 168 innocent people, even though no one saw him commit this heinous crime. All the evidence against McVeigh was ... 18 Sep 2012 20:05 John Hanmer Benjamin Netanyahu thinks Candy Crowley âs a little naive in regards to Iranian enriched uranium motives By Doug Powers â¢ September 17, 2012 01:59 PM **Written by Doug Powers Yesterday on CNNâs State of the Union, Israelâs Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wasnât buying what Candy Crowley was trying to sell: âThere are legitimate, peaceful purposes for enriching this uranium,â said host Candy Crowley , speaking to why Iranâs activities are allowed under international agreements. âYou think so? You think so, Candy?â Netanyahu said. âThatâs like Timothy McVeigh walking into a shop in Oklahoma City and saying, âIâd like to tend my garden. Iâd like to buy some fertilizer.â âHow much do you want?â âOh, I donât know, 20,000 pounds.â Come on, we know that theyâre working toward a weapon.â On Meet The Press , Netanyahu told host David Gregory those who believe a nuclear Iran would help stabalize the Middle East âset a new standard for human stupidity.â Bi ... 17 Sep 2012 15:33 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu made a direct appeal to American voters on Sunday to elect a president willing to draw a "red line" with Iran, comparing Tehran's nuclear program to Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and reminding Americans of the devastating repercussions of failed intelligence. His remarks were a plea from a world leader who insists he doesn't want Barack Obama President. Visibly frustrated by U.S. policy under President Barack Obama , the hawkish Israeli leader took advantage of this week's time-honored tradition of the Sunday television talk shows to appeal to Americans headed to the polls in less than two months, to vote for Republican Mitt Romney , because, he is going to take a tougher stance than Obama against Iran. He has also aligned himself personally with Netanyahu, casting the Israeli leader as a longtime friend. Tehran claims its nuclear program is peaceful. Netanyahu said the U.S. would be foolish to believe that, using football metaphors and citing example of pas ... 16 Sep 2012 05:25 Republikkkans are the true terrorists. It started with the bombing in Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh in the 90's and then with the Patriot Act being signed by George Bush which took away alot of our freedoms. 07 Sep 2012 23:12 Bill Clinton amazes me, more than any modern political figure. His staying power amazes me. I know people who admit they wouldn't want their daughter or sister to work for him, yet they still admire him. The GOP is said by Democrats to be waging war on women, because Limbaugh made crass remarks about a gal who attends an expensive school and wants others to pay for her birth control. Then the Dems have a sexual predator as their keynote speaker! Clinton retained Janet Reno as AG, even after her actions resulted in the incineration of dozens of people in Waco. Then, Clinton blamed the Oklahoma City Bombing on Limbaugh, even though Timothy McVeigh was motivated by what Clinton and Reno had done. Clinton maintained a state of war with Iraq, between the Bushes (so to speak). In addition to the thousands of bombs he dropped on Iraq, Clinton ordered hundreds of sorties in other locations as well. The fact that Clinton killed thousands of innocent people with bombs is better documented than Clinton's claims of D ... 23 Aug 2012 20:39 Remembering Ruby Ridge today. Twenty years since the Ruby Ridge siege, the event is usually remembered as a major motivator to the militia movement and the anti-government fervor of the '90s. It was cited, together with the following year's bloody fiasco in Waco, Texas, as an outrage to be avenged, by Timothy McVeigh. And, sure enough, the Associated Press story on the legacy of Ruby Ridge specifies that the incident "helped spark an anti-government patriot movement that grew to include the Oklahoma City Bombing ." But if the siege and killings in Idaho helped make many Americans fear the government, a strong case can be made that it also pushed the Federal Government to fear many of the people over whom it rules. Let's not forget that the stand-off at Ruby Ridge began with nothing more than Randy Weaver 's failure to appear on a charge of selling two slightly too-short-by-law shotguns to an ATF informant. The ATF then tried to use that sale to leverage Weaver into the very dangerous position of informing o ... 24 Jul 2012 02:48 Colorado Springs defense attorney Dennis Hartley knows the in and outs of a mass casualty case like the shooting at a movie theater in Aurora. Hartley was appointed to represent Timothy Mcveigh on appeal after Mcveigh was convicted of the Oklahoma City Bombing . 01 Jun 2012 02:47 Watching NBA Playoffs on TNT. Oklahoma City hasn't had Two Guys this explosive from downtown since Terry Nichols and Timothy Mcveigh.	bombing of alfred p murrah federal building in oklahoma city
“Sugar… spice… and everything nice” plus a healthy dose of a mysterious substance called “Chemical X” is responsible for creating what cartoon crime fighters?	SHOULD THE DEATH PENALTY BE ABOLISHED? SHOULD THE DEATH PENALTY BE ABOLISHED? by Dee Finney "Justice will only be achieved when those who are not injured by crime feel as indignant as those who are." -- King Solomon I and another woman were in Houston, Texas working on a project that I can only describe as a blood red slide like a large water slide only it didn't end in water. It ended in the dirt. When that was complete, we worked on one just like it only we were in Japan. 6-13-00 - I didn't have a clue as to what this was about, so I watched for a coincidence that might tie into the subject. The first clue was a news article on television about a man in Houston, Texas who is scheduled to die in prison in 10 days. There is a huge political controversy over the death penalty because so many people who have already been convicted of horrendous crimes may not actually be guilty of the crime to begin with. Others who are on death row awaiting their turn to die for horrendous crimes may be there because of poor witness testimony, poor defense, lying prosecution and various other reasons. Others may be there because they were mentally incapable of making proper decisions in their lives and should be in mental hospitals, not awaiting death. The fair thing to do is to present the cases as they stand, as it is not for me to decide what is right or wrong. None of this diminishes the pain of the victims families either. It is one thing to desire an 'eye for an eye' as the Bible states for fair punishment, but if the person is not mentally capable of deciding what he or she is doing, or isn't even guilty of the crime, then the blood is on 'our' collective hands. Is it better that Biblical justice is served in one fair case when hundreds of innocent men or mentally incapable men are put to death at the same time? This is for YOU to decide!!! ~~~~~~ 12-15-04 - VISION - I had a vision of Scott Peterson laying face down on top of Laci Peterson, who was laying face up under him with her eyes open. A voice over said, "And Scott Peterson will be reborn when he is 87 years old. THE MOST EVIL PERSON IN THE U.S.? The Dreams: 3-15-95 - PREDICTION OF THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING NOTE: I didn't know this until after the fact. DREAM - I was standing on a road when three of my sons came down the road and I saw that they had very long unkempt hair. I was about to ask why they let their hair grow so long when their father came down the road. I saw that he too had let his hair grow long. (It was half way to his waist in back) He only said one word, "OKLAHOMA!" DREAM 2: I was in a large house being used to house displaced persons or something. There were many foreigners with dark skin there who were learning to speak English. One very thin man who looked like a previous Pope sat at the dinner table. Suddenly he fell over and we saw blood gushing out of his head. I rushed over to help him. His head was split open like a cracked egg and inside his skull was wiring like a robot. He came back to life in my arms and said only one word, "OKLAHOMA!" NOTE: After the bombing, I could see that Timothy McVeigh was the man in my dream. The memory of his face was that clear in my mind. DREAM 3: I was living or visiting with my son Tom on 84th St. The phone rang. It was my ex-husband. (Same guy as dream #1) He arrived at the house then for a visit and I told them all the first dream. My ex-husband acted all disappointed and said, "I really wanted to go to Utah!" End of dreams: After reading lots of factual information about the bombing and the people involved, all of the above was true, except that the people were not my own family members. Interviews I've read show that many more people were in the planning of the bombing and McVeigh DID NOT do the job alone. He is protecting the others so that THEY can continue the war against the people who are in power at the top of this unholy political structure in this country. If McVeigh had blown up the building during the night and not killed those babies, he might have been seen as a HERO! Dee Monday June 11 10:52 PM EDT McVeigh: Soldier Turned Terrorist By Geraldine Sealey ABCNEWS.com Tim McVeigh was executed this morning, remaining stoic until the end. How did a young soldier who once fought for his country, become a man at war with the government? Timothy McVeigh wasn't always at war with his government. Not too long ago, the quiet young man from upstate New York risked his life for his country, earning a Bronze Star in the Gulf War (news - web sites). But when McVeigh took his final breath this morning on a prison gurney in Terre Haute, Ind., at the age of 33, he did so as a self-described "freedom fighter" in a lonely battle against the government. In the end, he expressed shades of regret for the 168 lives he took, but remained unrepentant for the bombing itself. The admitted mastermind of the worst act of terrorism on U.S. soil made no final statement at his execution. But in recent letters to newspapers and statements to reporters, McVeigh expressed bedrock confidence in his belief that his murderous act was righteous, somehow. In a particularly stunning passage from the book American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and The Oklahoma City Bombing, the bomber actually refers to the 19 children killed in the blast as "collateral damage." In a letter printed on Saturday in his hometown newspaper, McVeigh described the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Building as a "legit tactic." Placing blame for his horrific crime squarely on the federal government, McVeigh only managed a tinge of remorse. "I am sorry these people had to lose their lives," McVeigh wrote to The Buffalo News. "But that's the nature of the beast. It's understood going in what the human toll will be." After McVeigh's death by lethal injection today, his attorney Robert Nigh said McVeigh simply could not pretend he was sorry for what he did. "To the victims in Oklahoma City, I say that I am sorry that I could not successfully help Tim to express words of reconciliation that he did not perceive to be dishonest," Nigh said. A Model Soldier This chillingly indifferent Timothy McVeigh seems nothing less than a complete stranger to those who knew him growing up in his conservative, rural hometown of Pendleton, N.Y., near Buffalo. Tim was the second of three children, born in 1968 to Bill and Mildred "Mickey" McVeigh. Like his father before him, Bill McVeigh worked at a local General Motors radiator factory. When Tim was just a boy, Mickey left home, taking his two sisters with her. Young Tim stayed in Pendleton with his dad. Former classmates and neighbors often describe McVeigh as quiet, withdrawn and a bright but not extraordinary student. At 18, McVeigh enrolled in a computer school near Buffalo but dropped out after a few months. After a two-year stint doing odd jobs, McVeigh enrolled in the U.S. Army where he met and befriended Terry Nichols, who would later help McVeigh carry out the bombing of the federal building. Former army colleagues describe both men as being absorbed in the mundane details of army life, from the polished boots to the pressed uniforms. McVeigh was in essence, a model soldier. He was eventually promoted to the rank of sergeant and earned a Combat Infantry Badge and a Bronze Star for his service in the Persian Gulf War. After an unsuccessful attempt to join the elite Green Berets, however, McVeigh sought a discharge and returned home. By all accounts, this failure was a turning point in McVeigh's life. He was becoming more isolated, extremist in his political views and obsessed with guns. The Final Straw By 1993, just two years before the Oklahoma City bombing, McVeigh had moved to Kingman, Ariz., where his Army buddy Michael Fortier lived. There, his fascination with extremist paramilitary groups grew. Among his favorite reading material during this period was the novel The Turner Diaries. The book, widely disseminated on the Internet and written by a notorious neo-Nazi, describes a hero figure who loads a truck with explosives made of fertilizer and fuel and explodes it at FBI (news - web sites) headquarters. McVeigh was angered by gun control legislation and incensed by the deadly 1992 raid on white supremacist Randy Weaver's cabin in Ruby Ridge, Idaho. But it was the siege at Waco, Texas, on April 19, 1993, that burned in McVeigh's mind and fueled his twisted war against the federal government. When the Branch Davidians' compound burned after a standoff with federal agents, McVeigh's mission was clear. He later told his father that Waco was "the final straw." Around 9 a.m., two years to the day after 80 died at Waco, McVeigh parked a rented Ryder truck in front of the Murrah building and walked away shortly before it exploded with such force that it was felt 80 miles away. Within 75 minutes of the blast, McVeigh was pulled over during a routine traffic stop and taken into custody. He had been driving without a license plate and was carrying a concealed firearm. His T-shirt that day was emblazoned with a quote from Thomas Jefferson: "The Tree of Liberty must from time to time be refreshed with the blood of patriots and tyrants." In 1997, McVeigh was convicted in the bombing and sentenced to death. Nichols was later sent to prison for life for his role in the bombing. Fortier, who took a plea deal, is serving a 12-year prison term for providing assistance. Now, McVeigh's personal war is over, and he leaves his victims' families, other survivors and his own grieving family to try to move on with their own lives. "We want Tim to know we love him very much, and many people have told us they will be praying for him in their churches, all over the country," his family said in a statement to the Buffalo News. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IB News Alert - McVeigh put to death - 6/11/2001 Date: 6/11/2001 7:42:43 AM Pacific Daylight Time *** Timothy McVeigh put to death TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (AP) - The government Timothy McVeigh so despised executed him by chemical injection Monday, taking his life in exchange for the 168 lives lost when he blew up the Oklahoma City federal building six years ago. He died silently, with his eyes open. Instead of making an oral statement, McVeigh, 33, issued a copy of the 1875 poem "Invictus," which concludes with the lines: "I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul." He was pronounced dead at 8:14 a.m. ET by Warden Harley Lappin, becoming the first federal prisoner executed in 38 years. In Oklahoma City, 232 survivors and victims' relatives watched a closed-circuit TV broadcast of the execution, sent from Terre Haute in a feed encrypted to guard against interception. Others embraced each other at the memorial marking the bombing site. The lethal injection was administered to McVeigh's right leg. Copyright 2001 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ McVeigh 'calm' in last hours before execution Monday, 11 June 2001 1:12 (ET) TERRE HAUTE, Ind., June 11 (UPI) -- Condemned Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh is "calm and ready to die" as he counted down his final hours Monday in an isolation cell before his scheduled execution by lethal injection, his lawyers said. The 33-year-old Gulf War veteran will have a final statement, his lawyers said. His death by chemical injection will be witnessed by 10 survivors or relatives of victims of the 1995 bombing. Another 300 victims of the blast or family members and friends of those killed will be allowed to watch the execution by close-circuit television in Oklahoma City. McVeigh ate two pints of ice cream as a final formal meal as he awaited his execution at 7 a.m. local time (8 a.m. EDT), Dan Dunn, a spokesman for the Federal Bureau of Prisons, said late Sunday. Dunn said McVeigh spent Sunday sleeping normally, watching TV, meeting with his attorneys and with prison staff and talking with his family. In excerpts of letters published Sunday in his hometown newspaper, The Buffalo News, McVeigh said he was "sorry these people had to lose their lives" -- a reference to the 168 people killed in the biggest mass killing on U.S. soil. But he defended the bombing as a "legit tactic," an act of war against what he considers an overbearing federal government. McVeigh will be the first federal prisoner executed since 1963. An agnostic, he said he would "improvise, adapt and overcome" if it turned out that there was an afterlife and he found himself in heaven or hell, the Buffalo paper reported. "If I am going to hell, I'm gonna have a lot of company," he said. McVeigh wrote the letters to two Buffalo News reporters from his death row prison cell before and after the postponement of his original execution of May 16, in the wake of revelations by the FBI that it had failed to turn over more than 3,000 pages of documents to McVeigh's lawyers before his trial in 1997. He wrote that his terrorist act was in defense of Americans' rights to personal freedom and was a response to controversial actions by federal law enforcement agents at Waco, Texas, and Ruby Ridge, Idaho. The letters were sent to reporters Dan Herbeck and Lou Michel, co-authors of the book "American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy." They interviewed the decorated Gulf War veteran in prison after his conviction. McVeigh was convicted of the worst act of terrorism on U.S. soil, which took place exactly two years to the day after federal agents raided a compound in Waco occupied by members of the Branch Davidian cult. More than 50 people died in the shootout and fire that ensued there. McVeigh's victims in Oklahoma City included 19 children, whom the bomber has referred to, in military parlance, as "collateral damage." While he acknowledges that millions of Americans despise him, the Buffalo newspaper reported, McVeigh wrote that he hoped his countrymen would eventually come to view him as a "freedom fighter' who died for his cause. He compared himself to John Brown, who protested slavery in the mid-1800s by leading raids that killed men, women and children. In Washington, the Supreme Court rejected a request from lawyers for a Pennsylvania defendant who wanted to videotape McVeigh's execution in order to back up his contention that lethal injection is a form of cruel and unusual punishment, in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution. The defendant, Joseph Minerd, is accused of murder and, if convicted, could face the same fate that awaits McVeigh. Without comment, the Supreme Court refused Minerd's request to overturn the decision of a federal district court in Pennsylvania to prohibit the taping. Lawyers for McVeigh had said their client did not oppose being videotaped, but he was not a party to Minerd's request to the high court. Early Sunday morning, McVeigh was moved from his cell on the Terre Haute prison's death row into a slightly larger one just a few steps from the room where he is scheduled to die. "He is calm, he is prepared to go forward," McVeigh attorney Rob Nigh told reporters outside the prison after meeting with McVeigh. "Quite frankly, he is ready to die." Nigh, who along with co-counsel Nathan Chambers will be allowed to visit their condemned client Monday morning, until two hours before the scheduled execution, said McVeigh had "struggled ... mightily" with the question of an apology to the loved ones of the 168 people, including 19 children, who died in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Amid recent court action in pursuit of a new trial, based on errors by the FBI in failing to turn over all documents in his case, McVeigh wrote that he was "shutting down operations" and "cutting off communications with all but a few people." He wrote that he had turned down hundreds of reporters' requests for interviews and a request from the FBI for a "final debriefing" about his political views that led to the bombing, because he was concerned FBI agents would somehow use whatever information he gave them to hurt people who stood up against the government. "I will not be doing a progressive (a k a repressive) interview with the FBI," McVeigh wrote. "I would hate for my insights to be used to kill more people, when they eventually abuse their power." He wrote that he might have chosen another tactic for expressing his hatred for what he called an "out-of-control federal government" that has been bullying its citizens "like the Chinese and deployed tanks against its own citizens (in Waco, Texas)." Copyright 2001 by United Press International. All rights reserved. June 10 2001 UNITED STATES Oklahoma bomber to meet his fate armed with poem Tony Allen-Mills, Washington Defiant: Timothy McVeigh THE last words of Timothy McVeigh, the Oklahoma bomber, before his execution tomorrow will include defiant lines from a little-known 19th-century English poem, his lawyers said yesterday. Invictus, by William Ernest Henley, a Victorian critic and editor, ends with the words: It matters not how strait the gate How charged with I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. Richard Burr, one of McVeigh's lawyers, confirmed that the bomber who killed 168 people in Oklahoma City in 1995 would exercise his right to a final statement before receiving a lethal injection at dawn. Victims' families fear McVeigh might deliver a final tirade against the government he attacked in America's worst domestic terrorist outrage. But McVeigh, 33, has indicated that he favours the words of the 1875 poem by Henley, an invalid who endured arthritis for most of his life. He wrote it in defiance of the disease that crippled him and led to a botched amputation of his left leg: I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud This year McVeigh told two authors from his former home town of Buffalo, New York, that he was particularly attracted to another line in the poem that refers to a "place of wrath and tears". He told Lou Michel and Dan Herbeck that many would view the line as "an apt description of Oklahoma City in the wake of the bombing". The poem's emphasis on self-reliance echoes Mc-Veigh's repeated insistence on taking charge of his destiny. He has twice refused legal appeals that might have prolonged his life and he shunned the option of appealing to President George W Bush for clemency. He was originally sentenced to die on May 11, but an FBI blunder over documents that should have been presented to McVeigh's lawyers at his trial resulted in a one-month delay. Barring unforeseen developments, McVeigh will be moved this morning from his prison cell on death row at Terre Haute penitentiary in Indiana to a windowless, red-brick building that contains the execution chamber. Killer's epitaph I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul. He will eat an early final meal and will then spend his last night in an 8ft by 10ft holding cell containing a narrow bunk, desk, lavatory and small black-and-white television set. An hour before the execution, scheduled for 1pm London time, he will be escorted to the chamber, where he will be injected with a lethal cocktail of sodium pentothal, pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride. "He has said time and again he did not fear death," Burr said. "He is steeling himself against this moment and suppressing any fear that anybody would normally have . . . he is trying to have himself centred." McVeigh has given no indication that he intends to apologise or repent. He recently referred to the children he killed as "collateral damage". His enthusiasm for Invictus suggests that Americans may be disappointed if they are hoping to witness a crack in the facade of the country's most inscrutable terrorist. About 300 relatives and survivors of victims of the attack on the Alfred P Murrah federal building will watch the execution via closed-circuit television in Oklahoma City. Some hope it will provide a measure of "closure" and relief; others are resigned to continuing pain and incomprehension. "We've already known that he doesn't care," said Randy Ledger, a government worker who lost two thirds of his blood as he lay in the rubble after the explosion. Ken Thompson, whose mother died, said he was going to Las Vegas on holiday rather than having to worry about what McVeigh's last words might be. "The less I let Mr McVeigh affect me, the better my life is," he said. By contrast, Paul Howell, whose 27-year-old daughter, Karan, was killed in the blast, is attending the execution as a witness. He said last week he wanted to "tell people there is someone who is going to watch the execution who is not afraid of McVeigh". Despite a final boast about his "unconquerable soul", the last words McVeigh will hear will not be his. Harley Lappin, a prison warder, will read a short statement, concluding with: "We are ready." ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Death row diaries reveal McVeigh's goal of martyrdom Inmates write about 'troubled' bomber Julian Borger in Washington Saturday June 9, 2001 The Guardian As Timothy McVeigh approaches his day of execution this Monday, he has been dieting so that he will look like a "concentration camp victim" in postmortem photographs, according to jail diaries kept by his fellow inmates on death row in Indiana. McVeigh's execution will be broadcast on closed-circuit television to about 300 survivors and relatives of victims in Oklahoma City. One fellow inmate and diarist, Paul Hammer, referred to the media event as "Bloodstock". The event may also be videotaped after a federal judge in Pittsburgh granted a request to this effect yesterday by lawyers in an unrelated death penalty case who want to use the filmed record to support their argument that state execution contravenes the constitution because it is cruel and unusal punishment. The Pittsburgh case involves Joseph Minerd, charged with rigging the pipe bomb that killed his former girlfriend and her daughter. Minerd was charged under the federal arson and bombing law that was also used to prosecute defendants including McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing. A McVeigh lawyer said his client had no objection to a video, but justice department officials are appealing against the Pittsburgh ruling, citing a federal regulation that prohibits photographic, visual or audio recording of executions. Light is thrown on the Oklahoma City bomber's state of mind and conditions in the federal death row buildings in the small Indiana town of Terre Haute by diary entries posted on a website that is called Death Row Speaks ( www.deathrowspeaks.net ). Jeff Paul, 24, who is facing the death penalty for robbing and shooting dead an 82-year-old man on a mountain path in Arkansas, observed in an entry dated May 25 that the security precautions around McVeigh had been stepped up, with waste paper from his cell being shredded. "Apparently, a staff member was caught either smuggling things out of prison with his [McVeigh's] name on it or trying to sell some things of his on the internet. Tim [McVeigh] is not sure which but is interested in finding out," Paul wrote. "They put him in a cell with constant video surveillance a while back and instituted a policy that anytime he comes out of his cell he'll have at least three officers present, on top of the handcuffs and chains." Officials in charge at Terre Haute failed to return calls about the security precautions, but officials at the bureau of prisons said that they believed the Death Row Speaks diaries to be genuine. The diaries consist mainly of the inmates' personal reflections on their past and their jail conditions, but two of them, Paul and David Hammer, make occasional observations about their notorious prison mate. Paul reported that "for a long time he [McVeigh] was on a vegetable diet that comes in a special tray. I asked him why and he said it was because he wanted to look like a concentration camp victim for the postmortem photos." On May 30 he noted that McVeigh had started taking normal meals again, and Paul speculated this was because he believed his stay of execution, granted because of the belated discovery of evidence by the FBI, would last longer than the initial month, and that "he knows he's going to be around to lose [weight]" later. But on Thursday, a federal appeal court upheld a district judge's decision to reject McVeigh's request for an extended stay of execution, on the grounds that there was no doubt about his guilt. McVeigh, who has admitted bombing the Alfred P Murrah federal building on April 19 1995 - killing 168 people and injuring 500 - subsequently dropped his attempt to have the execution postponed. The web diaries do not record these most recent events, as they have to be posted by conventional mail to the website organisers, Julie and Simon Whyte in Dorset, England. Ms Whyte said yesterday that the three-month-old website was "an opportunity for inmates to show that they are human beings, with feeling and emotions like the rest of us. It gives an insight into their lives and, by understanding what the inmates have been through, maybe we can start trying to concentrate on the cause of violent behaviour rather than continuously having to execute people and achieving nothing." In another entry, Paul Hammer also wrote: "My friend Tim is a troubled and misguided man. We disagree on most issues, but he is also a kind loving and caring person with a quick smile, keen wit and a sense of humour. I will miss him and I continue to pray for his soul." ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Subj: McVeigh Prepares for Death Date: 6/9/2001 2:15:13 AM McVeigh Prepares for Death By JO THOMAS ERRE HAUTE, Ind., June 8 - His appeals abandoned, Timothy J. McVeigh today awaited the move from his cell on death row at the federal penitentiary here to the building where he will be put to death on Monday for bombing the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, where 168 people died in 1995. Mr. McVeigh, 33, is scheduled to die by lethal injection at 8 a.m. Eastern daylight time on Monday in the first execution by the federal government since 1963. "I know Tim feels really strongly about preparing for death," said the Rev. Ron Ashmore, a Roman Catholic priest whose parish includes the penitentiary and who has corresponded with Mr. McVeigh. "For Tim, that means letting loose of all that is around him. We can't stop Tim McVeigh's execution now. We prepare with him for it in prayer." Marybeth Cully, a spokeswoman for the Bureau of Prisons, said Mr. McVeigh would be moved to the building that houses the death chamber before 7 a.m. Sunday. Mr. McVeigh was originally scheduled to die on May 16. His execution was postponed on May 11 by Attorney General John Ashcroft after the F.B.I. found thousands of pages of documents that had not been given to Mr. McVeigh's lawyers before trial. On Wednesday, a federal judge in Denver denied Mr. McVeigh's request for a stay of execution, and his decision was upheld on Thursday by the United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit. Mr. McVeigh has said he will not try again to stop his execution. With no further delays expected, Terre Haute picked up today where it left off a month ago. Officials at the penitentiary prepared piles of badges and credentials for 1,400 journalists, and trucks with satellite dishes lined up on the prison grounds. For the second time, this city that calls itself the "Crossroads of America" arranged to close its libraries and its city and county offices. It postponed the opening of summer school until Tuesday. For the second time, Chief James Horrall of the Terre Haute police planned to bus demonstrators from two city parks to separate tents on the prison grounds, one for those who oppose the death penalty and one for those who favor it. This weekend, Chief Horrall said, some of his officers would be at the World Police and Fire Games in Indianapolis, but he was borrowing extras from neighboring departments, along with 100 state troopers, 30 sheriff's officers and 300 federal officers from various agencies. "We feel pretty good that it's going to be a peaceful demonstration," Chief Horrall said. Sherry Bedwell, who was watching her children at Bogey's Fun Center, not far from the prison, said the prospect of an execution had affected everyone, whether or not they favored the death penalty. "I live over here, and I have to pass it every day," Mrs. Bedwell said. Her children, ages 5 and 6, are too young to understand what is going on, she said, but her son in kindergarten "was very excited that school was going to be closed" on May 16, the original execution date. At Body Art Ink, the downtown tattoo parlor that has sold 30 dozen T-shirts saying "Die! Die! Die!" for $21 each, Damon Thompson, 23, a tattoo artist, said he was tired of talking to visitors who have come from as far away as Australia. "It's been a circus here," Mr. Thompson said, adding, "I just want his face off my TV. It should have been done and should have been a memory by now." At the Saratoga Restaurant, the owner, George Azar, who is also president of the Terre Haute City Council, said, "I guess the second time around is a little easier to get prepared for." But he added, "I'll be glad to get back to normal." ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Thursday June 7 1:10 PM ET McVeigh Legal Team Races to Stop Execution By Robert Boczkiewicz DENVER (Reuters) - Lawyers for Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh (news - web sites) asked a three-judge appeals court panel on Thursday to stay his execution as they raced the clock to save the once model solder-turned terrorist from being put to death within days. But legal experts said McVeigh's lawyers may have a hard time convincing the panel to delay the scheduled Monday execution of the man who admits to detonating the bomb that destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah federal building (news - web sites), killing 168 people and injuring 500 others on April 19, 1995 in the worst act of terrorism ever committed on American soil. The appeal was filed with the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (news - web sites) in Denver, which has promised to act quickly on the request -- and may even come down with a ruling by Thursday. McVeigh lawyer Christopher Tritico said Denver Federal Court Judge Richard Matsch ``used the wrong standard'' when he ruled Wednesday that McVeigh's execution could go ahead as planned, even though the defense was still going through more than 4,000 pages of documents that had been withheld by the prosecution. Matsch, who presided over McVeigh's 1997 trial, said that whatever the papers contained it did not alter the fact ``Timothy McVeigh was the instrument of death and destruction.'' But Tritico told reporters, ``What we're asking for right now is time. That's all we're asking for. All of us fully expected to get a stay yesterday.'' Lawyers for McVeigh say thousands of pages of FBI (news - web sites) documents not provided to the defense during his trial should be reviewed before their client is put to death in the first federal execution in 38 years. JUDGE'S RULING Matsch ruled the 4,000 FBI documents, turned over to McVeigh's lawyers just days before McVeigh was initially scheduled to die on May 16, did not prove his innocence and the jury verdict should stand. ``We have not been able to make a claim of actual innocence. What we are looking at right now is a denial of due process,'' Tritico said. ``What we feel is that Judge Matsch used the wrong standard when he made his ruling yesterday.'' The attorneys would not be making the filing if McVeigh did not want them to, he added. One of McVeigh's attorneys, Nathan Chambers, was meeting simultaneously with McVeigh at the federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he is on death row. The appeals court is ``prepared to act as quickly as possible in the interest of justice,'' court clerk Patrick Fisher said. He said judges assigned to McVeigh's appeal have had case documents from a lower court even before Thursday's filing was made. A 17-page brief filed at the appeals court said, ''Irreparable harm will result if the stay is not granted because Mr. McVeigh will be executed on June 11, 2001, at 7 a.m.'' Tritico said no decision had yet been made on whether McVeigh will appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court (news - web sites) if the appeals court in Denver turns him down. In his filing, McVeigh said he ``could establish a fraud upon the court'' if he is given ``a reasonable opportunity to utilize'' FBI reports that were only in recent weeks turned over to his defense team. JUSTICE CONCESSION The U.S. Justice Department (news - web sites) conceded several weeks ago that the newly disclosed FBI reports of the Oklahoma City bombing investigation should have been turned over to the defense lawyers for McVeigh and his co-conspirator Terry Nichols before their 1997 trials. ``This case tests us as people and as officers in a system bound to the ideals of justice,'' McVeigh's lawyers wrote in the brief. ``It is extremely hard not to be improperly influenced by the immense suffering and agony at the heart of this case.'' The court has not scheduled a hearing on the appeal and normally does not conduct hearings on emergency death penalty cases. Instead, a panel of judges operating behind the scenes make a decision based on filings. ``If we were allowed to conduct the complete investigation called for by the FBI's eleventh hour production of documents, it is reasonably likely, given what is now known, that we would be able to show that the FBI suppressed credible evidence that other people played a significant role in the bombing,'' the brief argued. The lawyers also argued that ``the jury's assessment of Mr. McVeigh's role in and moral culpability for the bombing might well have changed had this evidence been presented.'' Although McVeigh claimed he only acted with the forced help of Nichols, his lawyers argue that he was part of a wider conspiracy. In his ruling, Matsch said, ``I find there is no good cause to delay the execution. ... Whatever in time may be disclosed about the possible (actions) of others it will not change the fact that Timothy McVeigh was the instrument of death and destruction.'' McVeigh had abandoned all appeals last December and said he preferred to be executed rather than spend the rest of his life in prison without hope of release. But he changed stance last week, telling his lawyers to seek a stay and arguing that the failure to disclose the FBI documents constituted a ``fraud on the court.'' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Thursday June 7 1:33 PM ET McVeigh's Defense Files Appeal By CATHERINE TSAI, Associated Press Writer DENVER (AP) - Saying a federal judge ``succumbed to the human tragedy'' of the Oklahoma City bombing, Timothy McVeigh (news - web sites)'s attorneys on Thursday asked an appeals court to postpone his execution again. The defense said it needs more time to review nearly 4,500 pages of FBI (news - web sites) material released in the past month. A three-judge panel of the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (news - web sites) was appointed to consider the appeal, court clerk Patrick Fischer said. He declined to identify the three. He said he expected the panel to issue a written ruling without hearing oral arguments, but he did not know when it would be handed down. Prosecutor Sean Connelly declined comment on the filing and said he had no plans to submit a response unless the court asked for it. ``I'll do what the court tells me to do,'' he said. The defense brief argues that U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch used the wrong standard when ruling Wednesday that the execution should proceed next week, attorney Chris Tritico said. ``All we're asking for is time to do what we need to do,'' Tritico told reporters outside the courthouse. If McVeigh is still executed at the conclusion of the process, he added, ``then we know the system works.'' Larry Pozner, former president of the Colorado Criminal Defense Bar, predicted the appeals court would uphold Matsch's ruling. ``It's all uphill after you've been convicted. It's even steeper now that Judge Matsch has added his ruling. At some point, the hill becomes 90 degrees. You just can't climb it any more,'' he said. McVeigh, 33, is set to die by injection Monday morning at the federal prison in Terre Haute, Ind. Another defense attorney, Nathan Chambers, met with McVeigh at the prison Thursday morning. Afterward, he said McVeigh was ``well'' and declined to answer questions. He would not say if any decision had been made on whether to appeal to the Supreme Court if the appeals court rejected the argument. The Supreme Court mostly has been unsympathetic to 11th-hour pleas for stays of execution. McVeigh's execution was delayed last month by Attorney General John Ashcroft (news - web sites) after the government found some documents hadn't been turned over to the defense, but Ashcroft opposes further delays. ``We've never had a doubt about the guilt of Timothy McVeigh,'' Ashcroft said Wednesday. In the 18-page brief filed Thursday, attorney Rob Nigh asked the appeals judges to set aside their emotions while reviewing the arguments and the evidence. ``It is extremely hard not to be improperly influenced by the immense suffering and agony at the heart of this case. Being able to recognize and act upon the elemental demands of fairness in this case requires each of us to summon up the best in us,'' he wrote. ``We believe ... the district court succumbed to the human tragedy of this case and lost sight of the demands of fairness. We pray that this court not do the same.'' He said if attorneys had more time to review the newly released documents, he could show the FBI suppressed credible evidence that other people played a significant role in the bombing and that the jury might have been swayed not to sentence McVeigh to death. During Wednesday's hearing, Matsch said he was shocked to learn of the newly released material, but he said the jury's verdict should stand. ``Whatever role others may have played, it's clear that Timothy McVeigh committed murder and mayhem as charged,'' the judge said. ``Whatever may in time (be) disclosed about possible involvement of others in this bombing, it will not change the fact that Timothy McVeigh was the instrument of death and destruction.'' McVeigh was convicted in 1997 of conspiracy, using a weapon of mass destruction and murdering eight federal law enforcement officers. The April 19, 1995, explosion at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building killed 168 people and was considered the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil. In seeking an execution delay, McVeigh accused the government of committing a ``fraud upon the court'' for failing to turn over all information before trial as Matsch had ordered. The Justice Department (news - web sites) presented the new documents to the defense six days before the original May 16 execution date. Prosecutor Sean Connelly said the information in the documents was contained in FBI interview reports made available before trial. He noted that McVeigh had confessed to the bombing in a recent book. In Oklahoma City, Martha Ridley, whose daughter Kathy died in the bombing, said: ``I just want to get this thing over with and be done with it. It's time for him to go.'' Jannie Coverdale, who lost two grandsons in the explosion, had hoped for a delay. She believes McVeigh and co-conspirator Terry Nichols, who is serving life in prison, didn't plan it alone. ``I'm wondering now that if Tim is executed, will we ever know?'' she asked. In Pendleton, N.Y., McVeigh's father, Bill, wasn't surprised. ``He's going to get executed sooner or later,'' he said. ``Most people know he did it, so .... I think the longer he lives, the better. It's easiest on me. But, like I said, it's going to happen eventually.'' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Thursday June 7 12:28 PM ET Timothy McVeigh Awaits Final Hours By REX W. HUPPKE, Associated Press Writer TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (AP) - With his request for a stay of execution denied, Timothy McVeigh (news - web sites) now sits alone in an 8-by-10 cell on federal death row, waiting. He waits for guards to escort him off the row in shackles and take him to the windowless death house 500 yards away. He waits for his last meal, his last words, his last breath. Outside the white steel walls and polished hallways of the unit that has housed the Oklahoma City bomber and the 19 other federal death row inmates since July 1999, the city of Terre Haute waits as well. It waits for the hype to end and for the national spotlight to move on. ``No more delays,'' cried Anne Campbell, a downtown coffee shop regular vigorously stirring the settled sugar in her iced tea. ``I will just be glad when it's over, because it's giving this town a bad rap. It's not our fault that we have a federal prison here.'' Few outside Indiana knew about the prison until the death chamber was built and McVeigh arrived, taking his place in line as the first federal prisoner to be executed since 1963. Now, more than 1,000 journalists will descend on this western Indiana city, and the eyes of the world will watch McVeigh's final hours down to his execution at 7 a.m. Monday (8 a.m. EDT). On Thursday, McVeigh's attorneys asked a federal appeals court to postpone his execution to give them time to review recently released documents. Attorney Chris Tritico said McVeigh gave lawyers permission to file the appeal and that attorney Nathan Chambers was meeting with McVeigh in prison on Thursday. As early as Friday, the convicted bomber will be transferred from death row to his 9-by-14 holding cell in the execution facility. He'll be allowed to bring only a few items, including five unframed photographs and a paperback book. His cell will contain a narrow bed mounted to the wall, a small metal table and a toilet. A guard will keep watch through a large cell window 24 hours a day. At 7 a.m. Sunday, McVeigh will no longer be allowed to make personal calls. His only contact will be with his attorneys. On the prison grounds outside, journalists will be directed into an area sectioned off with orange plastic fencing. Across the street, Raoul David will keep his food market running around the clock, offering up what he calls a ``McVeigh Special'': shish-ka-bobs marinated in soy sauce. ``This'll mean big business,'' he said. At 12:01 a.m. Monday, seven hours before the execution, death penalty advocates and protesters will be bused to the prison grounds, kept separate but allowed to voice their opinions. By mid-morning the trimmed green field in front of the fenced-in prison should be buzzing with activity. McVeigh will see none of it. If he sleeps at all, he'll be woken up well before the execution and instructed to change into prison-issue white briefs, khaki trousers, a white T-shirt, socks and slip-on shoes. If he wants it, McVeigh will be allowed to take a sedative to calm his nerves. Following a carefully timed and practiced routine, guards will come to McVeigh's holding cell, shackle him by the arms and legs and lead him a short distance to the death chamber, right in the center of the building. He'll enter a room with a white-and-gray tile floor and dark curtains pulled across windows on three of the four walls. In the middle of the room is a T-shaped brown, padded gurney standing at a slight angle. At the foot of the gurney, mounted on the green-tile wall, is a black-and-white clock that will tick off the minutes to 7 a.m., when the execution is to start, then register McVeigh's time of death. Once strapped down, the curtains will be pulled to reveal 10 media witnesses, 10 witnesses who are either survivors of the bombing or family members of a victim, and five witnesses McVeigh selected. About 300 survivors of the 1995 federal building bombing and relatives of the 168 victims will watch by closed-circuit television under tight security in Oklahoma City. The condemned bomber will have an opportunity to say his final words, phones will be checked for any last minute stays, and then, with a nod from U.S. Marshal Frank Anderson, the lethal chemicals will begin flowing into McVeigh's veins. Prison officials say it should take about seven minutes before he is dead. ``This will be one of the last chapters in the Timothy McVeigh saga,'' said bombing survivor Paul Heath, who attended the court hearing Wednesday in which U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch refused to further delay McVeigh's execution. ``I hope for this survivor, from now on it will not be Timothy McVeigh. It will be, `Timothy Who?''' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ · McVeigh's Defense Files Appeal - AP (Jun 7, 2001) · McVeigh attorneys ask for more time in appeal - CNN (Jun 7, 2001) Thursday June 7 , 2001 11:33 AM ET McVeigh Lawyers Appeal Stay of Execution Ruling McVeigh's Attorneys Appealing for Another Stay of Execution - (WKMG) By Robert Boczkiewicz DENVER (Reuters) - Lawyers for Timothy McVeigh (news - web sites) said on Thursday they had appealed a ruling by U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch denying the Oklahoma City bomber a stay of execution. The appeal was filed with the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (news - web sites) in Denver, which has promised to act quickly on the request. McVeigh lawyer Christopher Tritico said Matsch ``used the wrong standard'' when he issued his ruling on Wednesday denying McVeigh a stay. ``What we're asking for right now is time. That's all we're asking for,'' Tritico told reporters outside the court. ``All of us fully expected to get a stay yesterday.'' Lawyers for McVeigh say thousands of pages of FBI (news - web sites) documents not provided to the defense during his 1997 trial should be reviewed before their client is put to death in the first federal execution in 38 years. McVeigh is scheduled to die by lethal injection on Monday for planting the bomb that killed 168 people at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in 1995 -- the worst act of terrorism on American soil. Matsch ruled the 4,000 FBI documents, turned over to McVeigh's lawyers five days before McVeigh was initially scheduled to die on May 16, did not prove his innocence and the jury verdict should stand. ``We have not been able to make a claim of actual innocence. What we are looking at right now is a denial of due process,'' Tritico said. ``What we feel is that Judge Matsch used the wrong standard when he made his ruling yesterday.'' The attorneys would not be making the filing if McVeigh did not want them to, he added. One of McVeigh's attorneys, Nathan Chambers, was meeting simultaneously with McVeigh at the federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, where he is on death row. The appeals court is ``prepared to act as quickly as possible in the interest of justice,'' court clerk Patrick Fisher said. He said judges assigned to McVeigh's appeal have had case documents from a lower court even before Thursday's filing was made. Copyright © 2001 Reuters Limited. Thursday June 7 11:00 AM ET McVeigh's Attorneys File Appeal McVeigh's Attorneys Appealing for Another Stay of Execution - (WKMG) By CATHERINE TSAI, Associated Press Writer DENVER (AP) - Lawyers for Timothy McVeigh say they've filed an appeal with a federal appeals court, hoping to delay McVeigh's Monday execution. Attorney Christopher Tritico says he hopes the appeals court will see something that Judge Richard Matsch didn't see. Matsch yesterday refused to delay the execution. Tritico says McVeigh's lawyers need more time to look at the thousands of documents that were just recently made available by the FBI (news - web sites). He says McVeigh's lawyers expected to get the stay yesterday, and did not expect that they'd have to go to the appeals court today. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Thursday June 07 08:31 AM EDT Judge Refuses McVeigh's Bid for a Reprieve By DAVID JOHNSTON The New York Times Despite the F.B.I.'s belated discovery of evidence, a federal judge rejected Timothy J. McVeigh's request to postpone his execution, which is set for Monday. DENVER, June 6 The federal judge who presided over Timothy J. McVeigh's Oklahoma City bombing trial today rejected a plea by his lawyers to postpone his execution, even though the judge said he was shocked to learn recently about the F.B.I.'s belated discovery of evidence in the case. After a hearing, the judge, Richard P. Matsch of Federal District Court, said the discovery of more than 4,000 pages of F.B.I. documents in the case did not mitigate Mr. McVeigh's guilt nor did it invalidate the jury's death sentence, which is scheduled to be carried out on Monday. Mr. McVeigh's lawyers said they would appeal the ruling. Speaking somberly, and at times passionately, from the bench in a marble-paneled courtroom at the federal courthouse here, Judge Matsch voiced contempt for Mr. McVeigh's crimes and surprised even some government lawyers who had predicted that he would grant Mr. McVeigh at least a short reprieve. "The prescribed punishment for Timothy McVeigh (news - web sites)'s crimes includes death if all of the 12 jurors believe it is justified under all the circumstances and exercise their moral judgment as the conscience of the community," the judge said. Addressing the tense and silent courtroom, Judge Matsch dismissed the contention of Mr. McVeigh's lawyers that the documents pointed to the involvement of other potential suspects, saying, "It will not change the fact that Timothy McVeigh was the instrument of death and destruction." "For that he was sentenced to death by lethal injection, and I find that there is no good cause to delay the execution of that sentence," the judge said. The ruling allowed the government to resume its preparations for Mr. McVeigh's execution at the federal prison in Terre Haute, Ind., where Mr. McVeigh is being held, including arrangements for survivors and victims' relatives to view the execution in Oklahoma City via closed circuit television. But whether the death sentence would be carried out on schedule remained uncertain. After the ruling, Mr. McVeigh's lawyers said they would appeal the order to the United States Court of Appeals (news - web sites) for the Tenth Circuit here, but they did not say what grounds they believed they had for an appeal. "We are extremely disappointed in the court's ruling today," said Robert Nigh Jr., one of Mr. McVeigh's lawyers. "We will file an appeal on Mr. McVeigh's behalf." Attorney General John Ashcroft (news - web sites), who had said the government would fight Mr. McVeigh's effort to postpone his execution, said, "The ruling of the court in Denver today is a ruling for justice." Mr. Ashcroft said it "makes unmistakably clear that we not only have a guilty defendant but that the fairness and innocence of the system is sufficient and is complete and that it merits the trust and confidence of the American people." One of the bombing survivors, Paul Heath, said outside the courthouse after the ruling today that he was pleased by the judge's decision. "At least today, I am reassured that the Constitution of the United States is still in place," Mr. Heath said. "It gave him every protection that it gives anybody accused, and he was found guilty." During the hearing, Judge Matsch said he was surprised when he learned last month only days before Mr. McVeigh's original date of execution that thousands of pages of documents about the case had been discovered in F.B.I. offices. "It's a good thing I was in quiet chambers because my judicial temperament escaped me," he said. "It was shocking." The F.B.I. documents included interview reports that investigators had prepared during the case, but had failed to turn over to defense lawyers as required. The ruling suggested that the judge did not find that the late disclosure of the documents had damaged Mr. McVeigh's defense. The judge rejected the contention of defense lawyers that the withholding amounted to an intentional effort to defraud the court. "There seems in my review of what's been submitted here no pattern of what was not disclosed that would suggest a scheme to keep away from the defense what they needed for trial, including the sentence hearing," the judge said. In his ruling, the judge said it was not his role to hold the F.B.I. responsible for its failings. "It is the function of others to hold the F.B.I. accountable for its conduct here, as elsewhere," he said. "We're not here for the purpose of trying the F.B.I." In issuing his order, Judge Matsch said that he had not publicly spoken of his thoughts about Mr. McVeigh's crimes at the time of the trial because he feared that they might have been viewed as damaging to Terry L. Nichols, who was tried separately after Mr. McVeigh and sentenced to life in prison for assisting in the bombing. The judge said he felt he could comment now, saying that the evidence indicated Mr. McVeigh believed he was at war with the United States when he detonated the huge truck bomb on April 19, 1995, outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killing 168 people and injuring many others. "But the United States government is not some abstraction, not some alien force," the judge said. "It is the American people, people in the Murrah building who were there in service to their fellow citizens." Mr. McVeigh had originally been scheduled for execution on May 16, but after the Justice Department (news - web sites) publicly disclosed the existence of the documents on May 11, Mr. Ashcroft ordered a one-month delay to allow lawyers time to review the documents. The documents at issue in the hearing have never been made public because Judge Matsch ordered them sealed. At the hearing, which lasted about 90 minutes, defense lawyers accused the F.B.I. of withholding potentially critical documents after prosecutors had assured the judge during the trial that they had provided all documents relevant to the defense. Mr. Nigh told the judge, "The government wants you to let it proceed with Mr. McVeigh's execution five days from tomorrow and act as if nothing had happened." He said such a step would create "the Timothy McVeigh exception to the rule of law." Referring to the documents obliquely, Mr. Nigh said that they contained references to witnesses who might have helped the defense establish one of their main theories in the case, that others may have helped Mr. McVeigh plan and carry out the bomb attack. One document, he said, referred to an Oklahoma woman who was interviewed who might have supplied defense lawyers with leads to other suspects. Another, he said, contained information about an unidentified witness who made an allegation about the possible involvement of someone else, also unidentified. Sean Connelly, special counsel to the attorney general, who represented the government at the hearing, said that while the documents had not been turned over, the information they contained had been fully known to the defense from other documents provided to them in the case. "There is no evidence that could undercut the conviction of Timothy McVeigh," he said. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ June 7, 2001 George Kochaniec Jr. © News Robert Nigh, attorney for convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, leans toward the microphone Wednesday in front of the Denver federal courthouse as he answers reporters' questions after the judge's decision to deny his client a stay of execution. McVeigh won't get delay Defense plans appeals to save bomber's life By Karen Abbott, News Staff Writer Denver U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch refused Wednesday to delay Timothy McVeigh's execution, saying the evidence at his trial left no doubt that McVeigh bombed Oklahoma City's Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in his war against the U.S. government. A grim defense attorney Richard Burr of Houston, walking through the courthouse marble halls shaking his head, predicted appeals would last through the weekend as McVeigh's lawyers wage a last-ditch fight up to the U.S. Supreme Court to save him from death Monday morning in a Terre Haute, Ind., prison. McVeigh's attorneys said they would file paperwork today in the Denver-based 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which always has upheld Matsch in the bombing case. They will contend justice demands they be granted more time to study newly disclosed FBI evidence that already has delayed McVeigh's death once. "We have work to do," said defense lawyer Rob Nigh of Tulsa, Okla. "Pretty surprising," McVeigh juror Fred Clarke of Parker said in reaction to Matsch's ruling. "I thought for sure he was going to give them more time," Clarke said. "But if you look at the judge's rationale, McVeigh has been convicted and oh, by the way, he did admit it. Why does this require any further delay?" The decision stunned Jeannine Gist of Oklahoma City, whose daughter, Karen Carr, 32, died in the bombing. Gist scanned the TV channels when she woke up Wednesday, only to hear lawyers and others speculate that the judge would delay McVeigh's death. "I'm just elated the judge denied the stay of execution," Gist said. "Time takes care of a lot of things, but until the day I die I'll miss her. You never expect to lose a child." Legal experts had predicted Matsch would delay McVeigh's death. They thought the judge would rule, out of caution, to let defense lawyers study the newly disclosed FBI evidence and leave no nagging questions about McVeigh's responsibility for the April 19, 1995, terrorist bombing. "In the court system you get so used to people getting short delays for small reasons that it's always a little surprising when such a request is denied," said Denver attorney Craig Silverman, who earlier had predicted Matsch probably would grant a stay but also had said it wasn't guaranteed. On Wednesday, Silverman predicted McVeigh's appeals will fail. "Tim McVeigh should be thinking about his last meal this coming Sunday night," he said. "Let's face it, Tim McVeigh has always been the ideal candidate for the first federal execution in modern times. His crime was unspeakably horrible. He is a white male, so there are no race or gender issues, and he was not sentenced to death in a bloodthirsty state," Silverman added. "He is probably not going to be breathing, come Tuesday." Only Matsch and the defense and prosecution teams have seen the nearly 4,500 pages and 11 CDs of newly disclosed FBI evidence. Matsch said he sealed them to protect people who are named in them who possibly are accused of crimes. Prosecutors insisted the new evidence was meaningless, but defense lawyers argued it was significant and could have changed the Colorado jury's decision that McVeigh should die. But Matsch disagreed. "Whatever may, in time, be disclosed about possible involvement of others in this bombing will not change the fact that Timothy McVeigh was the instrument of death and destruction," Matsch said. "For that he was sentenced to death by lethal injection, and I find that there is no good cause to delay the execution of that sentence." Matsch said he was shocked and angered to learn last month that the FBI had discovered wrongly withheld evidence, despite numerous orders from him to share all of it with the defense years ago. But he rejected the defense argument that the government committed fraud on the court by withholding the evidence. Nigh argued Wednesday that Matsch should delay McVeigh's death to protect the integrity of the justice system. "If Mr. McVeigh is allowed to be executed five days from now, the integrity of the process will have been destroyed," Nigh said. Even if the government is right that the new evidence is useless, refusing the defense time to study it will leave doubt, Nigh said. "There will be no meaningful determination that the government was right," he said. "There will simply be the reality that the government has stormed forward without an objective and reasonable finding that their conduct was correct." And if the defense study of the new documents did lead to a new, different sentence for McVeigh, "the most awful failure of the criminal justice system will have occurred" if McVeigh is executed, he said. Matsch called that argument "forceful," but he turned it down in several scathing sentences directed at the FBI. "There has to be drawn a distinction between the integrity of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the integrity of the adjudicated process. . . . They are quite different things," Matsch said. "There's a great deal of difference between an undisciplined organization, or an organization that is not adequately controlled or that can't keep track of its information -- those are not the questions here. "It's not my purpose to try the FBI." McVeigh, 33, originally was scheduled to die May 16, but U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, just days before that, postponed the execution until Monday after the surprise disclosure that the FBI had withheld evidence. McVeigh's lawyers didn't contend he was innocent. McVeigh admitted the bombing in a recently published book by two New York journalists and wrote a letter to a Texas newspaper saying he acted alone. But Matsch said the possible involvement of others didn't matter. The jury convicted McVeigh not only of conspiring to bomb the Murrah Building, but also of specifically murdering eight federal law officers on duty there when the bomb went off, Matsch said. He said the jury likely would have imposed a death sentence for the murders alone. The judge also said McVeigh could have told his lawyers years ago about any other conspirators so jurors could hear evidence about them during his trial. Defense lawyers also suggested in court papers filed Tuesday that even McVeigh may not have known everyone involved in the bomb plot and that the government might have possessed, but wrongly withheld, information about others in its zeal to convict McVeigh and have him executed. Staff writer Lynn Bartels contributed to this report. Contact Karen Abbott at (303) 892-5188 or [email protected], or Bartels at (303) 892-5405 or [email protected]. June 7, 2001 Judge to consider McVeigh stay request Wednesday June 5, 2001 Posted: 7:49 p.m. EDT (2349 GMT) DENVER, Colorado (CNN) -- A federal judge will hear arguments Wednesday on whether to grant a stay of execution for convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh is scheduled to die Monday, June 11, by lethal injection for the April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, that killed 168 people and wounded hundreds more. His execution was scheduled for May 16, but U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft ordered a 30-day delay after hundreds of pages of FBI documents were turned over to McVeigh's attorneys just days before his execution date. McVeigh's attorneys said they need more time to evaluate the more than 4,400 pages of documents from the FBI's investigation. A hearing will be held on the motion Wednesday morning before U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch, the judge who presided over McVeigh's trial. In its motion for a stay, McVeigh's legal team argued the Justice Department committed a "fraud on the court" by failing to hand the documents over in time for McVeigh's trial. They said the government's violation of its discovery rules for turning over evidence violated McVeigh's right to a fair trial and sentencing. The latest paperwork was brought to the court by Chris Tritico, one of several attorneys for McVeigh. Tritico told CNN the question facing Matsch is not whether his client is innocent or guilty, but whether the Constitution was upheld and the government followed the orders of the court. "If they didn't, then Mr. McVeigh may and probably is entitled to some relief. Then, after we have a ruling on that issue, we'll worry abut what the relief is." Ashcroft has said he will oppose vigorously any attempt to further delay McVeigh's execution. Federal prosecutors argued in papers filed with the court Monday that McVeigh had not shown that the newly discovered documents could prove "actual innocence" as required under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. "Timothy McVeigh does not, and could not, suggest that he is actually innocent of the charges of which the jury convicted him," prosecutor Sean Connelly wrote. "He does not, and could not suggest that the death penalty is unwarranted for his exceptionally aggravated crimes." The government said it turned over more documents than required and that the failure to hand over the missing documents was an oversight, not intentional wrongdoing. Connelly said McVeigh's attorneys had identified only about 20 pages of the new documents that could help the defense and that the information in those documents was duplicated. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ U.S. says McVeigh did not reach burden for delay June 4, 2001 DENVER, Colorado (CNN) - The U.S. Department of Justice urged a federal court to deny Timothy McVeigh's motion for a stay of his scheduled June 11 execution for the bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. In its response, filed Monday with the U.S. District Court in Denver, the government argued that McVeigh could not prove that newly discovered FBI documents turned over to his attorneys last month showed "actual innocence," as required under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. "Timothy McVeigh does not, and could not, suggest that he is actually innocent of the charges of which the jury convicted him," prosecutor Sean Connelly wrote. "He does not, and could not suggest that the death penalty is unwarranted for his exceptionally aggravated crimes." Supplement to petition for stay McVeigh's response to motion to clarify Documents in PDF format require Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing. McVeigh's attorneys argued in their motion for the stay that the government committed a "fraud on the court" by failing to turn over more than 4,400 pages of documents prior to his trial. The government denied that claim, saying prosecutors turned over far more documents than discovery rules require and that McVeigh's attorneys could not prove any intent to withhold the documents. The 27-page motion said McVeigh's claim relies on the statements of "four disgruntled FBI agents," three of whom played "insignificant roles" in the bombing investigation. The fourth agent blamed the failure to produce documents on negligence, not fraud. The Justice Department said McVeigh's legal team had identified only nine new documents "totaling little more than 20 pages that he claims would have helped the defense." The government dismissed the significance of those nine documents, saying "the same or similar information was disclosed prior to trial." The government's response is not surprising. Attorney General John Ashcroft vowed last week to vigorously oppose any further delay in the execution. In a hearing scheduled for Wednesday, federal district Judge Richard Matsch will hear arguments from the government insisting that nothing in the more than 4,400 new pages of material belatedly turned over by the FBI warrants further delay of his execution. Ashcroft postponed McVeigh's original execution date in May to June 11 to allow defense attorneys to review the material. CNN has learned additional details about some of the newly turned-over documents. One involves an interview with Indiana seed dealer David Shafer who, during a visit to the Michigan farm of Terry and James Nichols, said he remembered discussions of what he called a "superbomb." According to two sources familiar with the documents, Shafer said he saw a diagram of what he later thought was the Oklahoma City federal building. A government source told CNN that Shafer had unspecified "credibility" problems. Other documents allegedly included letters from McVeigh to his sister Jennifer while he served in the Persian Gulf War. Another reportedly involves transcripts from the FBI's Los Angeles office from a cooperating witness -- a girlfriend of the brother of former McVeigh Army buddy Michael Fortier. Fortier was convicted of making false statements to the FBI and subsequently testified against both McVeigh and convicted co-conspirator Terry Nichols. Another previously disclosed document involves an interview with an Oklahoma newspaper reporter who told an FBI agent about a conversation he had with a New York Times reporter who said she had talked with someone who claimed that Dennis Mahon was involved in the bombing. Mahon has been linked to a white supremacist group in Oklahoma and was well-known to the defense before trial. The FBI has said he had no role in the bombing. The FBI interview with the Oklahoma reporter was done in connection with an investigation of Mahon, according to a government source. The Justice Department has insisted the interview had nothing to do with the Oklahoma bombing and was not filed with other Oklahoma City bomb documents. The defense charges the government intentionally filed the interview separately to keep the information from the defense. Matsch now has all the materials subsequently turned over to the defense. He will hear arguments at 9 a.m. Wednesday. CNN correspondents Gina London and Susan Candiotti contributed to this report ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Seeks Execution Delay By Nancy Mayfield TERRE HAUTE, Ind. (Reuters) - Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh on Thursday sought a delay in his June 11 execution, accusing the U.S.government of fraud for failing to turn over evidence it had collected before his trial. "This was not easy for Mr. McVeigh. He had prepared to die and he was ready to die on May 16," attorney Rob Nigh told reporters after meeting with his client for about two hours at a federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana. "He had previously indicated he preferred death to life in prison without the possibility for release," Nigh said. Instead, McVeigh would now seek a stay. "He is convinced ... that the Department of Justice and the FBI will not otherwise be held to account unless he takes this action," Nigh said. Nigh and colleague Richard Burr also suggested the government was hiding even more evidence, some of which may point to a wider conspiracy in the blast that killed 168 men, women and children -- the worst act of terrorism ever committed on U.S. soil. Less than four hours later the request for a delay was formally filed in federal court in Denver, with U.S. District Judge Richard Matsch who presided over McVeigh's 1997 trial. Attorney General John Ashcroft immediately reiterated the government would oppose any delay, saying: "No document in this case creates any doubt about McVeigh's guilt or establishes his innocence ... we know that he is responsible for this crime." McVeigh's execution had originally been set for May 16 but was pushed back to June 11 by Ashcroft after the FBI documents surfaced. He did not admit guilt during his trial but since then has said that anti-government rage, including retribution for a 1993 government raid on the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, where about 80 cult members died, motivated the bombing. In Oklahoma City, the decision to seek the stay provoked anger and resignation. "Since when is Timothy McVeigh the watchdog of the government?" asked bombing survivor Fran Ferrari. "He supposedly wants to maintain the integrity of this system, but those aren't the rules he wants to live by." PROTECTIVE ORDER REQUESTED Also on Thursday, lawyers for McVeigh asked Matsch to seal portions of their court filing and order the government not to "interfere" with a defense investigation. Matsch scheduled a hearing for later on Thursday to consider the request for a protective order, which prosecutors were expected to oppose. "Based upon the FBI's conduct in the case we believe the current defense investigation may be thwarted and preempted by an FBI investigation if it is disclosed," McVeigh's attorneys wrote in their motion. They added: "Counsel respectfully requests that the court enter a protective order directing the attorneys for the government not to reveal information contained within the under-seal portion of the brief ... to any party outside of the Department of Justice and that the government be ordered not to interfere with the defense investigation." McVeigh, a 33-year-old Gulf War veteran, made the decision after meeting his lawyers at the federal prison near Terre Haute, Indiana. Ahead of his original execution date, he had declined to invoke his rights to appeal and appeared resigned to his fate. The two attorneys told reporters their review of thousands of pages of FBI evidentiary documents recently turned over by the agency indicated the FBI still has other undisclosed information it did not make available. They also said there may still be "credible evidence" in agency files that others besides McVeigh were involved in the bombing. The only other person tried in the bombing case, Terry Nichols, was convicted of conspiring with McVeigh and was sentenced to life in prison on federal charges. Nichols faces a state trial on murder charges. If convicted in that case, he could face the death penalty. A third person, McVeigh Army buddy Michael Fortier, pleaded guilty to failing to alert police to the plot and was sentenced to 12 years in jail. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FBI source: McVeigh error known for months May 12, 2001 From CNN Justice Correspondent Kelli Arena WASHINGTON (CNN) -- At least one FBI field office suspected as early as January that some documents in the Timothy McVeigh case had not been entered into the agency's database system, an FBI source told CNN. FBI Director Louis Freeh was not told of the problem -- which prompted Attorney General John Ashcroft to postpone the convicted Oklahoma City bomber's execution for a month -- until this week, the agency has acknowledged. McVeigh lawyer Robert Nigh says his client will evaluate new information to decide whether he now wants fo fight execuition The Execution of Timothy McVeigh Former McVeigh attorney: McVeigh protected others , McVeigh prosecutor: Newly disclosed documents won't prompt new trial Archivists began compiling information about the convicted mass murderer last December, the source said. As early as March, a cross-check of paper documents with the central database confirmed the field office's January suspicions and showed that some documents had never been entered into the database, the source said. It was only late last month, though, that it became clear the documents had never been turned over to lawyers for the prosecution or the defense, the source said. More than 3,100 pages of documents and tapes had never been given to lawyers in the Oklahoma City bombing, the FBI discovered. Ashcroft announced Friday he was delaying McVeigh's execution until June 11 to give defense lawyers time to review the documents and take any action they felt was necessary. They included documents from FBI field offices around the country. Agents at the Oklahoma City field office did not realize the magnitude of the oversight and waited until all the information had been gathered before alerting superiors at FBI headquarters last Tuesday, the source said. The FBI has said Freeh himself was not told about the omissions until Thursday. McVeigh's former Army buddy Terry Nichols, who is serving a life prison sentence for conspiring to build the bomb and helping McVeigh, filed an appeal at 11:45 p.m. EDT Friday to the U.S. Supreme Court for a new trial as a result of new disclosures, according to his lawyer, Michael Tigar. There was no timetable for the high court to consider his request. His previous bid for a new trial was rebuffed by the trial court and appeals courts. McVeigh, 33, a decorated Gulf War Army veteran, had previously dropped all appeals in his case, saying he preferred to die rather than spend his life in prison. His attorney, Nathan Chambers, said "it is certainly possible" that McVeigh could reverse that decision after this week's disclosures. Criticism of FBI record-keeping is not new. In 1999, the Justice Department's inspector general issued a report saying that, due to inadequate procedures at the FBI, it was impossible to tell by checking a central database whether it included all the information the agency had. And last month, Congress sent a letter to the FBI asking Freeh for an explanation of the computer systems. "There is complete agreement within the bureau, the Department of Justice, the administration and Congress that the FBI's automated record system is antiquated and based on obsolete technology," FBI spokesman John Collingwood said Saturday. "Congress has authorized and funded the bureau to address this problem. FBI Director Louis Freeh brought in a former IBM executive to deal with the issue of information technology. But, regarding the system, there is a total lack of internal confidence and a lack of ability to do basic data searches. This is an issue on which all parties agree." But Chris Tritico, a former attorney for McVeigh, said the FBI's oversight was intentional. "There have been too many documented cases dating back years where the FBI in cases of this magnitude comes up late in the game: 'Oh, here we didn't have this stuff, we never turned it over.' No, I don't believe this was an honest mistake." Ashcroft ordered the department's inspector general to look into why the documents had not been given to the defense team ahead of McVeigh's 1997 trial. That review could result in disciplinary actions against some agents. In addition, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee plans to ask for hearings to investigate the incident. Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Illinois, also said he will propose legislation in the coming weeks to create an internal review body within the FBI. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Bombings...A Split In The FBI? By Sherman H. Skolnick http://www.skolnicksreport.com/ 5-11-1 A possible split in the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and other federal agencies, may open up various possiblities as to what really happened as to the bombings in Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995. And we use the term BOMBINGS in the plural advisedly, because some explosives experts contend fertilizer bombs in a front-of-the-building truck could not have wrecked the building pillars as occurred. Background: President Clinton felt his power slipping away. The 1994 Congressional elections, considered by fellow Democrats as a Clinton-caused disaster, brought in a noisy GOP majority. In the spring of 1995, a small group of highly patriotic flag officers were plotting to arrest their Commander-in-Chief Clinton for giving military secrets to the Red Chinese, a sworn enemy of the U.S.; an arrest provided for and authorized under the military code. As titular head of both the U.S. civilian and military Establishment, Clinton, on the other hand, could have arrested the 24 Admirals and Generals for mutiny. If they were not assassinated, they intended to defend themselves with proof, such as Clinton giving, to the head of the Red Chinese Secret Police, in the White House and elsewhere, U.S. financial, industrial, and MILITARY secrets. Giving aid and comfort to a sworn enemy of the U.S., the classical definition of treason. Clinton felt he could nevertheless control the situation, notwithstanding the plot against him. Just prior to the 1994 elections was appointed to investigate Bill and Hillary, a supposed "Independent Counsel", Kenneth W. Starr. But Starr had built-in conflicts of interest, as Clinton was aware. Starr had as a private law client, Wang Jun, head of the Red Chinese Secret Police. Wang Jun also headed a Red Chinese military-owned company that made and marketed AK-47 submachine guns, intended for shipment to U.S. inner-city narco-terrorist street gangs, for shoot-em-ups with big city police, to destabilize the U.S. government. Moreover, Starr was reportedly the UNREGISTERED foreign lobbyist for the Red Chinese government. Starr was thus subject at any time, to Clinton Justice Department punishment. On Monday, April 17, 1995, a military jet planeload of top military was enroute to Dallas. They had onboard what is not supposed to exist, an American prisoner-of-war, prepared to finger the Pentagon as perpetuated by Clinton, as continuing the POW/Missing in Action cover-up from the Viet Nam war. From sabotage, the plane blew up in the air, killing all onboard, near Alexander City, Alabama. The Pentagon made every effort to cover up what happened. Families of the victims were reportedly not permitted to have any possessions or details. There are strong reasons to believe the plane had a portion of a group of "Seven Days in May" style military officers plotting a coup against the White House. Thereafter, the small group of other flag officers, out of uniform, took up residence in a Paris suburb. A year later, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Jeremy Boorda, apparently aware of the coup, was assassinated and covered up as a "suicide", a favorite whitewash by the monopoly press. And about the time of Boorda's murder, was assassinated William Colby, former Director of Central Intelligence. He reportedly was assisting the plotters with detailed data. Colby's death was explained by the pressfakers as a "boat accident", although his friends contend it was murder. Clinton, as President, was fully aware that Oklahoma City had as residents, a large number of Iraqi military officers and their families, some officers of Iraqi Intelligence units, supposed defectors after the Persian Gulf War, 1991, brought into the U.S. by President George Herbert Walker Bush. Iraq, as Clinton knew, was planning a revenge terrorist attack against a federal office building in Oklahoma City, using U.S. dissidents as surrogates, but insulated from the actual Iraqi handlers. The FBI, the CIA, and other in the intelligence community, have pictures and records showing the Iraqi military officers supervising the Murrah Building bombings. [Local Oklahoma TV reporters confirming this in part were fired or otherwise punished.] Little if at all publicized was that prior to the Timothy McVeigh trial, the head of his defense team, Stephen Jones, filed an extra-ordinary petition in the Federal Appeals court, called Petition for Mandamus. It sought to force the Denver trial judge who was set to hear the McVeigh murder case removed from Oklahoma City, to release certain secret documents possessed by various federal intelligence agencies. Referring to the secret as well as public court records, Jones' Petition pointed out that U.S. intelligence agencies were aware of Iraqi complicity in the Murrah Building bombing. For apparent reasons of "national security", a catch-all whitewash excuse, the federal appeals court rejected the Petition and the McVeigh murder trial, minus the revealing records, proceeded. A U.S. Secret Service Agent, Witcher, in a position to finger Clinton on other matters, was steered into occupying an office in the Murrah Building. He died in the disaster. [We have one of the few pictures of him.] Clinton, apparently faking remorse, later attended a memorial for the agent. At the time of the bombings, the U.S. Treasury's Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Fire-Arms, headquartered in the Murrah Building, was planning an exercise as to how to "sting" or flush out would-be domestic terrorists. Something went wrong with their "sting" operation. The BATF knew not to have their personnel in the Alfred Murrah Building on that Wednesday, April 19, 1995. A local fire official was likewise warned. So was a local judge in a nearby building, warned of an expected bombing that day. Making a rare appearance on CBS' "Sixty Minutes" Program, Clinton described the tragedy as a "plot to overthrow the government". WIth his power and prestige waning prior to the bombings, Clinton with the complicity of the spy-riddled monopoly press, now urged the public to support and rally around their President. Clinton and the presswhores used the bombings as an excuse to want to punish and round-up U.S. domestic dissidents that were heckling the central government in Washington. [Similarly, when Adolph Hitler came to power, he had the German Parliament burned down and falsely blamed on dissidents, to consolidate his power and have an excuse to round-up opponents to the Nazi Party.] Right before the scheduled execution of McVeigh, an apparent split has developed in the FBI. There is reason to believe the split is also in other intelligence agencies. The target of the divergence is both current alleged "President" or White House "resident" George W. Bush and former President Clinton. Through his father, George W. Bush is in a position to know, and want to cover up, the complicity of the Iraqi officers on U.S. soil in the Oklahoma City bombings. Also, former President Clinton, somewhere in the future, may well be subject to federal criminal prosecution for treason and the murder of the 168 who died in the Murrah Building bombings. Are other records about to be revealed? Some believe so. Based on a little-known Federal case in Chicago, 1991, where I was the only spectator and journalist present, I did exclusive stories on how the Elder Bush in the decade of the 1980s, was a PRIVATE business partner of Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein. Together, they shook down the weak sheikdoms in the Persian Gulf for billions and billions of dollars of oil kick-backs. The Persian Gulf War, in its simplest form, was merely two private business partners having a falling out and wanting to punish one another. Through foreign units of his firm, Halliburton, Vice President Richard Cheney has extensive business with Iraq on oil-country machinery and such. Prior to being Vice President, Cheney was CEO of Halliburton. Through Harken Energy, and a massive swindle, George W. Bush has extensive interests in the Persian Gulf and conflicts of interest as to Iraq as a so-called subdued "enemy" of the U.S. Tell me if you can WHAT IS THE REASON NONE DARE CALL THIS TREASON? More coming. 55 Queens Road, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1BG, UK. Tel: +44 (0)1342 322854; Fax: +44 (0)1342 324574 UK Office e-mail: [email protected] May 12, 2001 From CNN Justice Correspondent Kelli Arena WASHINGTON (CNN) -- At least one FBI field office suspected as early as January that some documents in the Timothy McVeigh case had not been entered into the agency's database system, an FBI source told CNN. FBI Director Louis Freeh was not told of the problem -- which prompted Attorney General John Ashcroft to postpone the convicted Oklahoma City bomber's execution for a month -- until this week, the agency has acknowledged. Archivists began compiling information about the convicted mass murderer last December, the source said. As early as March, a cross-check of paper documents with the central database confirmed the field office's January suspicions and showed that some documents had never been entered into the database, the source said. It was only late last month, though, that it became clear the documents had never been turned over to lawyers for the prosecution or the defense, the source said. More than 3,100 pages of documents and tapes had never been given to lawyers in the Oklahoma City bombing, the FBI discovered. Ashcroft announced Friday he was delaying McVeigh's execution until June 11 to give defense lawyers time to review the documents and take any action they felt was necessary. They included documents from FBI field offices around the country. Agents at the Oklahoma City field office did not realize the magnitude of the oversight and waited until all the information had been gathered before alerting superiors at FBI headquarters last Tuesday, the source said. The FBI has said Freeh himself was not told about the omissions until Thursday. McVeigh's former Army buddy Terry Nichols, who is serving a life prison sentence for conspiring to build the bomb and helping McVeigh, filed an appeal at 11:45 p.m. EDT Friday to the U.S. Supreme Court for a new trial as a result of new disclosures, according to his lawyer, Michael Tigar. There was no timetable for the high court to consider his request. His previous bid for a new trial was rebuffed by the trial court and appeals courts. McVeigh, 33, a decorated Gulf War Army veteran, had previously dropped all appeals in his case, saying he preferred to die rather than spend his life in prison. His attorney, Nathan Chambers, said "it is certainly possible" that McVeigh could reverse that decision after this week's disclosures. Criticism of FBI record-keeping is not new. In 1999, the Justice Department's inspector general issued a report saying that, due to inadequate procedures at the FBI, it was impossible to tell by checking a central database whether it included all the information the agency had. And last month, Congress sent a letter to the FBI asking Freeh for an explanation of the computer systems. "There is complete agreement within the bureau, the Department of Justice, the administration and Congress that the FBI's automated record system is antiquated and based on obsolete technology," FBI spokesman John Collingwood said Saturday. "Congress has authorized and funded the bureau to address this problem. FBI Director Louis Freeh brought in a former IBM executive to deal with the issue of information technology. But, regarding the system, there is a total lack of internal confidence and a lack of ability to do basic data searches. This is an issue on which all parties agree." But Chris Tritico, a former attorney for McVeigh, said the FBI's oversight was intentional. "There have been too many documented cases dating back years where the FBI in cases of this magnitude comes up late in the game: 'Oh, here we didn't have this stuff, we never turned it over.' No, I don't believe this was an honest mistake." Ashcroft ordered the department's inspector general to look into why the documents had not been given to the defense team ahead of McVeigh's 1997 trial. That review could result in disciplinary actions against some agents. In addition, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee plans to ask for hearings to investigate the incident. Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Illinois, also said he will propose legislation in the coming weeks to create an internal review body within the FBI. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Experts Predict Stay of McVeigh Execution By JONATHAN D. SALANT .c The Associated Press WASHINGTON (May 11, 2001) - The latest in a string of FBI miscues likely will force a judge to delay Timothy McVeigh's execution, but there is little chance of reversing his conviction for the Oklahoma City bombing, legal experts said Thursday. ``Any responsible judge in a case like this, the first instinct is really to put a stay on the execution,'' said Michael Gerhardt, a professor of law at the College of William and Mary. Gerhardt said any delay in the first use of the federal death penalty since 1963 would be used to let the court ``make sure that whatever's there isn't something that would have prejudiced his defense if he didn't have it. As they always say, death is different.'' But because McVeigh has openly admitted his role in the 1995 bombing that killed 168 at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, the likelihood of reversal of his conviction is low, the experts cautioned. He is scheduled to be die by lethal injection next Wednesday. ``McVeigh has never contested that he did this,'' said Daniel Polsby, a George Mason University criminal law professor. ``If there were a guilt or innocence question, then there might be some serious re-examination, but McVeigh has admitted to doing this crime.'' ``This is just a matter of procedure and delay,'' Polsby added. Pepperdine University law professor Douglas Kmiec agreed. ``Even with an assumption that the documents are somehow central to the case, it is difficult to anticipate any type of reversal,'' he said. The FBI's belated discovery that boxes of evidence from the case were withheld from McVeigh's defense during the trial nonetheless represents another big setback for America's premier law enforcement agency, which last week lost its leader of the last eight years - Louis Freeh. ``It obviously does not make the FBI look good,'' Gerhardt said. ``It's another black eye.'' The Justice Department inspector general and an expert panel led by former FBI and CIA director William Webster are looking into FBI security procedures after revelations that senior counterintelligence agent Robert Hanssen may have spied for Moscow undetected for 15 years. Hanssen has pleaded innocent. Congress just finished hearings into another embarrassing case in which a Boston man, Joseph Salvati, spent 30 years in prison for a murder he did not commit even though the FBI had evidence all that time of his innocence. A judge freed Salvati recently after concluding FBI agents hid testimony that would have proven Salvati and others innocent in order to protect an informant. The bureau also faced sharp questioning after revelations it focused too narrowly on Los Alamos nuclear lab scientist Wen Ho Lee, suspecting he was a Chinese spy only to conclude he had not given America's prized nuclear secrets to Beijing. Years of investigation had to be re-evaulated to identify new suspects, and a judge admonished the government for keeping Lee in solitary confinement for nine months. And Freeh endured very public differences with then-Attorney General Janet Reno over the government's investigation of the Democrats' fund raising during the 1996 presidential election. Freeh insisted that Reno should have asked for an outside counsel to investigate the allegations, but she declined to do so. Freeh resigned last week, but a law enforcement official said the discovery of the documents came after his announcement. ``There's no connection between the two,'' said the official, speaking only on grounds of anonymity. AP-NY-05-10-01 2102EDT Bomb Survivors Dismayed by Evidence Twist By Ben Fenwick Reuters OKLAHOMA CITY (May 10, 2001) - Survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing and victims' relatives on Thursday voiced anger and dismay at revelations the FBI had withheld evidence from the trial of condemned bomber Timothy McVeigh, raising questions about his conviction a week before his scheduled execution. "I guarantee you, if this boy walks, some heads are going to roll," said Kathleen Treanor, whose daughter, Ashley Eckles, was one of 19 children among the 168 people killed by a truck bomb that gutted the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in 1995. "If I have to quit my job and get to the bottom of it, I will. The FBI guys who investigated this knew how important it was. They shouldn't ever have let this happen," she said. The Department of Justice earlier on Thursday delivered thousands of documents to McVeigh's lawyers after revealing that the FBI had not turned them over during the discovery phase of McVeigh's 1997 trial. It said the files, including records of witness interviews, were discovered by an FBI archivist compiling the bombing case records. A justice department official said the government considered the documents would have had "no bearing" on McVeigh's conviction. STUNNED SURVIVORS McVeigh's lawyers said they were reviewing the possibility of seeking a stay of his execution, although McVeigh has insisted he does not want any more appeals against his death sentence. "It's just another elephant in a three-ring circus," said Patti Hall, who was injured while working in the Federal Employees Credit Union in the Murrah building. "I would imagine and expect that the people of Oklahoma City and especially the victims and survivors would be very angry about it. While I am just stunned, I have to say it makes the justice system seem inept." Hall said she remains opposed to the execution of McVeigh and said this is a sign the judicial system cannot be trusted. "I've been against the death penalty. I never dreamed it would end up something like this. Now, I'm shocked about all of this, just now coming out, a week before the execution," Hall said. Calvin Moser, who was working on the 8th floor of the federal building when the bomb exploded, said the evidence should not postpone the execution scheduled for Wednesday at a federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana. "We know the evidence. We've already seen that he is guilty," Moser said. "He's admitted he was guilty. Let's just get on with it now." Fran Ferrari, who was injured while at a meeting in the Journal Record newspaper building across the street when the bomb exploded, said she had a hard time believing the FBI could have made such an apparently large mistake. "Part of me just thinks, 'OK, I've watched too many episodes of the X-Files'," she said. "People should be too smarter than to do stuff like that. You always went to the FBI as the standard that everybody else wanted to have." 23:33 05-10-01 For FBI, Missing Evidence Is Latest in a Series of Embarrassments By KAREN GULLO .c The Associated Press WASHINGTON (May 9, 2001) - For an agency still reeling from the discovery of an alleged spy in its ranks, the last thing the FBI needed was the disclosure that it withheld evidence from lawyers representing the man convicted of the worst act of domestic terrorism. Timothy McVeigh was scheduled to be executed by lethal injection on Wednesday. Now his lawyers are weighing whether to seek a stay of the execution, which would have been the first federal death penalty sentence carried out since 1963. The mishap comes a little more than a week after FBI Director Louis Freeh said he plans to retire in June - two years short of his 10-year term. Law enforcement officials familiar with the case said there was no connection between Freeh's decision to retire and the problem with the McVeigh documents. The revelation shook the law enforcement establishment - and people waiting to see closure more than six years after a bomb destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, killing 168, including many women and children. ''I'm appalled,'' said Kathleen Treanor, who lost her 4-year-old daughter and her in-laws in the bombing. ''The FBI knew from the very beginning that this was a huge case. How could they have possibly made a mistake this huge?'' The documents mishap also follows the arrest in February of Robert Philip Hanssen, a 20-year veteran agent accused of selling national secrets to Moscow. Hanssen, a counterintelligence agent with access to highly sensitive information, carried on his alleged spying activities for 15 years without being detected by his bosses. Investigations are underway to figure out why. Other controversies, from a crime-lab scandal in the 1990s to the botched investigation last year of former Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee, have dogged the FBI in recent years. The revelation that some 3,135 investigation materials - including interview reports and physical evidence such as photographs, letters and tapes - were inadvertently withheld from McVeigh's attorneys is another embarrassment for the FBI. Law enforcement officials familiar with the documents mishap, speaking only on condition of anonymity, said the mistake resulted from an antiquated records system. The FBI was in the routine process of gathering all documents from the Oklahoma City bombing investigation - numbering more than 1 million - from its bureaus when officials discovered that some pages had never been shared with defense lawyers. ''One thing that's overlooked here is that there were thousands and thousands of these statements that have to be stored and catalogued,'' said Andrew Cohen, a legal analyst who has followed the case. ''Certainly you don't want to encourage the government to lose this sort of thing, but in some ways it's a bit understandable.'' As soon as the mistake was discovered, the bureau acted quickly to turn the documents over, the sources said. The Justice Department received the documents Wednesday and sent McVeigh's attorneys copies of everything. The department says none of the documents create any doubt about McVeigh's conviction or sentence. McVeigh's lawyers could still ask for stay of the execution so they can examine the materials. ''I think the FBI has given McVeigh the chance to delay his own execution,'' said Cohen. Paul Heath, who was injured in the bombing, said he was taking a wait-and-see approach to the news. ''I'm convinced it wouldn't make any difference to Mr. McVeigh,'' said Heath. ''It does not upset me.'' Last year the FBI was stung by the case of Wen Ho Lee, a former Los Alamos scientist indicted on 59 criminal counts of mishandling nuclear weapons secrets. He spent nine months in solitary confinement in a New Mexico jail. All but one count was eventually dropped. The FBI also suffered through an embarrassing investigation by the parent Justice Department of its world-renowned crime lab in the mid-1990s. Spurred by allegations from Frederic Whitehurst, an FBI lab chemist, Justice Inspector General Michael Bromwich investigated the facility for 18 months. He subsequently blasted the FBI facility for flawed scientific work and inaccurate, pro-prosecution testimony in major cases including the Oklahoma City bombing. The catastrophe at the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, that killed 80 people and a shoot-out with white separatists in Ruby Ridge, Idaho, also have dogged the FBI. McVeigh has said he carried out the Oklahoma City bombing to avenge the deaths at Waco and Ruby Ridge. AP-NY-05-11-01 0419EDT The McVeigh Documents in Question .c The Associated Press (May 10, 2001) - According to the Justice Department, 3,135 documents from 46 FBI offices were turned over to Timothy McVeigh's lawyers this week that should have been disclosed before McVeigh's 1997 trial. All the offices except one - Paris - were in the United States. The number of documents retrieved from each office varied, from 446 in Los Angeles, 226 from Miami and 218 from Salt Lake City to seven documents from Anchorage, Alaska, and four from Knoxville, Tenn. The department said the material includes investigation reports, interview notes called ''302s'' and ``physical evidence, such as photographs, written correspondence and tapes.'' Prosecutors also said much of the material involves interviews and information regarding persons ``whom at one time were thought to resemble the UNSUB (unidentified subjects) sketches.'' The withheld documents were brought to the department's attention by Danny Defenbaugh, FBI special agent who headed the Oklahoma City bombing investigation. AP-NY-05-10-01 2201EDT McVeigh's Lawyers Studying New FBI Papers Late Release of Documents Sparks Shock, Outrage By Judith Crosson Reuters DENVER (May 11) - Attorneys for Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh on Friday were sifting through hundreds of documents the U.S. government said the FBI did not provide to the defense, as the possibility loomed his scheduled execution next week would be halted. The strange turn of events was set into motion on Thursday when the FBI handed over the documents to McVeigh's defense team, casting doubt over whether the execution by lethal injection would take place next Wednesday in a federal prison in Terre Haute, Indiana, and shocking victims of the blast. The planned execution has put the international spotlight on America's use of the death penalty, and the latest disclosure was sure to raise the temperature in this already heated debate. The Justice Department said the government considered the documents would have ''no bearing'' on McVeigh's conviction for the April 1995 bombing that killed 168 people and injured hundreds of others in what has been called the most heinous act of terrorism on U.S. soil. But McVeigh's attorneys said they were shocked the material would show up so close to the execution date and were considering whether to ask for a stay of execution. ''We're considering all the options,'' McVeigh's Denver-based attorney Nathan Chambers told reporters. Other options include requesting a new trial, although seeking a stay of execution would likely be the first order of business, lawyers who follow the case said. 'ALL ROADS RUN THROUGH TERRE HAUTE' While McVeigh's attorneys were scrambling to review the police interviews, photographs, written correspondence and tapes not provided during the discovery phase of the trial, nobody was expecting McVeigh to walk out of prison a free man. In fact, his lawyers could only try to stop the execution if the 33-year-old former soldier wanted it stopped, legal analysts said. ''All roads run through Terre Haute,'' said Scott Robinson, a Denver attorney who followed McVeigh's 1997 trial in Denver. In December, McVeigh halted all his appeals and asked the court to set an execution date. Robinson said a lot depended on what was contained in the new information. If it showed others identified as the bomber, it could go to a question of McVeigh's guilt. But prosecutors could also point to McVeigh's reported confession of the bombing and his chilling referral in an interview to the deaths of 19 children in the blast as ''collateral damage,'' Robinson said. But Robinson said a court would be hard-pressed to turn down a stay of execution now that the new documents had surfaced. ''McVeigh, the man on death row, now controls in many ways his own immediate fate. And the government which did so much to take that control away from him has intentionally or negligently given it right back to him,'' CBS legal analyst Andrew Cohen said. A May 9 letter written by Justice Department attorney Sean Connelly to McVeigh's lawyers said the documents were discovered after an FBI archivist put out a request for all the material related to the case. McVeigh was informed about the new documents, his lawyer said. OUTRAGE IN OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Gov. Frank Keating said reaction in Oklahoma City to the latest development in the McVeigh case was one of ''stunned disbelief.'' ''Obviously, until we know why they weren't turned over, there is a big question mark over this whole proceeding, and that obviously causes all of us in this state, at least, real concern,'' the Republican governor said in a CNN interview. People who lost relatives when the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building blew up were beside themselves. ''I guarantee you, if this boy walks, some heads are going to roll,'' said Kathleen Treanor, whose daughter, Ashley Eckles, was one of the children killed in the building's day care center. Justice Department spokeswoman Mindy Tucker said, ''While the department is confident the documents do not in any way create any reasonable doubt about McVeigh's guilt and do not contradict his repeated confessions of guilt, the department is concerned that McVeigh's attorneys were not able to review them at the appropriate time.'' The documents were also delivered to the attorney for Terry Nichols, McVeigh's former army buddy who is now serving a life sentence for planning the bombing. ''It's deeply disturbing that such a substantial amount of information that we were clearly entitled to and which the government admits should have been disclosed at the trial was not,'' attorney John Richilano said. Reut05:53 05-11-01 May 11, 2001 WASHINGTON (CNN) -- U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft Friday ordered a one-month postponement of the execution of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh that was scheduled by lethal injection for Wednesday, May 16, at the U.S. Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. Ashcroft set the new execution date as June 11. Ashcroft's action came after revelations that the FBI failed to turn over a number of documents to defense attorneys as possible evidence in McVeigh's trial. Ashcroft also said he has asked the Justice Department's inspector general to investigate why the FBI failed to turn over the documents. In a related development, Terry Nichols, who is serving a life prison sentence as McVeigh's co-conspirator in the bombing, was expected to ask the U.S. Supreme Court to intervene in his case as a result of the new disclosures. His previous bid for a new trial was rebuffed both by the trial court and appeals courts. In Oklahoma City, families of some of the 168 people killed in the April 19, 1995, truck bombing of the Murrah Federal Building expressed dismay at the sudden turn of events. "Extending this more just adds to the pain, it adds to the fury as far as I'm concerned," said Kristi McCarthy who lost her father in the bombing. Jim Denny, whose two children were badly wounded but survived the terrorist attack, said, "It's amazing that the same system he [McVeigh] says is cruel to people and doesn't work is the system that probably is going to let him live a little while longer." A statement also was also expected from the lead investigator for the FBI into the bombing on why the materials, including some 3,000 pages of FBI forms on witness interviews and other documents, were withheld. The prosecutor in McVeigh's 1997 trial, Patrick Ryan, said the FBI's failure to turn over evidence to the defense team was "embarrassing" and "totally unacceptable." Ryan said the government should grant a stay of McVeigh's scheduled execution next week if asked to do so by the defense. McVeigh's attorney, Rob Nigh, began meeting with his client in prison to discuss possible options Friday morning. McVeigh, 33, a decorated Gulf War Army veteran, admitted in a recently published biography that he was responsible for the April 19, 1995, bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah federal building whose victims included 19 children. McVeigh earlier waived his appeals, telling his attorneys he would rather be put to death than spend his life in prison. Richard Burr, a death penalty specialist who helped defend McVeigh and is a consultant for his legal team, told CNN Friday a stay would not require a court order because the execution was not court-ordered. The U.S. Bureau of Prisons would make any decision on a delay, he said. "The government is fully in charge of what happens," Burr said. "It ought to withdraw the execution date ... Its hands are not tied by anything Tim McVeigh wishes. He cannot make them kill him." Stephen Jones, McVeigh's former trial attorney, predicted the release of the documents will not affect proof of McVeigh's guilt. "There's not much [McVeigh] can accomplish, because unfortunately, against his lawyers' advice, he went public and said, 'I did it,'" Jones told CNN. "Once he says that, then it's kind of hard for him to come back and say, 'Well, these documents may exonerate me,' because he's pulled the rug out from under that argument." Jones has long contended McVeigh is part of a larger conspiracy, and stated his guilt to protect others. "Not everybody is locked up," he told CNN Friday. "There are others still out there." The U.S. attorney in Denver informed McVeigh's defense team Tuesday of what the FBI called an oversight it only recently discovered -- that investigative documents, including reports on FBI interviews, photographs, letters and tapes were withheld from McVeigh's defense. The materials included more than 3,100 pages of documents, audiotapes and videotapes. One source familiar with the case said the mistakenly withheld documents also concern Terry Nichols and Michael Fortier. The source insisted the documents contained no evidence that would have exonerated them. McVeigh, Nichols and Fortier served together in the Army. Nichols was convicted of helping to build the bomb and prepare for the attack. He was sentenced to life in prison and still faces state charges. Fortier, who knew of the bombing plan but did not alert authorities, testified against McVeigh. He is serving a 12-year federal sentence for his role. The Justice Department said Thursday it had turned over the materials to McVeigh's attorneys, and asked to be notified if the attorneys believe any of them create doubt about McVeigh's guilt. But FBI and Justice officials said the materials contained "nothing that could put McVeigh's conviction in jeopardy." But Burr said a stay was required simply to sort through the various documents. "If there are witnesses the government interviewed who suggest other people were involved or that Tim McVeigh was not involved, those are critical matters that would have to be investigated." Ryan said prosecutors too would scrutinize the material. "One of the things that has been said over and over again since yesterday afternoon is that the government failed to turn these materials over to the defense," he said. "The point has not been made that the FBI didn't turn these materials over to the prosecution either. These are not materials we're familiar with either." Justice officials said the documents -- which included some of the original notes of FBI investigators which were never transcribed -- were discovered by an FBI archivist as the materials in the case were compiled, and that it was still unclear how the papers were missed. Jones said McVeigh was probably elated by the document glitch. "There is egg on the face of the FBI this morning," he said. CNN Correspondents Charles Bierbauer in Washington, Gina London in Denver, Susan Candiotti in Miami and Justice Department Producer Terry Frieden contributed to this report. Survivors, victims' families pleased with Ashcroft's decision 2001-04-12 Survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing said Thursday they are thankful they will be able to see Timothy McVeigh's execution on closed-circuit television and that seeing it as a group will allow them to support each other. Ashcroft: Victims to see McVeigh's execution 2001-04-12 Convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh's execution will be shown to victims on closed-circuit television in Oklahoma City, U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft announced today. Ashcroft to allow execution telecast 2001-04-12 WASHINGTON Attorney General John Ashcroft has decided to allow Oklahoma City bombing survivors and victims families to watch the execution of Timothy McVeigh on a closed-circuit telecast, a government official said Wednesday. Survivors and families will be able to watch the telecast in Oklahoma City, said the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity. Ashcroft was expected to announce his decision today. Lawmakers condemn McVeigh book 2001-04-11 The Legislature passed a resolution Tuesday denouncing publication of a book about the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Prosecutors seek McVeighs psychiatrist testimony 2001-04-11 Attorneys for Timothy McVeigh are fighting a state subpoena to force McVeighs psychiatrist to testify in the murder case against bombing conspirator Terry Nichols. McVeigh disappointed with parts of bombing book 2001-04-11 With a little more than a month to go before his planned execution, Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh shows no signs of interest in a last-minute appeal and feels somewhat slighted by a new book about him, his attorneys say. McVeigh fights release of psychiatrist's notes 2001-04-10 Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh is seeking to keep a psychiatrist's notes on his confession away from Terry Nichols' prosecutors. Ashcroft to meet with bombing victims 2001-04-06 U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft will be in Oklahoma City on Tuesday to meet with bombing victims and tour the Oklahoma City National Memorial. McVeigh psychiatrist says bomber envisioned dying in shootout 2001-04-05 NEW YORK - A psychiatrist who examined Timothy McVeigh said Thursday that McVeigh thought he might die in a shootout with police instead of surviving for years in custody after the Oklahoma City bombing. McVeigh biography claims Nichols acted under duress 2001-04-03 Timothy McVeigh is claiming co-conspirator Terry Nichols had no idea what time the Oklahoma City bomb would go off. Sales of new book a low-key affair in city 2001-04-03 Roger Stroede bought the new book about Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, although he wasnt exactly proud of it. Book: McVeigh was prepared to die in bombing 2001-04-01 BUFFALO, N.Y. Driving down a street with fuses already lit and their smoke filling the cab of his rented Ryder truck, Timothy McVeigh was prepared to crash his mobile bomb right into the Oklahoma City federal building if necessary. McVeighs father plans to avoid sons execution 2001-04-01 PENDLETON, N.Y. The father of condemned Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh says he will honor his sons request and stay away from his execution May 16. McVeigh attorney says Nichols hasnt sought interview with co-conspirator 2001-03-29 Terry Nichols defense attorneys have not sought an interview with Timothy McVeigh about published comments in which McVeigh admits his role in the Oklahoma City bombing, McVeighs attorney said Thursday. Relatives of bombing victims lash out against authors, publisher of McVeigh book 2001-03-29 Kathleen Treanor said she felt sick to her stomach after reading excerpts from a new book about Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City bombing. Ashcroft wants to meet with bombing victims 2001-03-28 U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft said Tuesday he wants to meet with bombing victims about witnessing Timothy McVeighs execution. Birth rate rose after Murrah attack, researchers find 2001-03-28 NORMAN -- The metro area's birth rate began increasing 10 months after the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, and two university researchers attribute the increase to a desire by people to "replace" children killed in the explosion. Magazine to print McVeighs letters to former reporter 2001-03-27 Convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh wrote in a 1998 letter that he had nothing against the citizens of Oklahoma except the continuing woe-is-me crowd. Researchers say birth rate increased after bombing 2001-03-27 NORMAN Oklahoma City birth rates began increasing 10 months after the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, and two university researchers attribute the increase to a desire by people to replace children killed in the explosion. McVeigh correspondence in Esquire magazine offers glimpse of mass killers personality 2001-03-26 Timothy McVeigh rants about life in his cell, jokes about his favorite television shows and laments about the burned babies of the Branch Davidian siege. McVeigh correspondence in Esquire magazine offers glimpse of mass killers personality 2001-03-26 Timothy McVeigh rants about life in his cell, jokes about his favorite television shows and laments about the burned babies of the Branch Davidian siege. McVeigh ex-lawyer willing to testify 2001-03-25 Timothy McVeigh's lead trial attorney said Saturday he is willing to testify in the state case against Terry Nichols should McVeigh try to take sole blame for the bombing before his execution. Nichols team wants more access to reports 2001-03-21 Terry Nichols judge heard defense complaints Tuesday about lack of access to federal witnesses and missing FBI reports. McVeigh trial marshal charged 2001-03-21 DENVER The U.S. marshal in charge of juror security during Timothy McVeighs trial was charged Tuesday with lying to the bombing case judge by denying he had an affair with an alternate juror. Judge backs accord to prevent autopsy 2001-03-20 DENVER The judge who presided over the bombing trials gave his blessing to, but withheld his signature from, a deal intended to preclude an autopsy of Timothy McVeigh. Nichols claims prosecution is double jeopardy 2001-03-19 Attorneys for Terry Nichols say a judge should dismiss state charges against him for the Oklahoma City bombing because he has already been convicted and sentenced for the crime in federal court. Judge approves of McVeigh autopsy agreement 2001-03-19 DENVER - A judge said today he approves of Timothy McVeigh's agreement with a coroner and the government that no autopsy would be conducted after he is executed for the Oklahoma City bombing. Fortier loses new appeal of sentence 2001-03-17 DENVER Michael Fortier on Friday lost his latest appeal of his 12-year prison sentence for crimes tied to the Oklahoma City bombing. Terre Haute to shut schools for execution 2001-03-16 Public schools in Terre Haute, Ind., and the surrounding county will close May 16 because of the execution of Timothy McVeigh. McVeigh to skip autopsy 2001-03-10 Timothy McVeigh has signed a deal with an Indiana coroner that will spare his body from an autopsy. Scanned image of autopsy agreement Media city predicted at execution 2001-03-05 TERRE HAUTE, Ind. The warden of the federal prison where Timothy McVeigh is scheduled to be put to death in May is warning county officials to brace for a media city outside the prison. News Item 10:; Capital punishment dead end: February 6, 2001 USA Despite the familiar tough on crime chants ringing through Americans' ears, some are starting to rethink the effectiveness of capital punishment. It is time for legislators to do the same. The popularity of the death penalty is at a 19year low just as President George W. Bush, the former Texas governor who allowed the most executions in one year in the United States, takes our highest office. The United States is one of the only major world powers that executes criminals. So far, 108 countries have outlawed the death penalty, including Canada, Australia, France and the United Kingdom. The United States prides itself as a center for humanity, and Americans condemn other countries for inhumane acts. But we have to stop and look at what we are doing within our own country. Proponents of the death penalty argue it acts as a crime deterrent. But how does this deterrent work? Ask the families of the Oklahoma City bombing victims if the thought of execution deterred Timothy McVeigh from killing 168 and injuring more than 500. McVeigh now is waiving his right to any appeals and is scheduled to die May 16. And the death penalty doesn't deter the everyday armed robber who needs money, gets spooked and kills someone instead of taking the money and running. Criminals usually are not thinking about the consequences of their actions. They are not thinking they could be put to death if they kill someone; they commit crimes without any rational thought. Research shows most people who are on death row are there because they committed crimes of passion. But when the government executes someone, months of hearings have gone behind the decision. It is not the government's place to make these decisions. According to the law, murder is illegal so the government should follow the same guidelines. The United States is shaking its finger at murderers for killing people while another finger is lethally injecting them. Besides being hypocritical, the death penalty is a final decision that never can be appealed once it is carried out. If a person is innocent and he or she is put to death, righting the wrong is impossible. Who has to die for the murder of that innocent person? It is impossible to know for certain if someone is guilty. Even DNA testing isn't an exact science sometimes results are inconclusive. It is wrong and unfair to condemn someone to death because he or she might be guilty. Isn't it worth sparing murderers to keep from killing the innocent? Putting someone to death is not less expensive than keeping them in prison for life. Because the stakes are so high, investigations including costly expert witnesses, scientific testing and numerous appeals have to be granted before someone can be executed. At the very least, the government needs to enact a moratorium on the death penalty to determine if it is needed. More research must be done before another person is put to death. Legislators need to look at whether the death penalty is really being tough on crime or if it is an inhumane act that doesn't accomplish anything. They should find the latter is true. (source: Staff Editorial; The Post, Ohio University) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Texas Gov. Bush Urged to Stay Execution By Jeff Franks HOUSTON (Reuters) - A group whose work in finding flawed convictions contributed to a death penalty moratorium in Illinois urged Texas Gov. George W. Bush (news - web sites) on Monday to grant a reprieve to a man scheduled for execution in 10 days. The Center for Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University said Texas, which leads the nation in capital punishment, may kill an innocent man if Republican presidential hopeful Bush allows the June 22 execution of Gary Graham. In a news conference, center legal director Lawrence Marshall said Graham, convicted in the 1981 robbery and shooting death of a man outside a Houston supermarket, was facing execution on ``the weakest evidence I've seen in 30 years.'' ``Of the 684 men and women who have been executed in this country (since 1976) I am aware of none who was executed in the face of such overwhelming doubt of guilt,'' Marshall said. In January, Illinois Gov. George Ryan, a Republican and capital punishment supporter, suspended executions in his state because of evidence that 13 men on death row had been wrongly convicted. In nine of those cases, the information was unearthed by students and professors at Northwestern. Graham, now 38, was sentenced to die largely on the testimony of a single witness who picked him out of a police lineup. Six other witnesses who have cast doubt on Graham's guilt either were not called to testify in his trial or have come forward since, Marshall said. Graham has maintained his innocence in the crime, but pleaded guilty to 10 other aggravated robberies committed around the same time and is serving 20 years in prison. Graham, whose case has attracted the support of celebrities such as actor Danny Glover, was granted a stay in 1993 by then Texas Gov. Ann Richards, a Democrat. Bush spokesman Mike Jones said on Monday the governor would wait for the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles recommendation on a clemency request from Graham before deciding what to do. Bush, a death penalty supporter who became governor in January 1995, recommended his first stay of execution for a death row inmate two weeks ago in a case where the inmate said DNA tests could clear him in the rape and murder of his stepdaughter. Texas, with 218 executions since a national death penalty ban was lifted in 1976, leads the nation in capital punishment. Under Bush, 131 people have been put to death by lethal injection, including 19 this year. Three more Texas inmates are set to die this week. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Monday June 12, 2000 Texas Executes Man Who Killed Two HUNTSVILLE, Texas (Reuters) - A man who murdered his mother-in-law and her mother in 1991 was put to death by lethal injection on Monday in a Texas prison. Thomas Mason, 48, was the 20th convicted killer executed this year in Texas and the first of three men set to die this week in the nation's most active death-penalty state. Mason was sentenced to death for shooting Marsha Brock, 55, and Sybil Dennis, 80, in Dennis' Whitehouse, Texas home on Oct. 2, 1991. He apparently was angry with them because they were the mother and grandmother, respectively, of his estranged wife, police said. In a final statement as he lay strapped to a gurney in the Texas death chamber, Mason said he had not had a fair trial. ``(They) did everything but make sure I got a fair trial to prove I was innocent,'' Mason said. Before lapsing into unconsciousness, Mason complained that the injection of lethal chemicals had a ``bad taste to it.'' Mason was the 219th person executed in Texas since the state resumed capital punishment in 1982, six years after the U.S. Supreme Court lifted a national death penalty ban. He was the 132nd person put to death since Texas Governor and presumptive Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush (news - web sites) took office in January 1995. Condemned killer John Burks was set to die on Wednesday in Texas for a 1989 robbery and murder, followed on Thursday by Paul Nuncio, who raped and killed a woman in 1993. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6-12-00 -HUNTSVILLE, Texas (CNN) -- Thomas Mason was put to death by lethal injection Monday night in Texas -- even as questions are raised about death penalty cases in the state, and a physicians group seeks a national moratorium on executions. Mason, 48, received a lethal injection for the killings 81/2 years ago of his estranged wife's mother and grandmother. A report released Monday found that two-thirds of death penalty cases that were appealed from 1973 through 1995 were successful, an indication that the nation's capital punishment system is "collapsing under the weight of its own mistakes." A study of appeals during those years showed that most cases "are so seriously flawed that they have to be done over again," said Columbia University law professor James Liebman, the lead author. Study: Death penalty appeals often succeed The report examined 4,578 death penalty cases in which at least one round of appeals was completed. Of those cases, a state or federal court threw out the conviction or death sentence in 68 percent of the cases. "It's not one case, it's thousands of cases. It's not one state, it's almost all of the states," Liebman said in an interview. "You're creating a very high risk that some errors are going to get through the process." The Columbia study said only 5 percent of the 5,760 death sentences imposed from 1973 through 1995 were carried out. It said the main reasons why death penalty convictions are thrown out appear to be incompetent defense lawyers and misconduct by prosecutors. The findings come at a time of increased debate over capital punishment. Earlier this year, Republican Governor George Ryan of Illinois imposed a moratorium on capital punishment in his state after 13 death row inmates were exonerated. Texas Gov. George W. Bush recently approved his first 30-day reprieve in a death penalty case -- to allow time for DNA testing -- after permitting 131 executions. Texas, which executed 104 people during the study period, showed 52 percent of its death penalty cases reversed on appeal. Florida, which executed 36 people, had a 73 percent reversal rate. On the other hand, Virginia, which executed 29 people, had a reversal rate of only 18 percent. The study suggested that may be partly due to Virginia's strict limits on appeals in death penalty cases and the overall low reversal rate in the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which hears appeals from that state. Two more Texas inmates set to die this week Mason is the 20th to be executed this year. Two other Texas inmates are set to die this week. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals -- the state's last resort for death row inmates -- has appointed attorneys with previous disciplinary records or little experience in handling capital cases and has affirmed an overwhelming majority of the death penalty cases that come before it, including ones with obvious flaws, the Chicago Tribune reported Monday. The report is the second of a two-part series by the newspaper looking at how the death penalty has been administered since Bush took office in 1995. The Tribune reported Sunday that dozens of inmates have been executed in Texas although their defenses were marred by unreliable evidence, disbarred or suspended defense attorneys and questionable psychiatric testimony. Bush reacted Sunday by saying Texas has "adequately answered innocence or guilt" in its death penalty cases. AMA may vote on execution ban On the same day of Mason's execution in Texas, an American Medical Association conference in Chicago is being asked to consider recommending a national moratorium on the death penalty. The American Association of Public Health Physicians argues all executions should be stopped until questions about the death penalty system -- including the availability of DNA evidence -- are resolved. "The possibility exists that in several states innocent individuals may be executed because medical technology will not be made available in time to prevent their death," says an AAPHP resolution. The proposal, being presented Monday to the policy-making arm of the AMA, the nation's largest doctors group, could be voted on by AMA delegates later in the week during their annual meeting. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you're looking for resources supporting the pro-death penalty position and the right to personal protection (the correct sides on these issues), check out: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ By Carter M. Yang ABCNEWS.com George W. Bush is trying to present himself as compassionate conservative in his run for the White House. But critics prefer to paint the Texas governor as chief executioner, presiding over a reckless and overzealous system that executes more people than in any other state. The presumptive Republican nominee vehemently defends the way his state metes out the death penalty, insisting that his critics have an anti-capital punishment agenda. I know theres some in the country that dont care for the death penalty, he told reporters near the Bush family compound in Kennebunkport, Maine on Sunday. But I believe weve adequately answered innocence or guilt [in every case]. Theyve had full access to the courts and theyve had full access to have a fair trial, Bush said of the 131 convicted criminals executed in Texas since he took office in 1995. Adequate Defense? But a recent investigation by the Chicago Tribune found that 43 of those inmates were represented by defense attorneys who have been publicly sanctioned for misconduct. Forty others, the Tribune reported, had lawyers who presented no evidence or only one witness during the critical sentencing phase of their trials. And dozens of others reportedly were convicted with the help of unreliable physical evidence or the testimony of non-credible witnesses. Bushs aides insist that the media is whipping up a baseless frenzy over the issue and maintain that the death penalty will not be a decisive issue in the campaign. Vice President Al Gore, Bushs Democratic opponent, is not likely to make hay out of the issue, as he too supports capital punishment. And 64 percent of the public, according to an ABCNEWS.com poll taken earlier this year, feel the same way. But, as one Bush campaign official conceded, voters might view Bushs handling of life and death decisions as governor as a sign of how he would manage weighty decisions in the Oval Office. If his approach to societys severest punishment were seen as careless or cavalier, it would be a political liability, particularly as the GOP candidate strives to appeal to traditionally Democratic constituencies such as women voters, who are evenly split on the question of capital punishment. Death Penalty Under Scrutiny The questions raised about executions in Texas come at a time when the death penalty is coming under increasing scrutiny nationwide. A new report released by the Columbia Law School today found that two-thirds of the capital sentences handed down between 1973 and 1995 were thrown out after judicial review due to prejudicial errors, such as incompetence of defense counsel or misconduct by police or prosecutors. The problem is this system is better at making mistakes than catching them, says James S. Liebman, lead author of the report. With this many mistakes, its almost inevitable that some of those mistakes wont get caught and innocent people will be executed. Earlier this year, the Republican governor of Illinois, George Ryan, imposed a moratorium on all executions in the state, amid reports of egregious incompetence by public defenders and the widespread use of unreliable evidence. On Tuesday, the Senate will hold public hearings on DNA testing for death row inmates. Concerns have been raised that the new technology is not being adequately employed in cases where new testing might help to disprove guilt. With three more Texas inmates set to die this week, the Bush campaign is bracing for even more media attention on death row executions in Texas. For his part, the governor continues to maintain not only that his state has never put an innocent man or woman to death under his leadership, but also that in every case, the person executed received adequate legal representation. This blanket defense of the system, campaign sources say, just increases the resolve of reporters to scrutinize the Texas capital punishment system. The press [seems] to have taken it on as a challenge, remarked one Bush aide bitterly. Another aide acknowledged privately that the governor had no choice but to issue the blanket denial. What [else] is he supposed to say? the aide asked. Were Bush to question the fairness of the system, it would raise a dark cloud over every decision he has already made. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ June 9, 2000 Amnesty Condemns Florida Killer's Execution MIAMI (Reuters) - The execution of a Florida killer who complained he was ``butchered'' by his executioners is compelling evidence that the United States should abolish the death penalty, Amnesty International USA said. Bennie Demps, 49, was put to death on Wednesday at Florida State Prison near Starke for the fatal stabbing of a fellow prisoner. In a deathbed diatribe he blasted prison officials for their handling of his execution by lethal injection. Florida's administration of capital punishment has come under heavy fire in the past and has been the subject of numerous court challenges. The state switched to lethal injection after several bloody or fiery executions in the state's electric chair. Demps was the third Florida inmate to die by lethal injection since it was instituted this year. ``This case indicates ... that lethal injection is no less a human rights violation than electrocution,'' AIUSA executive director William Schulz said in a statement issued late Thursday. ``All execution methods are gruesome and can go awry.'' Florida prison officials have defended the execution, which was delayed for more than half an hour while medical personnel searched for a suitable vein to administer the lethal drugs. ``They butchered me back there. I was in a lot of pain,'' Demps told witnesses in the prison death chamber before executioners released the deadly dose. His attorney, George Schaefer, said in a letter to local prosecutors that Demps complained the executioners had cut him in the groin and leg in their search for a vein. Demps, who was serving a life sentence for a 1971 double shooting murder when he was sentenced to die in 1978 for the murder of Alfred Sturgis, was not pronounced dead until 6:53 p.m. EDT. The execution had been scheduled for 6 p.m. Amnesty International USA called for an independent investigation of the execution, including an autopsy. Demps, a Muslim, had requested that no autopsy be performed because of his religion and the local state attorney's office said it did not plan an investigation. State officials said on Thursday the execution was carried out according to protocol and said they did not plan a review. Florida was roundly criticized for the bloody execution of Allen Lee Davis in July 1999. Witnesses heard muffled screams from the death chamber and blood flowed from the inmate's nose as a lethal jolt of electricity was applied. In March 1997 flames shot from the head of inmate Pedro Medina, the second time an electrocution produced fire in the electric chair known as ``Old Sparky.'' The Medina execution prompted a year-long halt to executions while courts reviewed whether using the electric chair violated the U.S. constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Although the courts ultimately upheld electrocution, Florida in January made lethal injection its primary method of execution with electrocution an option at the inmate's request. Amnesty International said 108 nations have abolished the death penalty ``in law or practice.'' ``At a time when the United States is scrutinizing the administration of the death penalty, an incident like this highlights Amnesty International's belief that the death penalty is the ultimate human rights violation,'' AIUSA southern region director Ajamu Baraka said. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Tuesday June 20 8:08 PM ET Three Jurors Who Convicted Graham Urge New Trial By Jeff Franks HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three jurors who voted to convict Gary Graham of murder and give him the death penalty are now trying to help him get a new trial just two days before he is set to be executed, a lawyer for Graham said on Tuesday. The jurors said in signed affidavits they would have voted differently had they heard all available evidence in the 1981 trial, attorney Jack Zimmerman said. The affidavits were sent to the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles as Graham supporters tried to save him from the executioner. The case has attracted the support of anti-capital punishment groups and a host of Hollywood celebrities. Graham, now 38, is scheduled to die by lethal injection on Thursday at a state prison in Huntsville, Texas, for shooting Bobby Lambert to death while robbing him outside a Houston supermarket in 1981. Graham was convicted largely on the testimony of a single witness who picked him out of a police lineup. Other witnesses who cast doubt on his guilt were not asked to testify, Zimmerman told Reuters. The three jurors based their change of opinion on statements from two witnesses who said Graham did not match the description of the man they saw and on evidence that the lone witness to point the finger at Graham was shown a flawed lineup, Zimmerman said. ``You got two guys who say was a shorter guy. Ain't no way in the world I would have done that (found him guilty knowing that),'' one of the jurors, Bobby Pryor, told the Houston Chronicle. Zimmerman said the jurors' affidavits could convince the Texas parole board to recommend that Texas Gov. George W. Bush (news - web sites) grant a reprieve or conditional pardon to allow time for a new trial. ``The first thing they would ask (about the new evidence) is what difference would it have made. Well, here's a quarter of the jury saying they would have voted differently. That's pretty significant,'' Zimmerman said. The 18-member parole board, appointed by Bush, who is also the Republicans' presumptive presidential nominee, will vote privately on the clemency petition on Thursday. The board has recommended to commute a death sentence only once since Bush took office in 1995. During that time, 134 people have been put to death in Texas, which leads the nation in executions. Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson visited Graham on Tuesday at death row in Livingston, Texas, 70 miles (112 km) north of Houston. He said Graham had asked him to witness the execution and had also invited Bush, who Jackson urged to grant Graham a reprieve. ``If you (Bush) feel he must die, be a witness and see for yourself and feel good about the decision you made because it is your decision,'' Jackson said in a news conference. Jackson said Vice President Al Gore (news - web sites), the Democrats' presumptive presidential nominee, should speak out for Graham. Gore thus far has said only that he favors capital punishment. ``While Mr. Bush must act, Mr. Gore must not be silent,'' Jackson said. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Barring Reprieve, Texas Inmate Graham Set to Die By Jeff Franks HUNTSVILLE, Texas (Reuters) - Death row inmate Gary Graham, convicted largely on the testimony of one eyewitness and whose case has sharpened a growing national debate on the death penalty, was set to die on Thursday night barring last-minute intervention by Texas officials. Heavy security was in place outside the state prison where Graham, 38, was to receive a lethal injection shortly after 6 p.m. local time for a 1981 murder he said he did not commit. Prison officials said they were expecting a potentially dangerous mix of demonstrators in Huntsville, including Ku Klux Klansmen who favor the execution and a gun-toting Black Panther group that protested Graham's death sentence last week outside the Texas Republican state convention in Houston. One of Graham's last hopes to escape the executioner lay with the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, which was to decide by midday Thursday whether to recommend a reprieve that Texas Gov. George W. Bush (news - web sites) could accept or reject. Bush, the presumptive Republican presidential candidate, said he cannot grant a reprieve on his own because Graham received a 1993 stay from then-Texas Gov. Ann Richards and Texas law allows only one unilateral gubernatorial intervention in capital cases. If the 18-member board, which is appointed by Bush and makes its decisions in private, turns down Graham's clemency request, his attorneys have said they will seek an 11th-hour stay from the U.S. Supreme Court. The country's highest court rejected a similar motion from Graham last month. Graham supporters, including civil rights activist Jesse Jackson and Amnesty International representative Bianca Jagger, are pressing for a new trial in the case. They say Graham, convicted of shooting Bobby Lambert to death during a nighttime holdup outside a Houston supermarket, had incompetent legal counsel and that new witnesses could exonerate him. They question whether the lone witness to identify him, Bernadine Skillern, got a good look at the shooter. Skillern, who said she has been harassed over the years by Graham supporters, insisted last week in a press conference that she was not mistaken. While Graham said he did not kill Lambert, he pleaded guilty to 10 aggravated assaults that same week in which two victims were shot and another raped. He is nearing the end of a 20-year sentence for those crimes. The case has become a major campaign issue for Bush, who has been dogged by demonstrators in recent days, including twice this week when shouting protesters disrupted fund-raising events in California. On Wednesday, he told reporters he was studying the case closely and would ``follow the laws of the land.'' ``If it costs me politically, it costs me politically,'' said Bush who, like a large majority of Americans, supports capital punishment. According to a recent Gallup Poll, 66 percent of people in the United States approve of capital punishment even though most believe that innocent people have been put to death. Texas leads the nation in executions, with 221 people put to death since the state resumed capital punishment in 1982 following the lifting of a national death penalty ban by the U.S. Supreme Court. Of those, 134 have taken place under Bush. Texas' liberal use of the death penalty has come under increasing scrutiny since Illinois Gov. George Ryan, a Republican who supports capital punishment, imposed a moratorium on executions in January because of evidence that 13 men on his state's death row had been wrongly convicted. A recent study showed that 70 percent of death penalty cases in the United States were legally flawed. But Bush repeated on Wednesday his refusal to consider a moratorium in Texas. ``As far as I'm concerned there has not been one innocent person executed (in Texas) since I've been governor,'' he said. ''I believe the system is fair and just.'' Graham has been tried only once, but his case has been reviewed by more than 20 courts and 33 different judges, said Texas Attorney General John Cornyn. Jackson, who met with Graham on Tuesday at death row in Livingston, Texas, said he would witness the execution and urged Bush to join him. ``Come witness your prey. Have the courage to pull the switch,'' he said. Texas, Jackson said, had become ``a full-blown killing machine.'' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Death Row Inmate Fights With Guards By MICHAEL GRACZYK, Associated Press Writer HUNTSVILLE, Texas (AP) - Hours before his scheduled execution, Gary Graham refused meals and fought with guards as they moved him to the prison where he was to be put to death Thursday night, authorities said. The fate of Graham, his court appeals exhausted, rested Thursday with the 18-member Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, which could recommend that Gov. George W. Bush issue a 120-day reprieve, a commutation or a pardon. His scheduled execution had drawn exceptional scrutiny, largely because of Bush's presidential bid, the national re-examination of capital punishment, and questions about the strength of the case against Graham. Graham was moved Wednesday evening from death row, at a prison about 45 miles to the east, to the prison in downtown Huntsville where executions are carried out. Graham, 36, had promised to ``fight like hell'' on the trip to the death chamber. ``As we went to cuff him at the wrist and put shackles to his ankles and waist, he resisted,'' Texas Department of Criminal Justice spokesman Larry Fitzgerald said. Several officers had to hold him down to apply the restraints. Once at Huntsville, ``he slept through the night, he refused supper, refused breakfast but took some coffee today,'' prison spokesman Glen Castlebury said Thursday. There's no question Graham was a street punk responsible for a crime spree 19 years ago. But he insists his weeklong rampage of robbery, rape and theft did not include the fatal shooting of an Arizona man outside a Houston supermarket. The governor appoints the parole board, but is barred by law from halting the execution without a majority vote from the panel. The governor does have the power to grant a one-time 30-day reprieve in death penalty cases, but Graham already received one in 1993 from Bush's predecessor, Democrat Ann Richards. ``I'll treat this case no differently than any other case that has come across my desk,'' Bush told the National Association of Hispanic Journalists in Houston late Wednesday. ``I'll ask two questions: Innocence or guilt, and whether this person has had full access to the courts of law.'' Texas has executed 22 inmates this year and 134 during Bush's 51/2 years in office. The state has put more people to death in the last two decades than any other state. Two years ago, Bush told the parole board to review the case of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas because of questions about the slaying for which Lucas was about to die. Lucas' death sentence eventually was commuted to life. And earlier this month, Bush authorized a reprieve for inmate Ricky McGinn pending DNA tests. He has sent no similar messages about Graham's case. The debate over Graham's case comes amid growing questions about the death penalty. Illinois Gov. George Ryan has placed a moratorium on state executions, and Bush and Vice President Al Gore (news - web sites) have been forced to deal with the issue as they campaign for president. Graham's case has prompted the loudest protests since convicted pickax killer Karla Faye Tucker was executed in 1998, the first woman put to death in Texas since the Civil War era. Death penalty opponents have adopted Graham's claims of innocence and his contention that he was convicted unfairly, primarily because of testimony from a single eyewitness. ``The Gary Graham case is significant because if he is executed ... he will be the case that will be the most frail, the weakest evidence to justify any execution in the past 27 years,'' said Lawrence Marshall, legal director of the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University School of Law. Opponents also used the case to focus on capital punishment in Texas and their opposition to Bush, the presumptive GOP presidential nominee. ``I'm going to uphold the laws of the land,'' Bush said. ``If it costs me politically, it costs me politically.'' Attorney General John Cornyn noted that both state and federal courts have reviewed Graham's case. ``Gary Graham has had at least 20 appeals and his claims have been heard and rejected by at least 33 different judges,'' Cornyn said. Graham was 17 when Bobby Lambert, 53, was slain on May 13, 1981. Graham pleaded guilty to 10 aggravated robberies during the crime spree, but argued that the eyewitness at his trial was mistaken when she identified him as the gunman who struggled with Lambert before shooting him. The witness, Bernadine Skillern, has been pressured over the years by Graham backers but has never wavered. In an interview Thursday on NBC's ``Today'' show, she insisted that she was correct in identifying Graham. ``There was never a doubt in my mind,'' Skillern said. ``Mr. Lambert was killed by Mr. Graham in the parking lot that night. ... There is not one scintilla of doubt in my mind.'' Graham also argued that his lawyer at trial, Ron Mock, was ineffective, but courts have rejected that claim. As for witnesses he wants heard, they initially told police they couldn't identify the killer, and prosecutors said they were not actual eyewitnesses. Among other things, Mock - who has repeatedly been reprimanded or put on probation or suspension by the bar - rested his case during the guilt-or-innocence phase of the trial without calling any witnesses. But that strategy is not unheard of, and appeals courts have held that it is not necessarily grounds for a new trial. Mock has said Graham gave him no names of alibi witnesses before the trial. The lawyer said Graham told him only that he had spent the evening with a girlfriend whose name, description and address he could not remember. On the Net: Supreme Court, Texas Board Won't Halt Execution By MICHAEL GRACZYK .c The Associated Press HUNTSVILLE, Texas (June 22, 2000) - The U.S. Supreme Court and the Texas parole board refused to block the execution Thursday evening of Gary Graham in the most contentious death penalty case to confront Gov. George W. Bush since he announced his run for the White House. Graham's lawyers filed last-minute appeals with the Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, but both turned him down. The Supreme Court voted 5-4 to deny his appeal. Both courts had previously rejected Graham's arguments that he was convicted on shaky evidence from a single eyewitness and that his trial lawyer did a poor job. There was no immediate comment from Bush after the court rulings. Graham, 36, was convicted of killing a man in a holdup outside a Houston supermarket one night in 1981. He pleaded guilty to 10 robberies around the same time but said he was innocent of the murder. ''Because of human error and human frailty, we are about to put to death a man who is innocent,'' said Richard Burr, one of Graham's attorneys. The Bush-appointed parole board, which has spared a prisoner only once during the Republican's tenure, could have granted a 120-day reprieve, a commutation to a lesser sentence, or a conditional pardon. ''I can say, unequivocally, that the board's decision not to recommend clemency was reached after a complete and unbiased review of the petition and evidence submitted,'' board chairman Gerald Garrett said, hours before the execution was to take place. Immediately after the vote was announced, protesters outside the prison in Huntsville began chanting: ''Murderers, murderers.'' A woman who claimed to be Graham's daughter sobbed in the arms of a friend. Hundreds of officers outnumbered protesters - most of them supporters of Graham - who gathered in stifling heat and humidity near the brick prison where 221 executions have been carried out since capital punishment resumed in Texas in 1982. The total is by far the highest in the nation. Graham had vowed to ''fight like hell'' on the trip to the death chamber. In the hours leading up to the execution, he refused meals but met for about an hour with the Rev. Jesse Jackson, whom he designated his spiritual adviser, his stepmother and Bianca Jagger of Amnesty International. Jackson said he and Graham talked and prayed. ''He was amazingly upbeat,'' Jackson said. ''There were no tears shed. He had a sense of inner peace. He feels he was being used as a kind of change agent to expose the system. With every passing hour ... there is mass education around the world about what is happening in Texas.'' Graham resisted when he was moved late Wednesday from death row to the death house in downtown Huntsville. Several officers had to hold Graham down to apply the restraints, said Larry Fitzgerald, Department of Criminal Justice spokesman. Bush had no authority to halt the execution without a majority vote from the 18-member parole board. The governor does have the power to grant a one-time 30-day reprieve in death penalty cases, but Graham had already received one in 1993 from Bush's predecessor. Bush had said he would treat the case no differently than any other he has considered. During the governor's 5 1/2 years in office, 132 men and two women were executed before Graham. Two years ago, Bush told the parole board to review the case of serial killer Henry Lee Lucas because of questions about Lucas's conviction. His death sentence eventually was commuted to life. This month, Bush granted a condemned man a 30-day reprieve so that he could pursue DNA tests. The governor sent no similar messages about Graham's case. The debate over Graham's case came amid growing questions about the death penalty. Illinois Gov. George Ryan has placed a moratorium on executions, and Bush and Vice President Al Gore have been forced to address the issue as they campaign for president. Graham's case brought the loudest protests since pickax killer Karla Faye Tucker was executed in 1998, the first woman put to death in Texas since the Civil War era. Six people were arrested outside the prison Thursday for breaking through police lines; other activists burned American flags. Another 150 people protested outside the governor's mansion in Austin. No physical evidence tied Graham to the killing of 53-year-old Bobby Lambert, and ballistics tests showed that the gun he had when he was arrested was not the murder weapon. But the witness who identified him, Bernadine Skillern, has never wavered. Skillern, who was waiting in her car outside the supermarket while her daughter ran inside, saw the holdup from about 30 feet away. She identified Graham as the shooter and said the lighting in the parking lot was adequate. Graham has argued also that his lawyer during the trial, Ron Mock, should have introduced other witnesses who would say he was not the killer. But those witnesses initially told police they couldn't identify the killer, and prosecutors said they were not actual eyewitnesses. AP-NY-06-22-00 1915EDT First black woman executed in U.S. since 1954 Allen was executed for killing a childhood friend and later her lesbian lover January 12, 2001 McALESTER, Oklahoma (AP) -- Victims' family members said the execution of convicted killer Wanda Jean Allen brought them closure as they decried protesters who fought the nation's first execution of a black woman since 1954. Allen, 41, raised her head and smiled, and a tear appeared in the corner of her eye before she received a lethal dose of drugs Thursday night at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary. "Father forgive them," she said, echoing Christ's words as he was crucified. "They know not what they do." She was condemned for killing her lesbian lover, Gloria Leathers, whom she met in prison. She served two years for fatally shooting childhood friend Dedra Pettus in 1981. "We're the victims, not Wanda Jean," said Leathers' daughter, LaToya Leathers. "We are the victims and justice has been served." In the days before her death, Allen served as the rallying point for death penalty foes, including the Rev. Jesse Jackson, who was arrested along with two dozen other demonstrators Wednesday. Gov. Frank Keating refused Allen's late request for a 30-day stay, and last-minute rejections by appeals courts cleared the way for the death sentence. "This is not easy because I'm dealing with a fellow human being," said Keating, an ardent death penalty supporter. "This is not easy because I'm dealing with a fellow Oklahoman." Outside the prison gates, death penalty supporters and opponents gathered in clusters, talking in low voices and shivering in the cold. Ann Scott, whose daughter Elaine Marie Scott was killed in 1991, said she resented Jackson coming to Oklahoma to try to stop the execution. Jackson is arrested Wednesday while protesting Allen's execution "I highly resent his being here and teaching Oklahomans civil disobedience," she said. "I think the system works." Ajamu Baraka, acting director of Amnesty International USA's Program to Abolish the Death Penalty, said Oklahoma had no business executing Allen. "Any state that exercises this ultimate punishment against a person who is mentally impaired is acting not only immorally, but also irrationally and illegally," Baraka said. Before Thursday, 44 women had been executed in the United States since 1900. The last execution of a black woman came in 1954, when Ohio electrocuted Betty Jean Butler. The most recent woman to die was Christina Marie Riggs, 28, executed in Arkansas last May for smothering her two young children. Keating considered giving Allen a stay based on the narrow issue of whether the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board had enough information regarding her education. Allen's attorneys have pointed to her score, a 69, on an IQ test she took in the 1970s, arguing she is in the range of mental retardation. Prosecutors said Allen testified during the penalty phase of her trial that she had graduated from high school and received a medical assistant certificate from a college. But they said Allen dropped out of high school at 16 and never finished course work in the medical assistant program. The execution was the second of eight planned in Oklahoma over the next four weeks. Copyright 2001 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Oklahoma set to start record execution month January 9, 2001 OKLAHOMA CITY, Oklahoma (Reuters) -- An Oklahoma man convicted of raping and beating to death an 84-year-old woman was due to be executed later Tuesday, the first of a state record of seven executions scheduled in one month. Eddie Leroy Trice, 48, was set to die by lethal injection at 10 p.m. EST in the Oklahoma death chamber in McAlester for the 1987 murder of Ernestine Jones during a $500 robbery. The state's busy execution schedule this month has drawn fire from death penalty opponents, including the Rev. Jesse Jackson, who staged a series of protests and rallies calling for a state moratorium on capital punishment like one adopted by Illinois in 2000. "In light of the U.S. Justice Department's findings released this past September, detailing disturbing racial and geographic disparities in the application of the federal death penalty, I urge you, as governor of Oklahoma, to examine these same questions as they apply to your state," Jackson wrote in a letter to Gov. Frank Keating. Keating has repeatedly dismissed calls for a moratorium and told the Tulsa World newspaper this week that capital punishment "is a statement of moral outrage and justice sought and received." Protesters have focused in particular on the case of Wanda Jean Allen, scheduled for execution Thursday as the first black woman put to death in the United States since 1954. Her defenders say Allen, convicted of shooting her lover to death in 1988, should be spared because she is borderline retarded. If all seven scheduled executions are carried out, Oklahoma will have executed the most inmates in one month in its history, surpassing its previous record of four in May 1933. State officials have said the sudden cluster of executions was a coincidence caused by a backlog of death penalty cases stretching back into the 1980s that have finished the appeals process. Neighboring Texas holds the U.S. record for most executions in a month at eight in both May and June of 1997. Oklahoma put 11 people to death in 2000, ranking only behind Texas, which set a U.S. record of 40 executions in a year. Trice was convicted of raping and beating Ernestine Jones and beating her retarded son in a drug-induced rage while robbing her home in 1987. Jones later died of her injuries. Police said the take on the robbery was $500. Department of Corrections spokesman Jerry Massie said Trice requested a last meal of fried chicken, potatoes with onions, sweet potato pie, hot rolls and a soft drink. Copyright 2001 Reuters. All rights reserved. Penry v. Lynaugh (1989) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Was Penry's sentence cruel and unusual punishment? Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Would the execution of a 15 year old violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against "cruel and unusual punishments"? Booth v. Maryland (1987) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Does the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution, which protects a defendant from cruel and unusual punishment, prohibit a jury from considering a victim impact statement during the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial? McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) [Discrimination: Race; Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Did the statistical study prove that McCleskey's sentence violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments? Lockett v. Ohio (1978) [Due Process; Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Did the Ohio law violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments by limiting the consideration of mitigating factors? Coker v. Georgia (1977) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Was the imposition of the death penalty for the crime of rape a form of cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment? Gregg v. Georgia (1976) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Is the imposition of the death sentence prohibited under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments as "cruel and unusual" punishment? Louisiana v. Resweber (1947) [Due Process; Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Does the second attempted execution deny Francis due process of law because of double jeopardy guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment and because of cruel and unusual punishment of the Eighth Amendment? Stanford v. Kentucky (1989) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Does the imposition of the death sentence on convicted capital offenders below the age of 18 years old, violate the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment? Roberts v. Louisiana (1976) [Due Process; Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Does Louisiana's death-penalty sentencing scheme violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments' safeguards against arbitrary and capricious death penalty impositions? Proffitt v. Florida (1976) [Due Process; Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Is the death penalty a "cruel and unusual" punishment? Is Florida's capital-sentencing procedure unconstitutional? Woodson v. North Carolina (1976) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Did the mandatory death penalty law violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments? Jurek v. Texas (1976) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Is the death penalty a "cruel and unusual" punishment? Is Texas' capital-sentencing procedure unconstitutional? Furman v. Georgia (1972) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Does the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty in these cases constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments? Robinson v. California (1962) [Rights of the Accused: Punishment] Was the California law an infliction of cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment?	i don't know
Opening this week, the movie Prince of Persia: Sands of Time is the latest installment of the Prince of Persia franchise, which was originally created as a what:	Prince of Persia: Warrior Within \| Prince of Persia Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Prince of Persia: Warrior Within 532pages on Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. The following article, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within, uses partial or complete Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia . Information can be remixed or replaced at any time in future edits. This article is about Prince of Persia: Warrior Within. You may be looking for the PSP game, Prince of Persia: Revelations . Prince of Persia: Warrior Within Developer(s) Click "expand" for full list PlayStation Portable Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones Prince of Persia: Warrior Within is a third-person action-adventure puzzle-platforming video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and released in North America November 2004 across most major platforms. It was published by Ubisoft in western territories and Sony Computer Entertainment in Japan. Prince of Persia: Warrior Within is, chronologically the second game in The Sands of Time Trilogy . Canonically, Warrior Within continues the story of Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands and Battles of Prince of Persia . Seven years after the events of The Sands of Time , The Prince has been hunted a creature of fate, known as the Dahaka , a timeline guardian who attempts to kill the Prince for unleashing the Sands of Time to restore order. The Prince travels to the Island of Time to prevent their creation and alter his fate once again. Announced in Spring of 2004, Warrior Within was released across PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , PlayStation Portable and Microsoft Windows between November and December of that year. Two mobile phone games were developed and published in North America by Gameloft in 2010. Warrior Within received positive reviews for its revamped gameplay upon release from major gaming websites and saw increased sales, but failed to critical expectations and was panned for its darker tone, violence and depiction of its female characters. [1] The success of Warrior Within led to the sequel, Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones , the end of The Sands of Time Trilogy. In 2005 and 2010 Ubisoft Montreal produced two midquels to The Sands of Time and Warrior Within: Battles of Prince of Persia (December 6, 2005) for the Nintendo DS and Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands (May 18, 2010) for seventh generation consoles . On November 2010 and April 2011, Warrior Within was included in the PlayStation exclusive HD Collection for The Sands of Time Trilogy. Contents Plot Official Description "The Old Man said to the Prince, "Your fate has been written. You will die." Enter the dark underworld of Prince of Persia 2, the sword-slashing sequel to the critically acclaimed Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. Hunted by Dahaka, an immortal incarnation of Fate seeking divine retribution, the Prince embarks upon a path of both carnage and mystery to defy his preordained death. His journey leads to the infernal core of a cursed island stronghold harboring mankind's greatest fears. Only through grim resolve, bitter defiance and the mastery of deadly new combat arts can the Prince rise to a new level of warriorship - and emerge from this ultimate trial with his life." —Official Description [2] Characters Prince - The protagonist of The Sands of Time Trilogy, the Prince is desperate to save himself from his fated death and travels to the Island of Time to prevent his end at the hands of the Dahaka. Dahaka - The guardian of the timeline, the Dahaka seeks to kill the Prince to restore the order disrupted by his survival following the recapture of the Sands of Time. Kaileena - A by product of the Gods 's creation of time, The "Empress of Time" is the "creator" of the Sands of Time. Also fated to die, she plots to kill the Prince before he can kill her. Shahdee - The Empress' servant, Shahdee tries to kill the Prince before he can reach the Island of Time. Summary The Island of Time When the Prince was tricked into opening the Hourglass of Time , he released the Sands of Time on the world. He paid the ultimate price, losing his father and his lover, Farah , in the process of trying to recapture the Sands in the hourglass. Though he was able to undo what he had done, he was "supposed to die" as a result. Because he survived his ordeal, he was hunted by the Dahaka, a creature created by the Gods , that guarded the order of the timeline. In the Prince's efforts to trap the Dahaka, his mentor, Darius , and his mother, Mehri , were killed. [3] Seven years into his conflict with the Dahaka, the Prince seeks counsel from an old wise man . The Prince learns of the existence of the Island, but its location is nearly impossible to find. Thinking only of his survival, the Prince sets sail for the Island to prevent the Sands of Time from ever being created, under the belief that the Dahaka will have no reason to hunt him if he does so. During the journey, his ship is intercepted and destroyed by Shahdee, a servant of the Empress of Time. Accompanied by a pack of Raiders , the Prince's men are killed and he is summarily defeated by Shahdee. Lost in the shipwreck, and he finds himself alone on the island. He picks a wooden stick from the wreckage of a boat to defend himself against some crows . He swears to kill Shahdee for what she has done to him and his crew. The Prince eventually finds his way to the Fortress of Time . Shahdee tries to kill the Prince, but the Prince repels her by knocking her to the ground. After a fight with several opponents, he obtains the Spider Sword and begins chasing Shahdee through the Island until they reach a Time Portal . She goes through a Time Portal, and the Prince follows her into the Past. Continuing his pursuit, he finds Shahdee trying to murder a woman in red . The Prince engages Shahdee once more in battle and kills her. The woman introduces herself as Kaileena, another servant of the Empress of Time. Denied an audience with the Empress of Time to state his case, the Prince is then faced with the task of activating two towers that will open the doors to the empress' throne room. Kaileena aids the Prince by presenting to him the Serpent Sword , which will activate the bridges to reach both towers. He eventually obtains the Lion Sword , an even more powerful weapon than the previous. As the Prince explores the island, he occasionally encounters a mysterious creature known as the Sand Wraith . Additionally, he is pursued by the Dahaka, who has followed him to the Island of Time. Shortly before reaching the throne room, the Dahaka attacks the Prince and almost killed, but the Sand Wraith is killed in his place. The Dahaka then leaves without attacking the Prince, much to his confusion. The Prince eventually succeeds in reaching the Throne Room only to discover that Kaileena is the Empress of Time. She had sent Shahdee to kill the Prince, and on the perilous journey to the towers, and even cursed the Lion Sword. Yet, the Prince did not die. Kaileena has seen her fate, which is to die at the hands of the Prince. Accepting this, her only concern is to get rid of him at any cost. Shahdee, who was helping Kaileena save herself, believed her mission foolish. She had turned against Kaileena only to be killed by the Prince at the last second. The Prince reluctantly fought and killed Kaileena. Returning to the present, he hoped that he has escaped his fate. However, he soon discovers that when he killed Kaileena, the Sands of Time were created from her death. Realizing that he caused the event he intended to prevent, the Prince begins to lose hope, but soon discovers the Mask of the Wraith , an instrument of time that was used by Farah's father, the Maharajah , who had visited the Island and taken the artifacts of time Fortress of Time. When he puts on the mask, he transforms into the Sand Wraith, the dark creature he previously encountered in his journey. As the wraith, the Prince is able to coexist in a single time with his past self, explaining his past encounters with the Sand Wraith. When he reaches the point the Wraith saved the Prince from the Dahaka, he instead lets the Dahaka kill his previous self. The Mask of the Wraith is then able to be to removed. He then returned to the position he was in just before he entered the Throne Room. The Prince decides that he may not be able to avoid killing Kaileena, but if he kills her in the present rather than the past, the Sands will not be created. The Prince confronts Kaileena again and forces her through a time portal into the present. At this point the ending forks, depending on whether or not the player has found all of the life upgrades and acquired the Water Sword . The ending where the Prince wields the Water Sword is the canonical ending as it extensively affects the story of Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones. The ending where he does not have the Water Sword is non-canon. Water Sword (Canon Ending) The Dahaka appears and heads for Kaileena. However, the Prince discovers that the Dahaka has a weakness to his Water Sword. The Prince fights the Dahaka and manages to defeat it. Having both escaped their fates, the Prince and Kaileena set sail for Babylon together. In the ending scene of the boat heading off towards Babylon, the Prince ends up sleeping with Kaileena and beginning a sexual relationship together. While in Kaileena's embrace The Prince sees a vision of Babylon under attack and Farah taken as a prisoner by an unknown enemy . In the end, the a hooded figure picks up Sharaman 's crown saying and declares all that the Prince posses is rightfully his as well. Without the Water Sword (Non-Canon Ending) The Prince reaches the Empress and tries to convince her to come with him to the present. Kaileena refuses and attacks him. The Prince then forces Kaileena to go into the present by pushing her in a portal. When the Prince kills Kaileena, the Dahaka appears and absorbs her being into his own. The Prince assumes, with Kaileena gone, he is free from the the monster's grasp. However, the Dahaka appears to attack him, only to take the Medallion of Time , the last relic of the Artifacts of Time . In doing so, the Prince realizes that he has achieved destroying the guardian of time and changing his fate as well. Relieved, the Prince boards his ship and prepares to go home. However, as he reaches Babylon, he finds his kingdom is under siege. Enemies The Warrior Within Gameplay Prince of Persia: Warrior Within is a platformer centered on exploration and melee combat. As in the prequel, the level design revolves around navigating treacherous environments with parkour -styled moves. Unlike the prequel, the game world is highly nonlinear. The player can often return to already visited locations several times from various directions, often traversing time portals to visit the same places in the present and the past in order to find ways around obstacles which would be impassable in either time alone. Secret areas can be found and explored to gain additional hit points and unique weapons, which culminates in discovering a weapon capable of inflicting damage on the Dahaka, unlocking the game's canon ending. In addition to normal platforming, the game also features episodes where the Prince is chased by the Dahaka and must quickly navigate trap-ridden hallways to reach safety. The combat system has undergone a revision and allows the player to wield off-hand weapons in addition to the primary weapon. Two-hand fighting introduces numerous additional acrobatic combos to dispatch enemies with greater efficiency and brutality. Off-hand weapons have varying bonuses and penalties applied to the player's damage and hit points; they can be thrown at enemies to allow a limited form of ranged combat. Aside from bosses, the enemies are sand creatures of varying sizes. Unlike the Sands of Time, where rounds of heavy combat are interspersed with rounds of exploration, enemies can be encountered anywhere along the way, alone and in packs; some common enemies would respawn as the player revisits locations. Glitches and bugs Players have encountered a glitch dubbed the "Wraith glitch", wherein the player is turned into the Sand Wraith character too early, usually in the chapter "Fate's Dark Hand". The skin appears similar to that of a corpse. The same glitch will also occasionally happen in reverse, crashing in a similar fashion before reverting the Sand Wraith to the Prince. In both cases, the player must start over, unless they have an earlier save file. There is a "Ghost" glitch during the Prince's first encounter with the Crow Master . After the Crow Master's health is sufficiently depleted, the Crow Master becomes 'spiritless' but yet remains standing and attacking the Prince. The Prince can still deal it damage but cannot kill it, and he can walk though it like a ghost. This usually occurs when players attack the spiritless body of the Crow Master. A glitch in the Mechanical Tower can sometimes be found, where the bridge the Prince must raise to gain access to the lever that activates the tower will not rise properly or at all. This can almost always be avoided by doing the Mechanical Tower first. A cut scene in the "Southern Passage" does not occur. This cut scene opens a hole in a wall. If the cut scene does not occur, the hole does not appear and the player must revert to a previously saved game. While attempting to gain what is usually accepted as the last life upgrade (Southern Passage – Past) after reverting from the Sand Wraith, if the Prince chooses to proceed through the Sacrificial Altar instead of backtracking to the Throne Room the way he came, his only path leads him to Southern Passage – Present. However, the hole in the wall which the Dahaka made there earlier is impassable (even if visible), and the Prince finds himself stuck. This is generally called the "Dahaka Hole" glitch. In "The Empress" there is also a glitch which happens when the Empress of Time breaks the wall and the player is skipped to "The Face of Time". In the Xbox, GameCube and Windows version of the game, the sound in cut scenes (voice acting, music and sound effects) will sometimes either not be synchronized with the action, or not be present at all. At the end of the game: in the time portal room before the final combat, the sand portal sometimes fails to activate when the Prince is in it. Even with an earlier save file, the game must be started over. This "sand portal" glitch is caused by going back through a sand portal that you have already used, so if you want to avoid this glitch don't go through a sand portal more than once. A glitch when fighting Kaileena for a second time can be encountered under the right circumstances; if the Prince slows down time, then Kaileena slows down time, then the Prince rewinds time, then he will become four times faster than the game would normally allow, even faster than what fast forward time would allow. This glitch ruins the cinematics in the battle, however, randomly facing and placing both the Prince and Kaileena. During the first encounter with a golem, at the beginning of the Machine Tower, the golem is sometimes invisible making it very hard (but not impossible) to defeat it. A glitch when fighting Griffon makes it invisible making it very hard to kill. But since you can see its eyes you can predict where it is. When performing a wall run , if the player rewinds time,the prince will sometimes make an infinite wall run until pressing the drop button. A similar glitch sometimes occurs in which traps sometimes become invisible making it hard to traverse Ubisoft has released no patches to address these issues, nor offered any other solutions. Development Main article: Prince of Persia: Assassin Near the end of 2003, The Sands of Time creative director, Patrice Désilets was chosen by Ubisoft to begin working on a sequel to Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. [4] After a month long break from the development of The Sands of Time, Désilets expressed uncertainty about tackling another Prince of Persia game. [4] “The problem is that a prince isn’t an action figure,” he explains. “A prince is someone who’s waiting to become king.” Désilets and his team spent a year in pre-production formulating what would be tentatively titled Prince of Persia: Assassin . The game's concept focused on a group of player controlled bodyguards that protected a non-playable prince character. Désilets drew on inspiration from the history of Hassan-i-Sabbah , the founder of a group of assassins during the 11th Century. [4] Désilets pitched the concept as a Prince of Persia game about an assassin. Ubisoft, however, rejected the idea because it did not focus on the protagonist of the series. Désilets and the original team who developed The Sands of Time moved on from the project and began formulating what would become 2007's Assassin's Creed . [4] Pre-Production During the spring of 2004, rumors began to circulate that a sequel to Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time was in development following the reports of Ubisoft's third quarter financial results. [5] March 4, 2004, during the D.I.C.E. Summit in Las Vegas, Ubisoft Vice President of Marketing Tony Kee confirmed to GameSpot.com that a second Prince of Persia game was in development. [6] [5] Tony Kee stated a tentative release date for the sequel was Christmas of 2004. [6] IGN.com attempted to secure story details from the developer, Ubisoft reframed from comment. That same day, Jerry Bruckheimer bought the film rights to the Prince of Persia licence and Jordan Mechner signed on to produce both the story and the script. [6] Months following the March confirmation, reports that Ubisoft would be presenting the sequel to the The Sands of Time at the 2004 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3 2004) began to circulate. [7] April 2004, Ubisoft confirmed that "Prince of Persia 2" would be among the games they would present during E3 2004. [8] [9] Prince of Persia May 6 2004, "Prince of Persia 2" was officially announced as a game in-development by Ubisoft president and CEO, Yves Guillemot. [7] [10] "We intend to build on that masterpiece," said Guillemot, referring to The Sands of Time. Ubisoft Montreal was named the studio behind the development of the game. When speaking on the story for the game, Guillemot stated that "Prince of Persia 2" would take on a "darker tone" than its predecessor. Additionally he stated that the game would include a "brand-new, free-flow combat system" and "a variety of weapons" for the Prince to use. [7] Production According to Warrior Within's lead producer, Bertrand Helias , their intention with the sequel was to change the tone and style of the game, but retain what made The Sands of Time successful. [11] To do this, Helias decided the team in charge of Warrior Within needed to change the art direction to create a different type of "immersion". Warrior Within's illustrator, Nicholas Bouvier chose to move the sequel away from the Oriental style of The Sands of Time, instead going for a more "fantastic" and "Gothic" style to create a sharper and more aggressive environment for the game. [11] Among the inspirations cited for the look of Warrior Within are, The Lord of the Rings , Silent Hill , Tim Burton , "Near East history", Mesopotamia , Babylon and the The Hanging Gardens . [12] A brunt of the game's development was focused on retooling the combat system based on the complaints received about the combat in The Sands of Time. [11] Pier-Luc Papineau , the level designer for Warrior Within, centralized the time traveling aspect created for The Sands of Time in its sequel through its level design. Each environment in the game is modeled on the basis of the "past" and the "present", decrepit and bleak environments of the Island of Time progressively become the opposite whenever the Prince uses the Time Portals located throughout the Island of Time. The past environments were constructed first as the base levels, then the second. The " Free Form Fighting System " was built around the variety of weapons the Prince could use in the game. A number of sixty three weapons were often times designed as perishable to maintain variety during combat. [13] [14] Platforming segments in the Fortress of Time itself were varied using the past and present environment creation. Missing or fragmented paths in the "past" would differ radically when the Prince traveled back to the present. The environment of the Fortress of Time was deliberately designed so that players could become lost in any given area. [11] Lead Artist Designer, Mikel Labat states that the unifying vision of Warrior Within was to design the game so that players sense the "fear" and "oppressive" atmosphere of the game's environment. [15] [12] The treatment of Warrior Within was considered by its developers "darker and more mature". Monochromatic color tones were used to maintain consistency in game levels and to give the Island of Time a "realistic look". With regard to character design, Labat wanted the design a new look that was consistent with the Prince's appearance in The Sands of Time. He presumably used cues from his own tattoo body art and modeled the darker look of the Prince to suggest a "maturity" and "evolution" of a darker character who was "a real warrior, always ready for a fight". [15] The armor of the Prince reflected his self confidence and the peril he faced as a man fated to die. Labat's intention with the character design of the Prince in Warrior Within was to inspire anger and rage in the player meant to connect with the Prince's plight. [15] The same character design ideas were used for the enemies featured in Warrior Within, who were also meant to appear "fierce and frightening", reflecting their bleak environment. [15] In an interview with IGN.com, Yannis Mallat described the enemies the Prince faces on the Island of Time "human-like" and "fantasy-like" creatures unaffected by the Sands of Time that played into the diversity of the Prince's warrior abilities. [16] The Prince could use two sword during combat, which allowed the playable to attack the enemies confronted in the game in a way they desired. Writing With Jordan Mechner preoccupied with writing the story and script for The Sands of Time adaptation, he was not involved with the production of Warrior Within. Following the competition of The Sands of Time, creative director, Patrice Désilets and the original "Team PoP" begin working on a concept that would eventually become Assassin's Creed. [4] Writing duties were left to Corey G. May and Michael Wendschuh while Jean-Christophe Guyot was made Creative Director of Warrior Within. During production of Warrior Within, producer Yannis Mallat wished to address the minimal complaints garnered toward The Sands of Times regarding the "lack" of consequence the Prince faced using the Dagger of Time. The Sands of Time ended with the consequences of the Prince's actions (his father and Farah's death, the creation of the Sand Creatures) undone by the " Grand Rewind ". [17] The team working on the story of Warrior Within felt the Prince should have died because he meddled with the Sands of Time. [11] Additionally, players also felt the tone of The Sands of Time "was too lighthearted to be an action title", citing that the Prince's "heavy burden placed upon his shoulders" clashed with the tone and theme of the game. [18] [19] As such, visual, narrative and gameplay mechanics were changed to meet the complaints. Warrior Within reshapes the consequences of the Prince's actions, creating a narrative plot point that states the Prince is fated to die for tampering with the Sands of Time. The Prince must reach the Island of Time, the place where the Sands of Time were created, to prevent his predetermined death. The Prince becomes a violent, self-serving character, determined to cheat the death he was predetermined to suffer. [17] Additionally, Warrior Within opted to replace the romantic subplot of The Sands of Time with characters such as Kaileena and Shahdee, who were designed to resemble "sexed-up vixens in g-strings", which was one of the elements outside of the violence that earned the franchise its first first M-rating . [17] [18] [19] The theme of Warrior Within deals heavily in the repercussions of consequences and the idea of defying fate. [16] As a character meant to restore order to any given timeline, the Dahaka character represents the persistence of the fate the Prince wishes to escape. The Prince trained to become a master swordsman to better face his opponent on the battlefield. [16] Audio Lead Sound Designer, Johnathan Pilon presumably worked with Inon Zur , the composer and writer for the music featured in the Warrior Within. The game featured heavy guitar riffs and more music than The Sands of TIme. [11] The Nu-Metal band, Godsmack , were also featured in the game to "compliment" the "dark and mature" tone of Warrior Within. " I Stand Alone " and " Straight Out of Line " would play during combat segments of the game. [20] November 2004, it was reported that Italian actress, Monica Bellucci was cast as Kaileena. [21] [22] Noted voice actor and producer, Robin Atkin Downes , replaced Yuri Lowenthal as the Prince. [23] Ports to other Systems Prince of Persia: Warrior Within was developed as a multi-platform game, made available to all four sixth generation consoles during its initial release in November of 2004 and the PC December 2004. As with The Sands of Time, each version of Warrior Within varied depending on the console. Graphically speaking, the Xbox (the only version of the game to support a widescreen) and Nintendo GameCube featured higher resolution textures opposed to the PlayStation 2 release, which featured low resolution textures. [24] The Xbox version of Warrior Within differed from the PlayStation 2, Gamecube and PC versions by way of online content . Players could compete with other plays in time attacks and online "survival" arenas. Player scores were updated on Leaderboards provided by Xbox Live . [25] The GameCube featured a minor problem with re-positioning environmental camera; players were required to toggle the d-pad of the GameCube controller twice, going in and out of landscape mode, to fix the camera. [26] Additionally, like The Sands of Time, the GameCube version of Warrior Within suffered from low audio quality. [27] [28] The PC port of Warrior Within featured a "less intuitive" control set up for an analog controller and a combot list that would not function properly. [26] Handled Ports Main article: Prince of Persia: Revelations The PlayStation Portable version of Warrior Within was re-branded Prince of Persia: Revelations. [29] [30] The game was developed by Pipeworks Studios and and published by Ubisoft. Prince of Persia: Revelations was released on December 6, 2005 for and included additional content including four new areas not available in the original release. [29] Mobile Game June 2, 2010, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within was ported to the iPhone by Gameloft and later for the iPad , December 10, 2010. [31] [32] Compilation Releases Following the initial "end" of The Sands of Time Trilogy, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within and Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones, were featured in two "compilation" releases for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PC. The first, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Trilogy was initially released a year following the release of Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones, October 27, 2006 in Europe. [33] It was later released in the North America, January 12, 2009 on the PC. [34] November 21, 2008, all three games later were released on the Valve Corporation platform, Steam . [35] [36] [37] Prince of Persia Trilogy HD Collection [38] also included all three console games as a part of PlayStation 3's Classics HD collection. [38] The remastered collection was released on November 19, 2010 on Blu-ray in PAL regions. The Sands of Time was later released in North America as downloadable titles only for the PlayStation Network's store November 16, 2010. Prince of Persia: Warrior Within followed December 16, 2010. [39] [40] The Blu-ray version was originally planned for a March 22, 2011 release [41] , but the collection then ended up being delayed until April 19, 2011. [41] Reception Release Warrior Within was officially announced during the 2004 Electronic Entertainment Expo under the working title "Prince of Persia 2". August of 2004, a leaked list of upcoming Fall games from Nintendo [42] listed "Prince of Persia 2" as Prince of Persia: Warrior Within. The name was confirmed as official by Ubisoft September 1, 2004. [43] Ubisoft promoted Warrior Within during the Game Stars Live exhibition alongside their other upcoming titles, from September first through the fifth. [44] During the production of the game, the official website for the game went live in October of 2004. [45] In addition, a playable demo of the ship level for all versions of the Warrior Within was made available to the playing public. [45] The game was originally set for release November 15, 2004. However, Ubisoft delayed the game by two weeks, resetting its release to November 30, 2004. [46] October 6, 2004, Ubisoft announced that, beginning from October 8, 2004, that if players pre-ordered Prince of Persia: Warrior Within for any of the sixth generation consoles and PC, they would receive a thirty six page artbook . [47] [48] November 19 2004, the code for the Warrior Within was finalized and the game was certified "gold" [49] , meaning Ubisoft could prepare the game to ship for the holiday season. [50] [51] Prince of Persia: Warrior Within was released in North America November 30, 2004 for all sixth generation consoles. By December 2004, Warrior Within shipped over a 1.8 million units in two weeks. [52] Warrior Within was later released in Japan in October of 2005. [53] [54] [55] Reviews Critical reviews of Warrior Within ranged from positive to mixed. In general, GameRankings and Metacritic gave it 91.75% for the mobile version; [56] and 72.33% and 72 out of 100 for the iOS version. [57] [58] 85.57% and 83 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; [59] [60] 84.97% and 83 out of 100 for the Xbox version; [61] [62] 84.58% and 83 out of 100 for the GameCube version; [63] [64] 80.88% and 83 out of 100 for the PC version [65] [66] ; 67.92% and 65 out of 100 for the PSP version. [67] [68] It was commonly agreed among reviewers that the platforming and adventure elements of the game were equal to or exceeded those of its predecessor. [59] [61] The revamped combat system and better integration of combat sequences into the gameplay were also praised [64] [66] , although a review of the GameCube version by GameSpy found the combat and platforming in the game "still uninteresting". [69] Warrior Within also contained more content than The Sands of Time, taking anywhere from 15–20 hours to complete. [28] Positives Tyler Minarik of PlayStation Lifestyle reviewed the game, stating that, "Despite Sands of Time having some of the best narrative and plot points in the series, the next entry, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within makes large improvements in just about every other facet of the game. Warrior Within introduces us to a desperate, angry Prince, who has spent the seven years after the conclusion of Sands of Time being chased by an unstoppable monster, known as the Dahaka." [70] Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox version four stars, "The prince has gone from an "Aladdin"-style teenager to a grim, angry young adult. He's even more beautifully drawn than before, and this year's installment adds a much better combat system." [71] The Sydney Morning Herald gave the game four stars out of five, saying, "Exploring the labyrinthine citadel is rewarding, although backtracking and frequent deaths can be frustrating." [72] Criticisms Prince of Persia: Warrior Within was a stylistic departure from Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. Most criticism of the game centered around this departure, as the core platforming gameplay is virtually untouched. While The Sands of Time was met with critical acclaim, its sales were considered lackluster by the company. Ubisoft revamped the appearance of the series for a "broader appeal" [34] , which increased sales, but decreased general opinion. GameSpot criticized the game's uneven difficulty progression and numerous glitches and bugs . [28] In a review by PC World Canada , Warrior Within was ranked it as the ninth worst game of all time. [73] During the production of Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Jordan Mechner explained that the Prince was designed in a manner in which the character would differ from the typical muscle-bound protagonist and would rely more on his athletic abilities to solve puzzles and navigate dangerous terrain. [74] [note 1] Additionally the Prince's affable and sarcastic attitude was a marker of his personality. In Warrior Within, the Prince has become an "anti-hero" branded with tattoos. He cares only for himself and is overly violent and aggressive. [75] When attacked by Shahdee in the first level, the Prince calls her a "Bitch". [76] As the Sand Wraith, when the Dahaka chases the Wraith out of the library, the Prince hopes for the deity's death and calls him a "Bastard". In a December 2005 interview with Wired Magazine covering the grievances of developers who dislike changes made in games they created, Jordan Mechner stated that, "I'm not a fan of the artistic direction, or the violence that earned it an M rating. The story, character, dialog, voice acting, and visual style were not to my taste". [77] Jordan Mechners absence in the game's production was a likely reason for the drastic changes in aesthetic, theme and characterization. Ubisoft explained that the drastic changes to the character were meant to be a marker of his and the game's maturity, that the being stalked by the Dahaka for seven years led to his darker personality. [15] The team developing the game agreed with the sentiment that the Prince faced no consequences for releasing the Sands of Time and wished to create game exploring that element. [11] [15] In the Gameboy Advanced game, Battles of Prince of Persia, the death of his mother Mehri , was meant to be a contributing factor in his darker turn, however, she never mentioned in the core game for games proceeding Warrior Within. Penny Arcade parodied the Prince's more aggressive and Gothic character in a comic strip, that believed he was reduced to a "cookie cutter brooding tough guy with zero personality." [78] [79] Other arguments against Prince of Persia: Warrior Within and its changes compared to the The Sands of Time, was reduction of character interaction. The Prince has no companion and travels through the Island of Time on his own. He only interacts with Kaileena during cinematics and kills Shahdee early on in the game. Similarly, there were complaints against increased levels of blood and violence in Prince of Persia: Warrior Within. In The Sands of Time, the player fought Sand Creatures who were devoid of human biology and unable to bleed. In Warrior Within the Sand Creatures fought by the Prince bleed when they are struck or cut in half. The New York Times reviewed the game, stating that, "The tone of the game has gone from an Arabian Nights fantasy to something akin to a Marilyn Manson music video. In dark and grimy settings, the once gallant prince curses and jeers as he swings his sword at demons whose decapitations are lovingly shown in slow motion to a soundtrack of screeching guitars." [80] Another complaint against Warrior Within was the absence of " Persian -influenced music" from The Sands of Time. In it's place, primarily during combat, was a Nu-Metal -influenced soundtrack. The game's main musical leitmotif is Godsmack's "I Stand Alone" (a song known for its inclusion in the film, The Scorpion King ) and "Straight Out Of Line" is used in the credits. Kaileena and Shahdee's design made them the target of criticisms of sexual objectification of female characters. Kaileena and Shahdee are presented in the game wearing explicitly revealing clothing and armor, their bodies are exploited or empathized during their interactions with the Prince. [81] [note 2] Eurogamer and Gamasutra notes that the game lost much of its charm by making the game's visuals grimier, the story less involving and mature compared to Sands of Time, and the addition of blood and scantily-clad female characters was in poor taste. [76] [82] [note 3] Kaileena was designed by Ubisoft developers to be a sexually alluring. She wears a revealing red outfit akin to that of a monokini , adorned with two belts and long red cloth covering her lower back half and scarf-esque drapery around her arms. During most in-game and cinematic scenes between herself and the Prince, emphasis is placed her upper body. [83] [note 4] Where Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time featured suggestive themes and mild sexuality between Farah and the Prince, Prince of Persia: Warrior Within contained an explicit, but awkwardly animated scene of sexual content between the Prince and Kaileena. [84] [81] Shahdee's armor is counted among the numerous female characters in video games designed with impractical armor. [85] [86] In particular, her armor has been criticized for being little more than a "metal thong" that provides no protection for her body. [87] Her introduction in the opening cinematic focuses not on Shahdee but her exposed bottom. [88] [89] During the final boss battle with Shahdee, the warrior will taunt the Prince with by slapping her bottom repeatedly until her life bar is severely depleted. [90] Video Notes ↑ Jordan Mechner: "We always knew he was going to be a really agile, acrobatic kind of guy. He's not muscle bound, he's more of a kind of clever trickster." ↑ "Again, let us not forget that this inability does not extend to "sexy" and "mature" content as can be found in such laudable titles as Warrior Within and The Witcher, games whose "mature" sexual explorations often fell flat on their faces." ↑ "Then we go to the Warrior Within. Where the Prince is now wearing body armor and the first female shown is wearing a chain mail breastplate and a thong. Somewhere I think the wires got crossed with that decision. From the article, it talked about how it's ok to dress female characters to be seductive when the time is right. I highly doubt someone entering a giant battle would decide to wear nothing but a bra to cover her chest." ↑ "I'm not offended by Kaileena's breasts, it's just that they remind me of everything that was wrong with Prince of Persia: The Warrior Within. Here's a tip for anyone writing video games (or indeed producing any other kind of art): Darkness does not equal depth, unless you're talking about depth of cleavage." References	Video game
The advertising slogan for what company was "When it absolutely, positively, has to be there overnight"?	Prince Of Persia PRINCE OF PERSIA Screen Story by JORDAN MECHNER Based on the Video Game Series PRINCE OF PERSIA Created by JORDAN MECHNER Produced by JERRY BRUCKHEIMER Director of Photography JOHN SEALE, ACS, ASC Production Designed by WOLF KROEGER Film Editors MICHAEL KAHN, A C E MICK AUDSLEY MARTIN WALSH, A C E Costume Designer PENNY ROSE Visual Effects Supervisor TOM WOOD Music by HARRY GREGSON-WILLIAMS Unit Production Managers PATRICK MCCORMICK ERIC MCLEOD First Assistant Director SIMON WARNOCK Associate Producer PAT SANDSTON Unit Production Manager SARAH BRADSHAW Key Second Assistant Director SALLIE HARD 2nd Unit Director/Director of Photography ALEXANDER WITT Creature Concept CRASH MCCREERY Hassansin Leader GISLI ORN GARDARSSON Hassansin Porcupine CLAUDIO PACIFICO Hassansin Whip Man THOMAS DUPONT Hassansin Giant Scimitar DAVID POPE Hassansin Double-Bladed Halberd DOMONKOS PARDANYI Hassansin Long Razor MASSIMILANO UBALDI Hassansin Grenade Man FURDIK VLADIMIR Regent of Alamut CHRISTOPHER GREET Young Dastan WILLIAM FOSTER Young Bis ELLIOT JAMES NEALE Persian Captain SELVA RASALINGHAM Young Guardian Girl DAISY DOIDGE-HILL King Sharaman (Boy) CHARLIE BANKS Nizam (Boy) JESSE MATHEWS Bloodied Alamut Soldier ROHAN SIVA Head Servant DIMITRI ANDREAS Garsivï¿½s Lieutenant JOSEPH BEDELEM Rafa RACHID ABBAD Taminaï¿½s Maid Servant FARZANA DUA ELAHE Mughal Sultan AZIZ EL KIBACHI General SIMON DE SELVA Co-Stunt Coordinator - Mor STEPHEN POPE Co-Fight Coordinators THOMAS DUPONT Parkour Double Dastan MARK FICHERA Dastan Stunt Double BOBBY HOLLAND HANTON Tamina Stunt Double JO MCLAREN Dastan Stunt Riding Double EDUARDO GAGO MUNOZ Tamina Stunt Riding Double GUIOMAR ALONSO SANCHEZ Sheikh Amar & King Sharamanï¿½ Stunt Riding Double ALVARO QUIROGA GUADILLA Young Dastan Double MARC MAILLEY Young Bis Double DAVID HOLMES 1 Stunt Riders JUAN DIEGO MONTOYA GARCIA RAMON JIMENEZ MONTOYA Sheikh Amar Double/Core 1 DANIEL NAPROUS Bis Double/Core 1 MAREK TOTH Amarï¿½s Men 2/Core 1 MAURICE LEE Hassansin Leader Double /Core 1 TOMAS EREMINAS Nizam Double/Core 1 BRANISLAV MARTINAK King Sharaman Double/Core 2 MARCO STEFANELLI Amarï¿½s Men 1/Core 1 JASON HUNJAN Amarï¿½s Men 3/Garsiv Double/Core 1 BRUCE CAIN Stunt Perf/Core 1 TAD GRIFFITH Stunt Perf/Core 1 RICK LE FEVOUR Amarï¿½s Men 4/Core 1 RICHARD HANSEN Amarï¿½s Men 5/Core 1 CEDRIC PROUST Parkour Choreographer DAVID BELLE Supervising Art Director - Morocco JONATHAN MCKINSTRY Supervising Art Director - UK GARY FREEMAN Art Directors LESLIE TOMKINS Art Directors - Morocco PIERLUIGI BASILE MARK SWAIN Art Directors - UK DAVID ALLDAY MARC HOMES VFX Art Director TINO SCHAEDLER Standby Art Director SU WHITAKER Assistant Art Director - Morocco DIMITRI CAPUANI Assistant Art Directors PETER DORME GUY BRADLEY Senior Set Designer PETER DORME Senior Digital Set Designer OLIVER ZELLER Set Designers DANIELA GIOVANNONI Digital Concept Artist KIM FREDERIKSEN Concept Artists JULIAN CALDOW Assistant Costume Designers TIMOTHY JOHN NORSTER MARGIE FORTUNE Costume Supervisor - Ouarzazate CLARE SPRAGGE Costume Coordinator SARAH ROBINSON Wardrobe Master - UK ADAM ROACH Set Costumers PHILIP GOLDSWORTHY Set Costumers - Morocco BEAU DESMOND JIMMY JAY Supervising Principle Costumer Armourer SIMON BRINDLE Make-Up Designer SALLIE JAYE Make-Up Artist to Jake Gyllenhaal REBECCA LAFFORD Make-Up Artist to Sir Ben Kingsley ANN BUCHANAN Crowd Supervisors CHRISTINE WHITNEY Chief Prosthetic Make-Up Artist DAVID WHITE Assistant Prosthetic Make-Up Artist JOSH WESTON Hair Designer JAN ARCHIBALD Hair Dresser to Jake Gyllenhaal NICOLA CLARKE Hair Dresser to Gemma Arterton BEA ARCHER Hair Dressers MARC PILCHER 1st Assistant Camera STEVEN BURGESS DAVID COZENS 2nd Assistant Camera MICHELLE PIZANIS CHRIS CLARKE Location Manager ALEXANDER MICHAEL WILLIAM SHARP Location Manager SIMON CROOK Location Manager - Morocco CHRISTIAN MCWILLIAMS Executive in Charge of Production for JBF MELISSA REID 2 Post Production Supervisor TAMI R GOLDMAN Post Production Coordinator DAPHNE LAMBRINOU US Editorial ï¿½ Associate Editor PATRICK CRANE Assistant Editors SARAH BROSHAR Post Production Assistant JASON FIELDS UK Editorial ï¿½ VFX Editor DEREK BURGESS VFX Assistant Editor SIMON DAVIS 1st Assistant Editors MATTHEW TUCKER PANI AHMADI-MOORE Post Production Assistant ANDREW SAMUELS Supervising Sound Editor GEORGE WATTERS II Supervising Sound Editor/Designer TIM NIELSEN Re-Recording Mixers KEVIN Oï¿½CONNELL BEAU BORDERS Sound Effects Editors JACK WHITTAKER BRENT BURGE Supervising Dialogue Editor TERI E DORMAN Dialogue Editors DAVID ARNOLD Supervising ADR Editor DANIEL LAURIE ADR Editor BJORN OLE SCHROEDER Supervising Foley Editor VICTORIA MARTIN Foley Editors MATTHEW HARRISON Assistant Sound Designer DEE SELBY Assistant Sound Editors DOUGLAS PARKER ROB KILLICK Foley by ONE STEP UP, INC Foley Artists DAN Oï¿½CONNELL JOHN CUCCI ADR Voice Casting BRENDAN DONNISON Re-Recording Services Provided by TODD-AO Mix Tech STEVE SCHATZ Best Boy - UK STEPHEN ROBERTS Key Grip TOMMASO MELE Best Boy Grip MASSIMILIANO DESSENA ï¿½Aï¿½ Camera Dolly Grip CLAUDIO DEL GOBBO ï¿½Bï¿½ Camera Dolly Grip MASSIMO RINELLA Property Master DAVID BALFOUR Assistant Property Master JOHN WELLS Armourer RICHARD HOOPER Special Effects Supervisor TREVOR WOOD Assistant SFX Supervisor TREVOR NEIGHBOUR Make-Up Prosthetics ALTERED STATES FX Production Manager - UK MARIANNE JENKINS Production Coordinator DONALD SABOURIN Assistant Production Coordinators THOMAS FORBES JOANNA WALLETT 2nd Assistant Directors WILLIAM DODDS RICHARD GOODWIN 2nd 2nd Assistant Director DAVID PINKUS 3rd Assistant Director JAE SUNG OH HANNAH BROWN 3rd Assistant Director - Morocco DARWIN BROOKS Set PAs ANGUS WATTS Executive Assistant to Mr Bruckheimer JILL WEISS Assistants to Mr Bruckheimer JESSICA JADRON DAN CAMINS Assistant to Mr Stenson PAUL LYONS Assistant to Mr Oman TARA AHAMED Assistants to Ms Reid LAUREN KENNEY KATY ROZELLE Assistant to Mr McCormick BERENICE PERCIVAL Assistant to Mr McLeod JAMI CHAN Assistant to Mr Gyllenhaal IZZY HYAMS Assistant to Mr Kingsley TODD HOFACKER Jake Gyllenhaal Personal Trainer SIMON WATERSON Gemma Arterton Personal Trainer NATALIE NICOLL Construction Manager - Morocco JOHN MAHER Construction Manager - UK BRIAN NEIGHBOUR Construction Coodinator - UK NANCY SCOTT Head Scenic Artist JAMES GEMMILL Scenic Artist ROY MONK 1st Aassistsnt Accountant JODY BEAUDIN Location Accountants CLAIRE ROBERTSON Assistant Accountants ï¿½ Morocco SANDRA YEARY FIONA MCLAREN Assistant Accountants ï¿½ UK BECKY MAXWELL JACKIE GILBEY Transport Coordinator - Morocco GERRY GORE Transport Manager - UK PHIL ALLCHIN L A Casting Associate CHARLEY MEDIGOVICH Casting Assistant KIRSTY KINNEAR Animals Provided by BIRDS & ANIMALS, UK Animal Coordinator GILL RADDINGS Horse Master RICARDO CRUZ MORAL Lead Horse Trainer HERNAN ORTIZ REDONDO Assistant to Horse Master DONOVAN LIBRING Horse Master - UK STEVE DENT Ostrich Head Trainer BILL RIVERS Ostrich Additional Trainer JENNIFER HENDERSON AHA Representative - Morocco GINA JOHNSON AHA Representatives - UK MARISA BELLIS DANIELLE MACDONALD Health and Safety Advisor DOUGLAS YATES Health and Safety Advisor - Morocco SIMON HARPER Health and Safety Advisors - UK MICK HURREL ANDY CLARK Caterer/Craft Services - Morocco FOR STARS CATERING Caterer/Craft Services - UK CREW CATERING CREW Music Consultant KATHY NELSON Additional Music by HALLI CAUTHERY Music Editors RICHARD WHITFIELD BOOKER WHITE, WALT DISNEY MUSIC LIBRARY Score Recorded and Mixed by PETER COBBIN Score Recorded and Mixed at ABBEY ROAD STUDIOS, LONDON Musician Contractor ISOBEL GRIFFITHS Concert Master PERRY MONTAGUE MASON Choir Master CHRIS FOSTER for the APOLLO VOICES Featured Musicians MARTIN TILLMAN ï¿½ ELECTRIC CELLO HUGH MARSH ï¿½ ELECTRIC VIOLIN TONY MORALES ï¿½ OUD & ELECTRIC GUITAR ANTHONY LLEDO ï¿½ SITAR & ELECTRIC GUITAR HANDS ONï¿½SEMBLE ï¿½ ETHNIC PERCUSSION KHOSRO ANSARI ï¿½ VOCALS Additional Arrangements by ANTHONY LLEDO & MATTHEW MARGESON Additional Programming HYBRID AND TOBY CHU Assistant Engineers COSTA KOTSELAS DI Color and Dailies by ASCENT 142 Digital Colorist STEFAN SONNENFELD Digital On-Line Editor EMILY GREENWOOD Digital Intermediate Head of Department PATRICK MALONE Digital Intermediate Producers MARIE FERNANDES ROB FARRIS Digital Film Technical Supervisor LAURENT TREHERNE Digital Intermediate Assistant AURORA SHANNON Negative Cutter WALT DISNEY STUDIOS NEGATIVE CUTTING, MARY BETH SMITH 1st Assistant Director ROBERT GRAYSON 2nd Assistant Director STEWART HAMILTON 3rd Assistant Director RAY KENNY Key Set PA - Morocco RICK BROWN Key Set PAs - UK SAM ROOK EMMA MCGETTRICK 1st Assistant Camera JEM RAYNER 2nd Assistant Camera BEN PLANT Set Costumers CAROLINE HICKMAN Best Boy - Morocco MARCO STICCHI Best Boy - UK TERRY MONTAGUE Key Grip - Morocco CARLO POSTIGLIONE Key Grip - UK DAVE APPLEBY Best Boy Grip - Morocco MARCELLO TROIANI Dolly Grip - Morocco FRANCESCO BIAONI Dolly Grips - UK JIM CROWTHER MALCOLM HUSE Chief Hair Artist NATASHA ALLEGRO VFX Accountant GINNETTE WILSON Chief Make-Up Artist MARILYN MCDONALD Unit Nurse MARTINIO BOLGER Video Assistant - Morocco BRYCE SHIELDS Video Assist - UK JOHN BOWMAN AERIAL UNIT Line Producer - Morocco KARIM ABOUOBAYD Production Coordinator HIND HANIF Production Accountant SANA EL KILALI Animals Facilitators ZAKARIA LAHLALI 1st Assistant Director NOUREDDINE ABERDINE 2nd Assistant Director MUSTAPHA GRUMIJ 2nd 2nd Assistant Director LATIFA NAOURI 3rd Assistant Directors RACHID DOUHA MEHDI EL KHAOUDY Costume Supervisor ZINEB EL IDRISSI MENDILI Key Grip ABDELAZIZ BIZZI Moroccan Head Hair Stylist ZAINEB BENDOULA Moroccan Head Make-Up Artist NAZHA AOUIS Location Managers KHALID BOULASRI Location Manager - Ouarzazate DRISS GAIDI Doctor HOUDA JABRANE Doctor - Ouarzazate MLY EL MUSTAPHA OIKIL Morocco Props Supervisor AHMED ABOUNOUOM (JIMMY) Moroccan Props Coordinator NAZHA KAJJA Sound Assistant NOURDINE ZAOUI Transport Coordinator MOHAMED HICHAM REGRAGUI Transport Captains JALAL AZIZ Transport Coordinator Assistant MOUNIR DINE Transportation Captain - Ouarzazate EL MAHJOUB NAJMA Production Services DUNE FILMS S A R L VISUAL EFFECTS Visual Effects Producer SHARON LARK VFX Production Manager VICTORIA MCDOWELL VFX Coordinators ANNA PANTON VFX Set Coordinator SUSAN LUCIANI KANE VFX Assistant Coordinator RICHARD WILSON PIERS CLIFTON Post Visualization Artist MATTHEW TINSLEY Lead Data Wrangler FELIX POMERANZ Lead Data Wrangler (2nd Unit) MIKE WOODHEAD Data Wranglers GILES HARDING Visual Effects by DOUBLE NEGATIVE VFX Supervisor MICHAEL ELLIS EUGï¿½NIE VON TUNZELMANN PIETER WARMINGTON 2D Prep Lead OLIVER ATHERTON Matte Painter TIMOTHY WARNOCK Dagger Time Previs CHRISTOPHER LENTZ NIGEL RAFTER Dagger Time R&D OLIVER JAMES TED WAINE Visual Effects by THE MOVING PICTURE COMPANY VFX Supervisor STEPHANE CERETTI VFX Production Manager SABRINA SCALFARI VFX Photographer JAMES KELLY Lead Digital Environment MARCELL NAGY OLIVIER PRON Digital Environment Artists MARCO ROLANDI YANICK BOURGIE Visual Effects Supervisor BEN MORRIS Visual Effects Producer RICHARD GRAHAM CG Supervisor ANDY KIND Visual Effects Art Director KEVIN JENKINS Effects Supervisor CIARAN DEVINE Visual Effects Line Producer CLARE HOWELL Animators VINCENT AUPETIT Lead Effects Artists ALEX ROTHWELL RANGI SUTTON Digital Matte Painters PAUL CHANDLER DAMIEN MACE Visual Effects Coordinators DANIELLE MORLEY KATY MUMMERY Visual Effects Editors ILONA BLYTH TUREA BLYTH Model & Texture Artists LAURENT CORDIER ADAM DEWHIRST Lead Crowd TD JANE LISA WILD Senior TDs MICHELE SCIOLETTE Digital Matte Painting Supervisor SEVENDALINO KHAY Digital Matte Painters ROGER GIBBON CYRILLE NOMBERG Visual Effects by PEERLESS CAMERA COMPANY, LONDON Visual Effects Supervisor JOHN PAUL DOCHERTY Visual Effects Producer DIANE KINGSTON Senior Visual Effects Coordinator LAURA FITZPATRICK Head of 3D DITCH DOY Lead TD PATRICK LEDDA Digital Matte Painter JIM BOWERS Digital Paint Artists STELLA AMPATZI MARTIN BODY Visual Effects by BAIN VFX Digital Compositors RICHARD BAIN Compositors PATRICK Oï¿½CASEY HASRAF DULULL Insert Shoot RSA FILMS LTD LUKE SCOTT ï¿½I Remainï¿½ Written by Alanis Morissette and Mike Elizondo Strings Arranged by Bruce Fowler Produced by Mike Elizondo Written and performed by Azam Ali and Loga Ramin Torkian 8 American Humane monitored the animal action. (AHAD 01741) Filmed in Part at Pinewood Studios In Memory of Tomi Pierce Filmed with Domestic Prints by DELUXEï¿½ International Prints by TECHNICOLORï¿½ Lighting Equipment Copyright ï¿½2010 DISNEY ENTERPRISES, INC. AND JERRY BRUCKHEIMER, INC. For the purposes of United Kingdom copyright, Disney Enterprises, Inc. was the owner of copyright in this film immediately after it was made. JERRY BRUCKHEIMER FILMSï¿½, JERRY BRUCKHEIMER FILMS Tree Logoï¿½, and JERRY BRUCKHEIMER FILMS Moving Image Designï¿½ are all trademarks. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use is prohibited. WALT DISNEY STUDIOS MOTION PICTURES 9 Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films present ï¿½Prince of Persia: the Sands of Time,ï¿½ an epic action-adventure set in the mystical lands of Persia A rogue prince named Dastan (Jake Gyllenhaal) reluctantly joins forces with a mysterious princess Tamina (Gemma Arterton) and together, they race against dark forces to safeguard an ancient dagger capable of releasing the Sands of Timeï¿½a gift from the gods that can reverse time and allow its possessor to rule the world Directed by Mike Newell (ï¿½Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fireï¿½) with a cast that includes Sir Ben Kingsley and Alfred Molina, and a screenplay by Boaz Yakin and Doug Miro & Carlo Bernard from a screen story by Jordan Mechner, ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ hits theaters Memorial Day weekend 2010 The executive producers are Mike Stenson, Chad Oman, John August, Jordan Mechner, Patrick McCormick and Eric McLeod The associate producer is Pat Sandston The extraordinary behind-the-scenes artists include Academy Awardï¿½winning (and four-time nominee) director of photography John Seale (ï¿½The English Patient,ï¿½ ï¿½Harry Potter and the Sorcererï¿½s Stone,ï¿½ ï¿½The Perfect Stormï¿½), production designer Wolf Kroeger (ï¿½The Last of the Mohicans,ï¿½ï¿½Enemy at the Gatesï¿½), costume designer Penny Rose (ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ trilogy), and film editors Michael Kahn (three-time Oscarï¿½ winner for ï¿½Raiders of the Lost Ark,ï¿½ï¿½Schindlerï¿½s Listï¿½ and ï¿½Saving Private Ryanï¿½), Martin Walsh (Academy Award winner for ï¿½Chicagoï¿½) and Mick Audsley (Newellï¿½s ï¿½Mona Lisa Smileï¿½ and ï¿½Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fireï¿½) The visual effects supervisor is Tom Wood (ï¿½Sunshineï¿½), special effects supervisor is Trevor Wood (Oscar winner for ï¿½The Golden Compassï¿½), and stunt coordinator George Aguilar (ï¿½American Gangster,ï¿½ï¿½Die Another Day,ï¿½ Newellï¿½s ï¿½Donnie Brascoï¿½) The second unit director/director of photography is Alexander Witt (ï¿½Robin Hood,ï¿½ ï¿½The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3ï¿½) and the composer is Harry Gregson- Williams (ï¿½The Chronicles of Narniaï¿½ trilogy, ï¿½Kingdom of Heavenï¿½) THE STORY Filmmakers Take Jordan Mechnerï¿½s Exotic World to New Heights ï¿½We love bringing audiences into new worlds they havenï¿½t yet explored,ï¿½says producer Jerry Bruckheimer, ï¿½and ancient Persia is one of the most wonderful of them all It has such a rich heritage of imagination and fantasy, and weï¿½ve tried to honor that in ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ï¿½We tackle epic films, from ï¿½Armageddonï¿½to ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean,ï¿½and ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½falls right in line with those kinds of movies Itï¿½s got enormous imagination, enormous scope and phenomenal action ï¿½ Jordan Mechner created his seminal ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½video game in 1989 ï¿½I was looking for a universe that hadnï¿½t yet been done in video games,ï¿½ says Mechner ï¿½The early days of video games were like the early days of cinema We looked to previously established genres, like sword-and-sorcery and science fiction, to find things that would work in this new medium ï¿½ Adds director Mike Newell: ï¿½I love the idea of it being a living myth that you are watching This is a story thatï¿½s absolutely real and extraordinaryï¿½a non-rational, non-physical universe as we now understand it These things happen in this film ï¿½ It wasnï¿½t Dastanï¿½s birthright to become a princeï¿½it was his destiny As a boy in 6th century Persiaï¿½one of the greatest empires the world has ever knownï¿½ young Dastan is a street urchin, parentless and penniless Threatened with severe punishment by a Persian Army captain after defending a youngster caught stealing an apple, Dastan is first spared, and then adopted, by the noble King Sharaman, who detects a touch of greatness in Dastan Raised alongside Sharamanï¿½s sons Tus (Richard Coyle) and Garsiv (Toby Kebbell), and taught the ways of wisdom and nobility by his adoptive father and beloved uncle, Nizam (Kingsley), Dastan retains his rough edges while growing into a strong young warrior ï¿½What appealed to me about the story is the notion that everybody has great potential,ï¿½ says Kingsley ï¿½And this is where I thought it 10 would be a very affirming film, particularly for young peopleï¿½to realize that whilst you might be a child of the streets, it doesnï¿½t mean that your potential is any less than that of a child from the palace Our film is an examination of the potential of a child coming into adulthood, and the choices he has ï¿½ Dastan, driven to prove his worth, leads the attack on Alamut, a peaceful holy city which is reported by spies to be hording weapons that are supplied to Persiaï¿½s enemies But in fact, Alamut holds a much deeper and greater treasureï¿½the legendary Sands of Time, which gives mortals the ability to turn back time Dastan comes into possession of an ancient glass-handled dagger, the key to accessing the Sands of Time, but King Sharaman is assassinated and Dastan is accused of the crime Now on the run and desperate to clear his name, Dastan finds himself in an uneasy alliance with Tamina, a feisty young Alamut princess whose family has guarded the Sands of Time for centuries, and who will do whatever it takes to protect it Dastan and Tamina, who are like oil and water from the start, are challenged to survive the unforgiving desert and some even more unforgiving enemiesï¿½from the wily Sheikh Amar (Molina) and master African knife thrower Seso (Steve Toussaint) to the deadly attempts of the Hassansinsï¿½ each one trained to kill with their own lethal techniques It will take all of Dastanï¿½s bravery and fighting skills, as well as Taminaï¿½s cunning, in order to uncover the one truly responsible for the kingï¿½s death, and for him to discover the nobility that truly lies within According to Gyllenhaal, the filmmakers had an interesting perspective about the filmï¿½s fantasy backdrop ï¿½It was Mike Newell and Jerry Bruckheimerï¿½s initial and brilliant idea that this film be based in reality Mike said, ï¿½I want this movie to be based in the mentality of sixth-century Persia, where they believed in fantasy becoming reality, that you could find a dagger that could turn back time and have no doubt in the possibility of that happening because thatï¿½s what they would have believed back then ï¿½ï¿½ At a time when European civilization was but a dim gleam on humanityï¿½s horizon, mighty Persia was creating great cities and buildings throughout its vast and mighty empire: Persepolis, Baghdad, Susa, Pasargadae, Arg-ï¿½ Bam, Isfahan The Persian Empire at its height stretched from the Euphrates in the west to the Indus River in the east, and from the Caucasus, Caspian, and Aral seas in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south In addition to Iran itself, the empire included what are now the modern nations of Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the eastern parts of Turkey and Iraq and their surrounding regions Two great works of Persian literature greatly influenced Mechner: the Shahnameh, a massive work written by the great poet Ferdowsi in approximately 1000 AD and considered to be the national epic of Iran, and One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of stories dating back to the ninth century that incorporated ancient Persian, Middle Eastern and Indian folktales and legends Mechner recognized that he could build an alternative world based upon the historical realities of ancient Persia, creating new mythologies about a culture that had created so many of its own fantasies for thousands of years Mechner created a protagonist who defied gravity with his acrobatic acumen, yet remained governed by the laws of physics and human capability ï¿½With ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½I wanted to create a character that felt like flesh and bloodï¿½like if he missed the jump, it would really hurt,ï¿½ he says Mechner was not only creating a character who leapt from one precipice to another; the young video-game genius was also taking a giant leap himself, seeking new technologies to bring his world of ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ to life as fully as possible ï¿½The world of the ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½video game was fascinating,ï¿½says executive producer Mike Stenson ï¿½It had a wonderful fantasy aspect about it, and the Sands of Time element introduced in the 2003 game was perfect for the big screen We felt that we should have elements of the game, but, just as we did with ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean,ï¿½ develop our own story, taking off from what was given us But we think weï¿½re being true to Jordan Mechnerï¿½s vision of the game ï¿½ Newell was, of course, tapped to direct the big screenï¿½s ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ï¿½ Says Bruckheimer, ï¿½Mike can do just about any kind of movie, from ï¿½Four Weddings and a Funeral,ï¿½ which is a dramatic comedy, to ï¿½Donnie Brasco,ï¿½ a hard-edged, gritty street movie And then he goes and does ï¿½Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire,ï¿½ which had just the right blend of adventure and mystical fantasy that we were looking for Mike has a really wonderful palette that he paints from, and thatï¿½s very important to us We want an entertaining film that appeals to a broad audience, but also something special, that concentrates on character and story ï¿½ 11 ï¿½The more exquisite, the more dark, the more agonized, the more true to our fallible human natures a film can beï¿½thatï¿½s a good Brit picture,ï¿½says Newell ï¿½But lately, Iï¿½ve been really interested in great, big entertainmentï¿½ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½is exactly thatï¿½great, big entertainmentï¿½and Iï¿½m very pleased to have it ï¿½ THE MAKINGS OF AN ACTION HERO Jack Gyllenhaal Leads a Powerful Cast What qualities make a hero? The role of Dastan required an actor who could be multi-layered: dashing in the classic-movie mode; wily, with a sense of raffish fun; burdened with the underlying gravitas of poverty; and driven to become a better man Jake Gyllenhaal had already demonstrated his serious acting chops in such films as David Fincherï¿½s ï¿½Zodiac,ï¿½ Sam Mendesï¿½ ï¿½Jarheadï¿½ and Ang Leeï¿½s ï¿½Brokeback Mountain,ï¿½ which brought Gyllenhaal an Academy Awardï¿½ nomination and a BAFTA Award ï¿½Jake Gyllenhaal is an actor that Iï¿½ve been watching and wanted to work with for a very long time,ï¿½ says producer Jerry Bruckheimer ï¿½Heï¿½s a wonderful actor, exceedingly handsome and a great gentleman Jake is also incredibly dedicated He did an amazing job training himself for ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½ putting on an enormous amount of muscleï¿½fight training, sword-fighting, parkour training, horse-riding And he continued to work out and train every single day of the more than 100-day shoot ï¿½ Adds director Mike Newell: ï¿½Jake has a man-of-the-people quality Heï¿½s curious, open, gentle, very tough, and has great comic abilities, and in ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½he uses all of that I saw pretty much everything he had made and thought him a marvelous actor, with terrific charisma But what I didnï¿½t know about Jake was that he would be an absolutely God-given action hero He can fight, hold a sword, run, clamber, jump and ride a horse as if he were glued to the back of it And that I didnï¿½t expect Itï¿½s no small thing ï¿½ Gyllenhaal also received a ringing endorsement from the man who created the prince: Jordan Mechner ï¿½Any time you have a character that an audience has connected to through another medium, whether itï¿½s a novel or a video game, people are going to have strong feelings about it,ï¿½ says Mechner ï¿½But I think that if you have a good actor and a good movie, then after the first minute itï¿½s no longer an issue I think Jake is a fantastic choice for the role Once you see him in costume and in action, you have no doubt that he is a prince in sixth- century Persia Heï¿½s strong, heroic, humorous, sensitive and vulnerable, and you have no doubt heï¿½s going to do the right thing ï¿½ When offered the role by Bruckheimer and Newell, Gyllenhaal was overwhelmed by the sheer scope of the project ï¿½ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½was just so different from anything that I had been involved in,ï¿½says Gyllenhaal ï¿½I thought that creating an iconic character like Dastan could be both fun and a huge challenge Iï¿½ve always loved movies in which the hero has the capability to do almost anything, but still be a human being, and not a superman ï¿½The development of the character was massively physical at first,ï¿½ Gyllenhaal continues, ï¿½getting in shape and learning parkour, sword-fighting and the mentality of a warrior I knew that if I got through that, Iï¿½d be halfway there And when it was decided that Dastan would speak in a standard British accent to be consistent with the rest of the performers, I worked hard at that as well with a dialect coach named Barbara Berkery ï¿½ After a worldwide search, Gemma Arterton was summoned by to star as Tamina in ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ï¿½ï¿½Gemma is a wonderful young actress whom we found in Londonï¿½a recent graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts,ï¿½ says Bruckheimer ï¿½She had a small part in ï¿½Quantum of Solace,ï¿½ and we cast her before that picture hit the big screen, so we feel very fortunate that we got in on the ground floor, because sheï¿½s been turning a lot of heads ever since the Bond film was released Gemma is going to be a really big star ï¿½ Adds Newell: ï¿½What I loved about her is thatï¿½and long may she retain the qualityï¿½ Gemma has none of those layers of artifice, defense and arrogance that build up in a young actor who quickly becomes successful ï¿½ ï¿½The scale of it, creating a new world on-screenï¿½something thatï¿½s never been done beforeï¿½and the action, were really exciting to me,ï¿½Arterton says ï¿½Iï¿½ve always wanted to do an action movie and kind of fancied myself as a bit of a stunt girl When I first heard about the film, though, I never thought Iï¿½d get it I hadnï¿½t yet doneï¿½Quantum of Solace,ï¿½so being cast in an even bigger film was a far-fetched idea 12 ï¿½Sheï¿½s a great character for me to play,ï¿½ Arterton continues, ï¿½because Tamina is more than a typical action figure Sheï¿½s spiritual, very wise, thoughtful and sensitive as well The most beautiful thing about Tamina is that sheï¿½s a character with faith and really believes in what sheï¿½s trying to do But she also gives the guys a run for their money and really kicks some butt ï¿½ Filmmakers called on Ben Kingsley to portray Dastanï¿½s uncle, Nizam, the brother of Dastanï¿½s adoptive father, King Sharaman ï¿½You always try to populate your film with fantastic actors,ï¿½ says Bruckheimer ï¿½And when you get somebody like Sir Ben Kingsley, youï¿½re very fortunate to be able to entice him to do the project He was, in every way, the perfect choice to play Nizam ï¿½ Veteran actor Alfred Molina was enlisted to play Sheikh Amar ï¿½Heï¿½s a sort of roguish opportunist,ï¿½ says Molina of the character ï¿½He really doesnï¿½t care whether he breaks the law Heï¿½s quite dangerous at times Sheikh Amar describes himself as an entrepreneur His methods are unusual, unconventional, and heï¿½s basically a thief But although he starts off as sort of a bad guy, Sheikh Amar becomes a reluctant ally of Dastan, and in the end, they join up and have the same quest, although for very different reasons ï¿½ A coterie of fine British actors round out the cast, including Richard Coyle and Toby Kebbell as Dastanï¿½s brothers, the troubled Tus and militant Garsiv; Steve Toussaint as the imposing African warrior Seso; Ronald Pickup as Dastanï¿½s beloved adoptive father, King Sharaman; Reece Ritchie as his servant and sidekick Bis; and Will Foster as Young Dastan, the first role for the parkour-studying British boy TACKLING STUNTS AND PARKOUR Filmmakers Go Right to the Source From fantastic parkour displays of gravity- and death-defying leaps and acrobatics to outrageous ostrich races to medieval Near Eastern battles on a grand scale, ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ gave its stunt coordinators an epic canvas The daring team was comprised of first-unit stunt coordinator George Aguilar, second-unit stunt coordinator Greg Powell, Morocco coï¿½stunt coordinator Stephen Pope, coï¿½fight coordinators Thomas Dupont and Ben Cooke, and parkour choreographer David Belle For the actors, preparation began several weeks before the cameras rolled, with rigorous training programs designed to whip them in shape and get them on horseback Jake Gyllenhaal was already in prime physical condition as an avid runner, cyclist and all-around athlete ï¿½Thereï¿½s no reason to do a movie like this if you canï¿½t do the stunts,ï¿½ says Gyllenhaal ï¿½It was all about functional fitness, being able to do everything that was asked of me So I got into the best shape I could, with a whole lot of running, parkour training, circuit-training and horseback-riding ï¿½ Along with the other cast members, Gyllenhaal did extensive training with horses under the tutelage of Ricardo Cruz Moral, one of Spainï¿½s top equestrians, at his ranch outside of Madrid For Gemma Arterton, it was a revelation ï¿½Iï¿½d never ridden a horse in my life, so I was sent away with the others on a kind of horse-riding boot camp before we started the film It was brilliant, and now horseback-riding is one of my hobbies One of the stunts in the film that I do myself is when Iï¿½m swept onto a horse as itï¿½s coming towards me, and I was really proud of that ï¿½ Thomas Dupont, whose credits include all three ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ films, served on ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ as coï¿½fight coordinator, with Ben Cooke He also portrayed the lethal Hassad, a Hassansin who fights with two blade-tipped whips Dupont was charged with shooting a big action scene at an elevation of 8,200 feet ï¿½As far as the altitude was concerned, the hardest part was the sustained fighting We had to do a lot of things at once for up to a minute at a time Now, that may not seem like a long time, but if youï¿½re performing at full energy, with strikes, running and jumping, that tends to wind you And if youï¿½re already up 8,000 feet and the oxygen is scarce, it really takes its toll ï¿½ Filmmakers incorporated one aspect of Jordan Mechnerï¿½s creation that promises to set ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ apart ï¿½In the video game, the prince can run up walls and has other skills which are based on parkour,ï¿½ explains director Mike Newell ï¿½Parkour started in the suburbs of Paris, where the kids were so bored that they started to use what was available to them as some kind of test I watched documentaries about them and saw that they really do walk up walls and leap from rooftop to rooftop They are extraordinary athletes So we brought some of 13 the great world experts of parkour to teach us what to do and how to make it look good ï¿½ ï¿½We decided to go right to the source,ï¿½ says Bruckheimer ï¿½We wanted the best of the best, and thatï¿½s David Belle ï¿½ Belle is a young legend and the originator of parkour ï¿½This is the kind of film that makes me wish I was in the movie industry,ï¿½says Belle ï¿½When you watch this type of movie, itï¿½s so magnificent that you want to be a part of the scene And all of a sudden, I find that I am Itï¿½s like a childï¿½s dream come true ï¿½ In French, parkour is also known as ï¿½lï¿½art du dï¿½placement,ï¿½ or the art of movement And indeed, to its practitioners and those who observe the astounding feats of traceursï¿½practitioners of parkourï¿½it is nothing less than wondrous The action of ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ incorporates both parkour and its offshoot, free running Says Bruckheimer, ï¿½Itï¿½s really an art form Itï¿½s so exciting to watch people literally bouncing off of walls, all done without wires, doing it through their own physical force ï¿½ Belleï¿½s own description of parkour is, as one would imagine coming from the man responsible for its present form, perfectly concise and lucid ï¿½To make it simple, parkour is a training method that allows a person to develop their physique so that they can overcome obstacles The more you train, the faster and more efficient you become When training, you can create a wide range of movements These movements help you to get through difficult passageways, between buildings and over rooftops Itï¿½s a different way to learn to move your body ï¿½ Belle was impressed by Gyllenhaalï¿½s parkour abilities and the enthusiasm with which the actor quite literally threw himself into the action ï¿½Jake certainly had me convinced,ï¿½he says ï¿½Iï¿½ve seen his work, his movements in various scenes, and I have no doubt ï¿½ Particularly thrilled to work with David Belle was Will Foster, a junior parkour student portraying young Dastan ï¿½I was quite nervous when I heard that I was going to be training with him,ï¿½Foster admits, ï¿½but he really put me at ease Heï¿½s also really easy to talk to, because I speak a little French David showed me quite a lot of jumps and basic vaults If he sees Iï¿½m doing something good, heï¿½ll say so, but then he tells me how to improve it, which is really helpful Itï¿½s really important to David that kids know that parkour isnï¿½t about getting your camera and filming yourself jumping off the highest thing you can find You have to study for a long time and become very strong ï¿½ SURVIVING SUMMER IN MOROCCO On Location with Triple-Digit Temps ï¿½Everybody said to us, ï¿½Moroccoï¿½s a great place,ï¿½ï¿½recalls director Mike Newell ï¿½ï¿½Just donï¿½t go there in July and August ï¿½So of course, we shot all the way through July and August ï¿½ ï¿½I couldnï¿½t understand why my hotel was empty when I got to Morocco,ï¿½ says Alfred Molina ï¿½I kept thinking, isnï¿½t everybody in Europe on holiday in August? And the local people were looking at me as if to say, What are you doing here? And then I quickly discovered that you donï¿½t go to Morocco, ï¿½cause itï¿½s too bloody hot! Nobody works in Morocco in August So, yeah, mad dogs and Englishmen, I guess ï¿½ ï¿½It makes perfect sense to film a movie about the ancient world in Morocco,ï¿½ says producer Jerry Bruckheimer, ï¿½because the ancient and the modern coexist side by side Even with chic restaurants, elegant clubs and boutique hotels springing up all over Marrakesh, artisans in the medina are still hand-tooling their products just as they have for thousands of years And outside of the cities, life is even more traditional amidst Moroccoï¿½s mountains and valleys, plains and deserts With so many films having been made there, thereï¿½s a great infrastructure with skilled technicians and workers, and the Moroccan government is always very welcoming Moroccans are great craftsmen, and we used an enormous number of artisans They did an amazing job ï¿½ Cast and crew braved temperatures in excess of 120 degrees Fahrenheit, high altitudes, countless lamb burgers and lethal critters in harsh desert landscapes . Following six months of active preparation, ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ began principal photography on July 23, 2008, in suitably epic fashion, with the first two weeks of filming occurring at an altitude of 8,200 feet in Oukaimden, 75 kilometers above the sizzling hot city of Marrakesh To access this remote location in the High Atlas range, one had to ride through the verdant Ourika Valley and then ascend a winding, rustic mountain road with perilous drops and switchbacks . 14 But it was a perfect site for the filmï¿½s Hidden Valley location It took 20 Moroccan laborers three and a half weeks to build a road into the secluded location Meanwhile, the first of many base camps that included a massive catering tent and cooking facilities was created, plus all of the production vehiclesï¿½from the actorsï¿½ trailers to tech trucks An armada of four-wheel-drive Land Rovers was brought in by Morocco transportation coordinator Gerry Gore to ferry the company from the base camp at the foot of the ski lift to the Hidden Valley siteï¿½a ride bumpy enough to compete with the Indiana Jones attraction at Disneyland Temperatures in midsummer in North Africa rarely drop below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and during shooting, the average loomed at about 110ï¿½115 degrees During many days of the shoot, the Moroccan locations were either the hottest places on Earth, or something very close to it Approximately 18 miles north of Izergane is a flat, dusty, windless stretch of desert called Agafay, where nearly 500 background players portrayed a large chunk of the Persian army as it approaches Alamut The filmï¿½s technical and security adviser Harry Humphries and his Moroccan associate Lotfi Saalaoui (a police officer assigned to work with the filmï¿½s security team) trained the hundreds of local extras Humphries, a former Navy SEAL and longtime Bruckheimer associate is one of the motion-picture industryï¿½s most experienced technical, military and security advisers ï¿½We had to turn 400 people into a marching army within a very short period of time,ï¿½ says Humphries ï¿½Luckily, Sergeant Lotfi is an excellent drill sergeant, so although none of the extras had ever seen a drill field before, he turned them into an excellent marching force in just three days ï¿½ Twenty kilometers southwest of Marrakesh, Tamesloht is a dusty, unpaved village consisting of a few shops, some humble dwellings, a gendarme station, friendly townspeople and walls of an ancient kasbah reputed to be 700 years old It was chosen as the site for the filmï¿½s fictitious city of Alamut, as designed by ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ production designer Wolf Kroeger The imaginary locale features a magnificent square with a Taj Mahalï¿½like palace rising 50 feet above the ground, an adjacent red-and-white structure festooned with balconies, and a central fountain spouting waterï¿½all flanked by elephant statues Streets abound with architectural and decorative detail: scroll shops in a narrow alley bedecked by small, tinkling bells, a pale yellow temple adorned with garlands of vividly colored flowers, arches carved with floral designs in bas relief, plus stalls selling shoes, dried herbs and flowers, and ancient mud walls festooned with imaginative frescoes of men and beasts ï¿½There arenï¿½t many sets,ï¿½ says screenwriter Carlo Bernard, ï¿½that are so big that you can actually get lost in them!ï¿½ ï¿½Wolf Kroeger is a real artist,ï¿½ says Bruckheimer ï¿½He has great vision, amazing attention to detail, and isnï¿½t afraid to think big and build big ï¿½ Newell agrees: ï¿½Wolf has a wonderful ability to tune himself Heï¿½s fantastic with two things: one is the big overall concept, and the other is expressing the concept through minute detail He has a painterly eye, and, like myself, he was inspired by Orientalist art But Wolf also did an enormous amount of research into ancient Persian and Near Eastern architecture We spent days and days looking at pictures of Iran ï¿½ Kroegerï¿½s creations for ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ werenï¿½t just sets, but complete environments that enveloped the cast and created an alternate world that combined history and fantasy with truly unleashed imagination Working alongside Kroeger were supervising art director Jonathan McKinstry (for Morocco), supervising art director Gary Freeman (U K ), set decorator Elli Griff, prop master David Balfour, armorer Richard Hooper, construction managers John Maher (Morocco) and Brian Neighbour (U K ), and an entire army of artists and technicians The version of pre-Islamic, sixth-century Persia created by Kroeger and his cohorts comes from a deliberate attempt to interweave authentic architecture and meticulously researched design elements with a high degree of fantasy, as dictated by the fanciful and supernatural element in the story Alamut is entirely fictitious, a kind of Shangri-la, with a noticeable Indian influence ï¿½From a design point of view,ï¿½ says Jonathan McKinstry, ï¿½the sets, set dressing and props are historical-looking pieces However, because weï¿½re not making a factual historical film, we havenï¿½t locked ourselves into any one particular style And since we are relying on a lot of Moroccan locations, thereï¿½s admittedly some North African flavor in the designs as well ï¿½ Every design department would rely heavily on the extraordinary skills of Moroccan artisans, craftsmen and builders Nearly every 15 single piece required by Griffï¿½s set-decorating team, Balfourï¿½s prop department and Hooperï¿½s armory crew was made in massive workshops in the Marrakesh industrial zone Items like King Sharamanï¿½s ornate horse-drawn hearse and the overweight Mughalï¿½s palanquin were created and constructed by Stuart Rose ï¿½Visiting the set-decoration and props warehouses was one of the most amazing experiences Iï¿½ve had on any location of any of our movies,ï¿½ says executive producer Chad Oman ï¿½They were gigantic warehouses filled floor to ceiling with props and production-design elements, from lamps to swords to saddles to all sorts of elaborate weaponryï¿½all of it made right there on the spot, by hand, by local artisans Really, I canï¿½t think of any other place in the world where you can get this kind of craftsmanship and artistry ï¿½ Whether working from his specially tricked-out truck in the burning heat of Morocco or from a chilly and drafty corrugated-metal workshop at Pinewood Studios, Hooper was the go-to guy for weapons ï¿½For the film,ï¿½ Hooper says, ï¿½everything was created from scratch, designed or concept-approved by the art department, the producer, the director or the actor, and then executed ï¿½The main design influence of the Persian weaponry came from research of sixth-century design and also was influenced by the ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ video game,ï¿½ Hooper continues ï¿½I tried to find a balance between historic authenticity and fantasy, because Jerry Bruckheimer and Mike Newell wanted us to travel that fine line We researched the collections in museums in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Egypt, the British Museum in London, the Smithsonian And we found various books containing the armor and weapons of Persia at that time We chose various styles and elements, then created our own designs of the swords, daggers and shields ï¿½ Hooper and his department created nearly 3,500 individual items, including swords, shields, spears, axes, arrows, bows, quivers, scabbards, bow cases, daggers and Hassansin weapons The weaponry was fabricated from iron, wood and rubber, or whatever was required for an individual scene And like other creative department heads on the film, Hooper would rely on the fine artisanship found in Morocco ï¿½We utilized the great skills of the countryï¿½s artisans,ï¿½ says Hooper ï¿½From leather workers to metal engravers and cloth makers, there are many skills which many have completely forgotten in developed countries like England and America ï¿½ Of all the thousands of items under the domain of Balfour, none was more important than the single most iconic object in the film: the Dagger of Time As was the case with nearly everything in the movie, creating the final version of the Dagger of Time was a process of research, development and experimentation ï¿½Initially, we looked at an old-style Indian dagger as a model,ï¿½ says Balfour, ï¿½but Jerry Bruckheimer wanted the Dagger to more closely resemble the one in the video game The problem was when we turned the hilt of the Dagger from the game into something three-dimensional, it couldnï¿½t perform the functions that it had to do in the film We had to do a bit of work to redesign the hilt, with its glass handle, metal filigree and jewel button on top that releases the sand from the blade ï¿½I think the end result was successful,ï¿½ continues Balfour ï¿½The handle is still elegant, as it was in the game, and we enhanced the blade with a lot of engraving ï¿½Balfour created 20 different versions of the Dagger of Time, all identical but serving different functions ï¿½The main, literal version actually has a metal blade,ï¿½ explains Balfour ï¿½Itï¿½s fabricated from brass and is gold-plated The weight is there, and itï¿½s picture-quality ï¿½There was a considerable amount of maintenance that had to be constantly performed on this version of the Dagger, because of the filmï¿½s many action sequences ï¿½Itï¿½s thrown around, kicked out of Dastanï¿½s hands, knocked into the dirt,ï¿½ says Balfour ï¿½Thereï¿½s a lot that goes on with the Dagger, so itï¿½s had its fair share of repairs But we also had exact duplicates made in both hard and soft rubber for stunts and one that actually lights up ï¿½ The hard work made an impression on the cast ï¿½When we went to Morocco in the first week, we visited some of the sets which had been built,ï¿½recalls Gemma Arterton ï¿½That was when I realized, ï¿½Whoa, this is a big deal ï¿½They were like cities Iï¿½d never seen anything like it You donï¿½t have to imagine anything Itï¿½s right there, and itï¿½s a real luxury, especially in these times of green screen It was the world that really interested me in doing this film, and when you walk onto sets like ours, that world has already been created ï¿½ ï¿½Everywhere we looked, we saw the most exquisitely carved walls, drapes, ramparts,ï¿½says Ben Kingsley ï¿½And in Morocco, nature itself, the camels, thousands of horsemen, the dust Our sets were so detailed that even if youï¿½re pausing, halfway in a line and just breathing 16 in, the amount of energy and information youï¿½re breathing in is extraordinary Hours and hours of work went into the environment Itï¿½s really uplifting and it honored our craft to such a degree ï¿½ The lunar-like landscape of Bouaissoun, 45 kilometers northwest of Marrakesh, was perfectly suited for Sheikh Amarï¿½s desert kingdom The scenes involving his ostrich racetrack required four days of shooting with the temperamental birds Ostriches have a reputation for being ornery, smelly, scary and dangerous, which might explain why the birds have rarely been featured on screen ï¿½I never thought that ostriches would ever end up in one of my films,ï¿½ says Bruckheimer, ï¿½but itï¿½s a really funny and exciting sequence ï¿½ Brought in to supervise the extraordinary birds were ostrich experts Bill Rivers and Jennifer Henderson Stunt coordinator George Aguilar and his team, with Riversï¿½ assist, enlisted eight professional Moroccan jockeys to ride the ostriches in the racing sequences, requiring two solid weeks of training ï¿½None of the jockeys ever rode an ostrich before,ï¿½ says Rivers ï¿½Itï¿½s a lot different than riding a horse, because ostriches are not as stable It takes a lot of practice You also have to dismount properly so you donï¿½t get run over, kicked or stepped on ï¿½ Alfred Molina portrayed the ostrich-adoring Sheikh Amar, and the actor did his best to get in character Molina recalls: ï¿½I show off my ostrich Anita to Dastan and talk to him lovingly about this particular bird These animals are very unpredictable and rather quixotic in their movements and decisions I noticed Jennifer Henderson would constantly stroke their necks to keep them calm So I thought, Iï¿½ll try that, maybe it will help the scene ï¿½I was praying that Anita would be still, so I stroked her neckï¿½which was actually very soft and sinewyï¿½did the dialogue, and it went beautifully for two or three takes And then, on one takeï¿½and I donï¿½t know what possessed meï¿½but in the middle of the dialogue praising Anita, I just leaned forward and kissed her on the neck, thinking that I would either get my eye poked out or get away with it And it went great! But at the end of the day, Jennifer told me that Anita, who I thought was a female, was actually Alan, a male Hopefully, theyï¿½ll create an MTV Award for that category ï¿½ The company next hit the road for the 200-kilometer, two-and-a-half-hour drive through the 7,415-foot Tizi nï¿½Tichka pass in the High Atlas range, journeying southeast to Ouarzazate, the self-proclaimed ï¿½Hollywood of North Africa ï¿½ The call sheet of the first day of filming at the Little Fint oasis, 40 minutes outside of Ouarzazate, held two warnings, one more terrifying than the other: ï¿½PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH THE OSTRICH ON SET TODAYï¿½and, even worse, ï¿½BEWAREï¿½SNAKES & SCORPIONS CAN BE FOUND AT THIS LOCATION UNDER AND AROUND THE ROCKS BE CAUTIOUS ï¿½ There was nothing to fear, however, because ï¿½Snake Dudeï¿½ (per his T-shirt) was on the case This ever-smiling Moroccan man was greatly experienced in the ways of vipers and venomous beasties He was responsible for clearing the shooting areas of the deadly pests before the cast and crew arrived and during shooting It didnï¿½t take long for Snake Dudeï¿½s glass jars to become filled with the pernicious creatures, all of which were released at the end of the workdays Two days into the location, high winds kicked up ferocious sandstorms followed by rain ï¿½When we first scouted in Morocco,ï¿½recalls Mike Newell, ï¿½there was a 50-mile-per-hour wind blowing, but the locals would not dignify it with the name sandstorm They said, ï¿½This isnï¿½t a sandstorm, just a little breeze ï¿½ A sandstorm is a hell of a terrifying thing, because everything goes blackï¿½you canï¿½t see a thingï¿½and it chokes you And one of the great scenes in the movie takes place in a sandstorm ï¿½ Constant maintenance of equipment in such extreme weather conditions would bedevil Australian director of photography John Seale and his camera crew throughout filming in Morocco, but he had already experienced similar conditions shooting in Tunisia on ï¿½The English Patient,ï¿½for which he won an Academy Awardï¿½ ï¿½We were able to acclimatize to this heat, and the cameras were equipped for it,ï¿½ says Seale ï¿½But even so, we had a continual fogging of the negative Its origin eluded us for weeks, but eventually we had to agree that it was the incredible heat that was fogging the film Nothing we did could get rid of it A lot of preparation went into the equipment The dust storms and sand dervishes wreaked havoc with sand in the cameras, which can cause scratches and, consequently, reshoots, so the camera crew was particularly careful ï¿½ The next location for ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ was truly special Named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, the towering ancient ksar (fortified city) of Ait Ben Haddou was built with brown pisï¿½ (earth and rubble) tighremt (granary) structures designed with Berber motifs Adjacent to the ksar was a perfect place for Wolf Kroeger to build the magnificent Nasaf marketplace, 17 incorporating elements of Ait Ben Haddou in the background While filming in Ouarzazate, both the first and second units also shot within the extraordinary pisï¿½ walls of the Kasbah Taourirte, an ancient dwelling right in the center of town In fact, the Kasbah was once all that existed of Ouarzazate, before the French overlords built their new garrison town around it, and it still has the beautiful and primitive atmosphere exuding strength and exoticism in equal measure Itï¿½s still the beating heart of Ouarzazate, its narrow alleyways teeming with residents coming and going, playing cards or dominoes, buying, selling and haggling in tiny shops After filming in the dramatic Tiwiyne Gorge, the company packed up and drove 322 kilometers due east along the Route of a Thousand Kasbahs to Erfoud At a stoneï¿½s throw from the Algerian border, the filmmakers selected a stretch of desert to serve as the forbidding entrance to the Valley of the Slaves, where Sheikh Amar and his raggedy bandits hold sway The final two days of filming in Morocco took place among the famed Merzouga Sand Dunes, mountains of sand rising like a golden- hued mirage to heights of 450 feet from a black, rocky, unforgiving plain ï¿½I think itï¿½s really appropriate that a movie titled ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ ends its Morocco shoot in sand dunes,ï¿½ said executive producer Eric McLeod These are the classic dunes of every Arabian Nights fantasy, sculpted, shaped and rippled by the hot winds, their colors changing with the movement of the sun On the final day in Morocco, the thermometer topped out at 125 degrees Fahrenheit Crew members from the Western Hemisphere wrapped themselves in indigo Tuareg head coverings and went shoeless to make walking easier among the deep dunes ï¿½My DNA now has the Moroccan desert in it, because I definitely breathed in my share of sand,ï¿½says Jake Gyllenhaal ï¿½I grew up in Southern California, and the weather and topography of Morocco are actually quite similar, so it wasnï¿½t too rough for me I had shot here before, but Iï¿½d never actually gone as far into the desert and seen as much of Morocco as I did on ï¿½Prince of Persia ï¿½ Itï¿½s a really beautiful country There were times, on off days, when Iï¿½d just drive and drive, just amazed at the landscapes and the culture Moroccan people are the sweetest, kindest people, and the hardest workers ï¿½ FILMING IN COOLER, CALMER GREAT BRITAIN Filmmakers Create a Magical World on Pinewood Studios Sound Stages The sudden transition from ruthlessly hot and routinely chaotic Morocco to the staid, cool, controlled confines of Pinewood Studios was a kind of culture shock for the company The fully fabricated but no less wondrous sets designed by Wolf Kroeger were constructed on nine soundstages of the historic studio in the bucolic burg of Iver Heath in Buckinghamshire ï¿½Thereï¿½s nothing better than being in a real environment, being in a place where you feel like you go back centuries,ï¿½ says Jake Gyllenhaal ï¿½When we were filming in Morocco, we were all in the middle of the desert, dirty and dusty I canï¿½t recall the amount of times between takes you had to just get the sand out of your eyes, mouth and ears so you looked like you werenï¿½t literally made of sand The realism of it all was indelible But onstage in London, we could mix reality with fantasy, which is all the more interesting to watch ï¿½ At Pinewood, the company settled into a routine utterly different from what they had experienced in Morocco It was more predictable, more controllable and certainly cooler ï¿½Itï¿½s as if youï¿½re running a long race and Morocco was the uphill part,ï¿½says executive producer Patrick McCormick ï¿½We could walk from one location to the next just by going from one soundstage to another, and we didnï¿½t have weather to contend with And instead of catering an average of 700 people a day, we dropped down to just 250 or 300 In Morocco, we had 300 drivers alone!ï¿½ While the company was filming in Morocco, U K supervising art director Gary Freemanï¿½s team of art department and construction personnel were readying 35 complex sets on nine soundstages The jaw-dropping Eastern Gate of Alamut occupied nearly the entire length, breadth and height of the 007 Stage at Pinewood, with walls nearly 50 feet high and palm trees imported from southern Spain and then carefully maintained by greensman Jon Marson and his team The set was large enough for the filming of a massive battle scene involving hundreds of extras and 25 horses charging through gates and barriers of fire ï¿½The primary reason for building this set was for night work involving lots of parkour and other stuntwork, which would have been difficult to shoot in Morocco,ï¿½ says Freeman U K construction manager Brian Neighbour built the Alamut Eastern Gate complex in just 14 weeks, utilizing 3,000 sheets of 8x4 and 70,000 feet of 3x1 timber, as well as 40 tons of casting plaster for the moldings The Alamut Great Hall on S Stage was a lustrous amalgamation of Indian styles, all in cream tones with flecks of gold ï¿½I didnï¿½t want to use candlelight for this set,ï¿½says set decorator Elli Griff ï¿½I was determined to use only oil light, which turned out to be a bit of a feat But 18 John Seale, our cinematographer, felt that he got interesting light from it I used jeweled colors, low-level dressing, canopies and things of that nature that could reflect the light ï¿½ The versatile Alamut Palace interior was utilized for several environments, including Taminaï¿½s throne room, Tusï¿½ chambers and the banquet room in which King Sharaman is assassinated ï¿½I wanted to make the base of Taminaï¿½s throne a crystal lotus flower, which almost subconsciously links to the crystalline Sandglass of the Gods,ï¿½says Griff ï¿½She has a huge, golden canopy above her throne with a hole in it so that the light can come down as if she has a direct connection with the gods and heaven Everything about Tamina and her culture is accepting, soft and humorous ï¿½ A sumptuous fantasia of color, with its peacock bed and wall ornamentation resembling ancient illuminated manuscripts, inlaid with precious jewels, Taminaï¿½s chambers is a bedroom truly befitting a princess ï¿½Mike Newell and Wolf Kroeger had a discussion in which they decided that Taminaï¿½s boudoir needed to be a fantastic, very feminine space,ï¿½ says Freeman ï¿½You have to do something that just begs belief, thatï¿½s surreal and opulent,ï¿½adds Griff ï¿½Taminaï¿½s bedroom is very jewel-encrusted so that the low-level lights would cast an enchanted glow ï¿½ Constructed on the same soundstage as the Alamut Palace interior and Taminaï¿½s chamber was the Sky Chamber, an aerie high above Alamut where the sacred Dagger of Time is kept in a beautifully designed tabernacle With its carved wooden statuary and stone pillarsï¿½all of the figures were hand-carved, then molded and castï¿½it has a temple-like feeling, which was accentuated during filming by cinematographer Sealeï¿½s artful shafts of light illuminating the object with a spiritual glow The Alamut Temple Garden was an intentionally idyllic slice of paradise, with lorikeets, macaws, parrots and toucans in ornate cages, topiary elephants, a working fountain decorated with colorful statues of unicorns, rams and peacocks, an arch with jewel-encrusted frescoes, trees with pale, translucent leaves (each one meticulously applied by hand), golden lanterns and small, tinkling bells ï¿½Wolf wanted to steer away from a purely realistic period garden,ï¿½ says Freeman ï¿½Since itï¿½s for one of the most important scenes of the movie, he wanted to make it kind of a magic garden, using several Russian expressionist artists for inspiration ï¿½ Other major sets constructed at Pinewood included the Temple of the Dagger, a cave with waterfalls spilling into a pool, and a shrine bedecked with treasures and spiritual offeringsï¿½the site of a major action sequence with Jake Gyllenhaal, Gemma Arterton and Thomas Dupont as Hassad, the whip-blade Hassansin The interior had to tangentially match exteriors shot in Oukaimden back in Morocco Sets were also constructed in great detail replicating the Avrat Bazaar, as well as streets and rooftops of the city, all designed for thrilling parkour action ï¿½We knew from day one that there was a key action sequence that needed to be filmed on this set featuring lots of parkour,ï¿½ says Freeman ï¿½Wolf wanted to create a series of vertical and horizontal structures which could contain the acrobatics We took a team of plasterers to Morocco to get the textures as true as possible, and they took molds for the wall finishes The real difficulty was in reinforcing the walls for the stunt players, so thereï¿½s lots of metal hiding beneath the earthen structures ï¿½ DRESSING PERSIA Costume Designer Penny Rose Cuts A Rugï¿½Literally A nondescript street in a Marrakesh neighborhood known as the Zone Industrielle has a building that could be a warehouse or factory But in the months leading up to the filming of ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time,ï¿½and during the duration of its Morocco shoot, this building was a dream factory, housing a small army of cutters, costumers, cobblers, seamstresses, milliners, dyers, armorers and artisans, all working under the supervision of costume designer Penny Rose ï¿½Thereï¿½s no one in her field like Penny,ï¿½ says producer Jerry Bruckheimer, who enlisted her for the entire ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ trilogy ï¿½Her attention to detail almost defies description, and her ability to find the exact right costumes to define characters is fantastic Penny can organize anything, anywhere in the world Sheï¿½s a tough taskmaster, but we love her artistry ï¿½ ï¿½Orientalist paintings were part of the influence,ï¿½says Rose ï¿½Most of those images were painted in Victorian times, so theyï¿½re 19thcentury impressions of scenes from hundreds of years previous to that The scale of the Orientalist pictures was the most significant thing to us: the shapes of the garments, the flowing cloaks, the amount of people crushed into small spaces ï¿½ For ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time,ï¿½ Rose had to create no fewer than 7,000 costumes, nearly all of them built from scratch Assisting Rose were assistant costume designers Timothy John Norster, Margie Fortune and Maria Tortu, as well as costume supervisor Ken Crouch, costume designer assistant Lucy Bowring and wardrobe master Mark Holmes Rose also relied on a veritable army of wardrobe masters, on-set costumers, workshop supervisors, dyers, metalworkers, shoemakers and artisans from all over the world 19 Another trick of Roseï¿½s trade, unimaginable to those outside the craft, is the breakdown department ï¿½Very few people on the films I do go to set in a new costume,ï¿½ explains Rose ï¿½We always have to break it down first I want costumes to look real, even in a fantasy film like this Our breakdown department employed tools like a cement mixer Once the leather goods are newly made, we put them in the cement mixer for a couple of hours with a few stones, and they come out looking well used They also use cheese graters to distress costumes, believe it or not ï¿½ To obtain the materials for so many thousands of costumes, Rose scoured the four corners of the globe, discovering fabrics from as far away as Turkey, Thailand, Afghanistan, China, Malaysia, Great Britain, Paris, Rome and, of course, Morocco These materials were then utilized in surprising ways For example, to create Sheikh Amarï¿½s shabby but colorful coat, Rose fabricated it from three Indian bedspreads sewn together ï¿½Then we took a cheese grater to it until we got this fantastic ragged look, revealing layers of different fabrics, colors, and designs,ï¿½ says Rose ï¿½The sheikh also has a headdress, and his boots are made from an old carpet ï¿½ HIGHLY VISUAL EFFECTS COMPLETE THE PICTURE Filmmakers Look to the Pros for Rewinds and Extensions ï¿½Just when you think that youï¿½ve seen just about everything,ï¿½ says producer Jerry Bruckheimer, ï¿½we stand visual effects on their ear and do things that havenï¿½t been seen before Hopefully, what youï¿½ll see on screen in ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ will be something fresh, interesting and innovative ï¿½ Tom Wood and his extensive team of producers, managers, coordinators, data wranglers, and technicians were called upon to create nearly 1,200 visual-effects shots for the film Some were long and involvedï¿½such as the time rewinds, the massive sandstorm in the climactic sequence at the Sandglass of the Gods, and the Lead Hassansinï¿½s vicious pit vipersï¿½and some were minor little fixes at the edge of a frame Wood enlisted all of the modern technologies and techniques at his command Among the most important effects for Wood were the four time rewinds, caused when the jewel on the hilt of the dagger is pushed, releasing the Sands of Time ï¿½We decided immediately that we couldnï¿½t just run the film backwards,ï¿½explains Wood ï¿½We didnï¿½t want it to look like a VCR rewind We had to develop an original and visually interesting approach What we aimed for was a kind of slit-scan effect where everything would be warped by time and space ï¿½What weï¿½ve done for the time rewind was designed by the visual-effects house Double Negative,ï¿½ Wood continues ï¿½They call it ï¿½event capture ï¿½ We pre-visualized the sequence thoroughly with ï¿½animaticsï¿½resembling animated storyboards We then came onto the main unit set and shot the forward-running action, followed by four days of effects coverage, putting cameras in the positions that we wanted to capture the shot from ï¿½We have nine Arriflex 435 cameras shooting with identical lenses, up to 48 frames a second at a 45-degree shutter angle, which has caused a lot of challenges with relighting the set,ï¿½Wood continues ï¿½Thatï¿½s to get as sharp an image as possible We have a number of people from Double Negative who have laid out the cameras each time, surveyed into position They have to be very precise It takes about two hours to set up each array of cameras ï¿½We had to have our principal actors do 20 minutes of acting, go away for two hours, come back for another 20 minutes, and remember where they were Itï¿½s a challenge, trying to keep it fresh for each time that we see it ï¿½ The arduous filming of the time rewind sequences obviously challenged the actorsï¿½ abilities of recall and concentration ï¿½Iï¿½d never done visual-effects sequences before, and itï¿½s a really, really long process,ï¿½admits Gemma Arterton ï¿½But when you see it, it looks magical, adding a whole other dimension to the film ï¿½ 20 Academy Awardï¿½-nominated JAKE GYLLENHAAL (Dastan) has established himself as one of the most promising actors of his generation His poignant and diverse performances have garnered the attention of audiences and critics alike Winner of the 2006 Best Supporting Actor awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and the National Board of Review, Gyllenhaal also earned Oscarï¿½ and SAG Awardï¿½ nominations for his poignant performance as Jack Twist in Ang Leeï¿½s ï¿½Brokeback Mountain ï¿½ Gyllenhaal recently wrapped production on Duncan Jonesï¿½ï¿½Source Codeï¿½opposite Michelle Monaghan, and Ed Zwickï¿½s ï¿½Love and Other Drugsï¿½ opposite Anne Hathaway, which will be released by Twentieth Century Fox on November 24, 2010 Other film credits include Jim Sheridanï¿½s ï¿½Brothers,ï¿½ opposite Natalie Portman and Tobey Maguire; Gavin Hoodï¿½s ï¿½Rendition,ï¿½ opposite Meryl Streep, Alan Arkin, Reese Witherspoon and Peter Sarsgaard; David Fincherï¿½s critically acclaimed ï¿½Zodiac,ï¿½ opposite Robert Downey Jr and Mark Ruffalo; Sam Mendesï¿½ ï¿½Jarhead,ï¿½ opposite Jamie Foxx and Peter Sarsgaard; John Maddenï¿½s ï¿½Proof,ï¿½ opposite Anthony Hopkins and Gwyneth Paltrow; Miguel Artetaï¿½s ï¿½The Good Girl,ï¿½ opposite Jennifer Aniston and John C Reilly; Brad Silberlingï¿½s ï¿½Moonlight Mile,ï¿½ opposite Dustin Hoffman and Susan Sarandon; Nicole Holofcenerï¿½s ï¿½Lovely and Amazing,ï¿½ opposite Catherine Keener; Richard Kellyï¿½s cult hit ï¿½Donnie Darkoï¿½; and Joe Johnstonï¿½s ï¿½October Sky,ï¿½ opposite Chris Cooper and Laura Dern On stage, Gyllenhaal starred in Kenneth Lonerganï¿½s revival of ï¿½This Is Our Youthï¿½ opposite Anna Paquin and Hayden Christensen The show ran in Londonï¿½s West End for eight weeks and garnered Gyllenhaal the Evening Standard Theater Award for Outstanding Newcomer Rising star GEMMA ARTERTON (Tamina) made her feature-film debut in ï¿½St Trinianï¿½s,ï¿½ directed by Oliver Parker and Barnaby Thompson Arterton played Kelly, the head girl, in this modern version of the 1950s film classic In 2008, Arterton was seen in the role of Agent Fields in ï¿½Quantum of Solace,ï¿½which stars Daniel Craig in his second outing as Agent 007, as well as in the title role in BBCï¿½s adaptation of Thomas Hardyï¿½s ï¿½Tess of the Dï¿½Urbervilles ï¿½Arterton had a supporting role in Guy Ritchieï¿½s ï¿½RocknRolla,ï¿½and she also appears in ï¿½Pirate Radioï¿½ (aka ï¿½The Boat that Rockedï¿½), directed by Richard Curtis Artertonï¿½s starring roles include ï¿½The Disappearance of Alice Creed,ï¿½ ï¿½Clash of the Titansï¿½ and ï¿½Tamara Drewe ï¿½ Television credits include Stephen Poliakoffï¿½s ï¿½Capturing Maryï¿½(BBC) and ï¿½Lost in Austenï¿½(ITV) Among her stage credits are ï¿½Loveï¿½s Labourï¿½s Lost,ï¿½ directed by Dominic Dromgoole at the Shakespeareï¿½s Globe Theatre Arterton graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA) in the summer of 2007 After earning an Academy Awardï¿½, two Golden Globesï¿½ and two BAFTA Awards for his riveting portrayal of Indian social leader Mahatma Gandhi, SIR BEN KINGSLEY (Nizam) continues to bring unequaled detail and nuance to each role In 1984 Kingsley was awarded the Padma Sri by Indira Gandhi and the government of India Kingsley went on to earn three additional Oscarï¿½ nominations for ï¿½Bugsyï¿½(1991), ï¿½Sexy Beastï¿½(2000) and ï¿½House of Sand and Fogï¿½(2003) His roles have been as diverse as his talents, from a sturdy vice president in ï¿½Daveï¿½to the scheming Fagin in ï¿½Oliver Twist ï¿½Since being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the New Yearï¿½s Eve Honors List 2001, Kingsley has continued to earn honors as a truly international star Kingsley can currently be seen starring in Martin Scorseseï¿½s 1950s drama ï¿½Shutter Island,ï¿½ with Leonardo DiCaprio, Mark Ruffalo and Michelle Williams Also upcoming is ï¿½Teen Patti,ï¿½ an emotionally riveting and razor-sharp thriller set in India and England that revolves around greed, deception and giant feats of imagination in which he stars with Amitabh Bachchan He recently was the star of the sexually charged ï¿½Elegyï¿½opposite Penelope Cruz, directed by Isabel Coixet, for which he was nominated British Actor of the Year by the London Critics Circle Film Awards He starred in two films at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, which give further perspective to his work: The Audience Award-winning and Grand Jury Prize-nominated ï¿½The Wackness,ï¿½in which he plays a drug- addled psychiatrist opposite Josh Peck, Famke Janssen, Olivia Thirlby and Mary-Kate Olsen; and the crime thriller ï¿½Transsiberian,ï¿½ as a mysterious traveler opposite Woody Harrelson He also starred in ï¿½50 Dead Men,ï¿½a thriller set against the dangerous backdrop of 1980s Ireland, and the more lighthearted crime comedy ï¿½War, Inc ï¿½ opposite John Cusack Steeped in British theatre, Kingsley marked the beginning of his professional acting career with his acceptance by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1967 From roles in ï¿½A Midsummer Nightï¿½s Dream,ï¿½ï¿½The Tempest,ï¿½ï¿½Julius Caesarï¿½(as Brutus) and the title roles in ï¿½Othelloï¿½ and ï¿½Hamlet,ï¿½ among others, his more recent and diverse stage roles include those in ï¿½The Country Wife,ï¿½ï¿½The Cherry Orchard,ï¿½ ï¿½A Betrothalï¿½ and ï¿½Waiting for Godot ï¿½ Kingsleyï¿½s film career began in 1972 with the thriller ï¿½Fear Is the Key,ï¿½ but his first major role came a decade later in the epic ï¿½Gandhi,ï¿½ 21 directed by Richard Attenborough He followed this Oscarï¿½-winning performance with such early films as ï¿½Betrayal,ï¿½ ï¿½Turtle Diary,ï¿½ ï¿½Harem,ï¿½ï¿½Pascaliï¿½s Island,ï¿½ï¿½Without a Clueï¿½(as Dr Watson to Michael Caineï¿½s Sherlock Holmes) and ï¿½The Children,ï¿½opposite Kim Novak During the ï¿½90s, Kingsley distinguished himself through such roles as Meyer Lansky in ï¿½Bugsy,ï¿½ï¿½Sneakers,ï¿½ï¿½Searching for Bobby Fischerï¿½ and ï¿½Dave ï¿½In 1994 he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for his memorable supporting role as Itzhak Stern in Steven Spielbergï¿½s seven- time Oscarï¿½ winner ï¿½Schindlerï¿½s List ï¿½ During the past decade, Kingsley has remained a coveted and ubiquitous talent Beginning with such films as ï¿½Rules of Engagement,ï¿½ ï¿½What Planet Are You From?ï¿½ and an Oscarï¿½-nominated role as a brutal gangster in ï¿½Sexy Beast,ï¿½ he received his most recent Oscarï¿½ nomination in 2004 for his performance as a proud Iranian emigrant in the highly acclaimed ï¿½House of Sand and Fog ï¿½Among his films in the last several years are Roman Polanskiï¿½s ï¿½Oliver Twist,ï¿½the crime drama ï¿½Lucky Number Slevin,ï¿½John Dahlï¿½s ï¿½You Kill Meï¿½and the Roman Empire saga ï¿½The Last Legion ï¿½ ALFRED MOLINA (Sheikh Amar) is an accomplished London-born actor whose diverse and distinguished gallery of performances has led to a lengthy and triumphant career in film, television and the stage Last fall he opened in the critically acclaimed movie ï¿½An Educationï¿½ and filmed a comedy series for the BBC opposite Dawn French In late fall 2009 Molina opened in the U K in the highly celebrated Donmar Warehouse production of ï¿½Red,ï¿½ which opens on Broadway in April 2010 He co-stars with Nicolas Cage in this summerï¿½s ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprentice ï¿½ In 2002 Molina won rave reviews and nominations for the British Academy Award (BAFTA), the Screen Actors Guild Awardï¿½, the Broadcast Film Critics prize and the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for his Best Supporting Actor turn as the hedonistic Mexican artist Diego Rivera in ï¿½Frida,ï¿½ the docudrama about the life of Frida Kahlo starring Oscarï¿½ nominee Salma Hayek Recent screen roles include ï¿½Pink Panther 2,ï¿½ opposite Steve Martin; ï¿½The Little Traitor,ï¿½ an adaptation of the Amos Oz novel ï¿½Panther in the Basement,ï¿½ directed by Lynn Roth and produced by Marilyn Hall; and ï¿½The Tempest,ï¿½once again teaming up with director Julie Taymor in her version of the Shakespearian play in which the gender of Prospero has been switched to female, Prospera Following Molinaï¿½s education at the Guildhall School of Music & Drama in London, he quickly gained membership in Englandï¿½s prestigious Royal Shakespeare Company, where he performed both in classics like ï¿½Troilus and Cressidaï¿½ and new original works like ï¿½Frozen Assetsï¿½ and ï¿½Dingo ï¿½ In 1979 he won acclaim (and a Plays and Players Award as Most Promising New Actor) as The Maniac in ï¿½Accidental Death of an Anarchistï¿½ at Londonï¿½s Half Moon Theatre Two years later, Molina found himself on the big screen making his American debut in ï¿½Raiders of the Lost Ark ï¿½ And in Stephen Frearsï¿½ 1987 drama, ï¿½Prick Up Your Ears,ï¿½ Molina won great notices for his portrait of a vengeful, murderous Kenneth Halliwell, playwright Joe Ortonï¿½s gay lover Molinaï¿½s career continued to soar in the following decade, with roles as an unhappy upper-class husband in Mike Newellï¿½s ï¿½Enchanted April,ï¿½ the joyous painter Titorelli in David Jonesï¿½ 1993 adaptation of Kafkaï¿½s novel ï¿½The Trialï¿½ and the duplicitous Persian spouse in ï¿½Not Without My Daughter ï¿½ He reteamed with director Donner in the comic western ï¿½Maverickï¿½ and played the small but pivotal role of a crazed drug dealer in Paul Thomas Andersonï¿½s Oscarï¿½-nominated ï¿½Boogie Nightsï¿½(1997) Molina joined Anderson once again for his epic ensemble drama ï¿½Magnoliaï¿½(1999), collecting SAG Awardï¿½ nominations for both as part of the filmsï¿½ensemble casts He also continued to display his ability to embody a variety of nationalities, playing a Cuban immigrant in Mira Nairï¿½s ï¿½The Perez Familyï¿½(1995) and a Greek- American lawyer in Barbet Schroederï¿½s drama ï¿½Before and Afterï¿½ (1996) Other films over this 10-year span include Roger Donaldsonï¿½s sci-fi thriller ï¿½Species,ï¿½Jon Amielï¿½s comic thriller ï¿½The Man Who Knew Too Little,ï¿½Bernard Roseï¿½s ï¿½Anna Karenina,ï¿½Woody Allenï¿½s ï¿½Celebrityï¿½ and Stanley Tucciï¿½s ï¿½The Impostors ï¿½ During the current decade, Molina collected his third SAG Awardï¿½ Ensemble Cast nomination for Lasse Hallstrï¿½mï¿½s whimsical, Oscarï¿½-nominated romantic comedy ï¿½Chocolatï¿½and reunited with Hallstrï¿½m opposite Richard Gere in ï¿½The Hoax ï¿½He also turned heads as the villainous Dr Otto Octavius, a k a Dr Octopus, in Sam Raimiï¿½s blockbuster sequel, ï¿½Spider-Man 2 ï¿½Molina co-starred in such films as ï¿½Identity,ï¿½ Jim Jarmuschï¿½s ï¿½Coffee and Cigarettes,ï¿½ Ron Howardï¿½s adaptation of one of the most popular books of all time, ï¿½The Da Vinci Code,ï¿½ Isabel Coixetï¿½s ï¿½My Life Without Me,ï¿½ Eric Tillï¿½s biographical drama ï¿½Luther,ï¿½ the bilingual suspense thriller ï¿½Crï¿½nicas,ï¿½ Kenneth Branaghï¿½s Shakespeare adaptation ï¿½As You Like It,ï¿½ Franï¿½ois Girardï¿½s ï¿½Silkï¿½ and John Irvinï¿½s ï¿½The Moon and the Stars ï¿½ On television, Molina starred in two CBS sitcoms He played a washed-up writer sought out by his estranged daughter in ï¿½Bram and Aliceï¿½(2002) and Jimmy Stiles in ï¿½Ladiesï¿½Man,ï¿½on which he also served as one of the producers His other television work includes the acclaimed 1983 miniseries ï¿½Reilly: Ace of Spies,ï¿½ï¿½Miami Vice,ï¿½the BBC telefilm ï¿½Revolutionary Witness,ï¿½Granada TVï¿½s ï¿½El C I D ,ï¿½the BBC miniseries ï¿½Ashendenï¿½ (based on Peter Maylesï¿½ bestseller, ï¿½A Year in Provenceï¿½), the Hallmark Channelï¿½s ï¿½Joan of Arcï¿½ (as narrator), and guest appearances on ï¿½Law & Order: Special Victims Unitï¿½ and ï¿½Monk ï¿½ Despite his thriving film and television career, Molina has never wandered far from the stage He returned to the RSC to give a much-praised performance as Petruchio in ï¿½Taming of the Shrewï¿½ (1985) and earned an Olivier nomination for his work in the British production of David Mametï¿½s ï¿½Speed the Plow ï¿½In his Broadway debut as the good-natured Yvan in Yasmina Rezaï¿½s ï¿½Artï¿½(1998, starring with Alan Alda and Victor Garber), Molina collected the first of his two Tony Awardï¿½ nominations (for Best Actor in a Dramatic Play) 22 He made his Broadway debut as the Irish chatterbox Frank Sweeney in Brian Frielï¿½s play ï¿½Molly Sweeneyï¿½ (1995-96) and most recently triumphed as Tevye in the 2004 revival of ï¿½Fiddler on the Roof,ï¿½for which he earned his second Tony nod (Best Actor in a Musical) He also completed a run at the Mark Taper Forum of ï¿½The Cherry Orchardï¿½ (2006) opposite Annette Bening STEVE TOUSSAINT (Seso) has enjoyed considerable success on screen and television On TV in both his native Britain and in the U S , heï¿½s been either a series regular or recurring character on Jerry Bruckheimerï¿½s ï¿½CSI: Miami,ï¿½ï¿½Silent Witnessï¿½, ï¿½The Bill,ï¿½ï¿½Broken News,ï¿½ï¿½My Dadï¿½s the Prime Minister,ï¿½ï¿½Family Affairs,ï¿½ï¿½Doctorsï¿½ and ï¿½The Knock ï¿½ Heï¿½s made guest appearances in ï¿½The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes,ï¿½ï¿½Backup,ï¿½ï¿½Dangerfield,ï¿½ ï¿½Casualty,ï¿½ï¿½Murder in Mind,ï¿½ï¿½Murphyï¿½s Law,ï¿½ï¿½Holby City,ï¿½ï¿½New Tricksï¿½ and ï¿½Spooks ï¿½ Toussaintï¿½s feature films include ï¿½I D ,ï¿½ ï¿½Judge Dredd,ï¿½ ï¿½Dog Eat Dog,ï¿½ ï¿½The Order,ï¿½ ï¿½Shooting Dogs,ï¿½ ï¿½Roadblock,ï¿½ ï¿½The Mutant Chroniclesï¿½ and ï¿½Broken Lines ï¿½ His stage appearances include Kwame KweiArmahï¿½s ï¿½Fix Upï¿½ at the National Theatre in London One of the fastest-rising young actors in Britain, TOBY KEBBELL (Garsiv) appears in this summerï¿½s ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprenticeï¿½ with Nicolas Cage and Alfred Molina Later this year, Kebbell will be seen in director Robert Redfordï¿½s ï¿½The Conspirators,ï¿½ based on the Lincoln assassination Opposite James McEvoy and Robin Wright, he plays the pivotal role of John Wilkes Booth Kebbell was born in Pontefract, North Yorkshire, and grew up in Newark, Nottinghamshire He developed a voracious interest in acting from the time he was in grade school, encouraged by a drama teacher who nonetheless warned him that a professional career would be tough to achieve Attending the Central Television Workshop in Nottinghamshire, Kebbellï¿½s youthful skills were noticed by independent filmmaker Shane Meadows, whose chronicles of British working-class life in the Midlands had developed a devoted following Meadows cast Kebbell alongside Paddy Considine and Gary Stretch in ï¿½Dead Manï¿½s Shoesï¿½ as Considineï¿½s mentally challenged brother, garnering Kebbell considerable critical and audience acclaim, as well as a Best Newcomer nomination from the British Independent Film Awards (BIFA) Introduced to casting agent Lucinda Syson by Gary Stretch, Kebbell met with filmmaker Oliver Stone, who cast him in the small but pivotal role of Pausanius, King Philip of Macedonï¿½s assassin, in the epic ï¿½Alexander,ï¿½ which starred Colin Farrell, Angelina Jolie, Val Kilmer, Anthony Hopkins and Jared Leto This led to a role on the West End stage in a production of R C Sheriffï¿½s ï¿½Journeyï¿½s End,ï¿½ directed by David Grindley Kebbell branched into television by doing voiceover work for The Disney Channel in the United Kingdom as a program introducer before being cast in director Michael Attenboroughï¿½s production of ï¿½Enemiesï¿½at the famed Almeida Theatre in Islington He then returned to feature films in director Anton Corbijnï¿½s lauded ï¿½Control,ï¿½ playing the role of Rob Gretton in the screen biography of Joy Divisionï¿½s Ian Curtis For this role, Kebbell received a British Independent Film Award (BIFA) for Best Supporting Actor, as well as the Edinburgh Film Festivalï¿½s Trailblazer Award He was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor from the London Critics Choice Awards Kebbell was director Guy Ritchieï¿½s first choice to portray the drug-addled Johnny Quid, the title character in ï¿½RocknRolla,ï¿½ winning yet more enthusiastic critical and audience response for his role in the film, which also starred Gerard Butler, Thandie Newton, Tom Wilkinson, Idris Elba and Gemma Arterton Recently, Kebbell was nominated for a BAFTA Rising Star Award in 2009 He makes his home in Londonï¿½s East End RICHARD COYLE (Tus) is an accomplished actor perhaps best known for his role as Jeff Murdock in the television series ï¿½Coupling ï¿½ Born and raised in Sheffield, England, he began his career when, studying politics at York University, he became interested in drama instead In addition to ï¿½Coupling,ï¿½ Coyle also starred in the title role of ï¿½Strangeï¿½and in ï¿½The Whistleblowers ï¿½Television movie credits have included ï¿½The Life and Crimes of William Palmer,ï¿½ï¿½Lorna Doone,ï¿½ï¿½Sword of Honour,ï¿½ï¿½Othello,ï¿½ï¿½Gunpowder, Treason & Plot,ï¿½ ï¿½Ultra,ï¿½ï¿½The Best Manï¿½ and ï¿½Cracker,ï¿½ as well as the miniseries ï¿½Up Risingï¿½ and ï¿½Wives and Daughters ï¿½ Coyleï¿½s feature films have included Mike Leighï¿½s ï¿½Topsy-Turvy,ï¿½ï¿½The Libertineï¿½ and Ridley Scottï¿½s ï¿½A Good Year ï¿½ 23 RONALD PICKUP (King Sharaman) was born in Chester, England, educated at Kingï¿½s School and gained a BA in English at Leeds University He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1962-64 and then joined the Leicester Repertory Company to appear in two plays, ï¿½Virtue in Dangerï¿½ and ï¿½All in Good Time ï¿½ After three months he joined the Royal Court Theatre and played Octavius in ï¿½Julius Caesarï¿½ and in 1965, at the invitation of William Gaskill, played the title role in ï¿½Shelley ï¿½ Interspersed with appearing at the Royal Court, he played at the National Theatre in ï¿½Juno and the Paycock ï¿½ In 1967 Pickup appeared in the television versions of ï¿½Much Ado About Nothingï¿½and ï¿½Romeo and Juliet ï¿½ He then played Ariel in the TV production of ï¿½The Tempestï¿½ and Brother Martin in ï¿½Saint Joan ï¿½ During the 1967-68 season at the National Theatre, he appeared in the all-male production of ï¿½As You Like It,ï¿½ playing Rosalind, and in Peter Brookï¿½s production of ï¿½Oedipus,ï¿½ with Sir John Gielgud and Irene Worth The season finished with John Lennonï¿½s play ï¿½In His Own Write,ï¿½ in which he played the leading role Pickupï¿½s many roles at the National Theatre under Sir Laurence Olivier included Guildenstern in ï¿½Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead,ï¿½ St Just in ï¿½Dantonï¿½s Deathï¿½and Edmund in ï¿½Long Dayï¿½s Journey into Night ï¿½In 1972 he played the lead in ï¿½Richard IIï¿½and Joseph Surface in ï¿½School for Scandal ï¿½ Pickupï¿½s theatre credits include ï¿½The Norman Conquestsï¿½ at the Globe Theatre, ï¿½Madras Houseï¿½ at the National Theatre, ï¿½Hobsonï¿½s Choiceï¿½and ï¿½Little Eyolfï¿½at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith, ï¿½The Cherry Orchardï¿½at the Aldwych Theatre, ï¿½Amyï¿½s View,ï¿½ï¿½Peer Gynt,ï¿½ï¿½The Partyï¿½and ï¿½Romeo and Julietï¿½at the Royal National Theatre, ï¿½Proofï¿½at the Donmar Warehouse, ï¿½Look Back in Angerï¿½at the Theatre Royal in Bath, and Peter Hallï¿½s productions of ï¿½Uncle Vanyaï¿½ and ï¿½Waiting for Godotï¿½ at The Haymarket On screen, Pickup has appeared in ï¿½Joseph Andrews,ï¿½ï¿½Zulu,ï¿½ï¿½Nijinsky,ï¿½ï¿½Never Say Never Again,ï¿½ï¿½Eleni,ï¿½ï¿½The Mission,ï¿½ï¿½A Dry White Season,ï¿½ï¿½Bethune: The Making of a Hero,ï¿½ï¿½Lolita,ï¿½ï¿½Tulse Luper Suitcase,ï¿½ï¿½Greyfriarï¿½s Bobbyï¿½and many more His television credits are wide-ranging and include his starring role as Randolph Churchill opposite Lee Remick in Thames TVï¿½s production of ï¿½Jennie,ï¿½ï¿½Wagner,ï¿½ ï¿½Giuseppe Verdi,ï¿½ï¿½Pope John Paul II,ï¿½ï¿½Einstein,ï¿½ï¿½Chekhov in Yalta,ï¿½ï¿½The Hound of the Baskervilles,ï¿½ï¿½The Nightmare Years,ï¿½ï¿½Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,ï¿½ï¿½Silent Witness,ï¿½ï¿½Ivanhoe,ï¿½ï¿½The Bill,ï¿½ï¿½Hornblower: The Duchess and the Devil,ï¿½ï¿½Dalziel and Pascoe,ï¿½ï¿½Holby Cityï¿½ and others He was the voice of Aslan in the BBC productions of ï¿½Chronicles of Narnia: Voyage of the Dawn Treaderï¿½ and ï¿½Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair ï¿½ REECE RITCHIE (Bis) is a young British actor who has already made his mark in Peter Jacksonï¿½s ï¿½The Lovely Bones,ï¿½Roland Emmerichï¿½s ï¿½10,000 B C ,ï¿½and Denis Tanovicï¿½s ï¿½Triage ï¿½On television, he stars in ï¿½Atlantisï¿½and has appearances in ï¿½Pete Versus Lifeï¿½, ï¿½Saddamï¿½s Tribeï¿½and ï¿½Silent Witness ï¿½On stage, he appeared opposite Judi Dench as Puck in Peter Hallï¿½s ï¿½A Midsummer Nightï¿½s Dreamï¿½and in Athol Fugardï¿½s ï¿½Victoryï¿½at the Theatre Royal Bath Ritchie began his career with the National Youth Theatre of Great Britain GISLI ï¿½RN GARDARSSON (Zolm, Lead Hassansin) is a highly innovative performer, director, writer and producer who has excelled on stage and screen in his native Iceland, Great Britain and around the world Gardarsson was born in Iceland, but grew up in Norway, where he began his acting career He was accepted at the Icelandic Academy of the Arts in 1997, graduating in 2001 During his last year at the Icelandic Academy of the Arts, he co-founded a small theatre, Vesturport, in an empty electrical shed in downtown Reykjavik Since that time, under the leadership of Gardarsson, Vesturport has become recognized as one of the best theatre groups in Europe Gardarssonï¿½s productions have been seen around the world, winning numerous prestigious awards and nominations, many of them either starring or directed by Gardarsson, or both Among these are his circus- inspired ï¿½Romeo and Julietï¿½; ï¿½Brim,ï¿½ which was also adapted as a feature film starring Gardarsson (2010); George Buchnerï¿½s ï¿½Woyzeckï¿½ with an original score and lyrics by Nick Cave and Warren Ellis, most recently performed at New Yorkï¿½s Brooklyn Academy of Music in October 2008; and another collaboration with Cave and Ellis for his production of Franz Kafkaï¿½s ï¿½Metamorphosis,ï¿½ which will also be staged at New Yorkï¿½s Brooklyn Academy of Music in December 2010, with Gardarsson playing Gregor Samsa His credits also include the heartwarming musical ï¿½Loveï¿½and a stage version based on the Lucas Moodyson film ï¿½Togetherï¿½in February 2008, with Mexican actor Gael Garcia Bernal playing one of the leads His most recent theatre production, ï¿½Faust,ï¿½ with music by Cave and Ellis, will be seen at the Young Vic theatre in London in October 2010 Gardarsson has frequently performed under the direction of Emma Rice of the famed Kneehigh Theatre where he starred in ï¿½A Matter of Life and Deathï¿½ at the National Theatre in London, and played the lead in ï¿½Angela Carterï¿½s Nights at the Circusï¿½ at the Lyric 24 Hammersmith In December 2008 Gardarsson starred in the title role of ï¿½Don John,ï¿½an updating of the classic story to 1970s England The show was performed at the Royal Shakespeare Companyï¿½s base in Stratford-upon-Avon and at the Battersea Arts Centre in London Gardarsson has been seen in the films ï¿½Country Wedding,ï¿½ ï¿½Beowulf and Grendel,ï¿½ and Vesturport Filmsï¿½ own productions of ï¿½Bornï¿½ (Children) and ï¿½Foreldrarï¿½ (Parents) His latest release as an actor is the film ï¿½Kings Road,ï¿½ directed by Valdis Oskarsdottir, in which he stars opposite the German actor Daniel Bruehl Gardarsson trained as a gymnast for 15 years, competing with the national team of Iceland until the age of 22, when he was accepted at Icelandic Academy of Arts for a four-year actorï¿½s education ABOUT THE FILMMAKERS MIKE NEWELLï¿½s (Director) wide-ranging output has alternated between London and Hollywood, from film to TV A Cambridge graduate, Newell began directing at age 22, working on numerous plays for TV, both for the BBC and for most of the ITV companies His television feature ï¿½The Man in the Iron Maskï¿½ (1977), which was ultimately released as a feature film, served as the springboard to international success His formal theatrical debut, ï¿½The Awakeningï¿½ (1980), starring Charlton Heston, began to cement Newellï¿½s reputation for getting the best results from his actors He worked in many genres with films such as ï¿½Dance with a Strangerï¿½(1984) and ï¿½Enchanted Aprilï¿½(1991), among others In 1994 he made ï¿½Four Weddings and a Funeral,ï¿½ the record-breaking romantic comedy starring Hugh Grant and Andie MacDowell Returning to America, Newell made the Mafia thriller ï¿½Donnie Brascoï¿½ (1997), delivering outstanding performances from Johnny Depp and Al Pacino, followed by such films as ï¿½Pushing Tinï¿½(1999), starring Cate Blanchett, John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton and Angelina Jolie, and ï¿½Mona Lisa Smileï¿½ (2003), with Julia Roberts, Kirsten Dunst, Julia Stiles and Maggie Gyllenhaal Newell served as executive producer on several projects, including ï¿½Trafficï¿½(2000) and ï¿½High Fidelityï¿½(2000) As the director of ï¿½Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fireï¿½ (2005), Newell became the first British director to helm an installment of the hugely popular franchise Newellï¿½s recent credits include Colombiaï¿½s ï¿½Love in the Time of Cholera,ï¿½an adaptation of the classic novel by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, starring Julio Bardem Great stories, well told They can be for audiences in darkened movie theatres or home living rooms They can feature great movie stars or introduce new talent They can be true adventure, broad comedy, heartbreaking tragedy, epic history, joyous romance or searing drama They can be set in the distant or recent past, an only-imagined future or a familiar present Whatever their elements, though, if they begin with a lightning bolt, they are stories being told by JERRY BRUCKHEIMER (Producer), and they will be great stories, well told The numbersï¿½of dollars and honorsï¿½are a matter of often-reported record Bruckheimerï¿½s films have earned worldwide revenues of over $15 billion in box-office, video and recording receipts In the 2005-6 season, he had a record-breaking 10 series on network television, a feat unprecedented in nearly 60 years of television history His films (16 of which exceeded the $100 million mark in U S box- office receipts) and television programs have been acknowledged with 41 Academy Awardï¿½ nominations, six Oscarsï¿½, eight Grammyï¿½ Award nominations, five Grammys, 23 Golden Globeï¿½ nominations, four Golden Globes, 88 Emmyï¿½ Award nominations, 18 Emmys, 23 Peopleï¿½s Choice Award nominations, 15 Peopleï¿½s Choice Awards, 12 BAFTA nominations, two BAFTA Awards, numerous MTV Awards, including one for Best Picture of the Decade for ï¿½Beverly Hills Cop,ï¿½ and 20 Teen Choice Awards But the numbers exist only because of Bruckheimerï¿½s uncanny ability to find the stories and tell them on film He is, according to The Washington Post, ï¿½the man with the golden gut ï¿½ He may have been born that way, but more likely, his natural gifts were polished to laser focus in the early years of his career His first films were the 60-second tales he told as an award-winning commercial producer in his native Detroit One of those mini-films, a parody of ï¿½Bonnie and Clydeï¿½created for Pontiac, was noted for its brilliance in Time magazine and brought the 23-year-old producer to the attention of world-renowned ad agency BBD&O, which lured him to New York Four years on Madison Avenue gave him the experience and confidence to tackle Hollywood, and, just about 30, he was at the helm of memorable films like ï¿½Farewell, My Lovely,ï¿½ï¿½American Gigoloï¿½and 1983ï¿½s ï¿½Flashdance,ï¿½which changed Bruckheimerï¿½s life by grossing $92 million in the U S alone and pairing him with Don Simpson, who would be his producing partner for the next 13 years Together, the Simpson/Bruckheimer juggernaut produced one hit after another, including ï¿½Top Gun,ï¿½ ï¿½Days of Thunder,ï¿½ ï¿½Beverly Hills Cop,ï¿½ï¿½Beverly Hills Cop II,ï¿½ï¿½Bad Boys,ï¿½ï¿½Dangerous Mindsï¿½and ï¿½Crimson Tide ï¿½Box-office success was acknowledged in both 1985 and 1988 when the National Association of Theater Owners (NATO) named Bruckheimer Producer of the Year And in 1988 the Publicists Guild of America chose him, along with Simpson, Motion Picture Showmen of the Year In 1996, Bruckheimer produced ï¿½The Rock,ï¿½ re-establishing Sean Connery as an action star and turning an unlikely Nicolas Cage into an action hero ï¿½The Rock,ï¿½named Favorite Movie of the Year by NATO, grossed $350 million worldwide and was Bruckheimerï¿½s last movie with Simpson, who died during production Now on his own, Bruckheimer followed in 1997 with ï¿½Con Air,ï¿½ which grossed more than $230 million, earned a Grammyï¿½ and two Oscarï¿½ nominations and brought its producer the ShoWest International Box Office Achievement Award for unmatched foreign grosses Then came Touchstone Picturesï¿½megahit ï¿½Armageddon,ï¿½starring Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, Ben Affleck, Liv Tyler and Steve Buscemi 25 Directed by Michael Bay, it was the biggest movie of 1998, grossing nearly $560 million worldwide and introducing legendary rock band Aerosmithï¿½s first number-one single, ï¿½I Donï¿½t Want to Miss a Thing ï¿½ By the end of the millennium, Bruckheimer had produced ï¿½Enemy of the State,ï¿½ starring Will Smith and Gene Hackman, and ï¿½Gone in 60 Seconds,ï¿½ starring Cage, Angelina Jolie and Robert Duvall, both grossing more than $225 million worldwide; ï¿½Coyote Ugly,ï¿½ whose soundtrack album went triple platinum; and the NAACP Image Award-winning ï¿½Remember the Titans,ï¿½ starring Denzel Washington His peers in the Producers Guild of America acknowledged his genius with the David O Selznick Award for Lifetime Achievement in Motion Pictures He began the 21st century with triple-Oscarï¿½ nominee ï¿½Pearl Harbor ï¿½Starring Affleck, Josh Hartnett and Kate Beckinsale and directed by Bay, the film was hailed by World War II veterans and scholars as a worthy re-creation of the event that brought the United States into the war In addition to multiple award nominations and the Oscarï¿½ for Best Sound Editing, it earned over $450 million in worldwide box office and has topped $250 million in DVD and video sales ï¿½Black Hawk Down,ï¿½ the story of the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, starred Hartnett, Eric Bana and Ewan McGregor and was directed by Ridley Scott The adaptation of the Mark Bowden bestseller was honored with multiple award nominations, two Oscarsï¿½ and rave reviews Turning his hand toward comedy in 2003, Bruckheimer released the raucously funny ï¿½Kangaroo Jack,ï¿½ a family film that won an MTV Award for Best Virtual Performance for the kangaroo And later in 2003, Bruckheimer unveiled ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl ï¿½ Starring Johnny Depp, Orlando Bloom, Geoffrey Rush and Keira Knightley and directed by Gore Verbinski, the comedy/adventure/romance grossed more than $630 million worldwide, earned five Academy Awardï¿½ nominations and spawned two sequels: ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½ and ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worldï¿½s End,ï¿½ both of which were to become even bigger hits than the first Following ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl,ï¿½ The Films That Begin With The Lightning Bolt have included ï¿½Bad Boys IIï¿½; ï¿½Veronica Guerin,ï¿½ starring a luminous Cate Blanchett as the Irish journalist murdered by Dublin crime lords; and ï¿½King Arthur,ï¿½ with Clive Owen starring in the revisionist retelling of the Arthurian legend In 2004 ï¿½National Treasure,ï¿½ starring Cage and Sean Bean in a roller-coaster adventure about solving the mystery of untold buried treasure, opened to cheering audiences and grossed more than $335 million worldwide ï¿½Glory Road,ï¿½the story of Texas Western coach Don Haskins, who led the first all-black starting lineup for a college basketball team to the NCAA national championship in 1966, debuted in early 2006, starring Josh Lucas, Derek Luke, Al Shearer, Mehcad Brooks and Emily Deschanel The film was honored with an ESPY Award for Best Sports Movie of the Year for 2006, while the writers received a Humanitas Prize for work that ï¿½honestly explores the complexities of the human experience and sheds light on the positive values of life ï¿½ Summer 2006 brought the theatrical release of ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chest,ï¿½ which sailed into the record books by becoming not only Bruckheimerï¿½s most financially successful film, but the highest-grossing movie opening ever in the history of the medium at that time: $132 million in its first three days Shattering projected estimates, the film earned $55 5 million the first day of release Seizing $44 7 million on the second day, ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½became the first movie to top $100 million in only two days The final worldwide take of $1 07 billion placed ï¿½Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½in third position among the highest-grossing films of all time and is still only one of five films to ever top the billion-dollar mark Teaming for the sixth time with director Tony Scott, Bruckheimer released ï¿½Dï¿½jï¿½ Vuï¿½ in late 2006, the story of an ATF agent who falls in love with a complete stranger as he races against time to track down her brutal killer The film starred Denzel Washington, Jim Caviezel, Paula Patton and Val Kilmer In May 2007 ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worldï¿½s End,ï¿½ third in the blockbuster trilogy, opened around the world simultaneously Shattering more domestic and international records in its wake, ï¿½At Worldï¿½s Endï¿½ became the fastest film in history to reach half a billion dollars in overseas grosses By early July the film had crossed the $300 million mark domestically and amassed $625 million internationally, with its total of $960 million giving ï¿½At Worldï¿½s Endï¿½hallowed status as the number-one worldwide movie of the year and, at that time, the sixth-biggest film of all time in total box-office receipts Collectively, the ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ trilogy brought in close to $2 7 billion at the worldwide box office, marking it as a truly international cultural phenomenon Released on December 21, 2007, ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secretsï¿½ï¿½the followup to Bruckheimerï¿½s 2004 hit, again starring Nicolas Cage and directed by Jon Turteltaubï¿½opened to a smash number-one weekend of nearly $45 million, almost $10 million more than the first film ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secretsï¿½remained in the number-one box-office position for three consecutive weeks and surpassed the first filmï¿½s total U S box-office total of $173 million after only 18 days in release It sailed past the $200 million domestic landmark just a little over a month after it first appeared in theatres and was hugely successful overseas as well, with the combined box- office total reaching $440 million In addition to reuniting Cage with ï¿½National Treasureï¿½stars Jon Voight, Diane Kruger and Justin Bartha, Academy Awardï¿½-winning actress Helen Mirren and four-time Oscarï¿½ nominee Ed Harris were also welcomed to the cast Next up from Jerry Bruckheimer Films in February 2009 was ï¿½Confessions of a Shopaholic,ï¿½ a romantic comedy based on the bestselling novels by Sophie Kinsella, starring Isla Fisher and directed by P J Hogan (ï¿½My Best Friendï¿½s Weddingï¿½) Jerry Bruckheimer Filmsï¿½ most recent release was the international box-office hit ï¿½G-Force,ï¿½ a technically innovative 3D adventure 26 film which combined live action and computer imagery under the innovative direction of Academy Awardï¿½-winning visual effects wizard Hoyt Yeatman The film featured the voice talents of Nicolas Cage, Penelope Cruz, Tracy Morgan, Sam Rockwell, Jon Favreau and Steve Buscemi and live-action performances by Bill Nighy, Zach Galifiankis and Will Arnett Wrote Entertainment Weekly magazine after the July 2009 release of ï¿½G-Force,ï¿½ which saw the film reach number one at the box office, besting the second weekend of ï¿½Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Princeï¿½: ï¿½Forget Voldemort: Harry Potterï¿½s biggest foe at the box office was a team of supersmart guinea pigs Their PG-rated adventure pushed the boy wizard out of the top spotï¿½ï¿½ For release in July 2010 is ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprentice,ï¿½ starring Nicolas Cage, Jay Baruchel, Alfred Molina, Teresa Palmer and Monica Bellucci, directed by Jon Turteltaub (ï¿½National Treasure,ï¿½ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secretsï¿½) Could the master film storyteller make the same magic in 47 minutes for the living-room audience? Apparently As Time magazine wrote, ï¿½The most successful producer in film historyï¿½is on his way to becoming the most successful producer in the history of TV ï¿½ Indeed, by mid-2008 Jerry Bruckheimer Television celebrated its 1,000th episode of network television, a remarkable feat by any standard of the medium And every week a staggering 240 million people in the U S and around the world watch Jerry Bruckheimer Television programs Bruckheimer brought the power of the lightning bolt to television in 2000 with ï¿½CSI: Crime Scene Investigation,ï¿½ starring William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger It quickly became the number-one show on television, averaging 25 million viewers a week and, along with its two spin-offs, ï¿½CSI: Miamiï¿½ï¿½distinguished as the biggest television series hit on a global scale in 2005 as well as being broadcast TVï¿½s #1 primetime series for the summer of 2006ï¿½and ï¿½CSI: NY,ï¿½helped catapult languishing CBS back to the top of the broadcast heap Jerry Bruckheimer Television broadened its imprint by telling compelling stories and delivering viewers in huge numbers with ï¿½Without a Trace,ï¿½ï¿½Cold Caseï¿½and seven-time consecutive Emmyï¿½ Award-winning ï¿½The Amazing Raceï¿½on CBS The Fall 2009 season returned current JBTV series ï¿½C S I : Crime Scene Investigation,ï¿½ï¿½CSI: Miami,ï¿½ï¿½CSI: NY,ï¿½ï¿½Cold Caseï¿½and ï¿½The Amazing Raceï¿½to the schedule, and added three more, including ï¿½Dark Blueï¿½ on TNT (Jerry Bruckheimer Televisionï¿½s first foray into cable), and ï¿½Miami Medical,ï¿½ which premiered on CBS in April 2010, which continue Bruckheimerï¿½s trademark of provocative, investigative drama In 2004 Bruckheimer made the ï¿½Time 100,ï¿½a list of the most influential people in the world Also in 2004 Bruckheimer was named number one in the Power Issue of Entertainment Weekly The following year, he was the first recipient of the SEAL Patriot Award in recognition by the SEAL community for his outstanding representation of the U S military in motion pictures and television In 2006, Bruckheimer was honored with a Doctor of Fine Arts degree from The University of Arizona, his alma mater ï¿½Bruckheimer is unique in the industry in that his creative vision spans both large and small screens We are pleased to recognize his work through this honor,ï¿½ said Maurice Sevigny, dean of the UA College of Fine Arts Variety selected Bruckheimer as its Showman of the Year for 2006 This awardï¿½determined by Varietyï¿½s top editors and reportersï¿½is presented to an individual who has had significant economic impact, innovations and/or breakthroughs in the entertainment industry Bruckheimer was presented with the Salute to Excellence Award from The Museum of Television and Radio for 2006 for his contribution to the television medium And, in 2007, the Producers Guild of America presented him with the Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television for his extraordinary body of work in television The Los Angeles Times listed Bruckheimer as number eight in its 2006 The Power Issue, which features 100 people who wield the most influence in Southern California Premiere magazine ranked Bruckheimer as number ten on its list of 2006 power players, while Forbes magazine positioned the producer at 42 on its 2006 Celebrity 100 List Bruckheimer placed number 24 on Vanity Fairï¿½s 2008 New Establishment, an annual list of the worldï¿½s most powerful people, moving up a couple of notches from number 26 on the 2007 list; and he placed a high number 14 on Entertainment Weeklyï¿½s The 50 Smartest People in Hollywood issue in December 2007 This was the month in which the lightning bolt struck several times, and in new directions, including the major announcement that Bruckheimer had entered into a collaboration with MTV to develop videogames, establishing a games incubation studio in Santa Monica to create and develop titles; and then the blockbuster opening of ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets ï¿½ On the last day of 2007, The New York Timesï¿½ ï¿½Most Wantedï¿½ section on its Arts and Leisure page noted that Bruckheimer had both the number-one film (ï¿½Book of Secretsï¿½) and number-one-rated television program (ï¿½CSI: Miamiï¿½) in the United States In 2010, ShoWest honored Bruckheimer with their Lifetime Achievement Award, his fifth honor from that organization following his awards as Producer of the Year in 1985, 1988 and 1999, and Box Office Achievement Award in 1998 Also in 2010, Bruckheimer joins nearly 200 distinguished entertainment industry celebrities by putting his hand and footprints into wet concrete in front of the famed Graumanï¿½s Chinese Theatre on May 17, the night of the Hollywood premiere of ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ï¿½ The American Film Institute pays tribute to Bruckheimer with ï¿½A Cinematic Celebration of Jerry Bruckheimer,ï¿½ showcasing several of his blockbusters with introductions by the actors or directors who helped make the films so memorable In her 2008 autobiography, ï¿½In the Frame,ï¿½ Dame Helen Mirren recalls Bruckheimer, during the course of filming ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets,ï¿½as ï¿½gentle, supportive and courageous, proving the saying ï¿½he who dares, wins ï¿½ï¿½Jerry Bruckheimer has been successful in many genres and multiple mediums because heï¿½s a great storyteller, takes daresï¿½and almost always wins Look for the lightning bolt The best stories are right behind it 27 MIKE STENSON (Executive Producer) is president of Jerry Bruckheimer Films for which he supervises all aspects of film development and production Before joining the company, he was an executive in charge of production at Disney, responsible for many Bruckheimer films including ï¿½Armageddon,ï¿½ï¿½The Rock,ï¿½ï¿½Crimson Tideï¿½and ï¿½Dangerous Minds ï¿½More recently, Stenson served as a producer on ï¿½Bad Companyï¿½ and ï¿½Gone in 60 Secondsï¿½ and as an executive producer on ï¿½Glory Road,ï¿½ ï¿½National Treasure,ï¿½ ï¿½King Arthur,ï¿½ ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl,ï¿½ ï¿½Bad Boys 2,ï¿½ ï¿½Veronica Guerin,ï¿½ ï¿½Kangaroo Jack,ï¿½ ï¿½Black Hawk Down,ï¿½ ï¿½Pearl Harbor,ï¿½ ï¿½Coyote Ugly,ï¿½ï¿½Remember the Titans,ï¿½ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chest,ï¿½ï¿½Dï¿½jï¿½ Vu,ï¿½ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worldï¿½s End,ï¿½ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets,ï¿½ï¿½Confessions of a Shopaholic,ï¿½ï¿½G-Forceï¿½and ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprentice ï¿½ Next up for Stenson is serving as executive producer of ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides,ï¿½ the next chapter of the blockbuster franchise Born and raised in Boston, Stenson graduated from Harvard University with a bachelorï¿½s degree in economics and a Master of Business Administration After his undergraduate stint, he started as a production assistant in New York and worked for two years in independent film and television as an assistant director and production manager before returning to Boston to complete his graduate education After completing business school, Stenson moved to Los Angeles where he began his tenure at Walt Disney Studios in Special Projects for two years before moving into the production department at Hollywood Pictures as a creative executive He was promoted to vice president and subsequently executive vice president during his eight years with the company, overseeing development and production for Hollywood Pictures as well as Touchstone Pictures In addition to the many Bruckheimer films, Stenson also developed several other films and nurtured them through production including ï¿½Rush Hour,ï¿½ï¿½Instinct,ï¿½ï¿½Six Days, Seven Nightsï¿½ and ï¿½Mr Hollandï¿½s Opus ï¿½ While at Disney, many filmmakers attempted to woo Stenson away from the studio, but not until 1998 did he entertain leaving With his newest position at the helm of Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Stenson spearheaded Bruckheimerï¿½s plan to expand the companyï¿½s film production schedule CHAD OMAN (Executive Producer) is the president of production for Jerry Bruckheimer Films, for which he oversees all aspects of film development and production Oman produced, along with Bruckheimer, ï¿½Remember the Titans,ï¿½starring Denzel Washington for Walt Disney Pictures, and ï¿½Coyote Ugly,ï¿½ starring Piper Perabo and John Goodman, for Touchstone Pictures His most recent executive-producer credits for Jerry Bruckheimer Films include ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprentice,ï¿½ï¿½G-Force,ï¿½ï¿½Confessions of a Shopaholicï¿½and ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets ï¿½He also executive-produced the critically acclaimed ï¿½Veronica Guerin,ï¿½starring Cate Blanchett, as well as the blockbuster hits ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl,ï¿½ directed by Gore Verbinski and starring Johnny Depp; ï¿½Bad Boys II,ï¿½ starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence; ï¿½Black Hawk Down,ï¿½ directed by Ridley Scott and starring Josh Hartnett; ï¿½Pearl Harbor,ï¿½ starring Ben Affleck, Kate Beckinsale and Josh Hartnett; ï¿½Gone in 60 Seconds,ï¿½ starring Nicolas Cage, Angelina Jolie and Robert Duvall; ï¿½Enemy of the State,ï¿½ starring Will Smith and Gene Hackman; ï¿½Armageddon,ï¿½ starring Bruce Willis and Ben Affleck; ï¿½Con Air,ï¿½ starring Nicolas Cage and John Malkovich; ï¿½Glory Roadï¿½ ; ï¿½Dï¿½jï¿½ Vu,ï¿½ starring Denzel Washington; ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets,ï¿½ again starring Nicolas Cage; and both ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½ and ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worldï¿½s End,ï¿½again starring Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush, Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley He will next executive produce ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides,ï¿½ the fourth entry of the franchise In addition to his work on JBFï¿½s many motion picture projects, Oman also supervised production on several television projects including ABCï¿½s drama ï¿½Dangerous Minds,ï¿½ starring Annie Potts, and the ABC drama ï¿½Swing Vote,ï¿½ written by Ron Bass and starring Andy Garcia Prior to joining Simpson Bruckheimer in 1995, Oman was a founding employee of the Motion Picture Corporation of America After six years, he left the independent production company as senior vice president of production Oman served as an associate producer on ï¿½Dumb and Dumber,ï¿½starring Jim Carrey; executive-produced Touchstone Picturesï¿½ï¿½The War at Home,ï¿½ starring Emilio Estevez, Kathy Bates and Martin Sheen; and co-produced ï¿½The Desperate Trail,ï¿½ with Sam Elliott, and ï¿½The Sketch Artistï¿½ starring Drew Barrymore and Sean Young Oman produced ï¿½Hands That See,ï¿½ with Courteney Cox, and ï¿½Love, Cheat and Steal,ï¿½ with John Lithgow and Eric Roberts Oman graduated from Southern Methodist University with a degree in finance He also attended the University of California at Los Angeles, where he studied screenwriting, and New York University, where he participated in the undergraduate film production program He was born and raised in Wichita Falls, Texas JOHN AUGUST (Executive Producer) has written such films as ï¿½The Ninesï¿½ (which he also directed), ï¿½Corpse Bride,ï¿½ï¿½Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,ï¿½ï¿½Big Fish,ï¿½ï¿½Charlieï¿½s Angelsï¿½and ï¿½Charlieï¿½s Angels: Full Throttle,ï¿½ï¿½Titan A E ï¿½and ï¿½Go ï¿½For TV, he was executive producer of ï¿½D C ï¿½ and ï¿½Alaska ï¿½ 28 Author, screenwriter and video-game designer JORDAN MECHNER (Executive Producer/Screen Story By) is best known as the creator of the ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ franchise, with more than 14 million games sold to date and the feature-film adaptation due in 2010 Mechnerï¿½s first graphic novel, ï¿½Solomonï¿½s Thievesï¿½ (First Second Books, May 2010) , is a swashbuckling action-adventure about the historical Knights Templar, illustrated by LeUyen Pham & Alex Puvilland Mechner also penned a new ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ graphic novel, ï¿½Prince of Persia: Before the Sandstormï¿½; Disney Book Group published it in April 2010 to tie it in with the filmï¿½s release Mechner previously collaborated with First Second, Pham & Puvilland on the 2008 ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ graphic novel written by A B Sina Mechner began his career as a video-game creator in the 1980s with ï¿½Karatekaï¿½ and ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½ two of the first games to combine arcade action with realistic animation and cinematic storytelling Both titles became number-one bestsellers and are now considered all-time classics Created and programmed by Mechner on an Apple II and published by Brï¿½derbund Software, ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ was adapted for nearly every computer and console platform and was a major influence in the development of the action- adventure video-game genre Mechner designed and directed a successful sequel, ï¿½Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame ï¿½ Mechner next founded independent developer Smoking Car Productions, where he led a 30-person creative team in the production of the critically acclaimed 1997 CD-ROM adventure game ï¿½The Last Express,ï¿½ still considered one of the most ambitious and artistically successful interactive narratives ever attempted ï¿½Karateka,ï¿½ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½and ï¿½The Last Expressï¿½secured Mechnerï¿½s reputation as one of the video-game industryï¿½s most highly regarded original creators In 2001 Mechner relaunched his decade-old ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½for a new generation of gamers With Mechner as game designer, writer and creative consultant, ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ was one of the biggest hits of 2003, sweeping the Interactive Achievement Awards (DICE) with 12 nominations and eight awards and making ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½one of the most successful and enduring video-game franchises of all time In 2004 Mechner pitched ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½ to producer Jerry Bruckheimer, who challenged him to adapt his own creation as a feature film Three more ï¿½Prince of Persiaï¿½sequels have since been published, bringing total game sales to more than 14 million; the next title is ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sandsï¿½ (May 2010) Mechner wrote and directed the documentary film ï¿½Chavez Ravine: A Los Angeles Story ï¿½ It won the 2003 IDA award for Best Short Documentary, was short-listed for an Academy Awardï¿½ nomination and received its broadcast premiere on PBS Independent Lens in 2005 Mechnerï¿½s upcoming projects include writing a feature-film adaptation of Michael Turnerï¿½s comic-book series ï¿½Fathomï¿½ for Fox Studios and actress Megan Fox, as well as a new original graphic novel for First Second He received his B A from Yale University ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Timeï¿½ marks PATRICK McCORMICKï¿½s (Executive Producer) second collaboration as executive producer with director Mike Newell, the two having worked together on ï¿½Donnie Brasco,ï¿½ starring Al Pacino and Johnny Depp Most recently, McCormick was executive producer with director Tim Burton on ï¿½Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street,ï¿½ starring Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter, Alan Rickman, Timothy Spall and Sacha Baron Cohen Prior to that, McCormick was executive producer for Tim Burton on ï¿½Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,ï¿½ also starring Johnny Depp McCormick produced the Sony/Universal release of ï¿½Peter Pan,ï¿½ directed by P J Hogan and starring Jason Isaacs, Jeremy Sumpter, Rachel Hurd-Wood and Lynn Redgrave His many other credits as executive producer include three films directed by Barry Levinson: ï¿½Bandits,ï¿½ the comic caper starring Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton and Cate Blanchett; ï¿½An Everlasting Piece,ï¿½ a comedy set in 1980s Belfast starring Barry McEvoy, Brian F Oï¿½Byrne, Anna Friel and Billy Connolly; and ï¿½Liberty Heights,ï¿½ the fourth in the directorï¿½s Baltimore series, starring Adrien Brody, Bebe Neuwirth and Joe Mantegna McCormick was also executive producer of ï¿½Stepmom,ï¿½ directed by Chris Columbus and starring Julia Roberts, Susan Sarandon and Ed Harris; ï¿½The Juror,ï¿½ starring Demi Moore, Alec Baldwin and James Gandolfini; and ï¿½Boys on the Side,ï¿½ starring Drew Barrymore, Whoopi Goldberg, Mary-Louise Parker and Matthew McConaughey As producer, McCormickï¿½s previous credits include ï¿½Angie,ï¿½ starring Geena Davis and James Gandolfini, and ï¿½A Shock to the System,ï¿½ starring Michael Caine ERIC McLEOD (Executive Producer) has a wide range of production experience as a producer, executive producer and unit production manager He served as an executive producer for Jerry Bruckheimerï¿½s blockbuster productions of both ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½ and ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worldï¿½s End,ï¿½ which he followed up by producing the highly anticipated summer 2008 comedy ï¿½Tropic Thunder ï¿½ Following his work on ï¿½Prince of Persia,ï¿½ McLeod segued to Tony Scottï¿½s ï¿½Unstoppable,ï¿½ starring Denzel Washington Previously, McLeod produced the smash hit ï¿½Mr and Mrs Smithï¿½and was executive producer of ï¿½The Dukes of Hazzard,ï¿½ï¿½The Cat in the Hat,ï¿½ï¿½Showtime,ï¿½ï¿½Bubble Boyï¿½and ï¿½Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery ï¿½He also produced ï¿½Austin Powers in Goldmember,ï¿½ï¿½The Cellï¿½ and ï¿½Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me ï¿½ Earlier in his career, McLeod was co-producer of ï¿½Feeling Minnesotaï¿½ and ï¿½Now and Then,ï¿½ line producer of ï¿½Corrina, Corrinaï¿½ and ï¿½Even Cowgirls Get the Bluesï¿½and associate producer of ï¿½Live Wire ï¿½He also served as unit production manager on several of the above films, as well as on Jerry Bruckheimerï¿½s production of ï¿½Enemy of the State,ï¿½ï¿½Wag the Dog,ï¿½ï¿½Wide Sargasso Seaï¿½and ï¿½The Rapture ï¿½McLeod began his work in motion pictures as a production coordinator on ï¿½Cry-Baby,ï¿½ï¿½Drugstore Cowboyï¿½ and ï¿½8 Seconds ï¿½ 29 PAT SANDSTON (Associate Producer) has been the associate producer for Jerry Bruckheimer Films for more than a decade He oversees all post-production and has worked closely with such top directors as Michael Bay, Ridley Scott, Gore Verbinski, Tony Scott, Joel Schumacher and Jon Turteltaub, to name a few Since his time at Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Sandstonï¿½s department has been nominated for 14 Academy Awardsï¿½ From those nominations, ï¿½Black Hawk Downï¿½ won for Best Editing and Best Sound, ï¿½Pearl Harborï¿½ won for Best Sound Editing and ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Manï¿½s Chestï¿½ won for Best Visual Effects Sandstonï¿½s credits for Jerry Bruckheimer Films include ï¿½National Treasureï¿½ and ï¿½National Treasure: Book of Secrets,ï¿½ the ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ trilogy, ï¿½Dï¿½jï¿½ Vu,ï¿½ ï¿½Glory Road,ï¿½ ï¿½King Arthur,ï¿½ ï¿½Black Hawk Down,ï¿½ ï¿½Pearl Harbor,ï¿½ ï¿½Bad Boys II,ï¿½ ï¿½Gone in 60 Seconds,ï¿½ ï¿½Armageddon,ï¿½ ï¿½Confessions of a Shopaholic,ï¿½ ï¿½G-Force,ï¿½ ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprenticeï¿½ and the upcoming ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides ï¿½ His career began at Paramount Pictures as a production executive Sandston discovered his true calling in post-production when he began to work at Walt Disney Studios, where he was rapidly promoted to vice president of post-production and visual effects for aspects of post-production on more than 35 feature films, three EPCOT Center shorts and four Walt Disney Tour films A partial list of Sandstonï¿½s credits while at Disney includes ï¿½James and the Giant Peach,ï¿½ï¿½Operation Dumbo Drop,ï¿½ï¿½Honey, I Shrunk the Kids,ï¿½ï¿½Mr Destiny,ï¿½ï¿½Miami Rhapsodyï¿½ and ï¿½Beaches ï¿½ A writer and director with a gift for dealing with controversial issues on personal, human terms, BOAZ YAKIN (Screenplay By) was born in New York City Yakinï¿½s parents had a creative bentï¿½they met in Paris while both were studying mime with Marcel Marceauï¿½and after graduating from high school, Yakin opted to study filmmaking at New York City College He soon moved on to New York University and made his first deal for a screenplay at the age of 19 Yakin worked in the film business helping to develop projects for several companies and saw his first screenplay reach the screen when ï¿½The Punisher,ï¿½a vehicle for Dolph Lundgren, was released A year later, Yakinï¿½s next screenplay, ï¿½The Rookie,ï¿½ arrived in theaters, starring Clint Eastwood and Charlie Sheen Wanting to take on more personal material, Yakin directed his own screenplay, ï¿½Fresh,ï¿½ attracting talent such as Samuel L Jackson and Giancarlo Esposito to star in it, and the film won critical raves, earning the Filmmakerï¿½s Trophy at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival, as well as prizes in the Tokyo film festival and other festivals throughout Europe Yakin went back to his youth for inspiration on his next project; his experiences with the Chassidic community informed his next directorial effort, ï¿½A Price Above Rubies,ï¿½which was released by Miramax Films Yakin next took on his first studio project; ï¿½Remember the Titans,ï¿½ starring Denzel Washington, for producer Jerry Bruckheimer The film was a major box-office success, and a perennial audience favorite He then made a foray into comedy with ï¿½Uptown Girls,ï¿½ starring Brittany Murphy and Dakota Fanning As a producer, Yakin formed the company ï¿½Raw Nerveï¿½ with partners Eli Roth and Scott Spiegel, from which they unleashed the ï¿½Hostelï¿½films on the world Most recently, Yakin wrote, produced and directed ï¿½Death in Love,ï¿½ a controversial film that had its premiere at the 2009 Sundance film festival DOUG MIRO & CARLO BERNARD (Screenplay By) co-wrote two of this summerï¿½s most highly anticipated films for producer Jerry Bruckheimer, ï¿½Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time,ï¿½ based upon the video game series, directed by Mike Newell and starring Jake Gyllenhaal, and ï¿½The Sorcererï¿½s Apprentice,ï¿½ an action adventure starring Nicolas Cage, directed by Jon Turteltaub Miro and Bernardï¿½s credits also include ï¿½The Uninvitedï¿½ for DreamWorks and producers Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald and ï¿½The Great Raidï¿½ for Miramax They are currently at work on ï¿½National Treasure 3ï¿½ for Bruckheimer and Turteltaub Miro and Bernard first made their mark with ï¿½Motor City,ï¿½ an adaptation of the novel ï¿½Edselï¿½ (Loren Estleman), a film noir set in 1950s Detroit The team also adapted Dean Kingï¿½s ï¿½Skeletons of the Zahara: A True Story of Survival,ï¿½ which chronicles the wreck of a Connecticut merchant ship and the crewï¿½s subsequent adventures in the Sahara Desert in 1815 After reading their adaptation, Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy hired the writing team to work on the script for the upcoming ï¿½Tintin ï¿½ Miro and Bernard grew up together in suburban Detroit and have known each other since they were 8 years old Miro received an MFA from the USC Film School and a BA from Stanford; Bernard graduated from the University of Michigan They are both long-suffering Lions fans, but remain certain the team is headed in the right direction JOHN SEALE (Director of Photography) won the Academy Awardï¿½, American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) Award, British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award and other honors for his work on the late Anthony Minghellaï¿½s ï¿½The English Patient ï¿½ Seale also received Oscarï¿½ nominations for ï¿½Witness,ï¿½ ï¿½Rain Manï¿½ and ï¿½Cold Mountain ï¿½ His additional BAFTA Award nominations were for ï¿½Witness,ï¿½ï¿½Gorillas in the Mist,ï¿½ï¿½The Talented Mr Ripleyï¿½and ï¿½Cold Mountain,ï¿½and he received ASC Award nods for ï¿½Rain Man,ï¿½ï¿½The Perfect Stormï¿½ and ï¿½Cold Mountain ï¿½ Seale has also won numerous critics awards for his extraordinary body of work through the years Seale began his career as a camera operator in his native Australia on such films as Peter Weirï¿½s ï¿½Picnic at Hanging Rock,ï¿½ï¿½The Last Waveï¿½and ï¿½Gallipoli,ï¿½becoming second-unit cinematographer on the directorï¿½s ï¿½The Year of Living Dangerously ï¿½Seale had already been director of photography on several moderately budgeted Australian features before more notable films such as ï¿½Careful, He Might Hear You ï¿½ In 1985 Sealeï¿½s many years of work with Peter Weir paid off when he was selected as director of photography on the celebrated 30 ï¿½Witness ï¿½Since that time, Sealeï¿½s work has been seen in such films as ï¿½Children of a Lesser God,ï¿½Weirï¿½s ï¿½The Mosquito Coastï¿½and ï¿½Dead Poets Society,ï¿½ï¿½Lorenzoï¿½s Oil,ï¿½ï¿½The Firm,ï¿½ï¿½The Paper,ï¿½ï¿½The American President,ï¿½ï¿½Ghosts of Mississippi,ï¿½ï¿½City of Angels,ï¿½ï¿½Harry Potter and the Sorcererï¿½s Stoneï¿½ and ï¿½Spanglish,ï¿½ in addition to the aforementioned titles and many others WOLF KROEGER (Production Designer) has enjoyed a long and distinguished career Following work as an art director for several films, including Robert Altmanï¿½s ï¿½Quintet,ï¿½ Kroeger was asked to design the extraordinary crazy quilt settings for Altmanï¿½s film version of ï¿½Popeye ï¿½ Kroegerï¿½s subsequent work has been remarkably versatile, including such projects as ï¿½First Blood,ï¿½ Altmanï¿½s ï¿½Streamers,ï¿½ï¿½The Bay Boy,ï¿½ Richard Donnerï¿½s ï¿½Ladyhawke,ï¿½ Michael Ciminoï¿½s ï¿½Year of the Dragon,ï¿½ï¿½The Sicilian,ï¿½ï¿½Let It Ride,ï¿½ï¿½Brian De Palmaï¿½s ï¿½Casualties of War,ï¿½ï¿½Weï¿½re No Angels,ï¿½Michael Mannï¿½s ï¿½The Last of the Mohicans,ï¿½Disneyï¿½s ï¿½The Three Musketeers,ï¿½ï¿½The Edge,ï¿½Jean-Jacques Annaudï¿½s ï¿½Enemy at the Gates,ï¿½ ï¿½Reign of Fire,ï¿½ ï¿½Equilibrium,ï¿½ ï¿½Beyond Borders,ï¿½ ï¿½Racing Stripes,ï¿½ ï¿½Eragonï¿½ and Mike Newellï¿½s ï¿½Love in the Time of Cholera ï¿½ PENNY ROSE (Costume Designer) has designed the costumes for Jerry Bruckheimer and Gore Verbinskiï¿½s ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbeanï¿½ trilogy, as well as for ï¿½King Arthur ï¿½ For ï¿½Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl,ï¿½ Rose received Costume Designers Guild nominations for all three ï¿½Piratesï¿½ films, and British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) nominations for ï¿½The Curse of the Black Pearlï¿½ and ï¿½Dead Manï¿½s Chest ï¿½ Rose had received a previous BAFTA nomination for her work on director Alan Parkerï¿½s acclaimed screen version of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Riceï¿½s musical ï¿½Evita,ï¿½starring Madonna and Jonathan Pryce Rose is a longtime collaborator of Parkerï¿½s and has designed costumes for three of his other films: ï¿½The Road to Wellville,ï¿½ï¿½Pink Floyd: The Wallï¿½ and ï¿½The Commitments ï¿½ Roseï¿½s additional credits include ï¿½The Sleeping Dictionary,ï¿½ Neil Jordanï¿½s ï¿½The Good Thief,ï¿½ï¿½Just Visiting,ï¿½ï¿½Entrapmentï¿½ and Disneyï¿½s hit remake of ï¿½The Parent Trap,ï¿½ directed by Nancy Meyers, and Gore Verbinskiï¿½s ï¿½The Weather Man ï¿½ Earlier in her career, she designed costumes for Brian De Palmaï¿½s ï¿½Mission: Impossibleï¿½ and worked with Academy Awardï¿½-winning director Lord Richard Attenborough on ï¿½Shadowlandsï¿½and ï¿½In Love and War ï¿½Her resume also includes Christopher Hamptonï¿½s ï¿½Carrington,ï¿½Vincent Wardï¿½s ï¿½Map of the Human Heart,ï¿½ Bill Forsythï¿½s ï¿½Local Hero,ï¿½ Pat Oï¿½Connorï¿½s ï¿½Cal,ï¿½ Marek Kanievskaï¿½s ï¿½Another Countryï¿½ and Jean-Jacques Annaudï¿½s ï¿½Quest for Fire ï¿½ Rose designed the costumes for the Walt Disney Pictures comedy ï¿½Wild Hogs,ï¿½starring Tim Allen, Martin Lawrence and John Travolta, ï¿½St Trinianï¿½s,ï¿½ starring Gemma Arterton, and ï¿½Made of Honor ï¿½ Rose was trained in West End theater and began her career there and also in television, designing for commercials where she first met such directors as Alan Parker, Adrian Lyne, Ridley and Tony Scott, and Hugh Hudson She was born and raised in Britain and is fluent in French and Italian GEORGE AGUILAR (Stunt Coordinator), following years of work as a stuntman, became one of the film industryï¿½s most prominent stunt coordinators His innumerable feature credits in that capacity have included Mike Newellï¿½s ï¿½Donnie Brasco,ï¿½ Martin Scorseseï¿½s ï¿½The Departed,ï¿½ï¿½Gangs of New Yorkï¿½and ï¿½Bringing Out the Dead,ï¿½Ridley Scottï¿½s ï¿½American Gangster,ï¿½ï¿½Enchanted,ï¿½ï¿½Before the Devil Knows Youï¿½re Dead,ï¿½ï¿½The Good Shepherd,ï¿½ï¿½The Pink Panther,ï¿½ï¿½Ladder 49,ï¿½ï¿½Elf,ï¿½ï¿½Die Another Dayï¿½ (co-stunt coordinator) and many more For television, Aguilar was stunt coordinator on multiple episodes of ï¿½Ozï¿½and ï¿½Homicide: Life on the Street,ï¿½as well as ï¿½Homicide: The Movieï¿½ and ï¿½Wanted Dead or Alive ï¿½ MICHAEL KAHN (Film Editor) is a legendary artist in his field who won Academy Awardsï¿½ for his work on Steven Spielbergï¿½s ï¿½Raiders of the Lost Ark,ï¿½ï¿½Schindlerï¿½s Listï¿½ and ï¿½Saving Private Ryanï¿½ and was nominated for ï¿½Close Encounters of the Third Kind,ï¿½ï¿½Fatal Attraction,ï¿½ ï¿½Empire of the Sunï¿½ and ï¿½Munich ï¿½ Kahn has collaborated with Spielberg on films both directed and produced by the filmmaker, among them ï¿½Poltergeist,ï¿½ï¿½The Goonies,ï¿½ï¿½Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom,ï¿½ï¿½Jurassic Park,ï¿½ï¿½Twister,ï¿½ï¿½Amistad,ï¿½ï¿½Minority Report,ï¿½ï¿½Catch Me If You Can,ï¿½ï¿½War of the Worldsï¿½ and ï¿½Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull ï¿½ Kahnï¿½s honors have also included British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Awards for ï¿½Fatal Attractionï¿½ and ï¿½Schindlerï¿½s Listï¿½ and nominations for ï¿½Close Encounters of the Third Kind,ï¿½ ï¿½Raiders of the Lost Ark,ï¿½ ï¿½Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doomï¿½ and ï¿½Saving Private Ryan,ï¿½ and ACE (American Cinema Editors) Awards for ï¿½Eleanor and Franklinï¿½ (for which he also won an Emmyï¿½), ï¿½Raiders of the Lost Ark,ï¿½ï¿½Schindlerï¿½s Listï¿½ and ï¿½Saving Private Ryan,ï¿½ along with four other nominations MARTIN WALSH (Film Editor) won an Academy Awardï¿½ for his work on ï¿½Chicago,ï¿½ as well as an Eddie (American Cinema Editors) Award and a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) nomination Born in Manchester, England, Walshï¿½s numerous credits have included ï¿½Inkheart,ï¿½ï¿½V for Vendetta,ï¿½ï¿½Bridget Jonesï¿½s Diary,ï¿½ï¿½Mansfield Park,ï¿½ï¿½Feeling Minnesota,ï¿½ï¿½Backbeatï¿½ and ï¿½The Krays,ï¿½ among others 31 MICK AUDSLEY (Film Editor) has previously edited Mike Newellï¿½s ï¿½Love in the Time of Cholera,ï¿½ ï¿½Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire,ï¿½ ï¿½Mona Lisa Smile,ï¿½ ï¿½Soursweetï¿½ and ï¿½Dance with a Stranger ï¿½ His other credits include Terry Gilliamï¿½s ï¿½The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassusï¿½and ï¿½Twelve Monkeysï¿½; Stephen Frearsï¿½ï¿½Dirty Pretty Things,ï¿½ï¿½High Fidelity,ï¿½ï¿½Hero,ï¿½ï¿½The Grifters,ï¿½ï¿½Dangerous Liaisons,ï¿½ï¿½Sammy and Rosie Get Laid,ï¿½ ï¿½Prick Up Your Ears,ï¿½ ï¿½My Beautiful Laundretteï¿½ and ï¿½The Hitï¿½; and Neil Jordanï¿½s ï¿½Interview With the Vampireï¿½ and ï¿½Weï¿½re No Angels,ï¿½ among others TOM WOOD (Visual Effects Supervisor) was visual effects supervisor for Danny Boyleï¿½s ï¿½Sunshineï¿½ and ï¿½Sylvia,ï¿½ as well as visual effects supervisor for MPC on Ridley Scottï¿½s ï¿½Kingdom of Heavenï¿½ and ï¿½Close Your Eyes ï¿½ Previously, Wood had worked as a sequence supervisor, compositor or digital effects supervisor on such films as ï¿½Event Horizon,ï¿½ ï¿½Lost in Space,ï¿½ï¿½The World Is Not Enough,ï¿½ï¿½Snatch,ï¿½ï¿½Enemy at the Gates,ï¿½ï¿½Lara Croft: Tomb Raider,ï¿½ï¿½Harry Potter and the Sorcererï¿½s Stoneï¿½ and ï¿½Ali G Indahouse ï¿½ TREVOR WOOD (Special Effects) won both the Academy Awardï¿½ and British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award for his work on ï¿½The Golden Compass ï¿½His work as special effects supervisor and coordinator has traversed many diverse films, among them ï¿½The Last Legion,ï¿½ï¿½Syriana,ï¿½ï¿½Alexander,ï¿½ï¿½Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow,ï¿½ï¿½Cold Mountain,ï¿½ï¿½Spy Game,ï¿½ï¿½Gladiatorï¿½(Malta only), and ï¿½Event Horizon ï¿½Wood was special effects workshop supervisor on ï¿½Entrapment,ï¿½ï¿½Saving Private Ryan,ï¿½ï¿½The Fifth Elementï¿½and ï¿½Stargate ï¿½ Earlier in his career, Wood served in various special-effects capacities on ï¿½Dune,ï¿½ï¿½King David,ï¿½ï¿½Young Sherlock Holmes,ï¿½ï¿½Casualties of War,ï¿½ï¿½Henry V,ï¿½ï¿½Memphis Belle,ï¿½ï¿½1492: Conquest of Paradise,ï¿½ï¿½Mission: Impossibleï¿½ and ï¿½Dragonheart ï¿½ HARRY GREGSON-WILLIAMS (Composer) is one of Hollywoodï¿½s most sought-after composers, working on a variety of high-profile projects, both animated and live-action Over the last few years, Gregson-Williams has scored some of the industryï¿½s biggest blockbusters, including ï¿½Shrek the Third,ï¿½ï¿½The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobeï¿½ (for which he received nominations for a Golden Globeï¿½ and Grammyï¿½), ï¿½Shrekï¿½(for which he received a BAFTA nomination), ï¿½Shrek 2,ï¿½and ï¿½Chicken Run ï¿½ He most recently wrote the scores for the blockbuster ï¿½X-Men Origins: Wolverine,ï¿½ directed by Gavin Hood, and ï¿½The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3,ï¿½ directed by Tony Scott He has worked on several movies with director Tony Scott, including ï¿½Man on Fire,ï¿½ï¿½Domino,ï¿½ï¿½Spy Gameï¿½ and ï¿½Dï¿½jï¿½ Vu ï¿½ For director Joel Schumacher, he has scored ï¿½Phone Booth,ï¿½ï¿½Veronica Guerin,ï¿½ï¿½The Number 23ï¿½ and the upcoming ï¿½Twelve ï¿½ His other film credits include ï¿½Gone Baby Gone,ï¿½which marked the directorial debut of Ben Affleck, ï¿½The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian,ï¿½ï¿½Seraphim Falls,ï¿½ ï¿½Kingdom of Heavenï¿½ (nominated for a Classical Brit award and winner of a Golden Satellite award), ï¿½Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason,ï¿½ ï¿½Enemy of the State,ï¿½ï¿½The Replacement Killers,ï¿½ï¿½Smillaï¿½s Sense of Snowï¿½ and ï¿½Antz ï¿½ Born in England to a musical family, Gregson-Williams earned a scholarship from the music school of St Johnï¿½s College in Cambridge at the age of seven By age 13, his singing had been featured on over a dozen records, and he subsequently earned a coveted spot at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London He started his film career as an orchestrator and arranger for composer Stanley Myers and went on to compose his first scores for the veteran English director Nicolas Roeg Gregson-Williamsï¿½initiation into Hollywood film scoring was then facilitated by his collaboration and friendship with Oscarï¿½-winning composer Hans Zimmer This resulted in Gregson- Williams providing music for such films as ï¿½The Rock,ï¿½ï¿½Broken Arrow,ï¿½ï¿½The Fan,ï¿½ï¿½Muppet Treasure Island,ï¿½ï¿½Armageddon,ï¿½ï¿½As Good as It Gets,ï¿½and ï¿½The Prince of Egypt ï¿½ Gregson-Williams has conducted acclaimed concerts of his music from ï¿½The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobeï¿½ in Madrid in 2006 and in Denver in 2007 Other upcoming projects for Gregson-Williams include ï¿½Shrek Forever After,ï¿½ï¿½The Townï¿½(with composer David Buckley), written and directed by Ben Affleck, and the dramatic thriller ï¿½Unstoppableï¿½ from director Tony Scott OSCARï¿½ and ACADEMY AWARDï¿½ are the registered trademarks and service marks of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . SCREEN ACTORS GUILD AWARDï¿½ and SAG AWARDï¿½ are the registered trademarks and service marks of Screen Actors Guild . TONY AWARDï¿½ is a registered trademark and service mark of The American Theatre Wing . 32	i don't know
A group of street urchins, the Baker Street Irregulars are employed by whom?	Baker Street Irregulars \| Baker Street Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The Special Operations Executive (SOE), tasked by Winston Churchill to "Set Europe ablaze" during World War II had their headquarters at 64 Baker Street and were often called the Baker Street Irregulars after Sherlock Holmes 's fictional group of boys employed "to go everywhere, see everything, and overhear everyone," as they spied about London. The Baker Street Irregulars is a society of Sherlock Holmes enthusiasts that was founded in 1934. The Irregulars appear as the main characters in Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars: The Fall of the Amazing Zalindas, a 2006 novel by Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin. Wiggins is again the leader of a gang of street urchins. Other major characters include Ozzie, a scrivener's apprentice; Rohan, an Indian boy; Elliot, from an Irish tailor's family; Pilar, a Gypsy girl; and little Alfie. The Irregulars help solve the mysterious deaths of three tightrope walkers at a circus. Hazel Meade's troop of children serve as couriers and lookouts in the "Baker Street Irregulars" during the lunar revolution of Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Two BBC television series have been made starring the Irregulars: The Baker Street Boys (1983) and Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007). Comics involving the Irregulars include The Irregulars from Dark Horse Comics, [1] and Les Quatre de Baker Street [2] In June 2010 it was announced that Franklin Watts books, a part of Hachette Children's Books planned to release a series of four children's graphic novels in spring 2011 called Sherlock Holmes: The Baker Street Irregulars set during the three years that Sherlock Holmes was believed dead, between The Adventure of the Final Problem and The Adventure of the Empty House by writer Tony Lee and artist Dan Boultwood. In the BBC modern adaptation Sherlock , Holmes uses a wide network of homeless people as an information network. In the CBS modern adaptation Elementary , Holmes uses Teddy and his crew of street venders as informants to help him track down M . Holmes also refers to Harlan Emple, a maths experts whose talents he occasionally employs, as "one of my Irregulars" when Emple is a suspect in a murder.	Sherlock Holmes
In internet parlance, what does GTFO mean?	The Irregulars - Ljudbok - Jennet Conant - Storytel The Irregulars 0.0 0 5 Författare: Jennet Conant Inläsare: Simon Prebble Finns som ljudbok. Prior to the U.S. entering WWII, a small coterie of British spies in Washington, D.C., was formed. They called themselves the Baker Street Irregulars after the band of street urchins who were the eyes and ears of Sherlock Holmes in some Arthur Conan Doyle stories. This group constituted the very beginning of what would become M16, the British version of the CIA, and they helped support the fledgling American intelligence service, known at the time as the OSS. Among them were writers Raold Dahl, Ian Fleming, and the flamboyant Canadian industrialist turned professional saboteur William Stephenson, known by the code name “Intrepid,” upon whom Fleming would later base his fictional M16 agent James Bond. Richly detailed and carefully researched, Conant’s narrative uses never-before-seen wartime letters, diaries and interviews to create a fascinating, lively account of deceit, double dealing and moral ambiguity - all in the name of victory. Språk: Engelska Kategori: Historia	i don't know
A deficiency in what mineral causes anemia?	What is nutritional deficiency anemia? What causes nutritional deficiency anemia? - Medical News Today What is nutritional deficiency anemia? What causes nutritional deficiency anemia? Written by Sy Kraft B.A. 3.5 17 2 Nutritional or vitamin deficiency anemia refers to a reduced red blood cell count due to a poor diet which is deficient in iron, folate and/or Vitamin B12. Anemia is a widespread public health problem associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in pregnant women and young children. It is a disease with multiple causes, both nutritional (vitamin and mineral deficiencies) and non-nutritional (infection) that frequently co-occur. It is assumed that one of the most common contributing factors is iron deficiency, and anemia resulting from iron deficiency is considered to be one of the top ten contributors to the global burden of disease. In iron deficiency anemia, the red cells appear abnormal and are unusually small (microcytic) and pale (hypochromic). The pallor of the red cells reflects their low hemoglobin content. Some affliction facts are as follows: global prevalence of anemia in preschool aged children is 47.4%, global prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is 41.8%, global prevalence of anemia in non-pregnant women is 30.2%, 818 million women worldwide (both pregnant and non-pregnant) and young children suffer from anemia and over half of these, approximately 520 million, live in Asia. What are the symptoms Nutritional Deficiency Anemia? A symptom is something the patient senses and describes, while a sign is something other people, such as the doctor notice. For example, drowsiness may be a symptom while dilated pupils may be a sign. Vitamin deficiency anemia is characterized by pallor (reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin in skin or mucous membrane), fatigue and weakness. Because it tends to develop slowly, adaptation occurs and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. In severe cases, dyspnea (trouble breathing) can occur. Unusual obsessive food cravings, known as pica, may develop. Pagophagia or pica for ice is a very specific symptom and may disappear with correction of iron deficiency anemia. Hair loss and lightheadedness can also be associated with iron deficiency anemia. Additional symptoms may include: constipation , sleepiness, tinnitus , palpitations, hair loss, fainting or feeling faint, depression , breathlessness on exertion, twitching muscles, tingling, numbness, or burning sensations, missed or heavy menstrual cycle. Anemia goes undetected in many people, and symptoms can be minor or vague. The signs and symptoms can be related to the anemia itself, or the underlying cause. Most commonly, people with anemia report non-specific symptoms of a feeling of weakness, or fatigue, general malaise and sometimes poor concentration. What are the causes of Nutritional Deficiency Anemia? A cause of deficiency anemia, particularly iron, is the ulcer bacteria. The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia requires further investigation as to its cause. It can be a sign of other disease, such as colon cancer , which will cause the loss of blood in the stool. In adults, 60% of patients with iron deficiency anemia may have underlying gastrointestinal disorders leading to chronic blood loss. In addition to dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, chronic blood loss, diversion of iron to fetal erythropoiesis during pregnancy, intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria or other forms of chronic blood loss should all be considered. Diagnosing Nutritional Deficiency Anemia Anemia is often first shown by routine blood tests, which generally include a complete blood count. Traditionally, a definitive diagnosis requires a demonstration of depleted body iron stores by performing a bone marrow aspiration, with the marrow stained for iron. Because this is invasive and painful, while a clinical trial of iron supplementation is inexpensive and non-traumatic, patients are often treated based on clinical history alone. What are the treatment options for Nutritional Deficiency Anemia? The treatment of deficiency anemia, whether it be in children or adults, is with vitamin supplements and mineral rich foods. Food sources of iron in particular include meat, poultry, eggs, vegetables and fortified cereals. If anemia does not respond to oral treatments, it may be necessary to administer parenterally using a drip or hemodialysis. Parenteral iron in particular involves risks of fever , chills, backache, myalgia, dizziness, syncope, rash and anaphylactic shock . A follow up blood test is essential to demonstrate whether the treatment has been effective. Preventing Nutritional Deficiency Anemia A diet that meets the dietary guidelines will ordinarily have enough iron, folate, and vitamin B 12 to prevent anemia. Exceptions include women of childbearing age who are well advised to take supplemental iron and folic acid , and preterm infants who are often prescribed iron supplements. Ask your doctor if you should take these supplements. In addition, a regular physical exam often includes a complete blood count, so undergoing regular check-ups can detect nutritional anemia in an early stage. Written by Sy Kraft (B.A.) Click the stars to rate this article What is nutritional deficiency anemia? What causes nutritional deficiency anemia? Public / Patient	Iron
What comic strip, created by Dik Browne and now drawn by his son Chris, contains, among others, the wife Helga, a brilliant son named Hamlet, a bimbo-like daughter Helga, a duck Kvack, and a dog Snert?	Iron deficiency anemia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000584.htm Iron deficiency anemia Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body does not have enough iron. Iron helps make red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia. Causes Red blood cells bring oxygen to the body's tissues. Healthy red blood cells are made in your bone marrow. Red blood cells circulate through your body for 3 to 4 months. Parts of your body, such as your spleen, remove old blood cells. Iron is a key part of red blood cells. Without iron, the blood cannot carry oxygen effectively. Your body normally gets iron through your diet. It also reuses iron from old red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia develops when your body's iron stores run low. This can occur because: You lose more blood cells and iron than your body can replace Your body does not do a good job of absorbing iron Your body is able to absorb iron, but you are not eating enough foods that contain iron Your body needs more iron than normal (such as if you are pregnant or breastfeeding) Bleeding can cause iron loss. Common causes of bleeding are: Heavy, long, or frequent menstrual periods Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, or colon	i don't know
Won by a Scotsman this year, how many laps does it take to complete the Indianapolis 500?	At 40, Dario Franchitti looks for fourth Indy 500 win At 40, Dario Franchitti looks for fourth Indy 500 win Scotsman has found success later in his IndyCar career Post to Facebook At 40, Dario Franchitti looks for fourth Indy 500 win Scotsman has found success later in his IndyCar career Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/12VhxdV CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 3 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs At 40, Dario Franchitti looks for fourth Indy 500 win Jeff Olson, Special to USA TODAY Sports Published 7:48 p.m. ET May 25, 2013 \| Updated 8:13 p.m. ET May 25, 2013 Scotsman has found success later in his IndyCar career Dario Franchitti is shown during Carb Day at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. (Photo: Mark J. Rebilas, USA TODAY Sports) Story Highlights He starts 17th in Sunday's Indianapolis 500 Helio Castroneves, also going for fourth win, says Franchitti 'a late bloomer' Tony Kanaan says Franchitti learned how to manage everything INDIANAPOLIS — The 97th Indianapolis 500 will arrive Sunday and Dario Franchitti will be attempting to tie the record of four victories shared by A.J. Foyt, Rick Mears and Al Unser. It would be quite a feat for the driver, but don't count him out. Franchitti, who turned 40 on May 19 and announced in late January the end of his 11-year marriage to actress and activist Ashley Judd, has made succeeding in the late stages of his career look easy. Statistically, Franchitti is among the best of his era, currently tied with Sebastien Bourdais and Paul Tracy for seventh in career victories. He'll start 17th among 33 drivers Sunday, but that isn't indicative of his chance to win. Franchitti is as hot as it gets at Indy; his three victories in the 500 have come in his last five attempts. Last year, he drove to victory from the 16th starting position. DRIVE FOR FOUR: What would Castroneves give up to win? "He started doing all of these things after age 35," said Helio Castroneves, another foreign-born driver who is trying for his fourth Indy 500 win on Sunday. Castroneves, 38, won his first two Indy 500s back-to-back (2001 and 2002), then won for a third time in 2009. "I'm like 'wow.' That's what I'd call a late bloomer. For Dario, myself and others, this is about still having the passion and the fire inside you. You're going to make it happen. I'm not surprised at his success. There are so many opportunities that didn't happen for him earlier, and now they are. If you keep insisting, one day those doors will open." Franchitti is among a handful of athletes who perform better on what analysts would call the downside of their careers. Ask him about the comparison to other athletes, and Franchitti quickly works through it. In his mind, the common denominator among them isn't age, it's their teams. All great athletes who perform at a high level deep into their careers, Franchitti reasons, are part of good, if not exceptional, teams. "Whenever I come in from a practice session, I've got Chris Simmons right there pushing me, and I'm pushing him right back," Franchitti says of his lead engineer at Target Chip Ganassi Racing, which has won three of the last five Indy 500s and will field Franchitti, Scott Dixon, Ryan Briscoe and Charlie Kimball in Sunday's race. "Everyone is pushing me, and that's what I need. It's always there, all the time. You can't fake that. I don't care how good you are. If you don't have good people surrounding you, you're not going to win." PHOTOS: Dario Franchitti's career Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Dario Franchitti, born May 19, 1973 in Scotland, has won four IndyCar Series championships and three Indianapolis 500 titles during his U.S. open-wheel racing career that began in 1997. He announced his retirement on Nov. 14, 2013. Phillip Abbott, AP Images for Banana Boat Safety team members work to remove Dario Franchitt from his car after he flew airborne into a catchfence and back onto the temporary street circuit during the second race of the Grand Prix of Houston doubleheader on Oct. 6, 2013. Juan DeLeon, AP Safety team members load Dario Franchitti into an ambulance after his scary crash at Houston on Oct. 6, 2013. Franchitti sufferred a broken back and right ankle as well as a concussion in the crash that effectively ended his career. Juan DeLeon AP Dario Franchitti drives by the Dan Wheldon Way sign during practice for the 2013 IndyCar season opener at the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 23, 2013. Chris Trotman, Getty Images Dario Franchitti celebrates by dumping the traditional winner's bottle of milk over his head in victory lane after winning the Indianapolis 500 for the third time in his career on May 27, 2012. Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports After Takuma Sato, right, spins in the first turn of the final lap, Dario Franchitti pulls away to win his third Indianapolis 500 on May 27, 2012. Bill Friel, AP Fullscreen Former teammates Dario Franchitti, left, Tony Kanaan and Bryan Herta hug after speaking during a memorial service for Dan Wheldon in Indianapolis on Oct. 23, 2011. Wheldon was killed in the IndyCar season finale in Las Vegas on Oct. 16, 2011. Michael Conroy, AP Fullscreen A devastated Dario Franchitti, right, hugging a crew member, couldn't celebrate his fourth career IndyCar championship at the 2011 season finale after friend and former teammate Dan Wheldon was killed during the race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway on Oct. 16. Tom Pennington, Getty Images Dario Franchitti celebrates in victory lane after winning race one of the IZOD IndyCar Series Firestone Twin 275s at Texas Motor Speedway on June 11, 2011. Tom Pennington, Getty Images Dario Franchitti gets a kiss from wife Ashley Judd after winning the IndyCar championship for the second consecutive year and the third time in his career on Oct. 2, 2010. Robert Laberge, Getty Images Dario Franchitti celebrates with his team after winning his second Indianapolis 500 on May 30, 2010. Mark J. Rebilas, USA TODAY Sports Dario Franchitti, right, celebrates winning the 2009 IRL IndyCar Series Championship with his father George, as his wife Ashley Judd, left, looks on, following the Firestone Indy 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on Oct. 10, 2009. Darrell Ingham, Getty Images After spending the 2008 season in NASCAR, Dario Franchitti returned to IndyCar for the 2009 season. Franchitti left IndyCar in 2007 as the reigning Indianapolis 500 and series champion. J. Pat Carter, AP Dario Franchitti spent the 2008 season driving in NASCAR for owner Chip Ganassi, right. Franchitti ran 10 Sprint Cup races and 18 Nationwide Series races in 2008. Rusty Jarrett, Getty Images for NASCAR Dario Franchitti won his lone NASCAR Nationwide Series pole at Watkins Glen on Aug. 9, 2008. Geoff Burke, Getty Images for NASCAR Dario Franchitti, right, and Juan Pablo Montoya won the Rolex 24 at Daytona sports car race with teammates Scott Pruett Memo Rojas at Daytona International Speedway on Jan. 27, 2008. Terry Renna, AP Dario Franchitti made his stock car debut in the ARCA RE/MAX Series at Talladega Superspeedway on Oct 5, 2007. Mark J. Rebilas, USA TODAY Sports Dario Franchitti won the season-ending Peak Antifreeze Indy 300 giving him the 2007 IndyCar championship over Scott Dixon by 13 points. Joseph Oliver, AP Dario Franchitti celebrates in victory lane with his wife, Ashley Judd, and team owner Michael Andretti (behind Judd) after winning the 91st running of the Indianapolis 500 on May 8, 2007. Joe Robbins, USA TODAY Sports Dario Franchitti won his first IRL IndyCar Series race at the Milwaukee Mile on July 25, 2004. Evan Eile, USA TODAY Dario Franchitti raises his fist after winning the CART Molson Indy race in Montreal on Aug. 25, 2002 in Montreal. Franchitti finished fourth in the standings in 2002, his final year in CART. Paul Chiasson, AP Dario Franchitti escorted girlfriend and actress Ashley Judd to the 73rd annual Academy Awards on March 25, 2001. Franchitti and Judd married in Scotland in December of 2001. Michael Caulfield, AP Driving for Andretti Green, Dario Franchitti had his best CART season in 1999, where he finished second in the final points standings, falling to Juan Pablo Montoya on a tiebreaker. Steve Holland, AP Dario Franchitti earned his first CART win at the Texaco-Havoline 200 in Elkhart Lake, Wis., on Aug. 16, 1998. Andy Manis, AP Dario Franchitti began his U.S. open-wheel racing career in 1997 with CART driving for Hogan Racing. Don Ryan, AP Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: Replay Last Slide Next Slide The figures are astounding. In his 16 years at the top levels of North American open-wheel racing, Franchitti has led 14% of the 32,146 laps he's completed. He's finished among the top three in 35% of his 248 races, of which he's won 12.5%. Making history When today's IndyCar racers are gray and old and telling stories, Franchitti will be mentioned first and foremost. The twist to his story, though, will be how much of his success came after 30. Of Franchitti's 31 wins, 17 came after his 33rd birthday. "A lot of his success has happened in the last few years, and there's a reason for that," says Kanaan, 38, who was Franchitti's teammate for five years. "He was always very talented, but he got with the right team at the right time. Honestly, age is good for racers. People ask me all the time when I'm going to retire. I'm like, 'Do I look old? Want to go for a bike ride with me?' "To me, age is a myth. But in Dario's case, he matured a lot when he was younger, when he was struggling in Europe. Something clicked at that time. He figured out how to manage everything." Appreciating racing The day after the IndyCar season opener in March at St. Petersburg, Fla., Franchitti visited fellow Scotsman Andy Murray before Murray's first match in the Sony Open in Miami. Franchitti, who had never seen a professional tennis match in person, marveled at Murray's fitness and training regimen, often cringing at the demands of the match and the heat. Franchitti was full of questions for Murray, and the subject turned to Murray's workout routine. Two workouts a day, six days a week, for 18 years, Murray told him. Since he was 7. No breaks, never a day off. "Dario was like, 'What? Really?' " Kanaan recalled. "Even I made fun of him. I said, 'Can you see us driving a race car twice a day, six days a week, for 18 years?' It was funny to see his reaction. Dario isn't the guy who loves testing and working out; he's the guy who loves to race. Just by watching a tennis match, he appreciated racing more than ever." In Kanaan's mind, Franchitti's success isn't about physical ability but about the intangibles that come with age. He's organized, clever and methodical. He puts more effort into it. He's enjoying it more. "I work harder now than I've ever worked," Franchitti said. "Last year's results weren't great, but my qualifying averages were the best they've been in years. That, to me, said a lot. I was quite proud of that. That showed me that the performance is still there." Franchitti struggles to find a comparable sports figure, finally turning to his beloved Celtic Football Club for Henrik Larsson, one of the legendary club's greatest in history. "He's the guy," Franchitti said. "He's revered within the club. Late in his career, he went on loan to Manchester United. Everybody thought, 'Well, he's just going to make up the numbers,' but he showed up and played on the first team and made a huge difference. He's the guy I admire, because right up until he retired, he was at the very top of his game. His work ethic was stunning." CLOSE Share USA TODAY Sports breaks down the Indianapolis 500. Kanaan compares his friend with Michael Jordan, who played in the NBA until he was 40. A fierce competitor, Jordan noted when he retired (for the third time) that his aspiration had faded. Franchitti echoes that thought, then quickly asserts his desire to continue racing. "What will go away first will be the desire," Franchitti said. "Once the desire is gone — once the fire has gone out — that's when it's time to stop. … You can be 25 years old and the fire can go out. … I'm far from that stage." Maintaining desire to win It's likely that he'll know it as soon as it happens, Kanaan says. Driving the car is the easy part, the fun part. Dealing with the other demands of racing — appearances, testing, pursuing (and pleasing) sponsors — is the tricky part. "When you see the young guys like (Josef) Newgarden and JR Hildebrand, they talk about racing all the time," Kanaan said. "When you're past the mid-cycle of your career, you're not thinking about racing all the time. You have families and mortgages and sponsorships. Your goals change. To me it's not an age thing. When the things associated with racing become painful to you, that's when you need to stop." It's possible that Franchitti will race longer than we think. After all, racers such as NASCAR's Mark Martin, the NHRA's John Force and World of Outlaws sprint car drivers Steve Kinser and Sammy Swindell are still going — and winning — well into their 50s. Why not others? "You're always going to need an experienced racer, and you're always going to need a rookie to make a good series," Kanaan said. "Look at Mark Martin. He's friggin' 55 years old and he's still fast. Age, honestly, doesn't have anything to do with it. Age is just a number. What it's really about is how good you are." Three Indy 500 wins in his last five tries? That's pretty darned good. Follow Olson on Twitter @jeffolson77 PHOTOS: Indianapolis 500 history Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Coined "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing," the Indianapolis 500 has been held annually every year since 1911 except for 1917-18 (World War I) and 1942-45 (World War II). Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports Fullscreen Thirty-three cars driven to victory in the Indianapolis 500 form the staring grid on the main straight during a photo shoot for the 100th anniversary of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Oct. 12, 2010. The front row, from right to left, included the 1911 Marmon "Wasp, driven by Ray Harroun, the 2010 car driven by Dario Franchitti, and the 1961 roadster driven by A.J. Foyt for his first of four Indianapolis 500 wins. Michael Conroy, AP Fullscreen Drivers speed into the first turn on the Brickyard during the first Indianapolis 500 on May 30, 1911. The drivers, from left, are Will Jones (9) driving a Case; Joe Jagersberger (8) in a Case; and Louis Disbrow (5) in a Pope-Hartford. AP Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 driving a Marmon Wasp. Harroun finished with an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour. The Indianapolis Star A view of the famous pagoda at Indianapolis Motor Speedway from the 1913 Indianapolis 500. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Fullscreen With a crippled engine, Ralph DePalma crosses the finish line to win the 1915 Indy 500 as the checkered flag waves. Another engine failure had stopped him near the end of the 1912 race when DePalma led by at least 10 miles. AP Tommy Milton pilots over the finish line in his H.C.S. Special in 1923 to win his second Indy 500 with an average speed of 90.950 miles per hour. Milton also won the 1921 race. AP Louis Meyer, shown in his Tydol car in 1933, was the first three-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. Meyer won in 1928, '33 and '36. AP Kelly Petillo, shown with mechanic Jimmie Dunham, won the 1935 race driving a Gilmore Speedway Special. Indianapolis Motor Speedway Three-time winner Wilbur Shaw poses before the 1936 race. Shaw, who designed his own car, a streamlined comet, won his first Indy 500 in 1937 and won back-to-back races in 1939-40. AP The Indianapolis Motor Speedway Pagoda, shown here during the 1929 race, had already been expanded and upgraded since its debut 20 years ago. The Indianapolis Star Fullscreen After earning his first Indy 500 win in 1941, Mauri Rose won the 1947 race in this Blue Crown Spark Plug Special with an average speed of 116.338 miles per hour. Rose followed his 1947 victory with another win in 1948. AP A view of the straightaway near the first turn from the stands during the 1946 Indianapolis 500. The Indianapolis Star Italy's Luigi Chinetti enters the track from the pits for a test run in his Don Lee Alfa-Romeo on May 16, 1948. Gene Herrick, AP Tragedy struck two-time winner Bill Vukovich, who burned to death in a five car pile-up in the 1955 race. Vukovich, shown here with an unidentified man, was aiming for this third consecutive win after driving to victory in 1953-54. AP Fullscreen Rodger Ward, holding the family dog, gets a kiss from his wife in victory lane after winning the 1959 race. Ward, who set a new Indy 500 record with an average speed of 135.857 in his Leader Card 500 Roadster, also holds a bottle of milk, a tradition for Indy winners since 1933. AP Jack McGrath, driving a Hinkle Special, leads a pack of 33 competitors to the first curve during the 1952 race. AP Pat Flaherty waves from the winner's circle after winning the 1956 race. Flaherty won while wearing a lucky shamrock decal on his helmet. AP A.J. Foyt smiles in the garage area after winning his first Indy 500 in 1961. Foyt was the first four-time winner of the race, driving to victory in 1961, '64, '67 and '77. AP Fullscreen Smoke boils up from burning cars after a fatal pileup at the north end of the main stretch during the 1964 race. On Lap 1, Dave MacDonald skidded into the northwest inside retaining wall and Eddie Sachs crashed into him as both cars exploded. Sachs was killed on the track and MacDonald later died as well. The race was stopped for 1 hour and 42 minutes as other drivers were injured and burned. The Indianapolis Star Defending champion Parnelli Jones dives sideways out of his flaming car when it caught fire in the pits, eliminating him from the 1964 race. Jones, who won in 1963, was hospitalized with burns but was not seriously hurt. AP Crowds stand near the exit to "Gasoline Alley," the garage area at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, to view activities as cars are readied for the 1962 race. AP Scotland's Jackie Stewart (43) passes his countryman Jimmy Clark (19) and temporarily takes the lead during the 1966 race. However, with only eight laps to go, Stewart dropped out of the race with car trouble. AP Bobby Unser celebrates after winning the 1968 Indianapolis 500. Unser won the Indy 500 in three different decades, also scoring wins in 1975, and '81. Bobby was the first of three Unsers to win at the Brickyard. AP Fullscreen Mario Andretti (1) leads the field at the start of the 1967 race. Andretti would go on to win the Indy 500 in 1969 and was the patriarch of the Andretti IndyCar dynasty with sons Michael and Jeff, nephew John and grandson Marco. AP Al Unser , younger brother of Bobby, salutes the crowd as he takes the checkered flag in his Johnny Lightning Special to win the 1971. Unser would join Foyt as a four-time winner, with victories in 1970, '71, '78 and '87. AP Johnny Rutherford waves from his Mc Laren-Offy-T after winning the 1974 race, his first of three victories at Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Rutherford also won in 1976 and '80. AP Janet Guthrie, the first woman to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 in 1977, poses with a toy race car at a news conference in New York City in 1978. Marty Lederhandler, AP Gordon Johncock, who won the Indy 500 in 1973 and 1982, prepares to take Janet Guthrie's Wildcat racer for a test drive in 1978. AP Indy 500 champs (from left) A.J. Foyt, Rick Mears, Danny Sullivan and Al Unser joke with the crowd as they stand along the pit wall at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1988. AP Rick Mears holds up two fingers to signal his second Indy 500 victory after the 1984 race. Mears won the race four times in total: 1979, '84, '88 and '91. Charlie Bennett, AP Tom Sneva hits the wall on turn 1 after his right front tire blew out during practice for the 1980 Indy 500. Sneva went on to win the Indianapolis 500 in 1983. Don Larson, AP Danny Ongais hits the wall in turn 3 on the 64th lap of the 1981 Indianapolis 500. Ongais was hospitalized with multiple fractures. AP The race car of three-time Indy 500 champion Johnny Rutherford disintegrates as it flies along the wall on turn 3 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1990. Rutherford suffered a concussion in the incident. Steve Weaver, AP Emerson Fittipaldi's crew members jump from the pit wall after Fittipaldi drove to victory in the 1993 Indianapolis 500. The former Formula One champion won his first Indy 500 in 1989. Tom Strickland, AP Al Unser Jr., right, celebrates with car owner Roger Penske after winning the 1994 race. Two years earlier, Unser Jr. became the third member of the Unser family to capture an Indy 500 title. Al Behrman, AP Arie Luyendyk leads Robbie Buhl and the rest of the field into turn 1 on his way to his second Indy 500 victory in 1997. Luyendyk won his first Indy 500 race in 1990. Tom Strattman, AP Canada's Jacques Villeneuve raises his fist while holding the winner's bottle of milk in victory lane after winning the 1995 Indianapolis 500. Al Behrman, AP Tony Stewart leads the field during the restart of the 1997 Indy 500. The race was resumed on lap 16 after two days of rain allowed only 15 laps to be completed on Memorial Day. Arie Luyendyk is running second. Tom Strattman, AP Eddie Cheever crosses the finish line to win the 82nd running of the Indianapolis 500 in 1998. Chuck Robinson, AP Lyn St. James jokes with fans after practicing for the 1996 Indianapolis 500. In 1992, St. James became the first woman to win the Indy 500 Rookie of the Year award. Tom Strattman, AP Fullscreen Stan Fox, his legs exposed, sits in his airborne car after the front end was torn off while slamming into the first turn wall on the opening lap of the 1995 Indianapolis 500. Fox's legs were uninjured, but he was hospitalized with serious head injuries. Martin Seppala, AP Juan Pablo Montoya, of Colombia, hoists a bottle of milk in victory lane while standing in front of the Borg-Warner Trophy as crew members help celebrate his win in the 2000 Indy 500. Al Behrman, AP Helio Castroneves climbs the front stretch of fence with his teammates after winning the 2009 Indianapolis 500. Castroneves, a three-time winner, also won back-to-back races in 2001-02. Robert Laberge, Getty Images Actress Ashley Judd congratulates her husband Dario Franchitti after he won the 2007 Indy 500. Franchitti won the race again in 2010 and 2012. Tom Russo, AP An aerial view of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Handout Danica Patrick talks with her father, T.J. Patrick, after she finished third in the 2009 Indianapolis 500. In 2005, Patrick became the first woman to lead a lap during the Indy 500. Tom Strickland, AP Mike Conway's car goes airborne and crashes into a wall between the third and fourth turn in the last lap of the 2010 Indianapolis 500. The English driver sustained leg, ankle, foot and back injuries. Kerry Keating, The Indianapolis Star The gold centennial brick stands on the row of bricks at the start-finish line as Scott Dixon passes by on pit lane during practice for the 2011 race. Dixon won the Indy 500 in 2008. Greg Griffo, The Indianapolis Star Fullscreen Dan Wheldon dumps the traditional bottle of milk over his head after winning his second Indianapolis 500 in 2011. Wheldon, who won his first Indy 500 in 2005, died after a crash in the 2011 IndyCar season finale in Las Vegas. Darron Cummings, AP The U.S. Postal Service honored the Indianapolis 500 with this stamp, a design which is included in the 2011 U.S. postage stamps collection. US Postal Service handout via AP Takuma Sato, right, spins in Turn 1 of the final lap while Dario Franchitti safely drives by en route to winning the 2012 Indy 500. Bill Friel, AP Dario Franchitti, center, celebrates with wife Ashley Judd and his crew after winning his third Indy 500 on May 27, 2012. Darron Cummings, AP The Borg-Warner Trophy, on display at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on May 19, 2012, is given to the winner of the Indianapolis 500. Michael Hickey, USA TODAY Sports After 12 starts and three top-3 finishes, Tony Kanaan finally won the Indianapolis 500 in 2013. Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports A day after his 2014 win, Ryan Hunter-Reay poses for photos as his son Ryden waves a flag. Brian Spurlock, USA TODAY Sports Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: Replay	200
"Pop Goes the Cafe Coronary", an article published in the June, 1974 issue of Emergency Medicine, describes what potentially life saving maneuver, also known as abdominal thrusts?	Indianapolis 500 race updates Indianapolis 500 race updates Tweet Share INDIANAPOLIS – Welcome to "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing." I'll be here throughout the race, along with colleague Bob Margolis, to provide you with updates from today's Indianapolis 500. I know who's going to win, but I don't want to spoil the suspense or keep you from following along. OK, just kidding. But be forewarned, it could be a bumpy ride as I unleash my twisted sense of humor (pray for an exciting race, or I'll be forced to ad-lib some jokes to make it sound exciting). 7:11 p.m. ET: One final update before I head off for postrace interviews: The 11th-33rd positions: 11, Jeff Simmons, 12, Tony Kanaan, 13, Michael Andretti, 14, A.J. Foyt IV, 15, Alex Barron, 16, Kosuke Matsuura, 17, Ed Carpenter, 18, Sarah Fisher, 19, Buddy Lazier, 20, Darren Manning, 21, Roger Yasukawa, 22, Dan Wheldon, 23, Richie Hearn, 24, Marco Andretti, 25, Buddy Rice, 26, Al Unser Jr., 27, Jaques Lazier, 28, Marty Roth, 29, Phil Giebler, 30, John Andretti, 31, Milka Duno, 32, Jon Herb, 33, Roberto Moreno. Thanks, everyone for reading and sending in questions and comments. It's been a lot of fun. 7 p.m. ET: It's now really official: Dario Franchitti just drank his victory milk. 6:58 p.m. ET: A soaking wet Ashley Judd just greeted her husband, Dario Franchitti, as he drove toward victory lane. They completed 166 laps before the rain halted the race for a final time. Scott Dixon finished second, followed by Helio Castroneves, Sam Hornish Jr., Ryan Briscoe, Scott Sharp, Tomas Scheckter, Danica Paitrck, Scott Hamilton and Vitor Meira. 6:56 p.m. ET: It was a surreal scene watching the cars cross the finish line in a pouring rain. Franchitti's famous actress wife Ashley Judd was shown on television climbing the pit wall in excitement. 6:54 p.m. ET: It's official, Dario Franchitti has won the Indianapolis 500. 6:53 p.m. ET: It's pouring rain again and Dario Franchitti is about to take the checkered flag under caution. 6:51 p.m. ET: Replays show Marco Andretti drifted out toward the wall to make a move and clipped the front of Dan Wheldon's car. 6:49 p.m. ET: Marco Andretti is climbing out of the car and talking to the safety crew. 6:48 p.m. ET: Back to green, but a spectacular multi-car pileup with Dario Franchitti in the lead. Back to caution. Marco Andretti was involved with Buddy Rice. Marco's car flipped at least twice. He's still in the car, but doesn't appear to be seriously hurt. 6:42 p.m. ET: It now looks as though Tony Kanaan and Jaques Lazier tangled. Dario Franchitti has remained on the track and is in the lead. Scott Dixon is second, followed by Ryan Briscoe and Scott Sharp. Rain is imminent. 6:40 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan has crashed! Apparently he had a flat tire. Who will win now? 6:38 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan has pitted, putting Dario Franchitti in the lead. The big question: Did Kanaan have to pit? It could cost him the race. 6:36 p.m. ET: Current top five: Tony Kanaan, Sam Hornish Jr., Dario Franchitti, Danica Patrick, Helio Castroneves. Drivers are trying to decide whether to pit or stay out. If rain is imminent, staying out would seem to be the prudent choice so as not to lose position. 6:30 p.m. ET: Marty Roth just hit the wall on lap 150. The race is under caution. If the rain hits before the caution ends, Tony Kanaan will win. If they go to green before then, he'll have to fend off a bunched-up field behind him to secure the win. Should be interesting. 6:29 p.m. ET: Rain is nearing metro Indianapolis again, and is estimated to be about 15 minutes from the track. It'll be an all-out sprint until then, with Tony Kanaan setting the pace. Sam Hornish Jr. has moved up to second, with Dario Franchitti third. He's followed by Danica Patrick and Helio Castroneves. 6:23 p.m. ET: There have been 23 lead changes. Expect more of that, but Tony Kanaan should eventually work his way back to the front. He's clearly got the strongest car on the track at the moment. But is anyone holding back? 6:19 p.m. ET: The leaders are starting their scheduled pit stops, under green. The top of the charts will be temporarily shuffled. 6:15 p.m. ET: They've completed 130 laps and it's shaping up as a fantastic finish if the rain holds off. Tony Kanaan, Danica Patrick, Marco Andretti, Dan Wheldon, Helio Castroneves, Sam Hornish Jr., Dario Franchitti. Plenty of good storylines and possibilities at the front of the pack. Read More 6:11 p.m. ET: Dan Wheldon is making a move, charging to fourth. Helio Castroneves has nearly recovered from his early pit stop woes to claim fifth place. 6:08 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan is still running strong, but Danica Patrick has passed Marco Andretti for second place. Kanaan and Patrick are running laps at about 223 mph. 6:05 p.m. ET: They're racin' again, under green. Now the race to see if they can beat the next batch of rain. 6:01 p.m. ET: Well, things just got busy again. The cars are back on the track, running under caution. We're told they'll run under caution for at least a few laps to make sure the track is dry and then go to green. 5:58 p.m. ET: Things are pretty slow right now, so more on the rain tires issue: From Bob in Albany, N.Y.: The problem with running in the wet is less about traction and more about visibility, although both are an issue. Both Indy cars and F1 cars rely upon aerodynamic downforce for traction, with the Indy cars using much less wing, typically, on an oval. To run in the wet, they would probably have to add or change the wings completely to get enough downforce to run safely. With high levels of downforce, the air (and water) coming off the wings is flung high in the air. Inside the bowl of an oval, it will hang there obscuring the view of the drivers. If you have ever driven in a thick fog, imagine racing in one. Thanks. There's nothing like a little controversy to spice up a rain delay. 5:49 p.m. ET: Paul from Waxahachie, Texas, asks: Can you give us the full placings when the race was stopped for rain? Here goes, from top to bottom: 1, Kanaan, 2, Marco Andretti, 3, Patrick, 4, Meira, 5, Franchitti, 6, Castroneves, 7, Simmons, 8, Dixon, 9, Carpenter, 10, Briscoe, 11, Jaques Lazier, 12, Sharp, 13, Wheldon, 14, Matsuura, 15, Hornish, 16, Rice, 17, Manning, 18, Michael Andretti, 19, Scheckter, 20, Hamilton, 21, Yasukawa, 22, Hearn, 23, Buddy Lazier, 24, Barron, 25, Fisher, 26, Foyt IV, 27, Roth, 28, Unser Jr. They are all still running. Out of the race, in descending order: 29, Giebler, 30, John Andretti, 31, Duno, 32, Herb and 33, Moreno. 5:40 p.m. ET: Jessy from Mandan, N.D., offers this: Just to answer Patrick's concerns, the F1 cars are weighted with more powerful engines which allow them to run in the rain if they were on a road course. Neverless if it were F1 here today and not the IRL, I am sure they would halt their race too because of the concrete barriers. For the record NASCAR has ran a few races in Japan and one of them had the use of rain tires. As for lights, I would pretty much decide to install them on Indy Motor Speedway just so that we can do racing at night in regards to the 500 in order to ensure a finish. Plus how awesome would it be to see the Brickyard 400 run under the lights while the Truck series and Busch Series would also get to use the famed Brickyard? Thanks for the comment, Jessy. Makes perfect sense to my feeble little brain. I agree that Indy under the lights would be awesome, but I don't see it happening. 5:31 p.m. ET: Ken, from Terre Haute, Ind., reports: I don't mean to be a downer or anything but I'm an hour west of Indy right now and it's raining like a big dog!! Thanks, Ken, for the bad news. We really appreciate it. Things were getting a little too upbeat around here! For those who aren't well-versed on Indiana geography, Terre Haute is about 70 miles southwest of Indianapolis and the rain has been coming from that direction all day. 5:25 p.m. ET: Adam wants to know: How many times has the 500 been rained out in the past? According to the IRL media guide, there have been complete postponements (the race could not be started on the scheduled date) in 1915, 1986 and 1997. There have been partial postponements (the race started but couldn't be finished until a subsequent day) in 1967 and 1973. There were rain-shortened races (they completed the required 101 laps before the rains came) in 1926 (160 laps), 1950 (138 laps), 1973 (133 laps), 1975 (174 laps), 1976 (102 laps) and 2004 (180 laps). 5:12 p.m. ET: Ed from Wauconda, Ill., asks: If they get the race under way at 6:30 p.m. ET, are they going to declare it a timed race or will they attempt to get the last 87 laps in? There's another line of storms heading for Indy, but it won't get there for at least a couple of hours. You're right, Ed. I just checked the radar and there is, indeed, another line of storms coming this way. If they do manage to restart the race, they'll try to get all 87 laps in. If it rains before then or after the restart, the race will be over. 5:08 p.m. ET: Brian asks: Do you think that Indianapolos Motor Speedway will put lights on its stadium so they can finish under the lights in event of rain in future seasons, and will they start the race at 5:00 and finish under the lights? No, not a chance on the lights. Sunset today in Indianapolis will be around 9 p.m. local time, so they can probably run until 8 p.m. safely. I guess we're about to find out. I do remember one year rain delayed the Brickyard 400 and it didn't finish until after 7 p.m. 5:03 p.m. ET: Patrick weighs in on the F1 rain tire issue: You may be fielding some not-so-civil responses to your earlier posting regarding racing in the rain, so let me respectfully offer this: there is not a great speed difference in F1 on the straights as compared to Indy Car racing (in general – obviously it depends on the track), and they must shave off ridiculous amounts of speed going into turns (190+ down to 30 at Montreal, as I recall). There is also plenty of concrete to hit, including the possibility of head-ons into barriers (not present to same degree in Indy). I'm a fan of both; I'm just offering the observation that there may be something else keeping Indy from racing in the rain. Clearly NASCAR cannot, given weight and aerodynamics, but these factors are not present in Indy Car racing. Given your connections and experience, it would be wonderful to see you revisit this question – I know I would be very curious read what you found. Thanks, Patrick. Actually, the responses have been fairly civil. I didn't phrase my response very well, and to be honest I'm showing I'm not an expert on that topic. I'm in no way saying F1 cars are inferior to Indy Cars, or that F1 cars couldn't go as fast on the straights. On on oval, at speeds above 200 mph, the cars just couldn't stay off the walls. I'll defer to anyone else who can better explain it. 4:58 p.m. ET: Paul, from Plainfield, Ind., asks: Why is the Indy 500 not on local TV, in the Indianapolis area? I am sure it is a sellout every year. The race is blacked out in a 70-mile radius, I believe it is, to minimize its impact on attendance. It always seemed a flimsy excuse back in the day when the race was a sellout far in advance, but with it less than a sellout these days, I can't say that I blame them. But, having lived in Indy, I know the frustration of not being able to watch the race live. 4:40 p.m. ET: Angie wants to know: Is this yet another example of the Andretti curse? Well, I guess we'll find out. It looks like they're going to finish the race. However, if it is declared official as it stands, I think there will be some – the Andrettis chief among them – who might believe that. My take is that the Andrettis certainly have had their share of bad breaks at the Speedway, but Mario won in 1969 so they haven't been totally shut out. I feel for Michael, having led more laps than any other driver who has not won this race. So, I guess the perfect finish from his perspective would be to lead no laps and pass for the win on the final lap as Sam Hornish Jr. did to Michael's son Marco last year. That would be ironic. 4:29 p.m. ET: Scott from the Netherlands, asks a good question: Just heard that the cars have gone back to the garage, while they dry the track and pit area. What adjustments or alterations are the teams allowed to do on the cars, while the track is drying? They can't make any adjustments. The cars are held in a staging area and watched over by track officials. 4:23 p.m. ET: We're being told that track officials are planning to restart the race at 6:30 p.m. ET. Stay tuned. 4:16 p.m. ET: Joe from Gulfport, Miss.: Why does it take 2 hours to dry this track? With the money spent there they could have more equipment to handle this scenario. That sounds like the same argument I remember hearing every winter when it snowed in Indianapolis. Why aren't there more snow plows! Well, if it makes you feel better, I always wondered the same thing. But instead of fighting it, I moved to California. Now, all I have to worry about is earthquake season. Anyway, the track has at least four jet dryers and a whole fleet of trucks they drive around the track to dry it out. I honestly don't know if more equipment would dry the track faster. There are other factors, such as the level of humidity and whether the sun is shining. 4:11 p.m. ET: Craig asks: F1 races in the rain with rain tires, why can't the Indy cars do the same? Declare it wet and put on the soft tires! Great question, Craig. F1 runs on road courses, which means lower speeds and far fewer concrete walls. The IRL runs mostly on ovals and the speeds are just too great to run in the rain. It would be a crash-fest and it would not be safe, or pretty. 4:05 p.m. ET: Steve, from Springfield, Ill.: I just checked the NOAA website and it looks like it might clear up. How long do you think it will take for the track to dry? You're correct. It has stopped raining and the radar to the west of the track looks clear. It normally takes a little more than 2 hours to dry the track. Then you have to get all the cars back on the track and warmed up for a restart. So, best-case scenario would be a restart around 6:30 p.m. ET, which might be enough time. I sense we're near the point of no return, so we should know something soon. Whatever, the decision, it will probably be controversial. 4 p.m. ET: Eric from Ashburn, Va., asks: How disappointed will you be if we don't get to see the last 89 laps of this race? Funny you should ask. I was just thinking about that as I watched A.J. Foyt complaining about the "damn rain" on a video feed in the media center. I think I'm in the majority here when I say it would leave me with an empty feeling. I don't think anyone, perhaps except for Tony Kanaan, wants it to end short of the full 200 laps. And I'm sure even Tony would prefer to win a full race. 3:55 p.m. ET: Lonnie wants to know: Who sang "Back Home Again In Indiana" this year since Jim Nabors was ill? The crowd stood in for Nabors this year. It sure didn't seem the same without Nabors here this year. 3:48 p.m. ET: Joseph, from Bakersfield, Calif., asks: Why on the most important race of the year and one of the biggest races in the world with many millions following the race why can't they run a full race rain or no rain. If the rain persists finish the next day. Well, Joseph, I guess the easiest answer is tradition. And Indy is big on tradition. Plus, the logistics of bringing everybody back on Monday is so great that it's not worth it unless there's a good reason. And IMS officials have decided that only something less than 101 laps completed is a good enough reason. For what it's worth, NASCAR operates the same way. 3:45 p.m. ET: Kim, from somewhere in cyberland, asks: My daughter Chelsea would like to know where the other women are in the race. Thanks for the easy question! One I can answer. Danica Patrick is third, Sarah Fisher is 25th and Milka Duno finished 31st after her crash on lap 65. If the current standings hold, Danica's finish will be the best ever for a woman at the Indy 500 (she previously finished fourth). 3:41 p.m. ET: Joe, from Phoenix, asks: What are the odds this thing gets going again? Well, Joe, I'm not a betting man, but I lived in Indianapolis for 22 years and I would lean toward the odds being not good that the race is restarted. But don't quote me. 3:37 p.m. ET: While we wait for the rain to end and track officials to decide whether to try to resume the race, time to answer some email. Tenna from Danville, Ill, asks: Wow, now what? How long will they hold a rain delay before they call a winner? Brian Barnhart, director of competition for the Indy Racing League, says they're monitoring the situation and won't make any decisions until the rain stops. He says they can run until around 7:30 p.m. ET, so if it stops raining they'll decide if there's time to dry the track (which takes a little over 2 hours) and still get the race in. If not, Tony Kanaan is your winner, because the race only needs to complete 101 laps to be considered an official race. They've finished 113 laps. 3:07 p.m. ET: The rain has arrived in bucketfuls, with Tony Kanaan leading the race under caution and 113 laps complete. Marco Andretti is second, Danica Patrick third, Vitor Meira fourth and Dario Franchitti fifth. It's an official race, so if the rain doesn't stop in time for the track to be dried for a restart, Kanaan will be declared the winner. 2:57 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan quickly passes Marco Andretti for the lead on the restart on lap 107, but Phil Giebler hit the wall shortly after and the race immediately goes back to caution. Officials are saying the rain will arrive within the next 10 minutes. The leaders have completed 109 laps. 2:44 p.m. ET: John Andretti has hit the wall on lap 99 with Tony Kanaan leading. Marco Andretti is second, Jeff Simmons third, Danica Patrick fourth and Helio Castroneves has moved up to fifth as the drivers jockey through their pit stops. The race is nearly halfway finished, and will become official after 101 laps. Thunderstorms are about to move in from the southwest. 2:34 p.m. ET: Dario Franchitti and Scott Dixon have ducked into the pits under green and Michael Andretti has taken the lead, with son Marco right behind him. 2:34 p.m. ET: Sam Hornish Jr. has headed into the pits after touching tires with Tomas Scheckter and damaging his front wing. Now, Scheckter is in the pits and two of the top cars are falling out of contention. Dario Franchitti is still in the lead with Michael Andretti surging up to third behind Scott Dixon. 2:29 p.m. ET: Dario Franchitti is your race leader after 80 laps, with Sam Hornish Jr. second and Tomas Scheckter third. Scott Dixon is fourth, followed by Jaques Lazier. Helio Castroneves is 20th. 2:22 p.m. ET: Scott Dixon leads the field on the restart on lap 72, but Sam Hornish Jr. quickly overtakes him and Dario Franchitti moves into second. Tomas Scheckter is fourth and Jaques Lazier fifth. Michael Andretti is seventh. 2:17 p.m. ET: Milka Duno hit the wall on lap 65, the third car out due to a crash. She lost control going into the first turn, spun around and smacked the wall pretty hard. Tony Kanaan is the leader, with Scott Dixon in second and Jeff Simmons third. Thunderstorms are brewing to the southwest of Indianapolis, so the race is on to reach 101 laps before the rain returns. 2:05 p.m. ET: Davey Hamilton gets the Helio Castroneves pit stop award after his crew failed to properly attach his right rear tire. When Hamilton took off, the wheel fell off. After a few anxious moments, the tire was reattached and Hamilton was on his way. 2 p.m. ET: For those of you scoring at home, Jon Herb has become the second driver to hit the wall. He is out of his car and appears to be OK. It's the third caution of the day, with 53 laps completed. 1:56 p.m. ET: They're racing under green again, with Marco Andretti still in the lead. Scott Dixon is second, followed by Dan Wheldon, Sam Hornish Jr., Tony Kanaan, Dario Franchitti, Tomas Scheckter, Ed Carpenter, Danica Patrick and Ryan Briscoe. The other women in the field: Milka Duno is 22nd and Sarah Fisher is 24th. Helio Castroneves fell all the way to 25th after his disastrous pit stop. The field has completed 50 laps. 1:49 p.m. ET: Helio Castroneves just suffered through a terrible pit stop when his crew had trouble dispensing fuel into his car. Marco Andretti came out of the pits in first place. The race is still under caution through 41 laps. 1:45 p.m. ET: Marco Andretti has stormed into second place behind Helio Castroneves. Tony Kanaan has slipped back to fourth, but it's not known if he's having problems with his car or just taking a breather. The first driver out of the race is Roberto Moreno, who just hit the wall in the first turn on lap 38. 1:38 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan and Helio Castroneves are waging an epic battle at the front, with Castroneves passing Kanaan on the front straightaway to regain the lead. They've completed 30 laps. 1:35 p.m. ET: Tony Kanaan is back in the lead through 25 laps. Helio Castroneves is second, with defending champion Sam Hornish Jr. in third, followed by Dan Wheldon and Marco Andretti. Kanaan is setting a blistering pace, turning laps in excess of 223 mph. Sarah Fisher had a problem in the pits and has fallen to last place. 1:28 p.m. ET: Back to green, and Helio Castroneves leads the field. They've completed 16 laps. 1:25 p.m. ET: Most drivers take advantage of the caution to make their first pit stop. 1:21 p.m. ET: The first caution comes out for debris on the course … John Andretti apparently lost a mirror. The drivers have completed 11 laps, with Tony Kanaan still in the lead. 1:15 p.m. ET: The start of the race is one of the most exciting moments in sports, and this one was no different. The field was spread out by the start command instead of lined up in 11 rows of three, but truth be told it probably made for a safer run into Turn 1. Tony Kanaan surged into the lead on the second lap and they've made it through the first several laps without incident. 1:08 p.m. ET: The command, "Ladies and gentlemen, start your engines!" has just been given and the car of polesitter Helio Castroneves did not respond initially. It finally roared to life and the 33 cars are under way. 12:53 p.m. ET: As Florence Henderson sings "God Bless America," I'm reminded of the traditions of the 500. Florence is one of them, along with Jim Nabors singing "Back Home Again In Indiana" and the winner drinking milk in victory lane. Unfortunately, Nabors was unable to be here this year because of illness. Other celebrities in attendance are Ray Liotta, Tyler Christopher, Alison Sweeney, Peyton Manning, Chris "Lights Out" Lytle, Ludacris, Patrick Dempsey (who will drive the pace car), Eric Dane, Richard Petty and Marcus Allen. Oh, and Melissa Rivers, of course. 12:48 p.m. ET: This just in from the Indy 500 PR folks: Melissa Rivers is happy to be here. "It's unbelievable. It's absolutely mind-boggling to see in person," she is quoted as saying. No mention what she is wearing, or what she thinks about what everyone else is (or is not) wearing. Hmm, I wonder if Billy Crystal is here. 12:44 p.m. ET: The rain that drenched the track this morning has moved out and prerace festivities are under way. Track officials say everything is on schedule, but I get the sense that things are moving along slower than usual. The sooner they start the race (scheduled for 1:11 p.m.), the faster they can get to 101 laps. After that point, if rain moves back in, they can declare a winner and go home. Clearly, everyone wants a full 200-lap race, but not too many want to come back on Monday. Reblog	i don't know
Who's missing: A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith?	Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray: The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, Revenge of the Sith, A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi Star Wars: The Complete Saga (1977-2005) Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray delivers great video and reference-quality audio in this must-own Blu-ray release All six films of the popular Star Wars saga (Episodes I-VI), each presented on one Blu-ray Disc to ensure maximum picture and audio quality, plus three additional discs of extras, with more than 30 hours of in-depth bonus supplements and extensive special features, including never-before-seen deleted and alternate scenes, an exploration of the exclusive Star Wars archives, and much, much more, united in one complete nine-disc set. For more about Star Wars: The Complete Saga and the Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray release, see Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray Review published by Casey Broadwater on September 12, 2011 where this Blu-ray release scored 5.0 out of 5. Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray Review Is the Force strong with this one? Reviewed by Casey Broadwater , September 12, 2011 It's Star Wars. On Blu-ray. Take a deep breath. One more. And again. Slowly. That's good. Nice and easy, no need to hyperventilate. Now, go grab a snack, fix yourself a drinkï¿½a stiff one if you need itï¿½and come back when you're ready. We're about to dive into what's arguably the most anticipated home video release of the past twenty years, and maybe ever. For the most part, this isn't going to be a conventional review. I'm not going to give a pithy plot synopsis for each film or argue the merits of Episode III. I won't get into details of characterization, and I'm not going to talk about the actors or discuss the technological feats that George Lucas and Co. accomplished in the process of bringing these six films to the screen. There's no need. You've probably already come to your own conclusions about Star Wars, and I'm not out to change them. And on the off chance that you haven't seen the Star Wars films yetï¿½and there are a few of you oddballs out thereï¿½here's my quick capsule opinion: The original trilogy is all kinds of awesome and the prequels are mostly disappointing, but all of the films are worth watching, if only so you can finally understand what your nerd friends are rabidly arguing about. If you're reading this, the odds are you're a longtime Star Wars fan who simply wants to know how this release of The Complete Saga stacks up against previous editions. And that's what we'll try to cover here. I'll spend a few paragraphs on the changes made to the films for their Blu-ray debut, and then we'll get down to the nitty-gritty of the video transfers, the audio presentation, and the bonus features. Chewie, Han, Leia, and Luke... A long time agoï¿½1973ï¿½in a galaxy far, far awayï¿½Los Angelesï¿½a young filmmaker named George Lucas started working on a script treatment for a story called The Star Wars. Drawing inspiration from the Flash Gordon space adventure serials he loved as a boy, and sketching out a plot loosely borrowed from Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress, Lucas penned a short 14-page synopsis that, over the next few years and several drafts, became its own entity and took on an epic, legendary scope. It was a sci-fi story, yes, but also a sweeping fantasy that incorporated an ancient dualistic religion devoted to an all-pervasive Force, light-sword toting warrior monks known as the Jedi, and a young protagonistï¿½ initially named Luke Starkillerï¿½who would leave his outer-rim planet as an orphan and embark on a quest to fulfill his destiny. Using anthropologist Joseph Campbell's seminal work of comparative mythology Hero with a Thousand Faces as a narrative guide, Lucas essentially created a modern universal myth, one that has since spanned six main feature films, not to mention assorted TV spin-offs, animated movies, and an extensive, world- expanding series of books. There's no way George Lucas could've ever envisioned the impact his story would have on pop culture, genre filmmaking, and yes, the lives of the millions of fans who would come to embrace Star Wars as a rite of passage and formative part of their childhoods. To these people, Lucas is a kind of godï¿½literally, a universe creator. That said, while he's certainly all-powerful when it comes to all things Star Warsï¿½he can do, and frequently does, whatever he wants with the franchiseï¿½this has led to a backlash among many fans, who have come to view Lucas as an increasingly out-of-touch and non-benevolent deity who tinkers recklessly with his creation, giving little thought to those for whom it means so much. Of course, you know exactly what I'm talking aboutï¿½the numerous changes Lucas has made to Star Wars starting with the 1997 "Special Editions," where he added or altered several sequences in the original trilogy in order to bring them closer to his vision for how the films should be. And later, to give additional continuity between the original movies and the generally panned prequel trilogy, even more modifications were made for the 2004 DVD re-release, newly angering a wide swath of fans. Many of the changes were restorative and cosmeticï¿½like fixing certain special effects that never really worked in the first placeï¿½but others blatantly shifted the tone and tenor of the films. The most infamous example is probably the whole "Han Shot First" debacle, where Lucas went in and re-edited a scene in the Mos Eisley cantina to make it look like Han Solo shot the bounty hunter Greedo defensively, and not pre-emptively. I get it, Lucas was trying to make Han more sympathetic, and less of a roguish badass, but we like Han precisely because he wouldn't hesitate to shoot first in A New Hope. Inevitably, this change diminishes the arc Han makes as a character between the first film and Return of the Jedi. The worst amendments, though, are those that seem designed to make the original trilogy more consciously "kid-friendly." Specifically, I'm thinking of the frankly ear-grating funk song that was added to Return of the Jedi, featuring a lippy CGI soul singer and a chorus of alien freaks. This scene serves no purpose whatsoeverï¿½besides being a tech demo for now woefully outdated techï¿½and worse, it's cringe-inducingly awful. I have no idea how anyone could've ever thought this was a good idea. And then there are the multitudinous examples of Lucas just throwing in new CGI creatures and spacecraft into the frame in an attempt to give the scenes more life and activity, when in reality they end up becoming digital distractions that stand out awkwardly from the surrounding practical effects. I have a theory about George Lucas, and it has to do with third-world cult-of personality dictators. Hear me out. Why is it that dictators always wear the most ridiculous outfits? In his green jumpsuit, Kim Jong-il looks like an elevator repairman. General Idi Amin Dada wore a kilt and pretended he was Scottish. Colonel Gaddafi is a veritable anti-fashion show of sartorial blunders. Why? Because there's no one to tell them, "No. You look like an idiot. Put some real clothes on." I never thought I'd quote a Kanye West lyric in a review, but "No one man should have all that power." And I think that's what's happened with George Lucas. He has too much power. He can toy around with his creation as much as he'd like, and there's no one to tell him, "No, George, stop. You're only making it worse." You've probably already heard that all six films are now in the process of being retooled for 3D theatrical re-releases. Sigh. What's ironic and self-condemning is that, in 1988, Lucas once issued a statement to the assembled U.S. Congress, asserting that, "People who alter or destroy works of art and our cultural heritage for profit or as an exercise of power are barbarians." I'll let that one speak for itself. If you were holding out hope that the original trilogy in all its untouched glory would be included here on Blu-ray via seamless branching technology, I'm afraid you're going to be disappointed. Almighty George has seen fit to base the new Blu-rays exclusively on the 1997 "Special Editions," including most of the additional changes from the 2004 re-release. But this isn't a straight port of the DVDs. Several new adjustments have been made, some of them seemingly arbitrary and many inconspicuous unless you know Star Wars like the back of your hand. In Return of the Jedi, Wicket now blinks and has more expressive CGI eyes. (I can't tell which is creepier, the dead doll eyes from before, or the humanoid ones put in their place.) Obi-Wan's siren to scare off the Sand People in A New Hope has been switched to a more piercing, immersive "Krayt Dragon Call." (I might be in the minority, but I kind of like this new effect.) More noticeably, the puppet Yoda from The Phantom Menace has been replaced with the more convincing CGI model that's included in the following prequels. By and large, these switcheroos are unobtrusive, butï¿½and no surprise hereï¿½there is one addendum that's already caused a flurry of online controversy. If you've been following the news of this release, you already know what I'm referring to; in Return of the Jedi, when Darth Vader grabs the Emperor to throw him over the railing, he now lets out a goofy cry of "NOOOOO," a mirroring of the scene in Revenge of the Sith when he's first reborn as a dark Sith lord. It's silly and over-obvious and completely unnecessary. I'm sure hardcore fans will be cataloging the differences between the DVDs and Blu-rays for weeks to come, but these are the big ones. Here's the thing; ever since the The Complete Saga was announced, I was aware of the controversies, I had a hunch the original trilogy wouldn't be included in its untouched state, and I knew any new changes were going to be debated far and wide. This left me rather indifferent to the whole idea of revisiting Star Wars. But when I actually got the set in my hands, something changed. At pains of sounding like a sap, I started to feel that inner childhood giddiness bubbling up. And then, when I popped A New Hope into my Blu-ray player and heard John William's iconic fanfare over that familiar yellow text crawl, it hit meï¿½I wasn't going to let any residual bitterness over George Lucas' endless alterations bother me. I was going to have a blast watching these films. And I did. Sure, there were moments when I winced the wince of a man getting a cavity filled without anesthetic, and yes, I still think the prequelsï¿½for the most partï¿½are a monumental disappointment, but given the choice between a Star Wars that isn't exactly to my liking and no Star Wars at all, I've decided to be happy with the former and bide my time. Like Anakin Skywalker finding redemption in his dying breaths, I'm convinced George Lucas will one day realize the cultural and historic value in preserving the original films in their original form. Until then, I'm going to enjoy this epic Blu-ray box set and try my best to ignore the bits that bother me. I like this approach; I feel like, in my own mind at least, I've brought a certain balance to the Force. Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray, Video Quality It goes without saying that just because this is Star Wars, it doesn't mean that this set is going to be the best looking Blu-ray release of all time. So, temper your expectations. That said, we do expect a lot from George Lucas and THX when it comes to cutting edge home video technology. I'm happy, then, to report that, for the most part, these films look wonderful. Not all of them might be described as "reference quality," whatever that meansï¿½although Episode III probably qualifiesï¿½but the transfers/restorations the films have been given represent an exponential leap in picture refinement, integrity, and clarity from previous DVD releases. While watching The Complete Saga this weekend there were several instances where I felt compelled to rewind and just bask in how beautiful certain scenes look in high definition. Let's get the bad out of the way first. Namely, The Phantom Menace. Somehow it seems appropriate that the worst film in the series would have the worst picture quality of the set, but it's still disappointing. The main culprit here is digital noise reduction. Unlike the other two prequels, Episode I was shot on 35mm, but here it's been fairly strongly filtered so that grain is scrubbed out, giving a more video-ish appearance. I'm assuming this was probably done to give a sense of visual continuity to the prequels, but it frequently results in softened textures and smeared over detail. The application of DNR isn't nearly as egregious as it was in the notorious Predator re-release, but the image does look a bit off at times, with faces taking on that distinctly smooth, waxy quality that always accompanies excessive filtering. It's not all bad however; the predominately CGI scenesï¿½like the battle on Nabooï¿½look excellent, if a bit outdated and cartoonish, and there are no issues with color or contrast. Edge enhancement isn't a concern eitherï¿½which is kind of surprising given that DNR is usually accompanied by oversharpening to compensate for the inherent softeningï¿½and there are no blatant compression problems. The main improvement here, aside from the obvious increase in clarity from standard definition, is that there's actually more of the image onscreen now. Let me explain. When the DVD was being prepared, the producers slightly magnified the pictureï¿½essentially cropping on all sidesï¿½in order to avoid frame edges and artifacts like hairs stuck in the film gate from appearing. This missing screen real estate has now been restored, for a more faithful representation of the original compositions. Attack of the Clones fares better all around, but noise reduction still dampens the level of clarity. Episode II was the first film in the series to be shot, processed, and edited with an entirely digital workflow, but it was felt at the time that some of the digital footage was too sharp, so it was softened in post. (Not specifically for this Blu-ray release.) The CGI-heavy sequences aren't as affected, but most of the live-action footage has that characteristic filtered look, and sometimes the actors almost seem to have a kind of hazy glow around their bodies, especially when they're clearly standing in front of a digital backdrop. That's not to say there isn't any fine detail on display hereï¿½there certainly is, especially in the intricacies of the computer generated imageryï¿½just not as much as there is in Revenge of the Sith, where Lucas and Co. fully embraced digital filmmaking. Episode III is on a whole different picture quality plane of existence. This is the outright stunner of the prequels, with a degree of clarity and color that approaches Avatar and other high-profile eye-candy releases. You can see instantly how much crisper and more detailed everything is here, CGI and live-action material alike. The filtering has been abandoned in favor of an exceptionally resolved picture. See the fabric of General Grievous' cape. The clean lines of the nascent Darth Vader's shiny new helmet. The wrinkles on Yoda's weathered face. Count Dooku's eyebrow hairs, individually visible. This is impressive stuff. Just as striking is the brilliance of the film's color. The first two prequels are far from washed out, but Episode III takes the vibrancy up a notch, with tighter contrast, darker blacksï¿½though not too darkï¿½and some gorgeously vivid hues, like hot magenta spacecraft exhaust ports and, of course, searing neon lightsabers. All of the film's environmentsï¿½from Kashyyyk to the climactic lava worldï¿½look fantastic. I'm not big on scoresï¿½they're too arbitraryï¿½but if The Phantom Menace is a 3/5 and The Clone Wars is a 3.5/5, Revenge of the Sith gets full marks. But, if you're like me, you're probably more interested in how faithfully the original trilogy has been ported to Blu-ray. We've already covered content, of course, so I'm talking cosmetically. Unlike the prequels, which look quite different from one to the nextï¿½especially in the jump from the second to the thirdï¿½the 1080p/AVC-encoded transfers of the three "classic" Star Wars films are fairly consistent with one another and, in a word, amazing. If you need a number, I'm comfortable giving 4.5's across the board for the integrity and simple gorgeousness of these three transfers. If you grew up watching these films on VHS you're going to be blown away. I don't say that lightly. When I popped in A New Hope and saw that first great close-up of R2 in all his worn-in gloryï¿½the scuff marks finely resolved in high definitionï¿½I knew I was in good hands. And I kept having moments like this. Seeing the weft of the fabric of Obi-Wan's cloak as he tells the stormtroopers "these are not the droids you're looking for." The level of detail inside the Millennium Falcon. The mottled facial texture of the Yoda puppet in Empire. The almost palpable ripples of Jabba's skin in Jedi. You'll notice background details you've never noticed before. Imperfections in the model work. Aspects of the costumes that previously escaped your attention. There are certain scenes that look softï¿½I'm specifically thinking of the first few shots when our heroes land on Endor's forest moonï¿½but any softness seems inherent in the cinematography, not introduced later due to DNR. Any filtering of the original trilogy is minimal; there are no clay-like, Vaseline- smeared faces to worry about here. You can tell occasionally that the image has been lightly cleaned up, but grain is visible and better yet, the prints are absolutely pristine. I don't think I spotted a single white speck or bit of debris. The fluctuations that appeared on the DVDs are also a thing of the past; color is more stable now and better balanced. Remember how the lightsabers' hues sometimes shifted? Not so here. Color reproduction in general is astute; rich and vibrant without looking boosted or oversaturated. There are times when black levels seem like they could be either a hair darker or lighter, but contrast seems carefully considered for the most part, with an emphasis on preserving detail in the shadows. And aside from some light noise, I didn't see any real signs of depreciatory compression. I can't imagine these three films looking much better than they do here. I suppose it's possible, but I'll leave that for Lucas to figure out. Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray, Audio Quality Yes, yes, and yes again. I don't even need to write up separate audio reviews for each of the films. You know why? Because these lossless DTS-HD Master Audio 6.1 surround tracks are perfect. Not perfect like, "Yeah, they seem generally true-to-source and, no, there's no muffling or anything," but perfect like, "Yes. Hell yes. This is what sci-fi should sound like." Perfect as in completely exemplary in all the ways you'd hope they'd be. Superlative. Grade-A. Certified Gold. Okay, let me calm down for a second before I fly off in a tornado of hyperbole. Really, though; these tracks are that good. If you've yet to experience John Williams' Star Wars theme in glorious 6.1 channel lossless audio, you've got quite a treat coming. Williams' cues are some of the most recognizable and hummable in the known universe, and they sound spectacular here, from the lilting and quiet heartswelling of Leia's theme to the balls-out, brash militancy of Vader's unstoppable death march, which feels like the brass section of the orchestra is clubbing you in the face with their instruments. In the best way imaginable. All of the music is grand, filling every channel, with distinct placement of the instruments in the soundspace. Rich, dynamic, fullï¿½you name it, that's what these scores are. And that's before we even get into the good stuffï¿½the sound effects. Sound design has been a part of the movies since the late 1920s, but the Star Wars series emphasized it in a way that few films had previously done. The audio really is integral to the storytelling. Think "Star Wars sounds." What do you hear? The electric hum of swinging lightsabers. The crisp pew-pew of laser blasters. The low ambient, oscillating rumble inside the Death Star. The high-pitched language of the Jawas. Darth Vader's heavy, respirator-assisted breathing. You could go on and on. How many films can claim to have made noises iconic? But that's only the start of it. What makes these new 6.1 tracks so wonderful is how precisely and expressively they're mixed. Sound design and score achieve an ideal balance, each forceful and clean without drowning the other out. And the action sequences. Oh, the action sequences. Lasers criss- crossing the soundfield. Spaceships swooshing in every direction, their pulsing engines roaring past with a kind of down-shifting Doppler Effect. Massive explosions that send concentric arcs of debris spreading out from front to back. The thunderous LFE roar of an Imperial Star Destroyer drifting overhead. Even in the quieter moments there's ambience in the rears; the bleat of a tauntaun on Hoth, pouring rain before the Obi- Wan/Jango Fett fight in Clone Wars, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. Obviously, the effects in the prequels are a bit more sophisticated, but you'll be surprised by how epic the original trilogy sounds. Throughout it all, dialogue is always easy to understand, and I didn't hear any disconcerting crackles, hisses, or dropouts. Fans couldn't have asked for more. Each film includes English Dolby Digital 5.1 descriptive audio, Spanish, French, French-Quebec, and Portuguese dubs, and optional subtitles in English SDH, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray, Special Features and Extras To start, a quick note on the packaging. The Complete Saga is housed in case that's nearly identical, structurally, to last year's Alien Anthology releaseï¿½the same height, width, depth, and material. (Only less glossy this time around.) The cardboard pages are thick and have embedded semi-circle slots for the discs, which are easy to slide out, but not so easy that you'd ever worry about them falling out on their own. Each page features painted artwork, and in the back you'll find a "Guide to the Galaxy" booklet that provides a break-down of what special features are included. I'm not incredibly fond of the cover art, but this is definitely a handsome Blu-ray set, one that will look great sitting next to the Alien Anthology on your shelf. See all packaging photos in the Star Wars Blu-ray screenshots section Now, on to the good stuff. I'll give a detailed listing below of everything that's included, but it will probably be beneficial to first give a breakdown of the types of special features that are spread out across these nine discs. Audio Commentaries: Each film includes two audio commentaries, and these are the only bonus features actually on the discs for the films themselves. In addition to the tracks that were included on the DVDsï¿½featuring George Lucas and various members of the cast and crew, all recorded separatelyï¿½six all new tracks have been created especially for this release, comprised of archival interviews with, well, just about everyone who ever played a role in the creation of Star Wars, in front of or behind the camera, from George Lucas on down. These are more hodgepodge than typical commentary tracks, but despite the fact that they were sourced from various interviews, they manage to stay fairly scene specific. There's a wealth of Star Wars-related knowledge to be gleaned here. Along with the disc for each film, the set includes three bonus Blu-rays, where you'll find a substantial collection of old and new material. The third disc contains an assortment of documentaries, most of which we've seen before, while the first two contain film-specific supplements, arranged by the locations within each film. You'll see what I mean below. The layout for discs one and two is fairly easy to peruse, but if you enjoy watching special features in bulk you might want to hit "play all," as the transitions between each section can get repetitive. Here are the main kinds of features you can expect: Interviews: All told, there's a little over two hours of interview footage here. Each major setting in each film has an "overview," where various production designers discuss the particular challenges of creating and/or shooting in that location, and there are also several vintage interviews with other members of the cast and crew. These are all technically presented in 1080p, but some of the material is clearly from standard definition sources. Not that it matters much. Deleted/Extended Scenes: In total, there's about an hour and a half of deleted footage, almost all of it new. Worth noting is that the deleted scenes previously included on the DVDs is not included here, so you might want to hang on to those if you're a completist. It's clear that instead of trying to be comprehensive, the focus in compiling this material was to bring as much new footage to the table as possible. And there's some great, previously unseen footage here. For the prequels it's mostly in the form of rough animatics and generally unfinished sequences, but the original trilogy includes several alternate cuts and excised scenes that we be of real interest to fans, including Luke's trip to Tosche Station. (No, we don't see any power converters.) Additionally, all the film footage has been scanned in 1080p. The Collection: In "The Collection" you'll find scores of props, CGI models, prototype maquettes, costumes, matte paintings, and more. Click on any item and you'll be taken to a view of it that can be rotated 360 degrees. You'll also be able view close-up details and a brief informative text for each piece. Better yet, most of these items are the subject of mini video featurettes that include interviews with model designers, costumers, animators, artists, and others. Between the first and second discs, this amounts to almost two hours and forty five minutes of footage. Concept Art Gallery: Here you'll find hundreds of pieces of preliminary artwork, covering character design, locations, vehicles, props, and more. You can view these individually or choose "play all" and watch them as a self-playing gallery, which lasts thirty minutes on each disc. Archive Fly-Through: On discs one and two you'll find an item labeled "Archive Fly-Through," which is exactly what it sounds like, a visual tour through the LucasFilm archives, a warehouse where every conceivable prop, model, and costume is stored. I really hope this stuff ends up in a permanent Star Wars museum someday. Each clip is about three and a half minutes long, in 1080p. Easter Eggs: It's rumored that there are several in the set, but I haven't found any yet. Let me know if you make any discoveries and we'll add instructions here on how to find them. Now, onto the full breakdown of everything that's included: Bonus Disc 1: Prequel Features Episode I - Naboo Interviews Naboo Overview (4:52): Design Director Doug Chiang and others discuss the the look/style of Naboo and the CGI battle. Liam Neeson Interview (2:21): Neeson talks about the message of the film. Deleted/Extended Scenes The Battle Is Over (00:29): Look out for The Wire's Dominic West! Anakin's Return (00:26) The Collection: Includes sections for Jar Jar Maquette, Trade Federation Battleship Model, Republic Cruiser Model, Queen Amidala Throne Room Costume, Full-Sized Battle Droid, Naboo Starfighter Model, Sando Aqua Monster Maquette, Darth Maul Costume, and Palpatine's Shuttle Model. 360 Degree Turnarounds Tatooine Overview (3:41): A look at the franchise's return to Tatooine. Rick McCallum Interview - Podracers (1:04) Rick McCallum Interview - Filming in Tunisia (2:32) Deleted/Extended Scenes Battle on the Boarding Ramp (00:28) Extended Podrace Wager (1:35) The Collection: Includes sections for Queens Royal Starship Model, Eopie with Anakin Maquette, Watto Maquette, Sebulba Maquette, Dud Bolt Puppet, Anakin's Podracer Model, and the Sith Speeder Model. 360 Degree Turnarounds Interviews Coruscant Overview (4:35): An intro to the design of the home planet of the Republic. George Lucas on Preparing to Write Episode I - 1994 (3:05): Lucas talks about the technological advances that allows him to portray new things on screen. Deleted/Extended Scene Bail Organa of Alderaan (00:28) The Collection: Includes sections for Coruscant Air Taxi Model, Queen Amidala Senate Costume, Pre-Senate Address Costume, and Senate Guard Costume. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Episode III - Kashyyyk and Order 66 Kashyyyk and Order 66 Overview (5:43): Ryan Church discusses how his team was actually directly inspired by the Star Wars Christmas Special for the design of Kashyyyk. Deleted/Extended Scenes Kashyyyk Attack and Order 66 Animatic (6:47): A long animatic that explores the fates of some of the additional Jedi. Anakin Kills Shaak Ti (00:37): Here, Anakin stabs master Shaak Ti with his lightsaber at the Jedi Temple. Jedi Imposters at the Temple (00:47) Senate Duel Animatic (5:34): An altered version of the duel between Yoda and the Emperor. Yoda Communes with Qui-Gon (1:00): Qui-Gon teaches Yoda to merge with the Force. The Collection: Includes sections for Wookie Tree Maquette, Felucia Maquettes, Chewbacca Costume, Darth Vader Costume, and Imperial Officer Costume. 360 Degree Turnarounds Bonus Disc 2: Original Trilogy Features Episode IV - Tatooine Interviews Tatooine Overview (3:49): Production illustrator Ralph McQuarrie talks about some of his initial paintings/drawings for George Lucas, 2nd Cameraman Dennis Muren discusses the Tunisian shoot, and sound effect artist Ben Burtt describes how he came up with the Jawa language. Mark Hamill Interview (2:15): Hamill briefly discusses working with Lucas, meeting Alec Guiness, and having fun on set. Anthony Daniels Interview (1:21): Daniels talks about the odd couple relationship between C-3PO and R2. Deleted/Extended Scenes Tosche Station (5:21): Awesome. Ever wonder what Tosche Station is? Turns out it's the local hangout for Luke and his buddies. There's a great scene here where Biggs reveals to Luke his plan to join the rebellion. You can see why this was cut--it would definitely slow down the film-- but it's a great piece of previously unseen Star Wars history. Old Woman on Tatooine (00:24): An elderly woman tells Luke to drive safely. Aunt Beru's Blue Milk (00:31): A shot of Beru filling up her pitcher with that gross-looking gray/blue liquid they drink at the dinner table. The Search for R2-D2 (00:42): Lucas cut this scene because he thought the rear projection visual effects weren't up to snuff. Cantina Rough Cut (7:18): A preliminary version of the Cantina sequence. Look out for Han-Solo hanging out with a local lady friend! Stormtrooper Search (00:54): Some of this unused footage found its way into the Star Wars Holiday Special. The Collection: Includes sections for Landspeeder Prototype Model, Millenium Falcon Prototype Model, R2-D2, Tatooine From Orbit Matte Painting, Jawa Costume, Tusken Raider Mask, and Ketwol Mask. 360 Degree Turnarounds Episode IV - Aboard the Death Star Interviews Aboard the Death Star Overview (5:47): Sound effects designer Ben Burtt talks about how he had a "field day" making sounds for the Death Star. Carrie Fisher Interview (1:45): Fischer discusses the audition process and her reaction to her theme in the score. Deleted/Extended Scene Darth Vader Widens the Search (00:36): Additional footage that made its way into the holiday special. The Collection: Includes sections for Death Star Prototype Model, Holo-Chess Set, Bridge Power Trench Matte Painting, and Luke's Stormtrooper Torso. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Episode IV - The Battle of Yavin Battle of Yavin Overview (4:22): Dennis Muren discusses the process of filming the Death Star trench run sequence. Deleted/Extended Scene Alternate Biggs and Luke Reunion (00:36): An extended version of the scene, including a reference to Anakin. The Collection: Includes sections for X-Wing Fighter Prototype and Final Models, Y-Wing Prototype and Final Models, TIE Fighter Prototype and Final Models, Darth Vader's TIE Fighter Model, X-Wing Pilot Costume, Death Star Laster Tower Model, and Yavin 4 Matte Painting. 360 Degree Turnarounds Episode V - Hoth Interviews Hoth Overview (3:31): Dennis Muren explains how he tried to do as many of the effects in-camera to avoid having to do complicated composite work. There's some great footage here of the filming of some stop-motion sequences. George Lucas on Editing The Empire Strikes Back, 1979 (3:25): A vintage interview with George, who compares editing to constructing a house. Irvin Kershner Interview (3:02): Kershner gives his thoughts on Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, and Carrie Fisher. Deleted/Extended Scenes Han and Leia: Extended Echo Base Argument (1:43): Nice. In this long version of their arguement, Han tells Leia, "You're as cold as this planet." Luke's Recovery (1:16): Additional footage of Luke in the medical tank. Luke and Leia: Medical Center (2:15): Luke and Leia very nearly end up making out, only to be interrupted by R2. Deleted Wampa Scenes (2:43): In the script, the Wampa was supposed to rampage through the Hoth base, but Lucas was unimpressed with the effects work--it's not hard to see why, the Wampa looks like a guy wearing a shag carpet--and the subplot was cut. The Fate of General Veers (00:31): Here, General Veers suffers a kamikaze attack from a snowspeeder. The Collection: Includes sections for AT-AT Walker Fallen Model, Snowspeeder Model, Tauntaun Maquette, Rebel Transport Model, Hoth Landscape Matte Painting, Leia Hoth Costume, and Han Solo Interior Hoth Costume. 360 Degree Turnarounds Episode V - Dagobah Interviews Dagobah Overview (4:29): A behind-the-scenes look at the Dagobah set, which presented some unique challenges to shooting. Frank Oz also discusses Yoda's speech syntax. George Lucas on the Force, 2010 (5:20): Lucas talks about the philosophy of the Force in what looks to be a writer's room. Deleted/Extended Scene Yoda's Test (1:21): The special effects were never completed on this sequence, which has Yoda levitating a silver bar and having Luke try to slice it in half. The Collection: Includes sections for Yoda Model, Luke's Severed Head, Dagobah Bog Matte Painting, Dagobah Matte Painting, and Luke's Tan Costume. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Episode V - Pursued by the Imperial Fleet Pursued by the Imperial Fleet Overview (3:25): Muren talks about the execution of the astroid chase sequence. Deleted/Extended Scenes Hiding in the Astroid (1:06): Here we see Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher reacting to "explosions," which were really just the cameraman shaking the camera. Alternate Han and Leia Kiss (1:59): A longer version of the Han/Leia kiss, with C-3PO ruining the moment. The Collection: Includes sections for Star Destroyer Model, Millennium Falcon Model, Space Slug, Darth Vader's Star Destroyer Model, Star Destroyer Hull Model, Executor Bridge Matte Painting, Boba Fett Prototype Costume, Imperial Officer Costume, and Rebel Cruiser Model. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Episode V - Cloud City Cloud City Overview (2:54): Production designer Norman Reynolds talks about the influence of the Bauhaus school of architecture on Cloud City. Deleted/Extended Scenes Lobot's Capture (00:57): Here, Lando's aide, Lobot, is captured for his role in the rebel escape. Leia Tends to Luke (1:03): Leia works on Luke's arm and talks about how Han was taken by Boba Fett. The Collection: Includes sections for Twin-Pod Cloud Car Model, Cloud City Models, Cloud City Matte Painting, Cloud City Landing Platform Matte Painting, Cloud City Core Vane Matte Painting, Core Vane Platform Matte Painting, Lando Bespin Costume, and Slave I Matte Painting. 360 Degree Turnarounds Episode VI - Endor Interviews Endor Overview (4:52): Dennis Muren explains how he initially planed out the speeder-bike chase using G.I. Joe models, and how he simulated 100mph speeds by shooting one frame per second. Harrison Ford Interview (1:34): Ford talks about Lucas' vision and process. Deleted/Extended Scene Rebel Raid on the Bunker (2:22): In this extended sequence, the rebels encounter more resistance as they storm the bunker. The Collection: Includes sections for AT-ST Walker Model, Speeder Bike, Imperial Shuttle Model, Ewok Hang Glider Maquette, Imperial Shuttle Landing Matte Painting, Endor Landing Platform Matte Painting, Ewok Costume, and Biker Scout Costume. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Episode VI - Death Star II Space Battle Death Star II Space Battle Overview (4:04): Model maker Bill George discusses the added complexities of shooting this attack on the second Death Star. Deleted/Extended Scenes Jerjerrod's Conflict (2:28): Minor character Commander Jerjerrod was featured in a few additional shots that were ultimately cut from the film. Here, we see his reluctance to carry out the attack on the Endor moon. Battle of Endor: The Lost Rebels (9:40): Nine minutes of footage of rebel pilots who never made it into the film, including two female pilots and an Admiral Ackbar-type creature who, at one point, yells out, "Fried calamari tonight!" The Collection: Includes sections for B-Wing Fighter Model, TIE Interceptor Fighter Model, Death Star Under Construction Model, Imperial Shuttle Bay Matte Painting, Admiral Ackbar Costume, Death Star Docking Bay Matte Painting, and Millennium Falcon in Hangar Matte Painting. 360 Degree Turnarounds Concept Art Gallery Bonus Disc 3: The Star Wars Documentaries The Making of Star Wars (1977, SD, 49:01): A retro making-of documentary and promo piece that came out shortly after the first film's release. Includes interviews with George Lucas and appearances by Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, and Carrie Fisher. The Empire Strikes Back: SPFX (1980, SD, 48:05): Similarly, a making-of doc for Empire, which looks specifically at the then- innovative visual effects. Classic Creatures: The Return of the Jedi (1983, SD, 48:07): An exploration of the menagerie of Star Wars creatures, compared to and contrasted against the grand tradition of movie monsters. Hosted by Carrie Fisher and Billy Dee Williams. Anatomy of a Dewback (1997, SD, 26:17): A look at the process of turning the rubber puppet dewbacks of the original trilogy into moving CGI creatures for the special edition release of A New Hope. Star Warriors (2007, SD, 1:24:00): A tribute to the 501st Legion, an international group of Star Wars cos-play enthusiasts who hold "armor parties" and do volunteer work. The cruel part of me wants to ask some of these people, "Aren't you a little fat for a stormtrooper?" This is the first time this doc has been included on a Star Wars home video release. Star Wars Tech (2007, 1080p, 45:36): Another first-time-on-video doc, this one exploring the plausibility of the science in Star Wars, including interviews with "leading scientists in the fields of physics, prosthetics, lasers, engineering, and astronomy." Pretty cool. A Conversation with the Masters: The Empire Strikes Back 30 Years Later (2010, 1080i, 25:11): This new retrospective will probably be of most interest to fans, as it features George Lucas, the late Irvin Kershner, Lawrence Kasdan, and John Williams looking back on Empire. Star Wars Spoofs (2011, 1080i, 1:37:32): An hour and a half long collection of Star Wars parodies in pop culture, from a vintage Candid Camera clip from 1977 to the adorable "Young Vader" Volkswagon commercial that aired during the 2011 Super Bowl. Includes segments from SNL, Robot Chicken, That 70s Show, Fanboys, Chad Vader, and more. Do note that discs one and two include English SDH, Spanish, French, Dutch, and Portugeues subtitles, while the features on disc three include subs in those languages, plus Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, and Greek. Star Wars: The Complete Saga Blu-ray, Overall Score and Recommendation No, the "untouched" original trilogy is not included. Yes, there are some goofy new additions, like Darth Vader yelling "NOOOOO" as he throws Emperor Palpatine over the railing. I don't think anyone expected this release of The Complete Saga to be free of controversy. But come on. It's Star Wars. On Blu-ray. This is a once-in-a-technological-generation event, and if your hatred of George Lucas' revisionist tinkerings keeps you from enjoying some of your favorite films in high definition, you're missing out. Believe me, I share your pain. Whenever I hear that stupid funk song inside Jabba's palace, I cringe like a man being forced to bite down on tin foil or chew sand. It's almost physically painful. But I'm done being bitter. I'm playing the long game. One of these days, Lucas will wise up and realize that the original trilogyï¿½in its original formï¿½is a culturally and historically important piece of pop art that belongs to its fans. But until that day, I'm going to enjoy this Blu-ray box set. The films have never looked or sounded betterï¿½ Episodes III-VI are particularly impressiveï¿½and they come with a fantastic collection of special features. Highly Recommended!	Return of the Jedi
In the world of blood donations, O- types are considered to be universal donors (blood compatible with all types). What blood type is considered to be a universal recipient (can accept any blood type)?	Sith \| Wookieepedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit "And my apprentices? Darth Maul was a loss, but Darth Tyranus…he was a proton torpedo. He served his purpose and was gone. I had a…superior candidate in mind. We did it, Vader. The Jedi destroyed! The Republic a shattered corpse for me to resurrect as a puppet! And you, Vader--the boy transformed into the man you were destined to be…" ―Darth Sidious to Darth Vader [src] Hunting Jedi survivors Edit Darth Sidious with his third and last apprentice Darth Vader. Following the collapse of the Republic and purging of the Jedi Order, Darth Sidious and Darth Vader ruled over the Galactic Empire for over twenty years until the Battle of Endor . The two Sith Lords established a cadre of Dark Side wielders known as the Inquisitorius . [37] The Inquisitors were tasked with hunting down Jedi Purge survivors and preventing Force-sensitive children from becoming Jedi. The leading Inquisitor was a Pau'an Grand Inquisitor [38] , who was a former Jedi Sentinel and Knight. [39] The Inquisitors were trained by Vader and wielded double-bladed spinning lightsabers . [37] Five years after the end of the Clone Wars, the Free Ryloth movement led by Cham Syndulla embarked on a large-scale operation to assassinate the Emperor and Vader. Cham wanted to kill the two Sith Lords in order to bring about the demise of the Empire. However, Sidious had anticipated Cham's move and the two Sith eluded Cham's attempts to assassinate them. This operation dealt a major blow to the Free Ryloth rebels, who were forced deeper underground, and also led to the exposure of Colonel Belkor Dray as a traitor . Despite Sidious' hopes, he failed to stamp out the sparks of the growing rebellion . [40] After the outbreak of the Lothal insurgency about four years before the Battle of Yavin , Sidous dispatched Vader to hunt down the Lothal rebels , who were part of the growing rebellion. Vader lured the Lothal rebels into a trap on Lothal in an attempt to track down the Phoenix rebel cell . Vader led an attack on the Phoenix fleet which destroyed the rebel flagship Phoenix Home but failed to destroy the rebellion. During the skirmish, Vader discovered that his former apprentice Ahsoka Tano was still alive. Under Sidious' orders, he dispatched more Inquisitors to hunt down the Jedi Purge survivor Kanan Jarrus and his apprentice Ezra Bridger . [41] A year later, Vader visited the Lothal Jedi Temple where the Fifth Brother and the Seventh Sister had attempted to capture Ezra, Kanan, and Ahsoka. Vader remarked that the Emperor would be pleased with their discovery. When the Fifth Brother remarked that the power of the Jedi was growing, Vader responded that it would be their undoing. [39] The Sith Lords later took an interest in the Sith temple on Malachor , which was reputed to be home to a weapon capable of destroying all life. Vader sent another Inquisitor called the Eighth Brother to hunt down a "shadow" and to obtain a Sith holocron . [17] Ezra, Kanan, and Ahsoka encountered the former Sith apprentice Maul in the Malachor Sith temple. Maul had become stranded on Malachor several years ago. He discovered a secret inside the Sith temple that would allow them to destroy the Sith. However, he lacked the strength to do so on his own. Maul managed to befriend Ezra and the two Force-wielders succeeded in obtaining the Sith holocron. Maul later helped the Jedi and Kanan drive several Inquisitors away. Despite Kanan and Ahsoka's distrust, Maul managed to convince them to help him by teasing the opportunity of destroying the Sith. [17] Maul convinced Ezra to place the Sith holocron in the obelisk. He then helped Kanan and Ahsoka kill the Inquisitors before turning on Kanan and blinding him. Meanwhile, Ezra discovered that the Sith holocron was the key to reactivating the Sith temple, which was a powerful superweapon capable of destroying life. Shortly later, Darth Vader arrived to claim the temple's power for the Sith. He fought with Ahsoka while Kanan and Ezra removed the holocron; triggering the temple's implosion. Ezra and Kanan escaped the temple but Vader and Ahsoka were trapped inside when the Temple began to implode. Vader and Ahsoka survived and parted company. [17] Later, Ezra came under the influence of the Sith holocron, which was inhabited by an entity called Presence . Under the holocron's guidance, Ezra learned more aggressive combat techniques including forcing an AT-DP walker driver to attack his comrades and walk his machine off a bridge. Ezra's use of the Sith holocron strained relations with his master Kanan, who confiscated it. Kanan later met a powerful Force-wielder called the Bendu , who formed a middle ground between the light and dark sides. He advised Kanan that an object could be use for both good and evil and that only the person had the power to change it. Kanan left the Sith holocron in the Bendu's care. [42] Maul later captured Kanan and Ezra's rebel friends and used them as hostages to force the two Jedi to bring him the Sith holocron and Kanan's Jedi holocron . Kanan and Ezra recovered the Sith holocron from the Bendu, who warned them that Maul planned to combine the power of the holocrons in order to provide clarity of vision. After rendezvousing with Maul, Ezra and the former Sith combined the two holocrons. Ezra wanted to find a way to destroy the Sith while Maul was looking for hope. The holocrons projected a vision of twin suns , an old enemy of Maul , and offered to show Ezra the "key" to destroying the Sith. However, Kanan convinced his apprentice to look away and the two holocrons separated. Maul took the opportunity to escape into space. [43] Using the fragments of Ezra's memories in his mind, Maul tracked the rebels down to their base on Atollon . Using the dark side of the Force, Maul manifested in Ezra's visions. Maul managed to convince Ezra to follow him to Dathomir by offering to keep Chopper Base a secret. At the Nightsister lair , Maul and Ezra underwent a ritual to uncover the remaining fragments of the holocrons in each others' minds. After drinking a magic potion, Maul learnt that Master Kenobi was still living on the planet with twin suns while Ezra learnt that Kenobi held the key to destroying the Sith. The two were then attacked by the spirits of the Nighsisters, who demanded payment in flesh and blood for their services. Kanan and the Mandalorian weapons expert Sabine Wren arrived to confront Maul but were possessed by the spirits. Ezra and Maul managed to flee outside the lair. When Maul offered Ezra a place as his apprentice, the young Jedi refused to abandon his friends. After exorcising Kanan and Sabine, the three resolved to find the planet with twin suns and to reach Kenobi before Maul could kill him. [44] The Rebellion Edit It is requested that this article section be expanded . Please improve it in any way that you see fit, and remove this notice once the article section is more complete. In the years leading up to the Battle of Yavin , the Empire faced a growing rebellion that had grown into the Alliance to Restore the Republic . In secret, the Emperor commissioned the building of the Death Star , a massive superweapon capable of destroying entire worlds. After rebel elements stole the Death Star plans , Vader led a secret mission to Tatooine which ended with the capture of Princess Leia Organa , the adopted daughter of Senator Bail Organa and one of the offspring of Anakin Skywalker . Shortly later, the Emperor dissolved the Imperial Senate and ordered Alderaan 's destruction . [7] Vader and Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin presided over Alderaan's destruction in the presence of Princess Leia. Before they could terminate Leia, she was rescued by a group of travelers including Anakin's son Luke Skywalker , the smugglers Han Solo and Chewbacca , the droids C-3PO and R2-D2 , and the Jedi Master Kenobi. While the other rebels escaped aboard the Millennium Falcon , Kenobi sacrificed his life to delay Vader. Leia and her rescuers retreated to the rebel base on Yavin 4 . The Death Star traveled to Yavin but was destroyed by a rebel starfighter force. During the Battle of Yavin, Vader sensed that the Force was strong in the rebel pilot Skywalker; who fired the missile that destroyed the Death Star. [7] Vader survived the destruction of the Death Star. [7] Three and a half years after the events on Yavin, Vader resumed his search for Luke Skywalker. Following the Battle of Hoth , the Emperor disclosed that Luke was one of the offspring of Anakin Skywalker. Vader believed that Luke would be a powerful ally if he could be turned. The Emperor charged Vader with winning Luke over and destroying him if he refused to turn to the dark side. During that time Luke had traveled to Dagobah , where he had been trained by Yoda , a Jedi Master who was once the leader of the Jedi Order. Vader managed to capture Leia, Han, C-3PO and Chewbacca in Cloud City on Bespin. Sensing the danger that his friends were in, Luke left his training and traveled to Cloud City where Vader was waiting for him. During their confrontation , Vader severed Luke's right hand and revealed that he was Luke's father. Despite the pain, Luke refused to join Vader, threw himself down a vane and escaped. [45] In secret, the Emperor directed the building of a second Death Star above the forest moon of Endor . In an attempt to destroy the rebellion once and for all, the Emperor arranged for intelligence on the second Death Star to be leaked to Bothan spies. Using this information, the Rebel Alliance made preparations to launch an attack on the second Death Star. Prior to the Battle of Endor , Vader traveled to the second Death Star to warn Moff Tiaan Jerjerrod to accelerate construction. Shortly later, Sidious traveled to the battle station to oversee the final construction stages. [14] After learning about Vader's true identity as his father Anakin from Yoda and the Force spirit of Kenobi, Luke decided to face Vader on his own. He traveled with the rebel strike team to Endor and then surrendered himself to Vader, who hoped to win his son over to the dark side. On the second Death Star, Luke confronted Sidious, who attempted to win him over to the dark side. Sidious tried to provoke Luke by attacking the rebel fleet and setting Vader on him. Luke, however, steadfastly refused to join him, leading the Dark Lord to torture him with Force lightning . However Vader, torn between his loyalty to his master in the dark side and his old Jedi connections to the light side that were brought back into light by Luke, chose to be Anakin Skywalker once again, was unable to stand by and watch his son die, picked up the Emperor and threw him into a reactor , killing him and returning balance to the Force. Badly damaged from the Emperor's Force lightning, Anakin died, but his selfless act allowed him to transform into the Force and join Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. The Sith Order, along with their tyranny, was seemingly no more. The Jedi had returned and a new age dawned. [14] Legacy Edit Even after the end of the Sith Order, many individuals and groups still adhered to their philosophy. Yupe Tashu , advisor of Palpatine, was an admirer of the Sith interrogation methods, as well as their teachings and cunning. He believed that the remaining Imperial Military should retreat "beyond the veil of stars," searching for the source of the dark side. [46] The Acolytes of the Beyond collected Sith artifacts, such as what they believed to be Darth Vader's lightsaber , to destroy them, believing this returned the relics to their deceased owners. [46] Supreme Leader Snoke , Kylo Ren , and the Knights of Ren held some of the beliefs of the Sith, although Snoke scorned the sentimentality of Darth Vader, which he believed had led to the Empire's downfall. [47] Behind the scenes The Sith first appeared as the primary antagonists of George Lucas ' Original trilogy and the Prequel trilogy . The Phantom Menace , which premiered in 1999 , established key concepts including the Rule of Two . In addition, the origins and history of the Sith was explored by several non- Canon Star Wars Legends works including the 1991 Dark Horse Comics Dark Empire story arc, the mid-1990s Star Wars: Tales of the Jedi comics, the 2003 BioWare game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and its sequels , Drew Karpyshyn 's Darth Bane trilogy , the futuristic Star Wars: Legacy comic series, and John Jackson Miller 's Lost Tribe of the Sith novellas. More recently, the Canon television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels have touched upon the origins and history of the Sith. Sam Witwer , who has voiced Maul and Sidious in animation, opined the Sith do not believe in life after death. That is why they go to such extreme lengths to survive. However, the Jedi will sacrifice themselves as they believe their deaths can inspire others. "You have Darth Vader, who lives a terrible life, he lives a pathetic, tortured existence but it’s still preferable to having nothing, which is how he views death. Same thing with Darth Sidious, you look at him in Return of the Jedi. He's over 100 years old and is a bent, old man. But that's better than the alternative, which is nothing." [48] An appearance from the Force spirits of Darth Bane and Revan in " Ghosts of Mortis " was removed at the last minute by George Lucas due to the disconcerting notion that the Sith could return. [49] In the non-Canon animated television series LEGO Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures , the primary antagonist Naare is identified as a Sith agent of Darth Sidious and Darth Vader. [50] Appearances	i don't know
June 2, 1886 saw which US President, the 22nd (and 24th), marry Frances Folsom in the White House, the only president who actually got married at the White House?	1000+ images about #24 Stephen Grover Cleveland & Frances Folsom C. on Pinterest \| The cleveland, Frances o'connor and Wedding Forward Stephen Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States; and, therefore was the only US president to serve two terms not in a row and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.Lived: Mar 18, 1837 - Jun 24, 1908 (age 71). Spouse: Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston (1886 - 1908). President of the United States (1893 - 1897) · President of the United States (1885 - 1889) · Governor of New York (1883 - 1885) Vice Presidents: Adlai Stevenson I · Thomas A… See More	Grover Cleveland
According to circus owner P. T. Barnum, whose first show began touring 176 years ago today, there's a what born every minute?	Brantley for President - Pictures Pictures <note the above links can be found off this site at: http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312172/presidents.html Presidential Fun Facts GEORGE W. BUSH is our 43rd president, but there actually have only been 42 presidents: Cleveland was elected for two nonconsecutive terms and is counted twice, as our 22nd and 24th president. EIGHT PRESIDENTS were born British subjects: Washington, J. Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, J. Q. Adams, Jackson, and W. Harrison. NINE PRESIDENTS never attended college: Washington, Jackson, Van Buren, Taylor, Fillmore, Lincoln, A. Johnson, Cleveland, and Truman. The college that has the most presidents as alumni (five in total) is Harvard: J. Adams, J. Q. Adams, T. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, and Kennedy. PRESIDENTS WHO would be considered "Washington outsiders" (i.e., the 18 presidents who never served in Congress) are: Washington, J. Adams, Jefferson, Taylor, Grant, Arthur, Cleveland, T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, Coolidge, Hoover, F. Roosevelt, Eisenhower, Carter, Reagan, Clinton, and G. W. Bush. THE MOST COMMON religious affiliation among presidents has been Episcopalian, followed by Presbyterian. THE ANCESTRY of all 43 presidents is limited to the following seven heritages, or some combination thereof: Dutch, English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Swiss, or German. THE OLDEST president inaugurated was Reagan (age 69); the youngest was Kennedy (age 43). Theodore Roosevelt, however, was the youngest man to become president——he was 42 when he succeeded McKinley, who had been assassinated. THE TALLEST president was Lincoln at 6'4"; at 5'4", Madison was the shortest. FOURTEEN PRESIDENTS served as vice presidents: J. Adams, Jefferson, Van Buren, Tyler, Fillmore, A. Johnson, Arthur, T. Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, Nixon, L. Johnson, Ford, and George Bush. VICE PRESIDENTS were originally the presidential candidates receiving the second-largest number of electoral votes. The Twelfth Amendment, passed in 1804, changed the system so that the electoral college voted separately for president and vice president. The presidential candidate, however, gradually gained power over the nominating convention to choose his own running mate. FOR TWO YEARS the nation was run by a president and a vice president who were not elected by the people. After Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973, President Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as vice president. Nixon resigned the following year, which left Ford as president, and Ford's appointed vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, as second in line. THE TERM "First Lady" was first used in 1877 in reference to Lucy Ware Webb Hayes. Most First Ladies, including Jackie Kennedy, are said to have hated the label. JAMES BUCHANAN was the only president never to marry. Five presidents remarried after the death of their first wives——two of whom, Tyler and Wilson, remarried while in the White House. Reagan was the only divorced president. Six presidents had no children. Tyler——father of fifteen——had the most. PRESIDENTS LINCOLN, Garfield, McKinley, and Kennedy were assassinated in office. ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS were made on the lives of Jackson, T. Roosevelt, F. Roosevelt, Truman, Ford, and Reagan. EIGHT PRESIDENTS died in office: W. Harrison (after having served only one month), Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, Harding, F. Roosevelt, and Kennedy. PRESIDENTS ADAMS, Jefferson, and Monroe all died on the 4th of July; Coolidge was born on that day. KENNEDY AND TAFT are the only presidents buried in Arlington National Cemetery. LINCOLN, JEFFERSON, F. Roosevelt, Washington, Kennedy, and Eisenhower are portrayed on U.S. coins. WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON, Lincoln, Jackson, Grant, McKinley, Cleveland, Madison, and Wilson are portrayed on U.S. paper currency. The above information provided as courtesy of Borgna Brunner, who derived from "Facts About the Presidents" by Joseph Nathan Kane as posted on http://www.infoplease.com/spot/prestrivia1.html 1. George Washington: No formal education. The only president elected unanimously. He received all 69 electoral votes. At his inauguration, Washington had only one tooth. At various times he wore dentures made of human teeth, animal teeth, ivory or even lead. Never wood. In addition to the nation's capital and the state, 31 counties and 17 towns are named in his honor. He stood 6 feet and 2 inches tall, weighed 200 pounds and wore size 13 shoes. He is the only president who didn't live in Washington, D.C. during his presidency. During his presidency the Judiciary Act of 1789 established the federal court system, the Bank Act of 1791 established a nation wide banking system, the Bill of Rights became law on December 15, 1791. 2. John Adams: Graduated Harvard College (1755). Adams was the great-great-grandson of John and Priscilla Alden, pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620. In 1800 the U.S. capital moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. Adams and Jefferson were the only presidents to sign the Declaration of Independence, and they both died on its 50th anniversary, July 4, 1826. Vice-President under Washington. Older that any other president at his death, he lived 90 years, 247 days. 3. Thomas Jefferson: Graduated College of William and Mary (1762) Secretary of State under Washington, Vice-President under Adams. Jefferson was the first president to shake hands with guests. Previously people bowed to Presidents. Jefferson's library of 6,000 books was purchased for $ 23.950 and formed the basis of the Library of Congress. Principal author of the Declaration of Independence. First president to take his oath in Washington, D.C. Jefferson and Adams were the only presidents to sign the Declaration of Independence, and they both died on its 50th anniversary, July 4, 1826. He designed his own tombstone and wrote his own epitaph, omitting the fact that he was President of the United States. 4. James Madison: Graduated College of New Jersey (now Princeton University; 1771) Secretary of State under Jefferson. Citing continued attacks on its ships, the United States declared war on Britain in June 1812. British troops burned the White House 1814. First president tho had prior service as a congressman. First president to wear trousers rather than knee breeches. He stood 5 feet 4 inches, the shortest president. 5. James Monroe: Graduated College of William and Mary (1776) Secretary of State under Madison. Secretary of Was under Madison. Convention of 1818 fixed the boundary between the U.S. and British North America. In 1819 purchased Florida from Spain for the cancellation of $ 5 million in debts. On December 2, 1923 proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine, warning European powers not to interfere in U.S. affairs. First president to ride on a steamboat. First U.S. Senator to become president. First inaugural to be held outdoors. His daughter was the first to be married in the White House. The U.S. Marine ban played at his second inaugural and every inauguration since. 6. John Quincy Adams: Graduated Harvard College (1787) Secretary of State under Monroe. Adams swam nude (weather permitting) in the Potomac River every day. First elected president not to receive either the most electoral college votes or popular votes. Only son of a president to become a president. Only president elected to the House after his presidency. He named one of his sons George Washington. 7. Andrew Jackson: No formal education. Held no other political office. Placed 2,000 of his political supporters in government jobs and established a "kitchen cabinet" of informal advisors. In 1835 he made the final installment of national debt making Jackson the only president of a debt free United States. He was the only president to serve in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. He was the only president to have been a prisoner of war. He was the first president to have been born in a log cabin. First president to ride a railroad train. Wounded in a duel at the age of 39, Jackson carried the bullet, lodged near his heart, to his grave. 8. Martin Van Buren: Graduated Kinderhook Academy (1796) Secretary of State under Jackson. Vice President under Jackson. First president born in the United States of America. He and his wife spoke Dutch at home. He took his four years salary, $ 100,000, in a lump sum at the end of his term. After serving one term as president, he made three unsuccessful bids for reelection. 9. William Henry Harrison: Attended Hampden-Sydney College. Harrison gave the longest inaugural address - one hour 45 minutes. Only president who studied to become a doctor. His immediate job before becoming president was clerk of Hamilton County (Ohio) court. First president to die in office. Inaugurated on March 4, 1841, contracted pneumonia in late March, died in the White House on April 4. Served 30 days. 10. John Tyler: Graduated College of William and Mary (1807). Vice President under Harrison. First vice president to assume office after the death of a president. He was a Whig, but the Whig party disowned him after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs. In January 1843, the Whigs introduced impeachment resolutions in the House, but the measures were defeated. Tyler served as president without being a member of any political party. He was a grand-uncle of Harry S Truman. 11. James Knox Polk: Graduated University of North Carolina (1818). Greatly expanded the western U.S. in 1848 through a treaty with Mexico ending a two year war and giving the U.S. control over most of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. Before the advent of anesthetics and antiseptic practices, Polk survived a gallstone operation at age 17. 12. Zachary Taylor: No formal education. Taylor served in the regular Army for 40 years and never voted, never belonged to a political party nor took any interest in politics until he ran for president at age 62. He was elected in the first national election held on the same day in all states (November 7, 1848). He pastured his old Army horse, Whitey, on the White House lawn and visitors would take horse hairs as souvenirs. Died in office of gastroenteritis on July 9, 1850. 13. Millard Fillmore: No formal education. Vice President under Taylor. Fillmore did not meet Taylor until after they were elected. When he moved into the White House, it didn't have a Bible. He and his wife, Abigail, installed the first library. He installed the first bathtub and kitchen stove in the White House. Fillmore couldn't not read Latin and refused an honorary degree from Oxford University, saying a person shouldn't accept a degree he couldn't read. 14. Franklin Pierce: Graduated Bowdoin College (1824). In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase settled boundary disputes with Mexico. In 1854 the Kansas Nebraska Act increased the conflict between pro and anti slavery settlers and required the introduction of federal troops into Kansas in an effort to end the fighting. Because of religious considerations Pierce affirmed rather than swore the Presidential Oath of Office. He gave his inaugural address from memory, without the aid of notes. He installed the first central heating system in the White House. 15. James Buchanan: Graduated Dickinson College (1809). Secretary of State under Polk. In 1857 Buchanan recommended a pro-slavery Kansas constitution. The constitution was rejected and Buchanan lost northern support. 1858 northern candidates opposing Buchanan won a majority in both houses of Congress. 1859 John Brown was seized at Harpers Ferry and hanged for his attempt to start a slave revolt. February 4, 1861 seven southern states formed the Confederacy. By the time Buchanan was 30 years old, he had amassed a fortune of $ 300,000. He was never married, so the duties of White House hostess were performed by his niece, Harriet Lane. One of his eyes was nearsighted and the other farsighted. As a result he always cocked his head to the left. Buchanan tired of being president and refused to run for reelection. 16. Abraham Lincoln: No formal education. On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina setting off the Civil War. Lincoln quickly mobilized the Union by executive order. January 1, 1863 he formally issued the Emancipation Proclamation. On November 19, of that same year he delivered the Gettysburg Address. On April 9, 1865 Generals Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant signed term of Confederate surrender at Appomattox, Virginia. Five days later, on April 14, 1865 Lincoln went to Ford's Theater to watch "Our American Cousin" and was shot by actor John Wilkes Booth. He died the next morning at Petersen's Boarding House. Lincoln was the first president to die by assassination. At 6 feet 4 inches he was the tallest president. Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd, had a brother, half-brothers and brothers-in-law who fought in the Confederate Army. Lincoln was the only president to receive a patent, for a device for lifting boats over shoals. He was the first president to wear a beard. His son Robert Todd Lincoln, was in Washington, D.C. when Lincoln was killed, was also on the scene when President Garfield was shot in 1881, and President McKinley was assassinated in 1901. A poll of historians named Lincoln the nation's greatest president. Washington was second. 17. Andrew Johnson: No formal education. Vice President under Lincoln. On march 29, 1865 issued Amnesty Proclamation, pardoning all Confederates except those with property in excess of $ 20,000 and certain Confederate leaders. On December 6, 1865 the 13th amendment, officially abolishing slavery, was ratified. On march 30, 1867 the U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $ 7.2 million. Johnson was married at a younger age than any other president. He was 18 on May 5, 1827 and Eliza McCardle was 16. He is the only president to serve in the Senate after his presidency. He was host to the first Queen to first the White house. Queen Emma of Hawaii. Johnson was the only president to be impeached by the House, but on March 26, 1868 was acquitted by the Senate by a one-vote margin. Has was buried beneath a willow tree he planted himself with a shoot taken from a tree at Napoleon's tomb. 18. Ulysses Simpson Grant: Graduated U.S. Military Academy West Point, New York. Witness to some of the bloodiest battles in history, Grant could not stomach the sight of animal blood. Rare steak nauseated him. While president, he was arrested for driving his horse too fast and was fined $ 20. Grant said he knew only two songs. "One was Yankee Doodle and the other wasn't." He smoked 20 cigars ad, which probably caused the throat cancer that resulted in his death. 19. Rutherford Birchard Hayes: Graduated Kenyon College (1842) and Harvard Law School (1845). On September 8, 1880 Hayes arrived in San Francisco to become the first president to visit the West Coast. He was the first president to graduate from law school. Mrs. Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb, was known as "Lemonade Lucy" because she refused to serve alcohol in the White House. The first telephone was installed in the White House by Alexander Graham Bell himself. The first Easter egg roll on the White House lawn was conducted by Hayes and his wife. He kept his campaign pledge and refused to run for a second term. 20. James Abram Garfield: Graduated Williams College (1856). Only 131 days after taking office, on July 12, 1881, while entering a Washington, D.C. railroad station, he was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker in Garfield's new administration. Garfield was the first left-handed president. He was the last of seven presidents born in a log cabin. On election day, November 2, 1880, he was at the same time, a member of the House, Senator-elect and President-elect. After Garfield's shooting, repeated probing for the bullet with non-sterile instruments resulted in blood poisoning which eventually killed him on September 19, 1881. 21. Chester Alan Arthur: Graduated Union College (1848). Vice President under Garfield. Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon, died before he became president, so Arthur's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy, served as White House hostess. Arthur enjoyed walking at night and seldom went to bed before 2 A.M. He had 24 wagon loads of old furniture and junk removed from the White House before moving in. A man-about-town, he entertained lavishly and often, and enjoyed going to nightclubs. Arthur told a temperance group that called on him at the White House, "I may be President of the United States, but my private life is my own damn business." Arthur destroyed all of his personal papers before his death. 22. Grover Cleveland: No formal education. Dedicated the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. He lost the 1888 election for second term to Benjamin Harrison, despite garnering a larger popular vote. While sheriff of Erie County, New York, Cleveland was also the public executioner and personally hanged two murderers. Since Cleveland was the sole supporter of his family during the Civil War, he paid a substitute to take his place. He vetoed 414 bill in his first term, more that double the 204 vetoes cast by all previous presidents. The only president's child born in the White House, was Cleveland's daughter, Esther. 23. Benjamin Harrison: Graduated Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (1852). Harrison grew up in a family of 13 children. He was the second president whose wife died while he was in office. An excellent extemporaneous speaker, he once made 140 completely different speeches in 30 days. When the Harrisons moved into the White House, it was in such a dilapidated state that plans were made to build a new mansion elsewhere in Washington. His last daughter, Elizabeth, was younger than his four grandchildren. Harrison was defeated for reelection by Grover Cleveland. Because of his wife's illness, he did not campaign. 24. Grover Cleveland: No formal education. President March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889. Cleveland is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. See notes under 22ndPresident. Ran for an unprecedented 3rd term but lost the Democratic presidential nomination to Williams Jennings Bryan. 25. William McKinley: Attended Allegheny College. On February 15 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor. On April 25, the U.S. declared war on Spain. May 1, Admiral George Dewey led a major U.S. victory over Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay. February 6, 1899, the Treaty of Paris, ending the war was approved by the U.S. Senate. Spain ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam and agreed to the independence of Cuba. September 6, 1901 McKinley was shot twice in the chest at point blank range by Leon Czolgosz while visiting the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died on September 14 whispering his favorite hymn "Nearer my God to Thee." McKinley's wife, Ida, was an epileptic and suffered a seizure during the second inaugural ball. He was the first president to use the telephone while campaigning He is thought to hold the record for presidential handshaking - 2,500 per hour. McKinley exercised very little. Had he been in better shape, his doctors said he might have survived his assassin's bullets. 26. Theodore Roosevelt: Graduated Harvard College (1880) Vice President under McKinley. On November 18, 1903 the U. S. and Panama signed a treaty for a canal under U. S. sovereignty. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for arbitrating the end of the Russo-Jananese War. As a child, Roosevelt suffered asthma attacks and was too sickly to attend school. At 42, Roosevelt was the youngest president. The teddy bear is named for him. He lost the sight in one eye while boxing in the White House. He had a photographic memory. He could read a page in the time it took anyone else to read a sentence. He was the first president to travel outside the U.S. - Panama. Roosevelt craved attention. It was said that he wanted to be the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral. 27. William Howard Taft: Graduated Yale College (1878); Cincinnati Law School (1880). Secretary of War under Roosevelt. February 3, 1913 the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution authorizing income taxes was ratified. It states simply: "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." Taft is the only person to serve as both President and Chief Justice (1921-1930) of the U.S. He inaugurated the custom of the president throwing out the first ball to start the baseball season. Mrs. Taft was responsible for the planting of the Japanese cherry trees in Washington. Taft, who weighed 332 pounds, got stuck in the White House bathtub the first time he used it. A larger one was ordered. The Taft's owned the last presidential cow and the first White House automobile. 28. Woodrow Wilson: Graduated College of New Jersey (now Princeton University; 1879) Held no other political office. On May 7, 1915 more than 100 Americans were killed as a German submarine torpedoed the British liner "Lusitania". The U. S. purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark. April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. November 11, 1918 an armistice ending World War I is signed. January 16, 1919 the 18th Amendment "Prohibition" was ratified. August 18, 1920 the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote, was ratified. Wilson is the only president to earn a Ph.D. degree. In 1913 he held the first regular presidential press conference. Afterwards, he met the press twice a week. His second wife, Edith, was a great-granddaughter of Pocahontas, seven time removed. An avid golfer, Wilson used black golf balls when playing in the snow. He is the only president buried in Washington, D.C. 29. Warren Gamaliel Harding: Graduated Ohio Central College (1882). On July 2, 1921 the president signed a joint congressional resolution of peace with Germany, Austria and Hungary. The treaties were singed in August. After Harding's death, several of his high officials were linked to the "Teapot Dome" and other scandals. He was the first newspaper publisher to be elected president. Both of Harding's parents were doctors. He was the first president to own a radio. While president, Harding played golf, poker twice a week, followed baseball and boxing, and sneaked off to burlesque shows. 30. Calvin Coolidge: Graduated Amherst College (1895) Vice President under Harding. Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua in 1925 after the outbreak of civil war. Despite strong party support, Coolidge announced on August 2, 1927, "I do not choose to run for president in 1928." Charles Lindbergh completed the thirst transatlantic flight in 1927. While governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge was once punched in the eye by the mayor of Boston. He was the only president sworn into office by his father, a justice of the peace and notary public. Coolidge averaged nine hours of sleep a night and took afternoon naps of from two to four hours. His wife recounted that a young woman sitting next to Coolidge at a dinner party confided to him she had bet she could get at least three words of conversation from him. Without looking at her he quietly retorted, "You lose." 31. Herbert Clark Hoover: Graduated Stanford University (1895). Secretary of Commerce under Harding, Secretary of Commerce under Coolidge. The New York Stock Market crashed on October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of a severe economic depression that dominated the Hoover presidency. The School of Engineering and Applied Science of Columbia University in 1964, Herbert Hoover and Thomas Edison were named the two greatest engineers in U. S. History. He was the youngest member of Stanford University's first graduating class. During their first three years in the White House, the Hoovers dined alone only three times, each time on their wedding anniversary. Hoover was the first president to donate his salary to charity. One of the most honored presidents, Hoover received 84 honourary degrees, 78 medals and awards, and the keys to dozens of cities. 3 2. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Graduated Harvard College (1903) Attended Columbia Law School. In 1933 Roosevelt launched the "New Deal" relief measures, revived the banking industry, and delivered the first of 30 "Fireside Chats". In December, the 21st Amendment, ending Prohibition, was ratified. In 1935 the Social Security Act was passed and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) was passed. In 1936 he was reelected in a landslide over Alfred M. Landon. In 1939 Germany overran Poland and war was declared in Europe. In 1949 reelected to an unprecedented third term. December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Congress declared war against Japan the next day. June 6, 1944, D-Day, Allied forces landed on the Normandy coast of France. Reelected to an unprecedented fourth term. Roosevelt was the vice presidential candidate on James M. Cox's ticket in 1920. He was the first defeated vice presidential candidate to be elected president. He was related by blood or marriage to 11 former presidents. In 1921, at the age of 39, Roosevelt contracted polio which left him without the use of his legs. A stamp collector, he received the first sheet of every new commemorative issue. In, 1939, he became the first president to apear on television. Died in office on April 12, 1945. 33. Harry S Truman: Attended University of Kansas City Law School, Vice President under Roosevelt. May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered ending World War II in Europe. June 19 he flew to Washington State and became the first president to use air travel within the country. June 26, 1945 the United Nations Charter was signed. August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. The second atomic bomb was dropped August 9 on Nagasaki. August 14, announced the surrender of Japan. On January 17, 1946 Truman proposed a 182 cent per hour wage increase to settle the labor dispute between U.S. Steel and the United Steel Workers union. A walkout was not prevented but it, and most labor disputes in 1946 were settled on that basis. On July 15, he signed a bill authorizing loan of $3.75 billion to Great Britain. November 21, 1946 he ordered contempt proceedings against John L. Lewis when the mine leader, defying a government injunction, called members of the United Mine Workers union out on strike. On December 5 Lewis sent the miners back to work after a federal district court had fined him $10 thousand and the union $3.5 million. March 21, 1947 ordered loyalty investigation of all federal government employees. February 2, 1948 he sent a message to Congress asking for civil rights legislation to secure the rights of the country's minority groups. May 10, 1948 he ordered government operation of the railroads by the army to forestall a nationwide railroad strike. May 14, 1948 he recognized new state of Israel. November 2, 1948 won reelection over Thomas E. Dewey in what was regarded as a major political upset. September 3, 1949 he announced that there was evidence of a Russian atomic explosion.. January 31, 1950 He revealed that he had ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to develop the hydrogen bomb. June 26, 1950 Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to aid South Korean Troops in resisting the Communist forces of North Korea which had invaded South Korea the day before. June 30 he announced that he had ordered American ground forces in Japan to Korea and the navy to blockade the Korean coast. General Douglas MacArthur, the American commander in Japan, was put in charge of all U.N. troops in the area, which included forces from other nations. August 25 Truman ordered seizure of the railroads by the government on August 27 to forestall a nationwide strike. November 1 Truman escaped attempted assassination by two Puerto Rican nationalists. December 16 Truman proclaimed a state of national emergency following entry of Communist China into the Korean conflict on November 6, after U.N. forces had taken over most of North Korea. April 11, 1951 Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of all posts as commander of American and U.N. forces in the Far East for making statements critical of the government's military and foreign policies in that area. MacArthur replaced by Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway. March 29, 1952 he announced at Jefferson-Jackson Day dinner decision not to run for reelection. April 8, during the Korean action, Truman signed executive order direction Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize steel mills to prevent strike of steel workers. On June 2, seizure was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in a six to three decision. June 14 he laid keel of the USS Nautilus, world's first atomic powered submarine, at Groton, Connecticut. January 20, 1953 Truman attended inauguration of President Eisenhower and then left by train for Independence, Missouri. The middle initial "S" in Truman's name is not an abbreviation and has no significance. At 60 years old, he was the oldest vice president to succeed to the presidency. In recognition of Truman's contribution to medical insurance, President Johnson presented the first two Medicare cards to Mr. and Mrs. Truman. Truman's mother, a Confederate sympathizer, refused to sleep in Lincoln's bed during a White House visit. 34. Dwight David Eisenhower: Graduated U.S. Military Academy, West Point New York. Held no other political office. In 1953 Eisenhower established the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The Korean War ended and he nominated Earl Warren as chief justice of the Supreme Court. In 1956 Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and the president refused to join Britain, France and Israel in an invasion of Egypt. Also, in 1956 he denounced the USSR for crushing a Hungarian uprising. In 1957, he sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to ensure the integration of Central High School. On May 1, 1956, the USSR downed a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance flight over Soviet territory which was flown by Francis Gary Powers, a civilian. This resulted in the collapse of a summit conference with Premier Nikita Khrushchev. Dwight David Eisenhower was born David Dwight Eisenhower. He was the last president born in the 19th century. He was the only president to serve in both World Wars. A skilled chef, he was famous for his vegetable soup, steaks, and cornmeal pancakes. He was the first president licensed to fly an airplane. 35. John Fitzgerald Kennedy: Graduated Harvard College (1940). In 1961 Kennedy established the Peace Corps. On April 17, 1961 a force of anti-Castro Cubans, trained by the Central Intelligence Agency, staged an unsuccessful attempt to establish a beachhead at the Bay of Pigs, Cuba. In August, East Germany in an attempt to curtail defections from East To West, constructed a wall separating East and West Berlin. On February 20, 1962 Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr. became the first American to orbit the earth. In October, 1962 after U.S. reconnaissance flights revealed that Soviet offensive missiles were being installed in Cuba, the United States established a naval "quarantine" around Cuba. This period is generally considered the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war. On October 28, after the U.S. agreed to withdraw the quarantine and never to invade Cuba, the Soviets withdrew their missiles. On August 28, 1963 more than 200,000 persons staged a march in Washington, D.C. and the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech. South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem was overthrown on November 1. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was killed by an assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy, at 43 years old, was the youngest man elected president; and at 46 years old, he was the youngest to die. Kennedy was the only president to win a Pulitzer Prize, for his biography "Profiles in Courage". He was the first president to have served in the U.S. Navy. He was the only president to appoint his brother to a cabinet post. 36. Lyndon Baines Johnson: Graduated Southwest Texas State Teachers College (1930). Vice President under Kennedy. In 1965 he signed an $ 11.5 billion tax-reduction bill and a major civil-right bill which was proposed and initiated under the Kennedy administration. Proclaimed a "War on Poverty". On February 7, 1965 ordered the bombing of targets in North Vietnam and began escalating U.S. troop strength in Indochina. In April, he ordered U.S. troops into the Dominican Republic to end a rebellion. Also in 1965 Johnson signed legislation establishing Medicare and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. In 1967 he nominated Thurgood Marshall as an associate justice to the Supreme Court. In 1968 Johnson withdrew his candidacy for the presidential race and ordered a reduction in the bombing of North Vietnam.Johnson and his wife, Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Taylor, were married with a $ 2.50 wedding ring bought at Sears Roebuck. He was the only president to take the oath of office from a female official, Judge Sarah T. Hughes. Johnson rejected his official portrait painting, saying it was the ugliest thing he ever saw. He was the first incumbent president to meet with a pope. 37. Richard Milhous Nixon: Graduated Whittier College (1934) and Duke University Law School (1937). Vice President under Eisenhower. July 20, 1969 Neil A. Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. April 30, 1970 he announced that U.S. troops were being sent into Cambodia to destroy enemy sanctuaries. Nixon visited China in February of 1972 becoming the first president to visit a country not recognized by the U. S. June 17, 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters located at the Watergate Hotel. The Vietnam cease-fire agreement was signed January 1973. October 10, 1973 Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned and pleaded guilty to one count of income tax evasion and Nixon appointed Gerald R. Ford to replace him. August 9, 1974, effective at noon, Nixon resigned as president, becoming the first president to ever voluntarily leave office. This was a direct result of the scandal created by attempting to cover up the "Watergate Affair". 38. Gerald Rudolph Ford: Graduated University of Michigan (1935) and Yale University Law School (1941). Vice President under Nixon. Appointed Nelson A. Rockefeller as vice president. Granted Richard M. Nixon an "absolute pardon" for all federal crimes he may have committed or taken part in while president. He was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr. Both Ford and his wife, Elizabeth "Betty" Bloomer Warren, had been models before their marriage. Running for Congress in 1948, Ford campaigned on his wedding day. He was the first president to release to the public a full report of his medical checkup. Ford was the only president whose two assassination attempts against him were made by women. Ford was the first president not elected by the people to become president. He became vice president when Agnew resigned, and president when Nixon resigned. He was defeated by Jimmy Carter in his bid to win a full term. 39. James Earl Carter, Jr.: Graduated U.S. Naval Academy (1946). September 1977, signed treaties providing for the termination of U.S. operation of the Panama Canal in 1999 and for the permanent neutralization of the canal. In 1978 Carter signed the "Framework of Peace in the Middle East and the "Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel" following eleven days of negotiations at Camp David with Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat. The treaty was signed March 26, 1979. In December 1978, China and the U.S. agreed to establish diplomatic relations. In 1979 Carter signed an bill creating the Department of Education. Reached Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement with President Leonid Brezhnev of the Soviet Union. Protesting the U.S. support of the Shah, radical Iranian student seized a group of American diplomats and embassy officials in Tehran in November. The "hostage crisis" remained with Carter for the remainder of his term. Carter was the first president born in a hospital. He was the first president graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy. He was the first president sworn in using his nickname, "Jimmy". 40. Ronald Wilson Reagan: Graduated Eureka College (1932). Moments after Regan was inaugurated on January 20, 1981, 52 Americans held hostage in Iran since November 1979 were released. September 22 1981 Sandra Day O'Connor is confirmed 91-8 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. She was the first female to serve on the Supreme Court. While participating in a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon on October 23, 1983, 241 U.S. Servicemen were killed in a terrorist attack. Later on October 25, U.S. troops invaded the Caribbean island of Grenada in an effort to restore order and democracy. November 6, 1984 winning 49 states, Reagan was reelected in a landslide over Walter Mondale. January 28, 1986, seven astronauts lost their lives on the space shuttle Challenger. April 5, 1986 two American servicemen lose their lives in a terrorist bombing of the La Belle Discotheque in Berlin. April 14 and 15 in retaliation for the disco bombing, American warplanes attack "terrorist related targets" in Libya. November 25, the Iran-Contra Affair becomes public. Ronald Reagan was 77 years old when he left office, making him the oldest president. He was the first president to have been divorced. For those of you who would like to know more about this man, here is a link that will take you to a Ronald Reagan Home Page. http://www.dnaco.net/~bkottman/reagan.html 41. George Herbert Walker Bush: Graduated Yale University (1948) March 24, 1989 the tanker Exxon Valdez leaks history's largest oil spill, 11.3 million gallons, in Alaska. December 20 Bush authorizes the use of U.S. troops to remove Panama's General Manuel Noriega. Noriega avoids capture and on December 24 seeks asylum in the Vatican embassy. Eventually surrenders to U.S. authorities on January 3, 1990. August 2, 1990 Iraq, under President Saddam Hussein, invades Kuwait. August 7, Operation Desert Shield begins. October 2, the U.S. Senate confirms 90-9, David H. Souter as Supreme Court Justice. October 3, East and West Germany merge to become one Germany. January 12, 1991 Congress authorizes President Bush to wage war against Iraq. January 16, Desert Storm begins. February 24, the ground assault against Iraq begins. February 28, a cease fire is granted to Iraq and the "Mother Of All Wars" is ended. April 1, the Warsaw Pact is dissolved an on April 9, Georgia SSR votes to secede from the USSR and the collapse of the Soviet Union begins. August 19, Soviet hardliners stage a coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup is crushed, but Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party on August 24. September 6, the USSR recognizes the independence of the three Baltic republics. October 15, after a bitter partisan debate, Clarence Thomas is confirmed by a 52-48 vote as Supreme Court Justice. December 8, Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine form The Commonwealth of Independent States. November 3, 1992 Bush is defeated in his bid for reelection. When Bush received his military commission in 1943, he became, at age 19, the youngest pilot in the Navy. Bush is related to Benedict Arnold, Marilyn Monroe, Winston Churchill, Presidents Franklin Pierce, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt and Gerald Ford. 42. William Jefferson Clinton: Graduated Georgetown University (1968), Yale University Law School (1973) August 10, 1993 Ruth Bader Ginsberg is confirmed 96-3 as Supreme Court Justice. September 30, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti is overthrown in a military coup. September 19, 20, 1994 U.S. forces invade Haiti. October 15, Aristide is returned to office. October 1994 congress fails to enact Clinton's controversial health care program which was a strong priority during the election campaign. November 8, 1994 Republicans gain control of both houses of congress for the first time since 1954. November 17, U.S. Congress votes for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA ). July 1, 1997 China regains sovereignty of Hong Kong. In 1978 when Clinton was elected governor of Arkansas, he was at the time, age 32 and the youngest governor in the U.S. In high school, Clinton played saxophone in a jazz trio. The three musicians wore dark glasses on stage and they called themselves "Three Blind Mice" 43. George W. Bush: "W" Daddy Bush, Jr.; Skulls: Membership by Legacy only; Should have had Larry the Cable Guy as VP, but Larry would have showed him up. Chenyne Shot someone as an accident and blanked out his house on GoogleEarth. Tough talk'n Prezedent. Oddity that we had eight years, said more about the lack of competition. 44. John McCain. Presidential birthplaces (Presidents born before the USA became a country: George Washington, * John Adams, * Thomas Jefferson, * James Madison, * James Monroe, * John Quincy Adams, * Andrew Jackson, * William Henry Harrison Presidents Born in Arizona * John McCain Presidents born in Arkansas * Bill Clinton Presidents born in California * Richard Nixon Presidents born in the Carolinas * Andrew Jackson (historians are not sure whether he was born in North or South Carolina) * James Polk (North Carolina), * Andrew Johnson (North Carolina) Presidents born in Connecticut * George W. Bush Presidents born in Georgia * Jimmy Carter Presidents born in Illinois * Ronald Reagan Presidents born in Iowa * Herbert Hoover Presidents born in Kentucky * Abraham Lincoln Presidents born in Massachusetts * John Adams. * John Quincy Adams. * John Kennedy. * George Bush Presidents born in Missouri * Harry Truman Presidents born in Nebraska * Gerald Ford Presidents born in New Hampshire * Franklin Pierce Presidents born in New Jersey * Grover Cleveland Presidents born in New York * Martin Van Buren * Millard Fillmore * Theodore Roosevelt * Franklin Roosevelt Presidents born in Ohio * Ulysses Grant * Rutherford Hayes * James Garfield * Benjamin Harrison * William McKinley * William Taft * Warren Harding Presidents born in Pennsylvania * James Buchanan Presidents born in Texas * Dwight Eisenhower * Lyndon Johnson Presidents born in Vermont * Chester Arthur * Calvin Coolidge Presidents born in Virginia * George Washington * Thomas Jefferson * James Madison * James Monroe * William Henry Harrison * John Tyler * Zachary Taylor * Woodrow Wilson Presidential religions/Faith/Denominations Baptist presidents * Warren Harding * Harry Truman * Jimmy Carter * Bill Clinton (Southern Baptist) Congregationalist presidents * Calvin Coolidge Presidents belonging to Disciples of Christ * James Garfield * Lyndon Johnson * Ronald Reagan Dutch Reformed presidents * Martin Van Buren * Theodore Roosevelt Episcopalian presidents * George Washington * James Madison * James Monroe * William Henry Harrison * John Tyler * Zachary Taylor * Franklin Pierce * Chester Arthur * Franklin Roosevelt * Gerald Ford * George Bush Methodist presidents * James Polk (originally Presbyterian) * Ulysses Grant * William McKinley * George W. Bush Presbyterian presidents * Andrew Jackson * James Polk (later Methodist) * James Buchanan * Rutherford Hayes (also attended Episcopal and Methodist services) * Grover Cleveland * Benjamin Harrison * Woodrow Wilson * Dwight Eisenhower Quaker presidents * Herbert Hoover * Richard Nixon Roman Catholic presidents * John Kennedy Unitarian presidents * John Adams * John Quincy Adams * Millard Fillmore * William Taft Presidents without church affiliation * Abraham Lincoln * Andrew Johnson Presidential Military Experience Presidents who served in wars * George Washington - Commander in Chief of Continental Army during the American Revolution. * James Monroe - served in American Revolution * Andrew Jackson - American Revolution, War of 1812, First Seminole War * William Henry Harrison - Indian wars in the NW territory, War of 1812 * John Tyler - War of 1812 * Zachary Taylor - War of 1812, Black Hawk, Second Seminole, and Mexican wars * Franklin Pierce - Mexican War * James Buchanan - War of 1812 * Abraham Lincoln - Black Hawk War * Andrew Johnson - Civil War * Ulysses Grant - Mexican War, Civil War * Rutherford Hayes - Civil War * George Washington: war with Native Americans in Ohio * Thomas Jefferson: Tripolitan War, 1800-1805, against the Barbary pirates * James Madison - War of 1812, 1812-1814, against the British * James Monroe - First Seminole War, 1817-1818 * Andrew Jackson - Black Hawk War, 1832 * Martin Van Buren - Aroostook War, 1839; Second Seminole War - ended 1842 * William Henry Harrison - Second Seminole War - ended 1842 * John Tyler - Second Seminole War - ended 1842 * James Polk - Mexican War * James Buchanan - beginning of the Civil War * Abraham Lincoln - Civil War, 1861-1865 * William McKinley - Spanish-American War, 1898; Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1900 * Woodrow Wilson - WWI, 1914-1918 * Warren Harding - formally concluded WWI * Franklin Roosevelt - WWII, 1941-1945 * Harry Truman - conclusion of WWII, Korean War - 1950-1953 * Dwight Eisenhower - conclusion of Korean War * John Kennedy - Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961; beginning of Vietnam War * Lyndon Johnson - Vietnam War, Dominican Republic, 1965 * Richard Nixon - Vietnam War * Ronald Reagan - Grenada Invasion, 1983 * George Bush - Invasion of Panama, 1989-1990; Persian Gulf War, 1990-1991 * George W. Bush - War against the Taliban, Iraq, 2001 to present. Presidents who did not preside over war during their terms * John Adams University President * Woodrow Wilson * Dwight Eisenhower Vice President (See Electoral Lists, below) Electoral Lists Presidents who had been vice presidents * John Adams, under George Washington * Thomas Jefferson, under John Adams * Martin Van Buren, under Andrew Jackson * John Tyler, under William Henry Harrison * Millard Fillmore, under Zachary Taylor * Andrew Johnson, under Abraham Lincoln * Chester Arthur, under James Garfield * Theodore Roosevelt, under William McKinley * Calvin Coolidge, under Warren Harding * Harry Truman, under Franklin Roosevelt * Lyndon Johnson, under John Kennedy * Richard Nixon, under Dwight Eisenhower * Gerald Ford, under Richard Nixon * George Bush, under Ronald Reagan Vice-presidents who were later elected president, without having served out the remainder of a predecessor's term * John Adams Presidents who were never elected president or vice president * Gerald Ford Presidents who ran for president, but were never elected * Gerald Ford Elected presidents whose parties did not nominate them for a second term * Franklin Pierce Presidents who ran unopposed * George Washington, both terms. * James Monroe, second term. Vice presidents who became president through death or resignation of their president * John Tyler - death of William Henry Harrison * Millard Fillmore - death of Zachary Taylor * Andrew Johnson - assassination of Abraham Lincoln * Chester Arthur - assassination of James Garfield * Theodore Roosevelt - assassination of William McKinley * Calvin Coolidge - death of Warren Harding * Harry Truman - death of Franklin Roosevelt * Lyndon Johnson - assassination of John Kennedy * Gerald Ford - resignation of Richard Nixon Find more information about Vice-Presidents below. Presidents who lost the popular vote but won the electoral college vote * Rutherford Hayes - Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, and probably the electoral college vote, but the results were fixed to give Hayes the majority. * Benjamin Harrison - incumbent president Grover Cleveland won the popular vote * George W. Bush - Al Gore won the popular vote. The electoral college vote was thrown into doubt by peculiarities in Florida's election, and the election was decided by the Supreme Court when they stopped the recount. Presidents who won neither the popular vote nor the electoral college vote, but still ended up as president * John Quincy Adams - Andrew Jackson had more votes in both categories. Presidents who were chosen by the House of Representatives because no one had a majority * Thomas Jefferson (1st term) Presidents elected on their second run for office (does not include primary bids) * Thomas Jefferson: defeated in 1796 by John Adams * Andrew Jackson: John Quincy Adams was selected over Jackson in 1824. * William Henry Harrison: defeated in 1836 by Martin van Buren. * Richard Nixon: defeated in 1960 by John F. Kennedy. Presidents who defeated each other * John Quincy Adams: was selected over Andrew Jackson in 1824. * Andrew Jackson: defeated John Quincy Adams in 1828. * Martin Van Buren: defeated William Henry Harrison in 1836. * William Henry Harrison: defeated Martin van Buren in 1840. * Benjamin Harrison: defeated Grover Cleveland in 1888. * Grover Cleveland: defeated Benjamin Harrison in 1892. Presidents who served non-consecutive terms * Grover Cleveland Presidents who received 100% of the electoral college votes * George Washington Ex-Presidents who tried unsuccessfully to regain the presidency * Martin Van Buren was defeated in the primary in 1844 by James Polk. * Millard Fillmore was defeated in 1856 by James Buchanan. * Ulysses Grant was defeated in 1880 in the primary by James Garfield. * Theodore Roosevelt was defeated in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson. Presidential deaths and misfortunes Presidents killed by the incompetence of their doctors * George Washington - bled to death by his doctors as treatment for "inflammatory quinsy" * James Garfield - whose doctors contaminated his bullet wound so that he died of infection. Assassinated presidents * Abraham Lincoln - assassinated by John Wilkes Booth * James Garfield - assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau * William McKinley - assassinated by Leon F. Czolgosz * John Kennedy - assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald Presidents who suffered attempted assassinations * Andrew Jackson - would-be assassin: Richard Lawrence (both derringers misfired) * Harry Truman - Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola attempted to storm Blair House, residence of Truman * Gerald Ford - would be assassins: Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme and Sara Jane Moore, in two separate incidences * Ronald Reagan - shot and wounded by John W. Hinkley, Jr Presidents who died in office of natural causes * William Henry Harrison - died of "bilious pleurisy" * Zachary Taylor - died of cholera morbus * Warren Harding - died of pneumonia or stroke * Franklin Roosevelt - died of cerebral hemorrhage Impeached presidents Presidents who resigned * Richard Nixon Presidential Families Presidents related to earlier presidents * James Madison: half first cousin twice removed of George Washington * John Quincy Adams: son of John Adams * Zachary Taylor: second cousin of James Madison * Grover Cleveland: sixth cousin once removed of Ulysses Grant * Benjamin Harrison: grandson of William Henry Harrison * Theodore Roosevelt: third cousin twice removed of Martin Van Buren * Franklin Roosevelt: fourth cousin once removed of Ulysses Grant, fourth cousin three times removed of Zachary Taylor, fifth cousin of Theodore Roosevelt * Harry Truman: great-great-great nephew of John Tyler * Richard Nixon: seventh cousin twice removed of William Taft, eighth cousin once removed of Herbert Hoover * George Bush: fifth cousin four times removed of Franklin Pierce, seventh cousin three times removed of Theodore Roosevelt, seventh cousin four times removed of Abraham Lincoln, eleventh cousin once removed of Gerald Ford * George W. Bush: son of George Bush African-American Presidents (hmm) Note: Several presidents were allegedly of mixed European and African ancestry, which by U.S. reckoning would designate them as African-American. See The Five Negro Presidents by J.A. Rogers and Six Black Presidents: Black Blood, White Masks by Auset Bakhufu. * Thomas Jefferson * Andrew Jackson * Abraham Lincoln * Warren Harding * Dwight Eisenhower Presidents who married while president * James Tyler * Grover Cleveland * Woodrow Wilson Bachelor presidents * James Buchanan Presidents with adopted children * George Washington * Andrew Jackson * Ronald Reagan +John McCain Presidents who had children out of wedlock * Thomas Jefferson * Grover Cleveland * Warren Harding Childless presidents * James Madison * James Polk * James Buchanan Divorced presidents * Ronald Reagan Presidents belonging to no party * John Quincy Adams Presidents who changed party affiliation after their presidency * Millard Fillmore (Whig) became a candidate for the American or Know-Nothing Party. * Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) founded the Progressive or Bull Moose Party. Vice-Presidents Presidents whose VP belonged to a different party * John Adams (Federalist): Democratic Republican Thomas Jefferson was his VP. * Abraham Lincoln (Republican): Democrat Andrew Johnson served as his second VP. Presidents at least temporarily without vice-presidents * John Tyler - He had been William Henry Harrison's VP, and the position was not filled when Tyler assumed the presidency. * Millard Fillmore - He had been Zachary Taylor's VP, and the position was not filled when Fillmore assumed the presidency. * Franklin Pierce - William Rufus DeVane King was elected VP, but died before assuming office, and was not replaced. * Andrew Johnson - He had been Abraham Lincoln's VP, and the position was not filled when Johnson assumed the presidency. * Ulysses Grant - His second-term VP, Henry Wilson, died in office and was not replaced, leaving Grant without a VP for more than a year. * Chester Arthur - He had been James Garfield's VP, and the position was not filled when Arthur assumed the presidency. * Grover Cleveland - His first-term VP, Thomas Hendricks, was not replaced after dying nine months into his term. * William McKinkey - His first VP, Garret Hobart, died in office in 1899, and was not replaced until March 1900 by Theodore Roosevelt. * William Taft - His VP, James Sherman, died shortly before the end of Taft's term and was not replaced. * Calvin Coolidge - He had been Warren Harding's VP, and the position was not filled until Coolidge was elected for his own term in 1924. * Harry Truman - He had been Franklin Roosevelt's last VP, and the position was not filled until Truman was elected for his own term in 1948. * Lyndon Johnson - He had been John Kennedy's VP, and the position was not filled until Johnson was elected for his own term in 1964. Presidents defeated for reelection by their own vice-president * John Adams was defeated by his VP, Thomas Jefferson. Vice-Presidents who tried for, but never achieved, the presidency * George Clinton - Thomas Jefferson's VP, failed to defeat James Madison in the primary. * Richard Johnson - Martin Van Buren's VP, failed to defeat James Polk in the primary. * John Breckenridge - James Buchanan's VP, ran as a National Democrat and failed to defeat Abraham Lincoln . * Henry Wallace - Franklin Roosevelt's VP, ran as a Progressive and failed to defeat Harry Truman. * Hubert Humphrey - Lyndon Johnson's VP, failed to defeat Richard Nixon. * Walter Mondale - Jimmy Carter's VP, failed to defeat Ronald Reagan. * Al Gore - Bill Clinton's VP, lost the presidency to George W. Bush. Vice-Presidents who later joined the Confederacy * John Breckenridge - James Buchanan's VP. Vice-Presidents who changed party affiliation after their terms as VP * John Calhoun - Andrew Jackson's VP, was a Democrat and became a Whig. * John Breckenridge - James Buchanan's VP, was a Democrat and became a National Democrat. * Henry Wallace - Franklin Roosevelt's VP, was a Democrat and became a Progessive. Vice-Presidents who resigned as VP * John Calhoun - Andrew Jackson's VP, resigned in 1832 to accept election to the Senate. * Spiro Agnew - Richard Nixon's VP, resigned in 1973 to avoid criminal prosecution. Miscellaneous Presidential Lists Presidents who killed people outside of war (or who were accused thereof) * George Washington - accused of murdering a French ambassador during peacetime. * Andrew Jackson - killed a man in a duel Presidents who had extramarital affairs * Thomas Jefferson * James Garfield * Warren Harding * Franklin Roosevelt * John Kennedy * Lyndon Johnson * Bill Clinton Ronald with someone, but he could not remember who when asked. Presidents with an alcohol problem Franklin Pierce * Ulysses Grant * George W. Bush Presidents who owned slaves	i don't know
In addition to stinging like a bee, Muhammed Ali described his fighting style as floating like a what?	Muhammad Ali: Funeral, prayer service open to public this week - CNN.com Muhammad Ali: Funeral, prayer service open to public this week By Steve Almasy, Emanuella Grinberg and Holly Yan , CNN Updated 6:15 PM ET, Mon June 6, 2016 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Muhammad Ali dies at 74 01:31 Story highlights All are welcome to a Muslim funeral prayer service Thursday in Louisville Turkey's President and Jordan's King will speak at Ali's public funeral Friday (CNN) For a man who preached inclusiveness and reached millions around the world, it's a fitting way to let his fans say goodbye. Muhammad Ali's funeral and jenazah -- or Muslim funeral prayer service -- will be open to the public, his spokesman Bob Gunnell said. And one of the venues will be the site of Ali's last hometown fight in Louisville, Kentucky. The jenazah will take place at noon Thursday at Freedom Hall -- where Ali defeated Willi Besmanoff on November 29, 1961. A total of 14,000 tickets will be available on a first come, first service basis, starting at 10 a.m. on Tuesday, Gunnell said. Four tickets maximum per request will be available from the Freedom Hall box office. Read More All faiths are welcome. "Ali spoke of inclusiveness his entire life," Gunnell said. "We want this to be inclusive of everyone." The final public goodbye will come Friday, with Ali's funeral. All about Muhammad Ali What is Parkinson's disease? His body will be driven through the streets of Louisville, the city where the three-time heavyweight champion grew up and began his amateur career at age 12. The funeral will take place at 2 p.m. Friday at the KFC Yum! Center -- a 22,000-seat basketball arena in Louisville. Tickets will be available at the center box office starting at 10 a.m. Wednesday; fans can start lining up at 6 a.m. As Gunnell said, tickets will be limited to four per person on a first come, first serve basis until the box office closes at 8 p.m. or sellout, whichever comes first. The eight pallbearers include Will Smith, who played Ali in the biopic "Ali," and former heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis, along with family friends and relatives. JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Ali's twin daughters speak out 06:57 Former President Bill Clinton, longtime sportscaster Bryant Gumbel and comedian and close Ali friend Billy Crystal will be among those delivering eulogies, Ali's spokesman said. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and King Abdullah II of Jordan will also speak, Gunnell said. Those who can't make it inside the arena can watch the funeral streamed live on the website for the Muhammad Ali Center. After the funeral, Ali will be interred at Cave Hill Cemetery. A monumental loss The world mourned Ali's death on Friday night at age 74, the result of septic shock due to unspecified natural causes. JUST WATCHED Muhammad Ali's media mastery 01:40 Ali's family members knew the icon did not belong to them alone. "He belonged to the world," Hana Ali told CNN in her first interview after her father's death. "And I'm OK with that." The immediate family will have a private gathering Thursday. "Muhammad Ali was truly the people's champion, and the celebration will reflect his devotion to people of all races, religions and backgrounds," the family said in a statement. "Muhammad's extraordinary boxing career only encompassed half of his life. The other half was committed to sharing a message of peace and inclusion with the world. Following his wishes, his funeral will reflect those principles, and be a celebration open to everyone." It's the way her father would have wanted it, Hana Ali said. He may have even foreseen it. She recounted a recurring dream he would describe of walking down the street in Louisville surrounded by chants and cheers. Then, all of a sudden, he takes off flying. 'You can go back to God now' The boxing great had been at HonorHealth Scottsdale Osborn Medical Center in Scottsdale, Arizona, with what Gunnell initially described as a respiratory issue. "I know it sounds crazy, but I think we all just thought Daddy would defy the odds of even death," Hana Ali said. "He just seemed to always fight through everything." JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Friend: Muhammad Ali was 'a very humble man' 03:42 He spent his final hours surrounded by children and grandchildren, she said. They took turns holding his hands, hugging and kissing him, and whispering in his ear. "It was beautiful," she said, sobbing. "He was at peace." Louisville welcomes the world Throngs of fans have descended on Louisville to pay their respects and learn more about Ali's hometown. People started lining up at 2 a.m. Saturday to see his childhood home on Grand Avenue, which opened as a museum in early May. The flood of interest in Louisville prompted the city to create a website -- AliLouisville.com . It guides fans to landmarks inspired by Ali and describes the icon's impact on the community. The city will celebrate the legend Wednesday with a free "I Am Ali" festival featuring music and other live entertainment. Children can write on a wall and describe what they want to be "the greatest" in. Global tributes — Muhammad Ali (@MuhammadAli) June 4, 2016 "But we're also grateful to God for how fortunate we are to have known him, if just for a while; for how fortunate we all are that The Greatest chose to grace our time," the Obamas said in a statement. Jesse Jackson: Ali was not controversial. Segregation was Don King, the boxing promoter every bit as brash as Ali, told CNN that in his mind Ali will never die. "His spirit will go on forever," he said. "He's just a great human being, a champion of the people, the greatest of all time." Even as the former champ battled Parkinson's disease for his final 32 years, he had the same love for life and people, King said. Parkinson's, which primarily affects a patient's movement, is a "progressive disorder of the nervous system," according to the Mayo Clinic. Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee': Best quotes from Muhammad Ali Hours before her famed father passed away, Laila Ali, herself a former world champion boxer, posted a photo of Ali with her daughter, Sydney, who was born in 2011, and thanked the public for their support. George Foreman, whom Ali defeated in 1974 for the world heavyweight title, wrote on Twitter, "It's been said it was rope a dope Ali beat me with. (N)o (it was) his beauty that beat me. Most beauty I've know(n). loved him." It's been said it was Rope a dope, Ali beat me with no his beauty that beat me. Most beauty I've know loved him pic.twitter.com/G64WX3eyZC — George Foreman (@GeorgeForeman) June 4, 2016 Famed promoter Bob Arum called Ali "a true great." A true great has left us. @MuhammadAli transformed this country and impacted the world with his spirit. pic.twitter.com/ByNZYhM2ro — Bob Arum (@BobArum) June 4, 2016 Mike Tyson, the youngest heavyweight champion in history, said, "God came for his champion. So long great one." God came for his champion. So long great one. @MuhammadAli #TheGreatest #RIP pic.twitter.com/jhXyqOuabi — Mike Tyson (@MikeTyson) June 4, 2016 Career spurred by a police officer JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Muhammad Ali dies at 74 01:31 Ali was born in January 1942 as Cassius Clay. He began boxing as an amateur after his bicycle was stolen and a police officer offered to train him. Clay won a gold medal as a light heavyweight at the 1960 Olympics, then turned pro, fighting his first bout in his hometown. In 1964 he became heavyweight champion (the youngest ever at the time) with a surprising knockout of Sonny Liston. That year he joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name. Ali's sparkling career was interrupted for 3½ years in the 1960s when he refused induction into the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War and was convicted of draft evasion. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction. Ali was prepared to go to prison, King said. "He'd rather go to jail than break what he believed in." During his boxing hiatus, Ali spoke frequently about racism in America. The political fights of Muhammad Ali "At a time when blacks who spoke up about injustice were labeled uppity and often arrested under one pretext or another, Muhammad willingly sacrificed the best years of his career to stand tall and fight for what he believed was right," said NBA legend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who called Ali a friend and a mentor. "In doing so, he made all Americans, black and white, stand taller. I may be 7'2" but I never felt taller than when standing in his shadow." Ali went on to win the heavyweight title twice more before retiring for good in 1981 with a record of 56-5. Is 2016 the year of celebrity death? In an interview with CNN, Ali's brother Rahman Ali said he was sad because "I won't see my brother in the flesh anymore. It's traumatic, I can't see him anymore. Consolation is that I'll see him in heaven." The brother recalled his last words to Ali in a phone conversation: "'I will see you tomorrow, Champ. Take care of yourself.'" Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Since winning a gold medal in the 1960 Olympics, Muhammad Ali has never been far from the public eye. Take a look at the life and career of Ali, the three-time heavyweight boxing champion who called himself "The Greatest." Hide Caption 1 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali, then known as Cassius Clay, poses in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, prior to his amateur boxing debut in 1954. He was 12 years old and 85 pounds. As an amateur, he won 100 out of 108 fights. Hide Caption 2 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali rose to prominence at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, where he claimed a gold medal in the light-heavyweight division. Hide Caption 3 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali boldly predicted it would take him five rounds to knock out British boxer Henry Cooper ahead of their bout in London in 1963. The fight was stopped in the fifth round as Cooper was bleeding heavily from a cut around his eye. Hide Caption 4 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Patrick Power, 6, takes on Ali in the ring in 1963. Patrick was taking boxing lessons after getting bullied. Hide Caption 5 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali poses for a picture with The Beatles in Miami, during the run-up to his heavyweight title fight against Sonny Liston in 1964. Hide Caption 6 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali celebrates after defeating Liston in Miami on February 25, 1964. Upon becoming world heavyweight champion for the first time, Ali proclaimed, "I am the greatest!" Hide Caption 7 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali relaxes after his win over Liston in 1964. At 22, he became the youngest boxer to take the heavyweight title from a reigning champion. Hide Caption 8 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Civil rights activist Malcolm X, left, takes a picture of a tuxedo-clad Ali surrounded by jubilant fans in March 1964. Shortly after the Liston fight, Ali announced that he had joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name from Cassius Clay. Hide Caption 9 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Known for being as quick with his mouth as he was with his hands, Ali often taunted his opponents. He famously said he could "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali prepares to defend his heavyweight title in 1965. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali stands over Liston during their rematch in Lewiston, Maine, on May 25, 1965. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali eats at a restaurant in 1965. Hide Caption 13 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali The referee pushes Ali to a neutral corner as Floyd Patterson slumps to the canvas in November 1965. The fight was stopped at the end of the 12th round and Ali was declared the winner. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali signs an autograph for a fan in 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali visits a children's home in London in May 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali trains for his second fight against British champion Henry Cooper in May 1966. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali British talk-show host Eamonn Andrews shares a laugh with Ali in May 1966. Hide Caption 18 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali lands a right to the head of Brian London during their bout in London on August 6, 1966. Ali won by a knockout in the third round. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali looks in his hotel-room mirror in February 1967. Hide Caption 20 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali The referee counts as Ali looks down at Zora Folley during a championship fight in New York on March 23, 1967. Ali won by a knockout in the seventh round. Hide Caption 21 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali As a conscientious objector to the Vietnam War, Ali refused induction into the U.S. Army in April 1967. Here, top athletes from various sports gather to support Ali as he gives his reasons for rejecting the draft. Seated in the front row, from left to right, are Bill Russell, Ali, Jim Brown and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Hide Caption 22 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali walks through the streets of New York with members of the Black Panther Party in September 1970. Ali was sentenced to five years in prison for his refusal to enter the draft, and he was also stripped of his boxing title. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned Ali's conviction in 1971, but by that time Ali had already become a figurehead of resistance and a hero to many. Related: Photographer fondly recalls his three days with Ali Hide Caption 23 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali On November 2, 1970, Ali returned to the ring for his first professional fight in three years. He defeated Jerry Quarry in the third round. Hide Caption 24 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Known as the "Fight of the Century," Ali and Joe Frazier split a $5 million purse to fight for Frazier's title on March 8, 1971, in New York. Frazier won by unanimous decision, handing Ali his first professional loss. Hide Caption 25 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali toys with the finely combed hair of television sports commentator Howard Cosell before the start of the Olympic boxing trials in August 1972. Hide Caption 26 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali and Frazier appear on "The Dick Cavett Show" in January 1974. The two got into a brawl in ABC's New York studio and were fined $5,000 each. Hide Caption 27 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali passes a cheering crowd in Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), on September 28, 1974. Ali was in the country to fight George Foreman, who had recently defeated Frazier to win the title. Hide Caption 28 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali and Foreman fight October 30, 1974, in what was billed as "The Rumble in the Jungle." Ali, a huge underdog, knocked out Foreman in the eighth round to regain the title that was stripped from him in 1967. Hide Caption 29 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali addresses a Nation of Islam meeting in London in December 1974. The following year, Ali left the Nation and embraced a more mainstream Islamic faith. Hide Caption 30 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali offers advice to future opponent Richard Dunn in March 1976. Ali defeated Dunn in the fifth round two months later. It was his last knockout win. Hide Caption 31 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali and his third wife, Veronica, second from right, visit the Kremlin in Moscow in June 1978. The two were married from 1977 to 1986. Ali was married four times. Hide Caption 32 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali takes his daily run along a Pennsylvania country road, shrouded in early morning fog, in 1978. Hide Caption 33 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali takes a hit from Leon Spinks during their title fight in New Orleans on September 15, 1978. Ali won by unanimous decision, regaining the title he lost to Spinks earlier that year. Hide Caption 34 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali sits with his daughters Laila and Hana at the Grosvenor House in London in December 1978. He briefly retired from professional boxing the following year. Hide Caption 35 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali came out of retirement on October 2, 1980, for a title fight with Larry Holmes and a guaranteed purse of $8 million. Holmes won easily, beating up Ali until the fight was stopped after the 10th round. Hide Caption 36 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali and Trevor Berbick weigh in for their fight in the Bahamas in December 1981. Berbick won by unanimous decision. It was Ali's last professional fight. Hide Caption 37 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali prays at a mosque in Cairo in October 1986. Two years prior, he revealed that he had Parkinson's syndrome, a disorder of the central nervous system. Hide Caption 38 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali In 1990, Ali met with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to negotiate the release of 15 American hostages in Iraq and Kuwait. Here, Ali leaves Iraq with the hostages on December 2, 1990. Hide Caption Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali lights the Olympic torch at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Hide Caption 40 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the International Olympic Committee, gives Ali a replacement gold medal in 1996. Ali had thrown his 1960 gold medal into the Ohio River after he was criticized for not fighting in Vietnam. Hide Caption 41 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali and his fourth wife, Lonnie, unveil his special-edition Wheaties box in February 1999. The box marked the cereal's 75th anniversary, and it was the first time a boxer appeared on the cover. Hide Caption 42 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger raises Ali's hand during the Celebrity Fight Night charity event in Phoenix in March 2002. Schwarzenegger was presented with the Muhammad Ali Humanitarian Award for his work with the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Research Foundation, the Inner-City Games Foundation and the Special Olympics. The award was presented by former CNN host Larry King, left. Hide Caption 43 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali arrives in Kabul, Afghanistan, in November 2002 for a three-day goodwill mission as a special guest of the United Nations. He was appointed as a U.N. Messenger of Peace in 2000. Hide Caption 44 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali U.S. President George W. Bush presents Ali with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, on November 9, 2005. Hide Caption 45 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Members of the media watch a video of Ali before the grand opening of the Muhammad Ali Center in Louisville, Kentucky, in November 2005. Hide Caption 46 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali's wife, Lonnie, watches as actress Alfre Woodard presents him with the President's Award during the 2009 NAACP Image Awards in Los Angeles. Hide Caption 47 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali On May 24, 2011, Ali appears at the National Press Club in Washington to publicly appeal to Iranian officials for the release of captive hikers Shane Bauer and Josh Fattal. The hikers were released in September 2011, more than two years after their detention. Hide Caption 48 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali poses during a photo shoot outside his home in Paradise Valley, Arizona, in January 2012. Hide Caption 49 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali Ali poses for a picture with, from left, Greg Fischer, Len Amato, daughter Laila Ali and Donald Lassere during the U.S. premiere of the HBO film "Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight" in October 2013. Hide Caption 50 of 52 Photos: Boxing legend Muhammad Ali A boxing robe worn by Ali, which belonged to the late country singer Waylon Jennings, went up for auction in 2014. Hide Caption	Butterfly (disambiguation)
Coined during Winston Churchill's Sinews of Peace speech, what was the name given to the boundary between the Warsaw Pact and NATO during the cold war?	Muhammad Ali – Djrobblog.com The following is a unique djrobblog musical tribute to one of the greatest boxers humanitarians of all time. Muhammad Ali died Friday night, June 3, 2016. Ali, reviled as he may have been, was at one time (and possibly still was at the time of his passing) the most recognized and most popular sports figure in the world, bar none. But his personality transcended boxing and sports. Ali was an activist, an anarchist, a humanitarian and a comedian, among many other things. Ali was a member of the church choir at a young age. At a young age, he even tried his hand at singing. He sang in his church choir as a child before boxing revealed his true calling in life and made him famous. So it is with that musical thought in mind that I thought I’d pay tribute to the man, the true “Greatest” of all time. Ali channeling his Elvis in this photo. In another life, maybe? You’ve seen some of the many other tributes that have emerged in the days since his death. But this unique approach chronicles the major milestones and mileposts of Ali’s life, and provides the musical soundtrack that went along with them. As you read it, you’ll be amazed at the parallels between Ali and the music (and artists) that reigned supreme during the times he achieved some of his biggest milestones. Some of the most popular music throughout Ali’s life almost seemed as if it was made especially with him in mind. So starting from his first day on earth and ending with his last, here’s djrobblog’s tribute to the life of Muhammad Ali. 1942: Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., on January 17, in Louisville, KY., to Odessa and Cassius, Sr. Musically, big band music was all the rage, with bandleaders like Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, and Glenn Miller ruling the charts. On Clay’s birthdate, Miller had the #1 song in America with “Chattanooga Choo Choo.” 1960: At age 18, Clay wins the light heavyweight boxing gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Rome (by beating Poland’s Zbigniew Pietrzykowski). On September 6, he and two other U.S. Olympians, Wilbert McClure and Edward Crook, line up for their gold medals. The #1 song in America that day was Elvis Presley’s “It’s Now Or Never.” Years later, Presley and Muhammed Ali would become friends, with Elvis giving the boxer a training robe studded with rhinestones that spelled out “The People’s Choice” on the back. Elvis Presley and Ali 1960: Clay turns professional and wins the first fight of his pro career on October 29, winning a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker. The most popular music artists at the time were Brenda Lee, Connie Francis, Sam Cooke, and the Drifters who have the top tune in America with “Save The Last Dance For Me.” 1964: At 19-0, Clay is a heavy underdog in a heavyweight championship match with Sonny Liston. He predicts victory and delivers one on February 25, 1964, when Liston doesn’t leave his bench after round six. The Beatles are the biggest music act in the world at this point, having just arrived in America for the first time earlier that month (Feb. 7). By the time of Ali’s championship victory, the Fab Four have the two top songs in the U.S. with “I Want To Hold Your Hand” and “She Loves You.” The Beatles meet Ali the hard way in 1964. 1964: On March 6, Clay announced that he has changed his name to Muhammed Ali after announcing that he had joined the Nation of Islam and became a follower of the Muslim Faith. He would later join the Sunni Muslim Faith after falling out of favor with the Nation. At this point, the Beatles have three of the top singles in the U.S.A., with “Please Please Me” joining the first two. In a few weeks, they would own the entire top five as “Twist and Shout” and “Can’t Buy Me Love” would join the others in that upper chart echelon. 1967: On April 28, Ali refuses induction into the U.S. Army based on religious convictions. He angers many Americans and is later stripped of his WBA heavyweight title and his boxing license after proclaiming “I ain’t got no quarrel with those Vietcong, no Vietcong never called me ‘nigger’…” However, contrary to popular belief, Ali was not a draft dodger. He considered himself a “conscientious objector.” He didn’t flee the country to avoid arrest, instead standing firm on his beliefs while staying put here in America. He would rather go to jail and serve time (although he never had to while his draft-evasion case went through the court of appeals) than go against his beliefs. Ali addressing the media after refusing to sign up for military service in 1967. With a song title that likely described how many “patriotic” Americans felt about Ali’s actions at the time, the top single in the land that week was “Something Stupid” by the late Frank Sinatra and his daughter Nancy. 1970: Ali is allowed to fight in Atlanta (Georgia had no state boxing commission bat the time). With what was likely three years of pent-up frustration from not boxing professionally, Ali knocks out Jerry Quarry in three rounds on October 26. The most exciting new group in America at the time were the latest find by Motown Records, the Jackson 5. Their “I’ll Be There” was the #1 song on the Billboard Hot 100. The brothers, led by little Michael, became the first act to ever top the chart with its first four releases (“I Want You Back,” “ABC” and “The Love You Save” had all reached #1 earlier that year). The King of the Ring is pictured with the King of Pop, Michael Jackson along with brothers Marlon and Randy and another family member. 1971: On March 8, Ali fights heavyweight champion Joe Frazier for the first time in New York. In this “Fight of the Century,” Frazier wins by unanimous decision after knocking down (but not out) Ali in the final round. By this time, the Jackson 5 had been bested by their white counterparts, the Osmond Brothers, who were in their final of five weeks at #1 with “One Bad Apple.” That song had successfully prevented what would have been the Jackson 5’s fifth straight #1, Mama’s Pearl” from reaching the top only a few days earlier. But just like Ali to Frazier, the Jacksons would have the last laugh in this “battle” of family musical acts. 1971: On June 28, the Supreme Court reverses the 1967 draft-evasion conviction. The top-selling tune in America that day was Carole King’s classic “It’s Too Late” backed with “I Feel The Earth Move,” both taken from her classic #1 Tapestry album. Ironically, it wasn’t too late for Ali and he was about to really make the earth move in the new decade, with historic title bouts that would result in the legendary boxer reclaiming his heavyweight title not only once, but twice more, making him the only boxer to ever do so. 1974: On January 28, Ali exacts revenge on Frazier, beating the former champion (by this time, George Foreman had become the reigning champ) in 12 rounds. That week, chart champion Barbra Streisand achieves her first number one single with “The Way We Were,” a song that would go on to become the biggest hit of 1974. Just as Ali eventually conquered his sport with the most heavyweight boxing titles ever, Streisand became the singer with more #1 albums than any other woman in history (ten and still counting). Babs herself would know a little something about fighting. In 1979, she would star in a movie (“The Main Event”) about a down-and-out boxer. She would record the movie’s theme song, “The Main Event/Fight,” a million-selling top-3 hit. 1974: On October 30, in a marquee fight known as the “Rumble in the Jungle,” Ali regains the heavyweight title in Zaire after knocking out George Foreman in the 8th round. His famous “rope-a-dope” style of fighting, in which Ali would allow Foreman to get him against the ropes and swing away until Foreman tired himself out, was in full effect during this fight. Fittingly, the outspokenness of Ali was matched on the Hot 100 by the sociopolitical protest anthem by Stevie Wonder, “You Haven’t Done Nothin’,” which was the #1 song on the chart during the Ali win. A decade later, both Wonder and Ali would be major forces in the fight to make Dr. Martin Luther King’s birthday a national holiday. Ali and Stevie Wonder, circa 1975 1975: On October 1, Ali fights Frazier for the third time in the famous “Thrilla in Manilla” in the Philippines. Ali retains his belt, although both fighters are heavily battered and bruised. Frazier retires after the 14th round to end the fight. By the way, the #1 single in America that week was David Bowie’s “Fame,” something Ali arguably had more of than anyone else at the time. 1975: Anyone who calls himself “the Greatest” had to have a song written about him, right? “Black Superman/Muhammed Ali,” a song by Johnny Wakelin and the Kinshasha Band, reach es the Billboard Hot 100. Its up-and-down chart life mimics that of its subject, Ali, who had lost and then regained his heavyweight title earlier in the decade (and would again later). The song charts twice, first debuting in March then falling off the chart in May. It re-enters the chart in June and peaks at #21 in September before finally leaving the Hot 100 on October 4, 1975, the same week Ali beats Frazier. 1977: On May 19, the film “The Greatest” is released in America. The movie is based on the autobiography “The Greatest: My Own Story,” co-written by Ali and edited by Toni Morrison. The song “The Greatest Love of All” was written for the movie with Ali in mind and sung by George Benson. It was a big #2 R&B hit that summer. Of course, the late Whitney Houston remade the song in 1985 and took it to #1 on the pop charts in ’86. But on May 19, 1977, when “The Greatest” was released, the top song in America was another one by fellow legend Stevie Wonder and his tribute to another great American legend: “Sir Duke” (Ellington). 1977: Youngest daughter Laila, who would go on to become a world champion boxer herself with an undefeated professional career record of 24-0, is born on December 30. The top song in America that day? “How Deep Is Your Love” by the Bee Gees. It was the first of four songs to reach #1 from the blockbuster Saturday Night Fever soundtrack, making that the first album ever to achieve such a feat. Ali holds Laila Ali in December 1977. 1978: Leon Spinks, a former Olympic gold medal winner, strips Ali of his title on February 15. It was a 15-round split decision by the judges. The top song in America that day was “Stayin’ Alive,” of course, by the phenomenal Bee Gees, who ultimately became the pop chart champions of the seventies. 1978: Ali regains the title by defeating Spinks in a unanimous decision on September 15. Continuing with the dominant disco theme during the latter part of Ali’s reign as champion, the top song on the Billboard Hot 100 that day was “Boogie Oogie Oogie” by A Taste Of Honey. 1979: Perhaps signaling the end of an era, Ali announces his retirement on June 27. Ironically, while Ali may not have wanted to hear anymore bells ringing between fight rounds (or ever have his own bell rung again), the #1 song in the U.S. that week was “Ring My Bell” by disco one-hit wonder, Anita Ward. It was a bell that signaled the imminent end of another era: disco, as the “Disco Demolition Rally” would occur at Chicago’s Comiskey Park baseball stadium only two weeks later, and 1979 would be the last year that the genre would dominate the pop charts. 1980: Ali comes out of retirement on October 2, to fight reigning heavyweight champ Larry Holmes, who beats Ali by way of technical knockout in the 11th round. Perhaps appropriately, the number one song in America that day was Queen’s “Another One Bites The Dust,” a song whose title could have easily described Ali’s situation. (Btw, Queen had just displaced Diana Ross’ “Upside Down” from the top.) 1981: On what would be his last fight, Ali loses a unanimous decision to Trevor Berbick on December 11. He retires for good with an overall record of 56-5. The number one record in America that week was Olivia Newton-John’s biggest hit (and the biggest hit of the ’80s), “Physical.” Getting physical in the ring was something with which Ali had been quite familiar during his legendary championship career. 1984: Ali is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease on September 21, 1984. The degenerative disease affects Ali’s speech and causes uncontrollable muscle tremors, most visibly in Ali’s left hand. At the time, the #1 album in America was the Purple Rain soundtrack by Prince & the Revolution. The band would have the #1 single the following week (beginning Sept. 23) when “Let’s Go Crazy” K-O’d John Waite’s “Missing You” on the Hot 100. The late Prince Rogers Nelson and Muhammad Ali 1996: In what was perhaps Ali’s biggest triumph, the three-time world heavyweight boxing champion overcame his physical disabilities long enough to light the Olympic torch at the opening ceremonies in Atlanta on July 20. The #1 single on the Hot 100 was rap icon 2pac’s “How Do You Want It” backed with “California Love” as track 2. Like Ali, the late Tupac Shakur had been an outspoken critic of the establishment and a champion of black causes. 2001: On December 25, the film Ali, starring actor/rapper Will Smith in the lead role, opens across America. The film’s box-office gross fails to exceed its budget cost, but does earn Smith a nomination for Best Actor (he loses to Denzel Washington who became only the second African-American to win the award following Sidney Poitier). Ali and Will Smith in December 2001 The #1 single in America the week of Ali’s release was Nickelback’s “How You Remind Me.” It seems that everything associated with Ali became the Greatest. Nickelback’s hit wound up being named the biggest hit of 2002 in Billboard and ended the ’00s as the most played song of the decade on U.S. radio, having been spun over 1.2 million times over the airwaves. 2002: With the Nickelback single still at #1, Ali receives his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 11. His is unique as it stands as the only one to be erected on a wall, versus on the ground. The reason: Ali didn’t want his name being stepped on. Request granted, sir. Ali shown in January 2002. 2005: On November 9, then-president George W. Bush presents Ali with the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award, the nation’s highest civilian honor. Bush is quoted as calling Ali the “greatest of all time.” The top tune in America that day was Kanye West’s “Gold Digger,” featuring Jamie Fox. Fox would go on to become only the third African-American to win an Oscar for Best Actor in a lead role for his portrayal of the late Ray Charles that year. Former President Bush and the late Ali in 2005 2016: On Friday, June 3, Ali dies of septic Shock following a long battle with Parkinson’s. It’s a twist of irony that the title of the #1 song on this date is “One Dance” by the rapper Drake, considering the #1 song in America on the day of his first pro fight in 1960 was “Save The Last Dance For Me” by the Drifters. It’s also yet another association with greatness, as Drake has had more Hot 100 chart entries than any other rapper in the chart’s 58-year history. And knowing how Ali prided himself in “dancing” around in the boxing ring while “floating like a butterfly and stinging like a bee,” this final “Dance” alliance almost seems appropriate. Just reviewing this list of classic #1 tunes and albums that occurred concurrently with many of Ali’s own triumphs is an instant reminder of the greatness he embodied and that with which he seemed to surround himself. Now, we mourn the loss of this most charismatic man who stood firm in his beliefs and who loomed as large in life outside the ring as he did in it. And now the same country that once reviled the man as un-American because he wouldn’t go to war for it, appropriately honors the man posthumously, for he is in death as great as he was in life. Rest in heaven, Muhammed Ali. DJRob PS. For those of you who think a music-related tribute to the world’s greatest boxer is completely far-fetched, check out this videoclip featuring Cassius Clay’s remake of Ben E. King’s classic “Stand By Me” from 1963. Share this:	i don't know
June 5, 1968 saw which US presidential candidate shot at the Ambassador Hotel (since razed), by radical Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan?	From Lincoln to JFK - variety of guns used to assassinate American presidents \| Daily Mail Online comments Five guns tell the stories of five attempts on the lives of American presidents or candidates over the course of 148 years. From the assassination of President Lincoln in Ford's Theater in 1865 to the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981, more than 20 attempts have been made on the lives of American presidents or presidential hopefuls. As the nation prepares to commemorate the death of President John F Kennedy at the hands of lone gunman Lee Harvey Oswald, the weapons used to alter the course of history are pictured here as a grisly reminder of the dangers of being the leader of the free world. Scroll down for video Abraham Lincoln killed by a single shot Deringer pistol used by John Wilkes Booth Deadly: The single-shot Philadelphia Deringer pistol used by John Wilkes Booth in the assassination of US President Abraham Lincoln is displayed at Ford's Theatre in Washington On the evening of April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theater in Washington D.C. At 10.15pm as the Lincolns watched in the play, John Wilkes Booth crept into the presidential state box and pulled out his Philadelphia Deringer pistol and fired a single shot into the back of Abraham Lincoln's head. Booth was in league with co-conspirators who wanted to bring about the deaths of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward to unsettle the Union and help the Confederacy rise up again. President Abraham Lincoln died the day following his shooting on April 14 at Ford's Theater in Washington DC In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, Major Henry Rathbone attempted to stop Booth escaping but the assassin stabbed him in the chest with a knife he was carrying. Lincoln's wound was quickly declared to be mortal and he died the next morning at 7.22am on April 15 without ever regaining consciousness. As for Wilkes Booth, he was shot dead on April 26, 1865, after being pursued and tracked down by Union soldiers. Colt 1911 pistol used by Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme in an assassination attempt on US President Gerald R Ford President Gerald Ford recalled seeing a hand holding a large handgun slipping through a crowd at a Sacramento park before a Secret Service agent lunged at Charles Manson disciple Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme, according to a 38-year-old videotape released over the summer. The former president calmly and carefully recalled the attempted assassination in the videotaped testimony, which would later be used in Fromme's trial. In it, Ford gestures gently with his hands and sips water as he answers questions from a lawyer about what began as a routine morning in September 1975, before Fromme pushed through a crowd on the street, drew a semi-automatic pistol and pointed it at Ford. A Colt 1911 model semi-automatic .45-caliber pistol used by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme in an assassination attempt on U.S. President Gerald R. Ford is seen in this undated photo at the Ford Presidential Library in Grand Rapids, Michigan The gun wasn't fired, and Ford wasn't hurt. Ford recalled seeing a 'weathered' woman in a brightly colored dress as he walked toward the building, where he planned to meet with the governor. She 'appeared to want to either shake hands or speak, or at least wanted to get closer to me,' Ford says. He then saw a large gun coming through the crowd of well-wishers. But when asked if he saw the face of who was holding it, he answered: 'No, I did not.' The gun was about two feet (60 centimeters) away from him, Ford said. President Gerald R Ford (left) survived an attempted assassination attempt by Lyn 'Squeaky' Fromme (right) in 1975 and this image shows her detained by a tree following her attempt 'It was simply the hand with the weapon in it, at a height between my knee and my waist, approximately,' Ford said. He then described a frantic moment when a security agent seized the suspect and Ford was rushed away. Fromme was sentenced under a law covering assaults on US presidents. She was released from prison in 2009. Fromme was a college student before joining Manson's 'family,' where she reportedly got her nickname because of her voice. She was never implicated in the 1969 murders of actress Sharon Tate and eight others, for which Manson is serving a life term in California. Ford died at his Southern California home on Dec. 26, 2006. He was 93. A .22-calibre Rohm RG-14 revolver, identical to the one used by John Hinckley Jr in the assassination attempt of US President Ronald Reagan On March 30, 1981, President Reagan was walking back to his limousine following a speech at the Hilton Washington Hotel in DC. As they went to enter the car, John Hinckley Jr opened fire and shot Reagan and three other men, including White House Press Secretary James Brady and DC police officer Thomas Delahanty, who both were seriously injured. Reagan was struck by a single bullet that broke a rib, punctured a lung, and caused serious internal bleeding. A .22-calibre Rohm RG-14 revolver, identical to the one used by John Hinckley Jr in the assassination attempt of US President Ronald Reagan in Washington on March 30, 1981 Secret Service reaction: Men struggle to contain Hinckley behind a heavily armed agent as President Reagan's press secretary, James Brady, and officer Thomas Delahanty lie on the ground with serious gunshot wounds The FBI released this self-portrait of John Hinckley, who attempted to assassinate President Reagan (right) in March, 1981. The picture was made with a polaroid camera. It was part of the evidence used in Hinckley's trial The president was taken to George Washington University Hospital to undergo emergency surgery and then spent two weeks in hospital. He took on the the dubious honor of becoming the first serving president to survive an assassination attempt. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Hinckley was immediately arrested and made the now infamous claim that he wanted to kill the president to gain favor with then-teenage actress Jodie Foster. He was declared mentally ill and has been confined to a psychiatric institution ever since. The 6.5mm Carcano Model 91/38 carbine rifle recovered from the Texas School Book Depository after the November 22, 1963, assassination of President John F Kennedy Within hours of President John F Kennedy's assassination in Dallas, most Americans were familiar with the name Lee Harvey Oswald. Certain images of him - posing with a rifle, recoiling from Jack Ruby's gun - have been ingrained in the nation's memory. Yet to this day, he remains an enigma. The Warren Commission, established by President Lyndon Johnson to investigate the assassination, concluded in 1964 that Oswald acted alone, firing three shots from a window in his Dallas workplace, the Texas School Book Depository. Many Americans have questioned this conclusion. In 1978, the House Select Committee on Assassinations ended its own inquiry by finding that Kennedy 'was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy'. A photograph acquired from the Dallas Police Department/Dallas Municipal Archives John F Kennedy Collection, shows a 6.5mm Carcano Model 91/38 carbine rifle recovered from the Texas School Book Depository He obtained an early discharge from the Marines, and in 1959 he traveled to Finland and boarded a train to Moscow. Soon after arrival, he told his guide he wanted to defect. Russian authorities initially rebuffed him (he slit his wrist in response) but eventually allowed him to stay and sent him to the city of Minsk to work at an electronics factory. In March 1961, Oswald met Marina Prusakova, a 19-year-old pharmacology student. They married within six weeks and had a child in February 1962. That May, after expressing weariness with life in Russia, Oswald and his wife applied at the American Embassy in Moscow for documents enabling her to immigrate to the U.S. They settled in Dallas that fall. Emergency: The car carrying the stricken President rushes to the nearest hospital in Dallas, Texas President John F Kennedy and his assassin Lee Harvey Oswald (right) after his arrest in 1963 The Warren Commission said Oswald left the book depository moments after shots were fired from the sixth floor, returned by bus and cab to his rooming house, then ventured out again - soon encountering a Dallas police officer who stopped him based on descriptions of the assassination suspect. According to the commission, Oswald fatally shot Patrolman JD Tippit with a handgun, then fled into a nearby movie theater, where he was soon arrested. Oswald 'was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment', the report said. It continued: 'He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it.' The .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver used by Sirhan Sirhan in the assassination of US Democratic presidential candidate Robert F Kennedy On June 4, 1968, after winning the California primary, Robert Kennedy addressed his supporters shortly after midnight June 5 at The Ambassador Hotel in LA. As he left the ballroom, he took a shortcut through the hotel kitchen and in a crowded passageway he was shot by 24-year-old Palestinian, Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy was first taken to Los Angeles's Central Receiving Hospital and then to the city's Good Samaritan Hospital, where he died early the next morning. The .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver used by Sirhan Sirhan in the assassination of US Democratic presidential candidate Robert F Kennedy at the Ambassador Hotel in LA, California, on June 5, 1968 Sirhan said that he felt betrayed by Kennedy's support for Israel in the June 1967 Six-Day War. Held in prison ever since, Sirhan claims he was manipulated by a seductive girl in a mind-control plot to shoot Kennedy, and that his bullets did not kill the presidential candidate. Sirhan claimed two years ago under hypnosis that, on a cue from the girl, he went into 'range mode' - believing he was at a firing range and seeing circles with targets in front of his eyes. 'I thought that I was at the range more than I was actually shooting at any person, let alone Bobby Kennedy,' Sirhan was quoted as saying during interviews with Daniel Brown, a Harvard University professor and expert in trauma memory and hypnosis. The story of the girl has been a lingering theme in accounts of the events. Shirt open, one eye closed, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy lies on the floor of the Ambassador Hotel after being shot by a man identified as Sirhan Sirhan, 23, a Jordanian born in Jerusalem Sirhan Sirhan (left) the 25-year-old Arab immigrant, who shot dead Senator Robert Kennedy (right) Witnesses talked of seeing such a female running from the hotel shouting: 'We shot Kennedy.' But she was never identified, and amid the chaos of the scene, descriptions were conflicting. Through the years, Sirhan has claimed no memory of shooting Kennedy and said in the recent interviews that his presence at the hotel was an accident, not a planned destination. Under hypnosis, he remembered meeting the girl that night and becoming smitten with her. He said she led him to the pantry. 'I am trying to figure out how to hit on her.... That’s all that I can think about,' he says in one interview cited in the documents. 'I was fascinated with her looks... She never said much. It was very erotic. I was consumed by her. She was a seductress with an unspoken unavailability.' Sirhan maintained in the hypnotic interviews that the mystery girl touched him or 'pinched' him on the shoulder just before he fired then spun him around to see people coming through the pantry door. 'Then I was on the target range... a flashback to the shooting range... I didn’t know that I had a gun,' Sirhan said.	Robert F. Kennedy
In honor of the 30th anniversary of it's creation, Google changed their logo last week to a playable version of what classic game?	SIRHAN SIRHAN and the mystery of Islamic synthetic terror \| Veterans Today \| Page 25 Turkey Targeted for Take-Down Next, Duff on Press TV ‹ › Dr. Kevin Barrett, a Ph.D. Arabist-Islamologist, is one of America’s best-known critics of the War on Terror. He is Host of TRUTH JIHAD RADIO ; a hard driving weekly LIVE call in radio show. He also has appeared many times on Fox, CNN, PBS and other broadcast outlets, and has inspired feature stories and op-eds in the New York Times, the Christian Science Monitor, the Chicago Tribune, and other leading publications. Dr. Barrett has taught at colleges and universities in San Francisco, Paris, and Wisconsin, where he ran for Congress in 2008. He currently works as a nonprofit organizer, author, and talk radio host. SIRHAN SIRHAN and the mystery of Islamic synthetic terror By Kevin Barrett on May 14, 2016 A new article by leading Deep State explicator Dr. Laurent Guyénot Sirhan Sirhan after his arrest In his groundbreaking book Conspiracy Theory in America (U. of Texas Press, 2014), Lance deHaven-Smith argues that instead of referring to the “Kennedy assassination” (meaning JFK’s public execution in Dealy Plaza) we should use the plural “Kennedy assassinations.” The two events, he suggests, were episodes of the same crime, obviously committed by the same perpetrators. We are approaching the June 5th anniversary of Robert F. Kennedy’s murder. Like the killing of his brother five years earlier, the RFK assassination was a coup d’état, eliminating the man who was all but certain to be elected president in November 1968. If we are ever to make the USA a nation fit for human beings, we will have to begin by annihilating the Deep State responsible for these and so many other crimes. And among the guides who can best help us understand that Deep State in order to target it properly is Laurent Guyénot, author of JFK-9/11: 50 Years of Deep State . Following careers as an engineer and medievalist historian, Dr. Laurent Guyénot has become one of our most trusted voices on the Deep State, SCADS (State Crimes Against Democracy), and false flags. His contribution to We Are NOT Charlie Hebdo (the French translation of which was published this week) is a key contribution to understanding how Gladio B’s false flags may be the fruits not only of cooperation but also competition between national intelligence agencies, with the Israeli Mossad infiltrating and manipulating European and American agencies. Below is Dr. Guyénot’s new article on the RFK coup d’état, which we are honored to publish here at Veterans Today. SIRHAN SIRHAN and the mystery of Islamic synthetic terror by Laurent Guyénot A Palestinian terrorist? In the night of June 5th 1968, twenty minutes after midnight, New York senator and presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was shot dead in the overcrowded pantry of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. He had just left the grand ballroom where he had celebrated his victory at the Californian Democratic primaries. This victory made him the most likely nominee of the Democratic Party. In front of Richard Nixon, who had already lost against his brother John Kennedy in 1960, Bobby would have won. At the age of 43 years old, he would have been the youngest American president in history, after having been the youngest secretary, as Attorney General in his brother’s government. Instead, Nixon won. Just hours after Robert’s assassination, the press was able to inform the American people, not only of the identity of the assassin, but also of his motive, and even of his detailed biography. Twenty-four-year-old Sirhan Bishara Sirhan was born in Jordania, and had moved to the United States when his family had been expelled from West Jerusalem in 1948. After the shooting, a newspaper clipping was found in Sirhan’s pocket, quoting Robert’s following statement: “the United States should without delay sell Israel the 50 Phantom jets she has so long been promised.” Handwritten notes by Sirhan found in a notebook at his home confirmed that his act had been premeditated and motivated by the hatred of Israel. Jerry Cohen of the Los Angeles Times wrote, in a front page article on June 6, that Sirhan is “described by acquaintances as a ‘virulent’ anti-Israeli” (Cohen opted for “virulent anti-semite” in another article for the The Salt Lake Tribune), and that: investigation and disclosures from persons who knew him best revealed [him] as a young man with a supreme hatred for the state of Israel.” Cohen infers that “Senator Kennedy […] became a personification of that hatred because of his recent pro-Israeli statements.” Cohen further learnt from Los Angeles Mayor Samuel Yorty that: “About three weeks ago the young Jordanian refugee accused of shooting Sen. Robert Kennedy wrote a memo to himself, […] The memo said: ‘Kennedy must be assassinated before June 5, 1968’—the first anniversary of the six-day war in which Israel humiliated three Arab neighbors, Egypt, Syria and Jordan.” In a perhaps cryptic final note, Cohen cited Prof. Joseph Eliash of UCLA’s Near Eastern languages and literature departement, who remarked that “His name, both first and last, is that of an ancient Arab tribe which once roamed the Syrian Desert,” and that his middle name, Bashara, means “good news.” [1] In 2008, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Bobby’s assassination, this tragic day was installed into the post-9/11 mythology of the Clash of Civilization and the War on Terror. The Jewish Daily Forward wrote: “One cannot help but note the parallel between Kennedy’s assassination and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In both tragic cases, Arab fanaticism reared its ugly head on American soil, irrevocably changing the course of events in this country.” “Robert Kennedy was the first American victim of modern Arab terrorism.” “Sirhan hated Kennedy because he had supported Israel.” Writing for the Boston Globe, Sasha Issenberg recalled that the death of Robert Kennedy was “a first taste of Mideast terror.” He quotes Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz, a former volunteer in Robert Kennedy’s campaign (better known as Jonathan Pollard’s lawyer), reflecting: “I thought of it as an act of violence motivated by hatred of Israel and of anybody who supported Israel,” “It was in some ways the beginning of Islamic terrorism in America. It was the first shot. A lot of us didn’t recognize it at the time.” [2] For the Jewish Forward, the point was to tell the Jews: “See, it’s always the same eternal hatred of Jews and Israel.” For the Boston Globe, the point was to tell Americans: “We are all Israelis.” (The Boston Globe is owned by the New York Times, controlled by the Sulzberger family, although Dershowitz would dismiss such remark as “nonsense”, in his 2010 article, “Do Jews Control the Media?”) [3] . The fact that Sirhan was from a Christian family was lost on Dershowitz, who speaks of “Islamic terrorism.” But the Jewish Forward took care to mention it, only to add that Islam ran in his veins anyway: “But what he shared with his Muslim cousins — the perpetrators of September 11 — was a visceral, irrational hatred of Israel. It drove him to murder a man whom some still believe might have been the greatest hope of an earlier generation.” [4] No doubt such declarations, and worse ones, will be repeated on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of RFK’s death in June 2018. Let’s take them seriously for a moment, and let’s see what kind of anti-Zionist terrorist Sirhan Sirhan was. By looking more closely into his case, perhaps we shall discover something about the nature of this post-modern terrorism that infects our world and our mind since September 11th, 2001. Mel Ayton, who specializes in debunking conspiracy theories, attempted to demonstrate that “Sirhan was the lone assassin whose politically motivated act was a forerunner of present-day terrorism,” (as written on the back cover). _________ Did Sirhan kill RFK? First question: Did Sirhan really kill Robert Kennedy? Over the years, independent investigators have uncovered many crucial facts that went unnoticed during Sirhan’s trial, facts that even Sirhan’s State-appointed lawyers deemed irrelevant. Ballistic and forensic evidence suggest that, in fact, none of Sirhan’s bullets hit Kennedy. Dr. Thomas Noguchi, the coroner who conducted the autopsy, concluded (and confirmed in his 1983 memoirs, Coroner) that the fatal bullet was fired a few inches behind the right ear of Kennedy, following an upward angle. Yet all the witnesses confirmed that Robert had never turned his back on Sirhan and that Sirhan was five to six feet away from his target when he fired. Moreover, Sirhan was physically overpowered by Karl Uecker after his second shot, and, although he continued pressing the trigger mechanically, his revolver was then not directed toward Kennedy. The counting of all impacts and wounds indicated that at least twelve bullets had been fired, while Sirhan’s gun carried only eight. William Harper, a nationally respected West Coast criminologist, compared the bullet removed from Kennedy’s neck with one removed from a bystander, and concluded that they « could not have been fired from the same gun. » A 2008 analysis of audio recordings during the shooting has confirmed that two guns are heard [5] . To this must be added the incredible fact that LAPD criminologist DeWayne Wolfer introduced the wrong gun into evidence as the murder weapon instead: the serial number of the gun produced at the court differed from the one written down by the policeman who first got hold of Sirhan’s gun. There are strong suspicions that the revolver which was positively identified as the crime weapon belonged to Thane Eugene Cesar, a security guard hired for the evening, who was set behind Kennedy at the time of shooting, and seen with his pistol drawn by several witnesses, one of whom, Don Schulman, positively saw him fire. Cesar was never investigated, even though he did not conceal his hatred for the Kennedys, who according to him had “sold the country down the road to the commies.” [6] Even granting that Sirhan was Robert Kennedy’s assassin, another fact raises disturbing questions: witnesses noticed that Sirhan seemed like in a trance, and showed extraordinary strength for his size, when physically contained. After the shooting, he appeared disoriented and exhausted. Sirhan Sirhan has always claimed, and continues to claim, that he has never had any recollection of his act: “I have never been able to remember what happened in that place at that time. And I have not been able to remember many things and incidents which took place in the weeks leading up to the shooting,” he said again in a parole hearing in 2011, failing to convince the judges for the fourteenth time. [7] Joseph William Bryan – Sirhan’s hypnotherapist? Psychiatric expertises, including lie-detector tests, have confirmed Sirhan’s amnesia. Doctor Bernard Diamond of the University of California, who hypnotized Sirhan soon after his arrest to try to unlock his memory of the events, noted that he was highly suggestible. In the weeks prior to shooting Kennedy, Sirhan had been seen at a local pistol range, accompanied by two men, and Harvard University professor Daniel Brown, a noted expert in hypnosis and trauma memory loss, who interviewed him for 60 hours in 2008, said that managed to remember that, at the moment of the shooting, “he found himself at a pistol range, holding a gun he had never seen before.” Available information is too sketchy to reconstitute entirely the way Sirhan had been programmed. We know that he had been treated by a neurosurgeon after a head injury, after which his behavior had changed, as noted by his relatives. We also know he was interested in occultism and attended the Rosicrucian order AMORC, founded by Spencer Lewis. One person who may have been involved in Sirhan’s programming, as who reportedly bragged about it to two prostitutes, is famed hypnotist Dr. William Joseph Bryan Jr., who makes no secret of having worked for the Air Force in the “brainwashing section.” Bryan’s biggest claim to fame, about which he bragged all the time, was how he had hypnotized and deprogrammed the Boston Strangler, allegedly Albert Di Salvo who thereafter confessed to the crime. Under hypnosis, Sirhan Sirhan robotically wrote in his notebook “God help me . . . please help me. Salvo Di Di Salvo Die S Salvo.” It is surmised he heard the name while under hypnotism [8] . Other pages of the same notebook, which Sirhan recognizes as being from own handwriting but does not remember writing, is reminding of a kind of automatic writing: “My determination to eliminate R.F.K. is becoming more the more of an unshakable obsession . . . R.F.K. must die – RFK must be killed. Robert F. Kennedy must be assassinated R.F.K. must be assassinated . . . R.F.K. must be assassinated assassinated . . . Robert F. Kennedy must be assassinated before 5 June 68 Robert F. Kennedy must be assassinated I have never heard please pay to the order of of of of of.” [9] These words are dated May 18 in Sirhan’s notebook. However, during his interrogation, Sirhan claimed that his urge to kill Kennedy was triggered by a documentary he saw on TV mentioning Robert Kennedy’s support of Israel in 1948, and this documentary (The Story of Robert Kennedy, directed by John Frankenheimer) was only aired on May 20. This is one of many more contradictions in the official thesis. _________ Was Robert Kennedy a friend of Israel? If Sirhan was, like Oswald, a patsy, only of a more sophisticated type (the Manchurian candidate type), the next question is: Who had interest in having people believe that Robert was killed by a fanatic Palestinian motivated by the hatred of Israel? To raise the question is to answer it. But then, we are faced with a dilemma, for if Robert Kennedy was supportive of Israel, why would Israel kill him? The dilemma is an illusion, it rests on a misleading assumption: in reality, Robert Kennedy was not pro-Israel. Simply, he was campaigning, and willing to win. As everyone knows, a few good wishes and empty promises to Israel are an inescapable ritual in such circumstances. And Robert’s statements didn’t exceed the minimal requirements. His only two declarations on this point were made before Jewish congregations. David Lawrence, author of the Pasadena Independent Star-News article of May 27 found in Sirhan’s pocket had, in an earlier article entitled “Paradoxical Bob”, underlined how little credit should be given to such electoral promises: “Presidential candidates are out to get votes and some of them do not realize their own inconsistencies.” As for the documentary aired on May 20, 1968 mentioning Robert’s trip in Palestine in 1948, it was another electoral advertising destined for the Jewish voters. When Robert Kennedy had visited Palestine, one month before Israel declared its independence, he was 22 years old. In the series of articles he drew from that trip for the Boston Globe, he praised the pioneer spirit of the Zionists, and expressed the hope that: “If a Jewish state is formed it will be the only remaining stabilizing factor in the near and far East.” But he had also voiced the fears of the Arabs in quite prophetic terms: “The Arabs are most concerned about the great increase in the Jews in Palestine: 80,000 in 1948. The Arabs have always feared this encroachment and maintain that the Jews will never be satisfied with just their section of Palestine, but will gradually move to overpower the rest of the country and will eventually move onto the enormously wealthy oil lands. They are determined that the Jews will never get the toehold that would be necessary for the fulfillment of that policy…” Less than five years before his presidential bid, Robert Kennedy had not been, in his brother’s government, a particularly pro-Israel Attorney General: he had infuriated Zionist leaders by supporting an investigation led by senator William Fulbright of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, aimed at registering the American Zionist Council as a “foreign agent” subject to the obligations defined by the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, which would had considerably hindered its efficiency (after 1963, the AZD escaped this procedure by changing its status and renaming itself AIPAC) [10] . All things considered, there is no ground for believing that Robert Kennedy would have been, as president of the US, particularly Israel-friendly. His brother certainly had not been. The Kennedy family, proudly Irish and Catholic, was known for its hostility to Jewish influence in politics, a classic theme of anti-Kennedy literature, best represented by the 1996 book by Ronald Kessler, with the highly suggestive title, The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded [11] . During John’s presidential campaign, the Israeli party Herut wondered publicly if the father, Joe Kennedy, “did not inject some poisonous drops of anti-Semitism in the minds of his children.” [12] In conclusion, it is only by an outstanding hypocrisy that The Jewish Daily Forward could write, on June 6, 2008: In remembering Bobby Kennedy, let us remember not just what he lived for, but also what he died for — namely, the precious nature of the American-Israeli relationship.” [13] Robert Kennedy’s death had not been a bad thing for the precious “American-Israeli relationship.” Would he have saved Israel from disaster in 1973, as had Nixon and Kissinger with unlimited military support against Egypt? Nothing is less sure. But let us assume, for the sake of argument, that Robert Kennedy was perceived as pro-Israel in 1968. All the same, Israel would have had interest in eliminating him, for the simple reason that Robert was, above all else, his brother’s heir and avenger. I am going to explain this bold statement in the rest of this article. John and Robert were so attuned that they rarely needed to finish their sentence to understand each other, said Arthur Schlesinger [14] . To begin with, let us examine what kind of brother was Robert. All of his biographers have stressed his total commitment and loyalty to his brother John, whom he lionized. In return, John had come to trust his judgment on almost every issue, and had made him, not only his Attorney General, but also his closest adviser. Robert didn’t have John’s charisma, or his ambition. He felt that his brother’s coat, which he had literally worn during his first months of mourning, was too big for him. If he finally decided to run for president in 1968, it was under the pressure of destiny. As a lover of Greek tragedies, Robert believed in fate. And he knew that he was, in the eyes of millions of Americans, the legitimate heir to the murdered king — as well as his avenger, even if the thought was rarely voiced. His public appearances led to displays of fervor never seen before for a presidential candidate, and his total lack of concern for his own security made him look all the more genuine. This exceptional brotherly friendship between John and Robert has an obvious implication for the investigator into Robert’s death. And the fact that this is seldom mentioned is a cause for wonder. As Lance deHaven-Smith has remarked in Conspiracy Theory in America, “It is seldom considered that the Kennedy assassinations might have been serial murders. In fact, in speaking about the murders, Americans rarely use the plural, ‘Kennedy assassinations’. […] Clearly, this quirk in the Kennedy assassination(s) lexicon reflects an unconscious effort by journalists, politicians, and millions of ordinary Americans to avoid thinking about the two assassinations together, despite the fact that the victims are connected in countless ways.” [15] When John’s death is discussed, Robert’s death is not mentioned, and when Robert’s death is the issue, John’s death is only alluded to. But John and Robert should be considered as two brothers united by and unshakable love and loyalty, and not as separate individuals victims of unrelated murders — or of some kind of mysterious curse. What is the probability that these two murders are unrelated? Rather, we should start with the assumption that they are related. For there is a good chance that in the link between both resides their solution. _________ Israel and JFK’s murder Both murders have at least two things in common: Johnson and Israel. First, consider the fact that they precisely frame the presidency of Lyndon Johnson, who controlled both investigations: Johnson became president the day of John’s death, and he retired a few months after Robert’s death. As for Israel’s implication, it is the plot to blame an anti-Israel Palestinian, which gives it away in Robert’s case. In John’s case, Israel’s fingerprint is even more unmistakable, and one must wonder why most investigators make so much effort not to see it. By a strange paradox, those who do not believe in Oswald’s guilt nevertheless try to find the culprit by scrutinizing Oswald’s weird biography. It is like trying to solve 9/11 by studying Osama bin Laden’s life. The obvious track to follow is rather that of the man who silenced Oswald, making sure he would not repeat in a court hearing what he had managed to tell journalists in a Police station corridor: “I’m just a patsy!” Oswald’s murderer is Jacob Leon Rubenstein: he is the only real murderer caught in relation to the Dallas assassination plot. Yet his trail seems to be “the road less travelled.” Hardly anybody has ever heard his full name, for he is simply called Jack Ruby — which sounds conveniently Italian for a mobster, as he is sometimes depicted. And who has ever read that Ruby confessed separately to his rabbi (Hillel Silverman) and to his lawyer (William Kunstler): “I did it for the Jews!” [16] Jack Ruby was intimately connected to the Jewish mafia — the Mishpucka (“Family” in Hebrew), also known as the “Yiddish Connection”. As Gail Raven, a former girlfriend of Ruby and nightclub dancer in his Carousel Club, once said: “He had no choice. […] Jack had bosses, just like everyone else.” [17] . Jack Ruby’s boss and mentor was Hollywood mobster Mickey Cohen, successor to Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegelbaum, head of Murder Incorporated. Cohen became infatuated with the Zionist cause after World War II, as he explained in his memoirs: “Now I got so engrossed with Israel that I actually pushed aside a lot of my activities and done nothing but what was involved with this Irgun war”; what kept him so busy was mostly stealing WWII American surplus weapons for Israel. [18] Mickey Cohen “spent a lot of time” with Menahem Begin, the former Irgun chief, according to Gary Wean, former detective sergeant for the Los Angeles Police Department. [19] Jacob Rubenstein shoots the patsy Oswald, in the Dallas Police Station. Beginning with Jack Ruby, the whole cover-up was run by ardent Zionists. There is Arlen Specter, a key member of the Warren Commission and the inventor of the “magic bullet” theory, who would be mourned after his death as “an unswerving defender of the Jewish State” [20] . There is James Jesus Angleton, who managed the cover-up as chief of Counterintelligence in the CIA, who, according to his biographer Tom Mangold, “was held in immense esteem by his Israeli colleagues and by the state of Israel, which was to award him profound honors after his death” [21] . I mention them in my book and in earlier articles, built upon the pioneer work of Michael Collins Piper. Here is another clue: JFK’s trip to Dallas, being officially “non political,” was sponsored by a powerful business group known as the Citizens Council; Kennedy was on his way to their conference when he was shot. The Citizens Council was dominated by Julius Schepps, “member of every synagogue in town, and de facto leader of the Jewish community”, according to Bryan Stone [22] . Among other influential figures was advertising executive and PR man Sam Bloom, who chaired the “host committee” inviting Kennedy. According to former British Intelligence Officer Colonel John Hughes-Wilson, It was Bloom who « suggested that the Police make Oswald accessible to the press. He also suggested — against the explicit advice of the local FBI — that they move the alleged assassin from the Dallas police station to the Dallas County Jail in order to give the newsmen a good story and pictures. Dallas FBI agent James Hosty always believed that Bloom and Ruby were in cahoots ; when the police later searched Ruby’s home, they found a slip of paper with Bloom’s name, address and telephone number on it.” [23] There is massive evidence, from the organization of JFK’s trip to Dallas to the massive cover-up after his death, of a plot schemed by a Zionist terrorist network — an underground compartment of what James Petras calls the Zionist Power Configuration — in conspiracy with Lyndon Johnson, who had an obvious personal motive. Why would Israel want to kill Kennedy? One likely motive has been revealed by two books: Seymour Hersh’s The Samson Option in 1991, then Avner Cohen’s Israel and the Bomb in 1998. A reviewer of Cohen’s book wrote in the Israeli newspaper Ha’aretz: The book implied that, had Kennedy remained alive, it is doubtful whether Israel would today have a nuclear option.” [24] The recent edition by Martin Sandler of The Letters of John F. Kennedy has confirmed what these books had already proven: that Kennedy was fiercely determined to force Israel. In his last letter to Ben-Gurion, dated June 15, 1963, Kennedy demanded an immediate inspection of Dimona followed by regular visits every six months; otherwise “this Government’s commitment to and support of Israel could be seriously jeopardized.” The immediate result was that Ben-Gurion resigned on June 16 and dived into deep water [25] . Five months later, Kennedy’s death relieved Israel of all pressure. As Stephen Green tells it, “Lyndon Johnson’s White House saw no Dimona, heard no Dimona, and spoke no Dimona when the reactor went critical in early 1964.” [26] In my view, Kennedy’s determination to abort the Dimona project was only part of the Kennedy problem, for Israel. Just as importantly, Kennedy was supportive of Abdul Gamal Nasser and of the Palestinian cause. Historian Philip Muehlenbeck writes: “While the Eisenhower administration had sought to isolate Nasser and reduce his influence through building up Saudi Arabia’s King Saud as a conservative rival to the Egyptian president, the Kennedy administration pursued the exact opposite strategy.” [27] Kennedy was also committed to the right of return for the nearly 800,000 Palestinian refugees expelled in 1947-48. As late as November 20, 1963, the US delegation to the United Nations was calling again for Israel to implement Resolution 194, which triggered an outrage in Israeli circles. [28] _________ The serial assassinations of the Kennedies The only question that remains is: Was there, in 1968, any reason to believe that Robert intended to reopen the investigation on his brother’s death, once in the White House? The answer is yes. From 22 November 1963, Robert was alienated and closely monitored by Johnson and Hoover. Although still Attorney General, he knew he was powerless against the forces that had killed his brother. Yet he lost no time to begin his own investigation; he first asked CIA director John McCone, a Kennedy friend, to find out if the plot had anything to do with the Agency. In March 1964, he had a face-to-face conversation with mobster Jimmy Hoffa, his sworn enemy, whom he had battled for ten years, and whom he suspected of having taken revenge on his brother. Robert also asked his friend Daniel Moynihan to search for any complicity in the Secret Service, who had been responsible for the President’s security in Dallas. And of course, Robert suspected Johnson, whom he had always despised and mistrusted. [29] “Johnson lies all the time, […] he lies even when he doesn’t have to,” said RFK. Knowing he could not expect the truth from the Warren Commission, Bobby then contacted a MI6 officer friend of the Kennedy family (dating back to the days when Joe Kennedy was the US Ambassador to England), who made arrangement for two French intelligence operatives to conduct, over a three year period, a quiet investigation that involved hundreds of interviews in the United States. One of them was André Ducret, head of the security for French President Charles De Gaulle. Over the years, these French secret agents hired men to infiltrate the Texas oil industry, the CIA, and Cuban mercenary groups in Florida. Their report, replete with innuendo about Lyndon Johnson and right-wing Texas oil barons, was delivered to Bobby Kennedy only months before his own assassination in June of 1968. After Bobby’s death, the last surviving brother, Senator Ted Kennedy, showed no interest in the material. The agents then hired a French writer by the name of Hervé Lamarr to fashion the material into a book, under the pseudonym of James Hepburn [31] . The book was first published in French under the title L’Amérique brûle, and translated in 11 languages. No major US publisher was willing to print it, but it nevertheless circulated under the title Farewell America: The Plot to Kill JFK. Its conclusion is worth quoting: “President Kennedy’s assassination was the work of magicians. It was a stage trick, complete with accessories and fake mirrors, and when the curtain fell, the actors, and even the scenery disappeared. […] the plotters were correct when they guessed that their crime would be concealed by shadows and silences, that it would be blamed on a ‘madman’ and negligence.” [32] Robert Kennedy had planned to run for the American Presidency in 1972. One factor which pushed him to run in 1968 was the investigation by the New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison. Garrison was privileged to see Abraham Zapruder’s amateur film, confiscated by the FBI on the day of the assassination, which show that the fatal shot came from the grassy knoll well in front of the President, not the School Book Depository located behind, where Oswald was supposed to have fired. Robert Kennedy confided to his friend William Attwood, then editor of Look magazine, that he, like Garrison, suspected a conspiracy, but I can’t do anything until we get control of the White House.” [33] Garrison claims that Robert sent him a message through a mutual friend: “Keep up the good work. I support you and when I’m president I am going to blow the whole thing wide open.” [34] In conclusion, there can be no doubt that, had he been elected president, Robert Kennedy would have reopened the case of his brother’s assassination, in one way or another. This certainly did not escape John’s murderers. They had no other way to stop him than by killing him. The instigators of John’s murder sent a Jewish gangster with Irgun connections to silence Oswald. The instigators of Robert’s murder blamed a Palestinian motivated by hatred of Israel. These two pieces of the puzzle, once connected, reveal rather clearly the profile of the instigators of both murders. That is why the complicit media keep them as disconnected as possible. They sometimes invoke, as a diversion, a mysterious malediction upon the Kennedy clan. What ancestral sin may have provoked divine vengeance? Washington Post journalist Ronald Kessler points to the anti-Semitism of the father, Joe Kennedy, and his politics of appeasement toward Hitler when he was US ambassador in London. The title of his book, The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded (1996) [35] , is a subtle reference to Exodus 20:5 : “I, Yahweh your God, am a jealous God and I punish a parent’s fault in the children, the grandchildren, and the great-grandchildren among those who hate me.” Kessler’s biblical phrase became prophetic when, three years later, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Junior died in mysterious circumstances, with his wife and unborn child: following the trail of his father, he was just about to enter politics after a brief carreer in journalism, which had led him to be interested in conspiracy theories regarding Israel and political assassination [36] . So, conspiracy theory, or malediction theory? JFK Jr. at his father’s funeral John F. Kennedy Jr., with his wife Carolyn Bessette _________ [1] Jerry Cohen, “Yorty Reveals That Suspect’s Memo Set Deadline for Death,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1968, pages 1 and 12, on latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2008/06/june-6-1968.html. Jerry Cohen, “Jerusalem-Born Suspect Called An Anti-Semite,” The Salt Lake Tribune, June 6, 1968, on www.newspapers.com/newspage/11976683/ and www.newspapers.com/newspage/10399250/ See also Harry Rosenthal, “ Senator Kennedy’s support for Israel promoted decision declares Sirhan ,” The Telegraph, March 5, 1969. [2] Sasha Issenberg, “Slaying gave US a first taste of Mideast terror,” Boston Globe, 5 juin 2008, on www.boston.com [3] Alan Dershowitz, “Do Jews Control the Media?”, huffingtonpost.com, October 6, 2010. [4] Jeffrey Salkin, “Remember What Bobby Kennedy Died For,” Forward.com, June 5, 2008. Also Michael Fischbach, “First Shot in Terror War Killed RFK,” Los Angeles Times, June 02, 2003, on articles.latimes.com [5] Watch on YouTube, “RFK Assassination 40th Anniversary (2008) Paul Schrade on CNN.” [6] Philip Melanson, The Robert F. Kennedy Assassination: New Revelations On the Conspiracy And Cover-Up, S.P.I. Books, 1994, p. 25. For a full overview, watch Shane O’Sullivan’s 2007 investigative documentary RFK Must Die: The Assassination of Bobby Kennedy. For more detail, read his book Who Killed Bobby? The Unsolved Murder of Robert F. Kennedy, Union Square Press, 2008. See also Don Schulman’s testimony in The Second Gun (1973), from 42 min 40. [7] Listen to Sirhan pleading for parole in 2011 on YouTube, « Sirhan Sirhan Denied Parole ». [8] William Turner and John Christian, The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: The Conspiracy and Cover-up (1978), Basic Books, 2006, p. 225-229. [9] Shane O’Sullivan, Who Killed Bobby? The Unsolved Murder of Robert F. Kennedy, Union Square Press, 2008, p. 5, 44, 103. [10] The Israel Lobby Archive, www.irmep.org/ila/forrel/ [11] Ronald Kessler, The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded, Hodder & Stoughton, 1996. [12] Alan Hart, Zionism, The Real Ennemies of the Jews, vol. 2: David Becomes Goliath, Clarity Press, 2013, p. 252. [13] Jeffrey Salkin, « Remember What Bobby Kennedy Died For », op. cit.. [14] PBS American Experience & The Kennedys part 2, sur YouTube. [15] Lance deHaven-Smith, Conspiracy Theory in America, op. cit., k. 284-292. [16] William Kunstler, My Life as a Radical Lawyer, Carol Publishing, 1994, p. 158 ; Steve North, “Lee Harvey Oswald’s Killer ‘Jack Ruby’ Came From Strong Jewish Background,” The Forward, November 17, 2013, sur forward.com	i don't know
What federal holiday, first enacted to honor the Union soldiers of the Civil War, was formerly called Decoration Day?	Memorial Day History - Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs Memorial Day History Three years after the Civil War ended, on May 5, 1868, the head of an organization of Union veterans — the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) — established Decoration Day as a time for the nation to decorate the graves of the war dead with flowers. Maj. Gen. John A. Logan declared that Decoration Day should be observed on May 30. It is believed that date was chosen because flowers would be in bloom all over the country. The first large observance was held that year at Arlington National Cemetery, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. The ceremonies centered around the mourning-draped veranda of the Arlington mansion, once the home of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Various Washington officials, including Gen. and Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, presided over the ceremonies. After speeches, children from the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Orphan Home and members of the GAR made their way through the cemetery, strewing flowers on both Union and Confederate graves, reciting prayers and singing hymns. Local Observances Claim To Be First Local springtime tributes to the Civil War dead already had been held in various places. One of the first occurred in Columbus, Miss., April 25, 1866, when a group of women visited a cemetery to decorate the graves of Confederate soldiers who had fallen in battle at Shiloh. Nearby were the graves of Union soldiers, neglected because they were the enemy. Disturbed at the sight of the bare graves, the women placed some of their flowers on those graves, as well. Today, cities in the North and the South claim to be the birthplace of Memorial Day in 1866. Both Macon and Columbus, Ga., claim the title, as well as Richmond, Va. The village of Boalsburg, Pa., claims it began there two years earlier. A stone in a Carbondale, Ill., cemetery carries the statement that the first Decoration Day ceremony took place there on April 29, 1866. Carbondale was the wartime home of Gen. Logan. Approximately 25 places have been named in connection with the origin of Memorial Day, many of them in the South where most of the war dead were buried. Official Birthplace Declared In 1966, Congress and President Lyndon Johnson declared Waterloo, N.Y., the “birthplace” of Memorial Day. There, a ceremony on May 5, 1866, honored local veterans who had fought in the Civil War. Businesses closed and residents flew flags at half-staff. Supporters of Waterloo’s claim say earlier observances in other places were either informal, not community-wide or one-time events. By the end of the 19th century, Memorial Day ceremonies were being held on May 30 throughout the nation. State legislatures passed proclamations designating the day, and the Army and Navy adopted regulations for proper observance at their facilities. It was not until after World War I, however, that the day was expanded to honor those who have died in all American wars. In 1971, Memorial Day was declared a national holiday by an act of Congress, though it is still often called Decoration Day. It was then also placed on the last Monday in May, as were some other federal holidays. Some States Have Confederate Observances Many Southern states also have their own days for honoring the Confederate dead. Mississippi celebrates Confederate Memorial Day on the last Monday of April, Alabama on the fourth Monday of April, and Georgia on April 26. North and South Carolina observe it on May 10, Louisiana on June 3 and Tennessee calls that date Confederate Decoration Day. Texas celebrates Confederate Heroes Day January 19 and Virginia calls the last Monday in May Confederate Memorial Day. Gen. Logan’s order for his posts to decorate graves in 1868 “with the choicest flowers of springtime” urged: “We should guard their graves with sacred vigilance. ... Let pleasant paths invite the coming and going of reverent visitors and fond mourners. Let no neglect, no ravages of time, testify to the present or to the coming generations that we have forgotten as a people the cost of a free and undivided republic.” The crowd attending the first Memorial Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery was approximately the same size as those that attend today’s observance, about 5,000 people. Then, as now, small American flags were placed on each grave — a tradition followed at many national cemeteries today. In recent years, the custom has grown in many families to decorate the graves of all departed loved ones. The origins of special services to honor those who die in war can be found in antiquity. The Athenian leader Pericles offered a tribute to the fallen heroes of the Peloponnesian War over 24 centuries ago that could be applied today to the 1.1 million Americans who have died in the nation’s wars: “Not only are they commemorated by columns and inscriptions, but there dwells also an unwritten memorial of them, graven not on stone but in the hearts of men.” To ensure the sacrifices of America ’s fallen heroes are never forgotten, in December 2000, the U.S. Congress passed and the president signed into law “The National Moment of Remembrance Act,” P.L. 106-579, creating the White House Commission on the National Moment of Remembrance. The commission’s charter is to “encourage the people of the United States to give something back to their country, which provides them so much freedom and opportunity” by encouraging and coordinating commemorations in the United States of Memorial Day and the National Moment of Remembrance. The National Moment of Remembrance encourages all Americans to pause wherever they are at 3 p.m. local time on Memorial Day for a minute of silence to remember and honor those who have died in service to the nation. As Moment of Remembrance founder Carmella LaSpada states: “It’s a way we can all help put the memorial back in Memorial Day.” Button to subscribe to email Benefits: Veterans Crisis Line: 1-800-273-8255 Press 1 Share	Memorial Day
What name is given to the process where machines are used to artificially simulate the function of the kidneys?	Memorial Day Topics Memorial Day Memorial Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May (in 2008 on May 26). Formerly known as Decoration Day, it commemorates U.S. men and women who died while in military service to their country. First enacted to honor Union soldiers of the American Civil War, it was expanded after World War I to include American casualties of any war or military action. 18 Recent Stories	i don't know
Hosni Mubarak, who spent 20 years as the leader of what country, received a life sentence last week on charges of killing protesters during last year's revolution?	Egypt: Hosni Mubarak's charges for deaths dismissed - CNN.com Mubarak tells Egyptian TV station: "I didn't commit anything" The 86-year-old is still serving a three-year sentence for embezzlement One man killed, nine people injured in protest near Tahir Square Prosecutor tell state media he will appeal verdict Egypt's former longtime ruler Hosni Mubarak was cleared of charges in a retrial Saturday and could soon be released -- a stunning reversal for a man who faced life imprisonment or worse after a revolution toppled him in 2011. A Cairo judge dismissed charges linking Mubarak to the deaths of hundreds of protesters during the 2011 revolt and found him not guilty of corruption. Mubarak, who ruled Egypt as president for 29 years, was stoic as his supporters in the courtroom cheered the decision that capped a months-long retrial. The 86-year-old, reclining on a hospital gurney in a defendants' cage, nodded while fellow defendants kissed him on the head. Later, he told the country's Sada ElBalad TV station in a brief phone interview that he "didn't commit anything." "I laughed when I heard the first verdict," he said of the first trial. "When it came to the second verdict, I said I was waiting. It would go either way. It wouldn't have made a difference to me either way." Prosecutor-General Hisham Barakat will appeal the verdict, Egypt's government-controlled Al-Ahram newspaper website reported early Sunday. Mubarak was convicted in 2012 of issuing orders to kill peaceful protesters during the country's 2011 uprising and was sentenced to life in prison. He appealed and was granted a new trial last year. JUST WATCHED MUST WATCH Egypt: Women after the revolution 02:58 Also acquitted Saturday were Mubarak's former Interior Minister Habib el-Adly and six of el-Adly's aides, who'd been accused of being connected to the deaths of 239 protesters as security forces cracked down on them in 2011. Mubarak's two sons also were acquitted Saturday of corruption. Mubarak still has a three-year sentence for a previous conviction for embezzlement, but it wasn't immediately clear how much time he's already been credited with, and therefore when he will be free. CNN's efforts to reach Mubarak's lawyer Farid El-Deeb for comment weren't immediately successful. Both sides have alleged that Mubarak's trials have been politicized, with supporters arguing he was unfairly vilified and opponents fearing that he'd be acquitted as memories of the revolution faded. His legal fortunes did seem to parallel the political climate -- just last year, Mohamed Morsy, the Islamist who became Egypt's first democratically elected president, supported a retrial with the backing of his supporters, who argued Mubarak should have received a death sentence rather than life in captivity. But Morsy himself was deposed by the military in July 2013, as opponents accused him of pursuing an Islamist agenda at the exclusion of other factions. And now the Arab Spring revolt that ousted Mubarak has come nearly full circle -- Mubarak appears close to freedom; Morsy is jailed, his Muslim Brotherhood banned; and Morsy supporters allege the current government has returned to Mubarak's authoritarian practices. Explaining the verdict Judge Mahmoud el-Rashidy said he dropped charges against Mubarak because Cairo Criminal Court didn't have the jurisdiction to try him for the protesters' deaths. The judge said the case that prosecutors initially referred to the court listed only el-Adly and his aides as defendants -- not Mubarak himself. But after mass protests pressured the prosecutor general to question Mubarak, a second referral was made to the court, and the two cases were merged into one. Lawyer Hoda Nasralla, who represents the families of 65 slain and injured protesters, said the inclusion of Mubarak in a second referral should have trumped his exclusion in the first. "The judge shied away from directly acquitting Mubarak even though he was accused of conspiring with Adly, and Adly was acquitted," she said. "The judge resorted to formalities instead." 'I want only God's retribution' Salway El-Sayed, mother of one of the slain 2011 protesters, sat down on a sidewalk outside the court after she heard Saturday's verdicts, praying to God to deliver justice. She broke down in tears, her hands shaking, as she recalled her son Tamer Hanafy, who was killed in January 2011 at Cairo's Tahrir Square, epicenter of the uprising. "I'm worried my son's blood would go in vain," she said. "Our children's blood isn't cheap. Their blood is precious, like any other blood." "I don't want execution," she continued. "This won't bring back my son ... I want only God's retribution. Nothing more." Tahrir Square was closed to traffic following Saturday's verdicts. One man was killed and nine people were injured as several hundred demonstrators clashed nearby with Egyptian security forces, Egyptian Ministry of Health spokesman Hossam Abdel Ghaffar told CNN. Police fired tear gas and bird shot at the protesters. The Ministry of Interior said police were pelted by rocks before the incident escalated. The human rights group Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, whose lawyers represented more than 60 civil plaintiffs in the case, said that Saturday's verdict solidified the impunity that it says security forces and their leaders enjoy. "Justice was dealt another severe blow," the group said in a news release. How it started In January 2011, throngs of Egyptians filled the streets of Cairo to decry the country's poverty, unemployment and repression. Protesters called for Mubarak to step down but were met by a fierce and often violent government crackdown. Mubarak eventually stepped down in 2011. That freed up long-supressed Islamist movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, to run for office. Morsy, backed by the Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party, became president in June 2012. But Morsy was ousted in a coup about a year later amid widespread protests against his rule. Since then, Cairo's military-installed government has banned the Brotherhood, calling it a terrorist group -- an allegation it denies -- and accusing it of being behind a wave of deadly attacks on police and the military. Many Islamist and secular activists have been arrested and given lengthy sentences. A restrictive protest law and repeated deadly crackdowns on demonstrations followed. Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the general who led Morsy's ouster, was elected president in May after leaving the military to run for the office. Not free yet Since Mubarak stepped down in February 2011, the ailing former ruler has appeared in court numerous times on a variety of charges, often wheeled in on a gurney. His lawyers say he suffered health problems after his 2011 arrest, including a stroke, and he has served much of his prison time at a military medical facility. In May, a Cairo court sentenced him to three years in prison for embezzlement. His sons Gamal and Alaa were sentenced to four years each on the same charge. All three were convicted of embezzling $18 million that was allocated for the renovation of presidential palaces. The Mubaraks have insisted they are not guilty.	Egypt
What early Seattle grunge band, which shared a name with a CCR song, had former members who formed the nucleus of bands you might have heard of: Pearl Jam and Mudhoney?	Ben-Eliezer: My friend Mubarak gave orders not to open fire on protesters \| The Times of Israel Ben-Eliezer: My friend Mubarak gave orders not to open fire on protesters In Israel Radio interview, Labor MK says he offered deposed president medical treatment in Eilat Knesset member Binyamin Ben-Eliezer (photo credit: Flash90) Writers Yifa Yaakov Yifa Yaakov is a breaking news editor at The Times of Israel. Follow or contact: Egypt Former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak instructed the security forces under his command not to open fire on protesters in Cairo’s Tahrir Square, Labor MK Binyamin Ben-Eliezer — a close friend of the ousted Egyptian leader — said Saturday in an interview with Army Radio. “I know that he gave orders not to open fire,” Ben-Eliezer said, adding that Mubarak did not necessarily know what exactly was ensuing in the streets at the time of the revolution that brought him down last year. Earlier on Saturday, Mubarak was convicted by an Egyptian court on charges of complicity in the killing of protesters during last year’s uprising that forced him from power. As the 84-year-old was being transferred by helicopter to Cairo’s Tora Prison, he suffered what was said to be a heart attack. Meanwhile, crowds began to gather in the streets of Cairo, protesting the “light” verdict which was criticized by the country’s Muslim Brotherhood leaders — leading contenders for the Egyptian presidency. “The verdict brought me deep sorrow, because I admire that man … he is an irreplaceable leader … the last of his kind,” said Ben-Eliezer in the interview. “It hurts. I know him, his house, his family. It’s someone who’s close to you, someone you know, and suddenly you see this giant who was once the king of the Middle East — actually, the undisputed leader of the Middle East — sitting in a cave like some injured animal, helpless but still keeping his dignity intact.” Image capture from Egyptian state television of Judge Ahmed Rifaat handing down former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak's life sentence. Ben-Eliezer said that prior to Saturday’s verdict, Mubarak had received the best of medical care, so it was not surprising that his condition deteriorated so soon after leaving for the Egyptian capital’s Tora Prison. “I believe he suffered a heart attack,” he said. “I wish him all the best.” In the past, he said, Mubarak had not only proved himself as a nationalist Egyptian patriot and war hero, leading the Egyptian nation toward progress, but had also brought stability to the war-torn Middle East. “He was the main reason for the stability of the Middle East, and there was none other like him. He held the Middle East together.” When Mubarak was ousted, an era came to an end — an era not of democracy, Ben-Eliezer allowed, but of great leadership. “With all their good intentions — and they do have good intentions — the Americans want to bring democracy. But we have entered a different era, an era of Islamization … full of hatred of Israel … When I hear the leading candidate for the Egyptian presidency state that once he is chosen, he will change the Egyptian constitution into Islamic law, it doesn’t make me feel too good.” Image capture from Egyptian state television of former president Hosni Mubarak after being sentenced to life in prison. Though the White House meant well, according to Ben-Eliezer, it too has now begun to question its policy of democratization in the Middle East. “I quote people in the US administration who also call it a mistake. The Arab leadership has to think twice before it heeds the calls coming from Washington,” he said, adding that while Islamization was dangerous for Israel, it could not be ignored. Jerusalem, he said, would have to hold dialogue with Islamist factions in the Middle East. “That’s all we have. It’s not easy, but we have to get used to it,” concluded Ben-Eliezer. Referring to the reasons for his friend Mubarak’s downfall, Ben-Eliezer opined that the former leader had made two major mistakes — the first being misreading the socio-economic reality of his country, and the second being appointing his son Gemal as his successor. “He didn’t see the socio-political reality as it was, the distress of 85 million people, one-third of whom earned barely a euro and a half per day. It’s difficult, complicated, complex,” he said. And when Mubarak appointed his son as successor, “the public didn’t accept it, I’m not even sure the military accepted it. Things went downhill from there.” As the interview progressed, Ben-Eliezer revealed that when Mubarak had fled to Sharm al-Sheikh, he himself had suggested that the former president make his way to Eilat for medical treatment. “He’s a very sick man” — 84, and ill with pancreatic cancer, Ben-Eliezer said. “Mubarak responded immediately (to the offer), saying ‘I was born here, this is my home and this is where I will die.'” Commenting on the Tahrir Square protests which spread like wildfire and led to the ouster of the man who had stood at Egypt’s helm for 30 years, Ben-Eliezer said that those who had instigated and led the protests unfortunately had no place in Egypt’s new political reality. “Perhaps people thought that those guys in jeans who had led the revolution would rule, but look what happened: where are those guys in jeans? Where are those who had led Tahrir Square? They’re on the sidelines. The Islamists are the ones sitting in the parliament.”	i don't know
What name is given to the dessert consisting of ice cream on sponge cake covered with meringue and browned quickly in a hot oven?	Baked Alaska History, Whats Cooking America Photo courtesy of Epicurious.com 1802 – According to some historians, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), third president of the United States from 1801-1809, was one of the first to serve ice cream at a state banquet in the White House. He is reported to have served ice cream encased in hot pastry at a White House dinner during his presidency. Although the name came much later, it is likely that this was a dish similar to Baked Alaska. An article from the LeRoy PennySaver & News called “An 1802 Menu,” by Lynne Belluscio states the following: A menu of a meal Jefferson offered on February 6, 1802, included “rice soup, round of beef, turkey, mutton, ham, loin of veal, cutlets of mutton, fried eggs, fried beef, and a pie called macaroni.” The desserts included “ice cream very good, crust wholly dried, crumbled into thin flakes; a dish somewhat like a pudding . . .” Ice cream dishes frequently appeared in visitors’ accounts of meals with Thomas Jefferson. From the web site The Home of Thomas Jefferson, one visitor reportedly commented: “Among other things, ice-creams were produced in the form of balls of the frozen material inclosed in covers of warm pastry, exhibiting a curious contrast, as if the ice had just been taken from the oven.” A true Baked Alaska starts with the meringue. A meringue is a “patisserie” made from egg whites and sugar. Patisserie is the French word for various preparations made of pastry and generally baked in the oven. 1720 – The book, Larousse Gastronomique, by Prosper Montagn says the following on the history of meringue: Historians of cookery say that this little patisserie was invented in 1720 by a Swiss pastry-cook called Gasparini, who practised his art in Mehrinyghen, a small town in the State of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The first meringues made in France were served in Nancy to King Stanislas who, it is said, prized them highly. It was he, no doubt, who gave the recipe for this sweetmeat to Marie Leczinska. Queen Marie-Antoinette had a great liking for meringues. Court lore has it that she made them with her own hands at the Trianon, where she also made vacherins, for which a similar mixture is used. Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, meringues were shaped in a spoon, as the pastry forcing-bag had not been invented. 1804 – Omellete surprise, which is virtually identical to Baked Alaska is said to have been first invented by an American-born physicist named Benjamin Thompson Rumford (1753-1814), later known as Count Rumford. An American Loyalist in the Revolution in Boston, it is said that he served as a spy and informant for the British Army. He was forced to flee from America to England 1776. He had an interest in cooking and he invented the fire-grate, a double boiler, an oil lamp, a coffee percolator (drip), and the kitchen range. As a result of his interest in investigating the resistance of beaten egg whites to heat, which is based on the principle that beaten egg white is a poor conductor of heat, a created a dessert that he called “omellete surprise.” In The American Heritage Cookbook, Rumford is quoted as saying: “Omelette surpirse was the by-product of investigations in 1804 into the resistance of stiffly beaten egg whites to the induction of heat.” During the Victorian Era (1937-1901), elaborate ice cream desserts made by local dairies and confectioners were the height of refinement, served at the best teas and formal dinners. They prided themselves on fancy ice cream “bombes” (ice cream pressed into molds which produced elegant and elaborate frozen desserts in fancy and festive shapes. These tradition was taken from molded puddings and custards. These were also known as ice cream cakes. The technique of covering foods with meringue and then baking until the meringue is delicately browned seemed to have been a popular dessert technique during the middle 1850s. 1855 – The cookbook, The Philadelphia Houswife, by Aunt Mary (a pseud for Mary Hodgson) added a few fanciful French desserts as “Apples aux Pommes” and “Baked Alaska Applie Pie:” Baked Alaska Apple Pie – Do everything as directed in Meringue aux Pommes, but instead of filling the apple centers with marmalade, fill them with vanilla ice cream, and spoon ice cream in the spaces around the apples. Top with the meringue, bake and serve. 1866 – The French food writer, Baron Leon Brise, wrote a column in the French Journal, Liberte, on June 6, 1866 which suggests the creation of the dessert, Baked Alaska, was introduced into France by French Chef Balzac. According to historians, the master-cook, accompanying a visiting Chinese delegation at the Grand Hotel in Paris, taught Balzac how to bake ice cream in a pastry crust in the oven. Following is what Baron Brise wrote: During the stay of the Chinese Mission in Paris, the master-cooks of the Celestial Empire have exchanged civilities and information with the chefs of the Grand Hotel. The French chef in charge of sweet courses is particularly delighted with this circumstance. He has learnt from his Chinese colleague the method of baking vanilla and ginger ices in the oven. The pasty is baked before the ice protected by the pastry shell can melt. This phenomenon is explained by poor conductibility of certain substances. The gourmets can thus give themselves the double pleasure of biting through piping hot crust and cooling the palate on contact with fragrant ices. 1867 – Charles Ranhofer (1836-1899), the French chef at the famous Delmonico’s restaurant in New York, created a new cake to celebrate the United States purchase of Alaska from the Russians. William H. Seward (1801-1872), a Senator from New York, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia, and the bill was signed on October 18, 1867. This purchase was known as “Stewart’s Folly” and/or “Stewart’s Icebox.” In Charles Ranhofer’s 1893 cookbook, The Epicurean, he called it an Alaska, Florida, and makes it in individual portions. Alaska, Florida – Prepare a very fine vanilla-flavored Savoy biscuit paste. Butter some plain molds two and three-quarters inches in diameter by one and a half inches in depth; dip them in fecula or flour, and fill two-thirds full with the paste. Cook turn them out and make an incision all around the bottom; hollow out the cakes and mask the empty space with apricot marmalade. Have some ice cream molds shaped as shown in Fig. 667, fill them half with uncooked banana ice cream, and half with uncooked vanilla ice cream; freeze, unmold and lay them in the hollow of the prepared biscuits; keep in a freezing box or cave. Prepare also a meringue with twelve egg-whites and one pound of sugar. A few moments before serving place each biscuit with its ice on a small lace paper, and cover one after the other with the meringue pushed through a pocket furnished with a channeled socket. beginning at the bottom and diminishing the thickness until the top is reached; color this meringue for two minutes in a hot oven, and when a light golden brown remove and serve at once. It is possible that what Ranhofer deserves is the credit for popularizing an already known dessert. 1876 – Mary F. Henderson, in her book Practical Cooking and Dinner Giving, published in 1876, calls it “German Steamer Baked Ice-cream.” She shows some familiarity with Delmonico’s restaurant and gives a recipe for their vanilla ice cream. Following is how it is described: This dish was at least a curiosity, served at the table of one of the German steamers. A flat, round sponge-cake served as a base. A circular mold of very hard frozen icre-cream was placed on this, and then covered with a meringue, or whipped white of egg, sweetened and flavored. The surface was quickly colored with a red-hot salamander, which gave the dish the appearance of being baked. The gentleman who told me about this dish insisted that it was put into the oven and quickly colored, as the egg surrounding the cream was a sufficiently good non-conductor of heat to protect the ice for one or two minutes. However, there is less risk with a salamander. 1880 – George Augustus Henry Sala (1828-1895), British cookbook author and journalist, wrote the following on Baked Alaska after tasting it at Delmonico’s restaurant in New York: Imagine carrying the employment of ice to such an extent that it culminates in that gastronomical curiosity, a BAKED ICE! The “Alaska” is a BAKED ICE, of which the interior is an ice cream. This latter is surrounded by an exterior of whipped cream, made warm by means of a Salamander. The transition from the hot outside envelope to the frozen inside is painfully sudden, and not likely to be attended with beneficial effect. But the abuse of a good thing is no argument whatever against its use in a moderate and rational manner. 1894 – Agnes Marshall’s 1894 book, Fancy Ices, has a recipe for an ice cream bombe, called “Princesse Marie de Orleans Surprise Bombe,” with a meringue around the outside, seared with a hot salamander, that is similar to a Baked Alaska: Princess Marie d’Or1eans Surprise Bomb – Prepare and freeze a white coffee ice, and when frozen put it into a plain bomb mould with a pipe, and place the shape into the cave to freeze for two and a half hours; remove the lid and pipe, and fill the hollow space with pieces of fresh sponge cake steeped in Marshall’s Maraschino Syrup; then turn out the ice on to a layer of sponge cake that is placed on the centre of the dish, and by means of a forcing bag with a large rose pipe cover it well in an ornamental style with a stiff meringue mixture prepared as below, and sprinkle it with Marshall’s Icing Sugar. Stand the dish containing the bomb in a tin with water, and place it in a quick hot oven to brown the outside of the meringue, or glaze it with a salamander, and serve it immediately with a pur of peaches (prepared as below) round the base. Meringue Mixture for Princess Marie D’Orleans Surprise Bomb – Take four large or six small whites of eggs and whip well with a pinch of salt, then add half a pound of castor sugar, stirring it into the egg with a wooden spoon, and use. 1895 – Jean Giroix, French chef at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo, is also said to have made the dish popular. He called it omelette la norvienne or Norwegian omelet. 1896 – The name Baked Alaska, seems to have first appeared in print in the The Original Fannie Farmer 1896 Cookbook by Fannie Farmer. Following is how Fannie Farmer describes making a Baked Alaska: Whites 6 eggs 2 quart brick of ice cream Thin sheet sponge cake Make meringue of eggs and sugar as in Meringue I., cover a board with white paper, lay on sponge cake, turn ice cream on cake (which should extend one-half inch beyond cream), cover with meringue, and spread smoothly. Place on oven grate and brown quickly in hot oven. The board, paper, cake, and meringue are poor conductors of heat, and prevent the cream from melting. Slip from paper on ice cream platter. A Day in the Life of Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, The Home of Thomas Jefferson. An 1802 Menu, by Lynne Belluscio, LeRoy PennySaver & News, January 14, 2002./font> Baked Alaska and Rumford, The Oxford Companion to Food, ed. Alan Davidson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Biography: Benjamin Thompson. Boston Cookery Book, Chapter XXVI, Ices, Ice Creams, and other Frozen Desserts, by Fannie Farmer, Bartleby.com. Chocolate, Strawberry, and Vanilla: A History of American Ice Cream, by Ann Cooper Funderburg, Bowling Green State University Popular Press, Ohio, 1995. Delmonico’s: A Century of Splendor, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967. Food Reference Website. Larousse Gastronomique: The Encyclopedia of Food, Wine & Cookery, by Prosper Montagne, Crown Pubishers, Inc., New York, 1961. Practical Cooking and Dinner Giving. A Treatise Containing Practical Instructions in Cooking; in the Combination and Serving of Dishes; and in the Fashionable Modes of Entertaining at Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner, Page 310, by Mary F. Henderson, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1876. – Feeding America: The American Cookbook Project. Princess Marie d’Or1eans Surprise Bomb, by Ivan Day, Historic Food. Rare Bits – Unusual Origins of Popular Recipes, by Patricia Bunning Stevens, published by Ohio University Press, 1998. The American Heritage Cookbook, by the Editors of American Heritage, published by American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1964. The Art of Living in Australia: Together with Three Hundred Australian Cookery Recipes and Accessory Kitchen Information, by Philip E. Muskett and Mrs. H. Wicken, 1909. The Delectable Past – The Joys of the Table – From Rome to the Renaissance, From Queen Elizabeth I to Mrs. Beeton, The Menus, The Manners – and the Most Delectable Recipes of the Past, Masterfully Re-created for Cooking and Enjoying Today, by Esther B. Aresty, Simon and Schuster, 1964. The Dictionary of American Food & Drink, by John F. Mariani, Ticknor & Fields, New York, 1983. The Epicurean, by Charles Ranhofer, Dover Publications, Inc. New York, unabridged and unaltered republication of the work originally published by R. Ranhofer, New York, in 1893. The Man Huntington Loved to Hate: Loyalist Benjamin Thompson tried to keep the town under his boot. The President’s Cookbook, by Poppy Cannon and Patricia Brooks, published by Funk and Wagnallis, 1968. World Policy Institute, Brilliant Mischief: The French on Anti-Americanism, Volume XX, No 2, Summer 2003.	Baked Alaska
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In the case of American scallops, this is usually the only part that is eaten. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Aging}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Holding meats in coolers under contro lled conditions to allow natural tenderizing to take place. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A la Carte}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (1) Referring to a menu on which each individual item is listed with a separate price. (2) Referring to cooking to order, as opposed to cooking ahead in large batches. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630\charrsid7630630 AI Dente}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Firm, not soft or mushy, to the bite. Said of vegetables or pasta. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Allemande}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (1) German style. (2) A sauce made of Velpute (usually veal), a liaison, and lemon juice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Allumette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630\charrsid7630630 Cut into matchstick shapes; usu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 ally refers to potatoes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Anthocyanins}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Red or purple pigments in vegetables and fruits. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Antipasto}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Italian hors d'oeuvre. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 AP Weight}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 As purchased; the weight of an item before trimming. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Arborio Rice}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 A varie}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 ty of short-grain rice from Italy.}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Argenteuil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (ar zhawn toy) Garnished with asparagus.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7630630 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 AS Weight}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 As served; the weight of an item as sold or served, after processing and/ or cooking. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Au Gratin}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (oh gra tan) Having a browned or crusted top, often made by topping with bread crumbs, cheese, and/or a rich sauce and passing under the broiler or salamander. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-187\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7630630 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Au Jus}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (oh zhoo) Served with its natural juices. Usually un thickened pan drippings. } {\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Au Sec}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Coh seck) Until dry. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Avgolemono }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Greek soup made of chicken stock, egg. and lemon juice. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7759640 B \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7759640 Bacteria}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Microscopic organisms, some of which can cause disease, including food-borne disease. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Bain Marie}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A container of hot water used for keeping foods hot. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Bake}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To cook foods by surrounding them with hot, dry air. Similar to r}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7759640 oast, but the term bak.ing usu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 ally applies to breads, pastries, vegetables, and fish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Baked Alaska}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A dessert consisting of ice cream on a sponge-cake base, covered with meringue and browned in the oven. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Barbecue}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To cook wit}{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 h dry heat created by the burn}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 ing of hardwood or by the hot coals of this wood. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Bard}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To tie thin slices of fat, such as pork fatback, over meats with no natural fat cover to protect them while roasting. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Basmati Rice}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A variety of long-grain rice from India. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7630630 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Batonnet}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Cut into sticks, about }{\f0\fs24\insrsid7630630\charrsid75281 1/4}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 x }{\f0\fs24\insrsid75281\charrsid75281 1/4}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid75281 X 21/}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 2-3 inches (6 mm x 6 mm x 6-7.5 cm). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Batter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Semiliquid mixture containing flour or other starch used for the production of such products as cakes and breads and for coating products to be deep-fried. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Bavarian Cream}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A dessert made of custard sauce, gelatin, and whipped cream. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid75281\charrsid75281 B\'e9}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 arnaise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (bare nez) A sauce made of butter and egg yolks and flavored with a reduction of vinegar, shallots, tarragon, and peppercorns. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Bechamel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A sauce made by thickening milk with a roux. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Beurre Mani}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid75281 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (burr mahnyay) A mixture of equal parts raw butter and flour mixed together into a smooth paste. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-225\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Beurre}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Noir (burr nwahr) Butter heated until it is dark brown and flavored with vinegar. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 Beurre Noisette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (burr nwah zett) Whole butter }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 heated until it is light brown}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid14639972 }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Botulism}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A deadly food-borne intoxication usually associated with improperly canned foods. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Bouquet Garni}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A combination of fresh herbs tied together, used for flavoring. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Bouqueti\'e8re}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (book tyair) Garnished with an assort ment or "bouquet" of fresh vegetables, such as artichokes, carrots, turnips, green beans, peas, cauliflower, and potatoes. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Braise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (1) To cook covered in a small amount of liq uid, usually after preliminary browning. (2) To cook (certain vegetables) slowly in a small amount of liquid without preliminary browning. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Brioche}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Rich yeast dough containing large amounts of eggs and butter, or the products made from this dough. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Broil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cook with radiant heat from above. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Broth}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A flavorful liquid obtained from the simmering of meats and/or vegetables. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Brunoise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (broo-nwahz) (1) Cut into very small (\u8539\'3f inch/3 mm) d ice. (2) Garnished with vegetables cut in this manner. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Bulgur}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A type of cracked wheat that has been partially cooked. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Buttercream }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 An icing made of butter and/or short ening blended with confectioners' sugar or sugar syrup and sometimes other ingredients. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 Butterflied}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Cut partially through and spread open to increase the surface }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid75281 area}{\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 . \par \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 C \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Calorie}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg water by 1\'b0 C. Used as a measure of food energy. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Canap\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (can ah pay) Tiny open-faced sandwiches, served as an hors d'oeuvre. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Capon}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A castrated male chicken. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Cappuccino}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Mixture of equal parts espresso and frothy, steamed milk. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Caramelization}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The browning of sugars caused by heat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Carbohydrates}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Any of a group of compounds, includ ing starches and sugars. which supply energy to the body. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Car\'eame, Marie-Antoine}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Famous ni neteenth-century French chef. often considered the founder of classical cuisine. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Carotenoids}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Yellow or orange pigments in vegetables and fruits. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Carry-over Cooking}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The rise in temperature in the inside of roast meat after it is removed from the oven. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Celsius Scale}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The metric system of temperature measurement, with O\'b0 C set at the freezing point of water and 100\'b0C set at the boiling point of water. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Centi-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Prefix in the metric system meaning "one-hundredth." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chasseur}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (sha sur) "Hunter style," usually referring to items served with a brown sauce containing mushrooms, tomato, and white wine. . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chef }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The person in charge of a kitchen or of a department of a kitchen. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chevre}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A cheese made from goat's milk. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chiffon}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (1) A light, fluffy dessert or pie filling con taining gelatin and beaten egg whites. (2) A type of cake made with an egg-white foam and with oil as a shortening. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 China Cap}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A cone-shaped strainer. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chlorophyll}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Green pigment in vegetables and fruits. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Cholesterol}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A fatty substance found in foods derived from animal products and in the human body; it has been linked to heart disease. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Chop}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cut into irregularly shaped pieces. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Choucroute}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (shoo kroot) Sauerkraut. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Choucroute Garni}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Sauerkraut cooked with a variety of sausage, po rk, and sometimes poultry \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb33\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 products. A specialty of Alsace, France}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid75281 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Chowder}{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A hearty American soup made from fish, shellfish, and/or vegetables, usually containing milk and potatoes. \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 C}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 1amar}{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 t }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Garnished with or containing peas. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Clarified Butter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Purified butterfat, with water and milk solids removed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Clearmeat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A mixture of ground meat, egg whites, and flavoring i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 ngredients used to clarify consomm\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 s. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Club Sandwich}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A sandwich consisting of three slices of toast and filled with such ingredients as sliced chicken or turkey, lettuce, tomato, and bacon. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Coagulation}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid923414\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 The process by which proteins become firm, usually when heated. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Cocktail}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A type of appetizer generally made of seafood or fruit and often served wi th a tart or tangy sauce. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Collagen}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A type of conne}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 ctive tissue in meats that dis}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 solves when cooked with moisture. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Complementary Proteins}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Protein supplied by foods that, if eaten together, supply all the amino acids necessary in the human diet. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Complete Protein}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A protein that supplies all the amino acids necessary in the human diet. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Compound Butter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A mixture of raw bu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 tter and vari}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ous flavoring ingredients. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Concasser}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To chop coarsely. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Conduction}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The transfer of heat from one item to something touching it or a cooler part of the first item. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Consomm}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A rich, flavorful, seasoned stock or broth that has been clarified to make it perfectly clear and transparent. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-225\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Convection}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The transfer of heat by the movement of a liquid or gas. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Convection Oven}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 An }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 oven in which hot air is circu}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 lated by a fan. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Convenience Food}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Any food product that has been partially or completely prepared or processed by the manufacturer. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Coq au V}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (coke oh van) A French dish of chicken braised in wine. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Coral}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The roe or eggs of certain shellfish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Coupe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A dessert consisting of one or two scoops of ice cream or sherbet in a dish or glass, topped with any of a number of syrups, fruits, toppings, and garnishes; sundae. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Course}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A food or group of foods served at one time or intended to be eaten at the same time. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Court Bouillon}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (koor bwee yohn) Water containing seasonings, herbs, and usually an acid; used for cooking fish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Cream Soup }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A soup that is thickened with roux or other thickening agent and contains milk and/or cream. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid75281 Crecy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (kray see) Ga}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 rnished with or containing car}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 rots. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Cr\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7429704 me Anglaise }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (krem awng glezz) A light vanilla- flavored custard sauce made of milk, sugar, and egg yolks. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Critical Control Point}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 An action that can be taken that will eliminate}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 or minimize a food safety haz}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 ard. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Croissant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A crescent-shaped roll made from a rich, rolled-in yeast dough. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Croquette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (crow kett) Food that has been pureed or bound with a thick sauce, made into small shapes, breaded, and fried. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Cross-contamination}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The transfer of bacteria to food from another food or from equipment or work surfaces. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Crudit}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (croo dee tay) Fre}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 nch term for raw vegeta}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 bles served as a relish. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Crustaceans}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Sea animals with segmented shells and jointed legs, such as lobsters and shrimp. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Custard}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A liquid that is thickened or set firm by the coagulation of egg protein. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7429704 Cycle Menu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A menu that chang}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 es every day for a cer}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 tain period and then repeats the same daily items in the same order. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }{\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 D \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Danish}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A rich. sweet. flaky yeast dough containing layers of rolled-in fat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Deci-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Prefix in the metric system meaning "one- tenth." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Deep-fry}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To cook submerged in hot fat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Deglaze}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To swirl a liquid in a saute pan or other pan to dissolve cooked particles or food remaining on bottom. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Demigiaze}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A rich brown sauce that has been reduced by half. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Demitasse}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Literally, "half cup." Strong. black coffee served in small cups after dinner. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Doria}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Garnished with cucumbers cooked in butter. Drawn With entrails removed. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Dressed}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (1) Poultry market form: killed, ble d, and plucked. (2) Fish market form: viscera, scales. head, tail, and fins removed. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Drop Batter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A batter that is too thick to pour but that will drop from a spoon in lumps. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Dry-heat Cooking Methods}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Methods in which heat is conducted to foods without the use of moisture. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb43\sl-201\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Dubarry}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Garnished with or containing cauliflower. Duchesse Potatoes (doo shess) Potato puree mixed \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb76\sl-201\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 with butter and egg yolks. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Dumpling}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Any of a variety of small starch products made from soft doughs or batter and cooked by simmering or steaming. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Duxelle}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A coarse paste or hash made of finely chopped mushrooms sauteed with shallots. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 E \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Elastin}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A type of connective tissue in meats that does not dissolve when cooked. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-225\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7429704 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Emincer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (em man say) To cut into very thin slices. Emulsion A uniform}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid7429704 mixture of two un mixable liq}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 uids. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 Entremetier }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (awn truh met yay) The cook who pre- pares vegetables, starches, soups, and eggs. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7429704 EP Weight}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Edible portion: The weight of an item after all trimming and preparation is done. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Escoffier, Georges Auguste}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 Great chef of the early twentieth century and the father of modern cookery . \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Espagnole}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 A sa}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 uce made of brown stock and fla}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 voring ingredients and thickened with a brown roux. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Espresso, Expresso}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 Strong dark coffee made from beans roasted until almost blac k, ground very fine, and brewed under steam pressure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f43\fs24\insrsid3941986 \'cb}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 tuver }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 (ay too vay) To cook or steam an item in its own juices; to sweat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Executive Chef}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 The manager of a large kitchen or food production department. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Extended Meal Service}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 Service of a meal at which customers eat at different times. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 \par F}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fermentation}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 The proc}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 ess by which yeast acts on car}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 bohydrates to change them into carbon dioxide gas and alcohol. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 Fermi\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 re}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 (fair myair) Garnished with carrots, turnips, onions, and celery cut into uniform slices. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fettuccine}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 Flat egg noodles. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fiber}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 A group of indigestible carbohydrates in grains, fruits, and vegetables. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fillet, Filet}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 (I) Meat: Boneless tenderloin. (2) Fish: Boneless side of fish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Flavones}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 White pigments in vegetables and fruits. Florentine Garnish ed with or containing spinach. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Flow of Food}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 The path that food travels in a food ser- vice operation, from receiving to serving. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Foie Gras}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 (fwah grah) Liver of specially fattened geese and ducks. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fondant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 A smooth, cr}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 eamy, white icing or candy con}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 sisting of very finely crystallized sugar syrup. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 Fond L}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 i}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid3941986 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 A sauce made by thickening brown stock with cornstarch or similar starch. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-225\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Fondue, Swiss}{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 A dish consisting of melted Gruyere and Emmenthaler cheeses and white wine into which cubes of bread are dipped and eaten. From the French word meaning "melted." \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7429704 Food Danger Zone }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 The temperature range of 45\'b0F to 140\'b0F (7\'b0C to 60\'b0 C), in which bacteria grow rapidly. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Foresti\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 re}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Garnished with mushrooms. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 French Dressing }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Salad dressing made of oil, vinegar, and seasonings. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 French-Style Ice Cream}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Ice cream containing egg yolks. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Fricass\'e9}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A white stew in which the meat is cooked in fat without browning before liquid is added. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Frittata}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A flat, unfolded omelet. Fry To cook in hot fat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb52\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Fumet}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A flavorful stock, usually fish stock. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 G \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Garde Manger}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (gard mawn zhay) (1) The cook in charge of cold food production, including salads and buffet items. (2) The department of a kitchen in which these foods are prepared. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Garni}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Garnished. Having had garnish added to it. Garnish (1) Decorative edi}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 ble items used to orna}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ment or enhance the eye appeal of another food item. (2) To add such a decorative item to food. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Garniture}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) Garnish.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 (2) The act or process of gar}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 nishing. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Gazpacho}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A cold Spanish soup made of pureed raw vegetables. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Gelatinization}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The process by which starch granules absorb water and swell in size. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Genoise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (zhen wahz) A French sponge cake. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Glace de Vlande}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (glahss duh vee awnd) Meat glaze; a reduction of brown stock. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Glaze}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) A stock that is reduced until it coats the back of a spoon. (2) A shiny coating. such as a syrup. applied to a food. (3) To make a food shiny or glossy by coating it with a glaze or by browning}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 under a broiler or in a hot ov}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 en. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Gluten}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A s ubstance made up of proteins present in wheat flour that gives structure and strength to baked goods. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Glutinous Rice}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A type of short-grain rice that be- comes sticky and chewy when cooked. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Goulash}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A Hungarian stew flavored with paprika. Gram The basic un it of weight in the metric system; \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 equal to about one-thirtieth of an ounce. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Granite}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (grah nee tay) Coarse. crystalline frozen dessert made of water. sugar, and fruit juice or other flavoring. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid5591423 Green Meat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830 , }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid7630630 Meat that has not had enough time after slaughter to develop tenderness and flavor. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Griddle}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook on a flat. solid cooking surface called a griddle. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Grill}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook on an open grid over a heat source. Gri1lardin (gree ar dan) Broiler cook. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Gross Pi\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 ce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (gross pyess) Centerpiece of a buffet platter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-302\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 H \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 HACCP}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A food safety system of self-inspection, designed to highlight hazardous foods and to control food handling to avoid hazards. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Has}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 h}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) To chop. (2) A dish made of chopped foods. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Hazard}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A potentially dangerous food condition due to contamination. growth of pathogens. survival of pathogens. or the presence of toxins. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Herbs}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The leaves of certain plants. used in flavoring. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Holl}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 andaise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A sauce made of butter, egg yolks, and flavorings (especially lemon juice). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid5591423 Homogenized Milk}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830 ,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid7630630 Milk that has been pr ocessed so that the cream doesn't separate out. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb33\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Hongroise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (ong grwahz) Hungarian style. Hygroscopic Readily absorbing moisture. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 I \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Infection}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Disease,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 including much food-borne dis}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ease, caused by bacteria in the body. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Intoxication }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Disease caused by poisons that bacteria produce while they are growing in food. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 J \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Jardini\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 re }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (zhar din yair) Garnished with fresh "gar- den" vegetables. such as carrots, turnips, green beans, peas, cauliflower. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 J}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 udic}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Garnished with braised lettuce. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Julienne}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) Cut into small. thin strips, about }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 \u8539 \'3f x \u8539\'3f x 2 1/2 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 inches (3 mm x 3 mm x }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 6 1/2}{\i\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 cm). (2) Garnished with foods cut in this manner. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 J}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 us}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (zhoo) Un thickened juices from a roast. jus Lie Thickened juices from a roast. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 K \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid5591423 Kasha}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Whole buckwheat groats. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Kilo-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Prefix in the metric system meaning "one thou- sand." \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 L \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-273\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Lard}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) The rendered fat of hogs. (2) To insert strips of fat into meats low in marbling. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Lasagne}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Broad, flat egg noodles, or a baked, layered casserole made with t hese noodles. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Leading Sauce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A basic sauce used in the production of other sauces. Th}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 e five leading hot sauces are B\'e8chamel, Velout\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 , Espagnole, Tomato, and Hollandaise. Mayonnaise and Vinaigrette are often considered leading cold sauces. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Leavening }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The pr oduction or incorporation of gases in a baked product to increase volume and to produce shape and texture. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Liaison}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A binding agent, usually made of cream and egg yolks, used to thicken sauces and soups. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Liter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The basic unit of volume in the metric system ; equal to slightly more than a quart. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 London Broil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Flank steak or other cut of beef broiled rare and cut in thin slices. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid9377863 Lyonnaise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (lee oh nez) Containing or garnished with onions. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 M \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Macaroni}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Noodle products made of flour and water and dried. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Maitre d'Hotel Butter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (may truh doh tell) Com- pound butter containing parsley and lemon juice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Marbling}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The fat that is deposited within muscle tissue. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Marinate}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To soak a food in a seasoned liquid. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Marsala}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A flavorful sweet to semidry wine from Sicily. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mayonnaise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A semiso}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 lid cold sauce or dressing con}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 sisting of oil and vinegar emulsified with egg yolks. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Meringue}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A foam made of beaten egg whites and sugar. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 Meringue Glac\'e8}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Baked meringue shells serve d with ice cream. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Meter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The basic unit of length in the metric system: slightly longer than I yard. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 (A la) Meuniere}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Fish prepare}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 d by dredging in flour and saut\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 ing, served with brown butter. lemon juice. and parsley. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Microwave}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Radiation generated in spe cial ovens and used to cook or heat foods. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb48\sl-196\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Milli-}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Prefix in the metric sy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 stem meaning "one-thou- sandth.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 " \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb91\sl-196\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mince}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To chop into very fine pieces. Minestrone Italian vegetable soup. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mirepoix}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (meer pwah) A mixture of rough-cut or diced vegetables,}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 herbs, and spices used for fla}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 voring. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mise en Place}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (me}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 ez on plahss) French term mean}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 ing "everything i}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 n place." The setup for produc}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 tion. All the preparations and organization that must be made before actual production can begin. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Moist-Heat Cooking Methods}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Methods in which heat is conducted to foods by water or other liquid or by steam. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mollusk}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A soft-bodied sea animal. usually inside a pair of hinged shells, such as clams or oysters. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Monter au Beurre}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (mohn tay oh burr) To finish a sauce or soup by swi rling in raw butter until it is melted. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Momay}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 A sauce made of B\'e8}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 chamel and Gruyere cheese. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mousse }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A soft. creamy food. either sweet or savory. that is made light by the addition of whipped cream or beaten egg whites or both. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-273\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Mozzarella}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A mild. unripened cheese used in pizzas and many other Italian-style dishes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 N \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Navarin }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A brown Iamb stew. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 New England Boiled Dinner }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 A dish consisting of sim}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 mered corned beef and simmered vegetables, served together. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Nicoise}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (nee swahz) (1) Prepared in the style of Nice, France. (2) Garnished with or containing tomato concassee cooked with garlic. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Nouvelle Cuisine }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A modern style of cooking that emphasizes lightness of sauces and seasonings, shortened cooking times, and new and some- times startling c ombinations of foods. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 0 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Offal}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Another name for variety meats. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Oolong}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A greenish-brown. partially fermented tea. Oven Spring The rapid rise of yeast goods in the oven \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 due to production and expansion of trapped gases as a result of the oven heat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Overrun}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The increase in volume of ice cream or frozen dessert due to incorporation of air while freezing. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 P}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Pan Gravy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A type of sauce made with the pan drip- pings of the meat or poultry it is served with. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Pan-broil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 To cook uncovered in a saut\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 pan or skillet without fat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 Pan-fry }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cook in a moderate amount of fat in an uncovered pan. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid9377863 (en) Papillote}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (on poppy yote) Wrapped in paper or foil for cooking so that the food is steamed in its own moisture. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Parboil}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cook partially in a boiling or simmering liquid. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Parcook}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To partially cook by any method. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Parfait }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 A de}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 sert consisting of al}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 ternating layers of ice cream a}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 nd fruit or syrup in a tall, narrow glass. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Parmentier}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (par ma}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 wn tray) Garnished with or con}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 taining potatoes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pasta}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 General term for any shape }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 of macaroni prod}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 uct or egg noodles. . \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pasteurized}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Heat-treated to kill bacteria that might cause disease or spoilage. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pastry Cream}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A thick custard sauce containing eggs and starch. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 P\'e2te \'e1}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Choux}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pot a shoo) A soft dough used for making eclairs and cream puffs. Also called eclair paste. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pathogen}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A bacteria that causes disease. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Patissier}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pa tees syay) Pastry cook. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-259\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Peach Melba}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A sundae consisting of vanilla ice cream, peach half, and Melba (raspberry) sauce. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0 \widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Persillade}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pear see yahd) A mixture of bread crumbs, parsley, and garlic. used to coat roast meat items, usually lamb. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Philadelphia-Style Ice Cream}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Ice cream containing no eggs. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pigment}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Any substance that gives color to an item. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pilaf}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Rice or other grain produc t that has been first cooked in fat and then simmered in a stock or other liquid, usually with onions, seasonings, or other ingredients. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Poach}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cook very gently in water or other liquid that is hot but not actually bubbling. about 160\'b0F to 180\'b0F (71\'b0C to 82\'b0C). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Poissonier}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pwah so nyay) Fish cook. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 P}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 ortion Control }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 The measurement of portions to ensure that the correct amount of an item is served. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pot Roast }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A large cut of meat cooked by braising. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Poulette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Allemande Sauce flavored with mushrooms, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 parsley, and lemon juice. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pour Batter}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A batter that is liquid enough to pour. }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Primal Cut}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 One of the primary divisions of meat quarters, foresaddles, hindsaddles, and carcasses as they are broken down into smaller cuts. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Primeur}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pree mur) Garnished with fresh spring vegetables such as carrots, turnips, green beans, peas, cauliflower, and small potatoes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Princesse}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Garnished with asparagus. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Printaniere}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pran tawn yair) Garnished with fresh spring vegetables, such as carrots, turnips, pearl onions, peas, green beans, asparagus. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Prix Fixe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pree fix) French term meaning "fixed price"; referring to a menu offering a complete meal, with a choice of courses, for one given price. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Process Cheese}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A product made by grinding and melting one or more cheeses, blending them with other ingredients, and pouring into molds to solidify. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Profiterole}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Tiny round pastry made from eclair paste; filled wit h savory fillings and served as an hors d'oeuvre, or filled with ice cream and served as a dessert. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Proven}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 cale}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (pro yawn sat) Gar}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 nished with or contain}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 ing tomatoes, garlic, parsley, and sometimes mushrooms and olives. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Puff Pastry}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A very light, flaky past ry made from a rolled-in dough and leavened by steam. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pullman Loaf}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Long, rectangular loaf of bread. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Pumpernickel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (1) Coarsely ground rye flour. (2) Bread made with this flour. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Puree }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (1) A food product that has been mashed or strained to a smooth pulp. ( 2) To make such a pulp by mashing or }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid4286992 straining a food.}{\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 \par }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-302\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Q \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Quiche}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A savory tart or pie consisting of a custard baked in a pastry shell. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid13981898 Quick Bread}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A bread leavened by chemical}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 leaveners or steam rather than yeast. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb52\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }{\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 { \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-273\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid9377863 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-264\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid13981898 R \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid13981898 Radiation}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The transfer of energy by waves, such as infrared or light waves. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid13981898 Raft}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The coagulated clearmeat that forms when stock is clarified. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb28\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid13981898 Ratatouille}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (ra t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 a tweey) A Southern French veg}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 etable stew of o}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 nions, tomatoes, zucchini, egg}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 plant, and green peppers. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Ravier}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (rahv yay) Oval relish dish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Ravioli}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Dumplings consisting of egg noodles filled with any of a variety of fillings. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Recipe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A set of instructions for producing a certain dish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Reduce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook by s}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 immering or boiling until quan}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 tity is decreased}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 ; often done to concentrate fla}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 vors. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Reduction}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) A liquid that has been concentrated by cooking it to evaporate part of the water. (2) The process of making such a liquid. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Relish}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A type of appetizer consisting of raw or pickled vegetables. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Ricotta}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 An Italian -style cheese similar to cottage cheese but smoother, moister, and sweeter in flavor. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Risotto}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A moist Italian dish of rice cooked in butter and stock. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rissole}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (riss oh lay) Browned. Often referring to potatoes cut in small shapes, parboiled, and browned in hot fat. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Roast}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook foods by surrounding them with hot, dry air, in an oven or on a spit over an open fire. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Roe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Fish eggs. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Roesti Potatoes}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Boiled potatoes that have been grated, formed into small cakes, and pan-fried until crisp. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rolled-in Dough}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 D}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 ough in which a fat is incorpo}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 rated into the dough in many layers by using a rolling and folding procedure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Roquefort }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A blue-veined cheese made in Roquefort, France, from sheeps' milk. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rotisserie}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 An item of cooking equipment that slowly rotates meat or other foods in front of a heating element. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rotisseur}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (ro tee sur) Cook who prepares roasted, braised, and broiled meats. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rough Prep}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The pre}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 liminary processing of ingredi}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ents to the point at which they can be used in cooking. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Roux }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A cooked mixture of equal parts flour and fat. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Royal Icing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 An icing made of confectioners' sugar and egg whites, used for decorating. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Russet }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Starchy potato often used for baking and deep-frying. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Rye Blend}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A mixture of rye flour and hard wheat flour. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 S \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Sachet}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (sa shay) A mixture of herbs and spices tied in a cheesecloth bag. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Salamander}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 Small br}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 oiler used primarily for brown}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 ing or glazing the tops of certain items. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Salmonella}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A widespread food-borne disease, spread by improper foo}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 d handling and inadequate sani}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 tation. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Sanitize}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To kill disease-causing bacteria, usually by heat or by chemical disinfectants. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Saturated Fat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A fat that}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 is normally solid at room tem}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 perature. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Sauce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A flavorful liquid, usually thickened, that is used to season, flavor, and enhance other foods. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Saucier }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 (so see ay) The sauce cook; pre}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 pares sauces and stews and saut\'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 s foods to order. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14639972 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Sauerbraten}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A German}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 dish consisting of beef mari}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 nated and then cooked with vinegar and other ingredients. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Saut}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 To cook quickly in a small amount of fat. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6881524 Scampi }{\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid7630630 A kind of shellfish similar to large shrimp. In this country, the term is often used for large shrimp, especially if broiled with garlic butter \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \sect }\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid5468286\sftnbj \pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \f1\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 . \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Sear}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To brown the surface of a food quickly at high temperatures. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Semolina}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A hard, high-protein flour often used for the best-quality macaroni products. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Set Meal Service}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Service of a meal at which all the customers eat at one time. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Shirred Egg}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Egg baked in a shallow, buttered dish. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid6881524 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6881524 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Short}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Having a high fat content, which makes the product (such as a cookie or pastry) very crumbly and tender. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Shortening}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (1) Any fat used in baking to tenderize the product by shortening gluten s}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6881524 trands. (2) A white, tasteless,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 solid fat that has been formulated for baking or deep-frying. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Shred}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To cut into thin but irregular strips, either with the coarse blade of a grater or with a knife. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Sieve Size}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Size of individual pieces, usually of canned vegetables. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Simmer}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 To cook in wat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid6881524 er or other liquid that is bub}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 bling gently, about 185\'b0F to 200\'b0F (85\'b0C to 93\'b0C). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-216\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Simiki}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 Russian pan-fried cheesecakes. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Slurry}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A mixture of raw starch and cold liquid, used for thickening. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Small Sauce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A sauce made by adding one or more ingredients to a leading sauce. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Solanine}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A poisonous substance found in potatoes that have turned green. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Sorbet }{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 (sor bay) Sherbet, usually made without milk products. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3941986 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid6881524 Souffl}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6881524 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 A light, fluffy baked egg dish consisting }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid6881524 of a base (such as a heavy}{\f0\fs24\insrsid4286992\charrsid7630630 white sauce) mixed with }{\f0\fs24\insrsid3941986\charrsid7630630 egg yolks and flavoring ingredients into which beaten egg whites are folded just before baking. May be sweet or savory. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Sous Chef}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (soo shet) A cook who supervises food production and who reports to the executive chef. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Spaetzle}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Small dumplings or noodles made from a thin egg and flour batter. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Spice}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Any part of a plant. other than the leaves. used in flavoring foods. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Staling}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The change in texture and aroma of baked goods due to the loss of moisture by the starch granules. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Standard Breading Procedure}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The procedure for coating a food product with bread crumbs (or other crumbs or meal) by passing it through flour. then egg wash, then crumbs. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6881524 Standardized Recipe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 A set of instructions}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 describing the way a particula}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 r establishment prepares a par}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ticular dish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Staphylococcus or "Staph"}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A bacterium that causes food-borne disease by producing a toxin or poi- son in improperly stored foods. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Static Menu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A menu that offers the same dishes every day. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Station Chef}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A cook in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 charge of a particular depart}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 ment in a kitchen or food production facility. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Steam}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook by direct contact with steam. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb4\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Stew}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (1) To simmer a food or foods in a small amount of liquid that is usually served with the food as a sauce. (2) A dish cooked by stewing. usually one in which the main ingredients are cut in small pieces. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb24\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Stock}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A clear, thin (th}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 at is. un thickened) liquid fla}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 vored by soluble substances extracted from meat, poultry, and fish,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 and their bones, and from veg}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 etables and seasonings. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Streusel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 (stroy lel) A crumbly topping for baked goods, consisting of fat, sugar. and flour rubbed together. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906 Strong F}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 lour}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Flour with a high protein or gluten con- tent. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Supreme Sauce}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 A sauce made of chicken veloute and heavy cream. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Sweat}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 To cook in a small amount of fat over low heat, sometimes covered. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Sweetbreads}{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 The thymlls glands of calves and young animals, used as food. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13047906 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid6382953 Swiss Steak }{\f0\fs24\insrsid13047906\charrsid7630630 Beef round steaks braised in brown sauce. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-302\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972\charrsid6382953 T }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14639972 \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Table d'Hote}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 (tobhle dote) (I) Referring to a fixed- price menu with no choice s. (2) Referring to a menu on which prices are listed for complete meals rather than for each separate item. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-230\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Tang}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 The portion of a metal knife blade that is inside the handle. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Temper}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 To raise the temperature o f a cold liquid gradually by slowly stirring in a hot liquid. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Tomalley}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 The liver of lobsters and some other shell- fish. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 Tourn}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 ant}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 (toor nawn)}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 A cook who replaces other sta}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 tion cooks; relief cook or swing cook. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb14\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Toumedos}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 (toor nuh doe) A small beef steak cut from the tenderloin. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Trichinosis}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A food-borne disease caused by a parasite sometimes found in undercooked pork. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-249\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Tripe}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 The muscular stomach lining of beef or other meat animals. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid6382953 Tnlit au Bleu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid7630630 Poached t}{\f0\fs24\insrsid14294830 rout that was alive until cook}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid14294830\charrsid7630630 ing time and that turns blue when cooked in the court bouillon. }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-211\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 Trunnion Kettl}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A steam-jacketed kettle that can be tilted for emptying. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 T}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 russ }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 To tie poultry into a compact shape for cooking. Tunneling A conditio}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 n of muffin products characterized by large,}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 longated holes; caused by over}{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 mixing}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 .}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 U \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Unsaturated Fat }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A fat that is normally liquid at room temperature. \par \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 V \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Variety Meats}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Various organs, glands, and other meats that don't }{ \f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 form a part of the dressed car}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 cass. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-254\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Velout}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 \'e9}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A sauce made by thickening white stock with a roux. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Vent}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 To allow circulation or escape of a liquid or gas, such as by setting a pot of hot stock on blocks in a cold-water bath so that the col}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 d water can circu}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 late all around the pot. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 Vlan}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 de}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 (vee awnd) French word for meat.}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-268\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 Vichy}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 yssoi}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 e}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 (vee she swahz) Cold puree of leek and potato soup with cream. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 V}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 in}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Wine. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Vin Blanc}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 White wine. Vm Rouge Red wine. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb19\sl-235\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Vinaigrette}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Dressing or sauce made of oil, vinegar, and flavoring ingredients. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Vitamin}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Any of a group of compounds that are pre- sent in foods in very small quantities and that are necessary for regulating body functions. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sb9\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Volatile}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Evaporating quickly when heated. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-278\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 W \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid6382953 Wash}{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 (1) To brush or coat a food item with a liquid such as egg wash or milk. (2) The liquid used in this procedure. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\sl-244\slmult0\widctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12932495 {\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Waxy Potato }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A young potato high in sugar and low in starch. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Weak Flour }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Flour with a low protein or gluten con- tent. \par }{\b\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 Welsh Rabbit }{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 A dish made of mel}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495 ted cheddar cheese and, usually}{\f0\fs24\insrsid12932495\charrsid7630630 ale or beer. 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Which famed Viennese composer, who died on June 3, 1899, was known as the Waltz King?	Johann Strauss, the Younger \| Austrian composer \| Britannica.com Johann Strauss, the Younger Johann Strauss, the Younger, (born Oct. 25, 1825, Vienna , Austria —died June 3, 1899, Vienna), “the Waltz King,” a composer famous for his Viennese waltzes and operettas. Johann Strauss the Younger. Harris & Ewing Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: LC-DIG-hec-23696) Strauss was the eldest son of the composer Johann Strauss the Elder. Because his father wished him to follow a nonmusical profession, he started his career as a bank clerk. He studied the violin without his father’s knowledge, however, and in 1844 conducted his own dance band at a Viennese restaurant. In 1849, when the elder Strauss died, Johann combined his orchestra with his father’s and went on a tour that included Russia (1865–66) and England (1869), winning great popularity. In 1870 he relinquished leadership of his orchestra to his brothers, Josef and Eduard, in order to spend his time writing music . In 1872 he conducted concerts in New York City and Boston. Strauss’s most famous single composition is An der schönen blauen Donau (1867; The Blue Danube ), the main theme of which became one of the best-known tunes in 19th-century music. His many other melodious and successful waltzes include Morgenblätter (1864; Morning Papers), Künstlerleben (1867; Artist’s Life), Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald (1868; Tales from the Vienna Woods), Wein, Weib und Gesang (1869; Wine, Women and Song), Wiener Blut (1871; Vienna Blood), and Kaiserwaltzer (1888). Of his nearly 500 dance pieces, more than 150 were waltzes. Among his stage works, Die Fledermaus (1874; The Bat) became the classical example of Viennese operetta . Equally successful was Der Zigeunerbaron (1885; The Gypsy Baron). Among his numerous other operettas are Der Karneval in Rom (1873; The Roman Carnival) and Eine Nacht in Venedig (1883; A Night in Venice). Learn More in these related articles:	Johann Strauss II
In an apiary or hive, feeding a bee larvae royal jelly will result in it developing into what?	Johann Strauss - Biography - IMDb Johann Strauss Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (3) \| Trivia (3) Overview (3) The Waltz King Mini Bio (1) Johann Strauss (or Johann Strauss son), one of Austrian music's most famous names who studied music secretly against his father's will, later became the leader of his father's band and the indisputable "waltz king"; his waltz 'On the Beautiful Blue Danube', is the main theme in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). He was born Johann Sebastian Strauss on October 25, 1825, in Vienna, Austria. His father was the composer Johann Strauss Sr. Young Johann Strauss studied music secretly with his father's first violinist in the Strauss orchestra. He was reprimanded by his father who wanted him to be a banker. He continued studies of counterpoint, harmony, and violin, and concentrated fully on a career as a composer at the age of 17, when his father left the family. Young Strauss made his debut at the Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing, the upscale district of Vienna. He became the rival of his father and gained popularity performing with his own orchestra. He took the side of revolutionaries when Vienna was racked up by the bourgeois revolution of 1848. He publicly played La Marseillaise and was hauled up by the Viennese authorities. That caused him denial of position of the Hofballmusikdirektor (Royal Ball Music Director). His career continued after the death of his father in 1849, which allowed the merger of two Strauss orchestras under the baton of Johann Strauss. Strauss took his united orchestra on extensive tours in Austria, Germany, Poland, Italy, France, and Britain. Russian Tsar Alexander II commissioned Strauss to play at Pavlovsk, the royal suburb of St. Peterburg. There was the opening of a new railway and a landmark concert hall for Russian aristocracy. Strauss also accepted commissions to play for the Grand Prince Michael in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1853, when the commissions became too much to be handled, his mother persuaded younger brother Joseph to take over the helm of the Strauss Orchestra. Strauss eventually toured and concertized to an exhaustion and was confined to a sanatorium to recuperate as he was suffering from neuralgia. He was married three times and had complications with the Catholic Church which refused to grant him a divorce. Strauss had to change his religion and nationality in order to get married to the woman he loved; he became a citizen of German Duchy of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. After that he became free to marry his third wife Adele, who encouraged his creative talent in his later years. Johann Strauss was the most sought after composer of dance music in the second half of the 19th Century. His influence is felt in the music of the operetta maestro Franz Lehár and other composers. Among his admirers were Richard Wagner , Johannes Brahms, Richard Strauss and other prominent composers. Strauss wrote Die Fledermaus (The Bat), Der Zigeunerbaron (The Gypsy Baron), Wiener Blut (The Viennese Blood), and other popular operettas. His exquisite waltzes: The Blue Danube, Tales from the Vienna Wood, Man only Lives Once, On the Beautiful Blue Danube, and many other waltzes made Johann Strauss the indisputable "waltz king" of the 19th century. He died of pneumonia on June 3, 1899, in Vienna, and was laid to rest in the cemetery of Zentralfriedhof in Vienna, Austria. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov Spouse (3)	i don't know
DC Comics recently announced that what long running comic character, introduced in 1940, is gay?	A Marvel X-Man has comics' first gay wedding as DC plans to out a hero \| Books \| The Guardian US news blog A Marvel X-Man has comics' first gay wedding as DC plans to out a hero Northstar proposes in the latest issue of Astonishing X-Men, and fans are wondering if Batman or Robin is about to come out Marvel's Northstar – AKA Jean-Paul Beaubier – has proposed to his longtime partner Kyle Jinadu. Photograph: Handout/Reuters Wednesday 23 May 2012 13.08 EDT First published on Wednesday 23 May 2012 13.08 EDT Share on Messenger Close Wednesday is new arrivals day in comic book stores, and in the batch of storylines that arrived this morning was the news that Marvel's openly gay superhero Northstar has proposed to his longtime partner, Kyle Jinadu. In the issue number 50 of Astonishing X-Men , Northstar gets down on one knee in his civilian identity, Jean-Paul Beaubier, to hold up a ring to his surprised beau. "I'm asking you to marry me," he says. At Midtown Comics in New York's Times Square, Thor Parker (his real name), said the issue has all the hallmarks of a hit. "You're seeing people come in ask for an issue by name and number, which usually only happens when something like this is going on," said Parker, the store's events director and social marketer. Northstar and Jinadu will be married in a ceremony in New York's Central Park in issue number 51, which will arrive in stores next month. And to celebrate, Parker said, Midtown Comics is actively looking for same-sex couples eager to have their own wedding in the store on the same day. Gay characters are not new in comic book storylines – Northstar revealed he was gay in 1992 – but they are becoming increasingly common. In 2010 the long-running Archie Comics series debuted its first gay character. And DC Comics, which has a gay character in Batwoman, announced days ago that one of its other marquee super heroes would soon come out of the closet as part of the series reboot which launched last year. But which one of DC's heroes – a roster that includes Batman, Superman and Wonderwoman – will reveal his or her secret identity? Parker demurred from venturing a guess, but pointed out that many household names have already been reintroduced since the reboot – none of them are gay. "Most of the characters who would be of interest to a mainstream audience have already been introduced," he said. "I mean, it could be some random guy from Final Crisis no one has heard of." Several blocks downtown, at Forbidden Planet, a freshly minted stack of Astonishing X-Men number 50 issues sat by the cashier alongside a hand printed sign that read: "limit one per customer". The woman behind the desk, who declined to give her name, expected a lunchtime rush of collectors, investors and people curious from Wednesday morning's media reports. "People will buy it because they know on the market it will go up," she said. It's an instant collector's item. And so, no doubt, will be the DC issue with its own forthcoming reveal. As to which super hero might be the one most likely to come out, the Forbidden Planet employee had her theories. "They can't do Batman, because he's known to be a player," she said. "Superman loves Lois Lane. Aquaman is married to Mera. Green Lantern? He's been around girls." Nightwing, who is basically just Robin all grown up, had a relationship with Batgirl (not to be confused with Batwoman, who is gay) so that ruled him out in her eyes. Her bet for the likeliest DC hero to be outted: Booster Gold , who debuted in 1986. "He's got all the characteristics, if you look back; it makes sense," she says. "He's a showoff, he always wants to be in the spotlight. But he's never really been around women. I guess it could also be Flash." Forbidden Planet's customers tended to cluster more around the graphic novel section than the comics. But a few had an opinion on the gay superhero trend. "With more of them becoming movies, comics have become more mainstream, so it makes sense that there would be more gay characters," said Todd Corbin, a restaurant manager who worked in a comic book shop while in high school. Because more of them have been made into movies, he said, he's recently gotten back into the superhero comics. But as for which DC character might be the one to come out, Corbin was flummoxed. "They wouldn't do that to Batman," he said. "There's always Robin. Wait, is the Green Lantern gay?" An older patron, Ronald Bush, was perusing the aisles listening to a vintage Walkman. He has been reading comics, he said, his whole life. But he was largely indifferent to the new Marvel storyline. "It's their business, they can do whatever they want to do," he said. "I'm not going to judge, I've been judged my whole life."	Green Lantern
July 4, 1919 saw Congress pass the 19th amendment (although it wasn't officially ratified until Aug 20, 1920), which gave the vote to which previously disenfranchised group?	The Flash DC Comics Superman Batman Super Heroes Super Hero Games Slots Movies Comics Websites Media Man Australia Superman Batman Watchmen The Joker Green Lantern The Flash is a name shared by several fictional comic book superheroes from the DC Comics universe. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, the original Flash first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (January 1940). Nicknamed the Scarlet Speedster, all incarnations of the Flash possess "super-speed", which includes the ability to run and move extremely fast, use superhuman reflexes and seemingly violate certain laws of physics. Thus far, four different characters, each of whom somehow gained the power of "super-speed", have assumed the identity of the Flash: Jay Garrick (1940— ), Barry Allen (1956–1985, 2008— ), Wally West (1986–2006, 2007— ), and Bart Allen (2006–2007). Before Wally and Bart's ascension to the mantle of the Flash, they were both Flash proteges under the same name: Kid Flash. The second incarnation of the Flash, Barry Allen, is generally considered the first hero of the Silver Age of comic books and the superhero has remained one of DC‘s most popular ever since. Each version of the Flash has been a key member of at least one of DC's three premier teams: the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, and the Teen Titans. Wally West has recently rejoined the Justice League, and Barry Allen recently returned to life in the pages of Final Crisis. The Barry Allen version of the character (with Wally West elements) was featured in a live action television series in 1990, starring John Wesley Shipp. The Wally West version of the Flash (but with many elements of Barry Allen's story) is featured in the animated series Justice League. Appearances in other media Flash in other media Throughout his 60 year history, the Flash has appeared in numerous media. The Flash has been included in multiple animated features, such as Superfriends and Justice League, as well as his own live action television series and some guest star appearances on Smallville. There are numerous video games that feature the character. In the Challenge of the Superfriends series which ran from 1978-1979, he appears in every episode and has spoken lines in only twelve out of the sixteen episodes of the series. He also had two arch enemies from the Legion of Doom, Captain Cold and Gorilla Grodd. The Flash also appeared for one season (1990-1991) on the CBS network starring double-Emmy Award winner John Wesley Shipp as Barry Allen. Produced by Danny Bilson and Paul DeMeo, the series was a mild amalgamation of the Barry Allen and Wally West versions of the comics in that the female lead was Tina McGee (portrayed by Amanda Pays) and Wally's need for large amounts of food after expending so much energy running all over Central City was transferred to Barry. After his lightning-induced chemical accident, Barry got into crime fighting after the death of his police officer brother, Jay; it is presumed that Jay was named for the original comic book Flash, Jay Garrick. A handful of the Scarlet Speedster's rogues gallery made guest appearances throughout the series: Captain Cold (Michael Champion) ("Captain Cold"), Mirror Master (David Cassidy) ("Done With Mirrors"), and the Trickster (Mark Hamill) ("The Trickster" and "Trial of the Trickster"). The Flash also fought a clone of himself who wore a blue costume. A few episodes were written by comics legend Howard Chaykin and the TV costume was designed by Dave Stevens (The Rocketeer). While a critical success and vigorously backed by the network, the series had the dubious distinction of being aired against ratings powerhouses The Cosby Show on NBC and Fox's The Simpsons. If that wasn't enough, The Flash was preempted by Christmas specials and the Desert Storm war in Iraq and constantly moved all over the schedule that it couldn't find its audience and thus cancelled after its first and only season. Warner Brothers released the series in a 6-disc DVD box set on January 10, 2006. The series' main musical theme was composed by Danny Elfman, with the remainder of the episodes' music being composed by Shirley Walker (this collaboration would also occur on Batman: The Animated Series). When the Flash made a guest appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode 'Speed Demons', Walker incorporated some of the themes from the live-action series into the episode. In the music scene, the band Jim's Big Ego released a song called "The Ballad of Barry Allen" on their album "They're Everywhere". The song portrays Barry as a tragic character, whose perception of the world is so accelerated that all of reality appears to proceed at a snail's pace, causing him to gradually slip into depression. The band's frontman, Jim Infantino, is the nephew of Flash co-creator Carmine Infantino, who provided the cover art for the same album. The Flash is a playable character in the Mortal Kombat and DC Comics crossover game "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe". The first official render for The Flash was released to the public on Monday July 7, 2008. From his bio we know that Flash in MK vs DC is Barry Allen. Flash is set to appear in the upcoming video game DC Universe Online. Numerous references to the Flash are presented on the television show The Big Bang Theory Rogues Rogues (comics) Like Batman, the Flash has a reputation for having fought a distinctive and memorable rogues gallery of supervillains. In the Flash's case, some of these villains have adopted the term "Flash's Rogues Gallery" as an official title, and insist on being called "Rogues" rather than "supervillains" or similar names. At times, various combinations of the Rogues have banded together in order to commit crimes or take revenge on the Flash, usually under the leadership of Captain Cold. The Rogues are known for their communal style relationship, hanging out together and operating under a pretty strict moral code, sometimes brutally enforced by Captain Cold. Such "rules" include "no drugs" and, except in very dire situations or on unique occasions, "no killing". Considering the blue collar nature of the Flash's Rogues, more than a few have protested the inclusion of Professor Zoom and Abra Kadabra, often labeling them psychotic, as time travel generally works against their crimes and, at least in the original Zoom's case, they found him dangerous and too willing to kill. In contrast, several new Flash villains have been considered Rogues, including Murmur, Double Down, and Peekaboo, but they play second fiddle to new incarnations of Captain Boomerang, Zoom, Mirror Master, and Inertia (a variation on Reverse-Flash, clone of Impulse). (Credit: Wikipedia) Video Game The Flash is an action video game based on the DC Comics superhero of the same name. It was developed and manufactured by Sega and Probe Entertainment for the Sega Master System in 1993. The game's release followed approximately two years after the cancellation of the Flash TV series on CBS. Profile DC Comics is the largest and most diverse English language publisher of comic books in the world. Founded in 1934 as National Allied Publications, the company that would one day become DC Comics virtually created the comic book, publishing the first comic of all original material. Then, in the spring of 1938, the first super hero story appeared in ACTION COMICS #1, introducing SUPERMAN. Other soon-to-be icons would follow, including BATMAN, WONDER WOMAN, GREEN LANTERN, THE FLASH and many others. Today, DC Comics publishes more than 80 titles a month and close to 1000 issues a year. DC has several imprints spanning the gamut of graphic storytelling: The DC Universe is the home of DC's peerless roster of super heroes; Vertigo caters to a more mature, literary readership; WildStorm offers a bold alternative take on heroic and adventure comics; CMX brings some of Japan's best-loved manga to American audiences; and Zuda Comics is DC's innovative web imprint. DC is also the home of MAD Magazine, the best-known humor magazine in America. DC Comics is a division of Time Warner, the largest entertainment company in the world. Profile DC Comics (founded originally in 1934 as National Allied Publications) is one of the largest and most popular American comic book and related media companies, along with Marvel Comics. A subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment since 1969, DC Comics produces material featuring a large number of well-known characters, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Green Lantern and the Justice League. The initials "DC" came from the company's popular series, Detective Comics, which subsequently became part of the company's official name. DC Comic's official headquarters are at 1700 Broadway, 7th, New York, New York. Random House distributes DC Comics' books to the bookstore market, while Diamond Comics Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. History Origins Entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson's National Allied Publications debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 in February 1935. The company's second title, New Comics #1 (December 1935), was published at a size close to what would become comic books' standard during the period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books, with slightly larger dimensions than today's. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, becoming one of the longest-running comic book series. His third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, eventually premiering three months late with a March 1937 cover date. The themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27 (May 1939). By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone. In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld — who was as well a pulp-magazine publisher and a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News — Wheeler-Nicholson was compelled to take Donenfeld on as a partner in order to publish Detective #1. Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfeld's accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, and he was forced out. Shortly afterward, Detective Comics Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics Inc. shortly launched a fourth title, Action Comics, the premiere of which introduced Superman (a character with which Wheeler-Nicholson had no direct involvement; editor Vin Sullivan chose to run the feature after Sheldon Mayer rescued it from the slush pile). Action Comics #1 (June 1938), the first comic book to feature the new character archetype soon to be called superheroes, proved a major sales hit. The company quickly introduced such other popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. 2000's In March 2003, DC acquired publishing and merchandising rights to the long-running fantasy series Elfquest, previously self-published by creators Wendy and Richard Pini under their WaRP Graphics publication banner. This series then followed the Tower Comics series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents in becoming non-DC titles published in the "DC Archives" format. In 2004, DC temporarily acquired the North American publishing rights to graphic novels from European publishers 2000 AD and Humanoids. It also rebranded its younger-audience titles with the mascot Johnny DC, and established the CMX imprint to reprint translated manga. In 2006, CMX took over publication - from Dark Horse Comics - publication of the webcomic Megatokyo in print form. DC also took advantage of the demise of Kitchen Sink Press and acquired the rights to much of the work of the renowned creator, Will Eisner, such as his The Spirit series and his acclaimed graphic novels. Starting in 2004, DC began laying groundwork for a full continuity-reshuffling sequel to Crisis on Infinite Earths, promising substantial changes to the DC Universe (and side-stepping the 1994 Zero Hour event which similarly tried to ret-con the history of the DCU). In 2005, the company published several limited series establishing increasingly escalated conflicts among DC's heroes, with events climaxing in the Infinite Crisis limited series. Immediately after this event, DC's ongoing series jumped forward a full year in their in-story continuity, as DC launched a weekly series, 52, to gradually fill in the missing time. Concurrently, DC lost the copyright to "Superboy" (while retaining the trademark) when the heirs of Jerry Seigel used a provision of the 1976 revision to the copyright law to regain ownership. Although DC appealed the ruling, it is widely believed that this was the reason for Conner Kent (also known as Superboy)'s death during the Infinite Crisis limited series. In 2005, DC launched a new "All-Star" line (evoking the title of the 1940s publication), designed to feature some of the company's best-known characters in stories that eschewed the long and convoluted continuity of the DC Universe, produced by "all star" creative teams.. All-Star Batman & Robin the Boy Wonder launched in July 2005, with All-Star Superman beginning in November 2005. All-Star Wonder Woman and All Star Batgirl were announced in 2006, but neither have been released or scheduled as of the beginning of 2009. In April 2008, the videogame company Midway released the eighth version of its Mortal Kombat fighting-game franchise, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, which featured DC superheroes and supervillians as half of the playable characters. (Credit: Wikipedia) Profiles	i don't know
Who’s missing: Ray Combs, Louie Anderson, Richard Karn, John O’Hurley, Steve Harvey	Steve Harvey & Richard Dawson - First thoughts about Steve Harvey & Richard Dawson Broderick Steven Steve Harvey (born January 17, 1957) is an American actor, comedian, entertainer, television and radio personality and best-selling author. Richard Dawson (born 20 November 1932) is an English actor, comedian, Game Show panelist and host in America. 5.0/5 Steve Harvey Richard Dawson Family Feud Louie Anderson Steve Dawson Richard Karn Ray Combs Richard Harvey Match Game Ellicott City Pancreatic Cancer Eric Dawson Jack Dawson Gene Rayburn Conrad Murray Bob Eubanks Alex Trebek Terry Crews Ryan Seacrest Chuck Woolery 04 May 2016 22:02 The only downside is that with Richard Dawson gone, The Running Man will be hosted by Steve Harvey or Ryan Seacrest . 04 May 2016 19:14 a special guest shows up on Steve Harvey's 1000th Family Feud so I guess they've found Richard Dawson's ghost 29 Apr 2016 01:28 Steve Harvey needs 2 b 1 of the panelists (Just as Richard Dawson was back in the days) (Re: Feud host)â¦ 26 Apr 2016 12:14 Steve Harvey on 103.1 got me thinking- best Game Show hosts ever >>>>. 1. Richard Dawson . 2. Gene Rayburn . 3. Bob Eubanks . 4. the rest 26 Feb 2016 15:13 Steve Harvey is easily 2nd best but no one can ever top Richard Dawson! :) 05 Feb 2016 14:52 Please, please don't make me kiss Steve Harvey or Richard Dawson or, who was that guy, Louie something? 04 Feb 2016 01:43 Larry Reid was wearing a sweet light blue suit today. Kinda like a cross between Steve Harvey and Richard Dawson. 02 Feb 2016 14:52 Steve Harvey! Regardless of the beauty pageant mishap, he's still my fave FF host. And I come from the Richard Dawson era! 24 Dec 2015 03:06 Right now in Beverly Hills , workmen are digging up Richard Dawson's casket to save Family Feud , and Steve Harvey is taking calls from BET 23 Dec 2015 14:58 Steve Harvey blundered when he announced he won the "favorite Family Feud host of all time" award.It was really Richard Dawson.. 23 Dec 2015 01:02 my son just referred to Steve Harvey as "The Family Feud Guy"...Pretty sure Richard Dawson just rolled over in his grave. 23 Dec 2015 00:54 I think we can all now agree that Richard Dawson, drunk, was a lot less brain damaged than Steve Harvey, sober. 22 Dec 2015 23:28 I'm sorry. It shouldn't be Richard Dawson. It should be Steve Harvey. 22 Dec 2015 13:40 Steve Harvey just messed up the announcement. Richard Dawson would have slapped her on the * & called her "toots". C'mon pâ¦ 22 Dec 2015 08:21 Your impression of Richard Dawson was spot on..wait sorry...there's been a mistake...I meant to write Steve Harvey. I feel awful 21 Dec 2015 22:50 Dude, Steve Harvey couldn't carry Richard Dawson's jock as the host of Family Feud ... That's a one horse race, man. 21 Dec 2015 21:30 I getting ready for the Steve Harvey vs Richard Dawson fight we're going to have because Dawson was the greatest host! 21 Dec 2015 20:59 With all the Steve Harvey talk, I can't help but wonder if Richard Dawson banged Miss Colombia 's mother during his Feud daâ¦ 21 Dec 2015 20:32 This is what Richard Dawson thinks of his Family Feud replacement Steve Harvey: 24 Nov 2015 00:34 can u imagine if Steve Harvey was missing all the women on Family Feud like Richard Dawson. 30 Jul 2015 03:17 god I hope Steve Harvey is still the host. I'm only doing this if the host is A) Steve Harvey or B) Richard Dawson's ghost 27 Jul 2015 00:48 Vicki Lawrence family vs. Ed Asner family on Celebrity Family Feud right now on ABC. Not an old Richard Dawson rerun. Steve Harvey. 25 Jul 2015 17:19 Family Feud beats them all. Steve Harvey is awesome. Best host since Richard Dawson. 29 Jun 2015 16:45 Family Fed hosts - Richard Dawson, Ray Combs , Louie Anderson , Al from Home Improvement , Peterman from Seinfeld and Steve Harvey 20 Mar 2015 23:16 Steve Harvey is hilarious! Richard Dawson is slapping his head right now!!! LMBO 20 Mar 2015 16:54 Enjoying the new kohls TV on my break today with Family Feud love Steve Harvey best host since Richard Dawson 27 Jan 2015 01:33 So I am watching Family Fued with Steve Harvey I remember when it was on with Richard Dawson like the answers was like 55 points now there like 22 points * no wonder nobody wins the big prize in the speed round 24 Nov 2014 17:46 I like Steve Harvey, but he's no Richard Dawson. 15 Oct 2014 15:46 still laughing at suggestion to remake " Running Man " but with Steve Harvey instead of Richard Dawson 15 Oct 2014 03:36 I don't care if you hate Steve Harvey, you've gotta admit he's the best Family Feud host since Richard Dawson. Yup, even better than Combs 14 Oct 2014 16:31 Steve Harvey? Was Richard Dawson too busy for his sitting? 04 Aug 2014 22:40 Richard Dawson is obviously the best Family Feud host, but I would put Steve Harvey at on my list. 01 Aug 2014 23:57 I mean, this isn't the Richard Dawson show of the 80s. And, remember, Steve Harvey is a "godly" man. 12 Jul 2014 17:23 I love this show sense Richard Dawson, luv it even more with u Steve Harvey y'all have a great weekend also! 27 Jun 2014 07:01 I was eavesdropping from cube as white coworkers converse, "Richard Dawson who? That * Steve Harvey is funny as * " 26 Jun 2014 00:17 Steve Harvey is the best host ever for Family Feud . Sorry Richard Dawson... 25 Jun 2014 23:44 Real question involving who was the better Family Feud host, Steve Harvey or Richard Dawson? I say Dawson. 29 May 2014 02:30 This might be gameshow blasphemy, BUT...Steve Harvey is better on Family Feud than Richard Dawson was sorry not sorry. 28 May 2014 21:13 me too!!! Steve Harvey the best host since Richard Dawson! 28 May 2014 13:00 Richard Dawson, Louie Anderson or Steve Harvey? Either way ... still sadness. 21 May 2014 17:55 We love Steve Harvey but there is still nothing better than when Richard Dawson was being a * 21 May 2014 03:21 Terry Crews is the new host for Who Wants To Be A Millionaire.. That's like going from Richard Dawson to Steve Harvey ðð 13 Mar 2014 20:32 Steve Harvey is the best host this show has ever had! And I remember the first time it aired with Richard Dawson as host. 19 Feb 2014 18:58 Steve Harvey is an excellent host and adds humor to the game. However it has developed into a contest between the blacks and white as evidenced by a group of each on most of the shows. This could lead to a controversity brought about by some of our so called "special interest groups" who disagree with just about everything. I watched the show since Richard Dawson was the host. 13 Dec 2013 15:37 Family Feud . Since its premiere in 1976, Family Feud has aired during 31 non-consecutive seasons. The show premiered on ABC and was hosted by Richard Dawson from 1976 until it was canceled in 1985, by which point it had been popular on both the network and in syndication. The series was revived by CBS in 1988 with Ray Combs hosting and expanded to an hour-long format in 1992 until its cancellation in 1993. Combs also hosted the accompanying syndicated series until 1994, when he was replaced by Dawson for one season, which also expanded to an hour-long format before being canceled in 1995. Later versions were hosted by Louie Anderson (1999â2002), Richard Karn (2002â06), and John O'Hurley (2006â10). Since the 2010â11 television season, Family Feud has been hosted by comedian/actor Steve Harvey. 16 Nov 2013 00:04 All respect to Richard Dawson, is now Steve Harvey's show. So funny. He's made watching the show a joy. 14 Nov 2013 15:05 I'd have to say either Richard Dawson or Steve Harvey. John O'Hurley was decent, Richard Karn was by far the worst 14 Nov 2013 14:52 Question for the day: favorite Family Feud host? Richard Dawson, Ray Combs , Louie Anderson , Steve Harvey. 28 Sep 2013 01:14 Steve Harvey is one very busy man. From hosting his morning radio show and his popular Daytime Talk Show, the comedian, actor and author is everywhere. AS the host of the syndicated Game Show â Family Feud ,â Harvey puts his comedic skills and his people skills to good use in the show so successfully hosted by Richard Dawson for so many years... 27 Sep 2013 21:31 It was some other guy, Richard Dawson, Richard Karn , John O'Hurley, and now Steve Harvey 31 Aug 2013 03:56 Steve Harvey is absolutely brutal as host of Family Feud . Just awful. An insult to the memory of Richard Dawson. 30 Aug 2013 03:02 binge watching Steve Harvey & his teef edition of Family Feud on GSN this entire love it, but wanna see sum Richard Dawson eps 12 Jul 2013 04:45 Steve Harvey you have NOTHING on Richard Dawson!!! He was the KING of Family Feud right ?!? 10 Jul 2013 21:47 Reference to Family Feud & a comment about needing Steve Harvey. Depressed that no one mentioned Richard Dawson. 27 Jun 2013 06:26 Wel, horse teeth Steve Harvey has cemented his position on the list( the .338 lapua list)I miss lil horny stumblin, slobbering, smooch in Richard Dawson on the died. The list you ask?, here we go- when I have the looot , phys ability & motivation, I have compiled a list of people who, I feel warrant a trip off of our beautiful planet quik fast an in a hurry, used to be wacko Jack, but the kind dr Conrad Murray has freed all of us from that moo walkn chi-mo( child molester) 11 Jun 2013 23:17 What made Richard Dawson a great Family Feud host was that he: 1) Was quietly funny and clever, only raising his voice when he called out key phrases like "survey says!" and such. 2) Knew how to make the CONTESTANTS funny and did it well. Steve Harvey is exactly the opposite. He's yelling and making stupid faces through the entire show, and he doesn't let the contestants be funny. He always needs to top what they said. What an * Horrible host. 27 May 2013 04:32 I swear, Steve Harvey on Family Feud has to be the best one since Richard Dawson 27 Mar 2013 21:49 Walked in the barber shop looking like Richard Dawson left looking like Steve Harvey. My Thai lady lays a mean fade. 27 Mar 2013 20:45 I liked John OâHurley okay. He was no Richard Dawson (or Steve Harvey), but he was alright. 16 Mar 2013 03:49 Steve Harvey might be the best Family Feud host since Richard Dawson. 14 Mar 2013 20:24 Steve Harvey was meant for the Family Feud ! Still would like to see Richard Dawson give him a big kiss...and TUPAC also. 11 Mar 2013 12:02 Is it just me---or has " Family Feud " gotten really risque with their questions/answers lately? Now I've always enjoyed playing along dating back to the Richard Dawson days (no, I do NOT plan on auditioning!), and Steve Harvey is a great host... But have any of you parents had to shield your kids' ears or change the channel? I suppose the 70s Match Game had the same thing, and they had a long run. Still, ratings for "Feud" haven't been this high in some 20 years, they say... 05 Mar 2013 04:23 Sorry all u Richard Dawson fans, but Steve Harvey is the best thing that ever happened to Family Feud . He is stinkin hilarious. 04 Mar 2013 01:47 I just read someone say that Steve Harvey is the best Family Feud host and I died inside. (FYI Richard Dawson is. Duh.) 02 Mar 2013 04:59 Remember when Richard Dawson owned the Family Feud , we went to audition on Sunset n Vine in Hollywood. Now we Have to fly all the way to Florida ? I wonder do they pay for the flight n hotel expenses ? Steve Harvey has the Family Feud just Buzzing with high ratings , the highest it's ever been ! When we auditioned in 1983 we won the audition game and then we were diaqualified because back then we were members of AFTRA . 01 Mar 2013 03:46 Steve Harvey is hands down the greatest Family Feud host of all time. 27 Feb 2013 19:53 The Family Feud is great with Steve Harvey. 18 Feb 2013 15:27 Hosting Family Fued...Should I channel my Richard Dawson and kiss all the ladies or go for Steve Harvey and be a good Christian? :b 13 Feb 2013 18:31 I know this is stupid but Steve Harvey is the best family fued host ever. Besides Richard Dawson of course. 12 Feb 2013 21:17 Whoever said Richard Dawson was a pimp didn't know my boy Steve Harvey was Iceberg Slim 11 Feb 2013 23:36 I refuse to watch Family Feud unless Steve Harvey is the host. 09 Feb 2013 17:28 I miss Family Feud too. Steve Harvey just isn't the same as Richard Dawson or Ray Combs ... Wait, I think I misunderstood... 09 Feb 2013 03:35 Steve Harvey is the best host of Family Feud ,, well besides Richard Dawson 08 Feb 2013 23:59 I'm not sure Steve Harvey is happy with his " Family Feud " hosting duties. 07 Feb 2013 23:05 I liked Family Feud better when Richard Dawson was groping women, or when John O'Hurley talked. Steve Harvey, I just don't get his deal. 07 Feb 2013 13:12 Watching a re-run of Family Feud with Richard Dawson it's gross how he kisses every female contestant.[ One of his trademarks, kissing all the female contestants, was one of the things that made the show appear to be a warm and friendly program, and he soon garnered the nickname The Kissing Bandit. On the 1985 finale Dawson explained that he kissed contestants for love and luck, something his mother did with Dawson himself as a child] Weird. 07 Feb 2013 04:24 What is your favorite TV Game Show ? Mine is Wheel of Fortune, Family Fued with Steve Harvey or Richard Dawson and Let's make a deal with Monte Hall. 30 Jan 2013 14:59 I never thought there would be another person that could replace Richard Dawson on Family Feud but I was wrong. Steve is so funny and entertaining. I truly enjoy him on the show and his own talk show now. He proves to be very compassion and smart. Thank you Steve Harvey for the many laughs and lessons in life. 28 Jan 2013 13:30 What do Richard Dawson, Ray Combs , Louie Anderson , Richard Karn , John O'Hurley, and Steve Harvey all have in common? 25 Jan 2013 23:36 NO disrespect to Richard Dawson, BUT Steve Harvey is freakin hysterical 25 Jan 2013 23:29 Watching Family Feud I think Steve Harvey is the best so far since Richard Dawson 12 Jan 2013 00:36 Steve Harvey on Family Feud rivals that of THE Richard Dawson 10 Jan 2013 00:42 Steve Harvey is certainly the best Family Feud host since Richard Dawson.. I don't know why it's important to say that, but it's true 21 Nov 2012 07:24 Who's your favorite Family Feud host? I would say Steve Harvey because he's funny and groovy. But the late Richard Dawson was the King of the Feuds. I like the answers on the surveys on Steve Harvey's incarnation of Family Feud . 17 Nov 2012 07:48 ya Steve Harvey. He's no Richard Dawson, but he's way better than Richard Karn ! 14 Nov 2012 23:57 Steve Harvey surprised me at Family Feud he is better than Richard Dawson was. Sorry * 11 Nov 2012 04:43 Steve Harvey on Family Feud is funny, but I do miss Richard Dawson. Great host, personality, and sense of humor. * he got some every show too by kissing every woman lol 09 Nov 2012 00:56 No the crap is that its rigged...and Steve Harvey is no Richard Dawson. 06 Nov 2012 00:52 Growing up, I liked watching Family Feud with Richard Dawson. Now that they have Steve Harvey as the host, I love watching it. He is so funny. 28 Oct 2012 20:59 Steve Harvey is great, but Richard Dawson was the man. Current batch of surveys are racier than 30 yrs ago. 26 Oct 2012 17:41 Steve Harvey gets third at best behind Richard Dawson and Richard Karn and YOU KNOW IT. 19 Oct 2012 01:43 all I need is Richard Dawson, Louie Anderson , Richard Karn , John O'Hurley or Steve Harvey. 11 Oct 2012 16:37 Richard Dawson is still the king, but Steve Harvey is the best new-era Feud host. 11 Oct 2012 03:56 I never was a Game Show fan , Steve Harvey has changed that now I love watching Family Fued ! Richard Dawson use to love to kiss all the women on the show! Steve Harvey loves to find humor in everything! 10 Oct 2012 16:00 With all due respect to the late Richard Dawson, Steve Harvey was born to host Family Feud . 10 Oct 2012 11:25 As my gym has certain cable channels locked in thus forcing one to watch certain shows while in the cardio area, I have come to a simple conclusion. Steve Harvey, I have seen Richard Dawson host " Family Feud " and you are NO Richard Dawson. 26 Sep 2012 21:50 Steve Harvey is the best thing to happen to Family Feud since Richard Dawson. 18 Sep 2012 12:29 I have to say, I love the Family Feud , and I've watched the latest ones with Steve Harvey. I'm watching an old one this morning with Richard Dawson. With all due respect, Steve makes the game funner to watch. Mr. Dawson seemed very grumpy back then. Makes me wonder if he enjoyed being a Game Show host. 17 Sep 2012 21:02 Steve Harvey > John O'Hurley > Louie Anderson > Richard Karn . Richard Dawson is still the king though. 10 Sep 2012 20:02 I haven't watched Family Feud since Steve Harvey took over. Richard Dawson is probably rolling in his grave. 06 Sep 2012 22:12 I love the Family Feud with Steve Harvey, but Richard Dawson will always be the Best!! 24 Aug 2012 16:32 I love Steve Harvey he just totally cracks me up !!! He makes some of those people on Family Feud look so stupid... He has made that show and I've watched it through about 6 hosts, since Richard Dawson... Yeah I know I'm OLD !!! 21 Aug 2012 03:43 When Richard Dawson was host of Family Feud mom used to say we shd go on that show. Can we go now mom? Steve Harvey cracking me up! 06 Aug 2012 23:25 Ok we are watching Family Fued(Steve Harvey) Peyton-Hey,that's not the original guy. She says, its it( Billy Mayes -stain remover man). Meaning the original guy is Billy. Me-No, original guy is Richard Dawson. Me- eye roll and laughing, thinking Only Peyton! 31 Jul 2012 22:42 Compare the questions and answers back from the Richard Dawson days to the current Steve Harvey days. 15 Jul 2012 20:07 Richard Dawson, dude from Home Improvement , Steve Harvey, handsome old white guy w/white hair but black eyebrows,love em ð 15 Jul 2012 03:03 My favorite Family Feud host is Richard Dawson, not Steve Harvey. 12 Jul 2012 05:06 Ok!!! To all my men!!! And you know who I'm talking about! I have to say this. Everyday at 12 noon I am in front of my tv watching Family Feud ! I watch it (2) because I love the show, always have even when Richard Dawson was the host but my number (1) reason now is because I love Steve Harvey!! Not only is he a great host, but as my Daddy Lovern Garnett would say, "he's sharp as a tack"! Men please take notice!!! He DOES NOT wear such colors as sparkling pinks, neon colors that change when you move, suit coats that are only long enough to cover his nice backside (being nice here) or are his sleeves hanging down to his fingers or his pants dragging the ground, and I could go on. My men if you get a chance check him out and please take notice. I love a well dressed black man!!! Yes I said it! And thank God I still know a few. Stay away from places like NYF'S!!! Try a Men's Warehouse. I love you my brother's, really I do and i'm just saying. 11 Jul 2012 12:11 Other than Steve Harvey, Richard Dawson was the 2nd best host of Family Feud .. 06 Jul 2012 18:03 Steve Harvey is the best, funniest Family Feud host since Richard Dawson. He may even surpass him in my book. 03 Jul 2012 23:12 Steve Harvey is by far the best host of Family Feud since the late, great Richard Dawson. There, I said it! Phew!! 03 Jul 2012 17:32 some vile woman just told Steve Harvey that he was a better Family Feud host than Richard Dawson. 03 Jul 2012 13:26 Steve Harvey is a fool! Steve said family fued didnt ask them kinda question when Richard Dawson worked there... 28 Jun 2012 01:25 * I can't tell which episodes are hosted by Steve Harvey! "Steve Harvey, Richard Karn , Richard Dawson" 25 Jun 2012 01:00 Who has more game Steve Harvey or Richard Dawson? 17 Jun 2012 05:53 " Family Feud " these days with incumbent host Steve Harvey are just as funny as the original shows back from 1976-1985 with the now late Richard Dawson! All the X-rated type responses & Steve's reactions to them are THE BEST! I crack up every time I watch the show! XD 12 Jun 2012 21:59 Why did I have a dream about Richard Dawson last night? Must have something to do with my repressed feelings about Steve Harvey's FF. 06 Jun 2012 22:15 These three clips are some of the funniest things I have ever seen on television. They all come from the " Family Feud ", the first one is from the Steve Harvey run, and the next two are from the Richard Dawson run. In the first clip, the question is "name something you put in your mouth but don't swallow." Of course, one contest says...well watch the clip and you will find out. The second is perhaps the most famous mishap of them all, the famous episode where during Fast Money Dawson asks "in what month does a woman begin to look pregnant?" Although the answer if funny enough, the hilarity does not begin until the second challenger comes out! Finally there is another famous clip, this one is funny from beginning to end. 05 Jun 2012 22:41 Richard Dawson, the longtime host of " Family Feud " known for planting kisses on female contestants, has died, his son said in a statement Sunday. He was 79. 04 Jun 2012 20:13 Richard Dawson's ghost just felt me up and shoved his tongue down my throat. Louie Anderson 's / Steve Harvey's ghost would never do that 04 Jun 2012 00:58 Long before Steve Harvey was the host of Family Feud , there was Richard Dawson. Alfre Woodard will return for the fifth season of HBO's True Blood . 03 Jun 2012 23:37 Shame on the media. How could they not report on the passing of Richard Dawson? For those of you who don't know, he was the original host of the Family Feud . I remember he would get hate mail from sissy * *** because he would occasionally kiss any black female that would be a contestant on the show (Dawson was a white man from Britain). He paved the way for many Family Feud hosts such as Ray Combs (god rest his soul too), Louie Anderson (I felt like he did well even though not many people felt the same way) and Steve Harvey (who I think is the best host since Dawson). R.I.P Richard Dawson. You will be missed. 03 Jun 2012 19:22 RIP to Richard Dawson, the best Game Show host ever. Yes, better than Alex Trebek , Pat Sajak , Chuck Woolery , and esp. Steve Harvey. 03 Jun 2012 18:38 'Let's play the Feud" - Richard Dawson, Family Feud host from 1976-1985. He passed away at the age of 79. Richard is best known for kissing female contestants, an idea that Ray Combs or Louie Anderson or Richard Karn or John O'Hurley or Steve Harvey did not do. 03 Jun 2012 16:15 Before Louie Anderson and Steve Harvey, there was Richard Dawson, a man who hosted Family Feud with charm, good cheer, and a predilection for kissing contestants. 23 May 2012 14:26 Name a kind of crack. The first answer in the face-off was "crack-head". That stopped the host, Steve Harvey cold as he stood there in disbelief. Meanwhile, bot 23 May 2012 03:01 I haven't really enjoyed since the Richard Dawson days, but I'll admit that Steve Harvey is doing a helluva job as host! 20 May 2012 03:28 I like that on Family Feud Steve Harvey is giving away the same amount that Richard Dawson did in '74 19 May 2012 23:14 Family Feud hosts in order of greatness: 1. Richard Dawson 2. Steve Harvey 3. Louie Anderson 4. John O'Hurley 5. Richard Karn 6. Ray Combs (Looking back, his impending suicide was well-telegraphed) In other news, I will be at BareBones Grill in Ellicott City , MD w/ the Big Boy Little Band tonight.	Richard Dawson
Published today in 1949, which George Orwell novel features Winston Smith and Big Brother?	The 25 Greatest Game Shows Of All Time - PopCrunch The 25 Greatest Game Shows Of All Time by William March 18, 2013 TV game shows have entertained viewers for years with everything from trivia questions to reality competitions – read on for our picks of the 25 greatest game shows of all time. 25. Love Connection Hosts: Chuck Woolery (1983-1995), Pat Bullard (1998-1999) Years on TV: 1983-1995; 1998-1999 Super-suave Chuck Woolery hosted Love Connection, a different take on The Dating Game, where contestants would select their match from three potential dates. The audience voted on which date they thought was the perfect match and the contestant would reveal his/her choice. Chuck’s interview of the couple’s date provided some of the best moments – especially when the dates were a total disaster. 24. Name That Tune Hosts: Red Benson, Bill Cullen, George DeWitt, Richard Hayes, Dennis James, Tom Kennedy, Jim Lange Years on TV: 1953 -1959; 1974-1981; 1984-1985 Name That Tune is the predecessor of shows like “Don’t Forget the Lyrics,” and yeah, looking back it is heavy on the cheese. But who didn’t love the courage of those contestants who could “name that tune in two notes” – for reals? 23. Double Dare Hosts: Marc Summers, Bruce Jenner, Jason Harris Years on TV: 1986-1993 Nickelodeon kids’ channel featured plenty of slime and other messiness with the kids’ game show Double Dare. Hosted by super cheeseball Marc Summers (he of the Cosby sweaters), kids were put through their paces with trivia questions and physical challenges. Each show ended with a sloppy obstacle course. 22. Press Your Luck Host: Peter Tomarken Years on TV: 1983-1986 Any game show where eager contestants shout out “Big bucks! No whammies!” has to make the list, despite the dorky animated “Whammy” character that took away contestants’ cash and prizes. Check out this video of some whammy highlights: 21. Queen for a Day Host: Jack Bailey Years on TV: 1947–1964; 1969–1970 An oldie for sure, but in its day, Queen for a Day allowed women to escape their everyday drudgery and become royalty (if only for a day) when the audience voted the biggest sob story with the applause meter. We’d love to see this one make a comeback – but spa vacations would have to replace a new washer and dryer, for sure. 20. The Mole (1st two seasons) Host: Anderson Cooper Years on TV: 2001 – 2004; 2008 The Mole had a great thing going during its first two seasons on the air with host Anderson Cooper. Then he went and got all schmancy CNN newsman and The Mole took a dive into celebrity territory. The Mole made a revival in 2008, but it couldn’t hold a candle to those first two seasons. 19. Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? Host: Jeff Foxworthy Years on TV: 2007- present Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader is genius, right? Challenge contestants to show their smarts with elementary school questions… only it’s not so easy to recall fifth grade history when you’re all grown up. Hosted by the most famous redneck of all, Jeff Foxworthy makes the losing contestants fess up “I am not smarter than a 5th grader.” Oh the misery. 18. Cash Cab Host: Ben Bailey (US) Years on TV: 2005 – present Who needs an elaborate and/or cheesy game show set when the whole thing can take place in a pimped out taxi cab? Hosted by comedian Ben Bailey, this game show on wheels is a clever diversion from your typical trivia show – and makes you wish the cash cab would pull up the next time you hail a taxi. 17. The Dating Game Hosts: Jim Lange (1965-1980), Elaine Joyce (1986-1988), Jeff McGregor (1988-1989), Brad Sherwood (1996-1997), Chuck Woolery (1997-2000) Years on TV: 1965-1980; 1986-1989, 1996-2000 The Dating Game is the original matchmaking game show (Take that, The Bachelor!), starting in 1965 and running through 1980 with host Jim Lange, who introduced the show’s signature ending of blowing a kiss to the viewers. The Dating Game saw a variety of hosts through the years but ended with the big cheese of game show hosts himself, Chuck Woolery. Host: Ken Ober Years on TV: 1987 – 1990 This MTV game show classic combined pop culture with quirky host Ken Ober, a unique format and a set that was supposed to be Ken’s mom’s basement. Losing contestants were sucked off the set in their leather recliners and don’t forget the final challenge – naming music videos from clips played on a pile of TVs. 15. Pyramid Hosts: Dick Clark (1973-1988), Bill Cullen (1974-1979), John Davidson (1991-1992), Donny Osmond (2002-2004) Years on TV: 1973-1988; 1991-1992; 2002-2004 Whether it was $10,000 or $100,000, the set for Pyramid was a killer – those monitors for the clues and of course, the ultimate final pyramid challenge with the fenced in “winner’s circle” and the cubes that revealed each correct answer in the pyramid. Classic Pyramid! 14. Win Ben Stein’s Money Host: Ben Stein Years on TV: 1997 – 2003 Who would’ve thought that lawyer and presidential speechwriter Ben Stein would be a worthy host and competitor on a Comedy Central game show? The host became a contestant during the second segment and the final challenge pitted the winning contestant against Ben Stein himself! And don’t forget sidekick Jimmy Kimmel for the fun factor during the first three years. 13. The Newlywed Game Hosts: Bob Eubanks (1966-2000), Jim Lange (1984), Paul Rodriguez (1988-1989), Gary Kroeger (1996-1997) Years on TV: 1966-2000 The Newlywed Game delivered some of the best TV game show memories in the history of the genre. Originally hosted by Bob Eubanks, The Newlywed Game introduced audiences to “whoopee” as viewers learned about newly married couples’ sex lives in a test to see how well each knew the other. 12.Family Feud Hosts: Richard Dawson (1976–1985; 1994–1995), Ray Combs (1988–1994), Louie Anderson (1999–2002), Richard Karn (2002–2006), John O’Hurley (2006–present, daytime), Al Roker (Summer 2008, Celebrity Family Feud) Years on TV: 1976 -1995; 1999-present While Family Feud really hit its stride in the 70s and early 80s with host Richard Dawson (although he was totally creepy kissing all the ladies), it’s seen mini-revivals along the way with hosts like Ray Combs, Louie Anderson, Richard Karn and John O’Hurley. Survey says! Family Feud is a winner. 11. Let’s Make a Deal Hosts: Monty Hall (1963-1977; 1980-1981; 1984-1986; 1990-1991), Bob Hilton (1990), Billy Bush (2003) Years on TV: 1963-1977; 1980-1981; 1984-1986; 1990-1991; 2003 If you had to name one of the zaniest game shows, Let’s Make a Deal would definitely fit the bill. Part of the fun was host Monty Hall’s selection of contestants from an audience of people in crazy costumes trying to stand out in the crowd. Once the dealing began, contestants could choose from behind door or curtain number one, two or three – with either legit prizes or total crap. 10. Password Host: Allen Ludden, Tom Kennedy (Password Plus), Bert Convy (Super Password), Regis Philbin (Million Dollar Password) Years on TV: 1961-1967; 1971-1975 (Password Plus 1979); (Super Password 1984-1989); (Million Dollar Password) You had to love the hushed announcer revealing the secret password: “The password is…” Password offered up plenty of great celebrity appearances (C’mon! Betty White rules Password!) and a variety of dimwitted clues and answers. Here’s a great Super Password clip featuring major screw ups by Patty Duke, Rip Taylor and host Bert Convy. 9. Hollywood Squares Hosts: Peter Marshall (1966-1981), Jon Bauman (1983-1984), John Davidson (1986-1989), Tom Bergeron (1998-2004) Years on TV: 1966-1981; 1983-1984; 1986-2004 Circle gets the square! It’s tic-tac-toe, celebrity style – what’s not to love? The scripted comedy on Hollywood Squares was delivered better by some than others (Hello? Paul Lynde in the center square?!) and featured regulars like Florence Henderson, Sandy Duncan, George Gobel and Joan Rivers. A 1998 revival put Whoopi Goldberg in the center square for four seasons. 8. Deal or No Deal Host: Howie Mandel Years on TV: 2005 – present Deal or No Deal put Howie Mandel back on the map – that alone has gotta be worthy of landing on our list of the 25 greatest game shows. Add Mandel’s dramatic pauses, calls from the banker and crazed contestants playing a game of chance for $1 million, and… well, we just dare you to look away. (Bonus points for sexy girls with briefcases.) 7. Wheel of Fortune Host: Chuck Woolery (1975- 1983), Pat Sajak, (1983-present) Years on TV: 1975 – present It’s not the longest-running syndicated game show for nothing…Wheel of Fortune has only slightly evolved over the years though, updating the puzzle board with touch technology (hey, you don’t want Vanna White hurting herself by turning those letters!) and giving the wheel a new look over time. Question is, how much longer can Vanna do this before she’s rolling a walker in front of the puzzle board? 6. Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Hosts: Regis Philbin (1999-2002), Meredith Vieira (2002 – present) Years on TV: 1999 – present Who Wants to be a Millionaire revolutionized the way game shows looked and paved the way for a sexier crop of new shows. Many copycats have employed the dramatic lights and music, but few new game shows can compete with the popularity of Who Wants to be a Millionaire. Final answer. 5. Match Game Hosts: Gene Rayburn (1962–1969, 1973-1982, 1983-1984), Ross Shafer (1990–1991), Michael Burger (1998–2000) Years on TV: 1962-1969; 1973-1984; 1990-1991; 1998-2000 Who didn’t love those fill in the blank questions about Dumb Dora – and the saucy answers the panel offered up? While the celebrity panelists changed over the years, there was no denying the funny that regulars Brett Somers and Charles Nelson Reilly brought to the group. 4. Survivor Host: Jeff Probst Years on TV: 2000 – present While host Jeff Probst, the challenges and Tribal Council have worn thin over the years, you can’t beat the dynamics of folks trying to outwit, outplay and outlast their competition. You can’t deny the Survivor juggernaut. Just try. We dare you. 3. The Amazing Race Host: Phil Keoghan Years on TV: 2001-present The Amazing Race took the reality competition game show concept and turned it on its ear – sending teams around the world in a variety of challenges. Sometimes the biggest challenge is the travel logistics, while other times language barriers and driving a stick shift (duh!) slow down the teams. Factor in top notch host Phil Keoghan and you’ve got reality game show gold. 2. Jeopardy! Hosts: Art Fleming (1964-1975, 1978-1979), Alex Trebek (1984–present) Years on TV: 1964-1975; 1978-present Let’s all hum the Final Jeopardy! thinking song, shall we? The ultimate quiz game show – but with a twist – provide your answers in the form of a question. While Art Fleming was the original Jeopardy! host, it’s really Alex Trebek who people identify with the show. Oh, Alex Trebek, how we love your smugness! 1. The Price is Right Hosts: Bull Cullen (1956-1965), Bob Barker (1972-2007), Drew Carey (2007-present) Years on TV: 1956-1965; 1972-present Come on down!! Host Bob Barker made The Price is Right a game show institution and Drew Carey is doing a noble job of carrying the torch. The contestant frenzy, combined with a variety of games (Plinko, anyone?) and the beautiful Price is Right models made the show a hit for the 35 years Barker hosted. 35 more with Drew Carey?	i don't know
In the classic L. Frank Baum story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, which of Dorothy's traveling companion was searching for a heart?	The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Quotes by L. Frank Baum “Oh, I see;" said the Tin Woodman. "But, after all, brains are not the best things in the world." Have you any?" enquired the Scarecrow. No, my head is quite empty," answered the Woodman; "but once I had brains, and a heart also; so, having tried them both, I should much rather have a heart.”	Tin Woodman
What is stored in a scabbard?	The Wizard of Oz as a satirical allegory of money and politics in 1900 Money and politics in the land of Oz The extraordinary story behind the extraordinary story of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by Quentin P.Taylor, Professor of history, Rogers State College Editor's Note: Here is the extraordinary story behind the extraordinary story of 'TheWonderfulWizard of Oz'. Most of us have seen the movie version of this allegorical tale, but few of us are aware of what the various characters, places and things represented in the mind of Frank Baum, the tale's author. Professor Quentin Taylor of Rogers State University invitingly titles the piece presented below 'Money and Politics in the Land of Oz'. Though 'The Wonderful Wizard of Oz' was written over 100 years ago, the themes will be recongizable to those with an interest in golden matters. While many today consider gold an instrument of financial and personal freedom, in Baum's tale, it is painted as a villain -- the tool of oppression. So, as you are about to see, we have come full circle, and gold has travelled a yellow brick road of its own. Happy reading. - Michael Kosares Abstract: L. Frank Baum claimed to have written The Wonderful Wizard of Oz "solely to pleasure the children" of his day, but scholars have found enough parallels between Dorothy's yellow-brick odyssey and the politics of 1890s Populism to suggest otherwise. Did Baum intend to pen a subtle political satire on monetary reform or merely an entertaining fantasy? "The story of 'The Wonderful Wizard of Oz' was written solely to pleasure children of today" (Dighe 2002, 42). So wrote L. Frank Baum in the introduction to his popular children's story published in 1900. As fertile as his imagination was, Baum could hardly have conceived that his "modernized fairly tale" would attain immortality when it was adapted to the silver screen forty years later. Though not a smash hit at the time of its release, The Wizard of Oz soon captured the hearts of the movie-going public, and it has retained its grip ever since. With its stirring effects, colorful characters, and memorable music (not to mention Judy Garland's dazzling performance), the film has delighted young and old alike for three generations. Yet, as everyone knows, The Wizard of Oz is more than just another celluloid classic; it has become a permanent part of American popular culture. Oz as Allegory Is Oz, however, merely a children's story, as its author claimed? For a quarter of a century after its film debut, no one seemed to think otherwise. This view would change completely when an obscure high school teacher published an essay in American Quarterly claiming that Baum's charming tale concealed a clever allegory on the Populist movement, the agrarian revolt that swept across the Midwest in the 1890s. In an ingenuous act of imaginative scholarship, Henry M. Littlefield linked the characters and the story line of the Oz tale to the political landscape of the Mauve Decade. The discovery was little less than astonishing: Baum's children's story was in fact a full-blown "parable on populism," a "vibrant and ironic portrait" of America on the eve of the new century (Littlefield 1964, 50). In supporting this thesis, Littlefield drew on Baum's experience as a journalist before he wrote Oz. As editor of a small newspaper in Aberdeen, South Dakota, Baum had written on politics and current events in the late 1880s and early 1890s, a period that coincided with the formation of the Populist Party. Littlefield also indicated that Baum was sympathetic to the Populist movement, supported William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1896, and, though not an activist, consistently voted for Democratic candidates. (In 1896, the Populists joined the Democrats in backing Bryan's bid for the presidency.) Finally, Littlefield noted Baum's penchant for political satire as evidenced by his second Oz tale, which lampoons feminism and the suffragette movement. In coupling Baum's political and literary proclivities, Littlefield built on the work of Martin Gardner and Russel B. Nye, who were among the first to take a serious interest in "The Royal Historian of Oz." According to Nye, Baum all but admitted that his writings contained a veiled subtext, confessing his desire to pen stories that would "bear the stamp of our times and depict the progressive fairies of the day" (Gardiner and Nye 1957, 1). For Littlefield, Baum's revelation appeared decisive. Yet even without it, the numerous parallels and analogies between the Oz story and contemporary politics were "far too consistent to be coincidental" (1964, 58). And although the parable remains in a "minor key" and is not allowed to interfere with the fantasy, "the author's allegorical intent seems clear"-that is, to produce "a gentle and friendly Midwestern critique of the Populist rationale" (50, 58, 57). The reaction to Littlefield was, predictably, mixed. Scholars and teachers, who saw the allegorical reading (as Littlefield himself had) as a useful "teaching mechanism," tended to be enthusiastic. Many among the Oz faithful, however, were not impressed, including Baum's great-grandson, who curtly dismissed the parable thesis as "insane" (Moyer 1998, 46). Although neither side produced much evidence, Littlefield's interpretation gained widespread currency in academic circles, and by the 1980s it had assumed the proportions of an "urban legend," as history textbooks and scholarly works on Populism paid homage to the Oz allegory. The contention that Oz is a cleverly crafted political parable reached its apogee in the erudite pages of the Journal of Political Economy. In an article entitled "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory" (1990), Hugh Rockoff examined the analogies between Baum's use of imagery and the monetary politics of the Populist era. In the book version of Oz, Dorothy treads the Yellow Brick Road in silver shoes, not in ruby slippers. Silver shoes on a golden road? A key plank in the Populist platform was a demand for "free silver" -- that is, the "free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold" at a fixed ratio of sixteen to one. Populists and other free-silver proponents advocated unlimited coinage of the white metal in order to inflate the money supply, thus making it easer for cash-strapped farmers and small businessmen to borrow money and pay off debts. At the Democratic National Convention in 1896, the assembled delegates nominated William Jennings Bryan, an avid supporter of free silver, for president. The Bryan nomination created a split in the Democratic Party, as gold-standard delegates bolted the convention. When the Populists convened two weeks later, they decided to endorse Bryan, putting all their reformist eggs in the free-silver basket. When Bryan was roundly defeated by the "sound money" Republican William McKinley, the Populist Party, which had considerable strength in the Midwest and South, fell into rapid decline. By 1900, when Bryan was again defeated by McKinley, Populism already had one foot in the political grave. According to Rockoff, the monetary politics of the 1896 campaign, which divided the electorate into "silverites" and "goldbugs," supplied the central backdrop for Baum's allegorical adaptation. Incorporating the analogies developed by Littlefield and others, and adding a few of his own, Rockoff provided a detailed and sustained analysis of the political and economic issues symbolically refracted in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. With Rockoff, the allegorical interpretation reached a peak of sophistication, yet its subsequent decline was no less precipitous than that of the Populist Party itself. In 1991, Michael Hearn, a leading Baum scholar, published a letter in the New York Times that demolished Gardner and Nye's claim (based on interviews with Baum's son and biographer) that Baum was a Democrat and a Bryan supporter. Indeed, the record shows that Baum was neither. His editorials for the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer expressed support for Republican candidates and criticized the nascent Populist movement. Later, during the 1896 campaign, Baum published a poem championing McKinley and his economic policies: "Our merchants won't be trembling / At the silverites' dissembling / When McKinley gets the chair!" Further evidence, from Baum's later books and activities, indicates that he was, if not a regular Republican, then certainly no Democrat or Populist. On the basis of these revelations, Hearn found "no evidence that Baum's story is in any way a Populist allegory," and he concluded that the Littlefield reading "has no basis in fact" (1992). In response, Littlefield conceded that "there is no basis in fact to consider Baum a supporter of turn-of-the-century Populist ideology," adding that whatever Baum's intentions were in writing Oz, he kept them to himself (1992). The Oz purists could only rejoice. The postmortem on the symbolic reading of Baum soon followed. In "The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a 'Parable on Populism,'" David Parker recounted the curious interpretive history of the first Oz book. Although bowing to the evidence, Parker attempted to salvage the allegorical interpretation as "a useful pedagogical device . . . [for] illustrating a number of Gilded Age issues" (1994, 58), but he suggested that other interpretations might be "just as compelling" (59). Given its rich imagery and suggestive plot, Baum's story, Parker concluded, can be "anything we want it to be-including, if we wish, a parable on Populism" (59). This judgment would seem to be the final word on what is certainly one of the most fascinating literary puzzles of the twentieth century. On the surface, this verdict is confirmed by Ranjit S. Dighe in a recent edition of Baum's immortal tale. In The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory, Dighe concludes that the story "is almost certainly not a conscious Populist allegory," but, like Parker, he believes "the book works" as one (2002, 8). Really the Last Word? This "solution" to the riddle may have been intended to pull the curtain on a wellworn debate, but it only begs the question: If Oz "works" so well as an allegory, why discount the likelihood that it was meant as an allegory? Ironically, Dighe provides ample circumstantial evidence that it was. First, Baum was, if not politically active, then undoubtedly well informed. As a journalist and editor, he was familiar with the political events and controversies of the day, and he commented liberally on a number of them. Second, all agree that Baum injected political satire into some of his later works, including the 1902 stage production of Oz, which parodied the Populists, among others. A final and perhaps more telling sign is found in Baum's enigmatic personality. Friends and family members have attested to his penchant for jesting and playful dissimulation. "Everything he said had to be taken with at least a half-pound of salt," recalled one acquaintance (qtd. in Dighe 2002, 8). Similarly, a nephew noted Baum's habit of "tell[ing] wild tales, with a perfectly straight face, and earnestly, as though he really believed them himself" (qtd. in Dighe 2002, 8). There is also an anecdote that Baum spoke on behalf of a Republican candidate on one day, then gave the same speech in favor of a Democrat on another day (Hearn 1992). Taken together, these facts suggest that if anyone was likely to create a political satire out of an innocent children's story, it was L. Frank Baum (Koupal 2001). But Baum was a sophisticated satirist, who most likely understood that the most effective satire is guileless and keeps the reader guessing as to the author's true intent (Koupal 1989). This sophistication explains the disclaimer in the introduction to Oz: the claim that the book was "written solely to pleasure children of today." Dighe suggests that this "odd disclaimer" may have been a "hint" that Baum intended to conceal a message in the text (2002, 42). Indeed, to do so was fully consistent with Baum's personality and later writings. Why else claim that a children's book's was "written solely" for children unless the author wished to imply just the opposite? In light of the obvious parallels and correspondences in Oz, the disclaimer stands revealed for what it truly is: the preliminary staging of an elaborate jest. That most readers did not "get it" only added to its success, for Baum, a connoisseur of the preposterous, nourished the pleasures of the private joke (see William Leach's introduction to Baum [1900] 1991). With these considerations in mind, the alleged "triumph" of the revisionist view is not merely a qualified and tentative victory, but no victory at all. First, Littlefield and his supporters never claimed to have proved that Baum wrote a deliberate, conscious parable. True, Littlefield did propose to "demonstrate" the presence of "a symbolic allegory" in Oz, but he conceded that his specific findings were "theoretical" (50, 58). Second, he can hardly be blamed for the erroneous details regarding Baum's political proclivities. More important, Baum's politics, which were highly eclectic, have little bearing on the question of whether or not Oz contains a symbolic allegory. Littlefield's critics often present Baum's quasi-Republican and anti-Populist credentials as "proof" that he could not have intended to write a Populist parable. The assumption rests on the claim that he interpreted Oz in a pro-Populist vein, yet Littlefield read Baum's allegory as a "critique of the Populist rationale," not as a defense. Finally, Littlefield recognized that the principal value of the allegorical interpretation was pedagogical; the author's intent was only a secondary consideration. The revisionists clearly have overstated their case, and observers such as Parker and Dighe have conceded too much. Even Michael Gessel, the skeptical editor of the Baum newsletter, admits that "The Wizard can be viewed as a political tale" (1992). Gessel's admission underscores the difficulty of simply dismissing the allegorical interpretation or ascribing it to Baum's "subconscious." Despite Dighe's own skepticism, his recent edition, which lists virtually every alleged political-cum-monetary analogy in Oz, only adds further weight to the contention that Littlefield was essentially right. Although some of the parallels are more tenuous than others, many are so obvious and palpable as to defy coincidence. Their cumulative effect-not only in number, but in coherence-warrants a strong presumption that Baum's fairy tale contains a conscious political subtext. In conjunction with what is known about Baum and his oeuvre, it is reasonable to conclude that The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was in large part intended along the lines Littlefield laid down forty years ago. The "riddle" of Oz is not such a riddle after all; it is "solved" in much the manner one identifies a duck, on the basis of its attributes. The question of Baum's intention in writing Oz, though of interest to the literary sleuth, is clearly secondary to the allegory itself. Now that the numerous elements of Baum's parable have been gathered and set down, it may appear that little remains to be said. Perhaps nothing original or groundbreaking remains undiscovered, yet because Dighe presents these elements as annotations to Baum's text, we still lack an integrated, expository account that incorporates all the relevant metaphors and analogies. Acknowledging in advance my debt to Littlefield, Rockoff, and Dighe, I attempt to give such an account here. For purposes of coherence and clarity, I take the allegorical reading for granted and generally avoid qualifying language. A number of analogies are admittedly subject to more than one interpretation, and I make no claim that Baum himself intended each one. Rather, I have adopted (and occasionally embellished) those that fit the Populist parable best. Dorothy (and Toto) of Kansas Dorothy, the protagonist of the story, represents an individualized ideal of the American people. She is each of us at our best-kind but self-respecting, guileless but levelheaded, wholesome but plucky. She is akin to Everyman, or, in modern parlance, "the girl next door." Dorothy lives in Kansas, where virtually everything-the treeless prairie, the sun-beaten grass, the paint-stripped house -- even Aunt Em and Uncle Henry -- is a dull, drab, lifeless gray. This grim depiction reflects the forlorn condition of Kansas in the late 1880s and early 1890s, when a combination of scorching droughts, severe winters, and an invasion of grasshoppers reduced the prairie to an uninhabitable wasteland. The result for farmers and all who depended on agriculture for their livelihood was devastating. Many ascribed their misfortune to the natural elements, called it quits, and moved on. Others blamed the hard times on bankers, the railroads, and various middlemen who seemed to profit at the farmers' expense. Angry victims of the Kansas calamity also took aim at the politicians, who often appeared indifferent to their plight. Around these economic and political grievances, the Populist movement coalesced. In the late 1880s and early 1890s, Populism spread rapidly throughout the Midwest and into the South, but Kansas was always the site of its most popular and radical elements. In 1890, Populist candidates began winning seats in state legislatures and Congress, and two years later Populists in Kansas gained control of the lower house of the state assembly, elected a Populist governor, and sent a Populist to the U.S. Senate. The twister that carries Dorothy to Oz symbolizes the Populist cyclone that swept across Kansas in the early 1890s. Baum was not the first to use the metaphor. Mary E. Lease, a fire-breathing Populist orator, was often referred to as the "Kansas Cyclone," and the free-silver movement was often likened to a political whirlwind that had taken the nation by storm. Although Dorothy does not stand for Lease, Baum did give her (in the stage version) the last name "Gale"-a further pun on the cyclone metaphor. The name of Dorothy's canine companion, Toto, is also a pun, a play on teetotaler. Prohibitionists were among the Populists' most faithful allies, and the Populist hope William Jennings Bryan was himself a "dry." As Dorothy embarks on the Yellow Brick Road, Toto trots "soberly" behind her, just as the Prohibitionists soberly followed the Populists. The Baum Witch Project When Dorothy's twister-tossed house comes to rest in Oz, it lands squarely on the wicked Witch of the East, killing her instantly. The startled girl emerges from the abode to find herself in a strange land of remarkable beauty, whose inhabitants, the diminutive Munchkins, rejoice at the death of the Witch. The Witch represents eastern financial-industrial interests and their gold-standard political allies, the main targets of Populist venom. Midwestern farmers often blamed their woes on the nefarious practices of Wall Street bankers and the captains of industry, whom they believed were engaged in a conspiracy to "enslave" the "little people," just as the Witch of the East had enslaved the Munchkins. Populists viewed establishment politicians, including presidents, as helpless pawns or willing accomplices. Had not President Cleveland bowed to eastern bankers by repealing the Silver Purchase Act in 1893, thus further restricting much-needed credit? Had not McKinley (prompted by the wealthy industrialist Mark Hanna) made the gold standard the centerpiece of his campaign against Bryan and free silver? It is apt, then, that Dorothy acquires the Witch of the East's silver shoes at the behest of the good Witch of the North, who stands for the electorate of the upper Midwest, where Populism gained considerable support. (Later in the story, good witches are identified with the color white; silver is known as "the white metal.") Still, for all her goodness, the Witch of the North, like the voters of the upper Midwest, is no match for the malign forces of the East, her tender "kiss" on Dorothy's forehead (electoral support) notwithstanding. The death of the wicked Witch, however, is cause for rejoicing-the "little people" (owing to the destruction of eastern power) are now free. All along, the Munchkins were vaguely aware that their bondage was somehow linked to the silver shoes, but the shoes' precise power was never known. Similarly, although Wall Street and the eastern establishment understood silver's power, common farmers knew little of monetary matters, and bimetalism failed to resonate with eastern workers, who voted against Bryan in droves. After Dorothy and her companions reach Emerald City, the Wizard sends them to kill the wicked Witch of the West. This Witch is also a cruel enslaver, and she appears to represent a composite of the malign forces of nature that plagued farmers in the Midwest and the power brokers of that region. The former menace is mirrored in the Witch's dominion, which recalls the parched plains of western Kansas, and by the ferocious wolves, ravenous crows, and venomous bees that she sends to destroy Dorothy and her friends. Each predator is summoned by blowing on a silver whistle, another example of a malicious use of the white metal. When the Witch's minions are themselves destroyed, she calls on the Winged Monkeys through the magic of a golden cap. The cap had already been used twice, once to enslave the Winkies and again to drive the Wizard out of the West, patent injustices committed through the power of gold. Yet in summoning the Monkeys, the Witch exhausts the cap's charm, and the flying simians (who had been forced to assist in her evil deeds) are liberated. The power of gold proves finite and illusory, and it requires the coexistence of silver (bimetalism) to sustain its power. No wonder the wicked Witch is so keen to possess Dorothy's silver shoes. The malign manipulation of gold and silver by the wicked Witch represents the other half of the western menace: the self-interested juggling of metal currency by the western nabobs. McKinley of Ohio, for example, supported the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, voted for its repeal in 1893, and made the gold standard the cornerstone of his 1896 presidential bid. Mark Hanna, also of Ohio, served as McKinley's campaign manager and close advisor, and he was widely viewed as the Richelieu behind the throne. (Vilified by the Populists, Hanna had William Allen White's scathing attack on the Populists-"What's the Matter with Kansas?"-circulated throughout the country during the campaign.) Not surprisingly, the Wizard requires the death of the wicked Witch of the West before he will grant Dorothy's "party" its wishes. The Witch's demise by water ends her evil reign, liberates her slaves, and restores the silver shoe she had stolen from Dorothy. In one fell swoop, the parched lands are watered, the farmers are freed, and silver is returned to its rightful owner, the people. The fourth witch, Glinda of the South, is a good witch who, unlike her northern counterpart, understands the power of Dorothy's silver shoes. In 1896, Bryan's Democratic-Populist ticket carried the South, and some of the strongest silverites in Congress were from the South, whereas northern support for Bryan and free silver was more moderate. In Oz, the denizens of the South, the Quadlings, are described as an odd race who never travel to Emerald City and dislike strangers traveling across their land. Not since the 1860s had a southerner served as president, and immigrants and northerners were generally unwelcome in the South. Moreover, the road to the land of the Quadlings is perilous and rife with dangers. For those who were "different" (including resident blacks), the South could be a dangerous place indeed. The Three Amigos In the hope that the Wizard will help her return to Kansas, Dorothy embarks on the Yellow Brick Road to Emerald City. After traveling several miles, she encounters the Scarecrow, who does not "know anything" because he has "no brains at all." The brainless Scarecrow represents the midwestern farmers, whose years of hardship and subjection to ridicule had created a sense of inferiority and self-doubt. Populist leaders such as William Peffer and "Sockless" Jerry Simpson were often portrayed as deluded simpletons who failed to understand the true causes of their economic plight. The Populists' "stupidity" was also attested to by their apocalyptic rhetoric, conspiracy theories, and radical agenda, which included nationalization of the railroads, a graduated income tax, and the unlimited coinage of silver. Critics scoffed at their overblown rants, mocked their paranoid style, and dismissed their simplistic nostrums as the distempered ravings of "socialist hayseeds." The picture of the Scarecrow is not so one-sided. His conduct on the journey through Oz is marked by common sense, resilience, and rectitude. He is not so dumb after all. As we learn near the end of the story, the Scarecrow-cum-farmer had brains all along-perhaps brains enough to grasp the true causes of his misery and the basics of monetary policy. On the trek through the forest, where the road is in disrepair, the Scarecrow stumbles and falls on the "hard [yellow] bricks," a reference to the Populist claim that the gold standard had a damaging impact on farmers and the people at large. Still, the Scarecrow is "never hurt" by his falls, which suggests that the yellow metal was not the real culprit of the farmer's woes. Proceeding down the road, the duo encounter the Tin Woodman. Once healthy and productive, the Woodman was cursed by the wicked Witch of the East, lost his dexterity, and accidentally hacked off his limbs. Each lost appendage was replaced with tin until the Woodman was made entirely of metal. In essence, the Witch of the East (big business) reduced the Woodman to a machine, a dehumanized worker who no longer feels, who has no heart. As such, the Tin Man represents the nation's workers, in particular the industrial workers with whom the Populists hoped to make common cause. His rusted condition parallels the prostrated condition of labor during the depression of 1890s; like many workers of that period, the Tin Man is unemployed. Yet, with a few drops of oil, he is able to resume his customary labors-a remedy akin to the "pump-priming" measures that Populists advocated. Having liberated the Tin Man, the trio proceeds through the forest, only to be accosted by a roaring lion. He is none other than William Jennings Bryan, the Nebraska representative in Congress and later the Democratic presidential candidate in 1896 and 1900. Bryan (which rhymes with "lion," a near homonym of "lying") was known for his "roaring" rhetoric and was occasionally portrayed in the press as a lion, as was the Populist Party itself. Bryan adopted the free-silver mantra and won the Populists' support in his first race against McKinley. Like the Lion of Oz, Bryan was the last to "join" the party. His defeat in the general election was largely owing to his failure to win the support of eastern workers, just as the Lion's claws "could make no impression" on the Tin Man. Although Bryan's supporters considered him courageous, his critics thought him "cowardly" for opposing war with Spain in 1898 and the subsequent annexation of the Philippines. Yet, for anti-imperialists, who counted many Populists among their ranks, Bryan's unpopular stand was courageous indeed. Less courageous, however, were his final decision to vote for annexation (albeit as a tactical move) and his failure to fight vigorously for free silver in the election of 1900, both of which disappointed Populists. Still, the Lion, without knowing that he possesses courage, really does. Near the end of the story, he slays a spiderlike monster that is terrorizing the animals of the forest. The predatory beast symbolizes the great trusts and corporations that were thought to dominate economic life at the turn of the century. Cast as the chief villains in the Populist drama, the trusts were often portrayed as "monsters" of one kind or another. "Sockless" Jerry Simpson called the railroads a "giant spider that controlled our commerce and transportation" (qtd. in Clanton 1991, 51), and the author of Coin's Financial School, the leading free-silver tract of the 1890s, represented the Rothschild money trust as an octopus. Baum himself used the monopoly-as-octopus metaphor in a number of later works, including a specific reference to the Standard Oil Company. Breaking up the trusts and nationalizing the railroads were key components of the Populist agenda, and Bryan favored trust busting if not outright nationalization. Accordingly, the Lion attacks and kills the great beast by knocking off its head. Freed from the eight-legged monster, the grateful forest dwellers vow fealty to the conquering Lion. Would not the Populists have done likewise if Bryan had defeated McKinley and, presumably, slain the trusts? Of Mice and Monkeys Another scrape with a menacing beast recapitulates the metaphor. When a "great yellow Wildcat" lights upon the Queen of the Field Mice, the Tin Man decapitates the feral feline with a single swing of his ax. For delivering the Queen from her "enemy," the mice pledge obedience to the Tin Man. Their first act of service is to rescue the Lion from the "deadly poppy fields," where the powerful scent of the flowers has felled the king of beasts. The diminutive rodents represent the common people, and the "yellow" cat is yet another reference to the malign power of gold. By killing the Wildcat, the Tin Man symbolically slays a chief "enemy" of the people. The timely support of the mice parallels the importance of the common folk in Bryan's bid for the presidency. The Winged Monkeys, the unwilling minions of the Witch of the West, add a further dimension to the Oz allegory. These creatures represent the Plains Indians. As the Monkeys' leader relates, "we were a free people, living happily in the great forest flying from tree to tree, eating nuts and fruit, and doing just as we pleased without calling anybody master." The Monkey King admits to having engaged in a degree of "mischief," but nothing to justify the harsh treatment the Monkeys received when "Oz came out of the clouds to rule over this land." The Monkeys were initially sequestered, a reference to the government's reservation policy. Later, they are forced to do the bidding of the Western Witch, who commands them with the golden cap. Yet the Monkeys are not inherently bad; they have become so only through an unnatural and evil force. This scenario parallels the view of reformers who blamed the Indians' condition on the whites' inhumane practices. Under Dorothy's benevolent influence, the Monkeys are kind and helpful-that is to say, "assimulated." Chinatown and the Yellow Winkies On the journey to find Glinda, the good Witch of the South, Dorothy and company pass through Dainty China Country, which they enter by climbing over a high white wall. China and its Great Wall are the obvious references. But what does China have to do with Gilded Age politics? First, China was in the process of being divided by the great powers (including the United States) into "spheres of influence" for the purpose of commercial exploitation. In 1899 and 1900, Secretary of State John Hay issued the famous "Open Door" notes in an effort to prevent rival nations from gaining "unfair" economic advantages in China. Second, the Celestial Kingdom was the only major nation still on the silver standard. It is apt, then, that Dainty China Country's wall and floor are white, the color of silver bullion. Third, the Lion's careless destruction of the china church echoes the territorial "breakup" of China by foreign intruders and the active proselytizing by Christian missionaries. Finally, the china Princess, who rejects Dorothy's invitation to visit Kansas, resembles the dowager empress, who strongly opposed the foreign presence in China. The last two parallels recall the antiimperialism that Bryan and others championed. Another anti-imperialist theme appears in the form of the Winkies, called "yellow" because they reside in the Land of the West. The Winkies, who are forced to work for the Witch of the West, represent the "yellow man" of Asia, especially the Chinese immigrants and the native Filipinos. For decades, the Chinese had immigrated to the Far West to labor in various capacities. Given their "exotic" appearance, clannish habits, and willingness to work for low wages, they were often the targets of abuse, discrimination, and even murder. Under pressure from the authorities in California, Congress passed the Exclusion Act (1882), which banned Chinese immigration for twenty years. The Winkies also resemble the Filipinos, who, after their country's annexation by the United States, found themselves (once more) subjected to a Western power. Demands for independence were denied on the grounds that the Filipino people were "unfit" for self-government. The assumption that the United States knew what was best for the natives was satirized in Baum's original script of the stage version of Oz, where the Scarecrow remarks, "It isn't the people who live in a country who know the most about it. . . . Look at the Filipinos. Everybody knows more about their country than they do" (qtd. in Dighe 2002, 93). Oz, Emerald City, and the Wacky Wizard The Land of Oz, with its varied landscape and diverse inhabitants, is a microcosm of America, and Emerald City, its center and seat of government, represents Washington, D.C. In an effort to be made whole, Dorothy and her band travel to the capital to see the Wizard, who presumably has the power to grant them their wishes. The journey to Emerald City corresponds to the Populist effort to acquire power in Washington, and the travelers recall the "industrial armies" who marched on the capital during the depression of 1893-97. The most famous of these, "Coxey's Army," was led by a successful businessman who urged the government to fund public-works programs (most notably a "good roads bill") to alleviate unemployment. Coxey, who hoped to meet with President Cleveland, was arrested for trespassing, and his proposals were ignored. Dorothy and company also face hazards on the road to Emerald City and are turned away by the Wizard, who shows little sympathy for their plight. The Wizard, who "can take on any form he wishes," represents the protean politicians of the era, especially the presidents of the Gilded Age. Given the even division of Democrats and Republicans, and the razor-thin majorities of most presidential elections, candidates rarely took clear stands on the issues. As a result, voters often had difficulty in determining what the candidates stood for. The Wizard fits this description, for "who the real Oz is," Dorothy is informed, "no living person can tell." Indeed, when the foursome enter the throne room, the Wizard appears to each in a different form. Like many politicians, he is unwillingly to help them without a quid pro quo: "I never grant favors without some return." Politicians are also infamous for failing to keep promises, and the great Oz is no different. When Dorothy's party returns after killing the Witch of the West, the Wizard keeps them waiting, then puts them off. By accident, the all-powerful Wizard is exposed and his true identify revealed. Far from a mighty magician, "Oz, the Terrible" is merely a "humbug," a wizened old man whose "power" is achieved through elaborate acts of deception. The Wizard is simply a manipulative politician who appears to the people in one form, but works behind the scenes to achieve his true ends. Such figures are terrified at being exposed; the Wizard cautions Dorothy to lower her voice lest he be discovered and "ruined." As it turns out, the Wizard hails from Omaha, where he became a talented ventriloquist and later a circus balloonist. Bryan was from Nebraska, was famous for his "hot-air" oratory, and in the minds of his critics was something like a circus ringmaster. Nebraska was also a bastion of Populism, and Omaha the site of the 1892 Populist National Convention, where the party adopted the "Omaha platform," the movement's leading manifesto. Following the party's convention of the previous year, Judge, a popular magazine, parodied the Populists on its cover, which depicted a hotair balloon made of patches that bear the names of the groups and parties that had rallied to the Populist standard: Knights of Labor, Prohibition Party, Socialists, Farmers Alliance, and so forth. In the balloon's basket are caricatures of Populist leaders, preaching the "Platform of Lunacy." Identification of the Wizard with Bryan would seem to raise an obvious problem. Is he represented by the Lion and the Wizard? Bryan was never president, but he was a masterful politician and an aspirant to the White House. In conjunction with references to Omaha, ventriloquism, and the balloon, the link between Bryan and the Wizard is a reasonable inference. Just as some of Baum's metaphors serve as a composite, the Lion and the Wizard represent different aspects of Bryan. The Colors of Money The Land of Oz is colorful, to say the least, and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is replete with references to gold, silver, and green. A number of these references have been noted already, but the story makes several others. The references to gold and silver echo the prominence of monetary politics in the 1890s, especially the bimetallic crusade led by Bryan and the Populists. Moreover, gold and silver are often portrayed as working in combination. The Witch of the West conjures her minions with a silver whistle and a golden cap, and the Tin Man receives a new ax made of gold and silver, as well as a new oil can that contains both metals. Of course, there is Dorothy on her sojourn through Oz, "her silver shoes tinkling merrily on the hard, yellow, roadbed." The word oz itself is the abbreviation for an ounce of gold or silver. There are additional references to gold and silver, but the ones given here amply illustrate Baum's use of the monetary metaphor. Green, often in combination with gold, is also a recurrent image. Then as now, green was the color of paper money. The Greenback Party, a precursor of the Populists, advocated the expansion of the money supply via the increased circulation of "greenbacks." Jacob Coxey was a greenbacker, as was James B. Weaver, the Populist presidential nominee in 1892. Most of the green imagery in Oz is general in nature and does not appear to indicate specific parallels. Toto wears a green collar that fades to white (silver), and later he receives a gold collar, as does the Lion. In Emerald City, everyone is required to wear green glasses with golden bands, so that nearly everything appears in a resplendent green. The Lion's liquid "courage" is poured from a green bottle into a gold-green dish, and the Wizard's balloon is patched with green silk of various shades. As the spectacles create an illusion, the liquid courage is only a placebo, and the balloon is a mere patchwork, so the demand for paper money is exposed as a panacea for the farmers' woes. At the end of the story, the Scarecrow supplants the Wizard as the ruler of Emerald City, the Tin Woodman is made master of the West, and the Lion is placed over the animals of the forest. Dorothy transports herself back to Kansas by clicking her silver shoes together three times. All this is achieved with the help of Glinda, the good Witch of the South. The message? Populism is triumphant, the goal of gaining political power is achieved. Or is it? Neither the Scarecrow nor the Tin Man nor the Lion truly lacked what each believed he was missing; the great Wizard's powers proved illusory; and Dorothy had the power to transform her condition all along. These features of the story point to a more ambivalent result. Indeed, Populism's outright failure is suggested when Dorothy's silver shoes fall off in the desert and are "lost forever." After Bryan's defeat in 1896, the free-silver movement went into rapid decline. McKinley's reelection and the statutory adoption of the gold standard in 1900 spelled political oblivion for the Populists. Conclusion Critics of the allegorical reading of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz have made much of the discovery that L. Frank Baum was not a Democrat or a Bryan supporter. In itself, however, this discovery proves nothing. At most, it suggests that Oz is not a pro-Populist parable, something quite different from the claim that there is "no evidence that Baum's story is in any way a Populist allegory," as Hearn (1992) argued. The originator of the allegorical interpretation characterized Oz as a "critique" of Populism, not a defense. The assertion that there is "no evidence" of an allegorical subtext is simply myopic in the extreme. As the foregoing reconstruction shows, the evidence from the text is overwhelming, and, in light of Baum's political background, trickster personality, and subsequent work, it is all but conclusive: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a deliberate work of political symbolism. Again, this conclusion does not require that each correspondence I have cited was intended allegorically or represents Baum's precise intention. Nor does it imply that each symbolic reference has a specific correlate; often the metaphors and analogies are merely suggestive. Conversely, the presence of "inconsistencies" and the absence of an obvious moral in no way diminish the reality of the symbolism. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is clearly neither a pro-Populist parable nor an anti-Populist parable. Strictly speaking, it is not a parable at all if parable is defined as a story with a didactic purpose. Baum aimed not to teach but to entertain, not to lecture but to amuse. Therefore, the Oz tale is best viewed as a symbolic and satirical representation of the Populist movement and the politics of the age, as well as a children's story. Quite simply, Oz operates on two levels, one literal and puerile, the other symbolic and political. Its capacity to fascinate on both levels testifies to its remarkable author's wit and ingenuity. Baum, L. Frank. [1900] 1991. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Edited by William Leach. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Clanton, Gene. 1991. Populism: The Humane Preference in America. Boston: Twayne. Dighe, Ranjit, ed. 2002. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. 1957. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Gessel, Michael. 1992. Tale of a Parable. Baum Bugle (spring): 19-23. Hearn, Michael Patrick. 1992. "Oz" Author Never Championed Populism. New York Times, January 10. Koupal, Nancy Tystad. 1989. The Wonderful Wizard of the West: L. Frank Baum in South Dakota, 1888-91. Great Plains Quarterly 9: 203-15. ---. 2001. Add a Pinch of Biography and Mix Well: Seasoning the Allegory Theory with History. South Dakota History 31: 153-62. Littlefield, Henry M. 1964. The Wizard of Oz: Parable of Populism. American Quarterly 16: 47-58. ---. 1992. "Oz" Author Kept Intentions to Himself. New York Times, February 7. Moyer, David. 1998. Oz in the News. Baum Bugle (winter): 46. Parker, David B. 1994. The Rise and Fall of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a "Parable on Populism." Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians 15: 49-63. Rockoff, Hugh. 1990. The "Wizard of Oz" as a Monetary Allegory. Journal of Political Economy 98: 739-60. Quentin P. Taylor is an assistant professor of history and political science at Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma. Source:	i don't know
What popular sandwich consists of a hamburger patty, sautĂŠed onions, and Swiss cheese on rye bread, which is then grilled?	Hamburger - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Hamburger NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the sandwich. For the meat served as part of such a sandwich, see Patty . For other uses, see Hamburger (disambiguation) . Hamburger Hamburger on a roll with French fries Course Media: Hamburger A Hamburger (or cheeseburger when served with a slice of cheese) is a sandwich consisting of one or more cooked patties of ground meat , usually beef , placed inside a sliced bread roll or bun . Hamburgers may be cooked in a variety of ways, including pan-frying, barbecuing, and flame-broiling. Hamburgers are often served with cheese , lettuce , tomato , bacon , onion , pickles , and condiments such as mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup , relish , and chiles . [1] The term "burger" can also be applied to the meat patty on its own, especially in the UK where the term "patty" is rarely used. The term may be prefixed with the type of meat or meat substitute used, as in "turkey burger", " bison burger", or " veggie burger ". Hamburgers are sold at fast-food restaurants , diners , and specialty and high-end restaurants (where burgers may sell for several times the cost of a fast-food burger). There are many international and regional variations of the hamburger. Contents Etymology and terminology The hamburger is named after Hamburg , Germany . The term hamburger originally derives from Hamburg , [2] Germany 's second largest city. In German , Burg means "castle", "fortified settlement" or "fortified refuge" and is a widespread component of place names. The first element of the name is perhaps from Old High German hamma, referring to a bend in a river, or Middle High German hamme, referring to an enclosed area of pastureland. [3] Hamburger in German is the demonym of Hamburg, similar to frankfurter and wiener, names for other meat-based foods and demonyms of the cities of Frankfurt and Vienna (Wien), respectively. The term "burger", a back-formation , is associated with many different types of sandwiches, similar to a (ground meat) hamburger, but made of different meats such as buffalo in the buffalo burger , venison , kangaroo , turkey , elk , lamb or fish like salmon in the salmon burger , but even with meatless sandwiches as is the case of the veggie burger . [4] History Main articles: History of the hamburger and History of the hamburger in the United States There have been many claims about the origin of the hamburger. There is a reference to a " Hamburg steak " as early as 1884 in the Boston Journal.[OED, under "steak"] On July 5, 1896, the Chicago Daily Tribune made a highly specific claim regarding a "hamburger sandwich" in an article about a "Sandwich Car": "A distinguished favorite, only five cents, is Hamburger steak sandwich, the meat for which is kept ready in small patties and 'cooked while you wait' on the gasoline range." [5] According to Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro , the hamburger, a ground meat patty between two slices of bread, was first created in America in 1900 by Louis Lassen, a Danish immigrant, owner of Louis' Lunch in New Haven, Connecticut . [6] There have been rival claims by Charlie Nagreen, Frank and Charles Menches, Oscar Weber Bilby, and Fletcher Davis. [7] [8] White Castle traces the origin of the hamburger to Hamburg, Germany with its invention by Otto Kuase. [9] However, it gained national recognition at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair when the New York Tribune referred to the hamburger as "the innovation of a food vendor on the pike". [8] No conclusive argument has ever ended the dispute over invention. An article from ABC News sums up: "One problem is that there is little written history. Another issue is that the spread of the burger happened largely at the World's Fair, from tiny vendors that came and went in an instant. And it is entirely possible that more than one person came up with the idea at the same time in different parts of the country." [10] Claims of invention Louis Lassen Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch , a small lunch wagon in New Haven, Connecticut , is said to have sold the first hamburger and steak sandwich in the U.S. in 1900. [11] [12] [13] New York magazine states that "The dish actually had no name until some rowdy sailors from Hamburg named the meat on a bun after themselves years later", noting also that this claim is subject to dispute. [14] A customer ordered a quick hot meal and Louis was out of steaks. Taking ground beef trimmings, Louis made a patty and grilled it, putting it between two slices of toast. [8] Some critics like Josh Ozersky, a food editor for New York Magazine, claim that this sandwich was not a hamburger because the bread was toasted. [15] Charlie Nagreen One of the earliest claims comes from Charlie Nagreen , who in 1885 sold a meatball between two slices of bread at the Seymour Fair [16] now sometimes called the Outagamie County Fair. [15] The Seymour Community Historical Society of Seymour, Wisconsin , credits Nagreen, now known as "Hamburger Charlie", with the invention. Nagreen was fifteen when he was reportedly selling pork sandwiches at the 1885 Seymour Fair, made so customers could eat while walking. The Historical Society explains that Nagreen named the hamburger after the Hamburg steak with which local German immigrants were familiar. [17] [18] Otto Kuase According to White Castle, Otto Kuase was the inventor of the hamburger. In 1891 he created a beef patty cooked in butter and topped with a fried egg. German sailors would later omit the fried egg. [8] Oscar Weber Bilby The family of Oscar Weber Bilby claim the first-known hamburger on a bun was served on July 4, 1891 on Grandpa Oscar's farm. The bun was a yeast bun. [7] [19] [20] [21] [22] In 1995, Governor Frank Keating proclaimed that the first true hamburger on a bun was created and consumed in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1891, calling Tulsa, "The Real Birthplace of the Hamburger." [23] Frank and Charles Menches A bacon cheeseburger, from a New York City diner Frank and Charles Menches claim to have sold a ground beef sandwich at the Erie County Fair in 1885 in Hamburg, New York . [15] During the fair, they ran out of pork sausage for their sandwiches and substituted beef. [16] Kunzog[ who? ], who spoke to Frank Menches, says they exhausted their supply of sausage, so purchased chopped up beef from a butcher, Andrew Klein. Historian Joseph Streamer wrote that the meat was from Stein's market not Klein's, despite Stein's having sold the market in 1874. [16] The story notes that the name of the hamburger comes from Hamburg, New York not Hamburg Germany. [16] Frank Menches's obituary in The New York Times states that these events took place at the 1892 Summit County Fair in Akron, Ohio . [24] Fletcher Davis Fletcher Davis of Athens, Texas claimed to have invented the hamburger. According to oral histories, in the 1880s he opened a lunch counter in Athens and served a 'burger' of fried ground beef patties with mustard and Bermuda onion between two slices of bread, with a pickle on the side. [8] The story is that in 1904, Davis and his wife Ciddy ran a sandwich stand at the St. Louis World's Fair. [8] Historian Frank X. Tolbert, noted that Athens resident Clint Murchison said his grandfather dated the hamburger to the 1880s with 'Old Dave' a.k.a. Fletcher Davis. [16] A photo of "Old Dave's Hamburger Stand" from 1904 was sent to Tolbert as evidence of the claim. [16] Also the New York Tribune, without giving names, attributed the innovation of the hamburger to the stand on the pike. [8] Other hamburger-steak claims Various non-specific claims of invention relate to the term "hamburger steak" without mention of its being a sandwich. The first printed American menu which listed hamburger is said to be an 1834 menu from Delmonico's in New York. [25] However, the printer of the original menu was not in business in 1834. [22] In 1889, a menu from Walla Walla Union in Washington offered hamburger steak as a menu item. [8] Between 1871 and 1884, "Hamburg Beefsteak" was on the "Breakfast and Supper Menu" of the Clipper Restaurant at 311/313 Pacific Street in San Fernando, California . It cost 10 cents—the same price as mutton chops, pig's feet in batter, and stewed veal. It was not, however, on the dinner menu. Only "Pig's Head," "Calf Tongue," and "Stewed Kidneys" were listed. [26] Another claim ties the hamburger to Summit County, New York or Ohio. Summit County, Ohio exists, but Summit County, New York does not. [16] Early major vendors 1936: Big Boy 1940: McDonald's restaurant, San Bernardino, California , was opened by Richard and Maurice McDonald . Their introduction of the " Speedee Service System " in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant . The McDonald brothers began franchising in 1953. In 1961, Ray Kroc (the supplier of their multi-mixer milkshake machines) purchased the company from the brothers for $2.7 million and a 1.9% royalty. Today Hamburger preparation in a fast food establishment Hamburgers are usually a feature of fast food restaurants . The hamburgers served in major fast food establishments are usually mass-produced in factories and frozen for delivery to the site. [29] These hamburgers are thin and of uniform thickness, differing from the traditional American hamburger prepared in homes and conventional restaurants, which is thicker and prepared by hand from ground beef . Most American hamburgers are round, but some fast-food chains, such as Wendy's , sell square-cut hamburgers. Hamburgers in fast food restaurants are usually grilled on a flat-top, but some firms, such as Burger King , use a gas flame grilling process. At conventional American restaurants, hamburgers may be ordered "rare", but normally are served medium-well or well-done for food safety reasons. Fast food restaurants do not usually offer this option. The McDonald's fast-food chain sells the Big Mac , one of the world's top selling hamburgers, with an estimated 550 million sold annually in the United States. [30] Other major fast-food chains, including Burger King (also known as Hungry Jack's in Australia), A&W , Culver's , Whataburger , Carl's Jr. / Hardee's chain, Wendy's (known for their square patties), Jack in the Box , Cook Out , Harvey's , Shake Shack , In-N-Out Burger , Five Guys , Fatburger , Vera's, Burgerville , Back Yard Burgers , Lick's Homeburger , Roy Rogers , Smashburger , and Sonic also rely heavily on hamburger sales. Fuddruckers and Red Robin are hamburger chains that specialize in the mid-tier "restaurant-style" variety of hamburgers. A "gourmet" hamburger Some North American establishments offer a unique take on the hamburger beyond what is offered in fast food restaurants, using upscale ingredients such as sirloin or other steak along with a variety of different cheeses, toppings, and sauces. One example is the Bobby's Burger Palace chain founded by well-known chef and Food Network star Bobby Flay . Hamburgers are often served as a fast dinner, picnic or party food and are usually cooked outdoors on barbecue grills. In Finland , hamburgers are sometimes served in buns made of rye instead of wheat . A high-quality hamburger patty is made entirely of ground (minced) beef and seasonings; these may be described as "all-beef hamburger" or "all-beef patties" to distinguish them from inexpensive hamburgers made with cost-savers like added flour , textured vegetable protein , ammonia treated defatted beef trimmings (which the company Beef Products Inc, calls "lean finely textured beef"), [31] [32] advanced meat recovery , or other fillers . In the 1930s ground liver was sometimes added. Some cooks prepare their patties with binders like eggs or breadcrumbs . Seasonings may include salt and pepper and others like as parsley , onions , soy sauce , Thousand Island dressing , onion soup mix, or Worcestershire sauce . Many name brand seasoned salt products are also used. Safety Raw hamburger may contain harmful bacteria that can produce food-borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 , due to the occasional initial improper preparation of the meat, so caution is needed during handling and cooking. Because of the potential for food-borne illness, the USDA recommends hamburgers be cooked to an internal temperature of 160 °F (71 °C). [33] If cooked to this temperature, they are considered well-done . [34] Variations See also: List of hamburgers Burgers can also be made with patties made from ingredients other than beef. [35] For example, a turkey burger uses ground turkey meat, a chicken burger uses ground chicken meat. A buffalo burger uses ground meat from a bison , and an ostrich burger is made from ground seasoned ostrich meat. A deer burger uses ground venison from deer . [36] A veggie burger, garden burger, or tofu burger uses a meat analogue , a meat substitute such as tofu , TVP , seitan (wheat gluten), quorn , beans, grains or an assortment of vegetables, ground up and mashed into patties. United States and Canada Miniature hamburgers (" sliders ") In the United States and Canada , burgers may be classified as two main types: fast food hamburgers and individually prepared burgers made in homes and restaurants . The latter are often prepared with a variety of toppings, including lettuce , tomato , onion , and often sliced pickles (or pickle relish). French fries often accompany the burger. Cheese (usually processed cheese slices but often Cheddar , Swiss , pepper jack , or blue ), either melted directly on the meat patty or crumbled on top, is generally an option. Condiments might be added to a hamburger or may be offered separately on the side including mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup , salad dressings and barbecue sauce . Other toppings include bacon , avocado or guacamole , sliced sautéed mushrooms , cheese sauce and/or chili (usually without beans ), fried egg , scrambled egg , feta cheese , blue cheese , salsa , pineapple , jalapeños and other kinds of chili peppers , anchovies , slices of ham or bologna , pastrami or teriyaki -seasoned beef, tartar sauce , french fries , onion rings or potato chips . Standard toppings on hamburgers may depend upon location, particularly at restaurants that are not national or regional franchises. Waffle House claims on its menus and website to offer many different ways of serving a hamburger.[ citation needed ] Pastrami burgers may be served in Salt Lake City , Utah . [37] A patty melt consists of a patty, sautéed onions and cheese between two slices of rye bread . The sandwich is then buttered and fried. A slider is a very small square hamburger patty sprinkled with diced onions and served on an equally small bun. According to the earliest citations, the name originated aboard U.S. Navy ships, due to the manner in which greasy burgers slid across the galley grill as the ship pitched and rolled. [38] [39] Other versions claim the term "slider" originated from the hamburgers served by flight line galleys at military airfields, which were so greasy they slid right through you; or because their small size allows them to "slide" right down your throat in one or two bites. In Alberta , Canada a "kubie burger" is a hamburger made with a pressed Ukrainian sausage ( kubasa ). [40] In Minnesota , a " Juicy Lucy " (also spelled "Jucy Lucy"), is a hamburger having cheese inside the meat patty rather than on top. A piece of cheese is surrounded by raw meat and cooked until it melts, resulting in a molten core of cheese within the patty. This scalding hot cheese tends to gush out at the first bite, so servers frequently instruct customers to let the sandwich cool for a few minutes before consumption. A low carb burger is a hamburger served without a bun and replaced with large slices of lettuce, with mayonnaise and/or mustard being the sauces primarily used. [41] [42] [43] A ramen burger, invented by Keizo Shimamoto, is a hamburger patty sandwiched between two discs of compressed ramen noodles in lieu of a traditional bun. [44] Mexico In Mexico , burgers (called hamburguesas) are served with ham [45] and slices of American cheese fried on top of the meat patty. The toppings include avocado , jalapeño slices, shredded lettuce, onion and tomato. The bun has mayonnaise, ketchup and mustard. In certain parts are served with bacon, which can be fried or grilled along with the meat patty. A slice of pineapple is also a usual option, and the variation is known as a "Hawaiian hamburger". Some restaurants' burgers also have barbecue sauce, and others also replace the ground patty with sirloin, Al pastor meat, barbacoa or a fried chicken breast. Many burger chains from the United States can be found all over Mexico, including Carl's Jr., Sonic, as well as global chains such as McDonald's and Burger King. United Kingdom and Ireland Hamburgers in the UK and Ireland are very similar to those in the US, and the High Street is dominated by the same big two chains as in the U.S. — McDonald's and Burger King. The menus offered to both countries are virtually identical, although portion sizes tend to be smaller in the UK. In Ireland the food outlet Supermacs is widespread throughout the country serving burgers as part of its menu. In Ireland, Abrakebabra (started out selling kebabs) and Eddie Rocket's are also major chains. An original and indigenous rival to the big two U.S. giants was the quintessentially British fast-food chain Wimpy , originally known as Wimpy Bar (opened 1954 at the Lyon's Corner House in Coventry Street London), which served its hamburgers on a plate with British-style chips , accompanied by cutlery and delivered to the customer's table. In the late 1970s, to compete with McDonald's, [46] Wimpy began to open American-style counter-service restaurants and the brand disappeared from many UK high streets when those restaurants were re-branded as Burger Kings between 1989 and 1990 by the then-owner of both brands, Grand Metropolitan . A management buyout in 1990 split the brands again and now Wimpy table-service restaurants can still be found in many town centres whilst new counter-service Wimpys are now often found at motorway service stations. Hamburgers are also available from mobile kiosks , particularly at outdoor events such as football matches. Burgers from this type of outlet are usually served without any form of salad — only fried onions and a choice of tomato ketchup, mustard or brown sauce. Chip shops, particularly in the West Midlands, North-East, Scotland and Ireland, serve battered hamburgers called batter burgers. This is where the burger patty, by itself, is deep-fat-fried in batter and is usually served with chips. Hamburgers and veggie burgers served with chips and salad, are standard pub grub menu items. Many pubs specialize in "gourmet" burgers. These are usually high quality minced steak patties, topped with items such as blue cheese, brie, avocado et cetera. Some British pubs serve burger patties made from more exotic meats including venison burgers (sometimes nicknamed Bambi Burgers), bison burgers, ostrich burgers and in some Australian themed pubs even kangaroo burgers can be purchased. These burgers are served in a similar way to the traditional hamburger but are sometimes served with a different sauce including redcurrant sauce, mint sauce and plum sauce. In the early 21st century "premium" hamburger chain and independent restaurants have arisen, selling burgers produced from meat stated to be of high quality and often organic , usually served to eat on the premises rather than to take away. [47] Chains include Gourmet Burger Kitchen , Ultimate Burger, Hamburger Union and Byron Hamburgers in London. Independent restaurants such as Meatmarket and Dirty Burger developed a style of rich, juicy burger in 2012 which is known as a dirty burger or third-wave burger. [48] In recent years Rustlers has sold pre-cooked hamburgers reheatable in a microwave oven in the United Kingdom. [49] In the UK, as in North America and Japan, the term "burger" can refer simply to the patty, be it beef, some other kind of meat, or vegetarian. Australia and New Zealand This hamburger in a fast food restaurant in Auckland , New Zealand contains beetroot for flavor. Fast food franchises sell American style fast food hamburgers in Australia and New Zealand. The traditional Australasian hamburgers are usually bought from fish and chip shops or milk bars. The hamburger meat is almost always ground beef, or "mince" as it is more commonly referred to in Australia and New Zealand. They commonly include tomato, lettuce, grilled onion and meat as minimum, and can optionally include cheese, beetroot , pineapple, a fried egg and bacon. If all these optional ingredients are included it is known in Australia as "burger with the lot". [50] [51] The only variance between the two countries' hamburgers is that New Zealand's equivalent to the "The Lot" often contains a steak (beef) as well. The condiments regularly used are barbecue sauce and tomato sauce. The McDonald's "McOz" Burger is partway between American and Australian style burgers, having beetroot and tomato in an otherwise typical American burger; however, it is no longer a part of the menu. Likewise, McDonald's in New Zealand created a Kiwiburger , similar to a Quarter Pounder, but features salad, beetroot and a fried egg. The Hungry Jack's ( Burger King ) "Aussie Burger" has tomato, lettuce, onion, cheese, bacon, beetroot, egg, ketchup and a meat patty. [52] China In China, restaurants such as McDonald's and KFC exist, which sell hamburgers. Japan MOS Burger rice burger In Japan , hamburgers can be served in a bun, called hanbāgā (ハンバーガー), or just the patties served without a bun, known as hanbāgu (ハンバーグ) or "hamburg", short for "hamburg steak". Hamburg steaks (served without buns) are similar to what are known as Salisbury steaks in the U.S. They are made from minced beef, pork or a blend of the two mixed with minced onions, egg, breadcrumbs and spices. They are served with brown sauce (or demi-glace in restaurants) with vegetable or salad sides, or occasionally in Japanese curries . Hamburgers may be served in casual, western style suburban restaurant chains known in Japan as " family restaurants ". Hamburgers in buns, on the other hand, are predominantly the domain of fast food chains such as American chains known as McDonald's and Wendy's . Japan has home grown hamburger chain restaurants such as MOS Burger , First Kitchen and Freshness Burger . Local varieties of burgers served in Japan include teriyaki burgers, katsu burgers (containing tonkatsu ) and burgers containing shrimp korokke . Some of the more unusual examples include the rice burger , where the bun is made of rice, and the luxury 1000-yen (US$10) "Takumi Burger" (meaning "artisan taste"), featuring avocados , freshly grated wasabi , and other rare seasonal ingredients. In terms of the actual patty, there are burgers made with Kobe beef , butchered from cows that are fed with beer and massaged daily. McDonald's Japan also recently launched a McPork burger, made with U.S. pork . McDonald's has been gradually losing market share in Japan to these local hamburger chains, due in part to the preference of Japanese diners for fresh ingredients and more refined, "upscale" hamburger offerings. [53] Burger King once retreated from Japan, but re-entered the market in Summer 2007 in cooperation with the Korean owned Japanese fast-food chain Lotteria. According to the Guinness World Records, a Japanese man,Takeru Kobayashi ate the most amount of hamburgers in three minutes on July 11, 2014. [1] Other countries Chicken burger with rice bun (sold in Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong, Macao, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore). Note that the "bun" is composed of cooked rice Rice burgers, mentioned above, are also available in several East Asian countries such as Taiwan and South Korea . Lotteria is a big hamburger franchise in Japan owned by the South Korean Lotte group, with outlets also in China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. In addition to selling beef hamburgers, they also have hamburgers made from squid, pork, tofu, and shrimp. Variations available in South Korea include Bulgogi burgers and Kimchi burgers. In the Philippines , a wide range of major U.S. fast-food franchises are well represented, together with local imitators, often amended to the local palate. The chain McDonald's (locally nicknamed "McDo") have a range of burger and chicken dishes often accompanied by plain steamed rice and/or French fries. The Philippines boasts its own burger-chain called Jollibee , which offers burger meals and chicken, including a signature burger called "Champ". Jollibee now has a number of outlets in the United States, the Middle East and East Asia. Vada pav or "Indian Burger" is made of Potatoes and spices. In India , burgers are usually made from chicken or vegetable patties due to cultural beliefs against eating beef (which stem from Hindu religious practice) and pork (which stems from Islamic religious practice). Because of this, the majority of fast food chains and restaurants in India do not serve beef. McDonald's in India, for instance, does not serve beef, offering the "Maharaja Mac" instead of the Big Mac, substituting the beef patties with chicken. Another version of the Indian vegetarian burger is the Wada Pav consisting deep-fried potato patty dipped in gramflour batter. It is usually served with mint chutney and fried green chili. In Pakistan , apart from American fast food chains, burgers can be found in stalls near shopping areas, the best known being the "shami burger". This is made from "shami kebab", made by mixing lentil and minced lamb. [54] Onions, scrambled egg and ketchup are the most may be toppings. In Malaysia there are 300 McDonald's restaurants. The menu in Malaysia also includes eggs and fried chicken on top of the regular burgers. Burgers are also easily found at nearby mobile kiosks, especially Ramly Burger . In Mongolia , a recent fast food craze due to the sudden influx of foreign influence has led to the prominence of the hamburger. Specialized fast food restaurants serving to Mongolian tastes have sprung up and seen great success. Beef burger with fried egg , cabbage and some french fries in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia . In Turkey , in addition to the internationally familiar offerings, numerous localized variants of the hamburger may be found, such as the Islak Burger (lit. "Wet-Burger"), which a beef slider doused in seasoned tomato sauce and steamed inside a special glass chamber, and has its origins in the Turkish fast food retailer Kizilkayalar. Other variations include lamb-burgers and offal -burgers, which are offered by local fast food businesses and global chains alike, such as McDonald's and Burger King . Most burger shops have also adopted a pizzeria-like approach when it comes to home delivery, and almost all major fast food chains deliver. In the former Yugoslavia , and originally in Serbia , there is a local version of the hamburger known as the pljeskavica . It is often served as a patty, but may have a bun as well. Throughout Belgium and in some eateries in the Netherlands , a Bicky Burger is sold that combines pork, chicken, and horse meat. [55] [56] The hamburger, usually fried, is served between a bun, sprinkled with sesame seeds. It often comes with a specific Bickysaus (Bicky dressing) made with mayonnaise, mustard, cabbage, and onion. [55] Unusual hamburgers In May 2012, Serendipity 3 was recognized as the Guinness World Record holder for serving the world's most expensive hamburger, the $295 Le Burger Extravagant. [57] At $499, the world's largest hamburger commercially available tips the scales at 185.8 pounds (84.3 kg) and is on the menu at Mallie's Sports Grill & Bar in Southgate, Michigan . It is called the "Absolutely Ridiculous Burger", which takes about 12 hours to prepare. It was cooked and adjudicated on May 30, 2009. [58] A $777 Kobe beef and Maine lobster burger, topped with caramelized onion, Brie cheese and prosciutto, was reported available at Le Burger Brasserie, inside the Paris Las Vegas casino. [59] New York chef Daniel Boulud created an intricate dish composed of layers of ground sirloin, foie gras, and wine-braised short ribs, assembled to look exactly like a fast-food burger. It is available with truffles in season. [32] [60] [61] On September 2, 2012, the Black Bear Casino Resort near Carlton, Minnesota made the world-record bacon cheeseburger that weighed 2,014 pounds (914 kg). Guinness World Records verified the record for biggest burger. [62] In Las Vegas, Nevada at the Heart Attack Grill there is a Quadruple Bypass Burger. The burger weighs two pounds and the name is derived from the fact that the burger is unhealthy. [63] The restaurant is known for being honest about the fact that their food is unhealthy. They allow people that weigh over 350 pounds (160 kg) to eat for free. [64] On August 5, 2013, the first hamburger made from meat lab grown from cow stem cells was served. The hamburger was the result of research in the Netherlands led by Mark Post at Maastricht University and sponsored by Google's co-founder Sergey Brin . [65] Slang " $100 hamburger " ("hundred-dollar hamburger") is aviation slang for a general aviation pilot needing an excuse to fly. A $100 hamburger trip typically involves flying a short distance (less than two hours), eating at an airport restaurant, and flying home. [66] See also	Patty melt
On June 5, 1968, noted asshat Sirhan Sirhan killed what presidential candidate in the kitchen of The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles?	How to make homemade patty melts - 19 Steps Tweet on Twitter What is a patty melt? A traditional patty melt consists of cheddar or Swiss cheese and original hamburger patty, stuffed in between two slices of rye bread. (However, you may substitute sourdough for rye nowadays.) Since patty melt is a toasted or pressed sandwich, it is also considered as a form of Panini or another variety of grilled cheese. You may also note that a patty melt use bread instead of buns, usually used on hamburgers; nevertheless Americans prefer their patty melts between buns to give it an American twist. Here are the steps in making an outlandish patty melt, traditional style: First, prepare the following cooking tools and ingredients. Make sure that they are good quality ingredients only. Good quality ingredients expose you to quality flavors. Onions (ratio to sandwich: quarter is to one) Ground beef (lean beef is much preferable) Butter (or olive oil for health conscious eaters) Swiss cheese You are then, ready to do these simple and stress-free steps: Put two season cast iron skillets over the stove. Preheat (in medium level) one of the skillets. Prepare onion rings. Refer to the advised ratio: a quarter of an onion is to one sandwich. Soften two tablespoons of butter on the preheated skillet. (Or if you’re using olive oil, simply put oil into the pan.) Put the onion rings into the skillet and continuously stir them until they are thoroughly exposed to butter (or oil). When you are convinced that they are okay, let them be for about 10 minutes, this time without stirring. After 10 minutes, stir them again with the other side exposed to the heat. Adjust temperature to low heat. Mix until they are caramelized. This may take up to 15 minutes. For the patty itself, put one quarter pound (or 113g) of ground beef into a bowl. (One quarter pound is just one patty melt.) Season ground beef with salt, pepper and a few dashes of Worcestershire sauce. Blend them together. Look for a rectangular shaped mould or a Tupperware will do. Grease it with oil and mould patty. Be reminded that the mould or Tupperware that you should use should be in proportion to the bread slices that you will use. Heat the other skillet into high heat. Add two tablespoons of butter or oil when the skillet is already hot. Put the molded patty into the skillet and leave it be for estimated 2 minutes. Using a spatula, flip the patty onto the other side after 2 minutes. Place onto plate when cooked. For the third part, one of the skillets. Be sure not to leave any crumb or morsel of burnt bits as they will greatly affect the quality of your patty melt sandwich. Arranged your sandwich into desired style, but you can simply put it into this basic order: rye bread, slice of Swiss cheese, burger patty, caramelized onions, another slice of Swiss cheese and rye bread. Now, melt two tablespoons of butter on medium heat. Put the sandwich into the skillet. Be careful with your sandwich as not to affect their order or pattern. Grill till the bread turns into golden brown. Remove and place into a plate. Add more two tablespoons of butter into the skillet. Put the sandwich back into the skillet, with the other side this time. Take the sandwich as the other part turns golden brown. Put onto plate and serve. You may add French fries as side dish to your sandwich.	i don't know
Nicknamed Dr. Death, what famed American assisted suicide activist, who passed on this last week, spent 8 years in prison on a second degree murder charge?	Euthanasia Prevention Coalition Euthanasia Prevention Coalition: September 2010 Quebec nurses and palliative care leaders say NO to euthanasia. Kevin Dougherty of the Montreal Gazette reported in an article that was printed on September 28, 2010 that an organization representing Quebec nurses stated that they are 'opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide, suggesting the province should instead invest more to catch up in providing palliative care.' The article quoted the leader of the Quebec nurses group as saying: Gyslaine Desrosiers said the risks of legalizing medical means to ending life are very real. "It would be premature to legalize euthanasia and assisted suicide when there remains so much to do in the area of end-of-life care. Protection of the dignity of people is a daily task." "Euthanasia and assisted suicide are acts which must remain exceptional." A network of palliative care doctors agreed: Justine Farley, a medical doctor, speaking for a network of palliative care in Quebec, noted a recent New England Journal of Medicine article that said people with lung cancer who receive palliative care live longer than patients not given palliative care. Farley said people with cancer and other diseases may be depressed or anxious and need the support palliative care offers, as an alternative to euthanasia or assisted suicide. We need a society that cares for and not kills its citizens. Link to the article in the Montreal Gazette . Is the Euthanasia ad banned or not in Canada? Sheena Goodyear wrote a second article for the Sun Newspapers entitled: Euthanasia ad not banned, says regulator about the Euthanasia TV ad, that was developed by Philip Nitschke, Australia's Dr. Death, that has been rejected for Australian use, and that may be rejected for Canadian use. The article states that Nitschke's euthanasia ad has neither been rejected or approved by the Television Bureau of Canada but is actually under review. Link to the article: http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/09/28/15504911.html So why all the fuss by Nitschke? Is Nitschke creating a controversy in order to get free advertising for his suicide seminars? Nitschke recently stated in an article titled: "No such thing as bad publicity" published by the Brisbane Times concerning the controversy that erupted when the Australian regulator rejected his euthanasia ad: "I've just been on the phone to the BBC," he said. "There's been 14,000 viewings of the ad on YouTube" In other words, Nitschke likes creating a controversy to promote his agenda Link to the Brisbane Times article: http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/the-diary/no-such-thing-as-bad-publicity-20100913-159dv.html Goodyear, the writer of the article, called me and quoted me this way: Alex Schadenberg, executive director of the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition, said this isn't the only confusion there's been about the status of the ad, alleging he received an e-mail from Exit in early September (September 20) claiming it had been approved. The coaltion says it's against Exit's planned Canadian workshops, not because they discuss euthanasia, but rather because Dr. Philip Nitschke, the Australian physician behind Exit International, is known to use his speaking appearances to teach audience members how to kill themselves. "It doesn't make sense that this man be allowed to aid and abet suicide in Canada when it's illegal," Schadenberg told QMI Agency. "I don't think he should have the right to come to Canada and do something which appears to contravene the Criminal Code." After reading the new article I spoke with Sheena Goodyear, from QMI Agency. I then spoke to Les Perreaux, the author of the Globe and Mail articles. People have the right to be safe and secure. They have the right to not be pushed over the ledge when they are experiencing a termporary depression. The Euthanasia Ad that was developed by Nitschke, may or may not be approved for use in Canada. The fact is that the Exit International TV ad is designed to steer people to their website, or in Canada, steer people to Nitschke's suicide seminar. If you consider the fact that Canadian law states that it is illegal to aid, abet (encourage) or counsel suicide and Exit International lists as part of its suicide seminar: • The Barbiturates: Sources, Storage, Testing & the Ohio Single Drug Protocol • Gases: Helium, Nitrogen, Argon - the Peaceful Hypoxic Death • Poisons: Carbon Monoxide, Cyanide - Risks, Safety, Procedures • Other Prescription and Non-Prescription Substances - Combinations, Substitutes, Warnings It is possible that Nitschke's suicide seminar is illegal in Canada and thus if the ad is sending people to a possibly illegal event, then the ad must also be rejected in Canada. Nitschke's ideology is dangerous to vulnerable people. Just ask the parents of Robert Miller and James Robertson whether Nitschke's website can kill vulnerable people? Link to the article about Robert Miller and James Robertson: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/were-robert-miller-and-james-robertson.html Les Perreaux has written two consecutive articles for the Globe and Mail about Philip Nitschke, Australia's Dr. Death, and his upcoming suicide seminar tour of Canada and the United States Yesterday's article was entitled: Ad campaign for assisted suicide banned from Canadian airwaves. The article reported that the Television Bureau of Canada rejected Nitschke's - "Exit Choices" ad that was also rejected for airing in Australia. The ad was rejected because it might contravene the Criminal Code of Canada. The article implies that the ad was rejected due to the lobbying efforts of the Euthanasia Prevention Coalition. The article stated: The self-regulating body of Canadian broadcasters said it was inundated by a “great volume of e-mails threatening, pleading and warning us not to approve your commercial, as doing so would be a violation of the Criminal Code.” Les overstated the nature of the emails from our supporters and he has given us credit for killing the ad that we do not deserve What happened? I contacted the Television Bureau of Canada (TVB) on Monday, September 20, after reading a media release by Nitschke and Exit International celebrating the approval of their euthanasia ad by the Television Bureau of Canada. I asked them: what criteria was used to approve the ‘Exit Choices’ TV ad? The TVB contact person stated: “The ad has not been approved for Canadian use.” I then sent a message to our supporters asking the question: Has the Euthanasia ad been approved in Canada or not? Link to Monday's article: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ad-campaign-for-assisted-suicide-banned-from-canadian-airwaves/article1727127/ I also stated: Is Nitschke attempting to create controversy surrounding the possible rejection of this ad for Canadian use or does this mean the ad has simply not been approved yet? Therefore, I was told that the ad had not been approved, after Nitschke lied about his euthanasia ad being approved. As for lobbying the TVB, in fact, I warned them that they would probably be pressured by Nitschke and they said: We do not make decisions based on pressure. It was stated in the CBC report last Friday: An Australian-based organization that promotes assisted suicide is considering legal action after Canadian regulators refused to allow one of its advertisements to be broadcast in Canada. Who is actually lobbying the TVB? Link to the CBC article: http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/09/24/exit-international-ad.html Today's article in the Globe and Mail focuses on at least two Canadians who committed suicide after attending Nitschke's suicide seminar in Vancouver. The article states: The methods of a controversial Australian doctor who advocates assisted suicide – and is planning to offer instructions on how to do it in Toronto and Vancouver next month – have already been used in Canada. At least two Canadians have already died and five more have made preparations following the instructions of Philip Nitschke, according to the physician and an independent researcher familiar with the cases. In one option, patients bought pentobarbital from Mexico, where it is easily found. Taken in high quantities, the drug stops the heart and lungs from functioning. Others have purchased helium gas used to inflate balloons which can be fed into a plastic bag worn over the head, triggering asphyxiation. Nitschke was quoted as saying: “I’m pleased that I’ve been able to give information so people know what they’re doing and know they won’t fail,” said Dr. Nitschke from his home in Darwin, Australia. The article also stated that the reason the euthanasia ad, and the Vancouver and Toronto libraries have refused Nitschke's request is that he may be breaking the law. The article stated: Libraries in Vancouver and Toronto that refused to allow the presentation, along with the Television Bureau of Canada, a broadcaster umbrella group, have obtained legal opinions telling them Dr. Nitschke is breaking the law. Link to today's article in the Globe and Mail: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/at-least-two-canadians-have-followed-controversial-doctors-advice-on-suicide/article1729506/ Nitschke is similar to a suicide predator who preys on vulnerable people. He promotes suicide and sells information and devices to commit suicide. He makes his living by selling his suicide manual for $75. Further to that, an Australian article from September 20 pointed out that Nitschke has not distanced himself from his support to make euthanasia available to troubled teens. It stated: “Doubts remain over whether some of the patients Dr Nitschke has euthanised were terminally ill and he is on the record saying that euthanasia should be available to troubled teens.” Choice is a lie, people rarely choose to die, they are most often subtly pressured or depressed. Assisted Suicide like execution This is a letter to the editor that was published in the Spokesman-Review in Washington State on September 26, 2010. Katie Densley from Wilbur Washington explains the circumstances surrounding the assisted suicide death of her uncle a year ago. It is important to note that her uncle was depressed and not terminally ill. Please read the following: It’s been a year since my uncle opted for assisted suicide. To me it’s an excruciating anniversary. He talked about this for a year before it became law. He’d had surgery for cancer which left him with a catheter. He was depressed at 94 but was home with assistance from friends and health givers. I thought this could never happen because he was just old and depressed. When the law became reality, friends helped him with his quest. They took him to doctors that my uncle convinced this was what he wanted. His profession had been car salesman so he got the doctors to sign off on him. Friends who were his caretakers tried to talk him out of it, saying it wasn’t right because he wasn’t terminal. The date was set for the final event. I loved him and wanted to be with him when he died. It felt like an execution. The details are still painful. Holding him the 25 minutes it took for his heart to stop. My uncle was the third person to die under the new law. Depressed yes. Terminal no. Katie Densley Choice is an Illusion The Globe and Mail has done exactly what I predicted that Canadian media outlets would do - re: Ad campaign for assisted suicide banned from Canadian airwaves. Philip Nitschke, the leader of Exit International, who acts similar to a suicide predator, developed a euthanasia promoting ad that was rejected for airing in Australia, because the ad promotes an illegal act. Nitschke then asked the Television Bureau of Canada for permission to air the same ad in Canada, to promote his upcoming suicide workshops. It was also rejected for Canadian use, probably because it promotes an illegal act. On September 20, Exit sent out a media release claiming that the ad, which has been rejected in Australia, was accepted in Canada. When I contacted the Television Bureau of Canada, they stated: 'the ad had not been accepted for Canadian use and that they did not know why Exit was claiming that it had been approved.' I stated on my blog: Is Nitschke attempting to create controversy surrounding the rejection of this ad for Canadian use or does this mean the ad has simply not been approved yet? Link to my blog comment: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/euthanasia-tv-ad-approved-in-canada-or.html Now the Globe and Mail has printed an article, just as Nitschke had hoped and I had predicted, to cover the controversy of the rejected euthanasia ad and to promote his upcoming suicide workshops. The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition supports Nitschke’s right to free speech, but Nitschke doesn’t debate the law, but rather he explains how to contravene the law. I have viewed the ‘Exit Choices’ TV ad. It appears that the TV ad and the ‘Suicide Workshops’ contravene the Criminal Code of Canada For those who think this issue is just about choice, did Robert Miller (19) and James Robertson (20) freely choose death or were they experiencing short term depression that made them easily influenced by Nitschke's ideas? Exoo cancels plans to open assisted suicide clinic. Last week we reported that euthanasia lobby activist, George Exoo, was planning to open a suicide clinic in North Carolina. Exoo bought a small house in Gastonia North Carolina that he was planning to renovate and turn-into a suicide clinic. Link to my blog article on the suicide clinic: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/george-exoo-planning-to-start-death.html Recently Stuart Weisberg, a psychiatrist in Portland Oregon announced his intention to open a suicide clinic, similar to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland. Weisberg was planning to offer extra services for his clients, including a $1200 fee for a three session with his dog (dog therapy). Link to my blog article about Weisberg: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/06/dignitas-founder-ludwig-minelli-is-now.html The fascination with opening assisted suicide clinics appears to be linked to the reports that Ludwig Minelli, the founder of Dignitas the assisted suicide clinic in Switzerland, has become phenomenally wealthy from his death mission. Yesterday, an article written by Karen Garloch was published in the Charlotte Observer reported that Exoo didn't expect that he would be met with such outrage for opening an assisted suicide clinic and has shelved his plans to open an assisted suicide clinic. Garlock reported: Only days after going public, an internationally known right-to-die advocate says he's calling off plans to open a center for assisted suicide in Gastonia. The Rev. George Exoo of West Virginia claims to have attended the suicide deaths of more than 100 people in multiple states and, most famously, in Ireland. Exoo, 68, spent several months in a West Virginia jail in 2007 until a U.S. judge rejected a request from Irish authorities who wanted to extradite him and charge him in connection with the 2002 suicide of Rosemary Toole. The experience didn't deter Exoo. He still believes mentally competent adults have the right to end their lives with assistance and support if pain from cancer or other disease becomes too great. His plan for Gastonia grew out of his purchase four years ago of a $30,000 investment property. In a phone interview, he said renovations didn't go as planned, and he came up with the idea to use one of two houses on the lot as a "hospice facility for people who want to die intentionally." Exoo thought North Carolina would be a good location because it has no law specifically making assisted suicide a criminal act. (N.C. law allows a person to choose a natural death, free from unwanted medical treatment or life-prolonging measures. But it also says that "should not be construed to authorize any affirmative or deliberate act or omission to end life other than to permit the natural process of dying.") Thirty-six states, including South Carolina, have laws specifically prohibiting assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in Oregon, Washington and Montana. Exoo said he expected people would come from other states to take advantage of his service in Gastonia. Unlike Michigan's Jack Kevorkian, the widely publicized "Dr. Death," Exoo said he had hoped to operate quietly, like a shelter for battered women. But last week, after newspaper and TV reports generated "nasty" website comments from the public, Exoo said he's abandoning his plans. "It's been a nightmare," he said. Exoo's idea would have run into other roadblocks anyway. Zoning might have been a problem because his property is in a residential area. Also, hospices require state approval in North Carolina. Gaston Hospice has been in operation since 1981, and the current state plan doesn't call for another. Beyond that, hospice isn't the right word for what Exoo was planning. The hospice movement is based on providing pain relief and spiritual and emotional comfort at the end of life. But it does not endorse suicide. When I talked to Exoo, he didn't seem to have thought much about these details. His focus was on people who might want his assistance. Link to the article in the Charlotte Observer: http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2010/09/21/1707013/assisted-suicide-plan-shelved.html A couple of years ago Jon Ronson, a film biographer from the UK, produced a film about Rev Georger Exoo that was televised in the UK entitled Reverend Death. Ronson came to the project as a supporter of euthanasia. While filming the biography of Exoo he became aware of many concerns related to Exoo and the euthanasia lobby in general. Link to my blog comment about the film - Rev Death: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2008/05/euthanasia-advocates-fail-to-distance.html Link to the Reverend Death film on U-Tube: http://www.youtube.com/user/slackmaster2000#p/u/7/0VR7mK5hZwU Murderer of Tracy Latimer - In the News Again Stephen Drake the research analyst for Not Dead Yet has commented on the recent decision to loosen the parole conditions for Robert Latimer, who killed his daughter Tracy in 1993. Drake has been connected to the Latimer case for almost 15 years. He admits that his involvement in the issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide grew out of the lenient attitude people have towards Robert Latimer. Drake also introduces us to another blogger who has been trying to ensure that justice is served in the death of Tracy Latimer. I have avoided writing about Latimer because he was serving his sentence for second-degree murder. I have started to comment on Latimer more recently because I am disgusted by the lenient conditions the parole board is placing a Latimer, a convicted murderer of his daughter, who due to her physical nature was dependent on him for her care. Please read Stephen Drake's comments: Robert Latimer - Murderer of Daughter Tracy Latimer - In the News Again I can't explain the feelings that go through me when Robert Latimer surfaces in the news again. Robert Latimer's murder of his daughter Tracy was pivotal in getting my attention directed at the euthanasia movement and in providing a solid foundation for my opposition to the movement. Even though it looks like I haven't written anything here on the blog about Tracy Latimer's murder, the role the public debate about her murder played in my turn to activism has long been a part of my official bio: During his years at Syracuse, one key event turned his interests and passions toward assisted suicide and euthanasia. In the early 1990s, Robert Latimer, a Canadian farmer who murdered his disabled daughter, Tracy, became a "poster child" for the Canadian pro-assisted suicide groups. Tracy Latimer was not dying and she did not ask to die. In 1996, while growing increasingly alarmed over the "better dead than disabled" rhetoric of the pro-euthanasia movement, he learned of the formation of Not Dead Yet and dropped everything to join its first protest action. How far did the euthanasia activists in Canada go in embracing the killer of a nonterminally ill child who never asked to die? What did the champions of autonomy have to say? Here's one example from a Canadian "right to die" leader, quoted in a 1994 NY Times article on Robert Latimer. She is reacting to the imposition of a 10-year prison sentence: Marilynne Seguin, executive director of Dying With Dignity, a Toronto-based group promoting freedom of choice for physician-assisted deaths, said that the Latimers had already lived under a sentence during the 12 years that Tracy was alive and that to add the 10-year punishment "is quite unconscionable." Link to the New York Times article from 1994: http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/22/world/mercy-killing-in-canada-stirs-calls-for-changes-in-law.html It's not often that people you didn't know were your enemies declare themselves so openly. When Seguin equated parenting Tracy Latimer to being under a prison sentence, it also meant that her murder was a release - but not for Tracy. By her reckoning, it was Robert Latimer who engineered his own "release." Alex Schadenberg has posted about the latest round in news coverage - which revolves around efforts to get Latimer's parole conditions loosened. I recommend reading Alex's post on the subject. Link to Alex's post: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/tracy-latimer.html I found a blogger who has written two posts on this latest round of press coverage that seems to touch every single element in the complex mix churning in my own stomach every time Robert Latimer is in the news again. On August 19, Trouble posted a blog entry titled "This post is about Tracy Latimer's Murderer": OH YAY! Gentle reader, I'm here to inform you that once again Tracy Latimer's murderer is in the news, which means we can deal with another week or two or months or years of people wibbling on about how Tracy Latimer's murderer is such a sweet innocent man who only murdered his disabled daughter because Tracy wasn't really a person and deserved to be murdered, and how he's such a victim of the system, and woe is poor him, and how cripples really DO have no life and it's totally okay for people to murder disabled children, as long as they don't have a disability and murder their own non-disabled children. Those people are menaces and should be locked up forever!!!!!!!!!!! Link to the blog comment by trouble: http://trouble.dreamwidth.org/617988.html That was just for beginners. She followed up with the post "it has begun": I'm sure this weekend and into next week will be full of these shit-tastic stories, and I'm going to spend the whole damned week in a state of rage, and people will tell me to calm down because, you know, it's okay, it's just some 12 year old girl whose been dead since 1993. Link to this blog comment by trouble: http://trouble.dreamwidth.org/618502.html?#cutid1 She also left a comment in that section on the second post that accurately describes how Tracy Latimer is treated in stories about her own murder. And it's a treatment that I've seen repeated in countless stories involving the murders of both adults and children with disabilities: It's also something it's really hard to talk about. I try to blog about it calmly and rationally and then I remember that these people think that Tracy should be a footnote in her own murder, and I lose it. I confess to having many of these same thoughts and feelings churning inside on a regular basis. Some days, it can be very difficult to write "calmly and rationally." Please read both of Trouble's posts on Tracy Latimer's murder. I only shared a small excerpt and her posts should be read in their entirety. Link to trouble's blog: http://trouble.dreamwidth.org/ . Link to Stephen Drakes blog: http://notdeadyetnewscommentary.blogspot.com/ By Alex Schadenberg Executive Director - Euthanasia Prevention Coalition Philip Nitschke, Australia's Dr. Death, has been involved with counseling and providing information in connection to suicide deaths on a world-wide basis. Nitschke is known for creating and promoting suicide devices. When I attended the World Federation of Right to Die Societies conference in Toronto in September 2006, I witnessed Nitschke demonstrating a device to regulate the flow of helium from a tank. This story of Robert Miller and James Robertson in the UK from the report from the Times Online from June 14, 2010; describes the case. The story reported: A key issue for detectives will be whether Robert Miller and James Robertson were influenced by Philip Nitschke, the Australian medic nicknamed Dr Death. Dr Nitschke, who founded the pro-euthanasia group Exit International, is also the inventor of the “deliverance machine”, a syringe linked to a laptop that can administer a lethal injection. Dr Nitschke said that he created the device to allow those wishing to take their own life to initiate the process instead of relying on a doctor. A needle is inserted into the arm of the patient before he or she answers questions on the laptop. It is made clear that if they choose the final option they will be injected with a lethal barbiturate. Last year Dr Nitschke toured Britain giving suicide workshops to the elderly. Although those attending had to be over 50, there are fears that his information is being accessed by the young, the vulnerable, and the mentally ill. The presence of a webcam in the hotel room where they died will also raise concerns that they may have been followers of suicide chat rooms, where people discuss their fantasies about killing themselves. Such sites attract “suicide voyeurs”. Link to the June 14, 2010 article in the UK Times online: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article7149562.ece I believe in free speech, but guys like Nitschke are dangerous and they don't care who dies from their ideology. Nitschke is planning a North American tour starting on October 7, 2010. It is time that he gets shut-down. Link to the tour information: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/australias-dr-death-philip-nitschke.html Euthanasia TV ad approved in Canada or not? Today, I received a media release from Exit International, the Australian based euthanasia lobby group that is co-founded by Philip Nitschke (Australia’s Dr. Death). The media release celebrates that the TV ad entitled ‘Exit Choices’, that was rejected by the Australian Commercial Industry Code of Practice for airing in Australia, was approved to be aired in Canada. The idea that the ad ‘Exit Choices’ was approved for Canadian television broadcast was confusing to me at best. I have viewed the ‘Exit Choices’ ad on U-Tube. This is an ad that promotes euthanasia, and encourages assisted suicide, which are illegal in Canada. After reading the media release, I contacted the Television Bureau of Canada (TVB) and asked them: what criteria was used to approve the ‘Exit Choices’ TV ad? The TVB contact person stated: “The ad has not been approved for Canadian use.” Is Nitschke attempting to create controversy surrounding the possible rejection of this ad for Canadian use or does this mean the ad has simply not been approved yet? The last time Nitschke came to Canada he created a media circus surrounding the rejection of his 'Suicide Workshop' by the Vancouver Public Library. Nitschke may be attempting to manufacture attention again. Nitschke stated in the media release (dated today) that these ads will be used to promote his suicide workshops that have been scheduled for October 7 in Vancouver and October 13 in Toronto. Canada’s assisted suicide act (S. 241 of the Criminal Code) prohibits aiding, abeting (encouraging) and counseling suicide. Nitschke states in the media release: “At these workshops practical end-of-life methods will be described, and information on lethal drugs and other techniques provided.” The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition supports Nitschke’s right to free speech, but Nitschke doesn’t debate the law, but rather he explains how to contravene the law. I have viewed the ‘Exit Choices’ TV ad. It appears that the TV ad and the ‘Suicide Workshops’ contravene the Criminal Code of Canada. Encourage the Television Bureau of Canada (TVB) to reject the ‘Exit Choice” TV ad because it appears to contravene the Criminal Code of Canada. Contact them at: www.tvb.ca , or email: [email protected] . Alex Schadenberg Tracy Latimer Robyn Joffe was printed in the Calgary Herald today responding to an Editorial that was published in the Saskatoon Star Phoenix on September 13, 2010 that was titled: Latimer doesn't fit The Saskatoon Star Phoenix justified the loosening of parole conditions for Robert Latimer, who killed his daughter Tracy in 1993. Tracy had cerebral palsy. The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition has always held the position that Robert Latimer should be treated like any other person who was convicted of second-degree murder. The decision to ease his parole conditions appears to indicate that Robert Latimer is receiving special parole conditions. I am reprinting Robyn Joffe's letter because he got it right. The letter follows: -------------------------- By Robyn Joffe, Calgary Herald September 16, 2010 Re: "Latimer doesn't fit," Editorial, Sept. 13. Robert Latimer should not be an exception to any parole rule. The bottom line remains he killed a human being. And like any other murderer, he should do hard time. While he may be sleeping in his home five nights a week, his daughter, Tracy, remains dead. What message are we giving society when we take pity on a man who killed his own child? He could have and should have reached out and asked for assistance, from professionals who provide support to people with disabilities, and their families. Enough with feeling sorry for Robert Latimer. He is a murderer, plain and simple. Read the original article that was published in the Saskatoon Star Phoenix: http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Latimer+doesn/3515462/story.html George Exoo planning to start a death clinic in North Carolina Euthanasia activist, George Exoo, has announced his intention to open a "right to die" hospice in Gastonia North Carolina. A few years ago, Exoo was featured in a film documentary entitled "Reverend Death". The filmographer, Jon Ronson, chose to do a film documentary on Exoo because Ronson had supported euthanasia and assisted suicide and Exoo was known to have participated in the assisted suicide death of Rosemary Toole in Ireland. At that time Exoo told the film crew: "I think it's the reason I'm placed on this planet," Exoo claims to have directly assisted more than 100 people die by suicide, with another 20 people who he claims to have assisted by phone. Exoo claims: "I have a heart and a passion for those people, and so reaching out to them may be in the spirit of the Good Samaritan. That's why I do this,” The North Carolina media stated: At the facility in Gastonia – he’s looking at a home on West Circle -- Exoo says he plans to help people with terminal and debilitating illnesses end their lives. Exoo stated: "This is for people who live in jurisdictions and states like Georgia and Mississippi, Florida, and New York, where having assistance with an intentioned death is not legal,". As much as Exoo wants to portray himself as a caring compassionate person, the fact is that there is significant profit to be made by establishing a death clinic. Dignitas, the Swiss group that is operated by Ludwig Minelli, has enabled Minelli to become a very wealthy man. Exoo chose North Carolina because it is one of four states that doesn't have a specific statute criminalizing assisted suicide. But similar to Idaho, even though it may not have a specific statute concerning assisted suicide, it does recognize assisted suicide to be a crime based on common law and legal precedent. Dr Gerald Aronoff told the media: "Although there's not a statute criminalizing physician-assisted suicide, it still is not condoning physician-assisted suicide as the best alternative for dealing with these complex, chronic pain, end-of-life issues," The article concluded by stating: In 2007, Exoo spent four months in a West Virginia jail in connection with the death of a woman he assisted in Dublin. A court later ruled he could not be forced to return to Ireland. Previous articles about George Exoo uncovered some very unsavoury concerns related to Exoo's clients. By filming Exoo over a period of years Ronson learned that most of Exoo's clients were depressed or needed psychiatric help. Exoo also played games with his suicide victims by moving the bodies in such a way to make it look like they were sleeping. Link to the article about the Ronson film: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2008/05/i-made-it-look-like-they-died-in-their.html The other interesting fact that was uncovered by the Ronson film about Exoo was that Ronson learned that Exoo's clients were referred to him by the "mainstream" euthanasia lobby. Watch the film about George Exoo - Reverend Death on U-Tube: http://www.youtube.com/user/slackmaster2000#p/u/7/0VR7mK5hZwU Link to the article about Exoo's connections to the mainstream euthanasia lobby: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2008/05/euthanasia-advocates-fail-to-distance.html Link to the article: http://charlotte.news14.com:80/content/local_news/charlotte/630337/assisted-suicide-activist-plans-gastonia--right-to-die--hospice Bloc MP Francine Lalonde has cancer The CBC News, and other news agencies, reported yesterday that Bloc Québécois MP Francine Lalonde has announced that she won't be running for re-election in the next federal election because she has bone cancer. Lalonde successfully battled bone cancer a few years ago. She has reported that the cancer is spreading rapidly. We hope that the cancer will once again go into remission and Lalonde will receive the best medical care. As for the coverage by the CBC, they stated that: Lalonde made a name for herself in politics after introducing a private member's bill that would allow euthanasia and assisted suicide under strict conditions. Bill C-384 was defeated 228-59 in a vote earlier this year. Strict conditions? - The fact is that Bill C-384 would have legalized euthanasia and assisted suicide for people with mental or physical pain, - You did not have to be terminally ill and it didn't define terminal illness. - It was not limited to Canadian citizens. - It defined competent as "appearing to be lucid." - and much more. The CBC would do us a great service by reporting the news and not trying to redefine the news. Link to the CBC news article: http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2010/09/13/bloc-mp-francine-lalonde.html Palliative Sedation is not euthanasia, experts state. A letter published in today's National Post states that the proper use of palliative sedation is not euthanasia. This letter was written by the Canadian Palliative Sedation Therapy Guideline Working group in response to the comments by Dr. Gaetan Barrette, president of Quebec’s Federation des medecins specialistes, stating in reference to palliative sedation that euthanasia happens every day in Quebec. The Canadian Palliative Sedation Therapy Guideline Working Group: Dr. Doreen Oneschuk, Palliative Medicine Physician, Grey Nuns Hospital, Associate Professor, University of Alberta; Dr. Victor Cellarius, Temmy Latner Center for Palliative Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Assistant Professor, University of Toronto. The letter to the editor stated: Dr. Gaetan Barrette, president of Quebec’s Federation des medecins specialistes, is quoted as saying that euthanasia is already widely practised in [Quebec] through medicinal measures known as palliative sedation. The Palliative Sedation working group responded to Barrette by stating: Palliative sedation therapy, correctly practised, neither aims at death nor shortens life. Palliative sedation therapy is the use of a sedative medication to control severe and untreatable suffering at the end of life when other measures have been exhausted. It does not shorten life. Palliative sedation does not require morphine or other opioids; is not used for every symptom; neither intends nor causes a hastened death. It is a last resort, when all other approaches have failed, to relieve suffering through the use of sedative medications. To improve the knowledge and practice of practitioners, our group is in the process of developing national guidelines for palliative sedation therapy. We hope these guidelines will help prevent some of the misunderstandings regarding palliative sedation, especially the mistaken belief that palliative sedation is a form of euthanasia. The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition has always stated that the proper use of palliative sedation is not euthanasia. The fact is that the abuse of palliative sedation techniques can be euthanasia and if Barrett insists on comparing palliative sedation to euthanasia then he must really be saying that many Quebec physicians are abusing palliative sedation techniques. Link to the letter in the National Post: http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2010/09/13/todays-letters-dealing-with-the-final-chapter/#more-11429#ixzz0zR7wWMS2 My letter to the editor was printed in the National Post today. Belgium style euthanasia Several reports have indicated that the promoters of euthanasia in Quebec are advocating “Belgium style” euthanasia. A study that was published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) on June 15, 2010 looked at the practice of euthanasia in Belgium and found it to be lacking in supposed safeguards. The study examined 208 euthanasia deaths in the region of Flanders Belgium. The study found that 66 (32%) of the euthanasia deaths were done without explicit request or consent. Link to the study: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/182/9/895 Before Quebec considers opening the doors to euthanasia or assisted suicide it needs to consider how it will effect the average Quebecer. In many cases choice is only an illusion. Alex Schadenberg Homicide-suicide deaths in Portland Oregon In Oregon, a murder-suicide following the usual pattern of man shooting his female partner and then killing himself was reported by the Seattletimes from an Associated Press article. A previous blog comment on homicide-suicide reported the research by Donna Cohen proving that homicide-suicide cases are rarely cases of "compassionate homicide". Link to the comment: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2009/03/murder-suicide-rarely-equates-to.html Recently Stephen Drake, the researcher from Not Dead Yet, reported on his blog how Compassion & Choices, the leading euthanasia lobby group, have been exploiting the tragedy of homicide-suicide to promote the legalization of assisted suicide. Link to the comment: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/assisted-suicide-lobby-exploit-elderly.html The article from the Seattle Times follows: Police: Two Portland deaths homicide-suicide The Associated Press - September 11, 2010 Portland police say a man and woman whose bodies were found Friday in a north Portland apartment died in a homicide-suicide. Police were called to the apartment to do a welfare check because neighbors and a friend had not seen the woman recently. Detectives have identified the dead as 42-year-old Stephanie Curtis and 60-year-old Francis "Frank" Masure. They say Masure shot and killed Curtis, then killed himself, likely on Monday or Tuesday. Detectives say Curtis lived at the apartment and was involved in a relationship with Masure, who lived in Vancouver, Wash. Curtis recently reported domestic violence incidents to both Vancouver and Portland police and appeared to be ending the relationship Obviously the legalization of assisted suicide does not prevent homicide-suicide deaths. By Alex Schadenberg Executive Director - Euthanasia Prevention Coalition Yesterday, I published a quote from the leader of the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) saying: "It's very dangerous to tread on those topics (assisted suicide) without an overarching support for suicide prevention. There's a risk that if legislation on assisted suicide were to move forward, that it could be misinterpreted and abused." Several years ago I reported that the state of Oregon, that legalized assisted suicide in 1998, had one of the highest suicide rates in the United States. I suggested at that point that the rate of suicide has risen significantly since the legalization of assisted suicide in that state. Now it has been reported that Oregon suicide rate is not only the highest in the United States but 35% higher than the national average. When you read the article from the KTVZ.com in Oregon, that was published on September 9, you will notice that the suicide rate has skyrocketed since 2000. I was right when I stated a few years ago that legalizing assisted suicide increases the suicide rate because the taboo concerning suicide is eliminated when assisted suicide is legal. The article states: Oregon Suicide Rate Tops U.S., By Far Depression Kept Secret By Many Oregon's suicide rate is a stunning 35 percent higher than the national average, a new state report out Thursday said. The Oregon rate is 15.2 suicides per 100,000 people, compared to the national rate of 11.3 per 100,000. After decreasing in the 1990s, suicide rates have been increasing significantly since 2000, according to a new report, "Suicides in Oregon: Trends and Risk Factors," from Oregon Public Health. The report also details recommendations to prevent the number of suicides in the state. "Suicide is one of the most persistent, yet preventable public health problems. It is the leading cause of death from injuries – more than even from car crashes. Each year, 550 people in Oregon die from suicide and 1,800 people are hospitalized for non-fatal attempts," said Lisa Millet, MPH, principal investigator, and manager of the Injury Prevention and Epidemiology Section for Oregon Public Health. There are likely many reasons for the state's rising suicide rate, according to Millet. The single most identifiable risk factor associated with suicide is depression. Many people are able to manage their depression; however, stress and crisis can overwhelm their ability to cope successfully. Stresses such as from job loss, loss of home, loss of family and friends, life transitions and also the stress veterans can experience returning home from deployment – all increase the likelihood of suicide among those who are already at risk. "Many people often keep their depression a secret, for fear of discrimination. Unfortunately, families, communities, businesses, schools and other institutions often discriminate against people with depression or other mental illness. These people will continue to die needlessly unless they have support and effective community-based mental health care," said Millet. The report also included the following findings: There was a marked increase in suicides among middle-aged women. The number of women between 45 and 64 years of age who died from suicide rose 55 percent between 2000 and 2006 from 8.2 per 100,000 to 12.8 per 100,000 respectively. Male veterans have a higher suicide rate than non-veteran males (45.7 per 100,000 vs. 27.4 per 100,000 respectively), and account for 27 percent of all suicides. Suicide rates vary by sex, age and race. Men were 3.7 times more likely to die by suicide than women. The highest suicide rate occurred among men ages 85 and older (78.4 per 100,000). White males had the highest suicide rate among all races and ethnicities (26.5 per 100,000). Firearms were the dominant mechanism of suicide among men at 62 percent. White men were more likely than other races to die from firearms (63 percent vs. 46 percent). Poisoning was a major mechanism of suicide among women at 46 percent. More than 70 percent of suicide victims had a diagnosed mental disorder, alcohol and /or substance use problems, or depressed mood at time of death; 36 percent of female victims and 16 percent of male victims had a previous suicide attempt. Despite the high prevalence of diagnosed mental health problems among people who commit suicide, less than one-third of males and approximately half of all females were receiving treatment for mental health problems at the time of death. The report also contained recommendations to reduce the number of suicides, including universal depression screening by health care providers, particularly for youth, veterans and seniors; expanded prevention efforts across all ages focusing on men in particular; complete statewide implementation of comprehensive suicide prevention in high schools; identification of appropriate approaches that engage and enable men to identify depression as a manageable condition; and the promotion of community, business, family and individual tools to support successful self management. Also, families and individuals should remove guns from homes when a family member is suicidal. Health care providers should counsel family members and individuals at high risk for suicide to remove guns from their homes. The Injury and Prevention Program is working to establish more expert capacity in suicide prevention on the local level throughout Oregon. The Garrett Lee Smith Act, named for the son of former Sen. Gordon Smith, funded projects throughout the state that implemented comprehensive suicide prevention in 50 high schools in Oregon; trained approximately 4,000 people or 1 percent of adults in Oregon to use intervention skills; and trained 36 applied suicide intervention skills trainers who can teach two-day intervention skills courses. This year, 14 counties are implementing two public awareness campaigns; hospital emergency departments in counties are working with local county mental and public health agencies to conduct follow-up on youth who are treated in emergency departments and then referred to community care; and all nine Tribes are working together on an annual family event and ongoing suicide prevention activities. To legalize assisted suicide sends the message that there is nothing wrong with suicide. Last year there were 59 assisted suicide deaths and none of them were referred for a psychiatric or psychological assessment. Depressed people are dying by assisted suicide and assisted suicide has had a suicide contagion effect on regular suicide. The concept of rational suicide is out of control. Very few people rationally commit suicide. Finally, the one recommendation is to remove guns from a suicidal persons home. It should also state that the lethal assisted suicide prescription should also be removed from a suicidal persons home. Link to the Ktvz.com article: http://www.ktvz.com/news/24945319/detail.html Did George Soros collaborate with the Nazi's against the Jewish people in Hungary? I was shocked to read an article that was written by Ezra Levant and published in the Ottawa Sun on September 4, 2010 concerning George Soros, one of the primary donors of the euthanasia lobby world-wide. The article is concerning the attempt by Soros to derail the attempt by Sun media to get the CRTC to grant them a license to establish a new TV news channel in Canada. The article stated: George Schwartz was born in Hungary in 1930 — not the luckiest time and place to be born a Jew. George’s father Theodore tried to change the family’s fortunes by changing their name to something less Jewish-sounding. It didn’t help. And soon war came. When the Nazis took total control of Hungary in 1944, the Holocaust followed. In two months, 440,000 Hungarian Jews were deported to death camps. To survive, George, then a teenager, collaborated with the Nazis. First he worked for the Judenrat. That was the Jewish council set up by the Nazis to do their dirty work for them. Instead of the Nazis rounding up Jews every day for the trains, they delegated that murderous task to Jews who were willing to do it to survive another day at the expense of their neighbours. Theodore hatched a better plan for his son. He bribed a non-Jewish official at the agriculture ministry to let George live with him. George helped the official confiscate property from Jews. By collaborating with the Nazis, George survived the Holocaust. He turned on other Jews to spare himself. George moved to London after the war and then to New York, where he became a stockbroker. He’s rich now. Forbes magazine says he’s the 35th richest man in the world. Maybe you’ve heard of him. He goes by the name his father invented: George Soros. How does Soros feel about what he did as a teenager? Has it kept him up at night? Steve Kroft of 60 Minutes asked him that. Was it difficult? “Not at all,” Soros answered. “No feeling of guilt?” asked Kroft. “No,” said Soros. “There was no sense that I shouldn’t be there. If I wasn’t doing it, somebody else would be taking it away anyhow. Whether I was there or not. So I had no sense of guilt.” A Nazi would steal the Jews’ property anyways. So why not him? That moral hollowness has shaped Soros’ life. He’s a rabid critic of capitalism, but in 1992 when he saw a chance, he speculated against the British pound, causing it to crash, devastating retirement savings for millions of Britons. Soros pocketed $1.1 billion for himself. If he didn’t do it, someone else would, right? In 2002, Soros was convicted of insider trading in France, and fined millions of dollars. He admitted buying the shares, but denied it was a crime. Last year, when he made $3.3 billion off the banking collapse, he called the world’s financial crisis “the culmination of my life’s work.” This is a man who boasted he offered to help his mother commit suicide. Apparently he didn’t see enough death in Hungary. Soros is a sociopath. But he’s a sociopath with $14 billion, and he likes to spend it on politics. Sometimes his gifts are large, like the $24 million he spent in 2004, trying to defeat George W. Bush. Sometimes they’re small, like $20,000 to a woman convicted of helping terrorists. Soros has been donating to the euthanasia lobby for several years. Choice is a lie. The euthanasia lobby is really about how we cause the death of people who are "better off dead". Australia's Dr. Death, Philip Nitschke, plans North American suicide tours of Unitarian Churches Philip Nitschke, Australia's Dr. Death is coming to a Unitarian Church near you as he travels across North America on his suicide tour. We alerting our supporters of how the euthanasia lobby is challenging the protections that exist for vulnerable people. Nitschke promotes the online purchase of Nembutal, a veterinary euthanasia drug, and he is not concerned that an Australian study proved that depressed and mentally ill people are obtaining Nembutal via Nitschke's instructions. I believe in freedom of speech, but I also agree that vulnerable people need to be protected from cavalier people like Nitschke who are willing to encourage and counsel suicide. Vancouver BC - Thursday, October 7 Unitarian Church of Vancouver, 949 49th Ave West, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 2T1 Toronto ON - Wednesday, October 13 1st Unitarian Congregation of Toronto, 175 St Claire Ave West, Toronto, ON, M4V 1P7. New York, NY - Wednesday, October 20 Community Church of New York, 40 East 35th St, New York, NY, 10016. Orlando, FL - Saturday, October 23 A Gathering Place, 1st Unitarian Church of Orlando, 1901 Robinson St East, Orlando, FL, 32803. San Francisco CA - Friday, November 5 Audre Lorde Room, Women’s Building, 3543 18th St #8, San Francisco, CA , 94110 President of the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention says assisted suicide is very dangerous An article about the online poll by the Canadian Association for Retired Persons (CARP), written by Lee Greenberg and Charlie Fidelman and published yesterday in the Montreal Gazette, quoted Marion Cooper from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention as stating that legalizing assisted suicide is very dangerous. The article stated: Marion Cooper, president of the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention, said public discussion about assisted suicide is important, "but it's premature to have a position on assisted suicide when we don't have a national strategy on suicide prevention, which is a public-health issue," she said. "It's very dangerous to tread on those topics without an overarching support for suicide prevention. There's a risk that if legislation on assisted suicide were to move forward, that it could be misinterpreted and abused." Today it has been reported that the state of Oregon, the state that legalized assisted suicide 12 years ago, has the highest rate of suicide in the United States. Canada needs a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy before Canadians should ever consider legalizing euthanasia or assisted suicide. Monique David's testimony to the Select Committee on Dying with Dignity in Quebec Monique David gave a profound presentation to the Dying with Dignity committee in Quebec. The national post published an special article by her that represents a synopsis of her presentation to the Quebec committee. The article was titled: Suffering and Strength. Please read: Monique David, Special To The National Post · Friday, Sept. 10, 2010 This week, the Select Committee on Dying with Dignity, mandated by Quebec's National Assembly to examine end-of-life issues, began its public hearings. What follows is an abbreviated version of Monique David's testimony to the committee. On July 14, 2009, my father, having enjoyed reasonable health thus far in his life, suffered a heart attack at the age of 86. He remained significantly weakened, and his quality of life was noticeably diminished. Throughout the following six to seven months, he often expressed a desire to die. My once-optimistic father was experiencing what the Canadian Association of Palliative Care describes as the four main reasons patients want to die: pain and physical suffering; loss of control over their illness, their lives and their bodies; the desire to not be a burden; and depression and psychological distress linked to their illness. His family doctor prescribed anti-depressants. Thankfully, his anxiety crises mostly disappeared, as did his discourse surrounding death and his perception of burdening the lives of those around him. My family helped him understand that serving his needs was our way to reciprocate for all that he had generously given us throughout his life. Gradually, he came to realize that he could continue to be useful -- less physically, but more interpersonally. His presence, his listening, his smile and his attentive gaze continue to positively transform those around him. But if we had succumbed to his dark, recurring desires, supported by a doctor or a medical system that legalizes euthanasia, my father would no longer be among us. This personal experience convinced me that desires to die should be disarmed, not encouraged. "I want to die" is a powerful sentence whose meaning begs to be questioned and understood -- so we, as a society, can allocate more collective will, expertise, creativity and research, especially for the psychological and physical relief of degenerative diseases. We urgently need more doctors trained in pain management, which should become an essential part of basic university medical training. Regarding psychological, social and spiritual suffering, palliative care medicine is a highly effective solution. This multidisciplinary expertise addresses all dimensions of the person; additionally, it is inexpensive. We live in a society that places much undue importance on the body and its appearance. Illness rattles this mirage. Exposure to suffering opens a door, unseen until then, on the internal richness of the human being and its spiritual dimension. Compassion for those going through this process requires us to suffer with the patient, and implies an acceptance of his suffering in our lives without adopting a defeatist or passive attitude. Compassion is to do all that we can to eliminate the pain within the individual and not seek to kill the individual to eliminate the pain. A society that strives to be compassionate must support the sufferer and his support network, must continuously find or develop means of assistance and relief, encourage volunteering, promote family solidarity and sustain disabled people. Euthanasia and assisted suicide advocates claim the right to terminate life at the moment and in the way that the individual chooses (or that someone chooses for his). Therefore, we should not be referring to the "right to die" (a right that is intrinsic to the human condition), but rather to the right to be killed. It is separate from suicide, which has existed since the dawn of humanity, and whose practitioners seek no sanction from society. The desire for the right to euthanasia and assisted suicide, expressed in the language of human rights, demands the intervention of a third party and a legal system that authorizes it. It implies that doctors become agents of death and that society legally recognizes a crime to be a lawful medical act. A society that justifies euthanasia and assisted suicide unites around a culture of death, fear and anguish. Conversely, accompanying a person imprisoned by a degenerative disease or at the terminal stage of life demands courage, and an expansion of self. It provides occasion for one to place his life at the service of the other who is slowly losing his. Monique David is a Montreal-based writer. Link to the article in the National Post: http://www.nationalpost.com/todays-paper/Suffering+strength/3504147/story.html Executive Director - Euthanasia Prevention Coalition Joy Wawryzniak The case of Joy Wawrzyniak who is sueing the Sunnybrook hospital based on the death of her father Douglas DeGuerre’s. DeGuerre had legally assigned his daughter, Joy Wawrzyniak, as his Substitute Decision Maker (SDM) and his Power of Attorney for personal care document stated he wanted full code medical treatment. On September 4, the Toronto Star published the article on the Wawrzyniak case. Link to my comments on this case: http://alexschadenberg.blogspot.com/2010/09/lawsuit-could-set-precedent-about-end.html Over the past few days there have been a significant number of letters printed in the Toronto Star about this issue. You need to know that the paper picks and chooses the letters it publishes, therefore the letters that were published represent a cross-section of the letters that were received. Here is a cross-section of the comments that have been published in the Toronto Star: Dr. Bernard Dickens says, “If the patient’s life cannot be saved in a meaningful way and if intervention would deny resources that would benefit other patients . . . then the doctor is justified in clinical judgment to withhold treatment.” This seems to be the policy prevailing in Canadian hospitals, making elderly patients fearful of being hospitalized because tests and treatments will be considered in the context of their cost effectiveness and age appropriateness. Ageism doesn’t appear to matter in the medical field, and a tragic proof was Douglas DeGuerre’s dying plight trying to breathe, with no doctors willing to help him. I wish Joy Wawrzyniak success in her litigation. It may be too late for her father, but it could help save countless lives. Jaime Oksemberg, Toronto “Physicians are not obligated to provide treatment that will almost certainly be of benefit to the patient” (2006 CPSO End of Life Policy). What is a benefit and who defines it? The ambiguity of this definition allows doctors to use their clinical judgment along with their own value judgment to determine whether a patient is worthy of treatment. Every vulnerable patient is at risk. Barbara Farlow, Mississauga My blood boiled as I read this article. In December 2009 my elderly mother was admitted to Sunnybrook Hospital. My mother also had a strong will to live. It was very clear from the start that the attending physician had “written her off” due to her age and co-morbidities and had no interest in optimizing her medical condition. It was only due to a combination of both physician family members and other persistent family members who screamed and begged for treatment that the attending physician and his team begrudgingly gave it (by then, in an untimely manner). The experience has haunted our family and left deep, lasting scars. It is frightening that his approach is being taught to residents and medical students on his team who follow him at this renowned teaching hospital. Decisions about the extent of medical care need to be discussed with the patient and the family, and decisions to not provide active medical treatment cannot be a unilateral physician decision. Otherwise, this bodes extreme danger for the future medical care of our aging population. Carolyn Telner, Toronto Your article about Ms Wawrzyniak’s horrifying experience in Sunnybrook conjured up the demons of the past in me. A mere 65 years ago, doctors in my home country decided whose life is not worth living and who should not raise children. Doctors, assisted by nurses and social workers, “euthanized” and sterilized tens of thousands of people they, with their professional expertise, deemed too ill to live, too disabled to raise children or in general too much of a burden for society. ... ...Doctors may make suggestions — even recommendations — but certainly not decisions. This is entirely up to the patient. Or would you like to have your hairdresser decide what haircut is right for you, or let your real estate agent buy a house he finds appropriate for you? The idea that doctors decide who is worthy of their help and who isn’t would make hospitals a scary place. Better not contradict your doctor or you might regret it later? And think about the influence of economic circumstances in this equation. Better switch off that senior over there so we can use our resources more economically? We must fight this at the beginning so this inhumanity can never again get a hold in our societies. If Ms Wawrzyniak needs support for her legal fight, I would gladly donate. And hope these arrogant doctors get a well-deserved slap on their hands. Tom Wiedemann, Toronto In 1996 the Ontario legislature passed the Health Care Consent Act, which clearly sets out that the wishes of a person are to be followed by health professionals, and that substitute decision makers are obliged to follow those wishes as well. The legislation provides a mechanism for physicians to challenge a person’s decision to determine if it is appropriate. The legislation does not envisage physicians making unilateral decisions. The Consent and Capacity Board of Ontario was entrusted with the duty to adjudicate these issues and it has done so for the past 16 years, including many end-of-life issues. People in this situation should know their rights and physicians should be more aware of the mechanisms in place to deal with these complex and emotional issues. Theodore Nemetz, Barrister and Solicitor, Former lawyer member and past chair, Consent and Capacity Board Considering the recent case of Joshua Kulendran Mayandy who was denied fluids and nutrition, even though he was not otherwise dying, and the hospital and the lawyers pressured the potential SDM was accepted only because he succumbed to the demand that no IV fluids, nutrition and medicine be provided to Joshua. My biggest questions are related to definitions and false legal precedents. Since when was it in the "best interests" of the patient to deny them any medical treatment, including fluids, hydration and or oxygen, when they are not otherwise dying? Link to the comments: http://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters/article/858858--decisions-about-dying Parole restrictions are eased for Robert Latimer I have not made many comments about Robert Latimer since the Supreme Court of Canada upheld, by a unanimous decision, the jail sentence for Latimers second degree murder conviction for killing his daughter, Tracy, who had cerebral palsy. The Euthanasia Prevention Coalition believes that Robert Latimer should be treated in the same manner as any other person who is convicted of second degree murder. It appears that Robert Latimer has now received special conditions in the decision by the national parole board to ease his parole restrictions. An article by Lori Coolican that was printed on September 8, 2010 in the Saskatoon Star Phoenix. The article states: The National Parole Board (NPB) has agreed to further relax Robert Latimer’s parole conditions, allowing him to spend five nights a week in his Victoria, B.C. apartment and only two nights a week in a halfway house. The decision comes on the heels of a Federal Court ruling last month which ordered the board to reconsider, on an expedited basis, Latimer’s year-old request for the change. Latimer, 56, had been on a “two and five” — spending two nights a week at his own place and five nights a week at a halfway house — since September 2008. Parole board members, backed by the NPB’s appeal division, repeatedly denied his requests for a “five and two” on the basis that Latimer’s case did not meet the NPB policy manual’s definition of “exceptional circumstances” which would justify a reduction in his nightly reporting requirements. However, the Federal Court ruled the “exceptional circumstances” test was an improper fetter on the board’s discretion and was inconsistent with the principles of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, which governs day parole and calls for the least restrictive measures consistent with protection of the public. In light of that ruling, the NPB reversed its earlier refusal after conducting an in-office review of Latimer’s file, according to a Sept. 1 decision sheet released Wednesday. “According to your Case Management Team (CMT), your reintegration has been steadily progressing since your initial release into the community over two years ago,” the board wrote, noting Latimer recently finished the third year of an electrician program and expects to complete his fourth year by March. “File information indicates that you handled the stress of a family member’s medical difficulties in an appropriate manner. There are no concerns regarding your behaviour in the community and your CMT currently assesses your risk to re-offend as very low.” Latimer’s case management team and staff at the halfway house fully supported his bid for relaxed conditions, the decision states. “The board notes that your CMT plans to reduce its frequency of supervision in light of your positive attitude and commitment to a prosocial lifestyle. The board further notes that at the current time you are spending little time at (the halfway house) other than the seven hours that you are required to be there, and no interventions have been required to date.” I ask only one question. If Tracy had not had a significant disability, would Robert be receiving an easing of his parole restrictions today? In otherwords, Robert is receiving special parole conditions because it appears that the parole board does not equate killing a person with a disability with killing an able bodied person.	Jack Kevorkian
Formerly known as Sky Dome, Rogers Centre is home to what American League baseball team, the only MLB team located outside the United States?	News Archives for 4/15/1999 \| CJOnline.com Amazon.com bringing jobs to Coffeyville COFFEYVILLE -- Online retail giant Amazon.com plans to open its largest distribution center, bringing 500 jobs to this quiet refinery town tucked among rolling hills of grazing cattle in southeast Kansas. The company, which claims to be the Internet's largest retailer of videos, music and books, announced Tuesday it will expand an existing building to 750,000-square feet in a move it said would speed delivery of its products throughout the Midwest and Southeast. The decision was hailed by local and state officials, who said the move shows how high tech makes it possible for rural communities to attract good-paying jobs. Industrial plaza plans delayed for two weeks Plans for a new industrial plaza at Forbes Field grounds hit a snag Monday as the Shawnee County Commission delayed its consideration of a zoning reclassification on the property until April 26. The three commissioners decided to delay further consideration after a 45-minute discussion between the commissioners, Metropolitan Topeka Airport Authority president Dave Stremming and Mike Engler, representative of both Bartlett & West Engineers and the project developers. The discussion Monday stalled when it turned to the potential use of office space in the airfield's runway protection zone and its ultimate runway protection zone. The property to be developed ends only 1,080 feet from the end of Forbes Field's runway 13. Credit card companies increase lobbying WASHINGTON -- MasterCard and Visa ran up some big bills of their own lobbying Congress last year, quadrupling their spending to $5.3 million as they urged lawmakers to make it harder for people to erase debts in bankruptcy court. Lawmakers, prodded by lobbyists, are grappling with that unresolved issue again this year. Other businesses with hot issues before Congress, including airlines and high-tech companies, also dramatically increased their lobbying budgets, disclosure reports show. Auditors investigate complaint at Kansas Department of Agriculture Two auditors from the U.S. Department of Agriculture were in a Kansas government office last week investigating an anonymous complaint about federal grant management and documentation issues, a Kansas official said. The auditors requested paperwork and looked at files of the Pesticide Program at the Kansas Department of Agriculture, said Greg Krissek, an assistant secretary of agriculture at KDA. Although he requested a written copy of what the concerns are, Krissek said the auditors didn't provide one. They were in the office because of an anonymous telephone call reporting problems with the grant management, he said. Despite move, some business owners think state building is good for downtown Matt Billingsley didn't really want to move his sandwich shop but he figured the new state office building and parking garage that would take its place would be good for downtown Topeka. "I'm not dissatisfied," said Billingsley, who has operated Mr. Goodcents Subs & Pastas at 10th Street and Kansas Avenue for the last four years. "Progress is progress. We're going to do our utmost best to stay in the downtown area." About 15 businesses were forced to relocate or close to make room for the project. The Topeka Public Building Commission purchased the entire block bound by 10th Street on the north and 11th Street on the south between Kansas and Jackson. PBC pays $6.9 million for business property The Topeka Public Building Commission spent $6.9 million to acquire the downtown Topeka site for a new state office building and parking garage, exceeding the developer's estimate by $1.4 million. The original proposal submitted in August 1997 by developer Dennis Eskie and architect Chuck Peters estimated land acquisition costs at $5.5 million. So far, the PBC's costs for the 15 tracts of property at the S.W. 10th and Jackson site have exceeded that estimate by 25 percent. In many cases, the PBC also paid two to three times the land's property tax values established by the Shawnee County appraiser. Local Pizza Huts getting face lifts Pizza Hut stores throughout Topeka are changing shape. Following the recent remodeling and menu expansion at 2007 S.E. 29th in November, other stores in Topeka are being combined, remodeled, reconstructed or relocated to meet Pizza Hut Inc.'s new concept, said Jim Schwartz, president and chief executive officer of National Pizza Co. International. "Our focus specifically in Topeka is to improve the product, the service and the assets in which we do business all to benefit our customers," he said. Amazon.com bringing jobs to Coffeyville COFFEYVILLE -- Online retail giant Amazon.com plans to open its largest distribution center, bringing 500 jobs to this quiet refinery town tucked among rolling hills of grazing cattle in southeast Kansas. The company, which claims to be the Internet's largest retailer of videos, music and books, announced Tuesday it will expand an existing building to 750,000-square feet in a move it said would speed delivery of its products throughout the Midwest and Southeast. The decision was hailed by local and state officials, who said the move shows how high tech makes it possible for rural communities to attract good-paying jobs. Local Pizza Huts getting face lifts Pizza Hut stores throughout Topeka are changing shape. Following the recent remodeling and menu expansion at 2007 S.E. 29th in November, other stores in Topeka are being combined, remodeled, reconstructed or relocated to meet Pizza Hut Inc.'s new concept, said Jim Schwartz, president and chief executive officer of National Pizza Co. International. "Our focus specifically in Topeka is to improve the product, the service and the assets in which we do business all to benefit our customers," he said. Pete Goering: Draft experts miss on Bishop MANHATTAN -- The memory, although 16 months old, is as vivid today as the fluorescent orange barrels that decorate I-70 between here and Topeka. It's New Year's Eve at the Fiesta Bowl. Quarterbacks Donovan McNabb of Syracuse and Michael Bishop of Kansas State are the featured matchup. But it's no contest. Bishop kicks McButt. Wildcats announce basketball signees MANHATTAN -- A dazzling array of playmaking skills wasn't what sold Tom Asbury on his new point guard at Kansas State. Instead, it was the outside touch that 6-foot junior college transfer Galen Morrison displayed at Iowa Western, where he averaged 18 points each of the past two seasons and hit 38 percent of his 3-point attempts as a sophomore. Morrison was one of two juco recruits whose signings K-State announced on Wednesday. The Cats have also signed Kelvin Howell, a 6-9 forward from Westark (Ark.) Community College. Cats' strength in numbers MANHATTAN -- The stockpile of senior talent was probably the best in Kansas State football history. Yet when the NFL draft commences on Saturday, none of those Wildcats figure to be announced by commissioner Paul Tagliabue during the first-round selections. It's possible no K-Stater could go in the second round, either, even though the Cats have produced prospects that went that high four of the past five years. Wildcats announce basketball signees MANHATTAN -- A dazzling array of playmaking skills wasn't what sold Tom Asbury on his new point guard at Kansas State. Instead, it was the outside touch that 6-foot junior college transfer Galen Morrison displayed at Iowa Western, where he averaged 18 points each of the past two seasons and hit 38 percent of his 3-point attempts as a sophomore. Morrison was one of two juco recruits whose signings K-State announced on Wednesday. The Cats have also signed Kelvin Howell, a 6-9 forward from Westark (Ark.) Community College. Cats' strength in numbers MANHATTAN -- The stockpile of senior talent was probably the best in Kansas State football history. Yet when the NFL draft commences on Saturday, none of those Wildcats figure to be announced by commissioner Paul Tagliabue during the first-round selections. It's possible no K-Stater could go in the second round, either, even though the Cats have produced prospects that went that high four of the past five years. Pete Goering: Draft experts miss on Bishop MANHATTAN -- The memory, although 16 months old, is as vivid today as the fluorescent orange barrels that decorate I-70 between here and Topeka. It's New Year's Eve at the Fiesta Bowl. Quarterbacks Donovan McNabb of Syracuse and Michael Bishop of Kansas State are the featured matchup. But it's no contest. Bishop kicks McButt. It's hard to imagine Bishop as a backup MANHATTAN -- Try to picture Michael Bishop in a reserve role. Go ahead, try. It's hard to imagine him holding a clipboard, scribbling whatever it is a backup quarterback scribbles. It's hard, too, to imagine him wearing a ball cap every backup QB is issued and standing along the sideline, arms folded. Depot project on track Multimedia; Kickoff of fund-raising for Great Overland Station; speakers included former Sen. Bob Dole, Topeka Mayor Joan Wagnon and Sen. Sam Brownback, R-Kan. 28.8 + \| ISDN + The wit of former U.S. Sen. Bob Dole and the announcement of a $1.88 million federal grant got a fund-raising campaign for the Union Pacific Depot restoration off to a rousing start Monday. Dole got a "before" view of the restoration as the featured speaker at a ceremony to kick off the campaign to raise the rest of the money needed for the project. The announcement of the federal grant, the second for the $5 million restoration, put the fund-raising effort at 80 percent. The public can get its own peek of the project Saturday during a "bare bones" preview. Oblander wants records disregarded Former Shawnee County Sheriff's Cpl. Timothy P. Oblander asked a judge Monday to disregard Oblander's medical records at a substance abuse treatment center where he was a patient for cocaine addiction when the judge decides whether to dismiss drug charges against a defendant. Oblander's attorney, William Rork, also asked Shawnee County District Judge Eric Rosen to disregard testimony by a physician and a counselor at the treatment center, Valley Hope in Atchison. Oblander was a central figure during an evidentiary hearing in Shawnee County District Court to determine whether Rosen would dismiss drug charges against Carlos Hernandez based on allegations of missing drug evidence and sheriff's department misconduct. Rosen is expected to issue his decision in about three weeks. 18-year-old convicted of murder sentenced to juvenile facility A youth convicted of fatally shooting a 30-year-old man was sentenced Monday to incarceration at a juvenile correctional facility. The youth, James B. Lassen, pleaded no contest to a reduced charge of reckless second-degree murder on March 11, three days after his 18th birthday. Lassen, who was 17 when charged, originally faced a charge of premeditated first-degree murder in the Sept. 4, 1998, slaying of Curtis Leon "Curt" Huggins, 30. On Monday, Shawnee County District Judge Frank Yeoman ordered Lassen directly committed to a juvenile correctional facility. The facility could keep jurisdiction of Lassen until his 23rd birthday if it chooses. 18-year-old convicted of murder sentenced to juvenile facility A youth convicted of fatally shooting a 30-year-old man was sentenced Monday to incarceration at a juvenile correctional facility. The youth, James B. Lassen, pleaded no contest to a reduced charge of reckless second-degree murder on March 11, three days after his 18th birthday. Lassen, who was 17 when charged, originally faced a charge of premeditated first-degree murder in the Sept. 4, 1998, slaying of Curtis Leon "Curt" Huggins, 30. On Monday, Shawnee County District Judge Frank Yeoman ordered Lassen directly committed to a juvenile correctional facility. The facility could keep jurisdiction of Lassen until his 23rd birthday if it chooses. City council members sworn in Bearding the council member, something that began two years ago as a gag, looked like the beginning of a tradition Tuesday night. Two years ago when Topeka City Councilman Gary Fleenor left the council after 12 years, he presented a theatrical gray beard to Jim Reardon, indicating Reardon was becoming the council's gray beard. Tuesday night as Reardon stepped down after 12 years, he presented the fake beard to Duane Pomeroy, who with six years on the council is the senior member. Friends and co-workers remember Topeka lawyer Topeka lawyer, civic leader and former law professor L.M. "Bud" Cornish, 77, died Monday at a local care home, leaving behind big shoes for a community leader to fill in the future. Cornish, who retired from active law practice several years ago after practicing since 1948, was a partner in three different law firms from 1951 to 1978. Cornish served on the board of directors and was president of many associations, including the Topeka Tuberculosis Association, the Topeka Lions Club and the Topeka chapter of the American Cancer Society. Dads treated to songs, stories at breakfast Dads, grandfathers and brothers -- some only stopping briefly on their way to work -- watched Wednesday morning as a steady stream of Lundgren Elementary School students entertained them with songs and readings. The third annual "Doughnuts for Dads" breakfast is part of Lundgren's ongoing efforts to increase student achievement and involve parents and the community. "Muffins for Moms," a similar event, was earlier in the school year. Lundgren principal Dr. Betsy Joyce Vaughn-Jackson directed the whirlwind school overview for the visitors -- a collection of 24 key male figures in students' lives. Showhouse set to shine Saturday For the past several weeks, the stately home at 1801 S.W. Oakley has been a beehive of activity as designers, decorators and craftsmen have prepared for its unveiling as the 1999 ERC Designers' Showhouse. Dubbed the White House in Westwood, the pillared home and carriage house will open to the public Saturday. Tours will continue daily through May 16. The showhouse is the 19th version of the annual ERC/Resource & Referral fund-raiser. Modern-day pioneers preparing to blaze the trails There is gold in them there Flint Hills. And even if there isn't, you couldn't stop these modern-day pioneers. "I was born 100 years too late," said Bill Tefft, of Wakarusa. "I'd love to have been born back then and just enjoy the scenery, to go at a slower place." Taxing question: You didn't forget, did you? Income tax procrastinators still have time to get the job the done -- if they hurry -- before today's filing deadline. Representatives from the Internal Revenue Service and Kansas Department of Revenue, as well as local IRS-trained volunteers from the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance Program, are offering last-minute tax assistance. Services are available for federal taxes from 8 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. today at the IRS office, 120 S.E. 6th, suite 200, and until midnight for state income taxes at the Docking State Office Building, room 158, 915 S.W. Harrison. Help for both state and federal taxes will be offered from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library, 1515 S.W. 10th. Modern-day pioneers preparing to blaze the trails There is gold in them there Flint Hills. And even if there isn't, you couldn't stop these modern-day pioneers. "I was born 100 years too late," said Bill Tefft, of Wakarusa. "I'd love to have been born back then and just enjoy the scenery, to go at a slower place." And the survey says: Police seek feedback The Topeka Police Department is teaming up with Gallup -- the leading polling and survey organization in the country -- to figure out whether Topeka officers are putting forth their best effort. Deputy Chief Ed Klumpp said a new survey designed by department employees and analyzed by Gallup should give the department a better look into how it serves the city. The department already has two surveys -- one public, one internal -- it uses to gauge how the community views its service. But this one, Klumpp said, should round out the department's evaluation process. "We thought it would be another good tool to measure how we're doing," he said. "Police officers are conscientious on doing the best job they can. When they have the ability to see how the public perceives them, they know how they can try to improve themselves." Washburn senior files for Legislature Aaron Isaacson, a senior at Washburn University, has filed for the Republican nomination in the 55th House District of west central Topeka. Isaacson, 21, 1313 Fillmore, Apt. 4, is the first candidate to file for a seat in the Legislature for the 2000 elections. "I received a lot of advice to get started early, in just about every way," Isaacson said of his early entry. Budget pleases mental health advocates Advocates for the developmentally disabled and mentally ill said Wednesday the budget battle they forced at the end of the Legislature's regular session was worth the risk. With about two weeks to go in the session, the advocates worked with Democrats and conservative Republicans in the House to redesign the fiscal 2000 budget submitted by Gov. Bill Graves. They siphoned money out of the administrative budgets of state agencies -- including the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services -- and diverted money into community programs for the developmentally disabled and mentally ill. Graves and the Republican leaders in the House and Senate angrily complained the budget process had been hijacked. But when conference committee negotiations between the House and Senate ended last week, much of the money added for social services was still in the $8.8 billion budget. Museum nets money for construction Money to finish construction of the third and last storage bay at the State Historical Museum was provided by the Legislature shortly before it adjourned the regular portion of its 1999 session Saturday. But lawmakers removed funding to begin planning for a new Kansas Bureau of Investigation headquarters on the grounds of the former Topeka State Hospital. The Legislature also deleted all the funding for planning and construction of a new maximum security facility for juvenile offenders from the capital improvements section of the big state budget bill that was passed Saturday. The budget bill provided $620,000 to the Kansas State Historical Society to complete construction of the third storage bay at the State Historical Museum and Research Center west of the city near the Interstate 70/Interstate 470 interchange. Keeping the oldies new There once was a Letterwoman. Back in the late 1950s, the guys who were to become the Lettermen were three-fourths of a quartet. "We were called Fourmost," said Tony Butala, founder of the Lettermen, who perform Saturday night at the Topeka Performing Arts Center. Classics old and new The Topeka Symphony Orchestra's last concert for the season will feature a symphony, a saga and a solo. The orchestra will play Brahms' Symphony No. 2, the same piece Dr. John Strickler performed 10 years ago as his audition to be conductor. Strickler said the orchestra hasn't played the symphony since then, although it has played an overture and the Haydn variations. "The second symphony is a lot different than the first one," Strickler said. "He spent over 20 years writing the first symphony (1876), because it had to live up to Beethoven's 9th. It had to be on par with that, at least in his mind." Sneezing season Allergies have a way of following Karen Hawes around. Hawes, 39, a nurse practitioner with the Cotton O'Neil Clinic, has moved all over the country, living in places as disparate as New York and California. But each time she moved, she developed allergies in her new location. "I have constant drainage that drives everyone around me nuts," she said. "When I was in college, people would refuse to sit next to me during long tests. When I took my state boards in nursing -- that's a three-hour test -- people asked to move because I was not under treatment, and I had so much drainage that I'd be going sniff, sniff, sniff." Classics old and new The Topeka Symphony Orchestra's last concert for the season will feature a symphony, a saga and a solo. The orchestra will play Brahms' Symphony No. 2, the same piece Dr. John Strickler performed 10 years ago as his audition to be conductor. Strickler said the orchestra hasn't played the symphony since then, although it has played an overture and the Haydn variations. The love doctors Nobody has nicknamed Drs. Les and Leslie Parrott "the love doctors," but that's what they are. The Parrotts, who are in their late 30s, have made a name for themselves in their role as experts on relationships. They are co-directors of the Center for Relationship Development at Seattle Pacific University. The center has been called a "ground-breaking program" dedicated to teaching the basics of relationships. Keeping the oldies new There once was a Letterwoman. Back in the late 1950s, the guys who were to become the Lettermen were three-fourths of a quartet. "We were called Fourmost," said Tony Butala, founder of the Lettermen, who perform Saturday night at the Topeka Performing Arts Center. Toward better breathing Stacey Griffie is respiratory therapist at St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center who also has moderate asthma. Griffie, 29, takes two pills, each twice a day -- Accolate, an anti-inflammatory medicine, and Theo-Dur, a bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways and blood vessels of her lungs. She also takes two puffs, twice a day, of Serevent, a long-lasting bronchodilator in an inhaler, to help prevent the coughing attacks that can wake her up. She has an inhaler with Proventil, a quick-acting bronchodilator, for sudden attacks and takes two puffs twice a day, of Vanceril, an inhaled corticosteriod, which helps control inflammation. Several Jayhawks moving up LAWRENCE -- Judging from the shuffling on Kansas' recently revised football depth chart, it's been a competitive spring. Anton Paige, a 6-foot-6, 180-pound redshirt freshman, has ascended to the first team at split end, moving in front of sophomore Harrison Hill, who is playing baseball rather than participating in spring drills. Also, David Hurst, another redshirt freshman, has unseated junior Jason Gulley at tight end. Up front on offense, John Oddonetto, a junior college transfer who redshirted last season, has moved to the fore at right guard. In the defensive line, 6-3, 300-pound sophomore Nate Dwyer has unseated senior John Williams at nose guard. Kansas' renovation shaping up LAWRENCE -- Renovations at Kansas' Memorial Stadium, which last winter lagged as much as six weeks behind schedule, are back on track. The project's contractor, Walton Construction of Kansas City, Mo., now projects a completion date of Aug. 19 for the new press box and luxury suites, less than a week after the original target date. The structure still doesn't look much like a press box. Crews currently are pouring concrete on the eighth and ninth levels, and assistant athletics director Pat Warren, KU's project liaison, said it would be about a month until it really started to take shape. Kansas' renovation shaping up LAWRENCE -- Renovations at Kansas' Memorial Stadium, which last winter lagged as much as six weeks behind schedule, are back on track. The project's contractor, Walton Construction of Kansas City, Mo., now projects a completion date of Aug. 19 for the new press box and luxury suites, less than a week after the original target date. The structure still doesn't look much like a press box. Crews currently are pouring concrete on the eighth and ninth levels, and assistant athletics director Pat Warren, KU's project liaison, said it would be about a month until it really started to take shape. Several Jayhawks moving up LAWRENCE -- Judging from the shuffling on Kansas' recently revised football depth chart, it's been a competitive spring. Anton Paige, a 6-foot-6, 180-pound redshirt freshman, has ascended to the first team at split end, moving in front of sophomore Harrison Hill, who is playing baseball rather than participating in spring drills. Also, David Hurst, another redshirt freshman, has unseated junior Jason Gulley at tight end. Up front on offense, John Oddonetto, a junior college transfer who redshirted last season, has moved to the fore at right guard. In the defensive line, 6-3, 300-pound sophomore Nate Dwyer has unseated senior John Williams at nose guard. Sneezing season Allergies have a way of following Karen Hawes around. Hawes, 39, a nurse practitioner with the Cotton O'Neil Clinic, has moved all over the country, living in places as disparate as New York and California. But each time she moved, she developed allergies in her new location. "I have constant drainage that drives everyone around me nuts," she said. "When I was in college, people would refuse to sit next to me during long tests. When I took my state boards in nursing -- that's a three-hour test -- people asked to move because I was not under treatment, and I had so much drainage that I'd be going sniff, sniff, sniff." The love doctors Nobody has nicknamed Drs. Les and Leslie Parrott "the love doctors," but that's what they are. The Parrotts, who are in their late 30s, have made a name for themselves in their role as experts on relationships. They are co-directors of the Center for Relationship Development at Seattle Pacific University. The center has been called a "ground-breaking program" dedicated to teaching the basics of relationships. A real shot in the arm The Shawnee County Health Agency will host Operation Immunize on April 24, offering parents the opportunity to immunize their children under the age of 3 from 10 deadly diseases at no cost. Older children can receive immunizations for a fee of $10 per vaccine. This is Operation Immunize's last year. Toward better breathing Stacey Griffie is respiratory therapist at St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center who also has moderate asthma. Griffie, 29, takes two pills, each twice a day -- Accolate, an anti-inflammatory medicine, and Theo-Dur, a bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways and blood vessels of her lungs. She also takes two puffs, twice a day, of Serevent, a long-lasting bronchodilator in an inhaler, to help prevent the coughing attacks that can wake her up. She has an inhaler with Proventil, a quick-acting bronchodilator, for sudden attacks and takes two puffs twice a day, of Vanceril, an inhaled corticosteriod, which helps control inflammation. Traffic-stymied Graves witnessed police pursuit It isn't every day the governor of Kansas takes the stand to testify in a criminal trial. In fact, when Gov. Bill Graves did just that during a federal drug trial Tuesday in Topeka, it might have been the first time a sitting governor had done so, said his spokesman, Mike Matson. However, senior Judge Dale Saffels, who is presiding over the case, said Graves is the second sitting governor to testify in a federal trial presided over by him. The judge said former Gov. Joan Finney testified in a case when she was governor, but he couldn't remember case specifics. Traffic-stymied Graves witnessed police pursuit It isn't every day the governor of Kansas takes the stand to testify in a criminal trial. In fact, when Gov. Bill Graves did just that during a federal drug trial Tuesday in Topeka, it might have been the first time a sitting governor had done so, said his spokesman, Mike Matson. However, senior Judge Dale Saffels, who is presiding over the case, said Graves is the second sitting governor to testify in a federal trial presided over by him. The judge said former Gov. Joan Finney testified in a case when she was governor, but he couldn't remember case specifics. Refugee plight a 'nightmare' Watching the river of uprooted Albanian refugees flowing from Kosovo into Montenegro or piling up at the Macedonian border "gives me nightmares," Dr. Roman Hiszczynskyj said this week. "It sent shivers down my back. It's so long now that I can talk about it, but for a long time I really couldn't. In 1978 or '79, they had an air show here. I was in the yard, and all of a sudden, three World War II-vintage fighters flew overhead. All of a sudden, I ran into the house. "That sound is unmistakable! I ran in dripping with sweat. Western finished with mergers After years of merger battles and blockbuster deals, it is about to become a bit quieter on the Western front. The Western Resources front, that is. The man in charge of the state's largest utility says the company is done doing big deals for the foreseeable future. At a recent meeting in New York with about 100 of the nation's most influential utility analysts, David Wittig, Western's chairman, president and chief executive officer, said the company's focus would shift from mergers and acquisitions to a determined effort to mesh its component parts into a well-oiled profit-making machine. Western finished with mergers After years of merger battles and blockbuster deals, it is about to become a bit quieter on the Western front. The Western Resources front, that is. The man in charge of the state's largest utility says the company is done doing big deals for the foreseeable future. At a recent meeting in New York with about 100 of the nation's most influential utility analysts, David Wittig, Western's chairman, president and chief executive officer, said the company's focus would shift from mergers and acquisitions to a determined effort to mesh its component parts into a well-oiled profit-making machine. Grand jury likely to hear case of man charged in one of five slayings KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- The case of a man charged with one slaying after five bodies were found in his home likely will go to a grand jury to determine if he should be charged in the other deaths, the prosecutor said Tuesday. Man must share story for two traffic deaths EMPORIA -- An Emporia man was sentenced in Lyon County District Court Monday to four years probation in connection with a double fatality traffic accident nearly two years ago. Brett Smiley, 18, also was ordered by Judge Merlin Wheeler to pay $24,000 in restitution and to speak to high school and middle school students about the accident and the choices one makes in life. Smiley will lose his driving privileges for four years. Refugee plight a 'nightmare' Watching the river of uprooted Albanian refugees flowing from Kosovo into Montenegro or piling up at the Macedonian border "gives me nightmares," Dr. Roman Hiszczynskyj said this week. "It sent shivers down my back. It's so long now that I can talk about it, but for a long time I really couldn't. In 1978 or '79, they had an air show here. I was in the yard, and all of a sudden, three World War II-vintage fighters flew overhead. All of a sudden, I ran into the house. "That sound is unmistakable! I ran in dripping with sweat. Statues of limitations? WASHINGTON -- Kansas gave the nation Dwight David Eisenhower and Amelia Earhart, two of the 20th century's most legendary figures. But it will take an act of Congress to get them into the U.S. Capitol, because only Congress can evict two obscure Kansans standing in their way. No state has ever been allowed to replace a statue in the 135-year-old National Statuary Hall Collection. But the Kansas Legislature, hoping to become the first, sent Congress a resolution last month urging the removal of former U.S. Sen. John James Ingalls and former Gov. George Washington Glick in exchange for Earhart and Eisenhower. McCaffrey: Kansas doing well in drug war Multimedia; Barry McCaffrey, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, spoke at the Statehouse on Wednesday. 28.8 + \| ISDN + Multimedia; McCaffrey discusses drug control policy and issues with The Capital-Journal editorial board. 28.8 + \| ISDN + Kansas is doing a good job in the war on drugs, the national drug czar told a cross section of audiences Wednesday in Topeka. "Your numbers are good and getting better relative to other places," Barry McCaffrey said to about 250 people at a luncheon of the Kansas Family Partnership in the Sunflower Ballroom of the Kansas Expocentre. After a 30-minute meeting with Gov. Bill Graves, McCaffrey, a former four-star Army general, said: "Kansas figures are actually about one-half the national average in terms of drug abuse in many ways. Having said that, it is still an enormous problem, challenging young people in this state. It's a treatment and prevention challenge involving thousands of lives that are devastated by alcohol and drug abuse." Adam's trial will take place in Reno County A Morris County man who last month won a decision to have his trial on felony murder and felony child abuse charges moved to another venue will be tried in Reno County, a Kansas Supreme Court justice decided Friday. Scotty Adam, 24, had been scheduled for a mid-May trial in the beating death of 16-month-old Timothy Post. Timothy died Oct. 22, 1998, in a Wichita hospital after being airlifted there the day before. Adam, who has pleaded not guilty to the charges, was living with his girlfriend, Jessica McAuley Post, and her three children, including Timothy, at the time of the slaying. At a hearing March 30, Adam's defense attorneys said that more than 90 percent of 200 Morris County residents surveyed were familiar with the case. And 72 percent believed Adam was guilty of fatally beating the baby. What's the best movie of all time? Celebrate 2000 wants to know what you think. The new Star Wars movie, "Episode I: The Phantom Menace," comes out on May 19. We will celebrate movies in our May 16 issue, and we want to share our readers' favorite movies of all time. Sweet rewards all around I was born on Chester Street in Oakland when it was a city of its own and went to kindergarten and first grade at the old State Street School. We moved to North Kansas Avenue, and I went to the second grade at Lyman school. As community changes, so can the legacies of those who help it Return with me to 1919. A woman ties a scarf around her head and picks up her handbag before stepping out of her attorney's office. As she leaves, a smile of satisfaction comes over her face. This was the day she finalized her plans -- plans to leave her legacy of caring to her community. Serbian forces invade Albania BAJRAM CURRI, Albania -- Igniting fears of a widening conflict, Serb forces pushed into northern Albania on Tuesday, fought an hour-long skirmish with Albanian troops, seized a border hamlet and torched homes before withdrawing, Albanian officials and international observers said. With Albania a major staging ground for NATO forces, even Tuesday's incident -- short-lived, small-scale, with no reported casualties -- brought a warning from Washington that Yugoslavia would make a grave mistake in expanding the fighting. In Belgrade, Yugoslav officials denied any incursion into Albania. The chief of the army information service, Col. Milivoje Novkovic, said on state television that Yugoslavia's defense of its own borders was "being fabricated as an alleged invasion." Kevorkian gets 10- to 25-year sentence PONTIAC, Mich. -- A Michigan judge sentenced Jack Kevorkian to 10 to 25 years in prison for murder Tuesday, bringing to an end Kevorkian's nine-year crusade for the legalization of assisted suicide during which he says he has helped more than 130 people end their lives. Kevorkian, 70, a retired pathologist known as "Dr. Death," grinned as he was led from the courtroom in handcuffs shortly after the sentence was handed down by Oakland County Circuit Judge Jessica Cooper. "You had the audacity to go on national TV, show the world what you did and dare the prosecution to stop you," Cooper told him. "Well, sir, consider yourself stopped." Dick Snider: It's nice to be remembered, but a sign would be better When my brother Al and I planned our trip to western Oklahoma, we knew we'd see the place where we were born, and places where a lot of our ancestors are buried. What we didn't know is that we'd also see Rollin Shaw, our next-door neighbor more than 70 years ago in Oakwood, our birthplace. We hadn't seen him since the Sniders moved from Oakwood in the mid 1920s, but shortly before we headed back down memory lane Al's daughter, Claire, found him on the Internet, listing him as a resident of Dewey County and giving a phone number. We called him and he remembered us, and after he recovered from the shock we arranged to meet next day at the Phillips 66 station in Oakwood. We had lunch, he took us on a tour of what's left of the town, and then we went to the farm home where he has lived for the past 57 years. Bill Roy: Americans should try seeing war from Balkan vantage point The war in the Balkans looks different from a cruise boat visiting Portuguese, Moroccan and Spanish ports than from here at home. We had four Serbian waiters from Belgrade on the ship. They were delightful young men trying to make a living. They smiled when they told us where they were from, but did not easily yield any further information. Tall, handsome Vladimir did reveal his concern that he had been unable to reach his family by phone since the second day of the bombing. He said they are spending their nights in bomb shelters. A needed fresh start Three new city council members take the oath of office tonight. Perhaps the oath should read something like this: "I swear not only to uphold the law, but some semblance of civility and dignity as well. I promise to watchdog the administration, as I've been elected to do, but to be supportive whenever I can and be a team player. Above all, I promise not to be childish and self-aggrandizing, and not grandstand, if for no other reason than to keep council meetings short." K Marvin Moss: Love for the game another legacy I know for a fact parents pass along their love for sports to the next generation. When I was a small boy, my father used to take me and my brothers to a game he played. To this day, I remember how we frolicked above and below the bleachers while daddy ran up and down a court. We played hide and seek, tag and went under the seating just for the heck of it. We had so much fun we forgot what we were supposed to be doing. Sometimes a man in a black-and-white-striped shirt reminded us. He'd tell Daddy to calm us down. He tried for a minute, but when he started running up and down the court again, we did what we loved to do -- play. That game my father played, we played it, too. From his generation to ours it changed. The tempo sped up. Players got taller, faster and a bit more skilled. But the basics remained intact. This game was called a team sport. Five people were active on each side at once. All members of the team had the same objective. We wanted to win and look good for our parents while doing so. Making history again They say those who forget history are doomed to repeat it. Likewise, those who fail to preserve history are doomed to forget it. That won't be a problem on the north bank of the Kaw in Topeka, thanks to a dedicated group of volunteers under the umbrella of Topeka Railroad Days who are well on their way toward restoring the historic Union Pacific railroad station. The groundwork for the $5 million restoration has been laid largely by a group led by former Santa Fe Railway executive Max Prosser and civic activist Beth Fager. Dick Snider: From football to restaurants, Switzer knows how to win The itinerary for the 1999 Snider family journey back to its roots called for me to meet my brother Al in Norman, Okla., at the home of his son, Richard, who is named after his illustrious uncle. The difference is that his dad calls him Richard and me Wretched. Pain wasn't in vain The headline recently said, "Japanese workers find lifetime employment no longer guaranteed." No disrespect intended, but the average American worker might read that and respond with a, "Well, duh!" The breakdown in loyalty between company and worker is old hat in the United States. Been there, undone that. Pain wasn't in vain The headline recently said, "Japanese workers find lifetime employment no longer guaranteed." No disrespect intended, but the average American worker might read that and respond with a, "Well, duh!" The breakdown in loyalty between company and worker is old hat in the United States. Been there, undone that. Where is the public? Sometimes you have to wonder if modern-day Americans would be amenable to living under dictatorships, at least on the local level. It might serve us right, when, in some cases, none of us file for office -- and when only 16.8 percent of us turn out to vote, as was the case in Shawnee County in last Tuesday's election. Democracy is only what you make of it. Right now, we're not making very much of it. Barbara and Gary Bleeker: Even youths can enjoy Shakespeare When the film "Shakespeare in Love" won the Academy Award for best picture, we were reminded once again how much we love Shakespeare's plays. But what about children? When should they be introduced to Shakespeare? With a few good books, even the very young can enjoy the words and tales of the master poet and playwright. In Bruce Koscielniak's "Hear, Hear, Mr. Shakespeare" (Houghton Mifflin, 1998), for all ages, a young troupe of actors meets Shakespeare in his Stratford garden while traveling toward London to perform for the queen. Shakespeare responds to their comments with appropriate lines from his plays. Dick Snider: It's nice to be remembered, but a sign would be better When my brother Al and I planned our trip to western Oklahoma, we knew we'd see the place where we were born, and places where a lot of our ancestors are buried. What we didn't know is that we'd also see Rollin Shaw, our next-door neighbor more than 70 years ago in Oakwood, our birthplace. We hadn't seen him since the Sniders moved from Oakwood in the mid 1920s, but shortly before we headed back down memory lane Al's daughter, Claire, found him on the Internet, listing him as a resident of Dewey County and giving a phone number. We called him and he remembered us, and after he recovered from the shock we arranged to meet next day at the Phillips 66 station in Oakwood. We had lunch, he took us on a tour of what's left of the town, and then we went to the farm home where he has lived for the past 57 years. Kansas' renovation shaping up LAWRENCE -- Renovations at Kansas' Memorial Stadium, which last winter lagged as much as six weeks behind schedule, are back on track. The project's contractor, Walton Construction of Kansas City, Mo., now projects a completion date of Aug. 19 for the new press box and luxury suites, less than a week after the original target date. The structure still doesn't look much like a press box. Crews currently are pouring concrete on the eighth and ninth levels, and assistant athletics director Pat Warren, KU's project liaison, said it would be about a month until it really started to take shape. King Pin If Eric Fritton fulfills his dream, bowling the highest series in Topeka history will be a nice footnote to his career. For now, however, it has to rank near the top of his accomplishments. On the night of April 6, Fritton eclipsed a city record that was set nearly a decade before he was born when he rolled games of 289, 280 and 300 for an 869 series in the Ultimate Scratch League at Meadow Lanes. Royals fall victim to 'Jacobs magic' CLEVELAND -- Ah, those baseball traditions that make opening day at home so special. The red, white and blue bunting. The ceremonial first pitch. The sellout crowd. The fireworks. The balloons. The pregame introductions of both teams. The game-winning three-run homer in the bottom of the 10th inning? It's becoming an opening day ritual in Cleveland. Kansas' renovation shaping up LAWRENCE -- Renovations at Kansas' Memorial Stadium, which last winter lagged as much as six weeks behind schedule, are back on track. The project's contractor, Walton Construction of Kansas City, Mo., now projects a completion date of Aug. 19 for the new press box and luxury suites, less than a week after the original target date. The structure still doesn't look much like a press box. Crews currently are pouring concrete on the eighth and ninth levels, and assistant athletics director Pat Warren, KU's project liaison, said it would be about a month until it really started to take shape. Royals' bullpen faltering early on KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Manager Tony Muser expected his Kansas City Royals' bullpen would be a strong suit this year, but so far it has been a weak link. The bullpen is 0-1 with two saves, one blown save and unable to keep three other games close once the starter had exited. The relievers own a 5.70 earned run average, allowing 16 runs, 15 earned, on 26 hits, 12 walks and a hit batter in 23 2/3 innings. "It's disappointing," Muser said. "Failure is part of this game." Royals' bullpen faltering early on KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Manager Tony Muser expected his Kansas City Royals' bullpen would be a strong suit this year, but so far it has been a weak link. The bullpen is 0-1 with two saves, one blown save and unable to keep three other games close once the starter had exited. The relievers own a 5.70 earned run average, allowing 16 runs, 15 earned, on 26 hits, 12 walks and a hit batter in 23 2/3 innings. "It's disappointing," Muser said. "Failure is part of this game." Royals' bullpen faltering early on KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- Manager Tony Muser expected his Kansas City Royals' bullpen would be a strong suit this year, but so far it has been a weak link. The bullpen is 0-1 with two saves, one blown save and unable to keep three other games close once the starter had exited. The relievers own a 5.70 earned run average, allowing 16 runs, 15 earned, on 26 hits, 12 walks and a hit batter in 23 2/3 innings. "It's disappointing," Muser said. "Failure is part of this game."	i don't know
Voiced by Julie Kavner, who are the older twin sisters of Marge Simpson?	Julie Kavner, voice of Marge Simpson, is born - Sep 07, 1950 - HISTORY.com Julie Kavner, voice of Marge Simpson, is born Share this: Julie Kavner, voice of Marge Simpson, is born Author Julie Kavner, voice of Marge Simpson, is born URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1950, Julie Kavner, perhaps best known as the voice of Marge Simpson on The Simpsons, the longest-running animated show in TV history, is born in Los Angeles. Before taking on the role of the famously blue-haired housewife, Kavner played Brenda Morgenstern on Rhoda, a spin-off of The Mary Tyler Moore Show that originally aired from 1974 to 1978. In 1978, Kavner won an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her portrayal of Brenda, the younger sister of the show’s lead character, played by Valerie Harper. She won another Emmy in 1992, for Outstanding Voice-over Performance, for an episode of The Simpsons. On the big screen, Kavner has been a frequent performer in the films of the writer-director Woody Allen, including Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Radio Days (1987) and Shadows and Fog (1992). Among her other film credits are Awakenings (1990) and Judy Berlin (1999). The Simpsons began as a series of animated shorts created by cartoonist Matt Groening (who reportedly based some of the main characters on members of his family) that aired on The Tracey Ullman Show starting in 1987. On December 17, 1989, The Simpsons debuted as primetime program on Fox with a Christmas special titled “Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire.” Set in the fictional town of Springfield, The Simpsons skewers American culture and society with its chronicles of a middle-class family comprised of the buffoonish husband and father Homer Simpson, a safety inspector at a nuclear power plant; his well-meaning, sometimes gullible wife Marge; and their troublemaker son Bart, precocious daughter Lisa and baby Maggie. The Simpsons is known for its sharp writing (Conan O’Brien used to write for the show before he became a late-night TV host) and features a large cast of supporting characters, including Homer’s boss and nemesis, Mr. Burns; the Simpsons’ neighbor Ned Flanders, a devout Christian; and Krusty the Clown. In addition to providing the voice of Marge Simpson, Julie Kavner also voices the characters Patty and Selma, Marge’s chain-smoking twin sisters. A long list of celebrities, including Kelsey Grammer, Larry King, Sting, Hugh Hefner, Ringo Starr, J.K. Rowling, Tony Blair, Stephen Hawking, 50 Cent and Mel Gibson have made guest appearances on the show as themselves or fictional characters. The Simpsons has been an enormous commercial and critical hit–in 1999, Time dubbed it the greatest TV show of the 20th century–and images of the yellow-skinned Simpson characters have appeared on everything from T-shirts to video games. As a pop phenomenon, the show paved the way for other popular animated comedies, including Beavis and Butt-head and South Park, and has been a source of popular catchphrases, including Homer’s “D’oh!” which was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2001. A big-screen version of the show, The Simpsons Movie, debuted July 27, 2007, and was a box-office hit. Related Videos	Patty and Selma
Known as the Yellowhammer State, what was the 22nd state to join the Union on December 14, 1819?	The Simpsons The following mnemonic devices can also be used: The sister whose earrings are two triangles is Patty. The sister whose earings are s-shaped is Selma. Selma's hair is m shaped. Personalities Selma reportedly lacks the senses of taste and olfaction due to a childhood bottle rocket accident. Both twin sisters tend to be cynical and are noted for their strong dislike for their brother-in-law and their addiction to tobacco smoking. Selma's favorite brand of cigarettes is identified as "Laramie Hi-Tars," as opposed to her sister's "Lady Laramie 100s." They share an apartment and work together at the Department of Motor vehicles (DMV), although on numerous occasions they have acted in a unprofessional manner when doing their job. For example, allowing Otto to get a driver's license due to their mutual dislike for Homer which developed while Otto was briefly living with the Simpson family. Like her twin sister Patty, Selma is an avid (and sometimes maniacal) fan of the Awesome80s TV series MacGyver . Her favorite film actor was reportedly Troy McClure . In a episode in 2005, Patty finally came out of the closet as a lesbian. Relationships Patty and Selma are very close, working together and sharing an apartment. Selma cares for her deceased aunt's iguana Jub-Jub. Most recently, Selma adopted a Chinese baby, Ling, after signs of menopause. During the process, however, Selma had to pretend to be married to Homer, since the Chinese government only allowed their children to be adopted to successful couples. When the jig was up, Selma kept the baby anyway, as the Chinese dignitary had a single mother also. The Bouviers and the Simpsons As children, Patty and Selma were reportedly rather domineering towards Marge and ridiculed her ambition of becoming an astronaut. However, their relationship seems to have improved over the years. As adults, the Bouvier twins appear to have a friendly relationship with their sister and frequently visit the Simpsons. They seem relatively fond of their nieces and nephew. They have, on occasion, watched the kids when their parents were out of town. However, Bart and Lisa would rather not be around when their aunts ask for a foot massage. Their idea of bonding with Lisa includes tutoring her in the belief that men are pigs, using Homer as the prime example. Their relationship with Homer remains one of mutual dislike. They have continued to exchange insults since the day Marge first introduced them to each other. They tend to compare their brother-in-law to a caveman. They have even suggested him capable of trading Maggie for beer and a nudie magazine. Selma and Patty have occasionally expressed their common hope that Marge will eventually divorce Homer. They are usually quick in discovering and pointing out his attempts at insincerity and/or infidelity. They have offered Marge their help in finding a replacement for Homer. The couple, however, is still together after a decade of marriage. Selma once took the Simpson children on a disastrous trip to the Duff Gardens theme park, where Bart manhandled several animatronic characters and Lisa went on a psychedelic trip after drinking "water" from a boat ride (she shows up later swimming naked in the Fermentarium and exclaiming "I am the lizard queen!"). Romantic Liaisons Despite being identical twins, Patty and Selma Bouvier have had very different track records when it comes to finding dates. According to Marge, Patty chose a life of celibacy, while Selma had celibacy thrust upon her (a sly reference to Malvolio in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night). This presumably explains her occasional attempts at romance. Her standards tend to be rather low though, as evidenced by her comments on Charles Montgomery Burns : "Single, eh? Well, he passes the Selma-test." Patty once had a brief fling with Seymour Skinner . Skinner later proposed to her, but both had decided to end the relationship to make Selma happy. Overall, Patty is characterized as being far more distrusting of men than her sex-crazed sister. In the February 20, 2005 episode, There's Something About Marrying, Patty came out as a lesbian after Springfield legalized same-sex marriage. However, before their own wedding, Patty's partner Veronica was revealed to be a man who had disguised his gender to get into the LPGA tour. Patty's sexuality had earlier been hinted at when her voice was recognizably coming from an "in the closet" float on the Springfield Gay Pride Parade. Another hint from an earlier episode as to Patty's sexuality is from a "Treehouse of Horror" episode where Patty sees Homer naked and says "There goes the last lingering thread of my heterosexuality." Selma, on the other hand, has actively sought out a husband, having been married four times. Her full name has evolved into Selma Bouvier Terwilliger Hutz McClure Stu, after failed marriages to Robert "Sideshow Bob" Terwilliger , Lionel Hutz, Troy McClure , and Disco Stu ("From now on I'm only getting married for love, ...and maybe once more for money.") The Simpsons on DVD!	i don't know
What type of animal is cartoon character Pepe Le Pew?	Pepe Le Pew (Western Animation) - TV Tropes A Scent of the Matterhorn (1961) Louvre Come Back to Me! (1962) Pepe cartoons with their own work pages: For Scent-imental Reasons (1949) Other shorts provide examples of the following tropes: Abhorrent Admirer : One of the few rare male examples, and possibly the most popular when one wants to prove that not all examples are women who are ugly , fat , or driven crazy by love . Penelope the cat, however, is a straight example (on the occasions where Pepe gets what he deserves). Aluminum Christmas Trees : Will a 21st century viewer be familiar with the hoary old stereotype that French people are smelly and horny? Artistic License : Pepe is French, but striped skunks are only native to North America. Of course, his first appearance, assuming you count it as canon, reveals that he's actually faking the accent, and he and his wife have American accents. Aww, Look! They Really Do Love Each Other : There have been several hints in recent revivals that Penelope actually does have feelings for Pepe (she just finds him overbearing on occasion), and most recent material to come out (such as the Bah Humduck Christmas special and the Valentine's Day commercial) seems to suggest that officially they are in fact a couple. Anything That Moves : So long as it's black and white striped (and even when it's not), such is the case in a lot of the modern revival Looney Tunes media, such as the DC Comics and The Looney Tunes Show (in which Pepe goes after human women). "Past Perfumance" (from 1956) is probably the only Golden Age Pepe cartoon that showed that he will still go after a cat, even after learning that she was never a skunk to start with. And in "Scent-imental Over You" for no real reason he actually is willing to disguise himself as a dog to return a Chihuahua's affections. "I am stupid, no?" Black Comedy Rape : By today's standards, thanks to Values Dissonance and Dave Chappelle's comedy piece from "Killing 'Em Softly" about how the cartoons and children's shows enjoyed when one was younger carry an unintentional dirty side when viewed through adult eyes. Otherwise, it's just a Romantic Comedy that's been turned on its head and, despite the trope name, the comedy rape is a bit more light-hearted (though still dubious thanks in part to Values Dissonance ) than what's seen in other examples. Captive Date and Chained Heat : The end of "The Cat's Bah" where Pepe somehow caught Penelope and chained her to his ankle.. Penelope wastes no time breaking out a file. Casanova Wannabe : Moreso than being a Stalker with a Crush . In fact, those two tropes go hand in hand for him. Subverted in that there are times where Pepe does get the girl, whether it's implied (as seen in the endings to "Scentimental Over You," "Heaven Scent," "Wild Over You," and "Louvre Comes Back to Me") or directly stated/shown (cf. "The Cat's Bah") Chivalrous Pervert : Pepe's always saving (what he thinks are) female skunks from peril just so he can smother them with affection (cf. "For Scentimental Reasons," "Two Scents Worth," "Past Perfumance," and "A Scent of the Matterhorn"). Chuck Cunningham Syndrome : A few of the cats Pepe chased who weren't Penelope haven't been brought up again in any media he's been in for well over decades now. Some of them include; the orange male cat he chased in his first short, the wildcat that broke out from the zoo, or Fabrette, a cat with a natural Skunk Stripe down her back who actually did have a thing for him from the start. There's also the Chihuahua he once chased after, too. Depraved Bisexual : At best, Pepe fits this trope (at worst, he's a Stalker with a Crush who goes after Anything That Moves as long as it's black and white striped. The D.C. Comics have him as either/or, depending on writer). In 1951's "Scentimental Romeo" had Pepe make out with a human man inside a Tunnel of Love ride. The man is so traumatized that he signs up for the French Foreign Legion and passes out. It Makes Sense in Context ... sort of. Being fair to Pepe, the tunnel was dark and he thought the man was Penelope. As soon as he realizes his mistake, he angrily berates the man accusing him of indecency while the poor man limps away. In another episode, he tried to make love with Sylvester . Did Not Get the Girl : Believe it or not, there was a Pepe cartoon were Penelope runs off and Pepe doesn't continue the chase. That cartoon was 1951's "Scentimental Romeo" and the chase is interrupted when the zookeeper takes Pepe back to the zoo and Pepe bids a tearful farewell to Penelope. The ending to "Odor-Able Kitty" also counts, though rather loosely for two reasons: (a) the "female skunk" he was chasing was actually a male cat who painted himslef up as a skunk so he can get back at the butcher, housewife, and pitbull who keep beating him up, and (b) the ending revealed that Pepe wasn't French and was married with two kids. Driven to Suicide : In "Really Scent," the Penelope cat is so depressed over her failed romance with Pepe that she nearly drowns herself. The narrator convinces her to try a different tack, since "if you can't beat them, join them." Subverted in "For Scent-Imental Reasons", when Pepe pretends to shoot himself so he can get Penelope's attention and tells her " I missed ". Early Installment Weirdness : In Pepe's first cartoon, "Odorable Kitty," it's revealed in the end that Pepe is actually named Henry, has a wife and kids, and doesn't speak in a French accent. Pepe's wife and kids were never seen again after that. Also, the first cat he chased after was a male cat. Escaped Animal Rampage : In "Wild Over You" a wildcat escapes from the Paris zoo, catching his attention. Rape as Comedy : See Black Comedy Rape . Smells Sexy : At the end of "Little Beau Pepe", Pepe concocts a super cologne that makes him irresistible to Penelope. Smelly Skunk : Naturally. On a very rare occasion, Penelope (called "Fabrette" in that short) became one of these when she got her own odor on the "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em" premise. Something Completely Different : "Odor of the Day" is the only Pepe cartoon that isn't a Romantic Comedy (it's your typical Looney Tunes screwball comedy) and one of two Pepe shorts that isn't directed by Chuck Jones (three if you count the random cameo at the end of the Sylvester and Tweety cartoon, "Dog Pounded"). "Odor of the Day" was directed by Art Davis . It's also the only Pepe cartoon in which Pepe is The Voiceless ( until the end , in which he says "Gesundheit" to the sneezing dog). Spiritual Successor and Distaff Counterpart : On Tiny Toon Adventures , there's Fifi La Fume, who acts just like Pepe (except that she likes it when men go after her), right down to mistaking black and white striped animals for male skunks (though it was revealed that she has a crush on Pepe Le Pew on an episode where Elmyra mistakes Fifi for a cat). However, she is much different than Pepe in other aspects, most notably that she interacts with the other Tiny Toons much more often (While Pepe rarely interacted with any of the other Looney Tunes — at least in the Golden Age shorts. Modern revivals either don't have Pepe at all or do have him interacting with the other characters), and actually uses her stink as a weapon. Stalker with a Crush : So very much (and Played for Laughs ). Strictly Formula : Zigzagged. A lot of the cartoons do follow a formula of the cat gets painted and Pepe spends the rest of the cartoon chasing her, but the actual outcome is almost always different. "Odor Of The Day" is completely detached from the usual formula in favor of Pepe having a rivalry with a dog over shelter in the cold. See Something Completely Different above. Thinks Like a Romance Novel : Does he ever! Too Kinky to Torture : A lot of the Pepe cartoons have Pepe brushing off the cat's violent attempts at deterring him as "flirting." 1953's "Wild Over You" is the definitive cartoon for proof of this trope. Unrequited Love Switcheroo : Sort of. In one short, Pepe actually had himself de-scented to make himself desirable to Penelope. Unfortunately, Penelope had herself treated with Limburger cheese at the same time, so she could tolerate Pepe's stink. The result? The tables are turned on Pepe as Penelope chases after him. :: Indexes ::	Skunk
June 4, 1723 saw the birth, in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, of what social philosopher and pioneer of economics, who wrote such weighty tomes as The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?	Pepé Le Pew (character) \| Looney Tunes Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Pepé Le Pew (character) Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. This article is about the character. For the future film of the same name, see Pepé Le Pew (film) . Pepé Le Pew [Source] Pepe Le Pew is a character in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series. An anthropomorphic, French skunk, Pepe is continuously in search of romance, but his scent, self-delusion, and his overly persistent manner inhibit his efforts. Pepe is stereotypically French in the same way that Speedy Gonzales is stereotypically Mexican. Contents [ show ] Concept Pepe Le Pew cartoons typically feature the amorous polecat pursuing what he believes is a "female skunk." Usually, however, the supposed female skunk is actually a black cat (retroactively named " Penelope Pussycat ") who has had a white stripe painted down her back, often by accident (such as by squeezing under a fence with still-wet white paint). Usually, Penelope runs away from Pepe because of either his putrid odor or overly assertive manner (or both), but the skunk won't take "no" for an answer, and hops after her at a leisurely pace. Role-reversals In a role-reversal, the Academy Award-winning short For Scent-imental Reasons ends with an accidentally painted (and, at this point, terrified) Pepe being amorously pursued by a love-struck Penelope (who has been dunked under dirty water, leaving her with a ratty guise as well as a developing head cold that has completely clogged up her nose). Penelope locks him up inside a perfume shop, hides the key down her chest, and proceeds to turn the tables on the now-imprisoned and effectively odorless Pepe. In another short, Little Beau Pepe , Pepé, attempting to find the most arousing cologne with which to impress Penelope, sprays a combination of perfumes and colognes upon himself. This results in something close to a love-potion, leading Penelope to fall madly in love with Pepé. Pepé is revealed to be extremely frightened of overly-affectionate women, as Penelope quickly captures him and smothers him in more love than even he could imagine. And yet again, in Really Scent , Pepé removes his odor by locking himself in a deodorant plant so Penelope (or "Fabrette," as she is called in this cartoon) would like him (this is also the only film-short in which Pepé is acutely aware of his own odor, having checked the word "P.U." in a dictionary). However, Penelope (who in this cartoon is actually trying to have a relationship with Pepé because all the male cats of New Orleans take her to be a skunk and run like blazes, but is appalled by his odor) has decided to make her own odor match her appearance and has locked herself in a Limburger cheese factory. Now more forceful and demanding, Penelope quickly corners the terrified Pepé, who, after smelling her new stench, wants nothing more than to escape the amorous female cat. Unfortunately, she will not take "no" for an answer and proceeds to chase Pepé off into the distance, with no intention of letting him escape. (Credited to Abe Levitow , this cartoon is the only film-short in the Pepé Le Pew series not directed by Chuck Jones, besides the disputable Odor of the Day ). Although Pepé usually mistakes Penelope for a female skunk, in Past Perfumance , he realizes that she is a cat when her stripe washes off. Undeterred, he proceeds to cover his white stripe with black paint, taking the appearance of a cat before resuming the chase. For some unknown reason, Penelope is always mute (more precisely - does only natural cat sounds) in these stories; only the self-deluded Pepé speaks (several non-recurring human characters are given minimal dialogue, often nothing more than a repulsed, "Le pew!"). Subversions Sometimes this formula is subverted. In his debut appearance, Odor-able Kitty , Pepé (technically he is a different character because he is eventually revealed to be an American-accented family skunk named "Henry") unwittingly pursues a male cat who disguises himself as a skunk. Scent-imental Over You has Pepé pursuing a female dog who has donned a skunk pelt (mistaking it for a fur coat). In the end, she removed her pelt, revealing that she's a dog. Pepe then, "revealed" himself as another dog and the two embrace. However, he later revealed to the viewers that he's indeed a skunk. In Wild Over You , Pepé attempts to woo a wildcat who has escaped from a zoo (during what is called "Le grande tour du Zoo" at the start of the 20th century exhibition), and painted itself to look like a skunk to escape its keepers. This cartoon is notable for not only diverging from the usual Pepé/Penelope dynamic, but also rather cheekily showing that Pepé likes to be beaten up, considering the wildcat thrashes him numerous times. Production Chuck Jones , Pepé's creator, wrote that Pepé was based (loosely) on the personality of screenwriter Tedd Pierce , a self-styled "ladies' man" who reportedly always assumed that his infatuations were requited. Chuck also created Pepe because he saw Pepe as the person he wanted to be as a young man, thinking of himself as "unattractive" [1] . Pepé's voice, provided by Mel Blanc, was based on Charles Boyer's Pépé Le Moko from Algiers, a remake of the 1937 French film Pépé Le Moko. Eddie Selzer , animation producer (and Chuck's bitterest foe) at Warner Bros. Cartoons then once profanely commented that no one would laugh at those cartoons. However, this did not keep Eddie from accepting an award for one of Pepé's pictures several years later. There have been theories that Pepé was based on Maurice Chevalier. However, in the short film, Chuck Jones: Memories Of Childhood, Chuck says Pepé was actually based on himself, but that he was very shy with girls, and Pepé obviously was not. A prototype Pepé appears in the 1947 cartoon Bugs Bunny Rides Again , but sounds similar to Porky Pig . In the shorts, a kind of fake French is spoken and written primarily by adding "le" to English words (example: "le skunk de pew"), or by more creative mangling of French expressions with English ones, such as "Sacre Maroon!", "My sweet peanut of brittle", "Come to me, my little melon-baby collie!" or "Ah, my little darling, it is love at first sight, is it not, no?", and "It is love at sight first!" The screenwriter responsible for these malapropisms was Michael Maltese . Some transcribed Maltese dialogue from the Oscar-winning 1949 short For Scent-imental Reasons : Pepé: "Affaire d'amour? Affaire de coeur? Je ne sais quoi ... je vive en espoir. Sniff. Mmmm m mm ... un smella vous finez ... Hum." Gendarme: "Le kittee quel terrible odeur!!" Proprietor: "Allais Gendarme!! Allais!! Retournez-moi!! This instonce!! Oh, pauvre moi, I am ze bankrupt ... Sob!" Penelope: "Le mew, le purrrrrrr." Proprietor: "A-a-ahhh. Le pussy ferocious! Remove zot skunk! Zot cat-pole from ze premises!! Avec!!" Penelope: "Sniff, sniff, sniff-sniff, sniff-sniff." Pepé: "Quel est? Notices Penelope. Ahh...le belle femme skunk fatale...clicks tongue twice." Mel Blanc 's voice for the character resembles the one he used for Professor Le Blanc, the harried violin instructor on The Jack Benny Program. Cameo appearances Chuck Jones first introduced the character (originally named Stinky) in the 1945 short Odor-able Kitty . This differs from later entries in several areas: Pepé spends his time in (unknowing) pursuit of a male cat, who has deliberately disguised himself as a skunk (complete with a limburger scent) in order to scare off a bunch of characters mistreating him; and in the closing gag, Pepé is revealed to actually be a philandering American skunk named Henry (complete with wife and children!). For the remaining cartoons Jones directed, Pepé retained his accent, nationality, and bachelor status throughout, and the object of his pursuit was always (or nearly always) female. A possible second cameo appearance is at the end of Fair and Worm-er (Chuck Jones, 1946). This skunk doesn't speak, but looks identical (or is a close relation) and shares the same mode of travel and a slight variation of Pepé's hopping music. His function here is to chase a string of characters who had all been chasing each other (à la "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly"). A skunk often identified as Pepé appears in the Art Davis -directed cartoon Odor of the Day (1948); in this entry, the theme of romantic pursuit is missing as the skunk (in a nonspeaking role, save for a shared "Gesundheit!" at the finish) vies with a male dog for lodging accommodations on a bitterly cold night. This should be noted as one of the two cartoons where the character, if this is indeed Pepé, used his scent-spray as a deliberate weapon: delivered from his tail in a machine gun-like fashion. The other one is Touche & Go , where he frees himself from the jaws of a shark. Pepé himself made a more obvious cameo in Dog Pounded (1954), where he was attracted to Sylvester after the latter tried to get around a pack of guard dogs, in his latest attempt to capture and eat Tweety Bird , by painting a white stripe down his back (in his only appearance in a Freleng short). Pepé possibly makes a small appearance as a baby skunk in Mouse-Placed Kitten (1959), where he is reluctantly adopted by a mouse couple at the cartoon end. Later appearances Pepé was going to have a cameo in Who Framed Roger Rabbit but was later dropped for reasons unknown. Pepé made several cameo appearances on the 1990 series Tiny Toon Adventures as a professor at Acme Looniversity and the mentor to the female skunk character Fifi La Fume . He appeared briefly in The Looney Beginning and had a more extended cameo in It's a Wonderful Tiny Toons Christmas Special . The segment Out Of Odor from the episode "Viewer Mail Day" saw character Elmyra disguise herself as Pepé in an attempt to lure Fifi into a trap, only to have Fifi begin aggressively wooing her. Pepé also makes cameo appearances in the Histeria! episode "When America Was Young" and in the Goodfeathers segment, "We're No Pigeons", on Animaniacs . In the 1995 animated short Carrotblanca , a parody/homage of the classic film Casablanca, both Pepé and Penelope appear: Pepé (voiced by Greg Burson ) as Captain Renault and Penelope (voiced by Tress MacNeille ) as "Kitty Ketty," modeled after Ingrid Bergman performance as Ilsa. Unlike the character's other appearances in cartoons, Penelope (as Kitty) has extensive speaking parts in Carrotblanca. In the The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries episode Platinum Wheel of Fortune, Sylvester gets a white stripe on his back and a skunk immediately falls in love with him. This is not Pepé, but his fourth cousin, "Pitu Le Pew". He says, "What can I say, Pepé Le Pew is my fourth cousin. It runs in the family". Pepé would later appear in the episode Paris is Stinking , where he pursues Sylvester who is unintentionally dressed in drag. Pepé would appear once more in Tweety's High-Flying Adventure , falling in love with both Sylvester and Penelope (Sylvester had gotten a white stripe on his back from Penelope as they fought over Tweety ), actually showing a preference for Sylvester. Pepé was, at one point, integral to the storyline for the movie Looney Tunes: Back in Action . Originally, once Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , DJ, and Kate arrived in Paris, Pepé was to give them a mission briefing inside a gift shop. Perhaps because of the group receiving their equipment in Area 52, Pepé's scene was cut, and in the final film, he plays only a bit part, dressed like a police officer, who tries to help DJ (played by Brendan Fraser ) after Kate (played by Jenna Elfman ) is kidnapped. However, some unused animation of him and Penelope appears during the end credits, thus giving viewers a rare glimpse at his cut scene, and his cut scene appears in the movie's print adaptations. Pepé also appears in Space Jam , where his voice has curiously been changed into an approximation of Maurice Chevalier, as opposed to more traditional vocalization. In Loonatics Unleashed , a human based on Pepé Le Pew called Pierre Le Pew (voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) has appeared as one of the villains of the second season of the show. Additionally, Pepé and Penelope Pussycat appear as cameos in a display of Otto the Odd , in the series. In the episode The World is My Circus , Lexi Bunny complains that "this Pepé Le Pew look is definitely not me" after being mutated into a skunk-like creature. A 2009 Valentine's Day-themed AT&T commercial brings Pepé and Penelope's relationship up to date, depicting Penelope not as repulsed by Pepé, but madly in love with him. The commercial begins with Penelope deliberately painting a white stripe on her own back; when her cell phone rings and displays Pepé's picture, Penelope's lovestruck beating heart bulges beneath her chest in a classic cartoon image. Pepe Le Pew has appeared in the The Looney Tunes Show episode Members Only voiced by René Auberjonois . He also made a short cameo appearance with Penelope Pussycat in the Merrie Melodies segment Cock of the Walk sung by Foghorn Leghorn . He appeared in his own music video Skunk Funk in the 16th episode "That's My Baby". He also appeared again in another Merrie Melodies segment You Like/I Like sung by Mac and Tosh . His first appearance in the second season was in the second episode, entitled, "You've Got Hate Mail", reading a hate-filled email accidentally sent by Daffy Duck. Pepe Le Pew made a cameo in a MetLife commercial in 2012 titled, "Everyone." In it he was shown hopping along in the forest and when he sees his love interest, Penelope uptop the back of Battle Cat, he immediately hops after her. Pepe Le Pew has appeared in Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run voiced by Jeff Bergman . Film Main article: Pepe Le Pew (film) In October 2010, it was reported that Mike Myers would voice Pepé Le Pew in a feature-length live action film based on the character, although no information about this project has surfaced since. In July 2016, it was revealed at San Diego Comic-Con that Max Landis is currently penning a Pepé Le Pew feature film for Warner Bros . Pepé Le Pew shorts	i don't know
What is added to copper to make bronze?	What is Bronze? - History of Metals - Quatr.us Head of an Akkadian king (ca. 2300 BC ) September 2016 - Bronzesmiths make bronze by melting two different metals and mixing them. The two metals are copper and tin . Copper, by itself, is too soft to make tools of. (Have you ever had a copper bracelet? It dents every time you knock your hand on a door). Tin is too brittle: it breaks too easily. But if you mix a little tin into the copper, it becomes bronze, which is much harder and at the same time less brittle. It is more useful for tools and also better for making statues . (Early on, people tried mixing copper with other things like lead and arsenic, but tin works best.) Etruscan greaves (Vatican Museum, Rome) about 600 BC When West Asian smiths first began to make bronze, about 3500 BC , it was very expensive. Mostly people used bronze for weapons and armor. You could make a much better sword out of bronze than out of stone or wood. Bronze swords were lighter and sharper. Still, they weren't strong enough to cut with the side of the blade: you had to use bronze swords mainly to stab people, or your sword would break. Bronze armor was stronger and lighter than the leather and wood armor soldiers had worn before. Everybody wanted it for war. By 3000 BC, Central Asians and Harappans in India were using bronze. Around 2000 BC , Indo-Europeans spread the use of bronze to Europe and China . The Hyksos encouraged Africans in Egypt and Sudan to use more bronze around 1700 BC . Get your own bronze sculpture! But soon Chinese and West Asian artists also began to use bronze to make bronze statues . As with the weapons, bronze is lighter than stone , and you can make statues in different poses with bronze than you can with stone. To get these bronze statues, the artists invented lost-wax casting . By 900 AD , Ife and Hausa people in West Africa were also using bronze alongside of iron . But after that, when new people in the Caribbean or the Pueblos or Brazil learned how to work metal, they went straight to using iron , and nobody used much bronze anymore. When bronze gets old, and the air touches it, it corrodes (like iron rusting ) and turns green, like these Etruscan greaves (leg armor). Once bronze got old and corroded, people usually sold it to a bronze-smith to melt down and recycle into new bronze things - that's why we don't have very much ancient bronze.	Tin
Joe Chill is a petty mugger who, one nights, murders Thomas and Martha Wayne during an attempted robbery, leaving behind an orphan who grows up to be whom?	Copper and Copper Alloys Copper and Copper Alloys Abstract: COPPER and its alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals. They are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, outstanding resistance to corrosion, and ease of fabrication, together with good strength and fatigue resistance. They are generally nonmagnetic. COPPER and its alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals. They are widely used because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, outstanding resistance to corrosion, and ease of fabrication, together with good strength and fatigue resistance. They are generally nonmagnetic. They can be readily brazed, and many coppers and copper alloys can be welded by various gas, arc and resistance methods. For decorative parts, standard alloys having specific colors are readily available. Copper alloys can be polished and buffed to almost any desired texture and luster. They can be plated, coated with organic substances or chemically colored to further extend the variety of available finishes. Pure copper is used extensively for cables and wires, electrical contacts, and a wide variety of other parts that are required to pass electrical current. Coppers and certain brasses, bronzes and cupronickels are used extensively for automobile radiators, heat exchangers, home heating systems, panels for absorbing solar energy and various other applications requiring rapid conduction of heat across or along a metal section. Because of their outstanding ability to resist corrosion, coppers, brasses, some bronzes, and cupronickels are used for pipes, valves and fittings in systems carrying potable water, process water or other aqueous fluids. In all classes of copper alloys, certain alloy compositions for wrought products have counterparts among the cast alloys, which enables the designer to make an initial alloy selection before deciding on the manufacturing process. Most wrought alloys are available in various cold worked conditions, which have room temperature strengths and fatigue resistances that depend on the amount of cold work more than on alloy content. Typical applications of cold worked conditions (cold worked tempers) include springs, fasteners, hardware, small gears, and cams. Certain types of parts - most notably plumbing fittings and valves - are produced by hot forging simply because no other fabrication process can produce the required shapes and properties as economically. Copper alloys containing 1 to 6% Pb are free machining grades, and are used widely for machined parts especially those produced in screw machines. Copper and its alloys are relatively good conductors of electricity and heat. In fact, copper is used for these purposes more often than any other metal. Alloying invariably decreases electrical conductivity and, to a lesser extent, thermal conductivity. For this reason, coppers and high copper alloys are preferred over copper alloys containing more than a few percent total alloy content when high electrical or thermal conductivity is required for the application. The amount of reduction due to alloying does not depend on conductivity or any other bulk property of the alloying element, but only on the effect that the particular foreign atoms have on the copper lattice. Electrical coppers Commercially pure copper is represented by UNS numbers C10100 to C13000. The various coppers within this group have different degrees of purity, and therefore different metal characteristics. Fire refined tough pitch copper C12500 is made by deoxidizing anode copper until the oxygen content has been lowered to the optimum value of 0.02 to 0.04%. Electrolytic tough pitch copper C11000 is made from cathode copper - that is, copper that has been refined electrolytically. C11000 is the most common of all the electrical coppers. It has high electrical conductivity, in excess of 100% IACS. It has the same oxygen content as C 12500, but differs in sulfur content and in over-all purity. C11000 has less than 50 ppm total metallic impurities (including sulfur). Oxygen-free coppers C10100 and C10200 are made by induction melting prime-quality cathode copper under nonoxidizing conditions produced by a granulated graphite bath covering and a protective reducing atmosphere that is low in hydrogen. If resistance to softening at slightly elevated temperature is required, C11100 is often specified. This copper contains a small amount of cadmium, which raises the temperature at which recovery and recrystallization occurs. High purity copper is a very soft metal. It is softest in its undeformed, single-crystal form, requiring a shear stress of only 3.9 MPa . Annealed tough pitch copper is almost as soft as high purity copper, but many of the copper alloys are much harder and stiffer, even in annealed tempers. Cold working increases both tensile strength and yield strength, but the effect is more pronounced on the latter. For most coppers and copper alloys, the tensile strength of the hardest cold-worked temper is approximately twice the tensile strength of the annealed temper. For the same alloys, the yield strength of the hardest cold worked temper may be as much as five to six times that of the annealed temper. Hot working. Not all shaping is confined to cold deformation. Hot working is commonly used for alloys that remain ductile above the recrystallization temperature. Hot working permits more extensive changes in shape than cold working, so that a single operation can replace a sequence of forming and annealing operations. Annealing. Work-hardened metal can be returned to a soft state by heating, or annealing. During annealing, deformed and highly stressed crystals are transformed into unstressed crystals by recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. In severely deformed metal, recrystallization occurs at lower temperatures than in lightly deformed metal. Also, the grains are smaller and more uniform in size when severely deformed metal is recrystallized. Grain size can be controlled by proper selection of cold working and annealing practices. Anneal-resistant coppers. Addition of small amounts of elements such as silver and cadmium to deoxidized copper increase resistance to softening at times and temperatures encountered in soldering operations such as those used to join components of automobile and truck radiators. The thermal and electrical conductivity of copper are relatively unaffected by small amounts of either silver or cadmium. Room temperature mechanical properties also are unchanged. C11100, C14300 and C16200 (cadmium-bearing coppers) work harden at higher rates than either C11400 or C11000. Copper Alloys The most common way to catalog copper and its alloys is to divide them into six families: coppers, dilute copper alloys, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels and nickel silvers. The first family, the coppers, is essentially commercially pure copper, which ordinarily is soft and ductile and contains less than about 0.7% total impurities. The dilute copper alloys contain small amounts of various alloying elements that modify one or more of the basic properties of copper. Solid Solution Alloys. The most compatible alloying elements with copper are those that form solid-solution fields. These include all elements forming useful alloy families (Zn, Sn, Al, Si…). Hardening in these systems is great enough to make useful objects without encountering brittleness associated with second phases or compounds. Cartridge brass is typical of this group, consisting of 30% Zn in copper and exhibiting no beta phase except an occasional small amount due to segregation, which normally disappears after the first anneal. Provided that there are no elements such as Fe, cold working and grain growth relation ships are easily reproduced in practice. Age-hardenable Alloys. Age hardening produces very high strengths, but is limited to those few copper alloys in which the solubility of the alloying element decreases sharply with decreasing temperature. The beryllium coppers can be considered typical of the age-hardenable copper alloys. Other age-hardenable alloys include C15000 (zirconium copper); C18200, C18400 and C18500 (chromium coppers); C19000 and C19100 (copper nickel phosphorus alloys); and C64700 (copper nickel silicon alloy). By combining cold working with heat treatment, higher strengths can be obtained than can be achieved by either cold working or age hardening alone. Beryllium copper illustrates well the effects of heat treatment and cold working: in the soft, solution treated condition, the tensile strength is about 500 MPa, solution treated and aged, about 1000 MPa, and solution treated, cold worked and aged, about 1400 MPa. Some age-hardening alloys have different desirable characteristics, such as high strength combined with better electrical conductivity than the beryllium coppers. Insoluble Alloying Elements. Lead, tellurium and selenium are added to copper and its alloys to improve machinability. They, along with bismuth, make hot rolling and hot forming nearly impossible and severely limit the useful range of cold working. An exception here are the high-zinc brasses, which become fully beta phase at high temperature. The beta phase can dissolve lead, thus avoiding a liquid grain-boundary phase at hot forging or extrusion temperatures. Most free-cutting brass rod is made by beta extrusion. C37700, one of the leading high-zinc brasses, is so readily hot forged that it is the standard alloy against which the forgeability of all copper alloys is judged. Deoxidixers Li, Na, Be, Mg, B, Al, C, Si and P can be used to deoxidize copper. Ca, Mn and Zn can sometimes be considered deoxidizers, although they normally fulfill different roles. The first requirement of a deoxidizer is that it have an affinity for oxygen in molten copper. Probably the second most important requirement is that it be relatively inexpensive compared to copper and any other additions. Thus, although zinc normally functions as a solid-solution strengthener, it is sometimes added in small amounts to function as a deoxidizer, because it has high affinity for oxygen and is relatively low in cost. In tin bronze, phosphorus has traditionally been the deoxidizer, hence the name "phosphor bronzes" for these alloys. Silicon instead of phosphorus is the deoxidizer for chromium coppers because phosphorus severely reduces electrical conductivity. Most deoxidizers contribute to hardness and other qualities, which often makes classification as a deoxidizer indistinct. Date Published: Oct-2001	i don't know
Bridget Bishop was hanged on June 10, 1692 at Gallows Hill near what Massachusetts city for certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries?	1000+ images about June 10: Hanging of Bridget Bishop on Pinterest \| To be, Bell witch and Days in Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas June 10: Hanging of Bridget Bishop Bridget was the first person executed in the Salem Witch Hysteria. In April, 1692, a warrant was issued for Bishop's arrest on charges of performing witchcraft and consorting with the devil himself. When she entered the courthouse, a number of the "afflicted" girls howled that she was causing them pain. Bishop denied any wrongdoing, swearing that she was innocent. Bishop's own brother-in-law swore he'd seen her "conversing with the Devil" who "came bodily into her." She was executed on June 10. 5 Pins281 Followers	Salem
What sailor suit wearing, short tempered cartoon character made his first appearance on June 9, 1934 in the Silly Symphonies cartoon The Wise Little Hen?	Mystery History TV \| Christian June 10 : This Day In Mystery History June 10 1692 Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts after having been convicted of “certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft & Sorceries.” Bishop is just the first casualty of what will come to be known as the Salem Witch Trials. June 10 1942 The town of Lidice (Loditz) is liquidated by the [...]	i don't know
June 8, 1949 saw London publishers Secker and Warburg which book which features a perpetual war between Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia?	Nineteen Eighty-Four - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Nineteen Eighty-Four Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the Orwell novel. For the year, see 1984 . For other uses, see 1984 (disambiguation) . Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) ISBN N/A Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic dystopian novel by English author George Orwell . Published in 1949 , it is set in the eponymous year and focuses on a repressive, totalitarian regime. The story follows the life of one seemingly insignificant man, Winston Smith , a civil servant assigned the task of perpetuating the regime's propaganda by falsifying records and political literature. Smith grows disillusioned with his meager existence and so begins a rebellion against the system that leads to his arrest and torture. The novel has become famous for its portrayal of pervasive government surveillance and control, and government's increasing encroachment on the rights of the individual. Since its publication, many of its terms and concepts, such as " Big Brother ," " doublethink " and " Newspeak " have entered the popular vernacular. The word " Orwellian " itself has come to refer to anything reminiscent of the book's fictional regime. Contents [ edit ] History Orwell, who had "encapsulate[d] the thesis at the heart of his novel" in 1944, wrote most of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the island of Jura, Scotland , during 1947–1948 while critically ill with tuberculosis . [1] He sent the final typescript to his friends Secker and Warburg on 4 December 1948 and the book was published on 8 June 1949. [2] [3] Nineteen Eighty-Four has been translated into more than 65 languages by 1989, more than any other pair of books by a single author. [4] The novel's title, its terms, its language ( Newspeak ), and its author's surname are bywords for personal privacy lost to national state security. The adjective " Orwellian " connotes many things. It can refer to totalitarian action or organization, as well as governmental attempts to control or misuse information for the purposes of controlling, pacifying or even subjugating the population. "Orwellian" can also refer generally to twisted language which says the opposite of what it truly means, or specifically governmental propagandizing by the misnaming of things; hence the " Ministry of Peace " in the novel actually deals with war and the " Ministry of Love " actually tortures people. Since the novel's publication "Orwellian" has in fact become somewhat of a catch-all for any kind of governmental overreach or dishonesty and therefore has multiple meanings and applications. The phrase Big Brother is Watching You specifically connotes pervasive, invasive surveillance. [ edit ] Title One of the original titles for the novel was The Last Man in Europe, but in a letter to publisher Frederic Warburg dated 22 October 1948 (eight months before the book was published), Orwell stated that he was "hesitating" between that and Nineteen Eighty-Four, [7] although Crick mentions that it was Warburg who suggested changing it to a marketable title. [8] Orwell's reasons for the title are unknown; he might be alluding to the centenary of the socialist Fabian Society founded in 1884, [9] or to Jack London 's novel The Iron Heel (wherein a political movement came into power in 1984), or to G. K. Chesterton 's The Napoleon of Notting Hill , set in 1984, or to the poem "End of the Century, 1984" by his first wife, Eileen O'Shaughnessy . Anthony Burgess claims in 1985 that Orwell, being disillusioned by the onset of the Cold War , intended to name the book 1948. According to the introduction of the Penguin Modern Classics edition, Orwell originally meant 1980 as the story's time, but as the writing became prolonged, he re-titled it 1982, then 1984, coincidentally the reverse of the year written, 1948. Still others believe that Orwell intentionally chose to title the book with the reverse of the year it was written, to allude to the possibility that the events of the story are not so far away as they might seem, rather they occur in a time that shares much with Britain in the late 1940s. [ edit ] Popular misconceptions The book has often been misinterpreted as an attack on socialism ; Orwell himself had occasion to refute such claims, both privately and in public. In a letter to Francis A. Henson of the United Automobile Workers , dated 16 June 1949 (seven months before he died), excerpts from which were reproduced in Life (25 July 1949) and the New York Times Book Review (31 July 1949), Orwell stated the following: "My recent novel [Nineteen Eighty-Four] is NOT intended as an attack on Socialism or on the British Labour Party (of which I am a supporter) but as a show-up of the perversions ... which have already been partly realized in Communism and Fascism . ...The scene of the book is laid in Britain in order to emphasize that the English-speaking races are not innately better than anyone else and that totalitarianism , if not fought against, could triumph anywhere." [10] In his 1946 essay, " Why I Write ", Orwell described himself as a Democratic Socialist . [11] [ edit ] Background Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in Oceania , one of three intercontinental super-states. The story occurs in London, the "chief city of Airstrip One ", [12] itself a province of Oceania that "had once been called England or Britain ". [13] Posters of the ruling Party's leader, " Big Brother ", bearing the caption BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, dominate the city landscapes, while two-way television (the telescreen) dominates the "private" and public spaces of the populace. Oceania's people are in three classes — the Inner Party, the Outer Party, and the Proles . The Party government controls the people via the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), the workplace of protagonist Winston Smith, an Outer Party member. As in the Nazi and Stalinist regimes, propaganda is pervasive; Smith's job is rewriting historical documents to match the contemporaneous party line , the orthodoxy of which changes daily. It therefore includes destroying evidence, amending newspaper articles, deleting the existence of people identified as " unpersons ". The story begins on 4 April 1984: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen". [14] The date is questionable, because it is what Winston Smith perceives. In the story's course, he concludes it as irrelevant, because the State can arbitrarily alter it; the year 1984 and its world are transmutable. The novel does not render the world's full history to 1984. Winston's recollections, and what he reads in The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein , reveal that after World War II , the United Kingdom fell to civil war , becoming part of the Oceania superstate. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union annexed mainland Europe, forming the nation of Eurasia . The third super-state, Eastasia , comprises the east Asian countries around China, Korea and Japan. Winston also recalls an atomic war taking place during his early childhood (around 1949-53), fought mainly in Europe, western Russia, and North America. It is unclear what occurred first: the civil war wherein the Party assumed power, the United States' annexation of the British Empire, or the war during which Colchester was bombed. However, the increasing clarity of Winston's memory and the story of the break-up of his family would suggest that the surprise atomic attacks came first (when the Smith family took refuge in a tube station) followed by civil unrest ("confused street fighting in London itself") and the reorganising of postwar society that would retrospectively be called the Revolution. [ edit ] Plot A pyramid diagram of Oceania's social classes; Big Brother atop, The Party in middle, the Proles at bottom. Ministry of Truth bureaucrat Winston Smith is the protagonist; although unitary, the story is three-fold. The first describes the world of 1984 as he perceives it; the second is his illicit romance with Julia and his intellectual rebellion against the Party; the third is his capture and imprisonment, interrogation, torture, and re-education in the Ministry of Love . The plot is therefore virtually identical to that of a 1921 Russian novel titled We , which occurs in a world similar to that of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The intellectual Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party , lives in the ruins of London (the "chief city of Airstrip One ", a province of Oceania), who grew up in the post-World War II United Kingdom, during the revolution and the civil war. As his parents disappeared in the civil war, the English Socialism Movement (" Ingsoc " in Newspeak) put him in an orphanage for training and employment in the Outer Party. His squalid existence consists of living in a one-room apartment, eating a subsistence diet of black bread and synthetic meals washed down with Victory-brand gin . He is discontented, and keeps an ill-advised journal of dissenting, negative thoughts and opinions about the Party. If the journal or Winston's errant behavior were to be discovered, it would result in his torture and execution at the hands of the Thought Police . However, he is blessed with having a small alcove beside his telescreen where he cannot be seen, where he can keep his own private secrets. In his journal he explains thoughtcrime : "Thoughtcrime does not entail death. Thoughtcrime IS death." The Thought Police have two-way telescreens (in the living quarters of every Party member and in every public area), hidden microphones, and anonymous informers to spy potential thought-criminals who might endanger The Party. Children are indoctrinated to informing; to spy and report suspected thought-criminals — especially their parents. Winston Smith is a bureaucrat in the Records Department of the Ministry of Truth, revising historical records to match The Party's contemporaneous, official version of the past. The revisionism is required so that the past reflects the shifts of the day in the Party's orthodoxy. Smith's job is perpetual; he re-writes the official record, re-touches official photographs, deleting people officially rendered as "unpersons". The original or older document is dropped into a "memory hole" chute leading to an incinerator. Although he likes his work, especially the intellectual challenge of revising a complete historical record, he also is fascinated by the true past, and eagerly tries to learn more about that forbidden truth. One day in the office, a woman surreptitiously hands him a note. She is "Julia," a dark-haired mechanic who repairs the Ministry of Truth's novel-writing machines. Before that day, he had felt deep loathing for her, based on his assumptions that she was a brainwashed, fanatically devoted member of the Party; particularly annoying to him is her red sash of renouncement of and scorn for sexual intercourse . His preconceptions vanish on reading a handwritten note she gives him, which states "I love you." After that, they begin a clandestine romantic relationship, first meeting in the countryside and at a ruined belfry, then regularly in a rented room atop an antiques shop in the city's proletarian neighbourhood. The shop owner chats with Smith, discussing facts about the pre-revolutionary past, sells him period artifacts, and rents him the room to meet Julia. The lovers believe their hiding place paradisaical (the shop keeper having told them it has no telescreen) and think themselves alone and safe. As their romance deepens, Winston's views change, and he questions Ingsoc. Unknown to him, the Thought Police have been spying on him and Julia. Later, when approached by Inner Party member O'Brien , Winston believes that he has come into contact with the Brotherhood who are opponents of the Party. O'Brien gives him a copy of " the book ", The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, a searing criticism of Ingsoc said to be written by the dissident Emmanuel Goldstein , the leader of the Brotherhood. This book explains the perpetual war and exposes the truth behind the Party's slogan, "War is Peace; Freedom is Slavery; Ignorance is Strength." The Thought Police later capture Winston and Julia in their sanctuary bedroom and they are separately interrogated at the Ministry of Love, where the regime's opponents are tortured and killed, but sometimes released (to be executed at a later date). Charrington, the shop keeper who rented them the room, reveals himself to be an officer of the Thought Police. After a prolonged regimen of systematic beatings by prison guards and psychologically draining interrogations by Party loyalists, Winston is subjected to electroshock torture by O'Brien, who tells Winston it will "cure" him of his "insanity", which O'Brien claims undeniably manifests itself in the form of Winston's hatred for the Party. During a long and complex dialogue, O'Brien reveals, in what is the most important line in the book, that the motivation of the Inner Party is not to achieve a future paradise but to retain power, which has become an end in itself. He outlines a terrifying vision of how they will change society and people in order to achieve this, including the abolition of the family, the orgasm , and the sex instinct, with the ultimate goal of eliminating anything that may come between one's love of Big Brother and Ingsoc. It will be a society that grows more, not less merciless as it refines itself, and a society without art , literature , or science , so that there are no distractions from their devotion to the Party, or any unorthodox thought, which is also meant to be achieved through the eventual eradication of Modern English, or "Oldspeak". During a session, O'Brien explains that the purpose of the ordeal at the Ministry of Love is to alter Winston's way of thinking, not to extract a confession, and that once Winston unquestioningly accepts reality as the Party describes it, he will be executed. One night, as Winston lies dreaming in his cell, he suddenly wakes, yelling: "Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!", whereupon O'Brien rushes in and doesn't question him, and then sends him to Room 101 , the most feared room in the Ministry of Love. Here a person's greatest fear is forced upon him or her for the final re-education step: acceptance. Winston, who has a primal fear of rats, is shown a wire cage filled with starving rats and told that it will be fitted over his head like a mask, so that when the cage door is opened, the rats will bore into his face until it is stripped to the bone. Just as the cage brushes his cheek, he shouts frantically: "Do it to Julia!" The torture ends and Winston is returned to society, brainwashed to accept Party doctrine. During the brainwashing, it is noted that O'Brien somehow was always aware of what Smith was thinking and in a way was reading his mind. It can be interpreted as either the Thought Police had devised a mechanism of reading people's thoughts or O'Brien understood Smith completely and was able to predict his chain of thought perfectly. After his release, Winston encounters Julia in the park. With distaste, they remember the unauthorized and unorthodox ("ungood" in Newspeak) feelings they once shared for each other and acknowledge having betrayed each other. They are apathetic about their reunion and each other's experiences. Winston, happily reconciled to his impending execution, and accepting the Party's depiction of life, celebrates the false fact of a news bulletin reporting Oceania's recent, decisive victory over Eurasia. It is at this moment that he sincerely loves Big Brother for the very first time — a metaphorical bullet entering his brain. Thus the book ends on a bitter note, with Winston Smith's inner transformation finally complete. Not resolved is whether Winston is ever actually executed, or whether his mental capitulation is considered enough. [ edit ] Orwell's influences During the Second World War , George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy , as it existed before 1939, would not survive the war, the question being: Would it end via Fascist coup d'état (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)? Later in the war, Orwell admitted events proved him wrong: "What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that 'the war and the revolution are inseparable'." [15] Nineteen Eighty-Four shares thematic likenesses with Animal Farm , another of Orwell's novels, as follows: the betrayed revolution ; the individual's subordination to the Party collective; rigorously enforced class distinctions, i.e. the Inner Party, the Outer Party, the Proles; the cult of personality ; concentration camps ; Thought Police ; compulsory, regimented, daily exercise; and youth leagues. In the essay " Why I Write ", Orwell explains that all the serious work he wrote since the Spanish Civil War in 1936 was "written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism ". [16] Nineteen Eighty-Four is an anti-totalitarian cautionary tale about the betrayal of a revolution by its defenders. He already had stated distrust of totalitarianism and betrayed revolutions in Homage to Catalonia and Animal Farm . Coming Up For Air , at points, celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Much of Oceanic society is based upon Stalin 's Soviet Union . The "Two Minutes' Hate" television propaganda represents the ritual demonisation of State enemies and rivals; Big Brother resembles Joseph Stalin; and the Party's archenemy, Emmanuel Goldstein , resembles Leon Trotsky in that both were Jewish, both had the same physiognomy , and Trotsky's real surname was Bronstein. Another suggested inspiration for Goldstein is Emma Goldman , the famous Anarchist figure.[ citation needed ] Doctored photography is a propaganda technique, as is the creation of unpersons in the story, analogous to Stalin's enemies being made nonpersons and being erased from official photographic records; the police treatment of several characters recalls the Moscow Trials of the Great Purge . Biographer Michael Shelden notes as influences the Edwardian world of Orwell's childhood in Henley — for the golden country; being bullied at St. Cyprian's — empathy with victims; his policeman's life in the Indian Burma Police — the techniques of violence; and suffering censorship in the BBC — capriciously-wielded authority. [17] Specific literary influences include Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar by Arthur Koestler ; The Iron Heel (1908) by Jack London; Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley; We (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin, which Orwell read in French and reviewed in 1946; [18] and The Managerial Revolution (1940) by James Burnham , predicting permanent war among three totalitarian superstates, broadly equivalent to those in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell told Jacintha Buddicom that he would write a novel stylistically like A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells . World War II acts as the grounding for Orwell's more fantastic elements. Most of the novel contains direct parallels, and occasional outright pastiche, of the rhetoric and politics surrounding the end of the war and the changing alliances of the nascent Cold War . The overseas service of the BBC, controlled by the Ministry of Information , was the model for the Ministry of Truth. The Ministry of Love's ultimate weapon against dissidents, Room 101 , is named after a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House where Orwell used to sit through tedious meetings. [19] The Senate House , where the Ministry of Information was housed, is the architectural inspiration for the Ministry of Truth. Nineteen Eighty-Four's world reflects the socio-political life of the UK and the USA, i.e. the poverty of Britain in 1948, when the economy was poor, the Empire dissolving, while newspapers reported imperial triumphs, and wartime ally Soviet Russia was becoming a peacetime foe. The world of 1984 also parallels, or extrapolates from, life during the First World War as well as the Second. Just how oppressive the British government had become during the earlier war can be judged from a satire of the time which Orwell may even have read while at Eton, 1920: Dips into the Near Future, published in 1917. [20] Though Orwell may never have read it, it shares some themes with 1984, themes which ultimately came from the common experience of both authors if not from one reading the other. 1920 exaggerates actual government oppression during World War I, and if not a literary influence on Orwell it still reveals what undoubtedly had influenced him in the real world. [21] Oceania is a metamorphosed future British Empire that geographically includes the United States, and whose currency is the dollar . As its name suggests, it is a naval power, with much militarism focused on venerating sailors serving aboard floating fortresses greater than Dreadnoughts. Moreover, most of the fighting by Oceania's troops is in defending India (the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire). The term "English Socialism" also has many precedents in Orwell's wartime writings. In The Lion and the Unicorn of 1940, Orwell stated that "the war and the revolution are inseparable (...) the fact that we are at war has turned Socialism from a textbook word into a realizable policy". The reason for that, according to Orwell, was that the outmoded British class system constituted a major hindrance to the war effort, and only a Socialist society would be able to defeat Hitler . Since the middle classes were in process of realizing this, too, they would support the revolution, and only the most outright reactionary elements in British society would oppose it, which would limit the amount of force the revolutionaries would need in order to gain power and keep it. Thus, an "English Socialism" would come about which "...will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State. It will shoot traitors, but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them. It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word". Orwell's words in this and other writings at the time leave no doubt that in 1940 he regarded "English Socialism" as highly desirable and was actively trying to bring about its victory. Yet in the nightmare world he envisioned eight years later, the same term - contracted to " Ingsoc " - is the monstrous ideology of a totally oppressive regime, far from the relative moderate revolution which Orwell foresaw in 1940. When the vision of "The Lion and the Unicorn" is compared with that of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" it is evident that Orwell saw the regime presided over by Big Brother not only as a betrayal and perversion of Socialist ideals in general, but also as a perversion of Orwell’s own specifically and dearly cherished vision and hope of "English Socialism". This article may contain original research or unverified claims . Please improve the article by adding references . See the talk page for details. Although theoretically possible, Orwell's 1984 might have portrayed a society which was in a logical sense unsustainable. For someone to run the system as part of the Inner Party he or she should be aware of the reality of the system. It is also mentioned that membership to the Inner Party is not hereditary. Smith, O'Brien and possibly many people deep in their psyche were aware of a system which did not resemble the present, and were hence in a position to either commit thought crime or run as part of the Inner Party. It is also shown that any member of the Outer Party who might develop an inkling of the machinations of the system is immediately purged. But it is not mentioned how the members of the Inner Party plan on sustaining the Inner Party without divulging fundamental structure behind the Party and society. The current members of the Inner Party were possibly people who had seen both sides of the society and hence were fluent in doublespeak. The members of the Outer Party while they were the ears and eyes of the Inner Party, in a systemic sense made no decisions and were almost powerless. Only the Inner Party knew what to do and why to do it. A logical sense would have made if there was a system given by which someone from the Outer Party who showed exceptional understanding (like Smith) could have been given the chance to move up and become a member of the Inner Party, thereby formulating a succession plan which is sustainable and at the same time in line with the ethos of Oligarchical Collectivism .". [ edit ] Characters Several characters in the book are based upon people from real life and nearly all of them are parallel figures from the Russian Revolution and Communist Russia in general. Ministry of Plenty ( Newspeak : Miniplenty) Responsible for rationing and controlling food and goods, along with all production of all domestic goods. The Ministry of Plenty declares false claims to have increased the standard of living every time by a considerable amount, when in fact the ministry counteracts its own claims. Ministry of Truth ( Newspeak : Minitrue) The propaganda arm of Oceania's regime, controlling information: news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. Winston Smith works for the Records Department (RecDep) of Minitrue, "rectifying" historical records and newspaper articles to make them conform to Big Brother's most recent pronouncements, thus making everything that the Party says 'true'. Ministry of Love ( Newspeak : Miniluv) The agency is responsible for the identification, monitoring, arrest and torture of dissidents, real or imagined. Based on Winston's experience there at the hands of O'Brien, the basic procedure is to wear down the subject with a long series of beatings and electrical torture. Finally, when the subject is near broken, they are sent to "Room 101", where they are exposed to their worst fear, once and for all eradicating any remaining impulse of individuality or resistance, and replacing it with a sincere embrace of the Party. The Ministry of Love differs from the other ministry buildings in that it has no windows in it at all. The ministries' names are an example of doublethink : “The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation”. (Part II, Chapter IX - chapter I of Goldstein's book) Main article: Doublethink The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink. Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. – [ edit ] Political geography Not all boundaries are given in detail in the book, so some are speculation. Note: At the end of the novel, there are news reports that Oceania has captured the whole continent of Africa, though their credibility is uncertain. The world is controlled by three functionally similar totalitarian super-states engaged in perpetual war with each other: [22] Oceania (ideology: Ingsoc or English Socialism) comprises Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, Polynesia, Southern Africa, and the Americas. Eurasia (ideology: Neo- Bolshevism ) comprises continental Europe and northern Asia. Eastasia (ideology: Obliteration of the Self, usually rendered as "Death worship") comprises China, Japan, Korea, and Northern India. The "disputed area", which lies "between the frontiers of the super-states", is "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin , and Hong Kong ." [22] That Great Britain and Ireland are in Oceania rather than in Eurasia is commented upon in the book as a historical anomaly. North Africa, the Middle East, South India, and Southeast Asia form a disputed zone which is used as a battlefield and source of slaves by the three powers. Goldstein's book explains that the ideologies of the three states are the same, but it is imperative to keep the public ignorant of this, so that they believe that the other two ideologies are detestable. London, the novel's setting, is the capital of the Oceanian province of Airstrip One, the former United Kingdom. [ edit ] The Revolution In the novel, there are a few glimpses of what happened to cause the revolution. The formation of Eurasia is depicted as occurring after the Second World War when American troops left Europe earlier than in our history, allowing Soviet troops to move in and gain control of war-torn Europe without much opposition. As explained in the book, Eurasia does not contain the British Empire because it was annexed (or was taken control of) by the United States giving the successor to both states, Oceania, control of a quarter of the world (southern Africa, Australasia, and Canada). The United States also annexed Latin America at around the same time, forming Oceania. It appears that the annexation of the British Isles took place as part of the events of the Atomic Wars, or around the same time, giving rise to (or intended to quell) civil war. In the Party's typical distortion of events, it would seem that there was little of a classic grass roots Revolution about it, rather a provoked coup d'etat from without, followed by the installation of a political elite from among the native intelligentsia and collusive political class. Eastasia is the last of three superstates to be formed, and apparently was formed when China and Japan conquered surrounding nations. The previously-formed Eurasia prevented Eastasia from growing to the size of the others, a handicap it made up thanks to its numerous and hard-working population. Although the chronology of these events is unclear in the book, most of it appears to happen between 1920 and the 1960s. The forming of the three superstates, and the other events that do not fall within recorded history, are intended by Orwell to have happened between the late 1940s and the 1960s. See also: Perpetual war Perpetual War The attacks described on the telescreen as black (Eurasian) and white (Oceanian) arrows in the last chapter of the novel (which cannot, however, be taken as a reliable source of truthful information). Date [ edit ] Living standards By the year 1984, the society of Airstrip One lives in squalid poverty; hunger, disease, and filth are the norms. Under the influence of the civil war , atomic wars , and enemy ( or possibly even Oceanian ) rocket bombs, the cities and towns are in ruins. When travelling about London, Winston finds himself surrounded by rubble, decay, and the crumbling shells of wrecked buildings. Half of the population of Oceania go barefoot, despite the Party reporting large quantities of boots being produced; Winston believes it likely that very few, if any, boots were actually produced at all. Apart from the gargantuan bombproof Ministries, very little seems to have been done to rebuild London, and it is assumed that all towns and cities across Airstrip One (and Oceania) are in the same desperate condition. Living standards for the population are generally very low; everything is in short supply and those goods available are of very poor quality. The Party claims that this is due to the immense sacrifices that must be made for the war effort. Goldstein's book states that they are partially correct in as much as the point of continuous warfare is to be rid of the surplus of industrial production to prevent the rise of the standard of living and make possible the economic repression of people. The Inner Party, at the top level of Oceanian society, enjoys the highest standard of living. O'Brien, a member of the Inner Party, lives in a clean and comfortable apartment, and has a variety of quality foodstuffs such as wine , coffee , and sugar , none of which is available to the rest of the population. Synthetic versions of these foodstuffs are available to members of the Outer Party; but they are of far inferior quality. Winston, for example, is astonished simply that the lifts in O'Brien's building actually work, and that the telescreens can be turned off. Members of the Inner Party also seem to be waited on by slaves captured from the disputed zone; O'Brien's servant, Martin, is described as having Asiatic features, which would identify him as an Eastasian or Eurasian national, possibly a former soldier captured in battle. Although the Inner Party enjoys the highest standard of living, Goldstein's book points out that, despite being at the top of society, their living standards (apart from the slaves) are significantly lower than pre-Revolution standards and says the social atmosphere is that of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump of horseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. The proles (proletarians), treated by the Party as animals, live in squalor and poverty. They are kept sedated by vast quantities of cheap beer , widespread pornography , and a national lottery ; but these do not mask the fact that their lives are dangerous and deprived. Proletarian areas of the cities, for example, are ridden with disease and vermin. However, the proles are subject to much less close control of their daily lives than Party members. The proles whom Winston Smith meets in the streets and in the pubs seem to speak and behave much like working-class Britons of Orwell's time. In addition, the proletarian criminals whom he meets in the first phase of his imprisonment are far less subdued and intimidated than the intellectual "politicals", some of them rudely jeering at the telescreens with apparent impunity. As explained in Goldstein's book, this derives from the social theory which the regime believes, that revolutions are always started by the middle class and that the lower classes would never start an effective revolt on their own. Therefore, if the middle classes are so tightly controlled that the regime can penetrate their very thoughts and their most minute daily life, the lower classes can be left to their own devices and pose no threat. This produces a contrast with the ideas of Karl Marx , who held that revolution would rise from the lower classes. Meanwhile, any potentially rebellious or intelligent proletarian individuals who could become the nuclei for resistance are simply allowed to rise into Inner Party positions, so that they can be more easily watched and pacified. Interestingly, Winston Smith holds on to the belief that "the future belonged to the proles" and that the lower class would eventually rule the world, making him a Marxist. As Winston is a member of the Outer Party, more is shown from its living standards than any other group. Despite being the middle class of Oceanian society, the Outer Party's standard of living is very poor. Foodstuffs are low quality or synthetic; the main alcoholic beverage — Victory Gin — is industrial-grade; Outer Party Victory Cigarettes are not manufactured properly. The use of the word "victory" as a brand-name may refer to the "victory suit" and victory garden meant to support American war efforts. [ edit ] Nationalism Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarized in the essay Notes on Nationalism ( 1945 ), [24] about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognized phenomenon behind certain political forces; in Nineteen Eighty-Four Newspeak, the Party's artificial, minimalist language, addresses the matter. Positive nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual love for Big Brother (who may be long dead or even non-existent); Celtic Nationalism , Neo-Toryism, and British Zionism are (Orwell argues) defined by love. Negative nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual hatred for Emmanuel Goldstein (who, like Big Brother, may not exist); Stalinism , Anti-Semitism , and Anglophobia are defined by hatred. Transferred nationalism: in mid-sentence, an orator changes the enemy of Oceania; the crowd instantly transfers their hatred to the new enemy. Transferred nationalism swiftly redirects emotions from one power unit to another, e.g. Communism , Pacifism , Colour Feeling, and Class Feeling. O'Brien conclusively describes: “The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power”. [ edit ] Sexual repression The Party imposes antisexualism upon its members (as manifested in the Junior Anti-Sex-League), because sexual attachments diminish loyalty to the Party. Julia describes Party fanaticism as "sex gone sour"; except during the liaison with Julia, Winston suffers an inflamed ankle (an allusion to Oedipus the King , symbolic of unhealthy sexual repression).[ citation needed ] In Part III, O'Brien tells Winston that neurologists are working to extinguish the orgasm; sufficient mental energy for prolonged worship requires repressing the libido , a vital instinct, and therefore requires externally-imposed sexual restriction by the authorities (civil, political, et cetera). [ edit ] Futurology Whether Orwell meant the novel as prophecy is unknown; yet O'Brien describes the future: There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face ... for ever. — Part III, Chapter III This starkly contrasts with his forecast essay England Your England , in The Lion and the Unicorn (1941): The intellectuals who hope to see it Russianised or Germanised will be disappointed. The gentleness, the hypocrisy, the thoughtlessness, the reverence for law and the hatred of uniforms will remain, along with the suet puddings and the misty skies. It needs some very great disaster, such as prolonged subjugation by a foreign enemy, to destroy a national culture. The Stock Exchange will be pulled down, the horse plough will give way to the tractor, the country houses will be turned into children's holiday camps, the Eton and Harrow match will be forgotten, but England will still be England, an everlasting animal stretching into the future and the past, and, like all living things, having the power to change out of recognition and yet remain the same. Yet, Nineteen Eighty-Four's geopolitical climate is like his précis of James Burnham 's ideas in the essay 'James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution' [25] (1946). These people will eliminate the old capitalist class, crush the working class, and so organize society that all power and economic privilege remain in their own hands. Private property rights will be abolished, but common ownership will not be established. The new 'managerial' societies will not consist of a patchwork of small, independent states, but of great super-states grouped round the main industrial centres in Europe, Asia, and America. These super-states will fight among themselves for possession of the remaining uncaptured portions of the earth, but will probably be unable to conquer one another completely. Internally, each society will be hierarchical, with an aristocracy of talent at the top and a mass of semi-slaves at the bottom. [ edit ] Censorship A major theme of Nineteen Eighty-Four is censorship, which is displayed especially well in the Ministry of Truth, where photographs are doctored and public archives rewritten to rid them of "unpersons". In the telescreens, figures for all types of production are grossly exaggerated (or simply invented) to indicate an ever-rising economy where there is actually loss. An excellent example of this is when Winston is charged with the task of eliminating reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He proceeds to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy , an imaginary party member, who displayed great heroism by giving his life so that the important dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands. [ edit ] The Newspeak appendix Further information: Newspeak "The Principles of Newspeak" is an academic essay appended to the novel. It describes the development of Newspeak, the Party's minimalist artificial language meant to ideologically align thought and action with the principles of Ingsoc by making "all other modes of thought impossible". (See Sapir–Whorf hypothesis .) Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to 1984 remains a critical debate, as it is in Standard English and refers to Newspeak, Ingsoc, the Party, et cetera, in the past tense (i.e. "Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised", p. 422); in this vein, some critics (Atwood, [26] Benstead, [27] Pynchon [28] ) claim that, for the essay's author, Newspeak and the totalitarian government are past. The counter view is that since the novel has no frame story , Orwell wrote the essay in the same past tense as the novel, with "our" denoting his and the reader's contemporaneous reality. [ edit ] Cultural impact "Happy 1984" - Stencil graffito on the Berlin Wall remnant, in 2005. The image is of a DualShock video game controller. Nineteen Eighty-Four's impact upon the English language is extensive; many of its concepts: Big Brother , Room 101 (the worst place in the world), the Thought Police , the memory hole (oblivion), doublethink (simultaneously holding and believing two contradictory beliefs), and Newspeak (ideological language), are common usages for denoting and connoting overarching, totalitarian authority; Doublespeak is an elaboration of doublethink; the adjective "Orwellian" denotes that which is characteristic and reminiscent of George Orwell's writings, specifically 1984. The novel also originated the practice of appending the suffixes "-speak" and "-think" ( groupthink , mediaspeak) to denote unthinking conformity. Many other works, in various forms of media, have taken themes from Nineteen Eighty-four. In 1981, a Baptist minister in Jackson County , Florida challenged the novel's suitability as proper reading for young Americans, arguing it contained pro-Communist, anti-Semitic, and sexually explicit material. [29]	Nineteen Eighty-Four
June 7, 1866 saw the death of Chief Seattle, after whom some city somewhere is probably named. What tribe was he the chief of?	Publisher Secker and Warburg (London) Publication date 8 June 1949 Media type Print (Hardcover & Paperback) & e-book, audio-CD Pages 326 pp (Paperback edition) ISBN 978-0-141-18776-1 Nineteen Eighty-Four (also titled 1984), by George Orwell (the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair), is a 1949 English novel about life under a futuristic totalitarian regime in the year 1984. It tells the story of Winston Smith, a functionary at the Ministry of Truth, whose work consists of editing historical accounts to fit the government's policies. The book has major significance for its vision of an all-knowing government which uses pervasive and constant surveillance of the populace, insidious and blatant propaganda, and brutal control over its citizens. The book had a substantial impact both in literature and on the perception of public surveillance, inspiring such terms as 'Big Brother' and 'Orwellian'. History Orwell, who had "encapsulate[d] the thesis at the heart of his novel" in 1944, wrote most of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the island of Jura, Scotland, during 1947–1948 while critically ill with tuberculosis. He sent the final typescript to his friends Secker and Warburg on 4 December 1948, who published the book on 8 June 1949. The dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin is largely considered to have been a primary influence for Nineteen Eighty-Four. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been translated into more than 50 languages.[citation needed] The novel's title, its terms, its language (Newspeak), and its author's surname are bywords for personal privacy lost to national state security. The adjective "Orwellian" denotes many things. It can refer to totalitarian action or organization as well as governmental attempts to control or misuse information for the purposes of controlling, pacifying or even subjugating the population. "Orwellian" can also refer to governmental propagandizing by the misnaming of things; hence the "Ministry of Peace" in the novel actually deals with war and the "Ministry of Love" actually tortures people. Since the novel's publication "Orwellian" has in fact become somewhat of a catch-all for any kind of governmental overreach or dishonesty and therefore has multiple meanings and applications. The phrase Big Brother is Watching You specifically connotes pervasive, invasive surveillance but can also refer to attempts to over-regulate or legislate societal behaviour. Although the novel has been banned or challenged in some countries, it is, along with Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, We (novel) by Yevgeny Zamyatin and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, among the most famous literary representations of dystopia. In 2005, Time magazine listed it among the hundred best English-language novels published since 1923. Title One of the original titles for the novel was The Last Man in Europe, but in a letter to publisher Frederic Warburg dated 22 October 1948 (eight months before the book was published), Orwell stated that he was "hesitating" between that and Nineteen Eighty-Four, although Crick mentions that it was Warburg who suggested changing it to a marketable title. Orwell's reasons for the title are unknown; he might be alluding to the centenary of the socialist Fabian Society founded in 1884, or to Jack London's novel The Iron Heel (wherein a political movement came into power in 1984), or to G. K. Chesterton's The Napoleon of Notting Hill, set in 1984, or to the poem "End of the Century, 1984" by his first wife, Eileen O'Shaughnessy. Anthony Burgess claims in 1985 that Orwell, being disillusioned by the onset of the Cold War, intended to name the book 1948. According to the introduction of the Penguin Modern Classics edition, Orwell originally meant 1980 as the story's time, but as the writing became prolonged, he re-titled it 1982, then 1984, coincidently the reverse of the year written, 1948. The full title of the first edition was Nineteen Eighty-Four. A novel. Background Nineteen Eighty-Four is set in Oceania, one of three intercontinental totalitarian super-states. The story occurs in London, the "chief city of Airstrip One", itself a province of Oceania that "had once been called England or Britain". Posters of the ruling Party's leader, "Big Brother", bearing the caption BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, dominate the city landscapes, while two-way television (the telescreen) dominates the private and public spaces of the populace. Oceania's people are in three classes — the Inner Party, the Outer Party, and the Proles. The Party government controls the people via the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue), the workplace of protagonist Winston Smith, an Outer Party member. As in the Nazi and Stalinist regimes, propaganda is pervasive; Smith's job is rewriting historical documents to match the contemporaneous party line, the orthodoxy of which changes daily. It therefore includes destroying evidence, amending newspaper articles, deleting the existence of people identified as "unpersons". The story begins on 4 April 1984: "It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen". The date is questionable, because it is what Winston Smith perceives. In the story's course, he concludes it as irrelevant, because the State can arbitrarily alter it; the year 1984 and its world are transmutable. The novel does not render the world's full history to 1984. Indeed, since the novel's only description of world history is contained in a book given to Winston by a Party member, it is possible that what the reader knows is itself meant to be a deception, and the history of the world of Nineteen Eighty-Four is different. Winston's recollections, and what he reads in The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism by Emmanuel Goldstein, reveal that after World War II, the United Kingdom fell to civil war, becoming part of Oceania. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union encompassed mainland Europe, forming the nation of Eurasia. The third super-state, Eastasia, comprises the east Asian countries around China and Japan. Mentioned also is an atomic war, fought mainly in Europe, western Russia, and North America. It is unclear what occurred first: the civil war wherein the Party assumed power, the United States' annexation of the British Empire, or the war during which Colchester was bombed. During the Second World War, George Orwell repeatedly said that British democracy, as it existed before 1939, would not survive the war, the question being: Would it end via Fascist coup d'état (from above) or via Socialist revolution (from below)? During the war, Orwell admitted events proved him wrong: "What really matters is that I fell into the trap of assuming that 'the war and the revolution are inseparable'."Nineteen Eighty-Four shares thematic likenesses with Animal Farm, another of Orwell's novels, as follows: the betrayed revolution; the individual's subordination to the Party collective; rigorously enforced class distinctions, i.e. the Inner Party, the Outer Party, the Proles; the cult of personality; concentration camps; Thought Police; compulsory, regimented, daily exercise; and youth leagues. Plot Ministry of Truth bureaucrat Winston Smith is the protagonist; although unitary, the story is three-fold. The first describes the world of 1984 as he perceives it; the second is his illicit romance with Julia and his intellectual rebellion against the Party; the third is his capture and imprisonment, interrogation, torture, and re-education in the Ministry of Love. The plotline is therefore virtually identical to that of a 1921 Russian novel titled We, which occurs in a world similar to that of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The intellectual Winston Smith is a member of the Outer Party, lives in the ruins of London (the "chief city of Airstrip One", a province of Oceania), who grew up in the post-World War II United Kingdom, during the revolution and the civil war. As his parents disappeared in the civil war, the English Socialism Movement ("Ingsoc" in Newspeak) put him in an orphanage for training and employment in the Outer Party. His squalid existence consists of living in a one-room apartment, eating a subsistence diet of black bread and synthetic meals washed down with Victory-brand gin. He is discontented, and keeps an ill-advised journal of dissenting, negative thoughts and opinions about the Party. If detected, it, and his eccentric behaviour, this would result in torture and death by the Thought Police. Consequently, he would lock himself in his room for days crying. However, he is blessed with having a small alcove beside his telescreen where he cannot be seen, where he can keep his own private secrets. In his pink journal he explains thoughtcrime: Thoughtcrime does not entail death. Thoughtcrime IS death. The Thought Police have two-way telescreens (in the living quarters of every Party member and in every public area), hidden microphones, and anonymous informers to spy potential thought-criminals who might endanger The Party. Children are indoctrinated to informing; to spy and report suspected thought-criminals — especially their parents. Winston Smith is a bureaucrat in the Records Department of the Ministry of Truth, revising historical records to match The Party's contemporaneous, official version of the past. The revisionism is required so that the past reflect the shifts of the day in the Party's orthodoxy. Smith's job is perpetual; he re-writes the official record, re-touches official photographs, deleting people officially rendered as unpersons. The original or older document is dropped into a "memory hole" chute leading to an incinerator. Although he likes his work, especially the intellectual challenge of revising a complete historical record, he also is fascinated by the true past, and eagerly tries to learn more about that forbidden truth. One day in the office, a woman surreptitiously hands him a note. She is "Julia," a dark-haired mechanic who repairs the Ministry of Truth's novel-writing machines. Before that day, he had felt deep loathing for her, based on his assumptions that she was a brainwashed, fanatically devoted member of the Party; particularly annoying to him is her red sash of renouncement of and scorn for sexual intercourse. His preconceptions vanish on reading a handwritten note she gives him, which states "I love you." After that, they begin a clandestine romantic relationship, first meeting in the countryside and at a ruined belfry, then regularly in a rented room atop an antiques shop in the city's proletarian neighborhood. The shop owner chats with Smith, discussing facts about the pre-revolutionary past, sells him period artifacts, and rents him the room to meet Julia. The lovers believe their hiding place paradisaical (the shop keeper having told them it has no telescreen) and think themselves alone and safe. As their romance deepens, Winston's views change, and he questions Ingsoc. Unknown to him, the Thought Police have been spying on him and Julia. Later, when approached by Inner Party member O'Brien, Winston believes that he has come into contact with the Brotherhood who are opponents of the Party. O'Brien gives him a copy of "the book", The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, a searing criticism of Ingsoc said to be written by the dissident Emmanuel Goldstein, the leader of the Brotherhood. This book explains the perpetual war and exposes the truth behind the Party's slogan, "War is Peace; Freedom is Slavery; Ignorance is Strength". The Thought Police later capture Winston and Julia in their sanctuary bedroom and they are separately interrogated at the Ministry of Love, where the regime's opponents are tortured and killed, but sometimes released (to be executed at a later date). Charrington, the shop keeper who rented them the room reveals himself an officer of the Thought Police. In the Ministry of Love torture chamber, O'Brien tells Smith that he will be cured of his "insanity", which O'Brien claims undeniably manifests itself in the form of Winston's hatred for the Party. During a long and complex dialogue, O'Brien reveals, in what is the most important line in the book, that the motivation of the Inner Party is not to achieve a future paradise but to retain power, which has become an end in itself. He outlines a terrifying vision of how they will change society and people in order to achieve this, including the abolition of the family, the orgasm, and the sex instinct. It will be a society that grows more, not less merciless as it refines itself', and a society without art, literature, or science. During a session, O'Brien explains that the purpose of the torture Winston is about to experience is to alter his way of thinking, not to extract a confession, and that once Winston unquestioningly accepts reality as the Party describes it, he will be executed; electroshock torture will achieve that, continuing until O'Brien decides Winston is cured. One night, a dreaming Winston suddenly wakes, yelling: "Julia! Julia! Julia, my love! Julia!", whereupon O'Brien rushes in and questions him, and then sends him to Room 101, the most feared room in the Ministry of Love. Here a person's greatest fear is forced upon him or her for the final re-education step: acceptance. Winston, who has a primal fear of rats, is shown a wire cage filled with starving rats and told that it will be fitted over his head like a mask, so that when the cage door is opened, the rats will bore into his face until it is stripped to the bone. Just as the cage brushes his cheek, he shouts frantically: "Do it to Julia!". The torture ends and Winston is returned to society, brainwashed to accept Party doctrine. After his release, Winston and Julia fortuitously meet in a park. With distaste, they remember the "bad" (unauthorized) feelings they once shared for each other and acknowledge having betrayed each other. They are apathetic about their reunion and each other's experiences. Winston, happily reconciled to his impending execution, and accepting the Party's depiction of life, celebrates the false fact of a news bulletin reporting Oceania's recent, decisive victory over Eurasia. The final line of the story runs as follows: "He had finally won the battle over himself. He loved Big Brother." Orwell's influences In the essay Why I Write, Orwell explains that all the serious work he wrote since the Spanish Civil War in 1936 was "written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism".[13] Indeed, Nineteen Eighty-Four is an anti-totalitarian cautionary tale about the betrayal of a revolution by its defenders. He already had stated distrust of totalitarianism and betrayed revolutions in Homage to Catalonia and Animal Farm. Coming Up For Air, at points, celebrates the personal and political freedoms lost in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Much of Oceanic society is based upon Stalin's Soviet Union. The "Two Minutes' Hate" television propaganda represents the ritual demonisation of State enemies and rivals; Big Brother resembles Joseph Stalin; and the Party's archenemy, Emmanuel Goldstein, resembles Leon Trotsky in that both are Jewish, both have the same physiognomy, and Trotsky's real surname was 'Bronstein'. Another suggested inspiration for Goldstein is Emma Goldman, the famous Anarchist figure. Doctored photography is a propaganda technique, as is the creation of unpersons in the story, analogous to Stalin's enemies being made nonpersons and being erased from official photographic records; the police treatment of several characters recalls the Moscow Trials of the Great Purge. Biographer Michael Shelden notes these influences: the Edwardian world of his childhood in Henley — for the golden country; being bullied at St. Cyprian's — empathy with victims; his policeman's life in the Indian Burma Police — the techniques of violence; and suffering censorship in the BBC — capriciously-wielded authority. Specific literary influences include Darkness at Noon and The Yogi and the Commissar by Arthur Koestler, The Iron Heel (1908) by Jack London; Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley; We (1921) by Yevgeny Zamyatin, which Orwell read in French and reviewed in 1946; and The Managerial Revolution (1940) by James Burnham, predicting permanent war among three totalitarian superstates, broadly equivalent to those in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell told Jacintha Buddicom that he would write a novel stylistically like A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells. World War II acts as the grounding for Orwell's more fantastic elements. Most of the novel contains direct parallels, and occasional outright pastiche, of the rhetoric and politics surrounding the end of the war and the changing alliances of the nascent Cold War. The overseas service of the BBC, controlled by the Ministry of Information, was the model for the Ministry of Truth. The Ministry of Love's ultimate weapon against dissidents, Room 101, is named after a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House where Orwell used to sit through tedious meetings. The Senate House, where the Ministry of Information was housed, is the architectural inspiration for the Ministry of Truth. Nineteen Eighty-Four's world reflects the socio-political life of the UK and the USA, i.e. the poverty of Britain in 1948, when the economy was poor, the Empire dissolving, while newspapers reported imperial triumphs, and wartime ally Soviet Russia was becoming a peacetime foe. The world of 1984 also parallels, or extrapolates from, life during the First World War as well as the Second. Just how oppressive the British government had become during the earlier war can be judged from a satire of the time which Eric Blair may even have read while at Eton, 1920: Dips into the Near Future, published in 1917. Though Orwell may never have read it, it shares some themes with 1984, themes which ultimately came from the common experience of both authors if not from one reading the other. 1920 exaggerates actual government oppression during World War I, and if not a literary influence on Orwell it still reveals what undoubtedly had influenced him in the real world. Oceania is a metamorphosed future British Empire that geographically includes the United States, and whose currency is the dollar. As its name suggests, it is a naval power, with much militarism focused on venerating sailors serving aboard floating fortresses greater than Dreadnoughts. Moreover, most of the fighting by Oceania's troops is in defending India (the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire). The term "English Socialism" also has many precedents in Orwell's wartime writings. In The Lion and the Unicorn of 1940, Orwell stated that "the war and the revolution are inseparable (...) the fact that we are at war has turned Socialism from a textbook word into a realizable policy". The reason for that, according to Orwell, was that the outmoded British class system constituted a major hindrance to the war effort, and only a Socialist society would be able to defeat Hitler. Since the middle classes were in process of realizing this, too, they would support the revolution, and only the most outright reactionary elements in British society would oppose it, which would limit the amount of force the revolutionaries would need in order to gain power and keep it. Thus, an "English Socialism" would come about which "...will never lose touch with the tradition of compromise and the belief in a law that is above the State. It will shoot traitors, but it will give them a solemn trial beforehand and occasionally it will acquit them. It will crush any open revolt promptly and cruelly, but it will interfere very little with the spoken and written word". Orwell's words in this and other writings at the time leave no doubt that in 1940 he regarded "English Socialism" as highly desirable and was actively trying to bring about its victory. Yet in the nightmare world he envisioned eight years later, the same term - contracted to "Ingsoc" - is the monstrous ideology of a totally oppressive regime, far from the relative moderate revolution which Orwell foresaw in 1940. When the vision of "The Lion and the Unicorn" is compared with that of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" it is evident that Orwell saw the regime presided over by Big Brother not only as a betrayal and perversion of Socialist ideals in general, but also as a perversion of Orwell’s own specifically and dearly cherished vision and hope of "English Socialism". Characters Several characters in the book are based upon people from real life, and nearly all of them parallel figures from the Russian Revolution and Communist Russia in general. * Winston Smith - The novel's protagonist; a phlegmatic everyman. * Julia - Winston's lover, a covert "rebel from the waist down" who militantly praises the Party's doctrines while secretly living in contradiction of them. * Big Brother - The dictator of Oceania; believed to be based upon Joseph Stalin. However, as Winston Smith points out, he has never seen, nor remembers anyone else seeing Big Brother, and suggests that he never existed. This is also true of Emmanuel Goldstein, whom Winston Smith points out is, if real, definitely dead, but may have been created for propaganda purposes. * O'Brien - A government agent who deceives Winston and Julia into believing that he is a member of the resistance, convinces them to "join" it, and later uses this against them to torture them. It is implied that O'Brien was once a rebel himself, before he was caught and brainwashed by the Thought Police. * Emmanuel Goldstein - A former top member and now opposer of the ruling Party; he is based upon Leon Trotsky, a dissident member of the Soviet Communist Party, who was forced to flee the Soviet Union to save himself from Stalin's persecutions. * Aaronson, Jones, Rutherford - old party leaders killed and erased from the historical record. * Ampleforth - Winston's colleague. * Mr. Charrington - ostensibly the owner of a junk store in the prole district; actually a member of the dreaded Thought Police. * Katharine - Winston's wife, a strong supporter of the Party. It is unknown whether or not she is alive at the time of the novel because she and Winston had separated several years earlier. * Martin - O'Brien's servant. * Parsons - Winston's naive neighbor. * Syme - Winston's intelligent coworker; works with the language Newspeak, and is later vaporized (made so as to seem that he never existed), presumably because he thinks too clearly and knows too much. Syme's disappearance is an allusion to the Stalin Purges. Ministry of Plenty (Newspeak: Miniplenty) Responsible for rationing and controlling food and goods, along with all production of all domestic goods. The Ministry of Plenty declares false claims to have increased the standard of living every time by a considerable amount, when in fact the ministry counteracts its own claims. Ministry of Truth (Newspeak: Minitrue) The propaganda arm of Oceania's regime, controlling information: news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. Winston Smith works for the Records Department (RecDep) of Minitrue, "rectifying" historical records and newspaper articles to make them conform to Big Brother's most recent pronouncements, thus making everything that the Party says 'true'. Ministry of Love (Newspeak: Miniluv) The agency is responsible for the identification, monitoring, arrest and torture of dissidents, real or imagined. Based on Winston's experience there at the hands of O'Brien, the basic procedure is to wear down the subject with a long series of beatings and electrical torture. Finally, when the subject is near broken, they are sent to "Room 101", where they are exposed to their worst fear, once and for all eradicating any remaining impulse of individuality or resistance, and replacing it with a sincere embrace of the Party. The Ministry of Love differs from the other ministry buildings in that it has no windows in it at all. The ministries' names are an example of doublethink — “The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation”. (Part II, Chapter IX - chapter I of Goldstein's book) It is noteworthy that, while there is considerable and repeated mention of the ministries, there is never mention of a minister heading one of them, or of a cabinet where the ministers meet; nor is there mention of a politburo or any other decision-making body. If there is at all a "Minister of Truth", he (it would likely be a man, as Oceania seems very much male-dominated) seems much of a cypher, neither mentioned in the newspapers which his ministry is constantly re-writing nor considered as their ultimate boss by Winston and his fellow-workers. Doublethink The keyword here is blackwhite. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as doublethink. Doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. – Part II, chapter IX - chapter I of Goldstein's book Political geography The world is controlled by three functionally similar totalitarian super-states engaged in perpetual war with each other: * Oceania (ideology: Ingsoc or English Socialism) comprises Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, Polynesia, Southern Africa, and the Americas. * Eurasia (ideology: Neo-Bolshevism) comprises continental Europe and northern Asia. * Eastasia (ideology: Obliteration of the Self, usually rendered as "Death worship") comprises China, Japan, Korea, and Northern India. The "disputed area", which lies "between the frontiers of the super-states", is "a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, and Hong Kong." That Great Britain and Ireland are in Oceania rather than in Eurasia is commented upon in the book as a historical anomaly. North Africa, the Middle East, South India, and Southeast Asia form a disputed zone which is used as a battlefield and source of slaves by the three powers. Goldstein's book explains that the ideologies of the three states are the same, but it is imperative to keep the public ignorant of this, so that they believe that the other two ideologies are detestable. London, the novel's setting, is the capital of the Oceanian province of Airstrip One, the former United Kingdom. The Revolution In the novel, there are a few glimpses of what happened to cause the revolution. The formation of Eurasia is depicted as occurring after the Second World War when American troops left Europe earlier than in our history, allowing Soviet troops to move in and gain control of war-torn Europe without much opposition. As explained in the book, Eurasia does not contain the British Empire because it merged with the United States giving the successor to both states, Oceania, control of a quarter of the world (southern Africa, Australasia, and Canada). The United States also annexed Latin America at around the same time, forming Oceania. Eastasia is the last of three superstates to be formed, and apparently was formed when China conquered surrounding nations. The previously-formed Eurasia prevented Eastasia from growing to the size of the others, a handicap it made up thanks to its numerous and hard-working population. Although the chronology of these events is unclear in the book, most of it appears to happen between 1920 and the 1960s. The War The world of Nineteen Eighty-Four is built around a never-ending war involving the book's three superstates, with two allied powers fighting against the third. As Goldstein's book explains, each superstate is so strong it cannot be defeated even when faced with the combined forces of the other two powers. The allied states occasionally split with each other and new alliances are formed. Each time this happens, history is rewritten to convince the people that the new alliances always existed, using the principles of doublethink. The war itself never takes place in the territories of the three powers, but is conducted in the disputed zone stretching from Tangier to Darwin, and in the unpopulated Arctic wastes. Throughout the first half of the novel, Oceania is allied with Eastasia, and Oceania's forces are combating Eurasia's troops in northern Africa. Midway through the book, the alliance breaks apart and Oceania, newly allied with Eurasia, begins a campaign against Eastasian forces. This happens during "Hate Week" (a week of extreme focus on the malice supposed of of Oceania's enemies, the purpose of which is to stir up patriotic fervour in support of the Party). The public is quite abnormally blind to the change, and when a public orator, mid-sentence, changes the name of the enemy from Eurasia to Eastasia (still speaking as if nothing had changed), the people are shocked and soon enraged as they notice that all the flags and posters are wrong and tear them down. This is the origin of the idiom "we've always been at war with Eastasia". Later, the Party claims to have captured the whole of Africa. As with all other news, its authenticity is questionable. Goldstein's book explains that the war is unwinnable, and that its only purpose is to consume human labour and the fruits of human labour so that each superstate's economy cannot support an equal (and high) standard of living for every citizen. The book also details an Oceanian strategy to attack enemy cities with atomic-tipped rocket bombs prior to a full-scale invasion, but quickly dismisses this plan as both infeasible and contrary to the purpose of the war. Although, according to Goldstein's book, hundreds of atomic bombs were dropped on cities during the 1950s, the three powers no longer use them, as they would upset the balance of power. Conventional military technology is little different from that used in the Second World War. Some advances have been made, such as replacing bomber aircraft with "rocket bombs", and using immense "floating fortresses" instead of battleships; but they appear to be rare. As the purpose of the war is to destroy manufactured products and thus keep the workers busy, obsolete and wasteful technology is deliberately used in order to perpetuate useless fighting. Goldstein's book hints that, in fact, there may not actually be a war. The only view of the outside world presented in the novel is through Oceania's media, which has an obvious tendency to exaggerate and even fabricate "facts", and the rocket bombs ostensibly fired by the enemy. Goldstein's book suggests that the three superpowers may not actually be warring, and as Oceania's media provide completely unbelievable news reports on impossibly long military campaigns and victories (including a ridiculously large campaign in the Sahara desert), it can be suggested that the war is a lie. Julia even goes so far as to suggest that the rocket bombs that land on London are launched by the Party from other parts of Oceania. Even Eurasia and Eastasia themselves may only be a fabrication by the government of Oceania, with Oceania the sole undisputed dominator of the world. On the other hand, Oceania might as well actually control only a rather small part of the world (Great Britain and Ireland) and still brainwash its citizens into believing that they are battling/allying with a fabricated Eurasia or Eastasia. It is noted in the novel that there are no longer massive battles, but rather expert fighters occasionally appearing in small skirmishes; this makes sense as the reason for the wars are to destroy national production, rather than the populace which is to be dominated at every turn. Living standards By the year 1984, the society of Airstrip One lives in squalid poverty; hunger, disease, and filth are the norms. Under the influence of the civil war, atomic wars, and enemy (or possibly even Oceanian) rocket bombs, the cities and towns are in ruins. When travelling about London, Winston finds himself surrounded by rubble, decay, and the crumbling shells of wrecked buildings. Half of the population of Oceania go barefoot, despite the Party reporting large quantities of boots being produced; Winston believes it likely that very few, if any, boots were actually produced at all. Apart from the gargantuan bombproof Ministries, very little seems to have been done to rebuild London, and it is assumed that all towns and cities across Airstrip One (and Oceania) are in the same desperate condition. Living standards for the population are generally very low; everything is in short supply and those goods available are of very poor quality. The Party claims that this is due to the immense sacrifices that must be made for the war effort. Goldstein's book states that they are partially correct in as much as the point of continuous warfare is to be rid of the surplus of industrial production to prevent the rise of the standard of living and make possible the economic repression of people. The Inner Party, at the top level of Oceanian society, enjoys the highest standard of living. O'Brien, a member of the Inner Party, lives in a clean and comfortable apartment, and has variety of quality foodstuffs such as wine, coffee, and sugar, none of which is available to the rest of the population. Synthetic versions of these foodstuffs are available to members of the Outer Party; but they are of far inferior quality. Winston, for example, is astonished simply that the lifts in O'Brien's building actually work, and that the telescreens can be turned off. Members of the Inner Party also seem to be waited on by slaves captured from the disputed zone; O'Brien's servant, Martin, is described as having Asiatic features, which would identify him as an Eastasian or Eurasian national, possibly a former soldier captured in battle. Although the Inner Party enjoys the highest standard of living, Goldstein's book points out that, despite being at the top of society, their living standards (apart from the slaves) are significantly lower than pre-Revolution standards and says the social atmosphere is that of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump of horseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. The proles (proletarians), treated by the Party as animals, live in squalor and poverty. They are kept sedated by vast quantities of cheap beer, widespread pornography, and a national lottery; but these do not mask the fact that their lives are dangerous and deprived. Proletarian areas of the cities, for example, are ridden with disease and vermin. However, the proles are subject to much less close control of their daily lives than Party members. The proles whom Winston Smith meets in the streets and in the pubs seem to speak and behave much like working-class Britons of Orwell's time. In addition, the proletarian criminals whom he meets in the first phase of his imprisonment are far less subdued and intimidated than the intellectual "politicals", some of them rudely jeering at the telescreens with apparent impunity. As explained in Goldstein's book, this derives from the social theory which the regime believes, that revolutions are always started by the middle class and that the lower classes would never start an effective revolt on their own. Therefore, if the middle classes are so tightly controlled that the regime can penetrate their very thoughts and their most minute daily life, the lower classes can be left to their own devices and pose no threat. This produces a contrast with the ideas of Karl Marx, who held that revolution would rise from the lower classes. Meanwhile, any potentially rebellious or intelligent proletarian indivdiuals who could become the nuclei for resistance are simply eliminated by the Thought Police. As Winston is a member of the Outer Party, more is shown from its living standards than any other group. Despite being the middle class of Oceanian society, the Outer Party's standard of living is very poor. Foodstuffs are low quality or synthetic; the main alcoholic beverage — Victory Gin — is industrial-grade; Outer Party Victory Cigarettes are not manufactured properly. The use of the word "victory" as a brand-name may refer to the "victory suit" and victory garden meant to support American war efforts. Nationalism Nineteen Eighty-Four expands upon the subjects summarized in the essay Notes on Nationalism (1945), about the lack of vocabulary needed to explain the unrecognized phenomenon behind certain political forces; in Nineteen Eighty-Four Newspeak, the Party's artificial, minimalist language, addresses the matter. Positive nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual love for Big Brother (who may be long dead or even non-existent); Celtic Nationalism, Neo-Toryism, and British Zionism are (Orwell argues) defined by love. Negative nationalism: Oceanians’ perpetual hatred for Emmanuel Goldstein (who, like Big Brother, may not exist); Stalinism, Anti-Semitism, and Anglophobia are defined by hatred. Transferred nationalism: in mid-sentence, an orator changes the enemy of Oceania; the crowd instantly transfers their hatred to the new enemy. Transferred nationalism swiftly redirects emotions from one power unit to another, e.g. Communism, Pacifism, Colour Feeling, and Class Feeling. O'Brien conclusively describes: “The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power”. Sexual repression The Party imposes antisexualism upon its members (as manifest in the Junior and presumably Senior Anti-Sex-League), because sexual attachments diminish loyalty to the Party. Julia describes Party fanaticism as "sex gone sour"; except during the liaison with Julia, Winston suffers an inflamed ankle (an allusion to Oedipus the King, symbolic of unhealthy sexual repression).[citation needed] In Part III, O'Brien tells Winston that neurologists are working to extinguish the orgasm; sufficient mental energy for prolonged worship requires repressing the libido, a vital instinct, and therefore requires externally-imposed sexual restriction by the authorities (civil, political, et cetera). If Orwell meant the novel as prophecy is unknown; yet O'Brien describes the future: There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed. But always—do not forget this, Winston—always there will be the intoxication of power, constantly increasing and constantly growing subtler. Always, at every moment, there will be the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face … for ever. —Part III, Chapter III This starkly contrasts with his forecast essay England Your England, in The Lion and the Unicorn (1941): The intellectuals who hope to see it Russianised or Germanised will be disappointed. The gentleness, the hypocrisy, the thoughtlessness, the reverence for law and the hatred of uniforms will remain, along with the suet puddings and the misty skies. It needs some very great disaster, such as prolonged subjugation by a foreign enemy, to destroy a national culture. The Stock Exchange will be pulled down, the horse plough will give way to the tractor, the country houses will be turned into children's holiday camps, the Eton and Harrow match will be forgotten, but England will still be England, an everlasting animal stretching into the future and the past, and, like all living things, having the power to change out of recognition and yet remain the same. Yet, Nineteen Eighty-Four's geopolitical climate is like his précis of James Burnham's ideas in the essay 'James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution' (1946). These people will eliminate the old capitalist class, crush the working class, and so organize society that all power and economic privilege remain in their own hands. Private property rights will be abolished, but common ownership will not be established. The new 'managerial' societies will not consist of a patchwork of small, independent states, but of great super-states grouped round the main industrial centres in Europe, Asia, and America. These super-states will fight among themselves for possession of the remaining uncaptured portions of the earth, but will probably be unable to conquer one another completely. Internally, each society will be hierarchical, with an aristocracy of talent at the top and a mass of semi-slaves at the bottom. Censorship A major theme of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" is censorship, which is displayed especially well in the ministry of truth, where photographs are doctored and public archives rewritten to rid them of "unpersons". In the telescreens, figures for all types of production are grossly over-exaggerated (or simply invented) to indicate an ever-rising economy where there is actually loss. An excellent example of this is when Winston is charged with the task of eliminating reference to an unperson in a newspaper article. He proceeded to write an article about Comrade Ogilvy, an imaginary party member, who displayed great heroism by giving his life so that the important dispatches he was carrying would not fall into enemy hands. The Newspeak appendix "The Principles of Newspeak" is an academic essay appended to the novel. It describes the development of Newspeak, the Party's minimalist artificial language meant to ideologically align thought and action with the principles of Ingsoc by making "all other modes of thought impossible". (See Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.) Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to 1984 remains a critical debate, as it is in Standard English and refers to Newspeak, Ingsoc, the Party, et cetera, in the past tense (i.e. "Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised", p. 422); in this vein, some critics (Atwood, Benstead, Pynchon) claim that, for the essay's author, Newspeak and the totalitarian government are past. The counter view is that since the novel has no frame story, Orwell wrote the essay in the same past tense as the novel, with "our" denoting his and the reader's contemporaneous reality. Cultural impact Nineteen Eighty-Four's impact upon the English language is extensive; many of its concepts: Big Brother, Room 101 (the worst place in the world), the Thought Police, the memory hole (oblivion), doublethink (simultaneously holding and believing two contradictory beliefs), and Newspeak (ideological language), are common usages for denoting and connoting overarching, totalitarian authority; Doublespeak is an elaboration of doublethink; the adjective "Orwellian" denotes that which is characteristic and reminiscent of George Orwell's writings, specifically 1984. The practice of appending the suffixes "-speak" and "-think" (groupthink, mediaspeak) to denote unthinking conformity. Many other works, in various forms of media, have taken themes from Nineteen Eighty-four. * The USSR banned Nineteen Eighty-Four until 1988. * In 1981, a Baptist minister in Jackson County, Florida challenged the novel's suitability as proper reading for young Americans, arguing it contained pro-Communist and sexually explicit material. Other media Nineteen Eighty-Four has been twice adapted to the cinema and radio, three times for television, and once to the stage. References to its themes, concepts, and plot frequently appear in other works, especially in popular music and video entertainment.	i don't know
Which newspaper heiress was kidnapped by a left-wing urban guerilla group, called the SLA, and spent a year and a half enmeshed in the group?	Witness: The Kidnapping of Patty Hearst Aired on MSNBC - Ark TV Transcript - Search what is being mentioned across national TV >> He said that I was going to be held as a prisoner of war. 00:00:56 If I tried to escape, that I'd be killed and that if I made any noise, that I'd be beaten. 00:01:02 He said my parents had committed crimes against the people. 00:01:10 >> The same person who took you from anormal life into captivity allows you to speak, to eat, to move. 00:01:23 And you experience something like being an infant who is given the gift of life by your mother. 00:01:34 The stockholm syndrome can make you fall in love with the outlaw. 00:01:38 >> The woman who enters the closet as patty hearst emerges as tanya. 00:01:47 >> The latest pictures in post hearst as extremely dangerous and offers a $50,000 reward for information leading to her arrest. 00:01:57 >> Brain washed victim or violent revolutionary? 00:02:00 >> Patty hearst was never a criminal. 00:02:03 >> I think she was a revolutionary by choice. 00:02:06 >> The two-year search for patty hearst, through the eyes of those who lived it. 00:02:11 >> I'm a soldier in the people's army. 00:02:39 >> He have now and again, something happens in the culture that, for whatever sets of reasons, triggers a massive response throughout the society. 00:02:50 And that's what the patty hearst drama did. 00:02:56 >> On a cool california night, a brutal home invasion targets berkeley sophomore, patricia hearst. 00:03:02 >> Witnesses said patty was dragged screaming from her apartment through a hail of gunfire. 00:03:08 >> The kidnapping itself was fairly violent. 00:03:11 There was shooting at the neighbor when he came out. 00:03:14 >> What did she say? 00:03:15 >> First, heard shots in the living room in the back of my house and thought it was a firecracker at first, it sounded a little bit peculiar for firecrackers. 00:03:24 It sounded -- it just sounded really scary. 00:03:26 >> Almost from the beginning, certainly within hours of the kidnapping, the police knew that this was something beyond the ordinary. 00:03:37 Stranger abduction typically now where you see the amber alert, kids coming to the park, lures the kids to the car with candy and drives off. 00:03:49 In the case of the patty hearst kidnapping, it was felt right from the very beginning that it was not that kind of crime. 00:03:55 This was a fairly serious operation. 00:04:03 >> Local police call in fbi kidnapping expert dan grove. 00:04:07 >> I became what they called the lead coordinator. 00:04:12 The safe return of the victim, that's the number one objective in a kidnap case is the safe return of the victim. 00:04:20 >> The victim is no ordinary college student. 00:04:24 Patty hearst is american royalty. 00:04:28 >> I think it's fair to say that the hearst family was and is one of the most of a fluent families in the united states. 00:04:37 Her grandfather was william randolph hearst, who was the publisher of newspapers throughout the united states. 00:04:49 >> Hearst really gave us the concept that the media could create events. 00:04:55 We think of william randolph hearst virtually inventing the modern newspaper, create be tabloid culture. 00:05:05 >> The hearst family in san francisco, northern california and california general was just one of those iconic families. 00:05:12 MOST OF ALL IN THE EARLY '70s. 00:05:19 >> Patty hearst's father, randolph hearst, the editor and president of the "san francisco examiner" the flagship newspaper in a media empire worth an estimated $500 million. 00:05:29 Her mother, katherine, sits on the powerful board of renal gents at the university of california. 00:05:35 >> They are very possibly the most identifiably rich family in northern california to the public. 00:05:42 >> Patty hearst grew up in a 22-room mansion in hills grove. 00:05:47 She was the middle daughter of five. 00:05:49 And she was, according to most people, her father's favorite and the rebellious one, headstrong one. 00:05:58 Patty hearst had refused to have a debut. 00:06:01 She had refused to have a coming out party. 00:06:04 She was really trying to get away from hillsborough and the wealthy suburban lifestyle it represented. 00:06:11 >> She is really beautiful and mature. 00:06:16 Just -- she seemed a lot older than a lot of the kids. 00:06:19 >> We think she was kind of stuck up. 00:06:21 She was not a person that was interested in status at all. 00:06:25 >> At 17, hearst begins a relationship with 23-year-old steven weed, a math teacher at her private high school. 00:06:33 >> The hearsts were not happy at all about him. 00:06:36 There was a lot of feeling that geez, couldn't she have done better than that? 00:06:42 They were very militaristic. 00:07:08 They had it so well planned that they needed to say almost nothing to each other. 00:07:12 >> With no ransom note and no immediate leads, the fbi investigate patty's fiance and others close to the heiress. 00:07:20 >> We looked at steven weed very carefully and very closely and he never really appeared as a logical suspect. 00:07:28 >> As the fbi realizes patty's fiance is not involved, the dark motives behind the abduction are with oral-b rechargeable brushes. 00:07:42 Dentist inspired cupping action sweeps away up to twice as much plaque as a regular manual brush. 00:07:46 Starting at $22. 00:09:20 you're skin because it keeps coming back, olay quench invites you to break that cycle with olay quench body lotion. 00:09:28 Clinically proven to help keep dry skin from coming back. 00:09:32 Olay quench. 00:10:48 >>> Now the saga of patty hearst, at least the saga as we know it began here at this brown-shingle aid part along berkeley's bienvenu avenue. 00:11:00 >> We don't know what the motive s nothing was said at the time of the kidnapping that would give us an indication what the motives were. 00:11:05 >> Until this case is solved, the people who live in this student community here at the university of california campus will not rest easy. 00:11:14 >> Just months before her kidnapping, patty hearst moves half a mile from the berkeley campus. 00:11:22 A place where her name is synonymous with old california money, power and tradition. 00:11:31 But she finds herself on a collision course with another berkeley, and the remnants of a radical youth movement. 00:11:37 >> Turmoil is not new at berkeley. 00:11:40 University of california president said it is part the berkeley tradition. 00:11:45 >> This catch puss is on strike. 00:11:48 >> At the time, I was running a program in san francisco on the local public television station, " we had been very involved in covering people's park war and the other sort of anti-war movement and all those kinds of movements that were percolating in the bay area. 00:12:10 >> A small minority of beatniks, radicals and others have brought great shame on a beautiful university. 00:12:20 >> It was a constant sort of turmoil of groups both white and black and sometimes mixed that were protesting. 00:12:29 >> It was one of the most divided, crazy, paranoid but still very intense and very idealistic times that I've ever witnessed. 00:12:42 >> You may think that times are changing, things are not changing. 00:12:46 People are rising up and changing things. 00:12:54 >> AS THE '60s MOVED INTO THE '70s, THERE WAS A COOLING OFF. 00:13:06 >> It seemed like it had calmed down, but underneath the surface, there was still all these little groups that were forming that had revolution on their mind patty hearst and steven weed were by no stretch of the imagination revolutionaries, or even very political. 00:13:27 All of her friends described patty as being somewhat disconnected from the major issues of her day. 00:13:38 >> But on the night of february 4, 1974, the new revolution comes to patty hearst's stropt door. 00:13:48 >> A knock came on the door, steven weed answered the door and was confronted by a woman who told him that they needed to use the phone, that their car had broken down. 00:13:59 >> According to pat tirk the abduction is sudden and violent. 00:14:08 >> I was in a bathrobe, I was really tired,ty, the abduction is sudden and violent. 00:14:16 >> I was in a bathrobe, I was really tired, so I didn't cook. 00:14:18 About 9:00, the door bell rang. 00:14:19 Steven opened the door and there was a woman standing there. 00:14:21 All of a sudden, two other people burst in with her. 00:14:30 I was told to get down on the floor and was tied up and blindfolded. 00:14:37 I started to figure out that i was being kidnapped, but it all seemed so unreal. 00:14:43 That's why I had to be dragged down the stairs outside my apartment. 00:15:03 I was put in the trunk of a car. 00:15:21 >> There is always a sense that the police have the best shot at a kidnapping the first 24, 48 hours, so there was a real effort by the fbi and by the hearsts to have everybody not say anything, no coverage, no nothing. 00:15:38 >> As investigators begin the search for patty hearst, her nightmare is just beginning. 00:15:48 She describes, in her own words a hellish captivity. 00:15:52 >> They put me in the closet. 00:15:54 I didn't know it was a closet at first. 00:16:01 An hour, maybe two hours, they opened the door and spoke to me. 00:16:10 He said, "we're the sla" and that I was going to be held as a prisoner of war, that I would be safe as long as they were safe and that if I tried to escape, i would be killed. 00:16:25 If I made any noise, I'd be beaten. 00:16:29 He said my parents had committed crimes against the people. 00:16:42 >> It's pretty brutal, when you think of it, wrapped up in the experience of a kidnap victim who is regularly being told that, you know, she is going to be executed, quote unquote, for the sins of her parents. 00:16:57 >> The brutalization which they exposed her to was entirely different than anything she had ever experienced before in her life. 00:17:07 >> Far from patty's windowless cell, investigators find a piece of evidence that may shed light on the identity of her captors. 00:17:16 >> They had fired some bullets and they had cyanide tips on them. 00:17:21 The cyanide puts out a particular smell, a sickly sweet smell and so police recognized that right away. 00:17:29 >> Cyanide-tipped bullets are "the call"ing hard of a deadly group known as the symbionese liberation army, or sla. 00:17:39 But now authorities believe they have patty hearst. 00:18:14 Every 20 seconds, a woman over 50 breaks a bone due to osteoporosis. 00:18:19 Half of women who break a hip will permanently need assistance to walk. 00:18:24 So how can we make postmenopausal osteoporosis a bigger priority for women? 00:18:29 Should there be more petitions to sign? 00:18:31 All good. but not enough. 00:18:38 It's time we learned more. 00:18:39 Join the know my bones program today. 00:18:42 Call the numberon the screen com, a website with new information to help you build stronger bones. 00:18:53 You'll get a free guide from the national osteoporosis foundation and health monitor with calcium-rich recipes and easy weight-bearing exercises. 00:19:02 Tell your friends. tell your sisters. 00:19:04 Women need to know how to keep their bones strong. 00:19:08 Sign up, call the numberon the screen today. 00:20:19 >> There is still no word from the kidnappers of patricia hearst. 00:20:25 We sit by the phone and we answer them and we just hope that whoever has our daughter will turn her loose. 00:20:30 >> As the hearst family waits for word from the kidnappers, the fbi develops a theory about their identity. 00:20:41 >> The cyanide-tipped bullets were -- had become the trademark of the sla. 00:20:47 They tried to put one at the scene of every crime, if you will. 00:20:55 It was pretty conclusive that the sla was at it again. 00:20:58 >> Sla stands for symbionese liberation arm makers radical fringe group of prison activists, feminists and vietnam veterans. 00:21:08 Escaped conduct donald defreeze or sim q acs as their leader. 00:21:14 There really was two types of people who formed the sla, one of them was a group of one, donald defreeze. 00:21:20 Then you had the other group, which were followers. 00:21:23 The poll mothers are basically white kids from berkeley that were a little too young to have participated in the social ACTIVISM OF THE '60s. 00:21:32 They had gotten on the scene a little too late. 00:21:34 >> Basically, we are talking about people who got caught up in the politics of the late '60s, MAYBE WAR MOVEMENT, THE Arm movement, a mishmash of things they had soaked up in political study groups. 00:21:56 >> Want to slander jesse jackson, but they were a rainbow coalition of radicals. 00:22:00 It was to be all peoples, white, black. 00:22:02 That was the initial intent. 00:22:04 >> And lost in this world of be a traction, like if you talk to each other enough you begin to create a reality among yourself. 00:22:18 Inevitably more cult than political party. 00:22:21 >> The group adopts a seven-headed cobra as their emblem. 00:22:27 They wear military-style clothes and promote the use of weapons in an effort to spark a revolution. 00:22:37 >> The sla subscribe to this idea that small groups of urban guerillas needed to commit acts of violence in order to get the masses interested in joining the revolution. 00:22:52 >> Actually believe that this was a fascist state, that, you know, a handful of families are dominating the world and certainly the economy. 00:23:03 And those people are all-powerful. 00:23:05 >> If the sla is behind the hearst kidnapping, it would not be their first violent act. 00:23:10 Three months earlier, they used cyanide-tipped bullets to murder oakland school superintendent marcus foster. 00:23:18 >> One of his ways to kind of make the school system function cards for the students. 00:23:25 So this apparently triggered an orwellian family among the sla people, and they deemed him worthy of assassination. 00:23:33 >> Marcus foster was shot to death outside his office by a trio hooded assassins. 00:23:38 Witnesses describe one of the three as a woman. 00:23:40 And the next day the symbionese liberation army took credit for the killing. 00:23:49 >> The murder of marcus foster was an unmitigated disaster. 00:23:55 I am quite certain that these folks thought that there was going to be cheering in the streets after they killed, you know, a prominent black leader in oakland. 00:24:05 They just -- they were floating in never, neverland. 00:24:09 >> Just one month before patty hearst is kidnapped, sla members joseph romero and russell little are charged with the murder of marcus foster. 00:24:26 >> I think the sla had no coherent political philosophy that made any sense. 00:24:36 What they wanted was a revolution. 00:24:42 >> Desperate to salvage its reputation after the foster murder, the sla plans its next attack. 00:24:48 >> After there were forced to leave their safe house and flee, the fbi found a whole notebook listing their targets for kidnapping and assassination. 00:24:59 The fbi informed some of those people, but inexplicably, not others and patty hearst was one of the ones that they didn't bother talking to. 00:25:12 >> Coming up, the world hears from the kidnapping heiress. 00:25:19 >> Mom, dad -- (announcer) HERE'S HOPING YOU FIND SOMETHING Special in your driveway this holiday. 00:25:38 Ho, ho, ho! 00:25:39 (announcer) GET AN EXCEPTIONAL OFFER ON THE Mercedes benz you've always wanted at the winter event going on now. 00:25:45 BUT HURRY - THE OFFER ENDS JANUARY 4th. 00:25:50 ..when your noseis raw and sore. 00:25:52 Plain tissue canmake it burn even more. 00:25:58 >>> After two days in the hospital, an accused terrorist is now in a federal prison. 00:28:36 239-Year-old nigerian man is accused of trying to blow up a northwest flight over detroit. 00:28:40 >>> And officials in one western mass mass town are investigating nine separate fires which left two people dead. 00:28:45 The fires broke out within one hour early sunday morning. 00:28:49 Five were in buildings, four were in cars. 00:28:50 >>> Now, it is back to "the " >>> the father of 19-year-old patricia hearst said he hopes today his daughter is still alive. 00:29:09 Another day passed without word from the kidnappers of the 19-year-old heiress. 00:29:14 >> Nothing really new to talk about, except the newspaper report which the fbi refused to confirm that one of the kidnappers that had been identified. 00:29:22 >> With the evidence pointing at the sla, law enforcement now believes that the same group who murdered the school superintendent has patty hearst. 00:29:36 >> The first reaction was that since this group had been responsible for the assassination of foster, that they were a dangerous crowd and that patty hearst was probably in real danger. 00:29:48 >> I have to believe the sla has my daughter. 00:29:51 The only other possibility is that some absolute crazy person has taken her off and killed her. 00:29:58 And I don't want to believe that. 00:30:08 >> With hours turn nothing days, the media interest in patty's abduction magnifies. 00:30:14 >> It became a major national story fairly quickly because of the hearst name. 00:30:19 Take care of yourself. 00:30:40 >> Now it's fairly common, whenever there's sort of a celebrity kind of story that you see dozens of tv trucks hanging out at a certain address. 00:30:50 It wasn't that common in those days, but this was a pretty big encampment. 00:30:54 People brought out win big a goes and people were there all the time and permanent microwave units were set up. 00:31:00 With the media hovering for any word of patty's condition, there is finally a break in the case. 00:31:09 ON FEBRUARY 12th, THE SLA Releases a tape confirming they have patty hearst. 00:31:17 >> The communiques were deliver nerd the form of audiotapes, which were a dramatic new way to do it at the time. 00:31:23 >> We begin with a call to glided me morial church. 00:31:30 The caller said to pick up a key in a telephone booth in the garage. 00:31:33 The key was to a locker in an airline terminal a block away. 00:31:37 >> There would be a note to go some other police and there would be the tape. 00:31:40 They were usually delivered to kbfa, which was the pacifica station in berkeley, certainly the most left-wing of the stations. 00:31:52 >> Very sensitive equipment and we are going to simulcast t. 00:31:55 >> Eight days after her disappearance, the world finally hears from patty hearst. 00:31:59 >> Mom, dad, I'm okay. 00:32:05 I had a few scrapes and stuff, but they washed them up and they are getting okay. 00:32:13 And I caught a cold but they are giving me pills for it. 00:32:18 >> It just seemed she was so either drugged or strung strung out or in some ways under duress. 00:32:32 >> These people aren't a bunch of nuts. 00:32:34 They have been really honest with me, but they are perfectly willing to die for what they are doing. 00:32:42 >> On the same tape, sla general field marshal cinque issues a violent threat. 00:32:51 >> Whatever happens to your daughter, her life and the blood will be upon your hands only. 00:33:01 >> Cinqu, whose real name donald DeFREEZE IS AN ESCAPED CONVICT And an acting leader of the sla. 00:33:10 His threat makes it clear that the safe return of patty hearst will come at a price. 00:33:13 >> I want to get out of here, but I -- the only way I'm going to is if we do it their way. 00:33:20 >> The original intent of the kidnapping of patty hearst was to get someone that they thought would be valuable in a prisoner exchange. 00:33:37 >> I am a prisoner of war and so are the two men in san quentin. 00:33:44 >> The tape him thes at releasing patty in exchange for sla members russ little and joe romero, both jailed for the marcus foster murder. 00:33:57 But in a typewritten mess arrange the group lays out a more shocking ransom demand. 00:34:02 >> They have one brilliant stroke in this whole, long string of bad behavior. 00:34:06 >> It says, to kpix for hearst. 00:34:11 >> Was not give us $2 million or whatever, it was feed all the poor people in the state of california. 00:34:19 >> Symbionese liberation army demands that poor people in california's major cities be provided $70 in food each much the hearst family said it would try. 00:34:27 >> I think there will be a serious effort made. 00:34:31 hearst's realm, he will comply. 00:34:37 I imagine it will be a massive thing. 00:34:42 >> That really struck a nerve with a lot of progressive people. 00:34:45 Now they are doing something for poor people. 00:34:48 They are redistributing the wealth from the hearsts to the poor. 00:34:51 That was groovy. 00:34:52 >> So ordeal of pat hearst and her family will not end today or even next week. 00:34:58 Her captors say that they won't even begin to negotiate for her release until the period of food distribution has ended. 00:35:07 >> I just hope I can get back to everybody really soon. 00:35:16 Because it keeps coming back, olay quench invites you to break that cycle with olay quench body lotion. 00:35:22 Clinically pven to help keepry skin from coming back. 00:35:26 [ Male Announcer ] New pepto-bismol chewables with instacool. 00:38:07 >>> Patricia hearst has sent her parents a message and her captors have cement them a unique and high-priced ransom note n a letter to randolph hearst, the symbionese liberation army said it would hold his daughter until it provided to each of the nearly 2 million people in california free food. 00:38:31 >>> It would come to hundreds of millions of dollars, which hearst actually didn't have. 00:38:36 >> The truth is these guys had no sense of numbers. 00:38:39 When it pushed down to reality, we ended up talking about 2, , 4 million dollars. 00:38:49 >>> A scaled down giveaway called people in need begins on FEBRUARY 22nd. 00:38:53 The first day, news cameras record a scene of chaos. 00:39:00 >> Frankly, from the point of view of running a television program it got better and better. 00:39:06 Itppeared the sla had pulled off something that magnified their importance. 00:39:15 That is a very difficult question. 00:39:17 >> To the give people another $70 out of the clear blue sky, i mean, I just don't know. 00:39:21 >> I think it is great. 00:39:22 The poor people, you know, need t. 00:39:24 >> These big trucks of food would pull into poor neighborhoods and open up and just start, you know, sort of tossing food out to the masses of people that crowded around. 00:39:34 >> I think it shocked the world, shocked the country, shocked the world that there was so much desperate hunger in this super power country of ours. 00:39:44 It is like seeing robin hood in action. 00:39:50 There was a certain vickry for the underground movement and a victory for the symbionese liberation army who had kidnapped patty, because it showed that her parents would comply with their wishes. 00:40:08 I just hope all that do what they say, dad and do it quickly. 00:40:12 Wchblgts their demands met, the hearsts expect the sla to return patty, but the group makes no clear effort to release her. 00:40:21 >> I am going to do everything i can to comply with their demand and if that's not enough, i can't help it. 00:40:28 I've done everything I can do. 00:40:35 >> Randolph hearst offers another $4 million in donated food in return for patty's immediate release. 00:40:41 He says it will be the hearsts final offer. 00:40:44 Patties captors respond with chilling silence. 00:40:50 >> Finally, we received nothing from the sla in today's mail and we have had no other contact with the sla. 00:40:55 >> Someone said that the mood inside this house was like that of a seance. 00:40:59 People sitting transfixed besides the telephone, waiting for to ring. 00:41:09 >> We just hope we hear from her. 00:41:10 >> Frustrated and powerless over the sla, randolph hearst attempts to control the situation. 00:41:22 >> I got a number of calls from hearst, often just before air time. 00:41:27 What are you going to put on? 00:41:28 What are you going to say? 00:41:31 Are you going to run the communique? 00:41:32 They came with the demand that they be played in their entirety and that the text of the tape be printed in their entirety in the newspapers or unpleasant things would happen to patty hearst. 00:41:46 >> So the moral, I wanted the paper to run the complete letter, starting on the front page and jumping inside. 00:41:53 >> This is a case model, the case model perhaps, for how media should not react to terrorism. 00:42:03 >> This would give anyone i think who was curious about this organization, I imagine everybody is, an insight into it from somebody who is a part of it. 00:42:17 >> I don't think the hearst also control of the narrative, despite being a powerful newspaper family. 00:42:23 They were reduced to just a pair of middle-aged people standing in front of a microphone begging for the return of their daughter. 00:42:31 And we are all praying for you. 00:42:37 >> But behind the scenes, he also is trying more sophisticated methods. 00:42:42 I think he was trying to find channels to communicate, besides the media channel. 00:42:47 >> Hearst reportedly meets with prisoners who claim to be sla members and other far-left activists. 00:42:57 >> Patty hs were frantic, they would do anything to get their daughter back much I think most of them mainly wanted money and not necessarily willing to give the kind of information he wanted. 00:43:12 >> After weeks of searching, the head of the fbi's san francisco field office says they are no closer to finding the missing girl. 00:43:20 >> At the present time, what we know is just about what's been in the newspapers. 00:43:25 We have talked to a number of people we don't have any suspect s. 00:43:32 But the fbi knows more than they are letting on. 00:43:34 >> The fbi knew who almost all of the sla were within the first few days. 00:43:40 >> The agent. 00:43:43 >> Charlie bates did not want us to indicate to anybody that we knew who all these people were, because he thought it would jeopardize patricia hearst's life. 00:43:55 So we want them to think we were just bungling around. 00:43:59 >> In the fact, the bureau launches a high-tech search to find the heiress and her captors. 00:44:04 >> We were using u2 planes, high-altitude surveillance planes, to spot camp fires and things in movements in the high sierras for us. 00:44:14 They even analyzed the sla's tape recordings in an attempt to pick up on their location. 00:44:19 >> The cia has a team of line people who have very acute hearing and we had the tapes sent to cia headquarters to be reviewed by the team and they came back and said we hear seagulls in the background. 00:44:35 >> Faint sounds of sea gulls and airplanes lead investigators to an area south of san francisco known as the peninsula. 00:44:42 >> We were almost down the block from them, working our way up. 00:44:47 They beat us out of there by maybe a day. 00:44:52 >> One step ahead of the fbi, the sla moves patty hearst north into san francisco, but the girl who began as a victim is about to shock the world. 00:45:06 She seems to be fairly cheerful. 00:48:42 >> In the months following the kidnapping, media outlets broadcast and print numerous communications from the sla. 00:48:49 >> Specific requirement by the sla was that the media, quote unquote, publish their documents in total, unchanged. 00:48:59 >> None of the messages contained ransom information for the release of patty hearst. 00:49:09 But a communique received one day before the two-month anniversary of patty's kidnapping changes everything. 00:49:20 >> I've been given the choice of, one, being released in a safe area or two joining forces of the symbionese liberation army. 00:49:32 I have chosen to stay and fight. 00:49:39 >> She denounced her family, denounced steven weed, pledge herd solidarity with poor people, said that she had now become conscious, I think was her word. 00:49:54 >> I've been given the name tanya, after a comrade who fought alongside che in bolivia for the people of bolivia. 00:50:02 >> You think any of these people would have just let her walk away, but that's what she was told and that's what she told us. 00:50:08 A friend told me that it was actually the first time he had ever seen randy hearst cry, listening to that tape recording. 00:50:15 >> At the same time of this shocking communique being issued by the sla, the group issued this photograph of patty hearst with a gun in front of a seven-headed cobra and that image instantly became iconic. 00:50:30 The debate about patty's motives begins immediately. 00:50:32 >> When the tape arrived where patty's announced that she was tanya and that she was rejecting her family, that was another huge turning point in the story. 00:50:46 >> I can just imagine the debates in every household. 00:50:49 Think of months, think of a week. 00:51:58 The awe with which we consider, you know, spending a month in this trapped little environment. 00:52:07 It's like being kept for weeks in a casket. 00:52:13 >> They were giving her all kinds of revolutionary words to read and they were constantly lecturing her about their platform. 00:52:23 They were their own little self-enclosed world and so patty became part of that world. 00:52:30 >> Sla members bill and emily harris tell a different story. 00:52:37 According to the harrises, nobody forces patty hearst to join. 00:52:42 >> Con version is a really bad word. 00:52:46 It's been used so many times. 00:52:56 With patty, the process began, I'm convinced, even before the kidnap. 00:53:03 The sla took the position that she had to show she was ready to deal with all the hardships that life entailed. 00:53:16 Before the sla released the communique, sam asked her one last time, after her blindfold was taken off, if she wanted to go back to her family and friends. 00:53:28 " >> 12 days after the tape recording, patty hearst, aka tania, makes her public debut. 00:53:39 >> ON APRIL 15th, '74, THE SLA Barged into the hibernia bank in san francisco. 00:53:52 It was an armed robbery. 00:53:53 >> The bank's security films of the area were kind of fuzzy and kind of grainy. 00:53:58 >> You had to what looked like an old-time movie, it was a little jerky, but you could see people inside the bank moving around. 00:54:07 >> On the surveillance video, an armed patty hearst stands in the middle of the bank lobby. 00:54:13 >> We knew who it was, it could only have been one person. 00:54:17 >> There can be no doubt in my mind that that girl was gonna shoot anything that didn't observe her instructions. 00:54:26 I heard her say that she would that moved or went out of line. 00:54:33 >> I took the tape over to the berkeley school for the deaf for lip reading. 00:54:37 Her instructions were, "up " and brandishing her carbine around. 00:54:45 >> She was a tiny, skinny little girl heiress and so the sight of her with her carbine robbing a bank was electrifying to the nation. 00:54:56 >> When the bank robbery occurred, I knew that it would likely be a prosecution. 00:55:03 I said right from the get-go, that's gonna be my case. 00:55:08 >> The images of hearst and her weapon instantly changed law enforcement's view of the heiress. 00:55:14 >> When patty emerged not as a victim, but as a suspect, the gloves came off. 00:55:20 >> Attorney general william saxby said today it is his belief that patricia hearst is a common criminal. 00:55:27 >> The loud-mouthed idiot, attorney general of the united states, william saxby, branded her a common criminal. 00:55:41 Before he knew any of the facts. 00:55:42 Society as a whole in the united states felt that she was guilty of the hibernia bank robbery. 00:55:51 >> With the court of public opinion shifting, the hearst family looks to justify patty's actions. 00:55:57 >> Patricia's father, randolph hearst is not convince there had is enough evidence to prove his daughter is a bank robber. 00:56:04 Hearst issued written statement in response to saxbe's remarks. 00:56:07 He said, "saxbe has a right to think what he thinks and I also have that right. 00:56:12 And as far as I'm concerned, " >> well, if you were thrown in the trunk of a car and locked in a closet for a week, you might decide to stay, too. 00:56:26 You lose your free will. 00:56:27 >> From the way I know patty, she is sick, she is exhausted an she is being humiliated at the hands of a group of people that are determined not to let her get out of this alive. 00:56:42 >> Hearst had all kinds of experts that came out the follies in front of their mansion talking about brain walk, how she could have been brain washed. 00:56:49 >> In brain washing, you are deliberately placed in a circumstance of confinement and deprivation and you are told what to think and you are coached on what to say and think. 00:57:05 >> With the debate over whether or not she is brain washed captivating the nation, patty hearst makes a new recording to set the record straight. 00:57:16 >> Those people who still believe that I am brain wooshd dead, I see no reason to further defend my position. 00:57:22 I am a soldier of the people's army. 00:57:28 >> With pat think hearst now publicly a member of the sla, the group goes deep underground. 00:57:35 >> They were always moving around. 00:57:37 They would stay in one place for a week or two and then move to another place. 00:57:45 >> But the fbi drag knelt is tightening, thanks to what they call water gas leads. 00:57:49 >> Eventually, we started checking out all the new turn-on TURN-ONs OF WATER AND GAS, Thinking they would move in and have to turn the gas on and the water on and we got quite near them. 00:58:04 We were coming down -- you know, down the street and they got wind again and took off. 00:58:09 These guys were terribly lucky, but in the end, they were unlucky. 00:58:18 >> Coming up, a standoff with police could spell the end for the sla and patty hearst. 00:59:01 ...With the magic of three. 01:00:14 Soothing lotion with a touch of shea butter, aloe and e. 01:00:18 Plain tissue can irritatethe sore nose issue. 01:00:21 Puffs plus with lotion isa more soothing tissue. 01:00:25 A nose in need deserves puffs plus indeed. 01:00:28 And try puffs plus with the comforting scent of vicks. 01:00:55 >>> Patricia hearst was kidnapped three and a half months ago by a group of terrorists calling themselves the symbionese liberation army, now being hunted down in california as a criminal. 01:01:05 >> After two months of intense media coverage, patty hearst goes from victim to wanted domestic terrorist. 01:01:16 >> This young berkeley student was kidnapped out of her apartment by this gang of, you know, jokers. 01:01:26 The kidnapping definitely had gotten enough media attention. 01:01:31 Once she announce herd conversion to the army and she was now with her kidnappers, the story took on -- it just grew by orders of magnitude. 01:01:41 >> April 15th at san francisco's hibernia bank, a $10,000 robbery that the sla calls a revolutionary ex-prop preyation. 01:01:50 The fbi says patty was there. 01:01:56 The pictures that came out of the bank robbery created a position. 01:01:59 The law enforcement took the position that, yeah, she had turned. 01:02:02 No longer wanted as material witness, patty her israelis now listed by the fbi as a fugitive, armed and dangerous. 01:02:10 >> The robbery is a game changer for law enforcement. 01:02:14 They increase their efforts to find patty hearst this time to arrest her. 01:02:22 >> If we can go in without any possibility of harm to the young lady and get her, I'm sure we -- I know we would do it. 01:02:34 . 01:02:35 I remember the remarks charlie bates said several times, they are going to make mistakes and we will get them. 01:02:42 >> This dragnet was starting to zoom in on where they were, so the whole gang relocated out of the bay area. 01:02:51 >> It quickly became apparent that they knew very little about los angeles. 01:02:56 It was nothing like the oakland/berkeley left subculture. 01:03:02 I think it was inevitable that the sla showing up in los angeles was going to you know, move into a crisis and a confrontation almost immediately. 01:03:11 >> Only six days after arriving in los angeles, patty hearst and the sla make their presence known. 01:03:19 >> The fbi reports that patty hearst was involved in shootout of a sporting goods store in los angeles. 01:03:24 >> Patty and the harrises, noel and emily, had been sent out to purchase some supplies for the others. 01:03:33 They had left patricia hearst sitting alone in a van. 01:03:38 >> The harriss tried to shop lift a couple of things out of called mel's sporting goods. 01:03:44 In the course of shoplifting, the store guard wrestled with bill harris. 01:03:48 And patty saw this commotion across the street. 01:03:53 She could have turned the engine on and driven away and left the harrises to their arrest or she could have gotten out of the van and walked away. 01:04:05 To rescue the harrises. 01:05:05 [ Gunfire ] >> after that, I don't think anybody had any questions that for whatever reason, she had become part of the sla. 01:05:16 . 01:05:17 After the shootout at the sporting goods store, they abandoned the car they were in shortly there afterwards, because they knew it was hot. 01:05:27 When the police found the original car, they found a parking ticket in it. 01:05:30 The parking tickets that they found led them to the house where the sla had holed up. 01:05:41 >> That led to 400 police surrounding the house. 01:05:48 team announcement that you have to come out an attempt was made to flush out the people inside with tear gas. 01:05:55 Six members were discovered in a south los angeles hideout. 01:05:59 >> There was a warning to surrender and police tear gas grenades. 01:06:05 It was 5:50 p.m. 01:06:06 >> They were surrounded and they broke live on the tv and everybody was watching, there was still this irrational hope that somehow they weren't there or somehow they wiggled out of it and all end up good, which you knew really wasn't going to happen. 01:06:21 [ Gunshots ] >> police were receiving heavy weapons fire, which they returned. 01:06:29 >> There were some estimates of, like, there were 9,000 shots. 01:06:32 And clearly, there were several automatic weapons being fired from inside. 01:06:35 [ Gunfire ] >> we need all the ammo you've got in the safe. 01:06:46 We're taking automatic fire, front and back. 01:06:49 >> Eventually, the house caught on fire. 01:06:55 It started in the kitchen. 01:06:59 Although a couple of the sla members attempted to crawl out, they were burned before they were able to get all the way out. 01:07:15 >> In perhaps the most surreal twist of all, patty and bill and emily harris are staying at a motel across from disneyland, watching the whole thing on tv. 01:07:31 . 01:07:32 I mean, how can you describe what it's like to watch the six people you love most in the world being killed? 01:07:42 >> Everything happened in a frantic two hours. 01:07:48 Nobody in the los angeles police department had ever seen anything like it. 01:07:50 >> None of us came into the sla with the notion that we were indestructible or that things would be anything less than brutal if they got us surrounded. 01:08:07 >> The fbi had tracked five sla suspects after a shoplifting incident this morning at a sporting goods store. 01:08:29 >> The house burn told ground and the people inside with t. 01:08:32 >> Making a decision to become a guerilla, somebody knew what the consequences were. 01:08:40 >> Patty hearst was not one of the victims. 01:08:42 >> Patricia hearst was not killed on a police raid in a symbionese liberation army raid in a los angeles hideout last night. 01:08:53 >> Nobody had ever seen anything like t seven barrages of tear gas and still no surrender. 01:09:00 >> That was a cold-blooded execution they thought they were dealing with eight or nine supermans that couldn't be killed easily? 01:09:07 >> I had very mixed emotions to, tell you the truth. 01:09:11 I had very mixed emotions but they weren't coming out. 01:09:13 I mean, they were given every chance, every chance to come out. 01:09:17 I'm certain that the los angeles police did not plan on an acute tear gas canister setting the house on fire. 01:09:27 >> That's bull [ bleep ] that's all that is, that's just an execution. 01:09:32 >> And that was are the end of the sla. 01:09:34 >> Six members of the sla are DEAD, donald DeFreeze, nancy lynn perry, camilla hall, angela at wood, 21-year-old wil wolf, mizmoon. 01:10:03 >> They were not in the house and then the question was where were they? 01:10:08 Now express each side morewith downy simple pleasures .. 01:12:06 To daring, elegant .. 01:12:10 Express every sideof you and feel more >>> this is where everyone feared that patricia hearst might have died. 01:13:31 >> How long the cars will continue to pass by what is left of 1466 west 54th street in los angeles, it is intere to this report they're anyone would want a memento of what l.a. 01:13:42 Police call the worst shootout in its history. 01:13:50 >> With the exception of bill and emily and patty hearst, all of the sla died in that fire. 01:13:56 By and large, they were just fugitives on the run. 01:13:59 They were underground, scared and running. 01:14:03 >> Three weeks after the fire, a new tape recording confirms patty hearst is alive and loyal to the sla. 01:14:10 . 01:14:10 The radio station received an anonymous call, stating, in effect, that the sla had a communique for us and that it was being held behind a mattress in our alley. 01:14:24 We retrieved the tape and wee believe the voice on the tape is that of patricia hearst, or as she calls herself now, tania. 01:14:40 >> To the people this is tania. 01:14:42 Life is very precious to me, but I have no delusions that going to prison will keep me alive and I would never choose to live the rest of my life surrounded by pigs like the hearsts. 01:14:53 >> She goes on to admit an even more shocking illusion, revealing a love affair with willie wolf, aka cujo, an sla member killed in the fire. 01:15:03 >> Cujo was gentle, the most beautiful man I have ever known. 01:15:07 Neither cujo or I had ever loved an individual the way we loved each other. 01:15:14 >> Willie wolf was a young man who grew up in connecticut. 01:15:18 His father was a medical doctor, an anesthesiologist. 01:15:23 >> Cujo became patty's -- i don't know if you could call him protector, boyfriend, the principal person she had sex with. 01:15:33 It's very hard to know under those circumstance what is their relationship was all b. 01:15:37 >> Following the fiery standoff, patty hearst and the harriss head back to san francisco as the only surviving members of the sla. 01:15:45 >> Most people didn't want to help them because, you know, they clearly now, just seen on tv what happens if you are around the sla, nobody wants that. 01:15:55 But a new group of people were shocked and outraged by what the lapd had done in surrounding the group and a allowing the house to burn down. 01:16:07 >> Mike bortin, a student activist living in the bay area is one of the few willing to give shelter and support to the fugitives. 01:16:16 >> If we happen to bump into you, you can have all my money and everything else. 01:16:20 We are with you. 01:16:43 >> The harrises and patty were able to connect up with sol lie ya and her whole group of people. 01:16:50 >> According to bortin, pat tiller hearst introduces her stove him not as a brainwashed victim but as a full-fledged member of the sla. 01:17:02 >> She didn't seem nostalgic for her wealthy status. 01:17:06 She seemed contemptful of her father's efforts to find her. 01:17:11 She especially, I think, acted really heroically at the time. 01:17:17 I thought this brain washing thing is totally ridiculous. 01:17:24 >> With law enforcement hunting the group, patty and the harrises head out of the bay area, toward the east coast. 01:17:30 >> After that, nobody knew where they were. 01:17:33 We tried to find out. 01:17:34 They just went dormant, because as it turned out, pennsylvania. 01:17:42 Nobody knew they were there foofrnlts long time they holed up a at that farmhouse in pennsylvania and patty hearst wrote the tania autobiography, were she gave the details of her events. 01:17:55 >> Patty's memoir gave details of her turn to the sla. 01:17:59 In words she repudiates she described her past filled with privilege and alienation. 01:18:05 >> My first memories of my parents or any kind of family life stopped when I was nine years old. 01:18:18 They hired nurses and governesses to take care of us because they didn't want to do themselves. 01:18:30 Everything from my upbringing was trying to make me declare allegiance to my parents' values and ideas. 01:18:45 It was during my last year of high school that I met steven weed. 01:18:50 While part of me was plotting my escape from this relationship, the other part of me was smiling for engagement pictures. 01:19:01 I thought steve would change my name and rescue me from being a hearst. 01:19:10 >> We never found any evidence she communicated with her family. 01:19:14 It was perfectly plausible that the harrises and hearst does have disappeared into society with new identities, moved on, lived their lives, gotten married to each other or other people and raised families. 01:19:25 Many former underground left wingers did, but that wasn't their fate. 01:19:30 >> They were going to be back in our face sooner or later. 01:19:33 The culture, as a whole, was going to have to deal with these folks again. 01:19:37 >> Coming up it is the arrest . 01:19:41 Patty hearst is in the hands of federal authorities tonight. 01:19:48 Fewer pills thanextra strength tylenol. 01:20:28 Just 2 aleve havethe strength to relieve arthritis pain all day. 01:21:33 ] ] morning, goodbye weekend. 01:21:35 Braun series 3 withts special shaving head, cuts short hairs just as well as long ones and helps to minimize skin irritation for incredibly smooth skin. 01:21:45 New series 3 from braun. 01:22:22 >>> Patricia hearst was kidnapped six moments ago today by the symbionese liberation army. 01:22:27 Since then, she has become a fugitive from justice herself. 01:22:31 People from as far away as guatemala say they have seen patty hearst, but so far, all tips have turned out to be false. 01:22:39 >> Throughout 1974 the hunt to find patty hearst and the surviving members of the sla fuels a news-hungry public. 01:22:49 >> Because they were gone and they weren't drawing attention to themselves anymore, what actually happened was a huge pent-up desire on the part of the public to find out what had happened. 01:23:02 >> It wasn't just a news story by any means, it was so, there was no area of american culture untouched by the patty hearst story. 01:23:15 >> The publicity did generate a lot leads, people calling in with the best of intentions, they ran him down, we ran every one down. 01:23:25 >> This was an era where there wasn't a cell phone there wasn't a computer there were no atm machines. 01:23:31 People really could drive across the country and change their life, and did, all the time. 01:23:37 >> While law enforcement and the media searched for the fugitives, the group practices military-style drills at their pennsylvania safe house. 01:23:49 >> They went back to their own games of guerilla tactics and target practice and posturing, you know, with guns. 01:24:03 That went on for some time, until they decided that they really ought to relocate back to california. 01:24:12 >> After over a year on the road, patty and the harrises move back to california and begin a new chapter in the sla. 01:24:20 >> The sla became kathy and her brother, steve soliah, two harrises, patricia hearst, wendy yoshimura, james kill gore and michael orton. 01:24:42 >> This is too good to be true, you know? 01:24:45 >> As the new sla takes shape, aen intense manhunt for their most famous convert forces the group to keep a low profile. 01:24:52 >> They couldn't really go out and get jobs or, you know, function in society. 01:24:56 They always had to be kind of alert and careful. 01:25:01 They were on the lam, they were the most wanted people in the country. 01:25:04 >> Patty and harrises struggled to make ends meet. 01:25:07 They attempt to raise money from sympathetic leftists but get nowhere. 01:25:11 >> Boy, I will tell you, they closed the door fast. 01:25:14 >> $15,000 Was taken a woman customer, motor of four children, was shotgunned to death. 01:26:22 >> Myrna opsahl was waiting to deposit money from a seventh day adventist fund-raiser. 01:26:31 She was waiting in line at the bank when he burst in and shot her. 01:26:35 By most accounts, patty was outside. 01:26:40 >> Then they fled back into the bay area. 01:26:42 And ironically or not, the very end, they were living right here in san francisco, right back in the same little network of places they had been all along. 01:26:54 Tough wonder sometimes if they almost, by then, a kind of a secret wish to get this over with. 01:27:02 (announcer) that but imagine if you could get that dentist smooth clean feeling every time you brush at home. 01:27:09 (announcer) SOME PEOPLE JUST KNOW HOW TO Build things well. 01:28:51 Give you and your loved ones an expertly engineered mercedes benz at the winter event going on now. 01:28:57 BUT HURRY - THE OFFER ENDS JANUARY 4th. 01:30:11 >>> Hello, I'm page hopkins. 01:30:13 The man accused of an attempted terror attack on board that delta northwest airplane is now in a federal prison. 01:30:18 The 23-year-old nine jeerian man was released from the hospital. 01:30:22 He will be in front of a judge tomorrow. 01:30:26 >>> Passengers should expect more stringent measures on flights into the u.s. 01:30:38 >>> Now become to the kidnapping of patty hearst. 01:30:48 >>> Despite the investigation, there has been absolutely no trace of the missing newspaper heiress. 01:30:57 >> Summer, 1975, over a year after her kidnapping, patty hearst and the kidnappers hide out in separate san francisco houses, but federal agents are closing in. 01:31:08 >> Soliah, cathy soliah was giving a speech at the berkeley memorial from the sla and her brother was shuttling back and forth between these two houses, delivering food and delivering messages and the fbi eventually picked this up shuttle. 01:31:25 Nbc news present the arrest of patty hearst. 01:31:28 Patty hearst, kidnapped daughter of a wealthy publisher 19 months ago, later, the dedicated revolutionary tania is in the hands of federal authorities tonight in san francisco, california. 01:31:37 >> Did she say anything? 01:31:38 >> I asked her if she was glad it was over and she just didn't say a word. 01:31:43 , bill and emily harris were picked up here at a house in san francisco's outer mission district a cache of arms was found in a closet when federal agents moved n. 01:31:51 >> Now says the fbi there is no moresome la. 01:31:54 >> When patty hearst was arrested, she gave her occupation at the jail as urban guerilla. 01:32:03 And she greeted the cameras with a raised, clenched fist, needless to say, it was very hard for her to present herself afte rescued kidnap victim. 01:32:24 >> Bill and emily harris are taken to los angeles to face charges for the mel's sporting goods robbery and shootout. 01:32:28 attorney james browning holds patty her nfl san francisco to stand trial for her first criminal act as tania. 01:32:36 >> There was never any doubt in my mind that I would be prosecuting patty hearst for the bank robbery. 01:32:46 Once the evidence was there she would be tried for the crime. 01:32:52 patricia hearst, heiress to the trial in california, taking part in the robbery of a bank with the symbionese liberation army. 01:33:02 During the next few weeks it maybe called the trial of the century. 01:33:06 Ic think of no other case, simpson case, which had received as much media attention as patty hearst case. 01:33:16 >> Mean people lined up hours before the proceedings got under way, in hopes they would get a seat in the courtroom. 01:33:23 February 4, 1976 two years to the day after her kidnapping, browning begins to make his case against patty hearst. 01:33:32 >> Evidence that would seemingly destroy most defenses with ease was tediously presented to the court. 01:33:39 Browning said this film showed hearst was an active participant in the bank robbery. 01:33:44 Witnesses testified she appeared to be a bona fide bandit. 01:33:47 >> That, in fact, was patricia hearst in those movies, there was never any question about that. 01:33:53 I had to prove that she did it intentionally or she shouldn't have been convicted. 01:33:57 >> To prove that intent, the prosecution calls tom matthews, a young man who was carjacked by patty and the harrises after the mel's sporting goods shootout. 01:34:08 She told this young man, all of this stuff about her being coerced into doing whatever the sla tells her to do, such as rob the bank or anything else is a bunch of hooey, is nonsense, it never happened. 01:34:27 She was never brainwashed. 01:34:30 >> Instead, browning argues this patty hearst experienced a dramatic conversion from average citizen to urban guerilla, much like the other sla members. 01:34:41 >> Pamela hall was the daughter of a clergyman. 01:34:46 Nancy ling perry used to be a goldwater girl. 01:34:50 Willie wolf was the son of a doctor. 01:34:53 Maybe it's not so beyond the bounds of reason that patty hearst could have been radicalized to willingly and voluntarily join the sla. 01:35:14 >> Tapes of patty's voice once again play a key role. 01:35:17 This time to show she is an unrepent tant and dangerous radical. 01:35:21 >> I guess I will just tell that you my politics are real different from way back when. 01:35:27 >> And so this creates all kinds of problems for me in terms of a defense. 01:35:35 >> To prove that hearst was a willing member of the sla, browning focuses on one tape and one relationship in particular. 01:35:46 >> Neither cujo or I had ever loved an individual the way we loved each other. 01:35:52 >> Willie wolf was a very personable young man, according to all the reportsreports. 01:36:00 At the time of the trial, we thought that patricia hearst did have an affair with willie wolf, cujo. 01:36:06 >> The prosecutors say the relationship was confirmed by the pages of the tania autobiography, now in fbi custody. 01:36:24 >> Cujo was an incredibly patient, loving and dedicated person. 01:36:37 Before I got a reading light in the closet, cujo read to me. 01:36:46 I had a lot of good feelings before I was accepted into the cell. 01:36:56 Cujo was a beautiful and gentle man. 01:37:03 >> Even though patty penned these words herself in court, she denies any relationship with cujo. 01:37:08 She claims he and other members of the sla rained her. 01:37:14 Again, browning turns to the final tape recording. 01:37:20 >> The pigs probably have the little olmec monkey that cujo wore around his neck. 01:37:28 He gave me that little stone face one night. 01:37:30 >> Part of the tape had patricia saying the pigs, meaning the police, the pigs probably is cujo's little olmec monkey. 01:37:40 What is an olmec monkey, we went around asking each other? 01:37:46 Patricia hearst and willie wolf had exchanged little old charms or trinkets or something of the sort and patricia hearst car laid it little charm with her, either around her neck or in her purse always. 01:38:03 She was never without it. 01:38:06 >> With her purse in evidence, the prosecution makes a stunning discovery. 01:38:15 >> We dumped out the contempts of her purse and there it was, a little stone face, blackstone face. 01:38:25 What type of woman who has been rained and cannot stand a man carries around a little gift from that man, either around her neck or in her purse for a year? 01:38:37 We held up the little stone face that cujo had given tania before the jury and said, "ladies and gentlemen, this little stone face can't talk, but it says an " >> coming up, the patty hearst trial comes to a shocking end. 01:38:57 >> If her name had been jones, she would never have been prosecuted. 01:39:06 (announcer) woman express each one more with downy simple pleasures feel more calm with new downylavender serenity feel more daring with spice blossom dare feel more elegant with orchid allure now all have renewing scent pearls that help you express every side of you downy simple pleasures. 01:39:32 Feel more it to start losing essential nutrients? 01:41:25 In fact, green beans lose half their vitamin C in a week. 01:41:28 That's why Green Giant freezes them within 8 hours to lock in nutrients. 01:41:33 Ho ho ho Green Giant Is >>> patricia hearst, air he is res to the hearst newspaper fortune on trial in california, taking part in a bank robbery with the symbionese liberation army. 01:42:00 Was she of sound mike mind, acting on her own, or was she not? 01:42:04 >> After the bravado of her arrest, patty arrived at her trial and appears to be transformed. 01:42:10 >> She was acting very much like would you expect a hearst daughter to act. 01:42:16 She pleaded not guilty and she had a very high-powered lawyer, f. lee bailey to plead her case. 01:42:22 lee bailey was chose ton head the defense. 01:42:31 Manicured, he had gained standing after defending sam shepherd, earnest medina and the boston strangler. 01:42:39 >> I don't feel I'm overmatched at all. 01:42:44 I feel I have probably tried bailey has. 01:42:46 >> I was not worried about mr. 01:42:48 Bailey's notoriety and his experience. 01:42:50 I figured he puts on his pants one leg at a time, just like i do. 01:42:57 >> Bailey's long-time partner, al johnson, flies to california to join the defense team. 01:43:05 >> I met with patty first about three days after her capture by the fbi. 01:43:12 Between that time and the time of her trial, indeed, during her trial, I spent about 16 hours a day with her in prison. 01:43:22 It was very difficult working with patty. 01:43:25 She was very confused, as you might expect. 01:43:28 And much of her conversation was laced with the same speech patterns with the people who had kidnapped her had spoken during the time she was kidnapped. 01:43:45 >> To further complicate matters for the defense, after two years of intense media coverage, the jurors are all familiar with patty hearst's story r. 01:43:56 >> This is simply unbiased, unpledge dissed news publicity, it was biased. 01:44:02 And it was impossible to elude it. 01:44:08 Other come to any conclusion, other than the guilt of patty hearst. 01:44:12 There was no way that we felt that that trial could end up in a verdict of acquittal unless patty took the stand. 01:44:23 >> Five days after the trial begins, patty hearst starts to testify in her owndefense. 01:44:29 >> The strategy of her defense became obvious during the first week that I met with her in the san mateo county jail. 01:44:38 It was the only thing ever, which if believed could save her. 01:44:48 Tell the truth. 01:44:52 >> On the stand, patty hearst describes her time with the sla as a hostage situation and claims that her relationship with cujo was no love affair. 01:45:02 >> She was in that closet for 57 days 57 days. 01:45:08 Often without food, very unsanitary conditions. 01:45:12 And as I said before, brutalized, physically and mentally. 01:45:19 None of the relationships or friendships which existed between her and any of her captors were ever legitimate. 01:45:25 No consensual relationship with anyone, other than that forced upon her by her kidnappers. 01:45:31 >> She later said, and members of her defense team said, that basically, she took up with him to avoid becoming the property of the whole group. 01:45:44 The seproperty of the whole group. 01:45:46 >> Following patty's terrifying description of her captivity, the defense presents their explanation for why she joined the sla. 01:45:53 They tell the jury that patty lost her free will. 01:45:58 >> I don't remember ever dealing with someone as disturbed as patricia campbell hearst was prior to enduring her trial. 01:46:08 She was absolutely unable to help me to form conclusions concerning her conduct because of what had been put into her mind through brain washing. 01:46:22 >> The defense calls top experts in brain washing to explain how college student patty becomes bank robbing revolutionary tania. 01:46:31 >> I find a direct parallel in her experience between many RETURNING P.O.W.s OF A -- IN THE Military group and between many who had been through thought reform in chinese prisons. 01:46:48 >> The psychiatrist also unanimously and the psychiatrists were the best in the country, unanimously testified that she was involuntarily influenced by her captors to ttent that she believed, honestly believed if she did not cooperate with them she would be executed. 01:47:18 >> But what the defense fails to explore is the new psychology about kidnap victims. 01:47:23 >> They got the senior, best-informed psychiatrists of the time and those psychiatrists knew a lot about brain washing and knew very little about stockholm syndrome. 01:47:37 Psychiatrist frank ochberg WORKED WITH THE FBI IN THE 1970s On a task force. 01:47:46 He is responsible for defining the syndrome called the stockholm syndrome. 01:47:50 This comes from a hostage crisis in sweden where a bank teller develops a deep and mysterious attachment to one of her captors. 01:47:57 It maybe the key to what happened to patty hearst. 01:48:00 >> A person is suddenly and unexpectedly held hostage by force and that person is scared beyond fear. 01:48:12 They know they are gonna die. 01:48:14 They say they know they are gonna die. 01:48:15 It's -- it's stunning. 01:48:21 And the same person who took you from a normal life into captivity allows you to speak, to eat, to use the toilet, to move. 01:48:35 And you experience something like being an infant who is given the gift of life by your mother. 01:48:44 It doesn't hurt to get the stockholm syndrome it really can help you survive. 01:48:50 I believe it happened and i believe that she developed her affection toward cujo, who would have been the more maternal of her hostageholders. 01:49:05 The stockholm syndrome maybe the reason for patty's conversion to thesome la but there's a catch. 01:49:12 >> I believe the stockholm syndrome can make you fall in love with the outlaw but the stockholm syndrome doesn't remove yourwrong. 01:49:20 And if you choose to do wrong, the stockholm syndrome is no excuse.issue canmake it burn even more. 01:49:36 (announcer) THEY'VE BEEN TESTED, BUILT AND Driven like no other. 01:50:10 And now they're being offered like no other. 01:50:13 Come to the winter event and get an exceptional offer on the 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have the better case. 01:53:15 >> After one day of deliberations, the jury returns with a verdict. 01:53:24 >> She robbed a bank and she did it with a firearm. 01:53:33 Federal judge sentenced her to seven years. 01:53:37 >> It's one of the great injustices of the criminal justice system of the united states. 01:53:43 It's one which will leave its mark on the history of jurs prudence for many years to come. 01:53:49 And one which I hope will never be recreated. 01:53:54 >> Patricia hearst is back in prison again this morning to complete a seven-year sentence for joining a group of terrorists in a bank robbery. 01:54:02 Snes what's call add minimum-security college campus-like jail without cell bars. 01:54:11 >> Following patty's arrest and conviction, bill and emily harris plead guilty to weapons and firearms charges. 01:54:21 The radical group that once captured the media's attention fades from view. 01:54:26 >> You know, it was almost like a signing off. 01:54:28 It was the end of an era. 01:54:32 They went out like a shooting star. 01:54:35 >> Now we can move on into wherever else life's going to take us but we hopefully are done with this kind of nonsense. 01:54:48 >> After 22 movants, 2 weeks and 4 days in jail in prison and 30 this morning, patricia hearst became a free woman. 01:54:58 >> President carter granted her a communation which is not the same as a pardon. 01:55:05 >> I think that I've gotten a lot stronger, a lot more self confident. 01:55:10 I take a lot of things in stride that make other people fall apart. 01:55:17 And I think mostly that. 01:55:19 I've learned a lot about people. 01:55:21 I've been around a lot of different kinds of people, had to handle lots of unusual situations, and for someone my age, I've been through an awful lot. 01:55:33 >> I don't know how in retrospect the hearst family ever survived tie most important thing in the lives of randy and katherine hearst were their children. 01:55:42 The entire affair, that is her kidnapping, her trial and the aftermath of her trial by her wrongful incarceration caused them to separate. 01:55:52 And they divorced. 01:55:55 >> I just hope that no other family has their happiness destroyed by terrorists in this country again. 01:56:05 Tie come moneyation from president carter released patty hearst from prison without reversing her conviction. 01:56:11 More than two decades later, president bill clinton grants her a full pardon. 01:56:16 >> Big names on the list getting PARDONS ARE susan McDoug e eel and patty herself of the decades ago. 01:56:27 >> In a 1982 autobiography, an occasional media interviews, patty hearst asserted her innocence. 01:56:36 >> A kidnap victim has not been tried before or since for crimes committed in the company of their kidnappers. 01:56:43 >> Frankly, being kidnapped by people like that, the odds are better than good that you're not going to make it through it. 01:56:51 >> I was the one who was prosecuted and for that, let go, oh, almost about 20 people to prosecute me. 01:57:00 For a bank robbery that was just absolutely -- you know, rob this bank or you die. 01:57:09 >> To this day, she maintains she never converted to the sla cause or fell in love with cujo. 01:57:15 >> I think it's insulting to anyone who's ever been raped to suggest that -- that that could turn into a seduction and a love affair afterward. 01:57:28 It's outrageous. 01:57:30 >> Even those who knew patty as tonya can't say for certain if she was a willing participant in the sla. 01:57:37 >> My opinion on the subject is I don't know. 01:57:40 That will be debated until the end of time, I guess. 01:57:45 >> I think she was a revolutionary by choice for a period of time. 01:57:49 I think she's no longer a revolutionary. 01:57:52 I'm not worried about her robbing anymore banks. 01:57:57 >> I don't think anyone bounces back from these kinds of experiences without some inner strength that I would atroibt her character. 01:58:10 >> I think patty shaers the ultimate survivor. 01:58:12 And that's another reason why i think she continues to compel us. 01:58:19 She went through ordeal that is are difficult to imagine. 01:58:21 She did things which sometimes were admirable and sometimes were not. 01:58:25 And yet, she continued to survive. 01:58:29 >> As far as her situation now, she's a crafty young lady with good legal advice. 01:58:36 >> She married an individual who from the san francisco police department who I hired to protect her after the bail hearing by the judge and has a family of her own. 01:58:49	Patty Hearst
June 8, 1867 saw the birth of what American architect and interior designer, and leader of the Prairie school movement, whose most famous design is Fallingwater in Pittsburg?	Witness: The Kidnapping of Patty Hearst Aired on MSNBC - Ark TV Transcript - Search what is being mentioned across national TV >> He said that I was going to be held as a prisoner of war. 00:00:56 If I tried to escape, that I'd be killed and that if I made any noise, that I'd be beaten. 00:01:02 He said my parents had committed crimes against the people. 00:01:10 >> The same person who took you from anormal life into captivity allows you to speak, to eat, to move. 00:01:23 And you experience something like being an infant who is given the gift of life by your mother. 00:01:34 The stockholm syndrome can make you fall in love with the outlaw. 00:01:38 >> The woman who enters the closet as patty hearst emerges as tanya. 00:01:47 >> The latest pictures in post hearst as extremely dangerous and offers a $50,000 reward for information leading to her arrest. 00:01:57 >> Brain washed victim or violent revolutionary? 00:02:00 >> Patty hearst was never a criminal. 00:02:03 >> I think she was a revolutionary by choice. 00:02:06 >> The two-year search for patty hearst, through the eyes of those who lived it. 00:02:11 >> I'm a soldier in the people's army. 00:02:39 >> He have now and again, something happens in the culture that, for whatever sets of reasons, triggers a massive response throughout the society. 00:02:50 And that's what the patty hearst drama did. 00:02:56 >> On a cool california night, a brutal home invasion targets berkeley sophomore, patricia hearst. 00:03:02 >> Witnesses said patty was dragged screaming from her apartment through a hail of gunfire. 00:03:08 >> The kidnapping itself was fairly violent. 00:03:11 There was shooting at the neighbor when he came out. 00:03:14 >> What did she say? 00:03:15 >> First, heard shots in the living room in the back of my house and thought it was a firecracker at first, it sounded a little bit peculiar for firecrackers. 00:03:24 It sounded -- it just sounded really scary. 00:03:26 >> Almost from the beginning, certainly within hours of the kidnapping, the police knew that this was something beyond the ordinary. 00:03:37 Stranger abduction typically now where you see the amber alert, kids coming to the park, lures the kids to the car with candy and drives off. 00:03:49 In the case of the patty hearst kidnapping, it was felt right from the very beginning that it was not that kind of crime. 00:03:55 This was a fairly serious operation. 00:04:03 >> Local police call in fbi kidnapping expert dan grove. 00:04:07 >> I became what they called the lead coordinator. 00:04:12 The safe return of the victim, that's the number one objective in a kidnap case is the safe return of the victim. 00:04:20 >> The victim is no ordinary college student. 00:04:24 Patty hearst is american royalty. 00:04:28 >> I think it's fair to say that the hearst family was and is one of the most of a fluent families in the united states. 00:04:37 Her grandfather was william randolph hearst, who was the publisher of newspapers throughout the united states. 00:04:49 >> Hearst really gave us the concept that the media could create events. 00:04:55 We think of william randolph hearst virtually inventing the modern newspaper, create be tabloid culture. 00:05:05 >> The hearst family in san francisco, northern california and california general was just one of those iconic families. 00:05:12 MOST OF ALL IN THE EARLY '70s. 00:05:19 >> Patty hearst's father, randolph hearst, the editor and president of the "san francisco examiner" the flagship newspaper in a media empire worth an estimated $500 million. 00:05:29 Her mother, katherine, sits on the powerful board of renal gents at the university of california. 00:05:35 >> They are very possibly the most identifiably rich family in northern california to the public. 00:05:42 >> Patty hearst grew up in a 22-room mansion in hills grove. 00:05:47 She was the middle daughter of five. 00:05:49 And she was, according to most people, her father's favorite and the rebellious one, headstrong one. 00:05:58 Patty hearst had refused to have a debut. 00:06:01 She had refused to have a coming out party. 00:06:04 She was really trying to get away from hillsborough and the wealthy suburban lifestyle it represented. 00:06:11 >> She is really beautiful and mature. 00:06:16 Just -- she seemed a lot older than a lot of the kids. 00:06:19 >> We think she was kind of stuck up. 00:06:21 She was not a person that was interested in status at all. 00:06:25 >> At 17, hearst begins a relationship with 23-year-old steven weed, a math teacher at her private high school. 00:06:33 >> The hearsts were not happy at all about him. 00:06:36 There was a lot of feeling that geez, couldn't she have done better than that? 00:06:42 They were very militaristic. 00:07:08 They had it so well planned that they needed to say almost nothing to each other. 00:07:12 >> With no ransom note and no immediate leads, the fbi investigate patty's fiance and others close to the heiress. 00:07:20 >> We looked at steven weed very carefully and very closely and he never really appeared as a logical suspect. 00:07:28 >> As the fbi realizes patty's fiance is not involved, the dark motives behind the abduction are with oral-b rechargeable brushes. 00:07:42 Dentist inspired cupping action sweeps away up to twice as much plaque as a regular manual brush. 00:07:46 Starting at $22. 00:09:20 you're skin because it keeps coming back, olay quench invites you to break that cycle with olay quench body lotion. 00:09:28 Clinically proven to help keep dry skin from coming back. 00:09:32 Olay quench. 00:10:48 >>> Now the saga of patty hearst, at least the saga as we know it began here at this brown-shingle aid part along berkeley's bienvenu avenue. 00:11:00 >> We don't know what the motive s nothing was said at the time of the kidnapping that would give us an indication what the motives were. 00:11:05 >> Until this case is solved, the people who live in this student community here at the university of california campus will not rest easy. 00:11:14 >> Just months before her kidnapping, patty hearst moves half a mile from the berkeley campus. 00:11:22 A place where her name is synonymous with old california money, power and tradition. 00:11:31 But she finds herself on a collision course with another berkeley, and the remnants of a radical youth movement. 00:11:37 >> Turmoil is not new at berkeley. 00:11:40 University of california president said it is part the berkeley tradition. 00:11:45 >> This catch puss is on strike. 00:11:48 >> At the time, I was running a program in san francisco on the local public television station, " we had been very involved in covering people's park war and the other sort of anti-war movement and all those kinds of movements that were percolating in the bay area. 00:12:10 >> A small minority of beatniks, radicals and others have brought great shame on a beautiful university. 00:12:20 >> It was a constant sort of turmoil of groups both white and black and sometimes mixed that were protesting. 00:12:29 >> It was one of the most divided, crazy, paranoid but still very intense and very idealistic times that I've ever witnessed. 00:12:42 >> You may think that times are changing, things are not changing. 00:12:46 People are rising up and changing things. 00:12:54 >> AS THE '60s MOVED INTO THE '70s, THERE WAS A COOLING OFF. 00:13:06 >> It seemed like it had calmed down, but underneath the surface, there was still all these little groups that were forming that had revolution on their mind patty hearst and steven weed were by no stretch of the imagination revolutionaries, or even very political. 00:13:27 All of her friends described patty as being somewhat disconnected from the major issues of her day. 00:13:38 >> But on the night of february 4, 1974, the new revolution comes to patty hearst's stropt door. 00:13:48 >> A knock came on the door, steven weed answered the door and was confronted by a woman who told him that they needed to use the phone, that their car had broken down. 00:13:59 >> According to pat tirk the abduction is sudden and violent. 00:14:08 >> I was in a bathrobe, I was really tired,ty, the abduction is sudden and violent. 00:14:16 >> I was in a bathrobe, I was really tired, so I didn't cook. 00:14:18 About 9:00, the door bell rang. 00:14:19 Steven opened the door and there was a woman standing there. 00:14:21 All of a sudden, two other people burst in with her. 00:14:30 I was told to get down on the floor and was tied up and blindfolded. 00:14:37 I started to figure out that i was being kidnapped, but it all seemed so unreal. 00:14:43 That's why I had to be dragged down the stairs outside my apartment. 00:15:03 I was put in the trunk of a car. 00:15:21 >> There is always a sense that the police have the best shot at a kidnapping the first 24, 48 hours, so there was a real effort by the fbi and by the hearsts to have everybody not say anything, no coverage, no nothing. 00:15:38 >> As investigators begin the search for patty hearst, her nightmare is just beginning. 00:15:48 She describes, in her own words a hellish captivity. 00:15:52 >> They put me in the closet. 00:15:54 I didn't know it was a closet at first. 00:16:01 An hour, maybe two hours, they opened the door and spoke to me. 00:16:10 He said, "we're the sla" and that I was going to be held as a prisoner of war, that I would be safe as long as they were safe and that if I tried to escape, i would be killed. 00:16:25 If I made any noise, I'd be beaten. 00:16:29 He said my parents had committed crimes against the people. 00:16:42 >> It's pretty brutal, when you think of it, wrapped up in the experience of a kidnap victim who is regularly being told that, you know, she is going to be executed, quote unquote, for the sins of her parents. 00:16:57 >> The brutalization which they exposed her to was entirely different than anything she had ever experienced before in her life. 00:17:07 >> Far from patty's windowless cell, investigators find a piece of evidence that may shed light on the identity of her captors. 00:17:16 >> They had fired some bullets and they had cyanide tips on them. 00:17:21 The cyanide puts out a particular smell, a sickly sweet smell and so police recognized that right away. 00:17:29 >> Cyanide-tipped bullets are "the call"ing hard of a deadly group known as the symbionese liberation army, or sla. 00:17:39 But now authorities believe they have patty hearst. 00:18:14 Every 20 seconds, a woman over 50 breaks a bone due to osteoporosis. 00:18:19 Half of women who break a hip will permanently need assistance to walk. 00:18:24 So how can we make postmenopausal osteoporosis a bigger priority for women? 00:18:29 Should there be more petitions to sign? 00:18:31 All good. but not enough. 00:18:38 It's time we learned more. 00:18:39 Join the know my bones program today. 00:18:42 Call the numberon the screen com, a website with new information to help you build stronger bones. 00:18:53 You'll get a free guide from the national osteoporosis foundation and health monitor with calcium-rich recipes and easy weight-bearing exercises. 00:19:02 Tell your friends. tell your sisters. 00:19:04 Women need to know how to keep their bones strong. 00:19:08 Sign up, call the numberon the screen today. 00:20:19 >> There is still no word from the kidnappers of patricia hearst. 00:20:25 We sit by the phone and we answer them and we just hope that whoever has our daughter will turn her loose. 00:20:30 >> As the hearst family waits for word from the kidnappers, the fbi develops a theory about their identity. 00:20:41 >> The cyanide-tipped bullets were -- had become the trademark of the sla. 00:20:47 They tried to put one at the scene of every crime, if you will. 00:20:55 It was pretty conclusive that the sla was at it again. 00:20:58 >> Sla stands for symbionese liberation arm makers radical fringe group of prison activists, feminists and vietnam veterans. 00:21:08 Escaped conduct donald defreeze or sim q acs as their leader. 00:21:14 There really was two types of people who formed the sla, one of them was a group of one, donald defreeze. 00:21:20 Then you had the other group, which were followers. 00:21:23 The poll mothers are basically white kids from berkeley that were a little too young to have participated in the social ACTIVISM OF THE '60s. 00:21:32 They had gotten on the scene a little too late. 00:21:34 >> Basically, we are talking about people who got caught up in the politics of the late '60s, MAYBE WAR MOVEMENT, THE Arm movement, a mishmash of things they had soaked up in political study groups. 00:21:56 >> Want to slander jesse jackson, but they were a rainbow coalition of radicals. 00:22:00 It was to be all peoples, white, black. 00:22:02 That was the initial intent. 00:22:04 >> And lost in this world of be a traction, like if you talk to each other enough you begin to create a reality among yourself. 00:22:18 Inevitably more cult than political party. 00:22:21 >> The group adopts a seven-headed cobra as their emblem. 00:22:27 They wear military-style clothes and promote the use of weapons in an effort to spark a revolution. 00:22:37 >> The sla subscribe to this idea that small groups of urban guerillas needed to commit acts of violence in order to get the masses interested in joining the revolution. 00:22:52 >> Actually believe that this was a fascist state, that, you know, a handful of families are dominating the world and certainly the economy. 00:23:03 And those people are all-powerful. 00:23:05 >> If the sla is behind the hearst kidnapping, it would not be their first violent act. 00:23:10 Three months earlier, they used cyanide-tipped bullets to murder oakland school superintendent marcus foster. 00:23:18 >> One of his ways to kind of make the school system function cards for the students. 00:23:25 So this apparently triggered an orwellian family among the sla people, and they deemed him worthy of assassination. 00:23:33 >> Marcus foster was shot to death outside his office by a trio hooded assassins. 00:23:38 Witnesses describe one of the three as a woman. 00:23:40 And the next day the symbionese liberation army took credit for the killing. 00:23:49 >> The murder of marcus foster was an unmitigated disaster. 00:23:55 I am quite certain that these folks thought that there was going to be cheering in the streets after they killed, you know, a prominent black leader in oakland. 00:24:05 They just -- they were floating in never, neverland. 00:24:09 >> Just one month before patty hearst is kidnapped, sla members joseph romero and russell little are charged with the murder of marcus foster. 00:24:26 >> I think the sla had no coherent political philosophy that made any sense. 00:24:36 What they wanted was a revolution. 00:24:42 >> Desperate to salvage its reputation after the foster murder, the sla plans its next attack. 00:24:48 >> After there were forced to leave their safe house and flee, the fbi found a whole notebook listing their targets for kidnapping and assassination. 00:24:59 The fbi informed some of those people, but inexplicably, not others and patty hearst was one of the ones that they didn't bother talking to. 00:25:12 >> Coming up, the world hears from the kidnapping heiress. 00:25:19 >> Mom, dad -- (announcer) HERE'S HOPING YOU FIND SOMETHING Special in your driveway this holiday. 00:25:38 Ho, ho, ho! 00:25:39 (announcer) GET AN EXCEPTIONAL OFFER ON THE Mercedes benz you've always wanted at the winter event going on now. 00:25:45 BUT HURRY - THE OFFER ENDS JANUARY 4th. 00:25:50 ..when your noseis raw and sore. 00:25:52 Plain tissue canmake it burn even more. 00:25:58 >>> After two days in the hospital, an accused terrorist is now in a federal prison. 00:28:36 239-Year-old nigerian man is accused of trying to blow up a northwest flight over detroit. 00:28:40 >>> And officials in one western mass mass town are investigating nine separate fires which left two people dead. 00:28:45 The fires broke out within one hour early sunday morning. 00:28:49 Five were in buildings, four were in cars. 00:28:50 >>> Now, it is back to "the " >>> the father of 19-year-old patricia hearst said he hopes today his daughter is still alive. 00:29:09 Another day passed without word from the kidnappers of the 19-year-old heiress. 00:29:14 >> Nothing really new to talk about, except the newspaper report which the fbi refused to confirm that one of the kidnappers that had been identified. 00:29:22 >> With the evidence pointing at the sla, law enforcement now believes that the same group who murdered the school superintendent has patty hearst. 00:29:36 >> The first reaction was that since this group had been responsible for the assassination of foster, that they were a dangerous crowd and that patty hearst was probably in real danger. 00:29:48 >> I have to believe the sla has my daughter. 00:29:51 The only other possibility is that some absolute crazy person has taken her off and killed her. 00:29:58 And I don't want to believe that. 00:30:08 >> With hours turn nothing days, the media interest in patty's abduction magnifies. 00:30:14 >> It became a major national story fairly quickly because of the hearst name. 00:30:19 Take care of yourself. 00:30:40 >> Now it's fairly common, whenever there's sort of a celebrity kind of story that you see dozens of tv trucks hanging out at a certain address. 00:30:50 It wasn't that common in those days, but this was a pretty big encampment. 00:30:54 People brought out win big a goes and people were there all the time and permanent microwave units were set up. 00:31:00 With the media hovering for any word of patty's condition, there is finally a break in the case. 00:31:09 ON FEBRUARY 12th, THE SLA Releases a tape confirming they have patty hearst. 00:31:17 >> The communiques were deliver nerd the form of audiotapes, which were a dramatic new way to do it at the time. 00:31:23 >> We begin with a call to glided me morial church. 00:31:30 The caller said to pick up a key in a telephone booth in the garage. 00:31:33 The key was to a locker in an airline terminal a block away. 00:31:37 >> There would be a note to go some other police and there would be the tape. 00:31:40 They were usually delivered to kbfa, which was the pacifica station in berkeley, certainly the most left-wing of the stations. 00:31:52 >> Very sensitive equipment and we are going to simulcast t. 00:31:55 >> Eight days after her disappearance, the world finally hears from patty hearst. 00:31:59 >> Mom, dad, I'm okay. 00:32:05 I had a few scrapes and stuff, but they washed them up and they are getting okay. 00:32:13 And I caught a cold but they are giving me pills for it. 00:32:18 >> It just seemed she was so either drugged or strung strung out or in some ways under duress. 00:32:32 >> These people aren't a bunch of nuts. 00:32:34 They have been really honest with me, but they are perfectly willing to die for what they are doing. 00:32:42 >> On the same tape, sla general field marshal cinque issues a violent threat. 00:32:51 >> Whatever happens to your daughter, her life and the blood will be upon your hands only. 00:33:01 >> Cinqu, whose real name donald DeFREEZE IS AN ESCAPED CONVICT And an acting leader of the sla. 00:33:10 His threat makes it clear that the safe return of patty hearst will come at a price. 00:33:13 >> I want to get out of here, but I -- the only way I'm going to is if we do it their way. 00:33:20 >> The original intent of the kidnapping of patty hearst was to get someone that they thought would be valuable in a prisoner exchange. 00:33:37 >> I am a prisoner of war and so are the two men in san quentin. 00:33:44 >> The tape him thes at releasing patty in exchange for sla members russ little and joe romero, both jailed for the marcus foster murder. 00:33:57 But in a typewritten mess arrange the group lays out a more shocking ransom demand. 00:34:02 >> They have one brilliant stroke in this whole, long string of bad behavior. 00:34:06 >> It says, to kpix for hearst. 00:34:11 >> Was not give us $2 million or whatever, it was feed all the poor people in the state of california. 00:34:19 >> Symbionese liberation army demands that poor people in california's major cities be provided $70 in food each much the hearst family said it would try. 00:34:27 >> I think there will be a serious effort made. 00:34:31 hearst's realm, he will comply. 00:34:37 I imagine it will be a massive thing. 00:34:42 >> That really struck a nerve with a lot of progressive people. 00:34:45 Now they are doing something for poor people. 00:34:48 They are redistributing the wealth from the hearsts to the poor. 00:34:51 That was groovy. 00:34:52 >> So ordeal of pat hearst and her family will not end today or even next week. 00:34:58 Her captors say that they won't even begin to negotiate for her release until the period of food distribution has ended. 00:35:07 >> I just hope I can get back to everybody really soon. 00:35:16 Because it keeps coming back, olay quench invites you to break that cycle with olay quench body lotion. 00:35:22 Clinically pven to help keepry skin from coming back. 00:35:26 [ Male Announcer ] New pepto-bismol chewables with instacool. 00:38:07 >>> Patricia hearst has sent her parents a message and her captors have cement them a unique and high-priced ransom note n a letter to randolph hearst, the symbionese liberation army said it would hold his daughter until it provided to each of the nearly 2 million people in california free food. 00:38:31 >>> It would come to hundreds of millions of dollars, which hearst actually didn't have. 00:38:36 >> The truth is these guys had no sense of numbers. 00:38:39 When it pushed down to reality, we ended up talking about 2, , 4 million dollars. 00:38:49 >>> A scaled down giveaway called people in need begins on FEBRUARY 22nd. 00:38:53 The first day, news cameras record a scene of chaos. 00:39:00 >> Frankly, from the point of view of running a television program it got better and better. 00:39:06 Itppeared the sla had pulled off something that magnified their importance. 00:39:15 That is a very difficult question. 00:39:17 >> To the give people another $70 out of the clear blue sky, i mean, I just don't know. 00:39:21 >> I think it is great. 00:39:22 The poor people, you know, need t. 00:39:24 >> These big trucks of food would pull into poor neighborhoods and open up and just start, you know, sort of tossing food out to the masses of people that crowded around. 00:39:34 >> I think it shocked the world, shocked the country, shocked the world that there was so much desperate hunger in this super power country of ours. 00:39:44 It is like seeing robin hood in action. 00:39:50 There was a certain vickry for the underground movement and a victory for the symbionese liberation army who had kidnapped patty, because it showed that her parents would comply with their wishes. 00:40:08 I just hope all that do what they say, dad and do it quickly. 00:40:12 Wchblgts their demands met, the hearsts expect the sla to return patty, but the group makes no clear effort to release her. 00:40:21 >> I am going to do everything i can to comply with their demand and if that's not enough, i can't help it. 00:40:28 I've done everything I can do. 00:40:35 >> Randolph hearst offers another $4 million in donated food in return for patty's immediate release. 00:40:41 He says it will be the hearsts final offer. 00:40:44 Patties captors respond with chilling silence. 00:40:50 >> Finally, we received nothing from the sla in today's mail and we have had no other contact with the sla. 00:40:55 >> Someone said that the mood inside this house was like that of a seance. 00:40:59 People sitting transfixed besides the telephone, waiting for to ring. 00:41:09 >> We just hope we hear from her. 00:41:10 >> Frustrated and powerless over the sla, randolph hearst attempts to control the situation. 00:41:22 >> I got a number of calls from hearst, often just before air time. 00:41:27 What are you going to put on? 00:41:28 What are you going to say? 00:41:31 Are you going to run the communique? 00:41:32 They came with the demand that they be played in their entirety and that the text of the tape be printed in their entirety in the newspapers or unpleasant things would happen to patty hearst. 00:41:46 >> So the moral, I wanted the paper to run the complete letter, starting on the front page and jumping inside. 00:41:53 >> This is a case model, the case model perhaps, for how media should not react to terrorism. 00:42:03 >> This would give anyone i think who was curious about this organization, I imagine everybody is, an insight into it from somebody who is a part of it. 00:42:17 >> I don't think the hearst also control of the narrative, despite being a powerful newspaper family. 00:42:23 They were reduced to just a pair of middle-aged people standing in front of a microphone begging for the return of their daughter. 00:42:31 And we are all praying for you. 00:42:37 >> But behind the scenes, he also is trying more sophisticated methods. 00:42:42 I think he was trying to find channels to communicate, besides the media channel. 00:42:47 >> Hearst reportedly meets with prisoners who claim to be sla members and other far-left activists. 00:42:57 >> Patty hs were frantic, they would do anything to get their daughter back much I think most of them mainly wanted money and not necessarily willing to give the kind of information he wanted. 00:43:12 >> After weeks of searching, the head of the fbi's san francisco field office says they are no closer to finding the missing girl. 00:43:20 >> At the present time, what we know is just about what's been in the newspapers. 00:43:25 We have talked to a number of people we don't have any suspect s. 00:43:32 But the fbi knows more than they are letting on. 00:43:34 >> The fbi knew who almost all of the sla were within the first few days. 00:43:40 >> The agent. 00:43:43 >> Charlie bates did not want us to indicate to anybody that we knew who all these people were, because he thought it would jeopardize patricia hearst's life. 00:43:55 So we want them to think we were just bungling around. 00:43:59 >> In the fact, the bureau launches a high-tech search to find the heiress and her captors. 00:44:04 >> We were using u2 planes, high-altitude surveillance planes, to spot camp fires and things in movements in the high sierras for us. 00:44:14 They even analyzed the sla's tape recordings in an attempt to pick up on their location. 00:44:19 >> The cia has a team of line people who have very acute hearing and we had the tapes sent to cia headquarters to be reviewed by the team and they came back and said we hear seagulls in the background. 00:44:35 >> Faint sounds of sea gulls and airplanes lead investigators to an area south of san francisco known as the peninsula. 00:44:42 >> We were almost down the block from them, working our way up. 00:44:47 They beat us out of there by maybe a day. 00:44:52 >> One step ahead of the fbi, the sla moves patty hearst north into san francisco, but the girl who began as a victim is about to shock the world. 00:45:06 She seems to be fairly cheerful. 00:48:42 >> In the months following the kidnapping, media outlets broadcast and print numerous communications from the sla. 00:48:49 >> Specific requirement by the sla was that the media, quote unquote, publish their documents in total, unchanged. 00:48:59 >> None of the messages contained ransom information for the release of patty hearst. 00:49:09 But a communique received one day before the two-month anniversary of patty's kidnapping changes everything. 00:49:20 >> I've been given the choice of, one, being released in a safe area or two joining forces of the symbionese liberation army. 00:49:32 I have chosen to stay and fight. 00:49:39 >> She denounced her family, denounced steven weed, pledge herd solidarity with poor people, said that she had now become conscious, I think was her word. 00:49:54 >> I've been given the name tanya, after a comrade who fought alongside che in bolivia for the people of bolivia. 00:50:02 >> You think any of these people would have just let her walk away, but that's what she was told and that's what she told us. 00:50:08 A friend told me that it was actually the first time he had ever seen randy hearst cry, listening to that tape recording. 00:50:15 >> At the same time of this shocking communique being issued by the sla, the group issued this photograph of patty hearst with a gun in front of a seven-headed cobra and that image instantly became iconic. 00:50:30 The debate about patty's motives begins immediately. 00:50:32 >> When the tape arrived where patty's announced that she was tanya and that she was rejecting her family, that was another huge turning point in the story. 00:50:46 >> I can just imagine the debates in every household. 00:50:49 Think of months, think of a week. 00:51:58 The awe with which we consider, you know, spending a month in this trapped little environment. 00:52:07 It's like being kept for weeks in a casket. 00:52:13 >> They were giving her all kinds of revolutionary words to read and they were constantly lecturing her about their platform. 00:52:23 They were their own little self-enclosed world and so patty became part of that world. 00:52:30 >> Sla members bill and emily harris tell a different story. 00:52:37 According to the harrises, nobody forces patty hearst to join. 00:52:42 >> Con version is a really bad word. 00:52:46 It's been used so many times. 00:52:56 With patty, the process began, I'm convinced, even before the kidnap. 00:53:03 The sla took the position that she had to show she was ready to deal with all the hardships that life entailed. 00:53:16 Before the sla released the communique, sam asked her one last time, after her blindfold was taken off, if she wanted to go back to her family and friends. 00:53:28 " >> 12 days after the tape recording, patty hearst, aka tania, makes her public debut. 00:53:39 >> ON APRIL 15th, '74, THE SLA Barged into the hibernia bank in san francisco. 00:53:52 It was an armed robbery. 00:53:53 >> The bank's security films of the area were kind of fuzzy and kind of grainy. 00:53:58 >> You had to what looked like an old-time movie, it was a little jerky, but you could see people inside the bank moving around. 00:54:07 >> On the surveillance video, an armed patty hearst stands in the middle of the bank lobby. 00:54:13 >> We knew who it was, it could only have been one person. 00:54:17 >> There can be no doubt in my mind that that girl was gonna shoot anything that didn't observe her instructions. 00:54:26 I heard her say that she would that moved or went out of line. 00:54:33 >> I took the tape over to the berkeley school for the deaf for lip reading. 00:54:37 Her instructions were, "up " and brandishing her carbine around. 00:54:45 >> She was a tiny, skinny little girl heiress and so the sight of her with her carbine robbing a bank was electrifying to the nation. 00:54:56 >> When the bank robbery occurred, I knew that it would likely be a prosecution. 00:55:03 I said right from the get-go, that's gonna be my case. 00:55:08 >> The images of hearst and her weapon instantly changed law enforcement's view of the heiress. 00:55:14 >> When patty emerged not as a victim, but as a suspect, the gloves came off. 00:55:20 >> Attorney general william saxby said today it is his belief that patricia hearst is a common criminal. 00:55:27 >> The loud-mouthed idiot, attorney general of the united states, william saxby, branded her a common criminal. 00:55:41 Before he knew any of the facts. 00:55:42 Society as a whole in the united states felt that she was guilty of the hibernia bank robbery. 00:55:51 >> With the court of public opinion shifting, the hearst family looks to justify patty's actions. 00:55:57 >> Patricia's father, randolph hearst is not convince there had is enough evidence to prove his daughter is a bank robber. 00:56:04 Hearst issued written statement in response to saxbe's remarks. 00:56:07 He said, "saxbe has a right to think what he thinks and I also have that right. 00:56:12 And as far as I'm concerned, " >> well, if you were thrown in the trunk of a car and locked in a closet for a week, you might decide to stay, too. 00:56:26 You lose your free will. 00:56:27 >> From the way I know patty, she is sick, she is exhausted an she is being humiliated at the hands of a group of people that are determined not to let her get out of this alive. 00:56:42 >> Hearst had all kinds of experts that came out the follies in front of their mansion talking about brain walk, how she could have been brain washed. 00:56:49 >> In brain washing, you are deliberately placed in a circumstance of confinement and deprivation and you are told what to think and you are coached on what to say and think. 00:57:05 >> With the debate over whether or not she is brain washed captivating the nation, patty hearst makes a new recording to set the record straight. 00:57:16 >> Those people who still believe that I am brain wooshd dead, I see no reason to further defend my position. 00:57:22 I am a soldier of the people's army. 00:57:28 >> With pat think hearst now publicly a member of the sla, the group goes deep underground. 00:57:35 >> They were always moving around. 00:57:37 They would stay in one place for a week or two and then move to another place. 00:57:45 >> But the fbi drag knelt is tightening, thanks to what they call water gas leads. 00:57:49 >> Eventually, we started checking out all the new turn-on TURN-ONs OF WATER AND GAS, Thinking they would move in and have to turn the gas on and the water on and we got quite near them. 00:58:04 We were coming down -- you know, down the street and they got wind again and took off. 00:58:09 These guys were terribly lucky, but in the end, they were unlucky. 00:58:18 >> Coming up, a standoff with police could spell the end for the sla and patty hearst. 00:59:01 ...With the magic of three. 01:00:14 Soothing lotion with a touch of shea butter, aloe and e. 01:00:18 Plain tissue can irritatethe sore nose issue. 01:00:21 Puffs plus with lotion isa more soothing tissue. 01:00:25 A nose in need deserves puffs plus indeed. 01:00:28 And try puffs plus with the comforting scent of vicks. 01:00:55 >>> Patricia hearst was kidnapped three and a half months ago by a group of terrorists calling themselves the symbionese liberation army, now being hunted down in california as a criminal. 01:01:05 >> After two months of intense media coverage, patty hearst goes from victim to wanted domestic terrorist. 01:01:16 >> This young berkeley student was kidnapped out of her apartment by this gang of, you know, jokers. 01:01:26 The kidnapping definitely had gotten enough media attention. 01:01:31 Once she announce herd conversion to the army and she was now with her kidnappers, the story took on -- it just grew by orders of magnitude. 01:01:41 >> April 15th at san francisco's hibernia bank, a $10,000 robbery that the sla calls a revolutionary ex-prop preyation. 01:01:50 The fbi says patty was there. 01:01:56 The pictures that came out of the bank robbery created a position. 01:01:59 The law enforcement took the position that, yeah, she had turned. 01:02:02 No longer wanted as material witness, patty her israelis now listed by the fbi as a fugitive, armed and dangerous. 01:02:10 >> The robbery is a game changer for law enforcement. 01:02:14 They increase their efforts to find patty hearst this time to arrest her. 01:02:22 >> If we can go in without any possibility of harm to the young lady and get her, I'm sure we -- I know we would do it. 01:02:34 . 01:02:35 I remember the remarks charlie bates said several times, they are going to make mistakes and we will get them. 01:02:42 >> This dragnet was starting to zoom in on where they were, so the whole gang relocated out of the bay area. 01:02:51 >> It quickly became apparent that they knew very little about los angeles. 01:02:56 It was nothing like the oakland/berkeley left subculture. 01:03:02 I think it was inevitable that the sla showing up in los angeles was going to you know, move into a crisis and a confrontation almost immediately. 01:03:11 >> Only six days after arriving in los angeles, patty hearst and the sla make their presence known. 01:03:19 >> The fbi reports that patty hearst was involved in shootout of a sporting goods store in los angeles. 01:03:24 >> Patty and the harrises, noel and emily, had been sent out to purchase some supplies for the others. 01:03:33 They had left patricia hearst sitting alone in a van. 01:03:38 >> The harriss tried to shop lift a couple of things out of called mel's sporting goods. 01:03:44 In the course of shoplifting, the store guard wrestled with bill harris. 01:03:48 And patty saw this commotion across the street. 01:03:53 She could have turned the engine on and driven away and left the harrises to their arrest or she could have gotten out of the van and walked away. 01:04:05 To rescue the harrises. 01:05:05 [ Gunfire ] >> after that, I don't think anybody had any questions that for whatever reason, she had become part of the sla. 01:05:16 . 01:05:17 After the shootout at the sporting goods store, they abandoned the car they were in shortly there afterwards, because they knew it was hot. 01:05:27 When the police found the original car, they found a parking ticket in it. 01:05:30 The parking tickets that they found led them to the house where the sla had holed up. 01:05:41 >> That led to 400 police surrounding the house. 01:05:48 team announcement that you have to come out an attempt was made to flush out the people inside with tear gas. 01:05:55 Six members were discovered in a south los angeles hideout. 01:05:59 >> There was a warning to surrender and police tear gas grenades. 01:06:05 It was 5:50 p.m. 01:06:06 >> They were surrounded and they broke live on the tv and everybody was watching, there was still this irrational hope that somehow they weren't there or somehow they wiggled out of it and all end up good, which you knew really wasn't going to happen. 01:06:21 [ Gunshots ] >> police were receiving heavy weapons fire, which they returned. 01:06:29 >> There were some estimates of, like, there were 9,000 shots. 01:06:32 And clearly, there were several automatic weapons being fired from inside. 01:06:35 [ Gunfire ] >> we need all the ammo you've got in the safe. 01:06:46 We're taking automatic fire, front and back. 01:06:49 >> Eventually, the house caught on fire. 01:06:55 It started in the kitchen. 01:06:59 Although a couple of the sla members attempted to crawl out, they were burned before they were able to get all the way out. 01:07:15 >> In perhaps the most surreal twist of all, patty and bill and emily harris are staying at a motel across from disneyland, watching the whole thing on tv. 01:07:31 . 01:07:32 I mean, how can you describe what it's like to watch the six people you love most in the world being killed? 01:07:42 >> Everything happened in a frantic two hours. 01:07:48 Nobody in the los angeles police department had ever seen anything like it. 01:07:50 >> None of us came into the sla with the notion that we were indestructible or that things would be anything less than brutal if they got us surrounded. 01:08:07 >> The fbi had tracked five sla suspects after a shoplifting incident this morning at a sporting goods store. 01:08:29 >> The house burn told ground and the people inside with t. 01:08:32 >> Making a decision to become a guerilla, somebody knew what the consequences were. 01:08:40 >> Patty hearst was not one of the victims. 01:08:42 >> Patricia hearst was not killed on a police raid in a symbionese liberation army raid in a los angeles hideout last night. 01:08:53 >> Nobody had ever seen anything like t seven barrages of tear gas and still no surrender. 01:09:00 >> That was a cold-blooded execution they thought they were dealing with eight or nine supermans that couldn't be killed easily? 01:09:07 >> I had very mixed emotions to, tell you the truth. 01:09:11 I had very mixed emotions but they weren't coming out. 01:09:13 I mean, they were given every chance, every chance to come out. 01:09:17 I'm certain that the los angeles police did not plan on an acute tear gas canister setting the house on fire. 01:09:27 >> That's bull [ bleep ] that's all that is, that's just an execution. 01:09:32 >> And that was are the end of the sla. 01:09:34 >> Six members of the sla are DEAD, donald DeFreeze, nancy lynn perry, camilla hall, angela at wood, 21-year-old wil wolf, mizmoon. 01:10:03 >> They were not in the house and then the question was where were they? 01:10:08 Now express each side morewith downy simple pleasures .. 01:12:06 To daring, elegant .. 01:12:10 Express every sideof you and feel more >>> this is where everyone feared that patricia hearst might have died. 01:13:31 >> How long the cars will continue to pass by what is left of 1466 west 54th street in los angeles, it is intere to this report they're anyone would want a memento of what l.a. 01:13:42 Police call the worst shootout in its history. 01:13:50 >> With the exception of bill and emily and patty hearst, all of the sla died in that fire. 01:13:56 By and large, they were just fugitives on the run. 01:13:59 They were underground, scared and running. 01:14:03 >> Three weeks after the fire, a new tape recording confirms patty hearst is alive and loyal to the sla. 01:14:10 . 01:14:10 The radio station received an anonymous call, stating, in effect, that the sla had a communique for us and that it was being held behind a mattress in our alley. 01:14:24 We retrieved the tape and wee believe the voice on the tape is that of patricia hearst, or as she calls herself now, tania. 01:14:40 >> To the people this is tania. 01:14:42 Life is very precious to me, but I have no delusions that going to prison will keep me alive and I would never choose to live the rest of my life surrounded by pigs like the hearsts. 01:14:53 >> She goes on to admit an even more shocking illusion, revealing a love affair with willie wolf, aka cujo, an sla member killed in the fire. 01:15:03 >> Cujo was gentle, the most beautiful man I have ever known. 01:15:07 Neither cujo or I had ever loved an individual the way we loved each other. 01:15:14 >> Willie wolf was a young man who grew up in connecticut. 01:15:18 His father was a medical doctor, an anesthesiologist. 01:15:23 >> Cujo became patty's -- i don't know if you could call him protector, boyfriend, the principal person she had sex with. 01:15:33 It's very hard to know under those circumstance what is their relationship was all b. 01:15:37 >> Following the fiery standoff, patty hearst and the harriss head back to san francisco as the only surviving members of the sla. 01:15:45 >> Most people didn't want to help them because, you know, they clearly now, just seen on tv what happens if you are around the sla, nobody wants that. 01:15:55 But a new group of people were shocked and outraged by what the lapd had done in surrounding the group and a allowing the house to burn down. 01:16:07 >> Mike bortin, a student activist living in the bay area is one of the few willing to give shelter and support to the fugitives. 01:16:16 >> If we happen to bump into you, you can have all my money and everything else. 01:16:20 We are with you. 01:16:43 >> The harrises and patty were able to connect up with sol lie ya and her whole group of people. 01:16:50 >> According to bortin, pat tiller hearst introduces her stove him not as a brainwashed victim but as a full-fledged member of the sla. 01:17:02 >> She didn't seem nostalgic for her wealthy status. 01:17:06 She seemed contemptful of her father's efforts to find her. 01:17:11 She especially, I think, acted really heroically at the time. 01:17:17 I thought this brain washing thing is totally ridiculous. 01:17:24 >> With law enforcement hunting the group, patty and the harrises head out of the bay area, toward the east coast. 01:17:30 >> After that, nobody knew where they were. 01:17:33 We tried to find out. 01:17:34 They just went dormant, because as it turned out, pennsylvania. 01:17:42 Nobody knew they were there foofrnlts long time they holed up a at that farmhouse in pennsylvania and patty hearst wrote the tania autobiography, were she gave the details of her events. 01:17:55 >> Patty's memoir gave details of her turn to the sla. 01:17:59 In words she repudiates she described her past filled with privilege and alienation. 01:18:05 >> My first memories of my parents or any kind of family life stopped when I was nine years old. 01:18:18 They hired nurses and governesses to take care of us because they didn't want to do themselves. 01:18:30 Everything from my upbringing was trying to make me declare allegiance to my parents' values and ideas. 01:18:45 It was during my last year of high school that I met steven weed. 01:18:50 While part of me was plotting my escape from this relationship, the other part of me was smiling for engagement pictures. 01:19:01 I thought steve would change my name and rescue me from being a hearst. 01:19:10 >> We never found any evidence she communicated with her family. 01:19:14 It was perfectly plausible that the harrises and hearst does have disappeared into society with new identities, moved on, lived their lives, gotten married to each other or other people and raised families. 01:19:25 Many former underground left wingers did, but that wasn't their fate. 01:19:30 >> They were going to be back in our face sooner or later. 01:19:33 The culture, as a whole, was going to have to deal with these folks again. 01:19:37 >> Coming up it is the arrest . 01:19:41 Patty hearst is in the hands of federal authorities tonight. 01:19:48 Fewer pills thanextra strength tylenol. 01:20:28 Just 2 aleve havethe strength to relieve arthritis pain all day. 01:21:33 ] ] morning, goodbye weekend. 01:21:35 Braun series 3 withts special shaving head, cuts short hairs just as well as long ones and helps to minimize skin irritation for incredibly smooth skin. 01:21:45 New series 3 from braun. 01:22:22 >>> Patricia hearst was kidnapped six moments ago today by the symbionese liberation army. 01:22:27 Since then, she has become a fugitive from justice herself. 01:22:31 People from as far away as guatemala say they have seen patty hearst, but so far, all tips have turned out to be false. 01:22:39 >> Throughout 1974 the hunt to find patty hearst and the surviving members of the sla fuels a news-hungry public. 01:22:49 >> Because they were gone and they weren't drawing attention to themselves anymore, what actually happened was a huge pent-up desire on the part of the public to find out what had happened. 01:23:02 >> It wasn't just a news story by any means, it was so, there was no area of american culture untouched by the patty hearst story. 01:23:15 >> The publicity did generate a lot leads, people calling in with the best of intentions, they ran him down, we ran every one down. 01:23:25 >> This was an era where there wasn't a cell phone there wasn't a computer there were no atm machines. 01:23:31 People really could drive across the country and change their life, and did, all the time. 01:23:37 >> While law enforcement and the media searched for the fugitives, the group practices military-style drills at their pennsylvania safe house. 01:23:49 >> They went back to their own games of guerilla tactics and target practice and posturing, you know, with guns. 01:24:03 That went on for some time, until they decided that they really ought to relocate back to california. 01:24:12 >> After over a year on the road, patty and the harrises move back to california and begin a new chapter in the sla. 01:24:20 >> The sla became kathy and her brother, steve soliah, two harrises, patricia hearst, wendy yoshimura, james kill gore and michael orton. 01:24:42 >> This is too good to be true, you know? 01:24:45 >> As the new sla takes shape, aen intense manhunt for their most famous convert forces the group to keep a low profile. 01:24:52 >> They couldn't really go out and get jobs or, you know, function in society. 01:24:56 They always had to be kind of alert and careful. 01:25:01 They were on the lam, they were the most wanted people in the country. 01:25:04 >> Patty and harrises struggled to make ends meet. 01:25:07 They attempt to raise money from sympathetic leftists but get nowhere. 01:25:11 >> Boy, I will tell you, they closed the door fast. 01:25:14 >> $15,000 Was taken a woman customer, motor of four children, was shotgunned to death. 01:26:22 >> Myrna opsahl was waiting to deposit money from a seventh day adventist fund-raiser. 01:26:31 She was waiting in line at the bank when he burst in and shot her. 01:26:35 By most accounts, patty was outside. 01:26:40 >> Then they fled back into the bay area. 01:26:42 And ironically or not, the very end, they were living right here in san francisco, right back in the same little network of places they had been all along. 01:26:54 Tough wonder sometimes if they almost, by then, a kind of a secret wish to get this over with. 01:27:02 (announcer) that but imagine if you could get that dentist smooth clean feeling every time you brush at home. 01:27:09 (announcer) SOME PEOPLE JUST KNOW HOW TO Build things well. 01:28:51 Give you and your loved ones an expertly engineered mercedes benz at the winter event going on now. 01:28:57 BUT HURRY - THE OFFER ENDS JANUARY 4th. 01:30:11 >>> Hello, I'm page hopkins. 01:30:13 The man accused of an attempted terror attack on board that delta northwest airplane is now in a federal prison. 01:30:18 The 23-year-old nine jeerian man was released from the hospital. 01:30:22 He will be in front of a judge tomorrow. 01:30:26 >>> Passengers should expect more stringent measures on flights into the u.s. 01:30:38 >>> Now become to the kidnapping of patty hearst. 01:30:48 >>> Despite the investigation, there has been absolutely no trace of the missing newspaper heiress. 01:30:57 >> Summer, 1975, over a year after her kidnapping, patty hearst and the kidnappers hide out in separate san francisco houses, but federal agents are closing in. 01:31:08 >> Soliah, cathy soliah was giving a speech at the berkeley memorial from the sla and her brother was shuttling back and forth between these two houses, delivering food and delivering messages and the fbi eventually picked this up shuttle. 01:31:25 Nbc news present the arrest of patty hearst. 01:31:28 Patty hearst, kidnapped daughter of a wealthy publisher 19 months ago, later, the dedicated revolutionary tania is in the hands of federal authorities tonight in san francisco, california. 01:31:37 >> Did she say anything? 01:31:38 >> I asked her if she was glad it was over and she just didn't say a word. 01:31:43 , bill and emily harris were picked up here at a house in san francisco's outer mission district a cache of arms was found in a closet when federal agents moved n. 01:31:51 >> Now says the fbi there is no moresome la. 01:31:54 >> When patty hearst was arrested, she gave her occupation at the jail as urban guerilla. 01:32:03 And she greeted the cameras with a raised, clenched fist, needless to say, it was very hard for her to present herself afte rescued kidnap victim. 01:32:24 >> Bill and emily harris are taken to los angeles to face charges for the mel's sporting goods robbery and shootout. 01:32:28 attorney james browning holds patty her nfl san francisco to stand trial for her first criminal act as tania. 01:32:36 >> There was never any doubt in my mind that I would be prosecuting patty hearst for the bank robbery. 01:32:46 Once the evidence was there she would be tried for the crime. 01:32:52 patricia hearst, heiress to the trial in california, taking part in the robbery of a bank with the symbionese liberation army. 01:33:02 During the next few weeks it maybe called the trial of the century. 01:33:06 Ic think of no other case, simpson case, which had received as much media attention as patty hearst case. 01:33:16 >> Mean people lined up hours before the proceedings got under way, in hopes they would get a seat in the courtroom. 01:33:23 February 4, 1976 two years to the day after her kidnapping, browning begins to make his case against patty hearst. 01:33:32 >> Evidence that would seemingly destroy most defenses with ease was tediously presented to the court. 01:33:39 Browning said this film showed hearst was an active participant in the bank robbery. 01:33:44 Witnesses testified she appeared to be a bona fide bandit. 01:33:47 >> That, in fact, was patricia hearst in those movies, there was never any question about that. 01:33:53 I had to prove that she did it intentionally or she shouldn't have been convicted. 01:33:57 >> To prove that intent, the prosecution calls tom matthews, a young man who was carjacked by patty and the harrises after the mel's sporting goods shootout. 01:34:08 She told this young man, all of this stuff about her being coerced into doing whatever the sla tells her to do, such as rob the bank or anything else is a bunch of hooey, is nonsense, it never happened. 01:34:27 She was never brainwashed. 01:34:30 >> Instead, browning argues this patty hearst experienced a dramatic conversion from average citizen to urban guerilla, much like the other sla members. 01:34:41 >> Pamela hall was the daughter of a clergyman. 01:34:46 Nancy ling perry used to be a goldwater girl. 01:34:50 Willie wolf was the son of a doctor. 01:34:53 Maybe it's not so beyond the bounds of reason that patty hearst could have been radicalized to willingly and voluntarily join the sla. 01:35:14 >> Tapes of patty's voice once again play a key role. 01:35:17 This time to show she is an unrepent tant and dangerous radical. 01:35:21 >> I guess I will just tell that you my politics are real different from way back when. 01:35:27 >> And so this creates all kinds of problems for me in terms of a defense. 01:35:35 >> To prove that hearst was a willing member of the sla, browning focuses on one tape and one relationship in particular. 01:35:46 >> Neither cujo or I had ever loved an individual the way we loved each other. 01:35:52 >> Willie wolf was a very personable young man, according to all the reportsreports. 01:36:00 At the time of the trial, we thought that patricia hearst did have an affair with willie wolf, cujo. 01:36:06 >> The prosecutors say the relationship was confirmed by the pages of the tania autobiography, now in fbi custody. 01:36:24 >> Cujo was an incredibly patient, loving and dedicated person. 01:36:37 Before I got a reading light in the closet, cujo read to me. 01:36:46 I had a lot of good feelings before I was accepted into the cell. 01:36:56 Cujo was a beautiful and gentle man. 01:37:03 >> Even though patty penned these words herself in court, she denies any relationship with cujo. 01:37:08 She claims he and other members of the sla rained her. 01:37:14 Again, browning turns to the final tape recording. 01:37:20 >> The pigs probably have the little olmec monkey that cujo wore around his neck. 01:37:28 He gave me that little stone face one night. 01:37:30 >> Part of the tape had patricia saying the pigs, meaning the police, the pigs probably is cujo's little olmec monkey. 01:37:40 What is an olmec monkey, we went around asking each other? 01:37:46 Patricia hearst and willie wolf had exchanged little old charms or trinkets or something of the sort and patricia hearst car laid it little charm with her, either around her neck or in her purse always. 01:38:03 She was never without it. 01:38:06 >> With her purse in evidence, the prosecution makes a stunning discovery. 01:38:15 >> We dumped out the contempts of her purse and there it was, a little stone face, blackstone face. 01:38:25 What type of woman who has been rained and cannot stand a man carries around a little gift from that man, either around her neck or in her purse for a year? 01:38:37 We held up the little stone face that cujo had given tania before the jury and said, "ladies and gentlemen, this little stone face can't talk, but it says an " >> coming up, the patty hearst trial comes to a shocking end. 01:38:57 >> If her name had been jones, she would never have been prosecuted. 01:39:06 (announcer) woman express each one more with downy simple pleasures feel more calm with new downylavender serenity feel more daring with spice blossom dare feel more elegant with orchid allure now all have renewing scent pearls that help you express every side of you downy simple pleasures. 01:39:32 Feel more it to start losing essential nutrients? 01:41:25 In fact, green beans lose half their vitamin C in a week. 01:41:28 That's why Green Giant freezes them within 8 hours to lock in nutrients. 01:41:33 Ho ho ho Green Giant Is >>> patricia hearst, air he is res to the hearst newspaper fortune on trial in california, taking part in a bank robbery with the symbionese liberation army. 01:42:00 Was she of sound mike mind, acting on her own, or was she not? 01:42:04 >> After the bravado of her arrest, patty arrived at her trial and appears to be transformed. 01:42:10 >> She was acting very much like would you expect a hearst daughter to act. 01:42:16 She pleaded not guilty and she had a very high-powered lawyer, f. lee bailey to plead her case. 01:42:22 lee bailey was chose ton head the defense. 01:42:31 Manicured, he had gained standing after defending sam shepherd, earnest medina and the boston strangler. 01:42:39 >> I don't feel I'm overmatched at all. 01:42:44 I feel I have probably tried bailey has. 01:42:46 >> I was not worried about mr. 01:42:48 Bailey's notoriety and his experience. 01:42:50 I figured he puts on his pants one leg at a time, just like i do. 01:42:57 >> Bailey's long-time partner, al johnson, flies to california to join the defense team. 01:43:05 >> I met with patty first about three days after her capture by the fbi. 01:43:12 Between that time and the time of her trial, indeed, during her trial, I spent about 16 hours a day with her in prison. 01:43:22 It was very difficult working with patty. 01:43:25 She was very confused, as you might expect. 01:43:28 And much of her conversation was laced with the same speech patterns with the people who had kidnapped her had spoken during the time she was kidnapped. 01:43:45 >> To further complicate matters for the defense, after two years of intense media coverage, the jurors are all familiar with patty hearst's story r. 01:43:56 >> This is simply unbiased, unpledge dissed news publicity, it was biased. 01:44:02 And it was impossible to elude it. 01:44:08 Other come to any conclusion, other than the guilt of patty hearst. 01:44:12 There was no way that we felt that that trial could end up in a verdict of acquittal unless patty took the stand. 01:44:23 >> Five days after the trial begins, patty hearst starts to testify in her owndefense. 01:44:29 >> The strategy of her defense became obvious during the first week that I met with her in the san mateo county jail. 01:44:38 It was the only thing ever, which if believed could save her. 01:44:48 Tell the truth. 01:44:52 >> On the stand, patty hearst describes her time with the sla as a hostage situation and claims that her relationship with cujo was no love affair. 01:45:02 >> She was in that closet for 57 days 57 days. 01:45:08 Often without food, very unsanitary conditions. 01:45:12 And as I said before, brutalized, physically and mentally. 01:45:19 None of the relationships or friendships which existed between her and any of her captors were ever legitimate. 01:45:25 No consensual relationship with anyone, other than that forced upon her by her kidnappers. 01:45:31 >> She later said, and members of her defense team said, that basically, she took up with him to avoid becoming the property of the whole group. 01:45:44 The seproperty of the whole group. 01:45:46 >> Following patty's terrifying description of her captivity, the defense presents their explanation for why she joined the sla. 01:45:53 They tell the jury that patty lost her free will. 01:45:58 >> I don't remember ever dealing with someone as disturbed as patricia campbell hearst was prior to enduring her trial. 01:46:08 She was absolutely unable to help me to form conclusions concerning her conduct because of what had been put into her mind through brain washing. 01:46:22 >> The defense calls top experts in brain washing to explain how college student patty becomes bank robbing revolutionary tania. 01:46:31 >> I find a direct parallel in her experience between many RETURNING P.O.W.s OF A -- IN THE Military group and between many who had been through thought reform in chinese prisons. 01:46:48 >> The psychiatrist also unanimously and the psychiatrists were the best in the country, unanimously testified that she was involuntarily influenced by her captors to ttent that she believed, honestly believed if she did not cooperate with them she would be executed. 01:47:18 >> But what the defense fails to explore is the new psychology about kidnap victims. 01:47:23 >> They got the senior, best-informed psychiatrists of the time and those psychiatrists knew a lot about brain washing and knew very little about stockholm syndrome. 01:47:37 Psychiatrist frank ochberg WORKED WITH THE FBI IN THE 1970s On a task force. 01:47:46 He is responsible for defining the syndrome called the stockholm syndrome. 01:47:50 This comes from a hostage crisis in sweden where a bank teller develops a deep and mysterious attachment to one of her captors. 01:47:57 It maybe the key to what happened to patty hearst. 01:48:00 >> A person is suddenly and unexpectedly held hostage by force and that person is scared beyond fear. 01:48:12 They know they are gonna die. 01:48:14 They say they know they are gonna die. 01:48:15 It's -- it's stunning. 01:48:21 And the same person who took you from a normal life into captivity allows you to speak, to eat, to use the toilet, to move. 01:48:35 And you experience something like being an infant who is given the gift of life by your mother. 01:48:44 It doesn't hurt to get the stockholm syndrome it really can help you survive. 01:48:50 I believe it happened and i believe that she developed her affection toward cujo, who would have been the more maternal of her hostageholders. 01:49:05 The stockholm syndrome maybe the reason for patty's conversion to thesome la but there's a catch. 01:49:12 >> I believe the stockholm syndrome can make you fall in love with the outlaw but the stockholm syndrome doesn't remove yourwrong. 01:49:20 And if you choose to do wrong, the stockholm syndrome is no excuse.issue canmake it burn even more. 01:49:36 (announcer) THEY'VE BEEN TESTED, BUILT AND Driven like no other. 01:50:10 And now they're being offered like no other. 01:50:13 Come to the winter event and get an exceptional offer on the 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have the better case. 01:53:15 >> After one day of deliberations, the jury returns with a verdict. 01:53:24 >> She robbed a bank and she did it with a firearm. 01:53:33 Federal judge sentenced her to seven years. 01:53:37 >> It's one of the great injustices of the criminal justice system of the united states. 01:53:43 It's one which will leave its mark on the history of jurs prudence for many years to come. 01:53:49 And one which I hope will never be recreated. 01:53:54 >> Patricia hearst is back in prison again this morning to complete a seven-year sentence for joining a group of terrorists in a bank robbery. 01:54:02 Snes what's call add minimum-security college campus-like jail without cell bars. 01:54:11 >> Following patty's arrest and conviction, bill and emily harris plead guilty to weapons and firearms charges. 01:54:21 The radical group that once captured the media's attention fades from view. 01:54:26 >> You know, it was almost like a signing off. 01:54:28 It was the end of an era. 01:54:32 They went out like a shooting star. 01:54:35 >> Now we can move on into wherever else life's going to take us but we hopefully are done with this kind of nonsense. 01:54:48 >> After 22 movants, 2 weeks and 4 days in jail in prison and 30 this morning, patricia hearst became a free woman. 01:54:58 >> President carter granted her a communation which is not the same as a pardon. 01:55:05 >> I think that I've gotten a lot stronger, a lot more self confident. 01:55:10 I take a lot of things in stride that make other people fall apart. 01:55:17 And I think mostly that. 01:55:19 I've learned a lot about people. 01:55:21 I've been around a lot of different kinds of people, had to handle lots of unusual situations, and for someone my age, I've been through an awful lot. 01:55:33 >> I don't know how in retrospect the hearst family ever survived tie most important thing in the lives of randy and katherine hearst were their children. 01:55:42 The entire affair, that is her kidnapping, her trial and the aftermath of her trial by her wrongful incarceration caused them to separate. 01:55:52 And they divorced. 01:55:55 >> I just hope that no other family has their happiness destroyed by terrorists in this country again. 01:56:05 Tie come moneyation from president carter released patty hearst from prison without reversing her conviction. 01:56:11 More than two decades later, president bill clinton grants her a full pardon. 01:56:16 >> Big names on the list getting PARDONS ARE susan McDoug e eel and patty herself of the decades ago. 01:56:27 >> In a 1982 autobiography, an occasional media interviews, patty hearst asserted her innocence. 01:56:36 >> A kidnap victim has not been tried before or since for crimes committed in the company of their kidnappers. 01:56:43 >> Frankly, being kidnapped by people like that, the odds are better than good that you're not going to make it through it. 01:56:51 >> I was the one who was prosecuted and for that, let go, oh, almost about 20 people to prosecute me. 01:57:00 For a bank robbery that was just absolutely -- you know, rob this bank or you die. 01:57:09 >> To this day, she maintains she never converted to the sla cause or fell in love with cujo. 01:57:15 >> I think it's insulting to anyone who's ever been raped to suggest that -- that that could turn into a seduction and a love affair afterward. 01:57:28 It's outrageous. 01:57:30 >> Even those who knew patty as tonya can't say for certain if she was a willing participant in the sla. 01:57:37 >> My opinion on the subject is I don't know. 01:57:40 That will be debated until the end of time, I guess. 01:57:45 >> I think she was a revolutionary by choice for a period of time. 01:57:49 I think she's no longer a revolutionary. 01:57:52 I'm not worried about her robbing anymore banks. 01:57:57 >> I don't think anyone bounces back from these kinds of experiences without some inner strength that I would atroibt her character. 01:58:10 >> I think patty shaers the ultimate survivor. 01:58:12 And that's another reason why i think she continues to compel us. 01:58:19 She went through ordeal that is are difficult to imagine. 01:58:21 She did things which sometimes were admirable and sometimes were not. 01:58:25 And yet, she continued to survive. 01:58:29 >> As far as her situation now, she's a crafty young lady with good legal advice. 01:58:36 >> She married an individual who from the san francisco police department who I hired to protect her after the bail hearing by the judge and has a family of her own. 01:58:49	i don't know
In what 1959 Peter Sellers movie does the Duchy of Grand Fenwick invade the US in an attempt to start a war so that the US will rebuild their nation following its victory?	One Man and his Blog… » Kodak Tri-X (320) One Man and his Blog… 0 Hard to imagine it was so long ago, but 25 years ago this week, Nevermind entered the pantheon of the all-time great rock albums, as the unmistakable riff to Nirvanaâs seismic debut single, Smells Like Teen Spirit, almost overnightÂ transformed the band from âgrungeâ unknowns into one of the biggest rock groups of the era – Nevermind the toll that fame and fortune subsequently contributed to the sad demise of their legendary frontman, Kurt Cobain. And for anyone looking to indulge in the macabre of Kurt – as I regularly discovered during my almost decade-long Seattle sojourn – then the No.27 Metro Bus is but a quick journey from Downtown to Lake Washington Boulevard and the mansion where Cobain lived with Courtney Love and controversially took his own life.Â However, this is now a private residence – and the garage-outhouse where the star blew his brains out has long been demolished to avoid ghoul seekers…but it failed. Â Cobain’s body was cremated, with his ashes scattered in an undisclosed spot in the Wishkah River near his hometown of Aberdeen, Washington.Â So in the absence of any other shrine, devoted fans congregate on Nirvana/Cobain anniversary moments at the more permanent Viretta Park, a small patch of grass directly next door to the mansion, and in particular the lone bench there – and todayâs photo was one of a series taken in 2014, on the 20th anniversary of his death – where heâs said to have spent time reflecting on his life and music, that has now become a de facto memorial to the grunge icon, where they’ll leave candles and flowers as well as scrawl messages.Â 0 Thereâs a wonderful 1959 Peter Sellers movie called The Mouse That Roared , all about the economic woes of the fictitious smallest country in the world, The Duchy of Grand Fenwick. Theyâre on the brink of bankruptcy, and come up with the wheeze of declaring war on America – the plan being to invade with a token force armed with bows and arrows, immediately surrender with no casualties on either side, after which the US, which it has historically done, will provide vast financial aid to rebuild the country. Of course, it all goes comedically wrong. Sellers’ main character, Tully, somehow against the odds and everyones expectations, ends up winning the war and Grand Fenwick is horrified at the prospect that they now might have to provide financial assistance to rebuild America! But what does all this have to do with todayâs photo showing books of Lenin and a “Lenin”-like corduroy hat in a Glasgow Oxfam bookshop display, I hear you all ask? The answer is the newly-elected Labour party leader Jeremy Corbyn MP – his stunning victory today reminds me so much of The Mouse That Roared. When he threw his own Lenin cap into the ring just a few months back, he was the 200-1 token candidate of the hard left who scraped into the contest only thanks to charity nominations from Labour MPs.Â Now, in one of the biggest earthquakes in British politics, he was swept to power and now leads them! (And for Americans Â perhaps wondering what Corbynâs political leanings are, let’s just say that by comparison Bernie Sanders could be considered a staunch Republican!) But in this age of austerity with grotesque levels of inequality in our society, things had to dramatically change in British and particularly Labour politics – you simply canât have a two-party state consisting of Tory and Tory Lite. Labour learned that to their electoral cost here in Scotland, by being all but politically wiped out by a leftwing-leaning nationalist tsunami. And yes, as a former Labour party apparatchik, I duly paid my Â£3 supporters fee and voted for Jeremy âJez We Canâ Corbyn. Leica M3 & 1.4/50mm Summilux V2 Kodak Tri-X (@320) Rodinal/R09 (1+50 – 9.5 min) Plustek 7600i & Vuescan 2 My favourite piece of public art is on Woodlands Road in Glasgow, on the cusp of the city’s west end – the ‘Wild West End’ as the case may well be, because that’s where you’ll find the world’s only two-legged equestrian statue, called El Fideldo (or “Elfie” for short), who is carrying on her back Lobey Dosser, a cartoon sheriff, and his persistent nemesis, Rank Bajin (a right bad one in the Glaswegian vernacular). The bronze effigy pays homage to the work of Bud Neil, the legendary Partick cartoonist whose “Lobey Dosser” comic strip appeared regularly in the city’s Evening Times through the 1950s. Â Capitalising on the interest in Westerns of the time – and an outlet for the artist’s childhood love of westerns – it’s the surreal adventures of the Sheriff of Calton Creek, a township in the Arizona desertÂ that for some reason or other seemed to be populated entirely by Glaswegians. Bud’s cartoon strip (which had a revival in the early 1970s) was my first vivid recollection of waiting patiently in the family hierarchy to read a newspaper Â – and being the youngest in a family of seven, it was often a long wait.Â The statue was installed in 1996 and paid for by donations following an appeal in the Diary columns of the Glasgow Herald (the Evening TimesâÂ big sister). Art students Tony Morrow and Nick Gillon took no fee for designing and building the monument. Leica M3 & 50mm Summilux V2 Kodak Tri-X (320) 1 This year marks the bicentenary of one of the major events that changed the course of European history – the Battle of Waterloo . The countdown to the official June anniversary date is already underway, including a 3-D film and the biggest re-enactment of the battle ever staged.Â But for most Glaswegians, there will be a big surprise when they discover that the Duke of Wellington didnât charge into battle on his trusty steed, Copenhagen, to take on Napoleon while wearing an orange traffic-cone top hat on his head – after all, for many, thatâs the only hat theyâve ever seen him wear. His once imposing equestrian statue, located outside the Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA) on Royal Exchange Square, has now become an iconic part of Glasgow’s heritage, and means far more to the people of Glasgow than imperialistic figure-head Wellington himself ever has.Â I can barely still remember a time when, as a kid, the duke didnât have his cone hat. The tradition is believed to have started in the early 1970s during a Glasgow University student âRag Weekâ; and no matter how many times council workmen removed the traffic cone hat, by the next morning he was sporting a new one. Even the city cops couldnât – or perhaps didnât want to – crack the case of just who the cone culprits were. Â But our killjoy city fathers say that they spend Â£10,000 a year removing the cones and other various items of clothing (such as flowery Hawaiian shirts and cravats) from the statue that appears on the list of the â top 10 most bizarre monuments on Earth â. So, in 2013 – citing the all-catching Health & Safety rules – they announced they were going to raise his plinth by another six-feet, at a cost of around Â£60,000, in an attempt to “deter all but the most determined of vandals”. And after all, raising the statue is a very sound idea because, as we all know, if there’s one thing every Glaswegian loves it’s being told what they can and cannot do. Â They soon had to back down though after a campaign was launched to “ Keep The Cone “, that almost immediately attracted 10,000 people signing an online protest petition and 72,000 Facebook likes within 24 hours. The campaign also discovered that figures over the last four years, showed that the council received only 10 calls complaining about the traffic cone. Â And besides – and you really have to laugh at this bit – it was also shown that the council actually made money on the duke sporting the cone! The GoMA does a thriving business selling to tourists postcards, greeting cards, posters, tee-shirts and cups featuring the cone-crowned statue of one Arthur Wellesley, aka 1st Duke of Wellington. Â 3 ‘It’s A Man’s Man’s Worldâ, so says the Godfather of Soul, James Brown. Â And nowhere is this more evident than in Glasgowâs many manly statues, because, after all, the city already has a surplus of female commemorative sculptures. Three, to be precise – Queen Victoria in George Square, Lady Isabella Elder in Govan, and La Pasionara on the Clyde Walkway. Many Glasgow citizens fought and died during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 – and this is the cityâs monument to the International Brigade which fought in the civil war, and is that of Dolores IbÃ¡rruri , a communist from the Basque country who played a prominent role on the Republican side. ‘La Pasionaria’ (The Passion Flower), as she became known, was a great orator and propagandist who coined the phrase, “Better to die on your feet than to live for ever on your knees.” But could a new statue – and this time a true, local working-class heroine – be set to join the other ‘sisters’ in Glasgow? Â Govan housewife Mary Barbour (1875-1958) was instrumental in organising the famous rent strikes of 1915 that changed British law. She took on and exposed unscrupulous landlords who – exploiting the fact that men had left their homes to fight in WWI – tried to steeply increase rents in the city. A doughty champion of social issues, she went on to become Glasgowâs first woman Labour councillor and campaigned successfully on a range of welfare issues, securing pensions for mothers, free school milk for children and pioneered the cityâs first family planning clinic.Â The campaign to raise money for her statue has also recently seen the Govan-born ex-Man Utd boss Sir Alex Ferguson making a return to his Socialist roots to donate Â£5000 to the Remember Mary Barbour Â appeal. Leica M3 & 50mm Summilux V2 Kodak Tri-X (@320) Rodinal/R09 (1+50 – 9.5 min) Plustek 7600i & Vuescan 3 Only in Glasgow could this possibly happen. Â Fifty Shades of Grey might advocate a little light violence between consenting adults, but cinema-goers in Glasgow took it a step too far on Valentine’s Day last weekend, by âglassingâ a man over the head during a screening of the BDSM movie. Three women were arrested at the old-style Grosvenor cinema (and yes, only two hours after I had taken this photo!) off Ashton Lane, during a particularly rowdy screening which saw people vomiting in the aisles – and apparently the vomiting had nothing to do with how bad the movie was. “Besides being the worst film I have ever seen, three women were getting arrested and put in a police van when we arrived,” 33-year-old Michael Bolton told The Mirror newspaper . “A woman came out the theatre and said that a guy had been glassed. One woman was in handcuffs and another two women were in tears. She said that three or four girls had been very loud and were shouting. The man had asked them to shut up and he was glassed.â And for those American readers of the blog perhaps not nuanced on all things Glaswegian, âglassedâ is being physically attacked (in the face or head) by a glass – and in Glasgow, the drink in it is invariably first consumed! – being used as a weapon. Apparently it was also reported that cinema staff were frantically mopping up the blood and wiping down seats before the start of the 8.20pm screening. In a previous blog, Sex in the City , I told how EL James’ erotic novel was set beside where I used to live in Seattleâs Belltown, and how the British author (and I use that word loosely, unlike the bondage knots), having never once visited the city – nor any other part of the US, for that matter – and based herÂ background scenery on what âresearchâ she could glean by online Real-estate listings, Google Street View and restaurant reviews. Leica M6 Classic & 90mm Elmarit B+W Red Filter Rodinal (1+25 (23ml) – 6min) Plustek 7600i & Vuescan 2 Scotland had oil, as the joke goes, but it’s running out thanks to all that deep frying going on at the ubiquitous chip shop, commonly known as the âchippieâ – and I counted seven within a 5-minute walk of my new locale here just off of Glasgowâs Victoria Road. But Scotlandâs diet is no laughing matter, as it has the worst of any developed country in the western world, and the highest incidence of heart disease. And our âculinaryâ adventures with deep frying is the biggest culprit – you name it, and weâll attempt to fry it, and invariably all washed down with a bottle of âthe other national drinkâ of Irn Bru. One delicacy is the deep-fried Mars Bar, covered in a protective layer of batter, and first reported as appearing on the chippie scene here in August 1995. And since then, the menu has stretched also to Snicker bars and Cadburyâs Creme Eggs. One Scottish chippie even came up recently with a new festive fare of the deep-fried yule log – all with a stonking great 950-calorie count. And if you are off chocolate, thereâs always the deep-fried pizza – and with some chip shops even going as far as adding chips in the pizza fold before deep frying. Other dishes include deep-fried black pudding and the deep-fried haggis, a speciality of one of my local chippies, The Flying Haggis. Goodness, I can almost feel my arteries hardening just writing this blog. Leica M3 & 50mm Summilux V2 Kodak Tri-X (@320) Rodinal/R09 (1+50 – 9.5 min) Plustek 7600i & Vuescan 0 Now celebrating its 40th Anniversary, Seattle International Film Festival creates experiences that bring people together to discover extraordinary films from around the world. Recognised as one of the top film festivals in North America, SIFF is the largest, most highly attended film festival in the United States. Â The 25-day festival is renowned for its wide-ranging and eclectic programming, presenting over 250 feature films from over 70 countries each year. SIFF also helps promote local films and film-makers. Â And in 2011, one of the big sleepers shown at SIFF turned out to be the local Bainbridge Island-based comedy, Old Goats – and this year, Taylor Guterson and his team have released a companion piece, Burkholder , for another quirky, life-affirming, low-key comedy about friendship and the joys of ageing. Â Leica M3 & 50mm Summilux ASPH B+W Orange Filter Load up on guns, bring your friends It’s fun to lose and to pretend She’s over bored and self assured Oh no, I know a dirty word These are, of course, the opening lines to Nirvanaâs angst-fuelled anthem Smells Like Teen Spirit. And last Saturday, on the 20th anniversary of the death of Kurt Cobain, I – along with Leica compadre Don Fleming –Â headed over to the Nirvana frontmanâs Lake Washington home, where he committed suicide in 1994; his body only discovered some 3 days later. Cobainâs ashes were scattered in the nearby Wishkah River. As he has no grave, fans visit the sole park bench in Viretta Park – which borders the house where he used to live with Courtney Love – at the foot of E. John Street at 39th Avenue E., stretching down to Lake Washington Boulevard, to pay their respects. The bench has become the de facto memorial to Kurt, covered with graffiti messages to the grunge icon. And last Saturday, on the anniversary day, a steady stream of Nirvana fans paid tribute to Kurt Cobain at the bench: They lit candles, left flowers, necklaces, messages, cigarettes and his favourite Rainier beer. A guy named Adam even left his shoe. Nevermind.	The Mouse That Roared
If I prank call a store asking if they have Prince Albert in a can, what type of product am I looking for?	The Mouse That Roared (The Mouse That Roared, #1) by Leonard Wibberley — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists "There's only one method of getting money from another nation that is recognized by tradition as honorable," Tully said, solemnly. "What is it?" asked the Duchess . . . "War," he said. "War!" echoed Gloriana, in astonishment. "War," repeated Tully. "We could declare war on the United States." The tiny Duchy of Grand Fenwick is hurting for money. Their plan is to start a war with the U.S., lose, and then receive some subsidy from the American government. So, here they come to sort-of-conquer us, twenty "There's only one method of getting money from another nation that is recognized by tradition as honorable," Tully said, solemnly. "What is it?" asked the Duchess . . . "War," he said. "War!" echoed Gloriana, in astonishment. "War," repeated Tully. "We could declare war on the United States." The tiny Duchy of Grand Fenwick is hurting for money. Their plan is to start a war with the U.S., lose, and then receive some subsidy from the American government. So, here they come to sort-of-conquer us, twenty-three warriors, armed with long bows, spears, and maces. And, strange as it may seem, their cockamamie declaration of war may accidentally lead to lasting peace. This was one of the funniest books I've read in a long time. I've never seen the movie, but Peter Sellers playing three roles? I am SO there! ...more Apr 18, 2012 Henry Avila rated it liked it · review of another edition The tiny English speaking Duchy of Grand Fenwick, located in the Alps, may not seem very important. Just three miles wide and five long.But to the proud inhabitants,all 6,000 of them, it's still paradise on Earth. Founded in 1370 by an English knight Roger Fenwick(Sir Roger if you valued your life in his presence!). Trouble begins when their only export Pinot wine is threatened by a copycat from California( I understand a very inferior product).Grand Duchess Gloriana XII, direct descendant of The tiny English speaking Duchy of Grand Fenwick, located in the Alps, may not seem very important. Just three miles wide and five long.But to the proud inhabitants,all 6,000 of them, it's still paradise on Earth. Founded in 1370 by an English knight Roger Fenwick(Sir Roger if you valued your life in his presence!). Trouble begins when their only export Pinot wine is threatened by a copycat from California( I understand a very inferior product).Grand Duchess Gloriana XII, direct descendant of Roger...Sir Roger,calls a meeting of her Privy Council.At stake, the very existence of the Grand Duchy.The 22 year old ruler and very pretty say her loyal subjects,(and the few visitors to her country),needs help desperately. What to do?This being in the the Cold War,Tully Bascomb the chief forest ranger and son of the wisest man in the realm,proposes war with the United States!After the two political leaders Count Mountjoy and Mr.Benter recover their senses,and all calm returns. Bascomb, (has some explaining to do), says to send a Declaration of War to the U.S.They will be quickly defeated and showered with millions of dollars in foreign aid.But when a State Department clerk see's the document, he has a hearty laugh thinking it's a joke and promptly loses the paper. Waiting many weeks,Grand Fenwick feels insulted by being totally ignored.Assembling a mighty army of 23 men led by Tully, chartering the brig Endeavor and sailing from Marseilles, they land in a deserted New York City! The Expeditionary force feels uneasy.An air raid drill keeps everyone in the subways and at home.Dr.Kokintz, inventor of the"Q Bomb", the latest and most powerful nuclear weapon, works at Columbia University.Bascomb decides to march there.Wearing shining armor, they meet some men wearing clothes that cover everything,(a decontamination squad),the Americans think the "Knights" are men from Mars, just off flying saucers !Fleeing when ray guns are fired, arrows actually and run for their lives.Soon Tully's men capture Dr.Kokintz, if they can get back to Grand Fenwick with the Dr. and the little bomb, that small nation will be the most important in the world.Imagine that! ...more Shelves: classics , humor , reviewed This book is hilarious. Unfortunately it's also out of print, and so difficult to track down. Luckily I managed to find a copy in a local used book store, and I read it very quickly. I first heard of the movie version of this book many years ago when I was still in high school, and a friend told me about this movie where a small nation invades America and wins, even though they only had spears and things, because nobody took them seriously. I thought it sounded funny, but she didn't know the name This book is hilarious. Unfortunately it's also out of print, and so difficult to track down. Luckily I managed to find a copy in a local used book store, and I read it very quickly. I first heard of the movie version of this book many years ago when I was still in high school, and a friend told me about this movie where a small nation invades America and wins, even though they only had spears and things, because nobody took them seriously. I thought it sounded funny, but she didn't know the name and neither did I, so this slipped from my memory entirely. Until six months ago, when I was looking for a book to suggest for book club and I turned to my favorite resource, Nancy Pearl and her book, Book Lust: Recommended Reading for Every Mood, Moment, and Reason (which I have used to find a number of fantastic and enjoyable books to read for myself and for others). One book caught my eye, and reminded me of my friend's story from high school, so I added it to the list. In fact, the only thing that stopped me from recommending it was finding out that it was out of print and people were only willing to sell their copies for quite a bit of money. That said, this book is hilarious, but it's also an entertaining story about war, international policy, and wine. This was obviously written in the 50's or 60's, and was apparently a satire and commentary on the Cold War, so I wish that I was more informed about those issues. Unfortunately, I'm not, but I was still able to get a lot out of the book, and though some chapters slowed down, as a whole, the book moved pretty fast. Some of the major characters were underdeveloped, but the central tenant, that we need to take care of the human race before we figure out a way to protect our own country, resonated with me, and can still resonate with lots of people. I would definitely recommend this book to anybody who can find it. (view spoiler) [The only thing that really bothered me about this book was one passage in one of the last chapters, where Duchess Gloriana talks about how men treating their wives equally is abuse, and how men shouldn't ask women their opinions or ideas. Obviously Leonard Wibberley is a male writer, who was writing during the 1950's, but this really stuck out and kind of annoyed me, because Gloriana is a kick-ass character, and so I was a bit frustrated to see her talk about how women's rights are little more than abuse. This didn't really affect my enjoyment of the book, because I recognize that this was Wibberley's viewpoint, and it's not like it's the most egregious example of sexism that I've seen from this time (I very clearly remember a Canadian propaganda film in which a man has a horrible nightmare that he wakes up in a world where men and women have switched places. He eventually learns that it's wrong to call women stupid, but that they should be grateful that men do everything for them because they're stronger, better with money, and more rational). Anyway, that was the one thing about the book that really stuck out to me as a negative, even though I understand that it was more Wibberley using Gloriana to make a point as opposed to her actual thought. Besides, the whole final chapters of Mountjoy deciding that Gloriana had to marry were ridiculous, and I was rooting for her to end up with Tully anyway. It didn't really spoil my enjoyment of the book, which I assume was pretty on point, but it's there. (hide spoiler) ] I haven't seen the film or read any of the sequels, but I'd be interested in doing so. It was a lot of fun and a relatively quick read, and I think people should try to read this book at some point, because it's both funny and it has something to say. ...more Oct 29, 2015 Alice rated it it was amazing · review of another edition Hysterically funny The miniscule Duchery of Grand Fenwick is suffering from a population explosion (4000 to 6000 people), financial woes (Their Pinot is being copied and undersold by a California Winery), and is no longer self sufficient after 600 years of existence. What to do? Declaring war on America is the only honorable decision. Thus begins one of the funniest book series of the Cold War period. Made into a movie with Peter Sellers which is definitely worth viewing, the book still contains a Hysterically funny The miniscule Duchery of Grand Fenwick is suffering from a population explosion (4000 to 6000 people), financial woes (Their Pinot is being copied and undersold by a California Winery), and is no longer self sufficient after 600 years of existence. What to do? Declaring war on America is the only honorable decision. Thus begins one of the funniest book series of the Cold War period. Made into a movie with Peter Sellers which is definitely worth viewing, the book still contains a lot more and gives a strong message. You will be laughing out loud, so reading in a private area is advised. ...more May 29, 2013 Nick Hannon rated it really liked it This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. The Mouse that Roared by Leonard Wibberley is a satirical book that is set during the Cold War or during the time of massive nuclear arms build up. The story begins in the small nation of the Grand Duchy of Fenwick which has detached itself from the world for nearly six centuries. The country is in need of money and they come up with a plan to get the money by going to war with the United States. Even though they plan to lose the Grand Duchy of Fenwick becomes the most powerful country in the The Mouse that Roared by Leonard Wibberley is a satirical book that is set during the Cold War or during the time of massive nuclear arms build up. The story begins in the small nation of the Grand Duchy of Fenwick which has detached itself from the world for nearly six centuries. The country is in need of money and they come up with a plan to get the money by going to war with the United States. Even though they plan to lose the Grand Duchy of Fenwick becomes the most powerful country in the world by the end of the book. I find it scary that the USA will take a declaration of war from another country as a joke even if the country is very small. I also find it scary how guys dressed as medieval knights are able to invade the USA and get away with only one casualty I mean they brought bow and arrows to a gunfight (i would have thought that trained people with guns would be able to handle a very very small army) I find it strange that a bomb that has the power to destroy mankind was just being left alone on a table in an unguarded office building. I think its funny how a small country was able to beat the US and destroy their reputation as the most powerful nation in the world in just a matter of hours. This story raises many themes and messages. Like Freedom and how freedom is never free and when you win freedom you get more responsibilities than you would if you had lost freedom, Victory and how when you win something you gain more responsibilities- like caring for the loser or “with great power comes great responsibility” and stuff like that-than you would if you had lost. Also with Patriotism vs. Humanitarianism and how people like nuclear scientist or even soldiers have to choose between fighting/helping their country by killing people in order to save people. Also how Dr. Kokintz has to decide whether or not he should betray the United States for the greater good of the world. I think that Wibberley sees mankind as being naturally good because of what he has the character Pierce say, “But the deepest force in any man is toward good” (205) Whereas Golding sees mankind as naturally bad as he shows his views in the book Lord of the Flies. And since these books were published 1 year apart I think that this would've been a big debate back in the day. One last message that I think this book shows is that sometimes the biggest problems comes from the smallest of places. But besides messages and themes I felt like the plot was very well thought out except for the end. I felt like Wibberley just got tired of the book in the last 60 pages and just decided to have Gloriana marry Tully to give the reader that happy ending. In conclusion I think that The Mouse that Roared is a funny and deep book and that anyone would be able to enjoy it. ...more Shelves: humor , fiction Hurray! There's more of these! I admit to myself I was skeptical, hopeful but skeptical. How funny or topical or still relevant today could 1955 Cold War satire be? And it turns out very to all three and I think only shows its age in a few spots. It's a nice merge of fantasy and reality--the possibility I think of a tiny country comprised of English longbowmen mercenaries who claimed that territory in the 14th century because no one else wanted it, where they still use long bows and wear Hurray! There's more of these! I admit to myself I was skeptical, hopeful but skeptical. How funny or topical or still relevant today could 1955 Cold War satire be? And it turns out very to all three and I think only shows its age in a few spots. It's a nice merge of fantasy and reality--the possibility I think of a tiny country comprised of English longbowmen mercenaries who claimed that territory in the 14th century because no one else wanted it, where they still use long bows and wear heraldic outfits perhaps is stretching it a bit, but the author merges them pretty nicely with occupied defense administrators and junior ministers, because no one takes them seriously when they declare war on the US. Why? Their one commodity, wine--and the Grand Fenwickians take wine very seriously since their two political parties are formed over whether they should water it down some--has been ruined by an American winery selling a cheap knockoff with a deceptive label. When outraged protests and letters are either ignored or used by the unscrupulous winery for its benefit, there's only one choice left--war. So they send an archer & mace warparty to the US, and when they embark in New York, they find the streets deserted to a civil defense drill. The scenes of them wandering around the streets, creeped out by the lack of people, I thought were some of the best in the book. Through a series of lucky coincidences, they find themselves in the possession of a new insanely powerful weapon (basically will wipe out continents and poison the earth for all time), they kidnap a few soldiers and policemen and sail back for home. The smallest country in the world is now the most powerful, and all the world's leaders come toadying up to Duchess Gloriana XII, the 22 year old ruler, who with her advisors, has a plan. Will definitely read the next four. http://yearningtoread.blogspot.com/ Grand Fenwick is a little known country near France, a small duchy that has flourished for centuries because of their popular wine company. Recently, however, the wine business has failed to bring in enough money to live on. There are those who wish to dilute the wine, and others who are against this notion. Both parties continue to argue over the outcome until a grand scheme is devised: small, itty bitty Grand Fenwick will declare war on the U.S. - attack, lo http://yearningtoread.blogspot.com/ Grand Fenwick is a little known country near France, a small duchy that has flourished for centuries because of their popular wine company. Recently, however, the wine business has failed to bring in enough money to live on. There are those who wish to dilute the wine, and others who are against this notion. Both parties continue to argue over the outcome until a grand scheme is devised: small, itty bitty Grand Fenwick will declare war on the U.S. - attack, lose, and then receive all sorts of benefits for their trouble, as they had seen happen to every nation who lost a war to the U.S. But of course, this isn't at all what happens. In fact, Grand Fenwick, the smallest nation in the world, wins this war. And becomes the most powerful nation in the world. ________________________________________ My thoughts - I looked forward to reading this book for nearly 9 months before I finally got to read it for school. It most definitely did not disappoint and I want to say right off the bat that everyone should give this a try! :) For one, this book is hilarious. Everything about it - the characters, story line, and dialogue - has some sort of humorous tinge to it. I laughed and giggled through the whole thing. Yet, at the same time, there is a strong sense of seriousness and peril, as well as great honor, throughout the entire story. I couldn't help but follow along to discover what would happen, knowing I wouldn't be disappointed. Character notes - I loved all the characters in this book. From the Duchess of Grand Fenwick to Tully Bascomb; from the President of the U.S. to the Russian Commissar. Even if they weren't the most in-depth characters in literature (because this story wasn't exactly meant to focus on character), they were fascinating and realistic all the same. I actually think the U.S. President is my favorite, with Gloriana (the Duchess) coming in at a close second. I respected them both and loved the way they handled the sticky situations they were put in. Story notes - This story really focuses a lot on politics - with a mixture of action, silliness, romance, and character history on the side. I was quite taken with the story line from the start of the book. I cared about Grand Fenwick and their financial struggles and wanted them to find the solution. Then, when they proposed war, the action started. Then more politics...then suspense...and so on. I loved the perfect trap the U.S. walked into, and the perfect set-up to win the war that the warriors of Grand Fenwick had. And neither side knew it. Quite a way to set up an unexpected ending to an already hilarious (and intriguing) story! One word/phrase to sum it up (final thoughts) - Uproarious! I loved it all, even if it wasn't super deep or life-altering. A bit of silliness, romance, and war mixed in with political disagreements of all different kinds makes for a lovely story and enjoyable read! ...more May 23, 2013 Van rated it really liked it This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. The Mouse that Roared by Leonard Wibberley is a satirical novel about the Cold War. The plot centers on the fictional country of Grand Fenwick and the exploits of its inhabitants. In the story, Grand Fenwick is the world’s smallest country. Yet, through the actions of a few devoted citizens it wins a war against the United States, captures the world’s most powerful weapon, and eventually brings an end to the Cold War. This book has several important attributes that make it enjoyable. First, is The Mouse that Roared by Leonard Wibberley is a satirical novel about the Cold War. The plot centers on the fictional country of Grand Fenwick and the exploits of its inhabitants. In the story, Grand Fenwick is the world’s smallest country. Yet, through the actions of a few devoted citizens it wins a war against the United States, captures the world’s most powerful weapon, and eventually brings an end to the Cold War. This book has several important attributes that make it enjoyable. First, is the surprising believability of the story. Though the places, characters, and even their actions are not realistic, the logic behind them is always solid and understandable within the context. In other words, despite the fact that the events themselves are generally preposterous it makes sense that one event would follow the next. There are not random left turns in this story like one might expect form a satire. Another great part of this book is that it is surprisingly thought provoking. It makes one think about where the power in the world is and where it should be. It also points out that there are many different, albeit less realistic, ways to solve conflicts. Arguably the best part of this book is that it is funny and does not feel like work to read. Though overall a great story, the book does have several drawbacks. First, at some points it does get a little ridiculous and unbelievable. For instance, the idea that the U.S. government would make an air-raid drill for the entire east coast is simply preposterous, not to mention the coincidence that it occurred at the exact same time that the U.S. was “invaded” by Grand Fenwick. Furthermore, there is no chance that the worlds most powerful bomb would be built and stored in an unguarded college laboratory. Second, I felt that the author did not do the greatest job of creating a climax in the story. It felt more like a slight ebb and flow than the dramatic build up of tension that tends to make a story more enjoyable. This might also have been caused by the fact that there was not really a main character, so it was a little harder to get absorbed into the story. Despite having a few drawbacks, The Mouse that Roared is irrefutably a great book. Shelves: published-1955 , spring-2010 This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. Film trailer The story reminds me of the independence of a suburb of London, also a film (black and white) - any clues to the title anyone? LATER - when walking my long-nosed, hairy thing in the woods, it came to me Passport to Pimlico Blurb - Mark McDonnell and Steven McNicoll's dramatisation of Leonard Wibberley's famous comic novel. It is 1956, and the Cold War is at its chilliest. But one European country is blissfully detached from the struggles of the Super Powers. The Duchy of Grand Fenwick Film trailer The story reminds me of the independence of a suburb of London, also a film (black and white) - any clues to the title anyone? LATER - when walking my long-nosed, hairy thing in the woods, it came to me Passport to Pimlico Blurb - Mark McDonnell and Steven McNicoll's dramatisation of Leonard Wibberley's famous comic novel. It is 1956, and the Cold War is at its chilliest. But one European country is blissfully detached from the struggles of the Super Powers. The Duchy of Grand Fenwick and is just five miles long and three miles wide. Under the benign rule of Grand Duchess Gloriana it is a rural idyll almost untouched by the twentieth century, and happy to remain so. But its economy is entirely dependent on the export of a famously exquisite wine. So when this vital trade is threatened by an unscrupulous foreign rival, it's time for action. Gloriana - a wise head on young shoulders - proposes a solution long recognised as acceptable to all nations - that is, to declare war on their much richer enemy, lose, then sit back and wait for the inevitable billions in post-war aid to roll in. So, led by the valiant Tully Bascomb, the twenty men-at-arms that make up the army of Grand Fenwick strap on their chain mail, dust off their longbows, and set sail to wage a deliberately hopeless war on... the United States of America. The only problem is that no one has told Tully that he's meant to lose - and as a result of his remarkable escapades, Gloriana bizarrely finds herself the most powerful political leader in Europe... Gloriana ..... Julie Austin Shelves: satire , reading-group-selection , politial-satire I had read this classic Cold War satire when I was a teenager while the Cold War was still ongoing. At the time it provided light relief to what were real fears of nuclear war. So it was fun to revisit when it was chosen as the February selection for our reading group. We all enjoyed it and discussed the issues the story highlighted and the historical background. While written sixty years ago it still worked well and provided plenty of comedy though in the time since the United States had certai I had read this classic Cold War satire when I was a teenager while the Cold War was still ongoing. At the time it provided light relief to what were real fears of nuclear war. So it was fun to revisit when it was chosen as the February selection for our reading group. We all enjoyed it and discussed the issues the story highlighted and the historical background. While written sixty years ago it still worked well and provided plenty of comedy though in the time since the United States had certainly abandoned its policy of not invading small countries/ It is good to hear that many of the author's works are now being made available in ebook format to be discovered by new readers. Shelves: irish this is a really fun book, really good I recommend it. It was written as a serial and you can tell when you read it because it feels like dispatches in a newspaper. But it is also really well thought out, there aren't the type of plot holes you would expect in a book of this kind. On the other hand it does read as dated which is weird since in theory it is not at all dated. But it is as good as the play. Jul 22, 2014 Christopher Roth rated it really liked it Having only dimly remembered seeing the movie long long ago, and having never read anything by Wibberley other than Encounter near Venus, a strange H.G. Wells ripoff-I-mean-tribute, for children (now an out-of-print rarity), which haunted me after I read it in grade school, I was surprised at how genuinely witty it is. I may pick up some of the other "Mouse" novels if I come across them. Oct 20, 2014 Michael rated it really liked it When I was a kid, my dad had mentioned a book called The Mouse That Roared and for some reason, his description of the premise – a tiny nation captures a nuclear bomb that makes it the most powerful country on Earth – stuck with me. He must have mentioned this thirty years ago, but a few weeks ago I found myself Googling for it and finding it long out of print. I looked on Amazon and people wanted $130 for it. Sometimes, though, it pays to go local. I found it at The Strand for $9. Well, When I was a kid, my dad had mentioned a book called The Mouse That Roared and for some reason, his description of the premise – a tiny nation captures a nuclear bomb that makes it the most powerful country on Earth – stuck with me. He must have mentioned this thirty years ago, but a few weeks ago I found myself Googling for it and finding it long out of print. I looked on Amazon and people wanted $130 for it. Sometimes, though, it pays to go local. I found it at The Strand for $9. Well, definitely had to have it. The book was a bestseller in 1955 and spawned a movie four years later. The author, Leonard Wibberly, seems to have had an interesting life, to say the least. I think part of what brought me to this rather dated piece of fiction was the recent anniversary of Fail Safe, which brought with it a bunch of remembrances of Dr. Strangelove and I guess it is interesting to look back at how art dealt with the absurdity of The Cold War. The Mouse That Roared is definitely an idea book. Wibberly’s characters aren’t deep, though they are likable. This is really farce on a page, something that’s kind of hard to find these days as such entertainments have moved over decades online, to television and to movies. Mouse reminded me a bit of Candide another tale of ideas that works very well on stage. Mouse would probably make a great play, too. So, the story – the Kingdom of Grand Fenwick, five miles long and three miles wide, faces financial catastrophe. It had hummed along for centuries solely on the export of its local wine, Pinot Grand Fenwick, but the revenues are no longer enough to feed and clothe the growing population. The hereditary Duchess and her government decide that they will provoke a war with the United States, for the purpose of losing. The U.S. will then, in the manner of the Marshall Plan, fund the reconstruction of the conquered nation, restoring fiscal stability and independence. What they don’t know is that the U.S. has developed something called the Quadium Bomb, a weapon that can destroy a continent. The problem for the U.S. is that there really is no motive for such destruction. The U.S. decides that Q-Bomb possession is the ultimate deterrence, but that it should never be used. At the same time, they realize that if they developed the Q-Bomb, rivals will eventually develop it as well. In preparation, they devise a massive underground bomb drill that will vacate all the major cities. As they do this, Grand Fenwick invades the U.S. What the Grand Fenwick forces find is… an empty city. They march to Columbia University and find the Q-Bomb inventor, with the only “live” version of the bomb. I know, this really stretches credibility. Wibberly has something of a 1950s science fiction view of the world where an eccentric scientist might be tinkering with a bomb that could destroy the continent and end all life on Earth in his office at Columbia University.You either have to give this kind of thing a pass or just put the book down. Anyway, during the course of the drill, the Grand Fenwick army (about twenty people armed with longbows) retreats with the Q-Bomb, the scientist behind it and some U.S. military men as prisoners of war. By the end of it, Grand Fenwick has the Q-Bomb and the leverage to end the Cold War by forcing the United States, the Soviet Union, England and China to disarm. They form a “League of Little Nations,” including Egypt, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Kuwait, and the like. They decide together that they will safeguard the Q-Bomb and use it to enforce a nuclear disarmament treaty on the major powers. One naïve bit is that the U.S. president actually wants this outcome but believes the Soviet Union will never go for it. The Soviets, for their part, seem to want this result too. Wibberly has a pretty touching view of human nature. I found The Mouse That Roared a great diversion and a quick read. I don’t gather it will ever find itself back in print. It’s certainly a bit dated and won’t hold up as well as, say, Catch-22. But there is something about Wibberly that recalls the lighter side of Kurt Vonnegut and I’d say that if you find a copy floating around a used bookstore or yard sale, you should definitely pick it up. It’s an oddball curiosity and a fun few hours. ...more Shelves: novels I read this book in Junior High School and remembered it very well. I reread it as an adult of 58! I still loved this timeless story Nov 08, 2013 Wayne S. rated it really liked it When I was in high school, I was never involved in drama, but I did attend all the plays, and one year either the junior or senior class did a drama adapted for the stage in 1963 by Christopher Sergel from The Mouse That Roared, a 1955 satirical novel by Irish-American writer Leonard Wibberley. The imaginary Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a tiny European country, three miles by five miles, supposedly located in the Alps between Switzerland and France, ruled by the 22 year old Duchess Gloriana XII. It When I was in high school, I was never involved in drama, but I did attend all the plays, and one year either the junior or senior class did a drama adapted for the stage in 1963 by Christopher Sergel from The Mouse That Roared, a 1955 satirical novel by Irish-American writer Leonard Wibberley. The imaginary Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a tiny European country, three miles by five miles, supposedly located in the Alps between Switzerland and France, ruled by the 22 year old Duchess Gloriana XII. It retains a 1400s economy, dependent on making Pinot Grand Fenwick wine. However, an American winery makes a faux version, "Pinot Grand Enwick," putting the country on the verge of bankruptcy. They decide that their only course of action is to declare war on the United States, and, expecting a quick and total defeat as their standing army, under Field Marshal Tully Bascomb, is tiny and equipped with only bows and arrows, they hope to rebuild through the generous aid that the United States bestows on all its vanquished enemies, as it did for Germany through the Marshall Plan at the end of World War II. However, quite by accident, Grand Fenwick defeats the mighty superpower. Landing in New York City, which is almost completely deserted above ground because of a city-wide disaster drill, the Duchy's invading army, at one point mistaken for men from Mars, wanders into a top secret government lab and unintentionally captures the "Q-bomb,” a prototype doomsday device that could destroy the world if triggered, along with its maker, an American scientist named Dr. Alfred Kokintz, who happens to be a native of Grand Fenwick, and escapes with them back to Europe. What will be the result? The novel originally appeared as a six-part serial in the Saturday Evening Post from December 25, 1954, through January 29, 1955, under the title The Day New York Was Invaded. The author's original intended title was The Wrath of Grapes, a play on John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. There are several instances of drinking alcoholic beverages, especially wine, and smoking pipes or cigarettes. In addition to a couple of euphemisms (golly, heck), the “d” and “h” words are found a few times, and the exclamation “Good God” occurs once. In addition, a veiled reference to an illegitimate birth in the distant past is mentioned, and the rock formations of Grand Fenwick are said to be billions of years old. Otherwise, no major objectionable elements are featured. The viewpoint of the tale may come across as anti-military, anti-Cold War, and anti-nuclear proliferation with its commentaries about modern politics and world situations. The book is now a bit dated, and the cold war humor might be difficult for younger readers to grasp. However, even if one doesn’t necessarily agree with all the social views underlying the plot, it is still an interesting and funny story. And one reviewer did note that it “effectively makes its case for limited government.” Wibberley wrote one prequel, Beware of the Mouse (1958), and three sequels, The Mouse on the Moon (1962), The Mouse on Wall Street (1969), and The Mouse that Saved the West (1981). The Mouse That Roared was made into a 1959 film starring Peter Sellers in three roles, Duchess Gloriana XII; Count Rupert Mountjoy, the Prime Minister; and Tully Bascomb, the military leader. It strays from the book in many respects. A 1963 movie sequel was released, based on The Mouse on the Moon. ...more Shelves: vi-primero-la-pelicula , literary-fiction , 2016-readings , satirical , cold-war (Reto Popsugar #38: un libro satírico) Erase que se era un pequeño ducado en el norte de los Alpes Suizos fundado por un mercenario inglés en el siglo XIV, que pasó a llamarse Grand Fenwick (veáse el escudo arriba). “By remarkable good fortune, Sir Roger had chosen to establish his duchy in a spot which lay on no great trade route, possessed no mines of precious metals or metals of any kind, had no harbours or great waterways and indeed nothing whatever to commend it to a conqueror.” Sin más que c (Reto Popsugar #38: un libro satírico) Erase que se era un pequeño ducado en el norte de los Alpes Suizos fundado por un mercenario inglés en el siglo XIV, que pasó a llamarse Grand Fenwick (veáse el escudo arriba). “By remarkable good fortune, Sir Roger had chosen to establish his duchy in a spot which lay on no great trade route, possessed no mines of precious metals or metals of any kind, had no harbours or great waterways and indeed nothing whatever to commend it to a conqueror.” Sin más que cinco mil habitantes, su economia se encontraba basada en su vino Pinot. Bueno, eso fue hasta que ya no ... La idea de que un país pequeño pueda defenderse contra los grandes del mundo, puede pensarse risible e imposible. (De ahi el nombre del ratón que rugió.) Pero el año 1955 se acababa de pasar por la Segunda Guerra, estaba en plena tensión USA vs URSS, y el temor por la amenaza atómica. Todo eso aparece en este libro, varias verdades, y bastante ingenuidad. ¿Cuál es el plan de Grand Fendwick para no caer en bancarrota? “All in all, as I said before, there is no more profitable and sound step for a nation without money or credit to take, than declare war on the United States and suffer a total defeat.” She smiled indulgently at the two of them. Count Mountjoy, who had commenced listening to the discourse as if he were hearing a sentence of doom pronounced, was, when it ended, filled with lively interest.“Why,” he exclaimed, “the plan has possibilities that border on brilliant. We declare war on Monday, are vanquished Tuesday, and rehabilitated beyond our wildest dreams by Friday night. Peeero las cosas no resultaron del todo según el plan... La enorme paranoia norteamericana por las invasiones 'aliens' aparece en la historia, ya sea de extranjeros o de extraterrestres. Además de la situación de la armas de exterminio y otras cosas, lo siguen haciendo algo muy actual. All we get for being the most powerful nation in the world is that we have to live in a state of siege, with our frontiers patrolled, everybody eyeing his neighbour with suspicion, and all afraid of being exterminated at any moment if that beastly bomb explodes. We’re a lot less free now than we were before, and I can’t say that I like it.” Todo envuelto en un cuento , con jaladas de orejas incluidas. Do not condemn the scientist, young man. Condemn rather the laymen of all nations who control the scientists; the laymen who cannot agree among themselves and as a result compel us to play the part of destroyer. [...]The crime which is done now is that war has made a tool and slave of science, and man’s knowledge, painfully and laboriously compiled, is made the instrument of man’s destruction.” Comentario aparte, vi la pelicula de Peter Sellers hace trillones de años atrás, y se las recomiendo. Todavia me sigue asombrando la cantidad de buenas peliculas que lograban hacer basándose en ciertos libros (ejem, no como ahora), hasta llegar a mejorar como los veian. ...more Shelves: owned , 2012 , genre-satire This book is wonderfully ridiculous - a satire of this finest kind. "The Mouse" in this story is the tiny country of The Grand Duchy of Fenwick - an Alpine country five miles long and 3 miles wide near the borders of France and Switzerland. Their entire economy, based on the successful export of their world-famous wine Pinot Grand Fenwick, is brought to its knees after American vintners in San Rafael, California begins bottling a competitive wine they call Pinot Grand Enwick. After being laughed This book is wonderfully ridiculous - a satire of this finest kind. "The Mouse" in this story is the tiny country of The Grand Duchy of Fenwick - an Alpine country five miles long and 3 miles wide near the borders of France and Switzerland. Their entire economy, based on the successful export of their world-famous wine Pinot Grand Fenwick, is brought to its knees after American vintners in San Rafael, California begins bottling a competitive wine they call Pinot Grand Enwick. After being laughed at when they send several official documents of complaint to United States officials, they hit upon a scheme which they feel will restore their national economy forever. They plan to declare war on the United States and following their inevitable defeat, expect the United States to be the "gracious victors" and shower them with funds to rehabilitate them, as was done following Germany's defeat at the end of World War II. Grand Fenwick's Duchess Gloriana XIII tasks the duchy's high constable Tully Bascomb with assembling an appropriate expeditionary force to invade the U.S. Constable Bascomb vigorously proceded to do so and soon marched out the duchy's only road connecting it with the outside world with his force of three men-at-arms, besides himself, and 20 longbowmen dressed in chain mail and surcoats. Once outside the duchy, they had to catch a bus to the port of Marseille, France, where they chartered a two-masted, square-rigged sailing vessel - a brig - to take them to their point of invasion, New York City. As the result of a hilarious series of events, they "invade" during a 100% Civil Defense drill during which there were no people on the streets or anywhere in sight when they arrive in New York. The Grand Fenwickian expeditionary force ends up "winning" the war by capturing the Columbia University physicist and the ultra-destructive "Q" bomb that he created, then calmly sailing out into the Atlantic Ocean well before the United States realizes that it has been "invaded." The remainder of the book describes, in hysterical fashion, how this event leads to "guaranteed" peace for the entire world. It is a "light" read and very funny, but it is also very thought-provoking in a "what-if" kind of way regarding how the guarantee of world peace came about. It is not great literature, but it is wonderfully imaginative satire. I recommend it to readers who can accept it on that basis. ============================================ This book was originally published in The Saturday Evening Post on a serialized basis beginning in December 1954. I read a paperback copy published in 1959 and which sold for $0.35. The pages were literally falling out, but I managed to keep them together long enough. Some may remember the 1959 movie of the same name starring Peter Sellers. He not only played High Constable Tully Bascomb but also the parts of Grand Duchess Gloriana XII and the duchy's Prime Minister Count Rupert of Mountjoy. As I read the book, I recalled fairly clearly having seen the movie many years ago. To the best of my recollection, the movie was an excellent adaptation of the book. Shelves: fun , fan "Victory sometimes carries more responsibilities than gains" p 185, raises serious issues, survival of human race over nation. Idealistic, optimistic, sweet tale, more naive than silly. Medieval morals vanquish diplomacy "exactly the right words with which to promise everything and guarantee nothing" p 255. The woods "loveliness of early summer .. rich blossoms .. cathedral columns .. spreading oaks .. squirrels chattering" reminds mere mortals of nature "link with posterity" p 217-219. In 1956, "Victory sometimes carries more responsibilities than gains" p 185, raises serious issues, survival of human race over nation. Idealistic, optimistic, sweet tale, more naive than silly. Medieval morals vanquish diplomacy "exactly the right words with which to promise everything and guarantee nothing" p 255. The woods "loveliness of early summer .. rich blossoms .. cathedral columns .. spreading oaks .. squirrels chattering" reminds mere mortals of nature "link with posterity" p 217-219. In 1956, the sole product of tiny Duchy of Grand Fenwick, connoisseurs' choice wine, is undercut by California. Declaration of war by pretty young ruler Gloriana XII are ignored. Tully Bascomb, chief forester, "no respect for anyone's opinion, not even his own .. roving nature" p 23, "bushy eyebrows and a rather prominent nose .. tall .. impolite way of looking you straight in the eyes" p 25, "remarkable resemblance .. portrait of her ancestor Sir Roger Fenwick" p 32 country's founder selects twenty of the best bowmen. Soft sweet romance mellows international catastrophe. "For a second the sun seemed more splendid upon him, and he the manliest of men" p 58 on the day of departure. Patriotism for the others, "the golden hair, the soft persuasive voice, the smile that was as gentle and as personal as a blessing .. patriotism .. rapidly .. knight errantry" p 119. The Expeditionary Force boards "bus to Marseilles" p 59, sails on brig Endeavor to New York, funded by "special tax of a penny on each glass of wine drunk .. in two weeks set a record" for all-time consumption p 57. In fourteenth century arms and armor chain mail xx , they march through streets emptied by east coast siren alert, capture General Snippett, four cops, doomsday quadium bomb, and inventor bird-loving Dr Kokintz. Odd to read Canada alongside "Big Three" p xx, from future viewpoint of nuclear power plants, Chernobyl. Unlike Brits who suffered Blitz, after few hours Yanks leave shelters. Silver-haired advisor Count of Mountjoy 'Bobo' chided for "reading Churchill's memoirs .. marked effect upon your oratory" p 177. (view spoiler) [ One casualty, shot by policeman, never punished, is farmer Tom Cobley 45 "first to die .. in over five hundred years. His body, pickled in a barrel of brine .. buried .. next" to founder in castle p 136. Troops in "assistance" from U.S., Russia, and Britain by "treaty of 1402" p 205 are all turned back at border. Tully is "1385 sets aside .. son, born out of wedlock .. mistress" p 209 ancestor Tully; accepts his father Pierce's proposal of in-law as did Pierce before him. Kokintz zips three mice into blue-skin patchy fur six-legged "surviving results .. monster" of deadly gas liberated after explosion p 246, fools Soviet Commissar same as new biology students. Wedding, attended personally by international heads, not representatives, would today be endangered by terrorists. Here, Arab countries are among the "Tiny Twenty". After Twin Towers, the West felt a different world. Kokintz, alone with bomb to secretly disarm, accidentally drops -- dud. "It is a better bomb than ever" p 280 The End. (hide spoiler) ] Shelves: carter-giuliani-reading-list The Mouse That Roared is one of the funniest books I have read in a long time. The Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a European country three miles wide and five miles long. It has been independent since its founding by Roger Fenwick in 1370, and has never changed its military. Its warriors even now are fourteenth century longbowmen.The conflict of this farcical novel begins when the country faces an economic crisis. The Council of Freedom, the parliament of the country, meets with the Duchess of Grand The Mouse That Roared is one of the funniest books I have read in a long time. The Duchy of Grand Fenwick is a European country three miles wide and five miles long. It has been independent since its founding by Roger Fenwick in 1370, and has never changed its military. Its warriors even now are fourteenth century longbowmen.The conflict of this farcical novel begins when the country faces an economic crisis. The Council of Freedom, the parliament of the country, meets with the Duchess of Grand Fenwick, Gloriana XII, to discuss solutions to the problem. The upshot is that the Duchy of Grand Fenwick declares war on the United States of America and sends an expeditionary force to attack New York City. In the meantime the United States is having its own problems. In the face of creating a new bomb of devastating proportions, the government announces an East Coast-wide twenty-four hour nuclear attack drill because another nation is sure to create the same bomb soon. Of course the expeditionary force from Grand Fenwick arrives in New York on the day of the drill. Think Monty Python meets Dr. Strangelove and you have this book. As farcical as it is, The Mouse That Roared is a serious political satire, addressing such issues as free trade, arms proliferation, war remunerations, and leagues of nations. The issues that were politically relevant in 1955 when the book first appeared seem just as relevant today. Toward the end, the book slips into a tone that seems a bit too serious for how it started out. The author betrays a romantic tendency that seems a bit too idealistic, especially in his apparent faith in the League of Little Nations and his assertion that people are good at their core. From the vantage point of fifty years later, the inclusion of Israel (now a muscular nuclear power) and the exclusion of any Arab or Asian countries seems really odd. Postmodern critics would probably also smile at the idea that Dr. Kokintz could step outside of his American past and look at things purely from the point of view of a citizen of the world after spending an hour in the woods. I feel bad that I have been vague about the truths the book teaches and specific about its faults, but the truths are all wrapped in jokes that I don't want to give away to the reader. Suffice it to say that I think readers would thoroughly enjoy this book and gain from discussing both the truths in the book and the blind spots in it. ...more Shelves: 2004-read This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here. My first thought -- very near the beginning -- was that this should be made into a play, or maybe a musical. The idea of the Duchess on a bike! -- the fourteenth-century chain mail and weapons, Tully Bascomb, and the monocle-wearing Count Montjoy, "without which [the monocle], he was wont to maintain, no man could claim to be fully dressed." in a show was so clear that I could see it unfolding as I read today :) This book was utterly unpredictable and refreshing. I couldn't wait to read what happ My first thought -- very near the beginning -- was that this should be made into a play, or maybe a musical. The idea of the Duchess on a bike! -- the fourteenth-century chain mail and weapons, Tully Bascomb, and the monocle-wearing Count Montjoy, "without which [the monocle], he was wont to maintain, no man could claim to be fully dressed." in a show was so clear that I could see it unfolding as I read today :) This book was utterly unpredictable and refreshing. I couldn't wait to read what happened next! The little tiny country (I mean duchy) of Grand Fenwick, their world-renown for a very good wine, and the absent-minded Dr. Kokintz (inventor of the Q-bomb) make this story delightfully entertaining. In addition, the current state of the world and America's "War on Terror" made this especially interesting. I loved the thought of the "Tiny Twenty" -- the League of Little Nations -- made up of countries including Iceland, Ecuador, Panama. and of course, Grand Fenwick. The author even entertains us by having the delegate from Ireland sitting next to the delegate from Israel. Due to the alphabetical seating arrangement, of course! SPOILER ALERT: This book even has romance, and I loved Duchess Gloriana's proposal to Tully: "I have an important matter to discuss with you," Gloriana whispered, feeling completely wretched. "It's a matter of state. But it's something personal too. It's more personal really than it is a matter of state." "Whatever it may be," said Tully, "I will do all in my power to help." "It's not really a matter of helping. It's a matter of cooperating -- of working with me." "Working with you?" "Yes. Well, not exactly that." She looked appealingly at the older Bascomb. "You say it," she pleaded. "You say it, like they said it for you." Pierce looked from her to his son. "Gloriana wants me to become her father-in-law -- that's it, isn't it?" "Yes," Gloriana whispered. "Father-in-law! But you're my father." "Precisely, and you are my only son." Tully looked for a second from one to the other and then walked over to Gloriana and, taking her two hands, raised her to her feet. "My father accepts proudly," he said, "his son humbly." Oh, how sweeet! I loved it! ...more Aug 23, 2012 Gail Amendt rated it it was amazing I first read this cold war era political satire when I was in junior high, and remember enjoying it very much. I wanted to re-read it to see if a more mature and politically informed perspective would diminish its appeal. I'm happy to say that I think I enjoyed it more this time around. A tiny European nation, the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, measuring three miles by five miles, finds itself in dire financial trouble when a U.S. winery starts selling an inferior copy of Pinot Grand Fenwick, the nati I first read this cold war era political satire when I was in junior high, and remember enjoying it very much. I wanted to re-read it to see if a more mature and politically informed perspective would diminish its appeal. I'm happy to say that I think I enjoyed it more this time around. A tiny European nation, the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, measuring three miles by five miles, finds itself in dire financial trouble when a U.S. winery starts selling an inferior copy of Pinot Grand Fenwick, the nation's only export. When its complaints go unheeded, the Duchy hatches a plan to solve its financial woes - it will go to war against the U.S., lose, and then receive payments from the U.S. for reconstruction. After all, isn't that what usually happens when the U.S. fights a war? The plan goes awry when the expeditionary force, numbering twenty four and armed with broadswords and longbows, invades New York, and is met with no opposition as the whole East Coast is in lock down in a drill to prepare for nuclear attack. They capture America's leading nuclear scientist, along with his newly developed bomb, and escape back to Grand Fenwick before the U.S. even realizes it has been attacked, thus becoming the world's new superpower. The rest of the story deals with the various nations of the world scrambling to adjust to this shift in world power, and Grand Fenwick adjusting to its new position of responsibility. It is a hilarious tale, and a surprisingly relevant one, given that the cold war has been over for some time. I think it would be a useful tool for high school classes learning about the cold war. Most of the time, re-reading a book from my youth is somewhat disappointing, but I am so glad I re-read this one. Now I'm going to have to find the movie. Shelves: read-in-2012 Like many insufferable teenage geeks, I saw the Peter Sellers movie on TV and thought that that was as good as reading the book. But it wasn’t. The movie was comic genius, but the book is excellent satire, which is not the same thing. The Mouse that Roared tells the story of the knights of the Grand Duchy of Fenwick, who (around the time of the Marshall Plan) set out to attack the United States, lose the war, and “be rehabilitated beyond our wildest dreams.” They send a small pack of longbowmen Like many insufferable teenage geeks, I saw the Peter Sellers movie on TV and thought that that was as good as reading the book. But it wasn’t. The movie was comic genius, but the book is excellent satire, which is not the same thing. The Mouse that Roared tells the story of the knights of the Grand Duchy of Fenwick, who (around the time of the Marshall Plan) set out to attack the United States, lose the war, and “be rehabilitated beyond our wildest dreams.” They send a small pack of longbowmen in medieval armor to New York City and manage to capture the world’s leading nuclear scientist and his new super-weapon that can destroy the entire world. With this weapon in hand, they form the “League of Small Nations” and force the world’s powers to sue for peace. In the process of telling this story, the Irish-American Wibberly gets his satiric hooks into all of the principal players in the Cold War: American exceptionalism, Soviet triumphalism, British colonialism, scientific detachment, and the absurdity of “arming for peace.” And it is short enough to read in a few hours. Not a bad way to pass an evening with nothing much going on. ...more Mar 19, 2016 Ron rated it it was amazing · review of another edition A tiny European principality, no bigger than some moderate farms, feels slighted by the marketing strategy of an American vinter, invades New York and defeats the Unites States at the height of the Cold War. The story is so absurd that it can't be anything but a brilliant political satire. Written in 1955 it uses the general madness of nuclear deterrent, global fiscal policies and the political uncertainties and moral certainties which haunted the world at that time to deliver a scathing as well A tiny European principality, no bigger than some moderate farms, feels slighted by the marketing strategy of an American vinter, invades New York and defeats the Unites States at the height of the Cold War. The story is so absurd that it can't be anything but a brilliant political satire. Written in 1955 it uses the general madness of nuclear deterrent, global fiscal policies and the political uncertainties and moral certainties which haunted the world at that time to deliver a scathing as well as hilarious commentary on contemporary international relations. Grand Fenwick declares war on an enemy they have no intention to defeat in order to receive financial assistance from a magnanimous victor. The United States create a weapon which will wipe out global civilization as a deterrent to someone else creating the weapon. Their loss of said weapon enables serious peace talks. Some of it seems naive and old-fashioned today, even so the text retains a certain charm. The first of the Grand Fenwick novels was refreshingly direct and disarmingly absurd. Unfortunately, Wibberley's sequels were never able to achieve the same effect. ...more Sep 07, 2013 Michael Lindy rated it really liked it Although this book was of fairly good quality, most of the things that come to my mind regarding it are criticisms. Though Wibberley's social commentary was genius, I felt that his delivery often missed the mark, and regrettably wonder how much more enjoyable the book would have been in the hands of a superior comic. Furthermore, I felt as if Wibberly couldn't decide if whether or not he even wanted this book to be funny. For example, after a rather humorous debate in which a political prisoner Although this book was of fairly good quality, most of the things that come to my mind regarding it are criticisms. Though Wibberley's social commentary was genius, I felt that his delivery often missed the mark, and regrettably wonder how much more enjoyable the book would have been in the hands of a superior comic. Furthermore, I felt as if Wibberly couldn't decide if whether or not he even wanted this book to be funny. For example, after a rather humorous debate in which a political prisoner was the main speaker, an entire chapter was dedicated to man's need to preserve life and take responsibility for his actions. By trying to insert such heavy handed seriousness into such a light book, Wibberly ends up canceling out both the comedic and serious tones of his book. Still, I will give credit where credit is due, and Wibberly managed to create some charmingly witty and intelligent commentary on Cold War politics, social trends, and mass hysteria, all in a very brief novella. It's a very good book. It's just that I can't stop thinking about how it could have been much better. ...more Shelves: literature I saw the 1959 movie with Dad and liked it so much that I picked up the paperback and read it during a typically boring day of my parents visiting Lajla and Christian, his mother and her husband. This was a normal circumstance. Until fifth grade the family had lived in unincorporated Kane County, wellover an hour's drive to the city in those days before expressways. Then the grandparents decided to move from one to another house in Park Ridge, immediately NW of Chicago. They made their old house I saw the 1959 movie with Dad and liked it so much that I picked up the paperback and read it during a typically boring day of my parents visiting Lajla and Christian, his mother and her husband. This was a normal circumstance. Until fifth grade the family had lived in unincorporated Kane County, wellover an hour's drive to the city in those days before expressways. Then the grandparents decided to move from one to another house in Park Ridge, immediately NW of Chicago. They made their old house available to Dad in some private deal. Thenceforth we lived within walking distance of them and visits were at least weekly affairs. Grandmother Lajla was quite the social being, there often being many guests in addition to ourselves. Most were older than my parents with grown children. In those days pretty much all grownups seemed to drink and smoke. They gave all indications of having fun, but I'd be ignored and bored, usually retreating to a bedroom to read. Fortunately, Lajla had a substantial library and they subscribed to both Life and Time magazines. ...more Aug 31, 2014 Stanley Phillips rated it it was amazing The reason why I included “The Mouse that Roared” in my list is simply that, not every book has to be a bestselling novel to have a place within your library. In fact, numerous genres should be on the shelf to make one more rounded. As for “The Mouse that Roared”, there should be a place on a shelf. Written back in the mid-fifties its importance is that the tale is a satire look back at the cold war. The novel itself is a quick read. Some might say the entire plot is silly…how could any author m The reason why I included “The Mouse that Roared” in my list is simply that, not every book has to be a bestselling novel to have a place within your library. In fact, numerous genres should be on the shelf to make one more rounded. As for “The Mouse that Roared”, there should be a place on a shelf. Written back in the mid-fifties its importance is that the tale is a satire look back at the cold war. The novel itself is a quick read. Some might say the entire plot is silly…how could any author make light of a period when the world may have ended at any moment? In answer to this, I ask who does not stand up and cheer when the common man or woman wins out against the giants of the world. No one should take “The Mouse that Roared” seriously, nor herald the novel as a work of art. Instead, take a moment and consider the book as it was intended…a manner in which to sound out against the politics of the day.	i don't know
What is the name for the region of mostly calm weather found at the center of a strong hurricane?	Hurricanes: Science and Society: Hurricane Structure Hurricane Structure Hurricane Structure A mature hurricane is nearly circular in shape. The winds of a hurricane are very light in the center of the storm (blue circle in the image below) but increase rapidly to a maximum 10-50 km (6-31 miles) from the center (red) and then fall off slowly toward the outer extent of the storm (yellow). Vertical slice through the center of a mature hurricane. The winds of a hurricane are very light in the center of the storm (blue circle) but increase rapidly to a maximum 10-50 km (6-31 miles) from the center (red ring) and then fall off slowly toward the outer extent of the storm (yellow ring). The size of a hurricane’s wind field is usually a few hundred miles across, although the size of the hurricane-force wind field (with wind speed > 117.5 km/h [73 mph]) is typically much smaller, averaging about 161 km (100 miles) across. The area over which tropical storm-force winds occur is greater, ranging as far out as almost 500km (300 miles) from the eye of a large hurricane. One of the largest tropical cyclones ever measured was Typhoon Tip (Northwest Pacific Ocean, October 12, 1979), which at one point had a diameter of about 2100 km (~1350 miles). One of the smallest tropical cyclones ever measured was Cyclone Tracy (Darwin, Australia, December 24, 1974), which had a wind field of only 60 miles (~ 100 km) across at landfall . Relative sizes of the largest and smallest tropical cyclones on record, shown in comparison to the size of the United States. Image credit NOAA/NWS Jetstream- Online School for Weather. A mature hurricane can be broken down into three main parts: the eye , eyewall , and outer region. Vertical slice through the center of a mature hurricane. In the lower troposphere, air spiraling inward forms the outer rainbands. In the center is the eye, with nearly clear skies, surrounded by the violent eyewall, with the strongest winds and very heavy rain. Image credit: The COMET Program. In mature hurricanes, strong surface winds move inward towards the center of the storm and encircle a column of relatively calm air. This nearly cloud -free area of light winds is called the eye of a hurricane and is generally 20-50 km (12-30 miles) in diameter. From the ground, looking up through the eye, skies may be so clear that you might see the stars at night or the sun during the day. Surrounding the eye is a violent, stormy eyewall, formed as inward-moving, warm air turns upward into the storm (see Hurricane Development: From Birth to Maturity ). Usually, the strongest winds and heaviest precipitation are found in this area. Satellite view (MODIS) and detailed imagery of Hurricane Rita as she intensified on September 20, 2005. The area contained in the square on the left is depicted to the right. The cloud-free eye and surrounding eyewall are clearly visible. “Hot towers" are the towering high clouds in a hurricane's eyewall that can generate very heavy rainfall and reach the top of the troposphere. These towers are called “hot” because a large quantity of heat is released inside them by water vapor condensing to form rain. Image credit: NASA. In the Northern Hemisphere, the most destructive section of the storm is usually in the eyewall area to the right of the eye, known as the right-front quadrant. Based on the direction of movement of a hurricane during landfall, this section of the storm tends to have higher winds, seas, and storm surge . The "right side of the storm" is defined with respect to the storm's motion: if the hurricane is moving to the west, the right side would be to the north of the storm; if the hurricane is moving to the north, the right side would be to the east of the storm, etc. In general, the strongest winds in a hurricane are found on the right side of the storm because the propagation of the hurricane also contributes to its winds. A hurricane with 145 km/h (90 mph) winds while stationary would have winds up to 160 km/r (100 mph) on the right side and only 130 km/h (80 mph) on the left side if it began propagating at 16 km/hr (10 mph). Image adapted from AOML FAQ D6 (www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D6.html) Outside the eyewall of a hurricane, rainbands spiral inwards towards the eyewall. These rain bands are capable of producing heavy rain and wind (and occasionally tornadoes). Sometimes, there are gaps between the bands where no rain is found. In fact, if one were to travel from the outer edge of a hurricane to its center, one would typically experience a progression from light rain to no rain back to slightly more intense rain many times with each period of rainfall being more intense and lasting longer until reaching the eye. An In-Depth Look at Hurricane Eyes and Eyewalls Not all hurricane eyewalls look the same. Compare three different hurricanes, Hurricanes Karl, Igor and Julia, seen left to right in this satellite image taken on on September 16, 2010. Image credit: NOAA Not all hurricane eyewalls look the same, and the size and shape of a particular hurricane’s eyewall often changes during the hurricane’s lifetime. In what may be considered a “typical” hurricane, a single eyewall surrounds a nearly circular eye that is mostly cloud-free. However, eyewalls of strong, long-lived hurricanes sometimes contract over time, during which the maximum wind speed in the hurricane typically increases. Then, a new eyewall may begin to form outside of the original contracting eyewall, often from one of the innermost spiral bands. When a hurricane has more than one eyewall at once, it is said to have concentric eyewalls . After the outer eyewall forms, the inner (original) eyewall may decay, during which the maximum wind speed in the hurricane typically decreases. Eventually, the outer eyewall may become the only one left. The new outer eyewall may then begin to contract, leading to another period of hurricane strengthening. This cycle, which may repeat multiple times, is called an eyewall replacement cycle. Wind speed in the primary circulation of Hurricane Gilbert (1988) at the altitude of an aircraft's flight-level (700 mb). The aircraft flew from south to north five times through the eye of Gilbert, and the wind speed along each flight leg is shown from left to right in the five images. Bold I's denote the locations of the wind maxima associated with the inner eyewall. Bold O's denote the locations of the wind maxima associated with the outer eyewall. Note how the inner eyewall contracts from the first image to the second image as the outer eyewall develops. From the second image through the fifth image, the inner and outer eyewalls both contract, with the inner eyewall completely dissipating by the fifth image. This series of five images shows one eyewall replacement cycle. Image adapted from Black and Willoughby (1992). Eyewall replacement cycles can have very serious consequences, especially when they occur just before landfall. At great cost to life and property, Hurricane Andrew (1992) unexpectedly strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane while making landfall in southeastern Florida immediately following an eyewall replacement cycle. In addition to large and rapid intensity swings, eyewall replacement cycles usually cause hurricanes to grow larger. This occurred as Hurricane Katrina moved through the Gulf of Mexico, resulting in a much larger and more dangerous storm threatening New Orleans. During landfall, larger hurricanes do more wind damage, but they are also accompanied by greater storm surge and wave heights due to increased wind fetch . When multiple eyewall replacement cycles occur, the hurricane can continue to grow larger with each cycle. Hurricane Igor (2010) went through multiple cycles and became one of the larger Atlantic hurricanes on record, causing significant waves and rip currents along the U.S. east coast, even while staying far out to sea. Hurricane eyes are not always circular. Oblong, elliptical eyes are sometimes observed, especially in weaker hurricanes. A strong hurricane may have a polygonal eyewall, where the eye takes the shape of a triangle, square, pentagon, or hexagon. Polygonal eyewalls are often associated with eyewall mesovortices, which are smaller-scale atmospheric swirls that can form within the eye and which can produce extremely strong winds. Eyewall mesovortices may remain nearly stationary relative to the hurricane’s center, or they may rotate around the center within the eye or even pass through the hurricane’s center. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) image of Hurricane Isabel at 1315 UTC 12 Sep 2003. The ``starfish' pattern in the eye is caused by the presence of six mesovortices - one near the eye center and five surrounding it. Image credit: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science Engineering Center, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS)	Eye
What rock band had a notorious clause in their standard concert contract that specified that all brown M&Ms needed to be removed the bowl provided to the rockers?	The Eye of a Hurricane The Eye of a Hurricane The Eye of a Hurricane A Hurricane's Center and its Calmest Location Satellite image highlighting Hurricane Wilma's (2005) eye. Wikimedia Commons Share By Rachelle Oblack At the center of every tropical cyclone is a 20 to 40 mile-wide (30-65 km) doughnut-shaped hole known as the "eye." It's one of a hurricane's most easily recognizable features, not only because it's located at the geometric center of the storm, but also because it's a mostly cloud-free area -- the only one you'll spot inside the storm. Why so Calm? The weather within the eye region is relatively calm. The eye is so calm because the strong surface winds that converge (come together) towards the center never reach it. Because it is the axis of rotation -- the place around which the strongest winds blow -- those winds will never enter into the eye itself. Calm, but Strong The eye is also where the storm's minimum central pressure is found. (Tropical storm and hurricane strength is measured by how low the pressure is.) Just like human eyes are said to be a window to the soul, hurricane eyes can be thought of as a window to their strength; the more well-defined the eye looks, the stronger the storm is. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States (Weak tropical cyclones often have lop-sided eyes, while infant storms like invests and depressions are still fledgling disorganized they won't even have an eye yet.) The Eyewall The eye region is wreathed by a ring of towering cumulonimbus thunderstorms known as the "eyewall." The word "cumulonimbus" likely tipped you off to the fact that, this is the most intense part of the storm. To be honest, it's where the storm's highest surface winds are found. You'll want to remember this if a hurricane ever makes landfall near your city, since you'll have to endure the eyewall not once, but twice! (Once when the front half of the cyclone impacts your area, then again just before the back half passes over.)	i don't know
Serial killer Albert de Salvo was better known as whom?	Albert DeSalvo - The World Of Serial Killers The World Of Serial Killers Albert DeSalvo Notable Fact He would usually rape the woman while she was dying or dead, and violently assault her with various objects, among them a wine bottle and a broom handle. Of all the serial murderers in the history of the United States, none has ever evoked more widespread terror than the man who became known as the Boston Strangler. From 1962 to 1964, women of all ages and backgrounds who lived in Boston and the surrounding towns lived in fear. The police were in a state of anxiety and frustration. The only people who likely welcomed the presence of the Strangler were those who ran home security and personal defense businesses. On June 14, 1962, the body of Anna Slesers, a young-looking fifty-five-year-old woman, was discovered in her apartment at 77 Gainsborough Street in Boston by her son Juris. She was lying on her back in the hall, a little blood underneath her head and a rope around her neck with the loose ends forming a sort of bow. Juris, unaccountably, assumed that she had hanged herself on the bathroom door and fallen. A police officer at first concurred, but subsequent investigation determined otherwise. In fact, she had been murdered, and her body had been arranged in a certain way. Her legs were spread very wide, with one leg hiked up at the knee. And she had been both sexually assaulted and a foreign object forced into her body. The police knew that they were dealing with someone bizarre. A Second Victim Two weeks later, on a very hot June 30, the body of sixty-eight-year-old Nina Nichols was discovered in her apartment on Commonwealth Avenue in Boston. The gray-haired physiotherapist, who was in good physical condition, was found posed in a similar position to Anna Slesers. She was on her back with her legs spread and had been sexually assaulted with a foreign object. She had been strangled, ferociously, with a pair of her own stockings, and the loose ends of the excess stockings on the floor had been arranged in a bow shape. The police immediately suspected that the person who had killed Anna Slesers had also murdered Nina Nichols. Some officers were holding their breath, wondering whether - but mostly when - the killer would strike again. They didn’t have too long to wait. On July 2, two women who lived at 73 Newhall Street in Lynn, a suburb north of Boston, decided to check on their neighbor Helen Blake. They had not seen Blake for a couple of days and feared that perhaps she was sick, though Blake, a sixty-five-year-old ex-nurse, had not complained of any maladies. They decided to go into her apartment, number 90, directly across the hall from them. They got the key from the superintendent of the building and entered the apartment. Almost. They took one look at the apartment, which had been ransacked, and, too scared to go farther, called the police. The police found Helen Blake on her bed, facedown. She had been violently strangled with her own stockings, her legs were spread wide, and her brassiere had been placed under her neck with the ends arranged to form a bow. She had been violated with a foreign object. Police theorized that she had been killed in the kitchen, then carried into the bedroom and her body assaulted there. At the time, Boston and Lynn had different police departments with separate jurisdictions, but they were aware to some degree of what was going on in adjacent areas. When the police commissioner heard about the body found in Lynn, he articulated what every officer was feeling. “Oh, God,” he said, “we’ve got a madman loose.” The media started to fan the flames of public panic about the Strangler over the summer, but it appeared that the killer might have stopped - the rest of July passed without a killing, and the city relaxed a bit. Then, the body of seventy-five-year-old Ida Irga was discovered on August 21 in her apartment on Grove Street in Boston. It was clearly the work of the Boston Strangler: Irga’s body was lying on her bed, her legs spread, a pillow under her buttocks, and her foot propped on the rungs of a chair and tied there. She had been sexually assaulted with a foreign object and her body had been placed so it faced the door and would be the first thing the person entering would see. The medical examiner calculated that she had been dead for two days. Boston shivered despite the summer heat. The Strangler was back, and women started taking extraordinary precautions: not going anywhere without a companion, not letting anyone into their apartments, using three and four locks on their doors. The Murders Continue The police were under great pressure to solve the case and catch the killer, and in desperation they called in the FBI to educate their detectives on murders involving sexual assault. There was also a distinct feeling, almost 100 percent certainty on the part of the police, that the Strangler would strike again and would continue to kill until he was caught. They had to get the guy. On August 30, the body of Jane Sullivan was found in her apartment at 435 Columbia Road in Dorchester, far away from Ida Irga’s apartment. Sullivan, a heavyset person, was found facedown in six inches of water in the bathtub in a half-kneeling position, her housecoat was thrown over her shoulders, her girdle pulled up on her back, her panties down about her ankles, and her buttocks exposed. She had been strangled with her own stockings. Her body was too decomposed to determine whether she had been sexually assaulted, but the way the body was found as well as the similarities to the other murders led police to believe that she had been. It was also determined that she had died on August 20, which had a chilling implication. Ida Irga had been killed on August 19. The Strangler had killed both women in less than twenty-four hours. The police efforts to track down the Strangler intensified, and police work went on around the clock. All the stops were pulled out: Hundreds of known sex offenders were rounded up, psychologists were called in to profile the killer, fifty detectives worked on the cases full-time and went door-to-door trying to get some sort of lead. They also had to track down numerous leads from Boston citizens: The crimes had brought out the slightly insane, the attention seekers, and what one officer called “the ray people” - they were sure they knew who the killer was because rays from outer space told them. All the work seemed to be paying off - there were no killings in September or October, and Thanksgiving passed tensely but uneventfully. Then, on December 5, 1962, the Strangler struck again - and this time, Boston’s anxiety level went through the roof. His victim deviated sharply from the profiles of his previous victims: She was not elderly and white but young and black. Serial killers rarely if ever deviate from their victim type, but the crime scene bore the unmistakable modus operandi (MO) of the Strangler: Sophie Clark was lying on the living room floor and her legs, in black stockings, were wide apart. She had been strangled with three pairs of her own stockings, knotted under the neck. There was a gag in her mouth. She had been sexually assaulted and, for the first time, police found seminal stains outside the body, on the floor next to it. There were other scary differences. She did not, like other victims, live alone. In addition to the apartment being ransacked, there was evidence that there had been a struggle. Moreover, Sophie Clark was aware of and very scared of the Strangler - she had had an additional lock installed. Since there was no sign of forced entry, it meant that she had let the killer in. How? Why? If he could get past the defenses of a person who was so prepared, maybe defenses didn’t work. A Near Miss This time, though, there was some luck, a possible solid lead. Police, as usual, were canvassing the neighborhood when they came across a woman who lived in another wing of the same apartment building as Sophie Clark. She said that on December 5 her doorbell had rung and she had opened the door to a man who identified himself as Thompson, who told her that the super had sent him to paint her apartment. The woman protested that she wasn’t due for painting, but the man brushed by her and entered the apartment. He told her she had a nice figure and that maybe she should get into modeling. The woman thought fast: She put “her finger warningly to her lips,” as Gerold Frank wrote in his book The Boston Strangler. When “Thompson” gruffly asked what that was for, she said her husband was asleep in the bedroom. The man - whom she later described to police as having honey-colored hair, being perhaps twenty-five to thirty, and wearing a dark jacket and green work pants - quickly exited with no further discussion of painting. It could have been the Strangler. As investigation revealed, the super hadn’t sent anyone to the woman’s apartment - but the police, hopeful though they were, couldn’t manage to track him. The next Strangler victim was strangled with hosiery entwined with one of her blouses: Patricia Bissette was murdered on New Year’s Eve in 1962. She was in her locked apartment at 515 Park Drive in the Back Bay area, the same area where the first victim, Anna Slesers, and the most recent victim, Sophie Clark, had both lived. She was found in the bedroom, face up, but her legs, instead of being spread wide apart, had been placed close together by the killer. Her pajama top was pushed up to her shoulders and she was naked from the waist down. She had been sexually assaulted. The Strangler’s longest killing gap occurred between the murder of Patricia Bissette and the next victim, Beverly Samans. Samans’s body was discovered in her apartment at 4 University Road on May 6, five months after Bissette’s murder. This crime was across the Charles River in Cambridge, meaning the Boston police, under siege from the media and the public, breathed a collective sigh of relief that the body hadn’t shown up in their jurisdiction. Samans, who was a rehabilitation therapist, was an atypical kill: She was the first and only victim who had been stabbed to death, innumerable times in the neck and chest. The killer had directed the knife thrusts into one breast in a bull’s-eye pattern. Three more killings were to occur before the Strangler was through, with the same random victims and locations. On September 8, 1963, the body of fifty-eight-year-old Evelyn Corbin was found in her apartment on the first floor at 224 Lafayette in Salem. On November 23, the body of twenty-three-year-old Joann Graff was found in her home at 54 Essex Street in Lawrence. And on January 4, 1964, the youngest victim of all, nineteen-year-old Mary Sullivan, was found in her apartment at 44A Charles Street in Boston. Catching the Strangler The unraveling of the killer began in an unlikely place - with a prison snitch, a man named George Nassar. Nassar, who had been committed to Bridgewater State Hospital for the criminally insane, notified his attorney, the famed F. Lee Bailey, that one of the inmates was more than hinting that he was the Boston Strangler. Nassar wanted to talk with Bailey, who was in the process of making a big name for himself - he had just won a Supreme Court appeal reversing the conviction of Dr. Sam Sheppard for killing his wife - about getting Nassar a deal for snitching. The man Nassar fingered was Albert DeSalvo, a dark-haired, dark-eyed, well-built man who had been a middleweight boxing champion in the army. DeSalvo was twenty-nine years old, and in the institution for observation for having tied up and sexually assaulted a woman. Bailey was doubtful; Bridgewater was for crazies. Nevertheless, one time when he was visiting Nassar, he decided to talk with DeSalvo. This first talk led to a second, when Bailey came armed with questions about the crimes to which answers had not been published. When Bailey repeated DeSalvo’s answers to the detective who gave Bailey the questions, the detective was impressed. Bailey became convinced that DeSalvo was, in fact, the Boston Strangler. Some of the doctors at the hospital weren’t convinced, however - they thought Nassar’s psychological profile fit better with the crimes, and this led to a sort of debate over which one was the Strangler. Finally, DeSalvo agreed to talk with John Bottomly, a special assistant to the state’s attorney general, who had taken overall charge of the case. Despite their differences - Bottomly was a child of privilege, while DeSalvo was a product of Boston’s mean streets - the two men got along well, and DeSalvo eventually detailed his crimes for Bottomly. Anyone reading the transcripts of what DeSalvo said could hardly doubt that he was, in fact, the Boston Strangler. He described in gruesome detail how he would talk his way into an apartment, posing, for example, as a handyman or plumber, and once inside would maneuver things so he could get behind a woman and choke her with his arm, then finish the job with her stockings or some other article of clothing. Then, he would arrange the body so the legs were wide. The bow left in the ligature, he said, was just a way of tying; it had no special significance. DeSalvo would usually rape the woman while she was dying or dead and violently assault her with various objects, among which were a wine bottle and a broom handle. When Bottomly started to talk with DeSalvo, he assumed there were only eleven victims - but DeSalvo revealed two more that the police didn’t know about because the case did not include evidence of strangling. One other victim was Mary Brown of 319 Park Avenue in Lawrence. For some reason - he had no idea why - on March 9, 1963, DeSalvo had battered her to death with a pipe he found on the premises. The other murder seemed, for some reason, particularly savage and sad, a standout even among all the other savagery DeSalvo had wrought. He had talked his way into the apartment of eighty-five-year-old Mary Mullen of 1435 Commonwealth Avenue in Boston. He described to Bottomly how he got behind the elderly woman and grabbed her around the neck, and the next thing he knew, she slumped in his arms and he knew she was dead. And she was, having expired of a heart attack. He put her on the couch and left, and no one had ever suspected that it was a murder. The Life of Albert DeSalvo An investigation into DeSalvo’s background revealed a predictably unsavory past. He came from a family of three boys and two girls; the boys were in and out of reform school and prison, as was his father, a savage brute who beat his wife and kids and openly hired prostitutes. The family was always on welfare. Albert DeSalvo married a German immigrant named Irmgard, and they went on to have two children, a boy and a girl. They lived a typical suburban life in Malden, a suburb of Boston. DeSalvo called Irmgard frigid, but in the face of his sex drive a nymphomaniac would have been frigid. He would have sex with her in the morning, on his lunch break from his job, in the early evening, and before they went to sleep. On weekends he would have relations with her five or six times a day. They had sexual relations more than thirty times a week. This did not stop DeSalvo from making lascivious comments to attractive women while he and his wife were together. Afterword For a time there was a debate not only over whether DeSalvo was the Strangler but also over whether he was insane. Despite his confession, the prosecutors were worried that a jury might find him insane and not responsible for his crimes. After all, all they really had was DeSalvo’s own incriminating statements - there was no physical evidence. F. Lee Bailey’s goal was not to free DeSalvo but to get him treatment, so a compromise was finally reached. DeSalvo was tried on other sexual assault and robbery charges and was found guilty. The judge remanded him to Bridgewater State Hospital until his appeal was heard. His hospitalization did not put an end to the debate on whether Albert DeSalvo was the Boston Strangler, but one significant thing did happen when DeSalvo was out of the picture that convinced police they had the right man: No one else was killed with the Strangler’s modus operandi. In January 1968, Boston got a brief scare from Albert DeSalvo - just a month after being convicted and sent to Bridgewater, he and two other inmates escaped. His attorney, F. Lee Bailey, said that DeSalvo had left a note at Bridgewater saying he was escaping to make public officials admit that he was the Boston Strangler. This could only mean one thing: He was going to kill again. Fortunately, he was recaptured a few days later in Lynn and was shipped off to Walpole State Prison. In all his confessions, DeSalvo did not display a great deal of remorse - except once, when he spoke of the old woman Mary Mullen, and how he had grabbed her and she had died in his arms. Indeed, he wept bitterly over it. On November 26, 1973, prison officials discovered the body of Albert DeSalvo in his cell. He had been stabbed sixty-eight times. Share this article : If some one wants expert view on the topic of blogging then i suggest him/her to pay a visit this blog, Keep up the fastidious job.	Boston Strangler
Finished up earlier this week, what is the only of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments currently played on clay?	Female serial killer, Aileen Wuornos Terms of Service Albert Henry DeSalvo was born September 3, 1931 – November 25, 1973. DeSalvo confessed to being the "Boston Strangler" and having murdered 13 women in the Boston area. DeSalvo was never charged for these murders. But was charged and imprisoned for a series of rapes His murder confession has been disputed, and to this day, debate continues regarding whether DeSalvo actually committed the murders. Early years DeSalvo was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, his father, Frank and mother, Charlotte DeSalvo. His father was a violent alcoholic who at one point beat all of his wife's teeth out and bent her fingers back until they broke. He also forced his children to watch him have sex with prostitutes that he would bring to the house. Albert tortured animals as a child and began shoplifting and stealing at an early age, often being caught by the police. In November 1943, the first time DeSalvo was arredsted was at age 12 for battery and robbery. Later, in the same year, same year he was sent to the Lyman School for Boys. About a year later he was paroled and started working as a delivery boy. Two years later he in August 1946, he again was sent to the Lyman School for stealing an automobile. After completing his second sentence, DeSalvo joined the Army. He was honorably discharged after his first tour of duty. He re-enlisted and, in spite of being tried in a court-martial, DeSalvo was again honorably discharged. Boston Strangler murders DeSalvo was not initially suspected of being involved with the murders. Only after he was charged with rape did he give a detailed confession of his activities as the Boston Strangler under hypnosis induced by William Joseph Bryan. His initially confession was to fellow inmate George Nassar. Though there were some inconsistencies, DeSalvo was able to cite details which had not been made public. However, there was no physical evidence to substantiate his confession. As such, he stood trial for earlier, unrelated crimes of robbery and sexual offenses. Bailey brought up the confession to the murders as part of his client's history as part of an insanity defense, but it was ruled as inadmissible by the judge. Imprisonment and death attention on the conditions in the hospital and his own situation. The day after the escape, he turned himself in to his lawyer in Lynn, Massachusetts. Following the escape, he was transferred to the maximum security prison known at the time as Walpole where he was found murdered six years later in the infirmary. Robert Wilson, who was associated with the Winter Hill Gang was tried for the murder of DeSalvo, but the trial ended in a hung jury. No one was ever found guilty of the murder. In 1971, the Texas legislature unanimously passed a resolution honoring DeSalvo in an April Fool's Day joke made by Waco Representative Tom Moore, Jr.. Moore admitted to the joke–made to prove his colleagues were not putting due diligence into researching legislation they were passing–and withdrew the resolution. Controversy government, and to work with various producers to create documentaries to explain the facts to the public. Whitfield Sharp pointed out various inconsistencies between DeSalvo's confessions and the crime scene information (which she obtained). For example, Whitfield Sharp observed, contrary to DeSalvo's confession to Sullivan's murder, there was no semen in her vagina and she was not strangled manually,but by ligature. Forensic pathologist Michael Baden observed DeSalvo also got the time of death wrong — a common inconsistency with several of the murders pointed out by Susan Kelly. Whitfield Sharp continues to work on the case for the DeSalvo family. In the case of Mary Sullivan, murdered January 4, 1964 at age 19, DNA and other forensic evidence — and leads from Kelly's book — were used by the victim's nephew Casey Sherman to try to determine her killer's identity. Sherman wrote about this in his book A Rose for Mary (2003) and stated DeSalvo was not responsible for her death. For example, DeSalvo confessed to sexually penetrating Sullivan, yet the forensic investigation revealed no evidence of sexual activity. There are also suggestions from DeSalvo himself he was covering up for another man.[citation needed] The results of a 2001 forensic investigation has cast doubts over whether DeSalvo was the Boston Strangler. The investigation raised the possibility the real murderer could still be at large. The investigation revealed DNA evidence found on Sullivan does not match DeSalvo. James Starrs, professor of forensic science at George Washington University, told a news conference DNA evidence could not associate DeSalvo with the murder. Sullivan's and DeSalvo's bodies were exhumed as part of the efforts by both their families to find out who was responsible for the murders. Professor Starrs said an examination of a semen-like substance on her body did not match DeSalvo's DNA. George Nassar, the inmate DeSalvo reportedly confessed to, is among the suspects in the case. He is currently serving a life sentence for the 1967 shooting death of an Andover, Massachusetts gas station attendant. In February 2008, the Massachuetts Supreme Judicial Court denied Nassar's appeal of his 1967 conviction. Claudia Bolgen, Nassar's attorney, said Nassar, 75 at the time, denied involvement in the murders.[citation needed] In 2006, Nassar argued in court filings he could not make his case in a previous appeal because he was in federal prison in Leavenworth, Kansas in the 1980s and therefore did not have access to Massachusetts legal materials.[citation needed] The court noted Nassar was back in Massachusetts in late 1983 and did not inquire about the case then or for more than two decades.[citation needed] Bolgen said she was disappointed in the decision, but said Nassar had a pending motion for a new trial in Essex County that she was confident would be granted. Ames Robey, a former prison psychologist who analyzed both DeSalvo and Nassar, has said Nassar was a misogynistic, psychopathic killer who was a far more likely suspect than DeSalvo.[11] Some followers of the case said Nassar was the real strangler and fed DeSalvo details of the murders so DeSalvo could confess and gain notoriety or through Nassar get the reward money to help support DeSalvo's family of wife and two children. In a 1999 interview with The Boston Globe, Nassar denied involvement in the murders, but said the speculation killed any chance he had for parole. "I had nothing to do with it," he said. "I'm convicted under the table, behind the scenes."[citation needed] Nassar had previously been convicted of the May 1948 murder of a shop owner. Nassar was sentenced to life in prison in that case, but through his friendship with a Unitarian minister he was paroled in early 1961, less than a year before the Boston Strangler murders were believed to have begun. Between June 14, 1962, and January 4, 1964, 13 single women between the ages of 19 and 85. Most of the women were sexually assaulted in their apartments, and then strangled with articles of clothing. The eldest victim died of a heart attack. Two others were stabbed to death, one of whom was also badly beaten. Without any sign of forced entry into their homes, police assumed the victims either knew their killer or voluntarily allowed him into their homes. The police were not convinced all of these murders were the work of one single individual, especially because of the large range in the victims' ages; much of the public believed the crimes were committed by one person, however. On October 27, 1964, a stranger entered a young woman's home in East Cambridge posing as a detective. He tied her to the bed, and then sexually assault her, and suddenly left, saying "I'm sorry". The woman's description led police to identify the assailant as DeSalvo and when his photo was published, many women identified him as the man who had assaulted them. Earlier on October 27, DeSalvo had posed as a motorist with car trouble and attempted to enter a home in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The homeowner, future Brockton Police Chief Richard Sproles, became suspicious and eventually fired a shotgun towards DeSalvo. The motive for DeSalvo confessing to the crimes remains the same whether he actually committed them or not. He believed that he would be spending the rest of his life in jail for the Green Man attacks and wanted to use the confession to raise money to support his wife and children. Plus, being the notorious Boston Strangler would make him world famous. Dr. Robey testified that "Albert so badly wanted to be the Strangler." Bailey engaged a plea bargain to lock in his client's guilt in exchange for the lack of a death penalty and a desire for an eventual insanity verdict. With the jury decision of life in prison, Bailey was very angry: "My goal was to see the Strangler wind up in a hospital, where doctors could try to find out what made him kill. Society is deprived of a study that might help deter other mass killers who lived among us, waiting for the trigger to go off inside them." DeSalvo was sentenced to life in prison in 1967. In February of that year, he escaped with two fellow inmates from Bridgewater State Hospital, triggering a full scale manhunt. A note was found on his bunk addressed to the superintendent. In it, DeSalvo stated he had escaped to focus Lingering doubts remain as to whether DeSalvo was indeed the Boston Strangler. At the time he confessed, people who knew him personally did not believe him capable of the crimes. It was also noted the women allegedly killed by "The Strangler" were of widely varying ages, social strata and ethnicities, and that there were different modi operandi. Susan Kelly, an author who has had access to the files of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' "Strangler Bureau", argues the murders were the work of several killers rather than a single individual.[7] Another author, former FBI profiler Robert Ressler, said "You're putting together so many different patterns [regarding the Boston Strangler murders] that it's inconceivable behaviorally that all these could fit one individual." In 2000, Elaine Whitfield Sharp, an attorney specializing in forensic cases based in Marblehead, Massachusetts, represented the DeSalvo family and the family of Mary A. Sullivan. Sullivan was publicized as being the final victim in 1964, although other murders occurred after that date. Former print journalist Whitfield Sharp assisted the families in their media campaign to clear DeSalvo's name, to assist in organizing and arranging the exhumations of Mary A. Sullivan and Albert H. DeSalvo, in filing various lawsuits in attempts to obtain information and trace evidence (e.g., DNA) from the Horror Shopping	i don't know
What product was advertised by the slogan "It takes a licking and keeps on ticking"	THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; 'Takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is on the way out at Timex. Now, it's 'Life is ticking.' - The New York Times The New York Times Business Day \|THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; 'Takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is on the way out at Timex. Now, it's 'Life is ticking.' Search Business Day \| THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; 'Takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is on the way out at Timex. Now, it's 'Life is ticking.' Continue reading the main story THE venerable theme for Timex, ''It takes a licking and keeps on ticking,'' looks to be taking a final licking. The Timex Corporation, in a campaign from its new agency, Kirshenbaum Bond & Partners in New York, is dropping the ''licking/ticking'' slogan -- introduced in the 1950's and brought back in the 1990's -- for a theme intended to help update its image. The goal is to freshen the Timex appeal with consumers ages 18 to 34, whose wrists are increasingly sporting other watch brands like Kenneth Cole, ESQ, Marc Ecko, Fossil, Guess, Swatch and Swiss Army that they deem more hip. The theme change, to ''Timex. Life is ticking,'' is part of an advertising makeover after Timex left its agency of 16 years, Fallon Worldwide in Minneapolis, part of the Publicis Groupe. The new campaign, with a budget estimated at $6 million, is indicative of efforts by marketers of familiar products, especially in competitive categories, to freshen once-powerful pitches that are now perceived to be working about as well as, well, a stopped watch. ''This is not to dis anything we've done in the past,'' said Mark Shuster, senior vice president for marketing and chief marketing officer at Timex in Middlebury, Conn., who joined the company five months ago, ''but we have an opportunity to take the brand forward.'' Continue reading the main story '' 'It takes a licking and keeps on ticking' was very consistent with a durability message, and was very effective,'' Mr. Shuster said. ''But durability is now almost a given because as technologies have improved, people have caught on to it. Our thought was, is there a way to evolve beyond durability, to look for that something that captures more of the spirit and mindset of today.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story There are of course significant risks in replacing ''licking/ticking,'' which ranked No. 40 on a list of the top 100 campaigns of the 20th century compiled by the trade publication Advertising Age. Timex, the United States watch market leader -- the Swatch Group is first worldwide -- would be poorly served if it were to give up the benefits of the previous theme, like the awareness and recall the longtime slogan has among consumers, without achieving improvements in measurements like modernity or relevance. ''I don't want to be negative, but I am underwhelmed by the concept,'' said Timothy R. V. Foster, the founder of a company in London called AdSlogans Unlimited, when asked his reaction to the new theme. '' 'It takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is brilliant, because the slogan says the benefit,'' Mr. Foster said. ''With 'Life is ticking,' I have a tendency to want to complete the slogan; it doesn't sound like it's finished.'' Needless to say, Timex and Kirshenbaum Bond, part of the Kirshenbaum Bond Creative Network, plan to work assiduously to convert critics like Mr. Foster. That will be the aim of print ads in the ''Life is ticking'' campaign, to appear in September issues of magazines with younger readers like Details, Entertainment Weekly, FHM, InStyle, Jane, Lucky, Marie Claire, Men's Health and Transworld Snowboarding. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy The ads seek to draw attention by illustrating Timex products and features in eye-catching, nontraditional ways. For instance, a watch with a heart monitor is promoted with a photograph not of a fit runner but of a heart attack breakfast of bacon, three eggs and fried potatoes. The Ironman Sleek watch is promoted with a photograph not of a trim triathlete but of a bulging belly. An Ironman Data Link watch with ''reminder'' features is promoted with a photograph of a reminder missed because Timex was not there: a dead goldfish floats in its bowl, the ''Feed fish'' message unseen. And a shock-resistant watch is promoted with a photograph meant not to absorb shocks but to create some, depicting a flasher in a raincoat unveiling himself to passers-by. ''The brand is so iconic, but sometimes 'iconic' can seem dated,'' said Rob Feakins, an executive creative director at Kirshenbaum Bond. '' 'It takes a licking and keeps on ticking' is one of the greatest tag lines in terms of memorability, but it's no longer relevant.'' After all, Mr. Feakins said, ''most people with a watch expect it to work.'' In the review for the Timex account that ended in December with the selection of Kirshenbaum Bond, ''we presented two campaigns they didn't buy,'' Mr. Feakins said, referring to Timex executives, ''but they liked our thinking, so we went back and did a huge exploratory on the slogan.'' ''We wanted to create a point of view for Timex that wasn't about telling time anymore, but was more about what you make of that time,'' he added. '' 'Life is ticking' is attached to the old tag line, but it's done in a more tongue-in-cheek way that's more relevant to this audience.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story In tests of the new ''bolder, more pointed'' tack the print ads are taking, Mr. Feakins said, consumers said ''they felt the brand could go there.'' The plans for the campaign include a commercial to run in movie theaters in the fall, he added, with television being considered. Mr. Shuster praised Kirshenbaum Bond for coming up with a campaign that the initial tests showed could ''help change people's perceptions about the Timex brand.'' The agency has what he called ''a terrific history for taking brands and making them more contemporary and relevant,'' listing examples like the Target discount chain owned by the Target Corporation and the Liberty Mutual insurance company that is part of the Liberty Mutual Group. Timex is one of several recent assignments gained by Kirshenbaum Bond, which is being closely watched by its competitors to see if it can deliver results. The others include the Song low-fare airline being started by Delta Air Lines and Jergens skin-care products sold by the Kao Corporation.	Timex
Born Annelies Marie on June 12, 1929, who received a diary for her 13th birthday?	Top 10 Famous Business Taglines Ever – TopYaps Share On Facbook Share on Twitter Every business has a different purpose and a name cannot always say everything about its core values, marketing message or mission statement. This is where taglines come in. Interesting and meaningful, business taglines have indeed allowed organizations stand out in this attention-starved society. Some taglines or brand slogans being small, crisp and catchy have made a permanent impression in the minds of the consumers, giving businesses an extra edge over their competitors. Listed below are top 10 famous business taglines ever. 10. Timex: “It takes a licking and keeps on ticking” When Timex wanted its watches to be sold for the durability they possessed, Russ Alben created a tagline for their advertising campaign. The tagline read “It takes a licking and keeps on ticking.” It was a consistent marketing message focused entirely on durability. The tagline proved highly effective in winning Timex more customers than its competitors in the same segment. Image Credit: qualitylogoproducts.com 9. BMW: “The Ultimate Driving Machine” BMW sales saw a tremendous rise right after the company adapted their famous advertisement tagline “The Ultimate Driving Machine” in 1971. The tagline became BMW’s unforgettable identity since the 1970s. There is no doubt that the BMW manufactures world class vehicle, but somewhere their ad campaigns stating we only make one thing, the ultimate driving machine, resonated well with the existing as well potential customers forever. 8. FedEx: “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight” Federal Express or FedEx as it’s better known, came to light with the advertisement featuring John Moschitta, Jr. – known highly for his fast speech delivery. The single commercial which with the ending tagline reading “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight” was cited by many newspapers and agencies including the New York (magazine) as the most memorable ad ever. Image Credit: almostalwaysthinking.com 7. Disneyland: “The happiest place on earth” If there is one place that is bound to make all happy being there – it has to be Walt Disney’s Disneyland. What was Walt Disney thinking when he opened the Disneyland, perhaps no one knows, but Disneyland’s tagline, which read as “The happiest place on earth”, we can surely guess what he must have thought. The ad slogan really contributed in attracting more people for the happiness promised. Image Credit: laughingplace.com 6. De Beers: “A Diamond is Forever” We all know De Beers as one of the best diamond mining, trading and manufacturing companies, and why not, it is the best. But the company’s business tagline by Frances Gerety of N.W. Ayer & Son – a leading advertising agency in the US, which read, “A Diamond is Forever”, actually made De Beers the company that it is today. The tagline has been De Beers’ selling prepositions since 1947. Image Credit: absurdintellectual.com Download our Android App And Stay Up-To-Date 5. MasterCard: “There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there is MasterCard” MasterCard was seeing the way out of business; it was losing ground to other credit card options in the market. This is when the company turned to McCann Erickson advertising agency, which formulated “There Are Some Things Money Can’t Buy. For Everything Else, There’s MasterCard” as its tagline, realizing slightly that the tagline would soon become the most talked about ad in every household and win back its customer slot in the market. Image Credit: wordpress.com 4. Adidas: “Impossible is Nothing” Adidas has long been the favorite brand of athletes and sportspersons. The present image it enjoys, is highly devised by the motivating “Impossible is Nothing” tagline and ad campaign designed for Adidas by Amsterdam-based 180/TBWA in collaboration with TBWA/Chiat/Day in San Francisco. The tagline is highly competitive and extremely hopeful. It aligns well with Adidas and its sporting attitude. Image Credit: inspirationprints.net 3. General Electric: “We Bring Good Things to Life” Designed and created by advertising agency BBDO for General Electric in 1979, “We Bring Good Things to Life” was an advertising tagline or slogan that highlighted the diversity of products and services GE catered to. The tagline, ever since it appeared in the advertisement campaigns of GE is said to be responsible for increasing the company’s popularity and image worldwide. Image Credit: imgfave.com 2. Apple: “Think different” Apple is the biggest consumer electronics company that we know of today. But the scenario wasn’t always merry for Apple. It was after the “Think Different” advertising slogan for Apple created in 1997 by advertising agency TBWA\Chiat\Day in Los Angeles that the company gained popularity amid its customers. The tagline ‘Think Different’ was featured in television commercials, print advertisements and all other kinds of promotion avenues used by Apple. Image Credit: xzoom.in 1. Nike: “JUST DO IT” Just do it or JUST DO IT as it is stylized, is the tagline that forms the core component of Nike’s brand. Created in 1988 by advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, the tagline or slogan ‘Just do it’ helped Nike increase its sport-shoe marketing revenues tremendously. Best known as one of the most famous business taglines ever, ‘Just do it’ appears in almost all Nike commercials just under the Swoosh (Nike’s tick logo). Just do it is undoubtedly a short and the most influential business taglines ever. Image Credit: briansolis.com	i don't know
By the power of Greyskull, who, alongside Teela and Man-At-Arms, battled Skeletor to defend Eternia?	He-Man @ 80s Cartoons He-Man on EBay As the theme tune suggests, He-Man is the Prince of Eternia. He defends Castle Greyskull with his friends Man-At-Arms, The Sorceress and Orko, and his twin sister is, of course, She-Ra! When he's not being the red-haired He-Man, he is the blonde Adam - softly spoken, sweet and charming, and a good friend of Teela. Adam owns a power sword, and by raising it and proclaiming "I have the power!" his transformation into He-Man occurs, alongside his pet tiger Cringer, transforming into the fearless Battlecat. Together they fight the evil Skeletor and his minions Beast Man, Mer-Man and Evil-Lyn. He-Man theme:	He-Man
Inked by Dean Young, the travails of the Bumstead family are depicted in what comic strip created in 1930?	Battle For Greyskull Chapter 5: The Battle Begins, a DC Superheroes + Power Rangers Crossover fanfic \| FanFiction "SABER-TOOTHED TIGER!" "TYRANNOSAURUS!" "As for us," said Elle. "ANGEL POWER!" Everyone watched in amazement as the Power Rangers and the four Power Angels were suited up. However, there was little time to ponder the matter, as everyone had a job to do. Martian Manhunter said it for all of them. "Let us go. There is little time to waste." While He-Man would head to Darksmoke on Battle Cat, Man-At-Arms said, "Rangers, Xena, you'll ride with me in the Attack Trak." "Lead the way, Man-At-Arms," said Tommy with a nod. "Hey, what about us?" asked Orko. "Yeah, we want to help, too," added Dree-Elle. "The two of you head for Greyskull," answered He-Man. "The Sorceress has an idea for a massive spell that she hopes to try. She needs all the magic-makers she can get." With that, everyone took off for their respective destinations. Etheria She-Ra was flying towards the Whispering Woods on Swift Wind. She hoped Castaspella was still there so that she could tell her what she had learned from Light Hope. However, her eyes widened as she got closer to the woods. "What in the world?" Just outside the woods, Wonder Woman and her team exited a portal. "Hey, look at this," said Black Canary. "It looks like this forest is surrounded by an energy dome." "Look, there's She-Ra," said Julie. She-Ra landed and stepped off of Swift Wind, saying, "You're here. But do you have any idea what happened?" "Oh, I think I have a pretty good idea," said Green Lantern with a nod. "This is a yellow dome of pure energy and only one man could have created it." "Let's check on your friends," said Wonder Woman. She walked up to the dome and said, "Is anyone in there? Can you hear me?" Several Rebels ran to the dome. Glimmer cried, "She-Ra, thank goodness you're here! You've got to get us out!" "But who are they?" asked Netossa. "These are some of the Justice League members that Glimmer and Adora told you about," answered She-Ra. "No time for introductions right now," said Green Arrow. "First, we need to get you out of there." "Did you see who or what created this dome?" asked Sabrina. "Yes," answered Sweet Bee. "I managed to catch a glimpse of a red-skinned man wearing blue. He seemed to be able to fire energy out of a ring." "You mean like this?" asked Green Lantern, showing his power ring. "The man you saw was Sinestro. But don't worry, I'll have you out in a jiffy. Stand back, everyone." Everyone did as they were told, allowing GL to create a wrecking ball with his ring. The ball swung, shattering the energy dome. "Show-off," said Jill with a smirk. "Says you," responded Green Lantern as his wrecking ball disappeared. As the Rebels stepped out of the Whispering Woods, Keith asked, "Is everyone okay?" "Yes, yes, we're fine," answered Kowl. "But who are you people?" "This is Wonder Woman," answered She-Ra. "With her are Green Lantern, Green Arrow, Black Canary, Firestorm, Hawkwoman, the ThunderCats, and some of the Power Angels." "We agreed to help out here, while the others helped out on Eternia," said Kelly. "I was looking for Castaspella," said She-Ra. "Is she still here?" "No," answered Snout Spout. "She and Frosta went back to their kingdoms just minutes before we were trapped. Why do you ask, She-Ra?" "Because, according to Light Hope, Casta has a sister living on Earth," answered She-Ra. "The Sorceress hopes to combine magics with her and many others in an attempt to stop the Horde and Skeletor once and for all." "Hey, what's that up in the sky?" asked Hyde. A small rocket was hurtling towards them, embedding itself in the ground. Seeing something attached to it, Clamp Champ said, "It's a message cube." "What does it say?" asked Bow. "We'll know in a minute," answered Clamp Champ. When he activated it, a hologram of Double Trouble appeared and spoke. "Fellow Rebels, Horde Prime's flagship, the Velvet Glove, has arrived in Etheria's orbit. Shadow Weaver and her crew are boarding even as we speak to launch their invasion of Earth. With her are Catra, Colonel Blast, Entrapta, Evilseed, Mantenna, Modulock, Evil-Lyn, Webstor, Clawful, Trap-Jaw, Scorpia, Octavia, Multi-Bot, and Vultak. To keep you busy, the remaining Horde members are teaming with members of the Legion of Apocalypse to attack Brightmoon, Mystacore, the ice region, and Salineas. Good luck, my friends." "Can she be trusted?" asked Firestorm. "She's my cousin," answered Glimmer. "I trust her with my life." "We'd best split up," said Mermista, who was in her human form. "I'm heading for Salineas to help my people. Who's coming with me?" "I'll come," said Perfuma. "Salineas is one of the few places on Etheria I've never been." "As will I," said Clamp Champ. "Just give us a moment to suit up." Once Clamp Champ and Perfuma were in their underwater diving suits, Green Lantern said, "Firestorm and I will accompany you." "Are you sure?" asked Clamp Champ. "I'm not sure I have any suits that will fit you two." "We don't need them," said Firestorm. "I can make myself intangible while Green Lantern's ring will protect him underwater." "The ThunderCats and I will head for the ice region," said Wonder Woman. "I'm coming with you," said Netossa. "And me as well," said Spinerella. "I'm heading for Mystacore," said She-Ra. "Who's coming with me?" "I will," said Sweet Bee. "Jill, Kelly, and I will come, too," said Sabrina. "And me," added Snout Spout. "That leaves Brightmoon for the rest of us," said Glimmer. "Bow, Hawkwoman, Green Arrow, Black Canary, Kris, and Julie, follow me." Mermista transformed into her mermaid form and jumped into the water, followed closely behind by her small party. Keith said, "We'd best make a change ourselves. ThunderCats, Time to Rock!" "JAGUAR!" "LION!" "FROM THE SHADOWS, COMES FORTH THE LIGHT!" "Our turn," said Sabrina. "ANGEL POWER!" The other Rebels watched in amazement as their new allies morphed. Once it was done, everyone went their separate ways. "Good luck," said Kowl as he watched everyone leave. Once they were gone, he added, "They're going to need it." Meanwhile, on Earth: Nightwing contacted Isis. "Batman just sent me the names of the Eternian villains about to try and invade Earth. They are: Shadow Weaver, Catra, Colonel Blast, Entrapta, Evilseed, Mantenna, Modulock, Evil-Lyn, Webstor, Clawful, Trap-Jaw, Scorpia, Octavia, Multi-Bot, and Vultak. Aiding them here are: Killer Frost, Darkonda, The Crime Syndicate, Vypra, a new Master Org, Silver Banshee, Major Force, and a resurrected Aquaman, plus, the Ninja Storm Rangers have been sent to Etheria. We'd best be ready." A time portal opened, bringing both Time Force and the Legion of Super Heroes. Supergirl spoke up, "What's our plan to stop these invaders, General Isis?" Isis chuckled slightly, then spoke, "They will most likely send some easily crushed henchmen, hoping to tire us out. But we'll be ready…and have some unexpected suprises for them. I've alerted the Sorceress to warn the ThunderCats of the Ninja Storm team's arrival. Like the Morphin Rangers, they can access Ninja forms…and can now summon their zords." "Their zords are ready?" Kyle Rayner asked. "The main 5 and the Shadow ThunderCat's are. Keith's is the Red Lion, Laurie's Pink Cheetah, Christopher has the Black Leopard, Tracy's got the Yellow Cougar, Bill's is the Blue Tiger, and Dan's Shadow Panther. The main 5 can come together to form the ThunderCat MegaZord. Udonna & I can send the zords to Eternia or Etheria should they need them. Jackie & Hyde's zords are still being created, Zordon tells me, but will soon be ready." Isis finished. Lost in thought, Isis asked herself: 'How is Udonna going to react to this bit of news? Her sister is from another planet? She's just getting used to having her son back…now this? That's a lot to take in one year.' Eternia Stratos and Buzz-Off's party were flying towards Avion and Andreenos at top speed. Moss Man and Tiffany were using their plant powers to carry them there. Riding in a Battle Hawk with Sy-Klone and Mekaneck, Eve said, "You've told me that Beast Man can control animals. Are there any that he can't control?" "Well, dragons for one thing," answered Mekaneck. "Hmm," said Eve thoughtfully. "I wonder if I can." When they were close enough, they could see that both the Avians and the Andreenids were locked in battle. Noticing them in the distance, Hawke and General Stingrad approached. Hawke said, "Lord, Stratos, thank the Elders you're here!" Clearly, she sounded desperate. "Stingrad, what's going on?" asked Buzz-Off. "And how's our Queen?" "Our Queen has been taken to safety, Lord Buzz-Off," answered Stingrad. "However, we need all the help we can get." "We were ambushed," continued Hawke. "We never stood a chance. So far, we've been lucky that the invaders haven't taken over already." "Our fellow Andreenids especially are at a disadvantage," added Stingrad. "One of the invaders used a weapon to freeze our entire supply of Ambrosia, rendering it useless." "A freezing weapon, eh?" said Flash. "That could be only one of two men." "Enough talk," said Tiffany. "We've got a world to save!" "She's right," said Superman. "Let's go!" Beast Man, Mer Man, Poison Ivy, and Captain Cold watched as Beast Man and Mer Man's creatures aided Luthor robots, Putties, Tengas, and the new battle drones in the fight. In his warbly voice, Mer Man said, "Everything is going according to plan!" "Yes," agreed Captain Cold. "Soon, Avion and Andreenos will be ours!" "And all of Eternia will be ours for the greening," added Poison Ivy. While several Avions and Andreenids, lead by Stratos and Buzz-Off, dealt with the Tengas in the air, the rest of them that were on the ground got some much-needed help. Superman flew through several Putties and robots, putting them out of commission. Hawkman swooped down and bashed several more with his mace. Eve summoned several animals, including dragons, to stop the ones being controlled by Beast Man and Mer Man. She said, "I'm trying not to hurt them, but I can't get them to retreat. If Beast Man or Mer Man is controlling them, then their control must be nearly absolute. I haven't been able to take control of them myself, though." Flash used his super speed to take down many more while Sy-Klone used his winds and his wrist-shooters to down several more. Sy-Klone said, "Oftentimes, the best way to solve a problem is to take out the root cause." Mekaneck used his club to destroy more Putties and robots. He then extended his neck and searched the area until he found what he was looking for. "Over there! There's Beast Man and Mer Man along with two others." "I'll take you over there, Eve," said Flash. After taking out more enemies by causing different plants to grow through them, Moss Man said, "I'll come with you." "As will I," added Tiffany. The four of them then began making their way towards, Beast Man, Mer Man, Poison Ivy, and Captain Cold. The villainous foursome noticed that four of their enemies were coming towards them. Beast Man said, "We'll crush them! They're no match for us." "I'll take out the plant man as well as the Green Power Angel," said Poison Ivy. She then made her way towards her intended targets. Seeing Tiffany, Ivy said, "I've been looking forward to this, Angel." "Too bad I can't say the same for you," said Tiffany. It didn't take long to find out whose plant powers were superior as Tiffany overwhelmed Ivy with ease. "Curses!" cried the trapped Ivy. "It's bad enough you won't let me save the plant life on Earth, now you've robbed me of the chance to save this world's environment!" "You're no savior, Ivy," said Moss Man. "You're just another bad seed." "Amen to that," said Tiffany. As Flash approached with Eve, Captain Cold yelled, "Shoot them! They're down there somewhere!" He fired his freeze gun while Mer Man fired his trident, to no avail. Flash dropped off Eve and proceeded to knock out both Cold and Mer Man. Mer Man recovered quickly and attempted to run back to the sea, riding on a flying fish while Flash secured Captain Cold. Beast Man attempted to swing his whip, but a large bird swooped down and took it from him. "Hey, who did that?" "I did," said Eve. Beast Man turned to see the Diamond Power Angel standing before him. "Release these creatures from your control." Beast Man laughed and said, "You're a pretty one, aren't you? But I don't take orders from you." "Oh, but I think you will," said Eve. Two dragons then landed on either side of her. "I've heard you can't control dragons. I, on the other hand, can. Now, I could use them to persuade you, but I think I have a better idea." Beast Man looked at her in confusion. Suddenly, he grabbed his head and screamed in pain. "What…are you…doing to me?" "You're part beast," answered Eve. "Which means I can control you. I can also give you a seizure, which is what you're experiencing now. And the pain won't stop until you send all these creatures home. Understand?" "Yes…yes!" cried Beast Man as the pain increased. Soon, all of the animals began to retreat. "It's…done." "Good," said Eve. "Now, rest." Beast Man then collapsed into unconsciousness as the animals under Eve's control left as well. The other heroes then approached, the threat having been dissolved. Seeing Beast Man lying on the ground, one of the Andreenids said, "You killed him!" "No, I merely incapacitated him," said Eve. "When he wakes up, he'll have a splitting headache." "Good job, Eve," said Superman as he patted her on the back. "Good job, everyone." "Hey!" cried one of the other Avions. "Mer Man's getting away!" Mer Man had just gone underwater on the back of his flying fish. "Oh, no, he's not," said Flash. He then ran towards the water, running in circles until a screaming Mer Man came flying out, landing hard on the shore. He looked up to see Superman, Hawkman, Stratos, and Buzz-Off standing before him. Frowning down at the fallen Mer Man, Hawkman said, "You're coming with us." "Well, Avion and Andreenos are safe," said Buzz-Off. "Yes," agreed Superman. "But our work isn't done yet." Etheria Mermista swam as fast as she could towards Salineas, the others close behind. "We're almost there," she said. "And it looks like just in time, too," said Firestorm. Many of the new battle drones were trying to break into Salineas, only to be met by the Mer-People, aided by various aquatic life. "Those must be the new battle drones we've heard about," said Clamp Champ. "Apparently, they can function underwater!" "Then we'll just make them wish they couldn't!" said a determined Green Lantern. He then created multiple torpedoes and launched them, destroying several of the evil robots. "These dull machines could use a woman's touch," said Perfuma. She then caused flowers to appear on and around many of the robots, disorienting them and allowing Mermista to manipulate the water and send them flying, many of them crashing into each other. "My turn," said Firestorm. He then rearranged the molecules of several more robots, rendering them harmless. Clamp Champ avoided the shots of two robots before capturing them in his capture claw. He then extended it, launching the robots into more of their comrades. King Mercier, Mermista's father saw his daughter aiding in the fight. "Mermista!" he cried. Coming to his side, Mermista said, "I'm here, father." Seeing the four people with her, he frowned and asked, "Why do you insist on bringing these dry-landers with you?" Overhearing this, Firestorm said, "Sheesh, talk about ungrateful." He continued to put down more robots. "Father, we've been through this before," said Mermista with a frown of her own. "They're my friends! Why can't you accept that? When are you going to get it through your thick skull that the Horde will never leave our people alone? They absolutely will not stop. Ever! Until all of Etheria is conquered. All of it!" "Maybe you should listen to you daughter, Your Highness," suggested Green Lantern. "I would." He then created multiple buzz saws, taking out more robots. Suddenly, Sinestro and Star Sapphire appeared. Sinestro said, "How very wise of you, Green Lantern." "Hello again, Sinestro," said Green Lantern as he and Sinestro engaged in yet another power ring duel. Star Sapphire said, "Surrender, fools! You cannot defeat us!" She then fire her sapphire beams at Mermista and King Mercier, but they were able to dodge. Leech then managed to swim up behind King Mercier and grabbed him with his suction cup-shaped hands. "Feel the suction power of Leech!" He then began draining Mercier's strength, weakening him. "Father!" cried Mermista. She then jumped onto Leech's back, attempting to choke him out. Leech threw her down, but before he could make a move on her, Clamp Champ's capture claw grabbed him. "Oh, no, you don't!" cried Clamp Champ. He then extended his clamp, slamming the amphibian-like Hordesman into a large rock face multiple times until he was knocked out. Star Sapphire, meanwhile, cried out in surprise, "What the?" Flowers were appearing on her outfit. "Get these bloody things off of me!" "Why should I?" asked Perfuma with a shrug. "They make you prettier." But before Sapphire could respond, Sinestro was sent flying into her back. Realizing that they were at a disadvantage, Sinestro said, "I think retreat is the best option." "Indeed," said Star Sapphire. They then flew away, leaving Leech behind. With the fight over, King Mercier, still recovering from the energy drain, said, "Thank you. I suppose my people owe you dry-landers one." "Glad we could help," said Clamp Champ with a nod. "As for Leech,…" began Firestorm. He then used his powers to rearrange the molecules of some of the remains of the destroyed robots. He turned the pieces into a metallic straight-jacket to secure the still-unconscious Leech. Earth Orbit A gigantic spaceship approached the Earth. It was the Velvet Glove, flagship of Horde Prime, Supreme Ruler of the Horde. His invading force stood at the ready as he gave orders from the shadows. "Shadow Weaver, it is time. Soon, the planet Earth will be the next to bow to our power." "Yes, almighty Horde Prime," said Shadow Weaver, her voice shaking. "We are honored that you would allow us to conquer this planet in your name." It was no secret amongst the Horde members that Shadow Weaver wished to overthrow Hordak and rule in his place, but even she wasn't foolish enough to challenge Horde Prime's power. Batmechs then began flying out of the Velvet Glove and headed towards Earth. Horde Prime said, "I will beam the rest of you down to the surface. Do not fail me!" Shadow Weaver and crew were then teleported off of the ship. It didn't take long for Earth's defenders to realize what was happening. "Batmechs! nIt's already started!" Starfire shouted, as she fired a blast that destroyed two of the robot attack drones. "Incoming!" Cyborg shouted. He and Taylor Earhardt, the Soaring Eagle Wild Force Ranger, went to work trashing as many as they could. Cole Evans, the Blazing Lion Wild Force Ranger, turned to the Cunning Cheetah Wild Force Ranger. "Paige…" "Prue, Piper, and Phoebe are on their way. Blue Beetle, Booster Gold, Huntress, and Elongated Man are already helping Hercules right now," Paige Matthews finished. Meanwhile, Shadow Weaver and some of her invading force landed at Mystacore. Looking around, she said, "So, this is Earth's Mystacore. Pathetic. Castaspella at least has a castle. But no matter. We will destroy this mud ball before…" She never got to finish. A blast of light hit her square in the chest, weakening her. "Who dares?" "WE DARE! Did you really think that we would let you try and trash our planet? Think again!" Isis and Udonna shouted, the Mystic Force Rangers standing behind them. "Lady, you and your goons are finished!" Nick, the Red Fire Mystic Force Ranger shouted. And it was on! He was the first, as he blasted the Batmechs with an intense burst of fire, melting the robots. Catra was about to turn into her panther form when Vida, the Pink Wind Mystic Force Ranger, blasted her off her feet with a heavy blast of wind. Colonel Blast was zapped by lightning from Chip, the Yellow lightning Mystic Force Ranger. Entrapa tried to capture the others, only to be nailed by a tsunami courtesy of Madison, the Blue Water Mystic Force Ranger. "Enjoying your swim, Entrapa?" Madison smiled. While this was happening, Isis and Xander, the Green Nature Mystic Force Ranger, double teamed Evilseed, trapping him in a cocoon of vines, and turning his own plants against him. Udonna and the Charmed Ones taught Mantenna a much needed lesson. Udonna froze him in place, while Prue sent him flying into a tree, Piper caused one of his weapons to explode, and Phoebe caused him to get nailed by one of his own freeze beams. Daggeron frowned until he saw Modulok about to capture some innocent children. "Not while I'm here!" The Solaris Knight then blasted him with an intense solar beam, shorting out his shape-changing abilities. Eternia Fisto and his team were racing through Subternia, Megan leading the way as she lit the area with an orb of light. "I hope we get there in time," said the White Power Angel. "We've got to," said Fisto. "Relations between the Speleans and the Caligars are fragile enough." "These new enemies could mess everything up," agreed Ram Man. "They've made so much progress over the past few years," said Teela. "I'd hate to see it all crumble now, especially at a time like this." Using his internal sensors, Roboto said, "I am tracking enemy activity less than a mile away." "Affirmative," agreed Man-E-Faces' robot face. He then switched back to his normal face and said, "We're almost there." But Teela needn't have worried, for on this day, the Speleans and the Caligars were fighting as one. Granted they weren't faring well at the moment, but they were gladly fighting side-by-side. Never before had Subternia seen the likes of Putties, Tengas, Luthor robots, and the new battle drones. "It looks grim, Dactys," said Ceratus, leader of the Caligars. He whipped away some enemies with his tail before taking down more with his fists. "It appears the traitor has new allies." Whiplash, who was leading the invasion of Subternia, was a Caligar who had been exiled by his people long ago. "Indeed," agreed Lord Dactys, leader of the Speleans as he used his sword to fight off the invaders. "Though we've had our differences in the past, Ceratus, if I am to die in battle this day, there is no one in Subternia I'd rather have fight by my side than you." "The feeling is mutual, Lord Dactys." "Here we are," said Fisto. "Let's get them!" He then bashed several robots into oblivion with his metallic fist. Man-E-Faces fired his pistol, destroying more robots. He then switched to his monster face and used his enhanced strength to take down several Tengas. Megan shot a blast of light, blinding several Putties and Tengas. This allowed Lizard Man to destroy several Putties and take down several Tengas before they even knew what hit them. "Coming through!" cried Ram Man as he charged head-first into the fray, putting more robots out of commission. He swung his axe at more of the robots, putting them down. Roboto also used his machine guns to destroy more. "How's this for a sound check?" asked Elle. She then fired a blast of sound, destroying more robots. "You want a sound check?" asked Silver Swan. "How about one with me?" "Gladly," answered the Purple Power Angel. They then unleashed their best sound attacks. It was a struggle at first, but Elle eventually prevailed, taking Silver Swan out of the fight. Martian Manhunter didn't say a word as he stretched and wrapped himself around multiple Putties, crushing them. Returning to his normal shape, he then took to the air and fought off several Tengas. As he landed, he changed into a lion, pouncing on several robots. He changed back to normal as he found himself surrounded by both Luthor robots and the new robots. They fired on him, but he made himself intangible and went into the ground, causing them to shoot and destroy themselves. Martian Manhunter turned when he heard a voice say, "Impressive." J'onn turned to see Whiplash standing before him. Whiplash continued, "But one good hit, and it's all over." He then swung his tail, only for the Martian to catch it. "Uh oh," said Whiplash, realizing he was in trouble. "I agree," said Martian Manhunter. "One good hit…" He then pulled Whiplash towards him with his super-strength and knocked him out with one punch. "And it's all over…for you." Batman also chose not to speak, instead letting his actions do the talking. He punched several Putties, putting them down for the count. He threw an exploding batarang, destroying several robots. He then fired his grappler and swung into a swarm of Tengas, taking them down. It was then that he spotted Two-Face. Two-Face had fired on an innocent Caligar with his shotgun when he noticed Batman's presence. "Batman. I was wondering if you would show your face." He then fired, but Batman jumped over the shot and tackled his former friend. He then knocked him out with one punch. Shaking his head, Batman asked, "Why do you make me do this, Harvey?" Teela fought off Putties and Tengas with her Cobra Staff. She then drew her sword and proceeded to disarm and dismantle several robots. However,… BANG! Teela screamed in pain as something entered the back of her shoulder and went out the front, causing her to drop her weapons and fall to her knees. Teela was holding her bleeding shoulder as she heard maniacal laughter. Turning to the source of the laughter, her jaw dropped in horror as the Joker stepped from the shadows, holding a gun. She couldn't help but notice the grin permanently affixed to his face as he continued laughing. Finally, he stopped. Cocking his gun, Joker then said, "Tell me something, kid: Have you ever danced with the Devil by the pale moonlight?" Teela sat there, frozen with fear as she stared down the barrel of the gun while the Clown Prince of Crime laughed again. However, his laughter was cut short as a batarang knocked his gun out of his hand. Punching him as hard as he could, Fisto yelled, "Leave my niece alone, you monster!" Joker was instantly knocked out. Turning to the injured Teela, Fisto said, "Teela." "I'm fine, uncle, really," said Teela, trying to be strong. "I'll be the judge of that," said Batman as he and Fisto helped Teela to her feet. They were able to find a secluded spot while they left the others to continue fighting. After setting Teela on the ground, Batman tore a piece of her shirt off, getting a look at her injured shoulder. "How bad is it?" asked Fisto as he held Teela's hand. "She's losing blood fast," answered Batman. "Can you get her back to the palace?" "I doubt I'd get there fast enough. This has to be taken care of immediately. Otherwise, she could bleed to death. Go, I'll take care of her." Fisto nodded. Patting Teela's shoulder, he said, "Stay strong, kid." Managing a weak smile, Teela said, "I'll try, uncle." Fisto managed a small smile as he went back into the heat of battle. Looking at the Dark Knight, Teela asked, "So, what are you going to do?" "Unfortunately, the wound will have to be cauterized," answered Batman. Leaning back and closing her eyes, Teela mumbled, "Great." "Do you trust me?" asked Batman. Teela stared at him blankly. "Do you trust me?" Teela stared at him a few more seconds before answering. "Yes. I do." Batman nodded and held out a batarang, saying, "Here, bite on this." Teela did as she was told, biting on the batarang as hard as she could. Batman then used a tool from his utility belt and applied the necessary heat to the wound. Teela winced as her wound was treated. As soon as he was done, Batman reassured the young Captain, "It's okay, Teela. You're going to be fine." Teela nodded as Batman bandaged her wound. "Thank you," she whispered as she drifted off into unconsciousness. "Rest easy, kid," whispered Batman. "Rest easy." Soon, the battle was over. "It's over," said Lord Dactys. "Thank you for all your help." "Unfortunately, the cost was dear," added Ceratus. "For both our peoples." Indeed, several Speleans and Caligars had lost their lives in the fight. "You're not the only ones," said Batman as he approached while carrying Teela. "Teela," said Lizard Man. "Is she…?" "She'll live," reassured Batman. "She just needs rest." Etheria Wonder Woman was flying towards the ice region followed by the others flying on vehicles that Clamp Champ had converted from the remains of destroyed Horde vehicles into vehicles to serve the Rebellion's purposes. "How long before we get there?" asked Wonder Woman. "Soon," answered Spinerella. "Hopefully, Frosta's people and the Selkies won't tear each other apart. Relations between them are fragile at best." "We're here," said Netossa. "And it looks like the fight's already started." Soon, everyone landed and began to get involved in the battle. Horde Troopers, different Horde vehicles, Luthor robots, and new battle drones were being reduced to scrap. Wonder Woman bashed several Troopers and vehicles with her fists. A Horde tank fired at her, but she deflected the shots with her bracelets, sending them back to the source and destroying two tanks. Spinerella began spinning, generating winds powerful enough to send many of the various robots flying. She was even able to blow away more tanks and other Horde vehicles. Netossa threw her unbreakable net-like cape, capturing more Troopers and robots, rendering them helpless. She then turned to Wonder Woman, who was still fighting and asked, "Don't you ever get cold in that outfit?" Diana smiled and responded, "I'm just warming up." Seeing two of her fellow Rebels, Frosta smiled and said, "Thank you, my friends! You've arrived just in time!" She then used her ice powers to freeze many more Troopers, robots, and vehicles. The ThunderCats used their weapons to tears into the Troopers and robots. Seeing them, the captain of the Selkies' army frowned and asked, "What are these invaders doing here? They're the reason we were attacked in the first place!" King Narwhal, the Selkies' King asked, "What trickery is this?" "What are they talking about?" asked Spinerella. Keith frowned under his helmet and answered, "Oh, I think we have a pretty good idea." He then stepped forward and yelled, "HEY, NINJA STORM RANGERS, WHY DON'T YOU USELESS, SORRY BITCHES COME OUT WHERE WE CAN SEE YA?" With that, the Ninja Storm Rangers made their presence known. Seeing the ThunderCats, Dustin Brooks said, "Well, well, well, if is isn't the Ranger wanna-bes." "The only wanna-bes we see are you guys!" snapped Laurie. "If you were real Rangers, you would be fighting with us, not against us," added Tracy. "Nobody gives a d* about good and evil anymore," responded Shane Clark. "And nobody cares about what you do, either. Everybody hates you and fears you just because you have power. Well, we say let's give them a reason to hate us!" Frowning under his own helmet, Hyde turned to the Selkie captain and asked, "You were actually stupid enough to mistake us for these clowns? You gotta be kidding me!" "We'll show you who the real clowns are after we kill you," said Tori Hansen. "As for the rest of you, we didn't come alone," said Cam Watanabe. A stomping sound got everyone's attention as the heroes turned to see Dylamug approach, accompanied by Cheetah, Two-Bad, Rito Revolto, Bloodsport, and Metallo. Keith said, "Tracy, Jackie, you help Wonder Woman and the others. The rest of us will take care of the Ninja Storm Rangers." "We're on it," said Jackie with a nod. Cheetah charged Wonder Woman, saying, "This time, Wonder Woman, I'll be the victor!" "I think not," said Wonder Woman as she threw Cheetah over her shoulder. She then captured Cheetah with her lasso and threw her into some of the remaining Troopers and robots. Two-Bad charged Frosta, saying, "The ice lady is mine!" However, Frosta froze the ground, causing him to slip and slide into some more robots and Troopers. Rito charged Netossa with his sword, saying, "Lookie lookie what I got!" Netossa side-stepped him as he swung his sword wildly. She then threw her net as he tried to charge again, causing him to stumble and fall. As he laid there tangled up, Rito mumbled, "Well, that was embarrassing." Dylamug stomped over to Tracy as she held her Thunder Daggers. Dylamug said, "Foolish child! Do you really think your puny daggers can stop me?" "No, I don't," answered Tracy. Dylamug fired at her, but Tracy was able to avoid the shot. She then struck his mechanical legs one at a time, causing him to collapse and rendering him immobile. As Dylamug sat there in shock, Tracy cried out confidently, "I KNOW they can!" Bloodsport fired a bazooka at Spinerella, but missed. "Curses!" cried Bloodsport. "Hold still, will you?" "I'm afraid I can't do that," said Spinerella. "But I can do this." She then started spinning again, sending Bloodsport flying into a rock, knocking him out. Metallo stared Jackie down and chuckled. "Superman can't beat me. What makes you think you can? I can take anything you can throw at me, Ranger. Anything." "You're forgetting one crucial thing, metalhead: Your Kryptonite heart doesn't work on me," responded the Purple ThunderCat. "Besides, I think you'll find that my slingshots pack quite a punch." Metallo snarled and charged. He threw a punch, but missed wildly. Jackie then fired her slings, doing considerable damage to the evil cyborg. "I trust I've made my point?" Keith clashed swords with Shane, neither one giving an inch. Shane boasted, "Face it, amateur. I'm out of your league!" "For once, you're right," Keith started, then slashed Shane's leg with his sword, then punched him in the face, destroying his helmet, then kicked him into a tree. "I'm so much better than you! You're the leader of this sorry team? What were they doing, scraping the bottom of the barrel?" the Red Lion ThunderCat laughed. Pissed, Shane leaped up and landed a lucky punch to the stomach, then shouted, "I can't wait to see the look on your fake wrestler girlfriend's face when she learns I killed you." This seemed to give Keith a second wind as he screamed and went back on the attack. He knocked Shane's sword out of his hands and struck him down. "THINK I'M AN AMATEUR NOW?" Bill fought Dustin, lance and sword clashing violently. Dustin said, "I just had to get stuck with a hick like you." "You ain't exactly Einstein yourself, boy," responded Bill. "Here's your sign." He then knocked Dustin's sword away before striking him down. "Moron." Laurie was using her bow like a sword as she battled Tori. Tori said, "I can't wait to see the look on your alien boyfriend's face when I hand him your head." "Says the useless Barbie doll wanna-be who let power go to her own head," snapped Laurie. "Maybe you should cut off your own head instead. I mean, it's nothing but empty space, anyway." Before an angry Tori could respond, Laurie had then knocked Tori's sword out of her hand before blasting her at point-blank range. Chris' axe clashed with Blake Bradley's Thunder Staff. Blake said, "You've got no chance, little boy!" Chris frowned under his helmet and said, "I may be a little boy to you, but I'm more of a man than you'll ever be!" He then knocked Blake's staff out of his hands and struck him. He then converted his ThunderAxe into cannon mode and blasted Blake at point-blank range, sending him flying. "You know, the next person who calls me a 'little boy' is going to eat axe!" the Black Leopard ThunderCat snapped. Hyde's sword clashed with Hunter Bradley's Thunder Staff. Hunter asked, "You think that toy sword can stop me?" "Let's find out," said Hyde simply. He then kicked Hunter's staff out of his hand with a roundhouse kick before striking him twice. "Strike one! Strike two!" He then fired his sword's eyebeams, sending Hunter flying. "Strike three! You're out!" "I can't believe he called me a toy," said Hyde's sword, Simba. "That was quite insulting to me." "Oh, quit whining, Simba," said Hyde as he thumped Simba on the back of the head. Dan's ThunderSaber clashed with Cam's Samurai Saber. Cam said, "I must admit, you're good. But I'm better!" He then tried to attack, but Dan stopped him at every turn. Dan finally responded, "Never in a million years." He knocked Cam's sword out of his hand and struck him in the chest, putting him down. The Ninja Storm Rangers were quick to regroup, however. Shane said, "That does it. You asked for it! Storm zords, activate!" The Ninja Storm teams zords appeared, causing everyone's jaws to drop. "What do we do now?" asked Laurie. "Without zords of our own, we don't stand a chance!" An image of Zordon then appeared, saying, "THUNDERCATS, EACH OF YOUR ZORDS HAVE FINALLY BEEN COMPLETED. HURRY, YOU HAVE LITTLE TIME!" As Zordon's image disappeared, Keith said, "Thanks, Zordon. Alright, guys, let's do this." "ThunderCat zords, now!" cried all eight ThunderCats in unison. The ThunderCat zords then appeared on Etheria. "Awesome!" cried Keith. "Incredible!" concurred Laurie. "This is great!" said Chris enthusiastically. "Wow," said Tracy and Jackie in awe. "Whoa," said Hyde, speechless. "What he said," agreed Bill. "This should even the odds a little bit," finished Dan. Each ThunderCat then hopped into their respective zords. "What?" cried Blake in surprise and anger. "Since when did they have zords of their own?" "What's the matter? Odds not lopsided enough in your favor anymore?" Wonder Woman snickered. "It makes no difference," said Hunter, Wonder Woman's statement having left a mark. "We'll stop them." "Couldn't agree more," said Shane. "Let's bring them together!" All six Ninja Storm zords then combined into the Hurricane Megazord. "Time to put our zords to the test," said Keith. "Let's bring them together!" "Right!" agreed the other ThunderCats. The main five zords combined to form the ThunderCat Megazord. The other three combined to form the Shadow Megazord. "Time to Rock…" began Keith. "…and Roll!" finished the other ThunderCats. "Let's show these wanna-bes how it's done," said Tori. The Hurricane Megazord then struck each of its opponents with hard punches. However, the ThunderCat Megazord and the Shadow Megazord each responded in kind with punches of their own. "Now THAT'S how it's REALLY done!" countered Jackie. "That's it," said Dustin. "We end this." "Couldn't agree more," said Cam. "Let's put these losers out of their misery," said Blake. The Hurricane Megazord then attempted to use its hurricane finisher, but the ThunderCat Megazord and the Shadow Megazord each drew their swords and stuck them into the ground, preventing them from getting blown away. When the storm stopped, the two heroic Megazords stood firm, Chris saying, "Close, but not close enough." "Alright, we've taken their best shot," said Laurie. "Now, let's show them ours," added Hyde. "Couldn't agree more," said Dan. "So, what are we waiting for?" asked Bill. "Let's get them!" declared Tracy. The ThunderCat Megazord and the Shadow Megazord then moved in on the Hurricane Megazord, each striking with their swords. Then, their swords activated, and they struck simultaneously, putting the Hurricane Megazord down and sending the Ninja Storm Rangers flying out. They demorphed upon hitting the ground and passed out. Their zords also disappeared. Wonder Woman, the Rebels, the ice people, and the Selkies cheered as the ThunderCats exited their Megazords in triumph. Their zords disappeared once they exited. Wonder Woman smiled and said, "Good job, ThunderCats. You did well." "We all did well," said Frosta with a smile. "Thanks," said Keith with a nod. "Let's just hope the others are as successful." Earth The Crime Syndicate landed in Angel Grove with some of their new allies, thinking it would fall easily without the Morphin Rangers there to protect it. Ultra Man gave an evil smirk and said, "This is going to be too easy." "I happen to disagree with you on that," came the voice of Hercules. The Crime Syndicate turned to see Hercules standing before them, Iolaus, Gabrielle, the Huntress, Elongated Man, Blue Beetle Booster Gold, Green Lantern Kyle Rayner, Looker, Metamorpho, and the Zeo Rangers by his side. "Did you forget about us?" asked Adam Park. "It makes no difference that you're here," boasted Super Woman. "Attack!" The Syndicate charged, Ultra Man and Hercules immediately trading blows. Super Woman was double-teamed by Kat Hillard and Tanya Sloan. "The two of you can't hope to stop me!" "Just watch us," said Kat. She then activated her shield and flew forward, knocking Ultra Woman back. "My turn," said Tanya. She then used her nunchucks to put Ultra Woman down for the count. "I guess we showed her, huh?" "We certainly did," said Kat with a nod and a smile. Rocky DeSantos and David Truehart took on Owlman. He said, "I'm a far better fighter than the two of you. If you want to beat me, you'd better get some help!" "You underestimate us," said Rocky as he and David landed many punches and kicks, surprising Owlman as he took a beating. "And for that, you lose," finished David as he knocked out Owlman with one more punch. Blue Beetle blasted several Horde Troopers, saying, "This is getting out of hand!" Booster Gold did the same from the air, while also battling Batmechs. "Just another day of a-kicking to me." Troopers charged Elongated Man, but he stretched out tall and wide as the evil robots foolishly ran into him and were thrown into their own comrades. "Brainless, the whole lot of them." As she put down more with her crossbow, the Huntress said, "Serves them right." Johnny Quick tried to use his super-speed, but Kyle was able to stop him from the air. He trapped the evil speedster in a box, saying, "Now, Metamorpho!" "Got it," said Metamorpho as he changed his chemical nature. He transformed into knockout gas, taking out Johnny Quick. A yawning Johnny Quick protested, "That's…not fair…" He passed out from the gas. Power Ring fired at Adam Park and Trey, but the Red Zeo Ranger and the Gold Ranger rolled out of the way. "Hold still, will you?" asked a frustrated Power Ring. "Just make things easy on yourselves and give up!" "Never in a million years," said Adam, his sword in hand. "It's time for a Gold Rush!" cried Trey as he fired the Golden Power Staff. Power Ring put up a force field that blocked the shots. Once it was over, he lowered his shield…big mistake. "What was that supposed…?" He never got to finish as Adam snuck up behind him and used sleight-of-hand to swipe his ring before rejoining Trey. "Hey, give that back!" Taunting Power Ring with his own weapon, Adam said, "Now you see it…" He tossed the ring up in the air and took a swipe with his sword, destroying it. "Now you don't!" "NO!" Gabrielle took on Scorpia, using her staff to block Scorpia's attacks with her pinchers. "You can't hold out forever!" cried Scorpia. "Neither can you," responded Gabrielle as Scorpia swung her tail. However, Gabrielle was able to avoid it, jump behind Scorpia, and hit her in the back of the head, knocking her out. "I told you." Snapping his claws, Clawful said to Iolaus, "I'm gonna give you a haircut you'll never forget!" However, as he tried to attack, Iolaus avoided him easily. "No thanks. I'll pass," said Iolaus as he hit Clawful in the back of the head with the butt of his sword, knocking him out. "That wasn't so hard." As Hercules and Ultra Man continued trading blows, Grace joined in saying, "Hey, Herc, how about a little extra muscle?" She then used her own strength to aid Hercules, landing several shots to Ultra Man's jaw. However, Grace was kicked away as Ultra Man said, "Foolish woman! You know you're no match for me!" "Funny, it doesn't look that way to me!" responded Hercules. He then used both fists together to finally put Ultra Man down. "Good job, guys," said Adam. "Angel Grove is safe." His communicator then beeped. "Go ahead." "Adam, it's Carter," said Carter Grayson. "The Lightspeed Rangers and I just took care of Vypra. If all goes well, it shouldn't be long before the remaining invaders are stopped." "Hopefully, the remaining Titans and Legion members can stop the robots while the rest of us deal with the everyone else," added Ryan Mitchell. Eternia As He-Man, Battle Cat, and the Attack Trak neared Darksmoke, Samantha asked, "You mean, we're actually going to see real, talking dragons? Outrageous!" "We still must proceed with caution," said Man-At-Arms. "Although Granamyr holds He-Man in high regard, the dragons of Darksmoke are very mistrustful of humans, which is why they prefer to keep to themselves in hiding. Granamyr especially commands the utmost respect." "Mankind is capable of a great many evils," said Xena. "And I would know." As they neared Darksmoke, they could see many dragons in the air, battling Giganta and Eternia's three evil giants. One of the dragons saw He-Man approaching and swooped down, another by his side. One of the dragons said, "He-Man. Have you come to aid us again?" "I have, Granamyr," answered He-Man. "And I've brought some friends to help. You've met Man-At-Arms. This is Xena, Warrior Princess from another time and world. And these are the Power Rangers, protectors of the planet Earth, mentored by Zordon of Eltar." Granamyr seemed to be familiar with the name Zordon. "Yes, I remember Zordon. Before I met you, he was the only human that I'd respected." The Rangers were speechless at the site of Granamyr. The only thing any of them could say came from Billy: "Whoa." The other dragon, however, simply huffed, unimpressed. He said, "You claim to be our friend, yet you associate with people who hide behind masks?" "We wear these helmets partly out of necessity," said Jason. "However, since Zordon has given us permission to show our faces…" The Rangers then proceeded to remove their helmets. "Children?" asked the other dragon in surprise. He then frowned and continued, "You bring children to aid us?" "No offense, but I think you underestimate us," said Zack with a frown of his own. Suddenly, Goldar arrived, along with Scorpina and Louie Kaboom. Goldar announced, "They're not the only problems you have to deal with!" "We'll handle these three," said Man-At-Arms to the Rangers. "You stop the giants." "Right," said Tommy with a nod before the Rangers put their helmets back on. "But how can you possibly stop them?" asked the other dragon. Jason answered, "By showing them the Power of Thunder!" "MASTODON, LION THUNDERZORD POWER!" "SABER-TOOTHED TIGER, GRIFFIN THUNDERZORD POWER!" "STEGOSAURUS, MADUSA THUNDERZORD POWER!" "TYRANNOSAURUS, RED DRAGON THUNDERZORD POWER!" The Thunderzords appeared on Eternia and immediately merged. "Thunder Megazord, power up!" Tommy then cried, "White Tigerzord, power up!" Once Tommy was inside, he converted his zord to warrior mode. Granamyr and the other dragon watched the scene in awe. Granamyr said, "In all my years, I've never seen anything like this before." The Thunder Megazord and the White Tigerzord approached Giganta and the Eternian giants. Giganta smiled and said, "Look, boys, some big toys for us to play with." "This is going to be fun," said Azdar, leader of the three Eternian giants. The Thunder Megazord landed punches to Giganta and Azdar, while the White Tigerzord did the same with the other two giants. However, all four giants quickly recovered and each double-teamed the two zords, knocking them down. Kimberly said, "We're going to need some help." "Don't worry," said Billy. "I know just where to get it." He then flew out as the zords stood up. He said, "Hey, Tommy, say hello to an old friend." He then used his power ring to create a construct of the Dragonzord. Tommy laughed and said, "Nice one, Billy." With the odds a little better now, even though it was still three against two, the zords did much better. First, the Thunder Megazord fired some stuff from its chest, disorienting the four giants. "Hey, I can't see!" complained one of the giants. "What's going on?" asked the last giant. "You're going down, that's what!" answered Trini. The Thunder Megazord then punched down Giganta, while the White Tigerzord took down Azdar and one of the other giants. The Dragonzord construct then took down the final giant with its tail. The Thunder Megazord's eyes then lit up as the Rangers inside cried, "Thunder Saber!" Said saber was drawn. It activated and was swung, destroying the weapons of the three Eternian giants, much to their shock. The Thunder Megazord and the White Tigerzord then proceeded to beat down the three giants until they were unconscious. The Dragonzord construct did the same with Giganta. Upon being knocked out, she shrank back to normal size. "It's been fun, but your time is done!" declared Samantha. Back on the ground, He-Man clashed swords with Goldar. He-Man sent him flying with a single punch. Goldar sat up and fired a blast from his sword, which He-Man easily deflected with the Sword of Power. Goldar then charged forward and cried, "You will fall to me!" Their swords then hit so hard that Goldar's shattered! "Impossible!" he cried out in horror. "No. Possible," said He-Man as he knocked out Goldar with one punch. Man-At-Arms battled Louie, mace and sword clashing hard. Louie said, "Puny human. You can't stop me!" "We'll see," said Duncan simply. He then shattered Louie's sword with his mace and kicked him away. Recovering, Louie said, "You asked for it!" He fired a cannon on his left arm, but Man-At-Arms was able to dodge. Louie also fired eyebeams, but they too missed their target, as Man-At-Arms converted his arm into a cannon. He fired, landing multiple shots to Louie's chest. Louie stumbled back, but didn't fall, despite visible damage. "Is that the best you can do?" "Actually, no," answered Man-At-Arms. "But, since you're a machine, I don't think it'll hurt to use these." Several weapons came out of different parts of his armor. He fired them all, causing Louie to scream as he was blown apart. Xena and Scorpina were clashing swords, matching each other move-for-move. Finally, Xena managed to knock Scorpina back with a kick to the midsection. Scorpina quickly recovered and smirked, saying, "You're good. But not good enough." She then fired a beam, but Xena was able to avoid it easily. Scorpina then snarled and charged her sword before throwing it. Xena countered by throwing her chakram, which shattered the sword and hit Scorpina in the forehead, knocking her out before returning to Xena. Upon getting her chakram back, Xena smiled and said, "Sweet dreams." Soon, the battle was over. With the heroes gathered, Granamyr smiled and said, "Thank you all. Darksmoke is in your debt." "Don't mention it," said Jason with a nod. "Eternia isn't safe yet, though," said Tommy. "Unfortunately, he's right," agreed He-Man. "There's still much work to be done." Etheria She-Ra led her team towards Mystacore on Swift Wind, Sabrina riding with her. Jill and Kelly flew with Snout Spout on one of Clamp Champ's flying vehicles while Sweet Bee flew on her own. Sabrina said, "You seemed anxious to talk to this Castaspella person when we arrived, She-Ra. Is something the matter?" "I'll explain later," said She-Ra. "Right now, we've got work to do." "We're here," said Snout Spout. "And it looks like it's already gotten ugly," added Kelly. "Then let's do something about it!" exclaimed Jill. Castaspella and her apprentice Ariel were using their combined magic to protect Mystacore with a force field. It was under attack by Horde Troopers, Luthor robots, the new battle drones, and even some cogs. Sorrowful, Casta's cowardly pet dragon was flying around, using his flame breath to try and fight them off until help could arrive. Gasket and Archerina were in charge of the attack. Gasket ordered the various machines, "Keep it up! They can't hold out forever!" "Soon, darling, Mystacore will be ours for the taking!" cried Archerina with evil glee. Inside Mystacore's castle, Ariel was straining as she said, "I can't keep it up much longer!" "Keep trying!" urged Casta. "Help will soon be here!" Sweet Bee swooped down, blasting the various robots with her staff. She then landed and attempted to fight them hand-to-hand. After getting off their vehicle, Snout Spout led the way, tearing into the robots with his axe. He grabbed more with his trunk as they tried to charge him and threw them into their comrades. He then fired water from his trunk, causing a wipe-out. Seeing this, Sabrina couldn't help but smile. "I'll do you one better, Snout Spout." She then conjured up a small-scale tidal wave, wiping out many more. "Those guys may be washed up, Bree," said Jill with a smile, "but some are simply hot for me!" She then shot a blast of fire, destroying more. "I prefer they be kept in the dark," joked Kelly. She then shot a field of darkness, trapping some of the robots. She then ran inside of it and dismantled as many as she could. She-Ra slashed through more robots with her sword before turning her attention to the two living machines responsible for the attack. Gasket frowned and said, "Hello, my dear. And who might you be?" Frowning, She-Ra answered, "I am She-Ra, Princess of Power." "Why don't we see just how powerful you really are?" asked Gasket. He and Archerina fired energy from their swords, but She-Ra deflected it with her Sword of Protection, sending it back to the source and knocking Gasket and Archerina down. Getting to her feet, Archerina said, "Well, I certainly didn't expect that. But you can't defeat the both of us." Castaspella then teleported onto the battlefield, standing by She-Ra's side. "I seriously doubt that," said Casta. "She's faced worse odds than the two of you and still managed to win. However, I think I can even the odds a little bit." A scepter then appeared in her hands. "I'll take She-Ra," said Gasket. "You can have her companion, my love." "Agreed," said Archerina with a nod. Gasket then charged She-Ra. The Princess of Power met the charge, their swords clashing violently. Archerina stared down her opponent as they circled each other. Finally, Archerina asked, "And who might you be?" "I am Castaspella, Queen of Mystacore, member of the Great Rebellion." "I don't see what's so great about you, Castaspella," continued Archerina. "But your kingdom will fall this day. And your death will be at my hands!" Her sword then changed into a bow and she fired, but Casta held out her free hand, creating a force field that the arrows hit. The arrows exploded upon impact, but Casta was unharmed. Letting her force field down, Casta said, "It will take more than that to take my throne." "I haven't even begun to fight!" cried Archerina. Her bow then changed back into a sword and she charged. Casta met the charge, their weapons clashing. Neither was able to gain the upper hand for several minutes until Casta finally knocked Archerina's sword out of her hands. She then fired magic from her scepter, sending Archerina flying. With her opponent down, Castaspella shook her head and said, "It pains me to do this." "Well, it doesn't pain me to do this!" yelled Archerina as she got to one knee and recovered her sword. She fired a blast of pink energy from her sword, knocking Casta's scepter out of her hand. Castaspella had been caught off guard and Archerina looked to take advantage. She got to her feet and fired again, but this time, Castaspella countered with a burst of magic from her hands. Archerina never stood a chance as Casta's power overwhelmed her. "NO!" screamed Archerina as she was obliterated. Meanwhile, She-Ra and Gasket continued to duel. She-Ra finally got the upper hand and landed a punch to Gasket, which sent him flying. Gasket snarled as he got to one knee, "Take this!" He fired another blast of green energy from his sword, but She-Ra blocked it with her shield. They then charged each other and clashed again, this time with Gasket's sword being shattered! "What?" asked Gasket in disbelief. This gave She-Ra the opportunity to jump into the air. She came down, splitting Gasket in two with the Sword of Protection, deactivating her opponent. Soon, the battle was over. Casta smiled said, "Thank you, my friends. Mystacore is saved once more." Returning the smile, Sabrina nodded and said, "It was our pleasure." Sheathing her sword, She-Ra said, "Casta, I was hoping I'd get the chance to talk you. I know you've told us about the time when Mortella took over your kingdom. Even though everyone else in your kingdom managed to escpae, including your family, you never knew where they ended up." "Yes, I remember that time all too well," nodded Casta sadly as she closed her eyes. A single tear escaped and she wiped it away. "Both my parents and my newborn baby sister were taken away that day. I haven't seen them since." "I spoke with Light Hope this morning," continued She-Ra. "And he knows where they ended up: On Earth. I doubt your parents are still alive, but he says your sister is still alive. I believe her name was Udonna." Castaspella gasped as her head shot up to face She-Ra. Covering her mouth with her hands, Casta stuttered, "U…Udonna? Sh…she lives?" By now, Casta was having a hard time controlling her emotions. "Udonna?" whispered Kelly to Jill and Sabrina. "As in, the Mystic Force Rangers' Udonna?" Her two fellow Angels were as surprised by this as anyone. Earth Evil-Lyn and Master Org were trying to lay claim to Turtle Cove. Using a spell, Evil-Lyn was able to capture the police. Master Org had caught the Armed Forces, and Aquaman had trashed the Naval Forces. "Let them try to stop us now!" Evil-Lyn snickered. "You got it, grandma!" Evil-Lyn soon found herself telekinetically thrown across the park, crashing into a tree, then found herself frozen in time, unable to move or speak. Prue & Piper Halliwell walked into view. "She-Ra was right, you are one UGLY bitch!" Piper giggled. "Piper. I know it's the truth, but…" Prue playfully chided. "Enough of this! Skugs, Putrids, Cogs, Putties, Quantrons, Hunger Dogs, get them!" Aquaman snarled. But as the various henchmen arrived, the Skugs were quickly put out of their misery. The VR Troopers were there, along with the Outsiders and the Lightstar Rangers. Andros smiled under his helmet, "This should be rather easy, where's the challenge?" "None that I can see," Black Lightning added, then struck a bunch of Putrids and Hunger Dogs with quick bursts of lightning. Halo, Looker, Cassie, Ashley, Aisha, and Kaitlyn made a mess of the Quantrons while Geo-Force, Owlman, Red Arrow, Carlos, Zhane, TJ, JB, and Ryan smacked up the Cogs. Master Org shouted, "They are nothing but a pack of humans! Finish them!" A voice shouted, "You still haven't learned, have you?" Turning, Master Org saw both the Wild Force Megazord and the Jungle Fury Megazord bearing down on him. Inside, Cole Evans snapped, "Ready to put him out of his misery, Casey?" Inside the Jungle Fury Megazord, the Red Tiger Jungle Fury Ranger shouted, "You bet!" Blasting Webstor with a high intensity stun blast, the Jungle Fury Rangers sent him back down to normal size, while the Wild Force Rangers did the same to Vultak. "NO!" the 2 villains screamed, as the Tengas joined them. This still didn't help them. Taylor Earhardt, the Soaring Eagle Ranger, and Lilly Chilman, the Yellow Cheetah Ranger, showed off the power of yellow by slamming the Tengas into each other, while Alyssa Enrille, the Noble Tiger Ranger, and Det. Alexandra Eames, the Pink Eagle Ranger, made short work of their pack. As this was going on, Paige Matthews, the Cunning Cheetah Ranger, and Robert 'RJ' James, the Purple Wolf Ranger polished off a pack of Hunger Dogs in minutes, and Merrick Balitou, Howling Wolf Ranger, and Dominic Hargan, the White Rhino Ranger trashed their bunch of Skugs. Max Cooper, the Surging Shark Ranger, joined forces with Theo Martin, the Blue Jaguar Ranger, in polishing off the Quantrons…and completely humiliating Evil-Lyn by turning one of her spells against her. As this was going on, Aquaman tried to finish everyone off…but could not get past the twin defense of Danny Delgado, the Iron Bison Ranger, and Det. Robert Goren, the Black Lion Ranger. Together, they punched, kicked, slammed, and threw the one-time sea king into submission. Turning to Master Org, the Blazing Lion Ranger snapped, "Do you want any of this?" "Next time, Wild Force." He then disappeared, leaving his evil partners behind. "COWARD!" Evil-Lyn screamed. "That's almost funny coming from you." Katana smirked. She had beaten the evil sorceress into submission. Eternia Skeletor, Lex Luthor, and Rita Repulsa pulled in front of Castle Greyskull in Skeletor's Battle Ram Chariot. "Quickly," said Skeletor. "While everyone else is busy elsewhere, we must strike now!" "Allow me to get us inside," said Luthor. He then used a short-range teleporter built into his armor to get himself and his two comrades inside the castle. Once inside, the villainous trio made their way to the throne room. However, they were met by the Sorceress and Zodac. Zodac asked, "Did you really think you could take Greyskull that easily?" "We picked up your presence long before you arrived," said the Sorceress. "Even now, He-Man and Superman are on their way to stop you." "But we still have enough time to take what we came for!" declared Rita as she fired her wand. Both the Sorceress and Zodac were able to move out of the way before charging forward. The Sorceress' staff clashed with Rita's while Zodac took on both Skeletor and Luthor. Luthor fired a blast from his armored glove at Zodac, but he jumped over the shot easily. He then struck Luthor in the chest, putting him down, before turning his attention back to Skeletor. The Overlord of Evil was trying to charge him, but Zodac, in self-defense, managed to impale him. However, Skeletor seemed unaffected. Zodac's eyes widened as he said, "You…you're not Skeletor!" Skeletor began laughing…and then changed shape, revealing himself to be Clayface! Clayface smiled and said, "Surprise." He changed his fist into a sledgehammer and nailed Zodac in the face, sending him flying and knocking his helmet off. The Sorceress had managed to knock Rita down and into a wall with a kick as she realized what happened. Turning towards Clayface, she asked, "What…?" She screamed as she was shot down, courtesy of Rita's wand. Rita laughed as she stood up, saying, "You fell right into our trap!" The Sorceress looked up as she heard Skeletor's laughter again. This time, the real Skeletor appeared, standing in front of her throne. In his hand was the Medallion of Greyskull. Skeletor said, "Well said, Rita. I knew retreiving this relic was the best course of action. Between Luthor's little teleporter, Clayface's shape-changing abilities, and my cloaking spell, the Sorceress and Zodac never knew what hit them." He then laughed again. "Hey, put that thing down!" cried Orko as he and Dree Elle flew towards Skeletor. "It's not nice to take things that aren't yours!" added Dree Elle as she and Orko attempted to use their combined magic against Skeletor. However, Skeletor fired his Havok Staff, his magic proving to be too much even for the combined efforts of the two Trollans. They both screamed in pain as they were hit. Both fell into unconsciousness. "That's as far as you get, Skeletor!" cried He-Man. Skeletor turned to see his enemy, sword in hand and Superman by his side. "We won't let you steal that Medallion!" yelled Superman. "I'm afraid it's too late, Kryptonian!" responded Skeletor. He-Man and Superman charged him, only to be sent flying by a blast from the Medallion. When they fell, Skeletor laughed and said, "Incredible! This is even more powerful than I realized!" He then noticed that he had damaged parts of the castle's interior as well as he walked down the steps of the throne and back to the floor. "Hmm. Perhaps too powerful." He then looked to see where Superman and He-Man now laid unconscious…only to find someone else in He-Man's place! "WHAT? That puny Prince Alan is He-Man?" Skeletor's eye sockets glowed red at this realization. "I thought the boy's name was Adam?" asked a confused Rita to Luthor. Skeletor ranted, "All this time, I was thwarted by a mere boy? A boy with a stupid magic sword? This is an outrage!" Suddenly, the Medallion was taken away from him! "WHAT?" The Flash stood before him, holding the Medallion. "You're right about one thing, Skeletor: This thing is too powerful for us to let it fall into the hands of the likes of you." "Hey, you give that back!" demanded Rita. "Get him!" cried Luthor. "We need that!" He, Rita, and Skeletor then began firing on the Scarlet Speedster, but he proved too fast for them as he avoided their shots. Finally, Skeletor yelled out in frustration and slammed the bottom of his Havok Staff on the ground, sending magic in all directions and finally knocking Flash down. Skeletor quickly picked up the Medallion before he and his three comrades heard something. "Footsteps," said Clayface. "Sounds like the gang's all here." Skeletor nodded in agreement as he said, "Luthor, get us out of here. Once I learn to control this thing's power, we can finally claim Greyskull!" "On it," said Luthor as he teleported himself and his three comrades out of the castle. The rest of the heroes arrived and immediately noticed their comrades down and the damage to the castle. "Oh no," said Zack. "We're too late!" "What happened here?" asked Buzz-Off. As she got to one knee, the Sorceress answered, "Skeletor, Rita, and Luthor. They got into the castle with someone called Clayface and took the Medallion of Greyskull. Not only that, it appears they've discovered Adam's secret just as you have." Adam and Superman moaned as they and Zodac came to. Realizing he was now back to normal, Adam asked, "What happened?" Etheria Glimmer and her crew were heading for Brightmoon at top speed. "We have to hurry!" cried Glimmer as she drove a transport vehicle with Kris and Black Canary. "I don't know how long my mother and the guards can keep Hordak's henchmen at bay!" "I just hope we don't have to face Hordak himself," said Bow as he rode his horse Arrow. "I don't know if we could stop him without She-Ra." "Let me get this straight," said Green Arrow as he rode with Bow. "You call yourself Bow and your horse is named Arrow?" "Yeah, why?" asked the Rebel archer. "And Batman says I'm unoriginal," Ollie mumbled to himself. Soon, they arrived at Brightmoon. Hawkwoman, who was carrying Julie, said, "It looks like several guards are incapacitated by that mist. And it stinks, too." "Drop me off, Hawkwoman," said Julie. "I can fix that." Once Hawkwoman let her go, Julie used her winds to soften her landing. Once she touched ground, she used her winds to blow away the smelly mist. Slowly, the guards began making their way to their feet. Waving her hand in front of herself, Julie asked, "What is that awful stench?" "That would be me!" cried a voice from behind. Julie turned to see Stinkor standing before her. "Stinkor help Hordak enter Brightmoon." "Get away from me! You stink!" said Julie in disgust. She then used a tornado to send Stinkor far away from Brightmoon. However, several Horde Troopers and new battle drones charged the incoming heroes. As Julie blew more away, Hawkwoman landed and fought off several with her mace. Bow fired an exploding arrow, destroying several robots. Seeing this, Green Arrow smiled and said, "Nice shooting, kid. But here's one from a pro." He then took an exploding arrow of his own and destroyed more. "Anything you can do, I can do better," said Bow with a smile. He took a freezing arrow and put several robots on ice. "Come on, guys, this isn't a competition," said Black Canary as she beat several robots into submission. A roar then got her attention. Canary turned to see Grizzlor leaping into the fray. She barely managed to roll out of the way as Grizzlor pounced, missing his prey. Grizzlor growled and said, "You were lucky that time, lady." "Too bad I can't say the same for you," said Canary. She then used the Canary Cry to send Grizzlor flying. He crashed into his own robotic comrades. Kris used her lightning powers to put more robots out of commission. She said, "We need to get inside!" As she used her light powers to put down more robots, Glimmer said, "Some of you go! Help my mother!" "Kris and I will do it," said Julie. "Let's go!" At Brightmoon's entrance, Mr. Freeze froze the gate as Hordak looked on with Tri-Klops (who was holding some kind of device) and Double Trouble. Once frozen, Mr. Freeze walked up to the gate and shattered it with the butt of his freezing gun. Hordak smirked and said, "Yes. At last, Brightmoon is within my grasp." "Not on your life, Hordak!" cried Kris. Hordak and his comrades turned to see Kris and Julie standing before them. Recognizing the Yellow Power Angel, Hordak let out a slight growl as he smirked again. "Well, well, well, we meet again. And I see you've brought a friend. Is she another one of your so-called 'Power Angels?'" "That's right, Hordak," said Julie with a frown. "And we're going to put a stop to you here and now!" "I'd like to see you try," said Hordak as he crossed his arms over his chest. He turned to his comrades and said, "Go." Double Trouble, Tri-Klops, and Mr. Freeze nodded before going inside. "As for you two, you may be Power Angels, but I AM power!" "We'll see about that!" snapped Kris as she fired a streak of lightning. However, Hordak held out his hand and absorbed it, surprising both Angels. "WHAT?" asked Kris in shock. Hordak growled and smirked again, saying, "Here, have a taste of your own power!" He then fired the lightning back at both Angels, who were barely able to dive out of the way. Julie got to one knee and attempted to blow Hordak away with her winds, but he held up one hand, literally splitting the wind in two. He then thrust his other hand forward, using Julie's own power to send her and Kris flying. One more smirk and Hordak walked into the castle, causing a chunk of rock to come out of the ground and seal the entranceway. Inside, Tri-Klops used his beams to fight off any guards that came their way while Mr. Freeze used his freeze gun to freeze the ground and cause more to slip. Double Trouble also fought with the guards, but took care to not hurt them too badly. Mr. Freeze was about to freeze the guards when a voice cried out, "Freeze!" All turned to see Queen Angella standing before them, sword at the ready. Angella frowned and said, "I said freeze!" "That's MR. Freeze to you," said Mr. Freeze coldly. He then fired his freezing gun, freezing Queen Angella and leaving only her head exposed. Double Trouble then snuck up behind the Queen of Brightmoon and placed a collar around her neck. "That should prevent you from using your powers, my dear aunt," said Double Trouble. Hordak then walked in, asking, "Is the Queen captive?" "Yes, Hordak," answered Mr. Freeze. "I put her on ice myself." "Good," said Hordak with a sinister smile. "Quickly, Tri-Klops, activate the force field generator." Tri-Klops nodded and did as he was told. He placed the device he was holding on the ground and activated it, surrounding Brightmoon with a force field. "It's done," said Tri-Klops. "With the combined technical expertise of Modulock, Luthor, and myself, this force field is more powerful than anything we've ever seen or built before." "Good," said Hordak, his smile still affixed to his face. "Now, it is only a matter of time before the Rebellion surrenders." He then began to laugh. Back outside, Glimmer and her comrades went to check on Kris and Julie, Grizzlor, Stinkor, and the robots having been defeated. "Kris, Julie, are you okay?" asked Black Canary. "We're fine," answered Kris. "But it looks like Hordak won this one." "Oh no," said Glimmer. "I just hope my mother is okay." "I think it would be best if we regrouped with the others," said Green Arrow. "There's nothing more we can do here." "But we can't just leave Queen Angella like that!" protested Bow. "We can't just leave here there to die!" Hawkwoman said, "Bow, we promise, we will find a way to save Brightmoon. But right now, we have no choice but to leave. It would be best if we returned in force." "She's right," came another voice. Everyone turned to see Sunder, a former Horde General who now resided in Brightmoon's surrounding small town. "There is little we can do. Right now, the best thing for us is to regroup in the Whispering Woods." "Sunder, is everyone in Brightmoon…?" began Glimmer. "Everyone is fine, including my family," answered Sunder. "Fortunately, we had enough time to evacuate when the Horde's presence was discovered. They are currently in the safety of the Whispering Woods. I lead the evacuation personally." Soon, everyone began to head back to the woods. Earth Orbit Horde Prime snickered to himself. "These pathetic Earthlings think they can destroy the Horde? Idiots! We…" He was interrupted by a blast of heat from outside. "We are in orbit above the planet! Who dares…" Horde Prime soon discovered who when he saw both Supergirl & Superboy trashing the weapons on the Velvet Glove. "You are in control of Etheria? What, the people there just let you rule for a laugh until they kick your ass into oblivion?" Superboy snickered. Supergirl giggled, then added, "Don't assume. There may be more to Horde Prime than we think…but not much." "Got that right. Let's finish this!" Live Wire shouted. He then turned to Spark, Leviathan, and Time Force, in their MegaZord, Mode Red. "You guys ready?" Wes Collins, co-leader of Time Force and the Silver Guardians, shouted, "Live Wire, we were born ready! Horde Prime…" he started, then, joined by Jen Cassidy, Lucas Kendall, Katie Walker, and Trip Regis, finished with "…your time's UP!" "Damn straight!" Eric Meyers, the Quantum Ranger, joined them in his Q-Rex, in Megazord mode. He, Spark, Leviathan, Wildfire, Mon-El, Shadow Lass, and Cosmic Boy trashed the shields and armor on the Velvet Glove, while Live Wire, Starman, Phase, and Inferno played havoc with the internal systems, leaving it easy prey for Time Force, Supergirl, and Superboy, who nearly demolished the ship. "I'm going in, guys!" declared Supergirl. She then flew into the Velvet Glove to confront Horde Prime himself. She landed somewhere within the massive flagship, and said, "Alright, Horde Prime, front and center!" "You were foolish to challenge me, Kryptonian," said Horde Prime from the shadows. He then stepped out, revealing himself. He was about fifteen feet tall, dressed in devilish black and dark red armor and holding a staff. "Take a look, child. For I am the last thing you will ever see!" He then converted his right hand into a crossbow-shaped cannon and fired, causing the Girl of Steel to cry out as she was sent flying. Her hand on her chest, Supergirl took some hard breaths as she said, "That blast…must have been magical in nature." "Yes," confirmed Horde Prime with a nod. "For all your strengths, for all your power, you are still nothing more than an insect to me!" He fired again, combining his cannon with a shot from his staff. Supergirl barely had time to get out of the way. Supergirl then went on the offensive, flying straight into Horde Prime's midsection and slamming him into a wall. He kicked her off and fired, but Supergirl was too fast. She landed multiple punches to his face, damaging his helmet. She then ripped off the cannon in place of his hand, causing him to scream in pain and drop his staff. Supergirl then picked him up over her shoulders and threw him into the computers. As Horde Prime struggled to get to his feet, Supergirl asked, "Had enough?" Horde Prime glanced over his shoulder at his adversary. Finally, he yelled, "If I go down, I'm taking you with me!" He then punched a button on the computers, activating the self-destruct. Believing she wouldn't have time to take Horde Prime with her, Supergirl began flying through the Velvet Glove. She yelled into her com-link, "Guys, get out of here! This thing is gonna blow!" Getting the message, Lucas said, "You heard her! Let's get out of here!" As everyone flew away as fast as they could, the Velvet Glove exploded! The explosion rocked the heroes in space, but everyone survived. Or had they? "KARA!" yelled Superboy. He and the other heroes flew back, looking for Supergirl. From her Megazord's cockpit, Jen cried through the loudspeaker, "There she is!" Supergirl was found drifting in space. Mon-El checked for a pulse and breathed a sigh of relief when he found one. "She's alive, thank God." "Come on, we'd better get her closer to the sun," said Cosmic Boy. "Hopefully, it's not too late to heal her." Minutes later, Supergirl groaned as she came to. As her vision cleared, she recognized her fellow heroes. Smiling, she managed weakly, "Hey, guys. What's up?" The other heroes breathed a sigh of relief. From her Megazord, Katie said over the loudspeaker, "Supergirl, don't ever scare us like that again." On the surface of the planet, things were heating up in Point Place, Wisconsin. Darkonda led the charge saying, "Leave no Ranger or hero alive!" "I'm afraid you have no say in the matter," said Conner defiantly as he and the other Dino Thunder Rangers showed up. "Let's get him!" cried Kira as they charged, weapons at the ready. Darkonda used super-speed attacks to take them down, but they quickly recovered, and Donna was able to land a few shots on him with her Saber-Toothed Power Bow. "You know, Darkonda, that gets real old, real quick." "Now, try this on for size," added Trent as he fired energy arrows from his Drago Sword, causing Darkonda more pain. "Here's one from me," said Ethan as he struck with his Tricera-Shield. "Don't forget us," said Conner as he struck with his Tyranno-Staff while Kira struck at the same time with her Ptera Grips. "Now, for the grand finale," said Eric. "Energy Orb!" He spun his Bracchio Staff in a circular motion, forming said orb. He then launched it, sending Darkonda flying! The Geo Rangers easily overwhelmed Major Force and Multi-Bot. When it was over, Justin Steed said, "And that's how it's done!" The rest of Young Justice took out both Trap-Jaw and Octavia, Impulse saying, "Oh, yeah, we bad!" Wonder Girl smacked him in the back of the head, causing him to cry, "Ouch!" "Can't you get through one fight without making a fool of yourself?" asked Wonder Girl as she shook her head. Operation Overdrive took out Killer Frost and Silver Banshee. Mack Hartford said, "Alright, that part's over." "Hopefully, it will all be over soon," agreed Rose Ortiz. Jack Landors and SPD then approached, saying, "Great news, guys, we sent those brainless robots packing!" Everyone cheered, but Anubis "Doggie" Cruger said, "Don't celebrate just yet. There is still work to be done." Etheria Hordak was walking through Brightmoon when his eyes and mouth began to glow. When it died down, he said to himself, "Horde Prime is no more. My brother has perished." He then let a cruel smile cross his face as he realized something. "I am now Supreme Ruler of the Horde." He then began laughing. TO BE CONTINUED	i don't know
How many teams compete in the World Cup?	FIFA.com - FIFA World Cup™ FIFA World Cup™ You're logging in with Facebook You're logging in with Twitter You're logging in with Google+ Connect Login Error The email address/password you submitted is wrong or could not be found. Please try again. If you are not a member of the FIFA.com Club, please register first. The email address/password you submitted is wrong or could not be found. Please try again. If you are not a member of the FIFA.com Club, please register first. This Facebook account is already present Your Club account has been locked due to a breach of our Terms of Service. Please set up a new account in line with the Club rules. Review the Club Rules . Alternatively, you can email us by completing our contact form . Please enter a valid email address The email address/password you submitted is wrong or could not be found. Please try again. If you are not a member of the FIFA.com Club, please register first. Log-in unsuccessful FIFA World Cup™ © Foto-net The FIFA World Cup™ is the biggest single-event sporting competition in the world and is contested by the senior men's national teams from the 208 Member Associations of FIFA. The competition has been played every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. It fulfils FIFA’s objectives to touch the world, develop the game, and build a better future through a variety of ways. Tournament format The current format of the tournament involves 32 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of one month – this phase is often called the Final Competition. A qualification phase, the Preliminary Competition which currently takes place over the preceding three years, is used to determine which teams qualify for the tournament together with the host nation(s). The preliminary competition for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ sees a total of 204 entries across six continents competing for 31 available spots. For the last FIFA World Cup, 200 teams played a total of 853 matches as 31 teams qualified for South Africa. Both the preliminary and final competitions act as a massive promotion for the game of football and for the host nation(s) and are therefore wonderful opportunities to help promote values of respect, fair play and discipline to the watching world. Understandably, the organisation of such an event is a huge task for FIFA and the Local Organising Committee and is therefore one of the main activities of FIFA over a four-year period. Facts and figures The 19 FIFA World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other winners are Italy, with four titles; Germany, with three wins; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two; and England, France, and Spain, with one title each. The FIFA World Cup is the world's most widely viewed sporting event; an estimated 715.1 million people watched the final match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany and the 2010 event in South Africa was broadcast to 204 countries on 245 different channels. Inside the stadiums, a total of 3,170,856 spectators attended the 64 matches an average of 49,670 per match and the third highest aggregate attendance behind USA 1994 and Germany 2006. There were also over six million people who attended public viewing events in 16 sites across the world: ten within South Africa and a further six across the globe in Rome, Paris, Berlin, Sydney, Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro. A total of 350,000 fans attended the International FIFA Fan Fest in Berlin for the semi-final match between Germany and Spain. 177,853 accreditations for the last FIFA World Cup were printed, while the hospitality programme attracted almost a quarter of a million guests. Over three quarters of a million litres of beer were sold in the stadiums and 390,600 hot dogs were sold in the public catering concessions; many to the half a million international visitors who descended on South Africa. The FIFA World Cup brings in much needed resources from partners and the TV rights which allows FIFA to invest in social activities related to the tournament. For South Africa 2010, the 20 Centres for 2010 campaign was launched, aiming promote public health, education and football in disadvantaged communities across Africa. A FIFA World Cup also creates resources for many extra development programmes which proved to be beneficial for member associations of FIFA throughout the course of the four-year cycle. The next three World Cups will be hosted by Brazil in 2014, Russia in 2018, and Qatar in 2022.	thirty two
Now that Pluto's been demoted, what's the smallest planet of the solar system, with a radius only 0.3892 that of Earth?	How Teams Qualify for the World Cup By Joshua Robinson Updated March 28, 2016. The road to the most popular sporting event on the planet is a long one. The World Cup is not just a 32-team soccer extravaganza, which takes place over the course of roughly four weeks every four years. It is the end product of nearly two years’ worth of qualifying tournaments, preliminary matches, and eliminations. The process is divided by FIFA’s six confederations — Africa; Asia; Europe; North, Central America and Caribbean; Oceania; and South America — with each region having its own system to select which nations will represent it at the World Cup. Africa The African zone uses two rounds to whittle the number of teams qualifying for the third round to 20 where they take part in a final qualifying round featuring five groups of four teams. Each group winner advances to the World Cup to give Africa a total of five representatives Asia (AFC) Two qualifying rounds are used to reduce the field to 12. Two groups of six are then formed, with teams playing eachother home and away. continue reading below our video What Size Bike Should I Buy? The two group winners and the two runners-up qualify automatically for the World Cup. The third-placed teams from each group square off in a home-and-away series with the winner advancing to the playoff with the winner of the Oceania zone. Europe (UEFA) The European zone alone includes 52 teams competing for 13 slots in the finals. It is also separated into two rounds. The first consists of seven round robin, home-and-away groups of six teams as well as two round robin, home-and-away group of five teams. Each of the nine group winners qualifies automatically for the World Cup. The best eight runners-up, as determined by points totals, advance to the second round. In round two, the eight teams are paired into four home-and-away series decided by aggregate goals, with the winners advancing to the tournament. North, Central America and Caribbean (CONCACAF) This is by far the most complicated region with four rounds of qualifying to whittle down 35 teams to three or four slots. With several sets of small group stages and home-and-away knockout matches, it heavily favors the region’s powerhouses like the United States and Mexico. Qualifying culminates with a single six-team, home-and-away group from which the top three teams go to the World Cup. The fourth-placed team can still qualify, but it faces a home-and-away tie with the fifth-placed side from the South American region. Oceania The Oceania region uses the tournament at the South Pacific Games to determine which countries will compete for its single slot in the World Cup. The top three finishers at the South Pacific Games, along with one pre-seeded side, form a four-team group in the second stage of qualifying. The winner of that group will earn a two-game playoff against the fifth finisher in the Asian Zone for a place in the World Cup. South America (CONMEBOL) The South American contingent at the World Cup is determined by a single 10-team league, in which each side plays every one else twice. The top four qualify automatically and the fifth-placed nation faces a playoff against the fourth finisher from the North, Central America and Caribbean Zone.	i don't know
Run last Saturday, what race is the 3rd, and final, leg of Thoroughbred Horse Racing's Triple Crown?	Triple Crown - Horse Racing Topics - ESPN Triple Crown Winners The Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing is an annual series of three stakes races for 3-year-old horses that takes place over a five-week period in May and June. Winning the Triple Crown -- by finishing first in the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes -- is considered the highest achievement in horse racing. Sir Barton became the first Triple Crown champion in 1919, although the term to describe the feat was not used until 1930. Eleven horses have won the Triple Crown, with the most recent coming in 1978 when Affirmed captured each leg by close margins over rival Alydar. While some other countries have their own version of The Triple Crown of horse racing, the most prestigious is the annual series that takes place in the United States, comprised of the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes. The three races that make up the Triple Crown are among the oldest in North America, with the Belmont Stakes the first of the trio to be staged, in 1867. The fourth-oldest race on the continent and named after New York financier August Belmont, the Belmont Stakes was first held at Jerome Park in the Bronx. After a time at Morris Park, Belmont Park was built in Elmont, N.Y., in 1905 and began to host the 1½-mile Belmont Stakes that year. The Preakness Stakes began in 1873, among the races introduced for the initial spring schedule at Pimlico Race Track in Baltimore. The middle jewel of the Triple Crown has been run at various lengths over the years and now is set at 1 3/16 miles. The Kentucky Derby was first run in 1875, the year that Churchill Downs was built in Louisville by Colonel M. Lewis Clark. The 1¼-mile race, also known as the "Run For The Roses," has emerged to become one of the most recognizable horse races in the world, and is now the longest continuously held sporting event in the country. The three stakes races were not collectively termed the Triple Crown until the early 1930s, and prior to that time there was not a set schedule for the three events. In fact, the Preakness was held earlier than the Kentucky Derby a number of times in its early years and was twice run (in 1917 and 1922) on the same day as the Kentucky Derby. Since 1931, the order of the Triple Crown races has begun with the Kentucky Derby, followed by the Preakness Stakes and concluding with the Belmont Stakes. Modern-day racing now sets the Kentucky Derby on the first Saturday in May; the Preakness takes place two weeks after the Derby, and the Belmont is scheduled three weeks after the Preakness (on either the first or second Saturday of June). The first Triple Crown champion was Sir Barton in 1919, although the achievement of winning all three races was not collectively termed the Triple Crown until 1930. The descendant of a British triple crown winner, Sir Barton failed to place in his first two races as a juvenile before switching owners and trainers prior to competing as a 3-year-old. Not considered a favorite at the Kentucky Derby in 1919, Sir Barton held off more noted challengers for the victory. A win in the Preakness came less than a week later, and the chestnut-colored colt then won the Withers Stakes before taking the Belmont Stakes to complete the first sweep. One of horse racing's legendary champions -- Man O' War -- emerged on the scene the following year, winning every race he entered as a 3-year-old. He set track records while cruising to victory in the 1920 Preakness and Belmont Stakes, and even defeated Sir Barton in a late-season challenge match race. But with Man O' War's handlers deciding not to run him earlier at the Kentucky Derby, the great horse did not claim the Triple Crown. In 1922, Pillory won both the Preakness and the Belmont but, like Man O' War, did not enter the Kentucky Derby, which was held on the same day as the Preakness that year. The scheduling of the three races in the sport's early years saw numerous changes, before the order of the Triple Crown legs (which has been followed to this day) was established in the early 1930s -- with the Kentucky Derby to be run in early May of each year and followed by the Preakness and then the Belmont. Three horses won the Triple Crown during the 1930s, starting with Gallant Fox in 1930. He won nine of 10 races as a 3-year-old, losing only the Travers Stakes, and was retired to stud after the 1930 racing season. Gallant Fox soon became the first (and only) Triple Crown winner to sire a second-generation champion of the Triple Crown after his foal Omaha captured the three stakes races in 1935.Two years later, War Admiral -- sired by the great Man O' War -- finished first in the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Belmont to become a popular Triple Crown champion in 1937. One of horse racing's top jockeys, Eddie Arcaro, rode Whirlaway to Triple Crown glory in 1941. Bred by Calumet Farm -- which has produced eight Kentucky Derby winners -- Whirlaway was voted Horse of the Year in both 1941 and 1942. Count Fleet went undefeated as a 3-year-old in 1943, recovering from a leg injury early in the year to capture the Triple Crown. Sired by a Kentucky Derby champion, Count Fleet won that year's Belmont Stakes by 25 lengths, a record that would stand for 30 years. Assault became an unlikely Triple Crown winner in 1946, one year after health problems affected his record as a 2-year-old, when he posted two wins in nine starts. And the horse with a deformed right front hoof wasn't a favorite at the Kentucky Derby, but he won the race at Churchill Downs by 8 lengths. After a close victory at the Preakness, Assault came from behind to win the Belmont Stakes and become the seventh Triple Crown champion. The 1948 racing season featured a dominant 3-year-old in Citation, who finished first in 19 of 20 starts and claimed the Triple Crown in impressive fashion. Citation tied Count Fleet's record time in the Belmont Stakes and allowed Arcaro to become the first jockey to ride two horses to the Triple Crown. After four horses won the Triple Crown in the 1940s, there was not a single Triple Crown winner in the 24 years following Citation's achievement. Seven horses did claim victory in the first two of the three Triple Crown legs over that period -- including Northern Dancer (in 1964), Majestic Prince (1969) and Canonero II (1971) -- but could not complete the trio of wins. The drought was broken in 1973, when Secretariat set race records in the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes to become the first Triple Crown champion in 25 years. Nicknamed "Big Red," Secretariat pulled away to win the Kentucky Derby in 1:59.4, a record time that still stands. Victory in the Preakness came by 2½ lengths, before Secretariat decimated a five-horse field to win by an amazing 31 lengths in the Belmont Stakes. The margin of victory broke Count Fleet's record in the 1943 race, and his 2:24 finishing time remains the fastest in 1½ miles on dirt in the history of horse racing. In 1977, Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated. The dark brown colt finished strong to take the Derby and the Preakness before outlasting the field at the Belmont to join the nine previous Triple Crown champions. The following year featured one of the great rivalries in Triple Crown history, as Affirmed nipped Alydar in each of the three legs to become the 11th horse to accomplish the feat. The grandson of Triple Crown champion War Admiral, Affirmed held off a charging Alydar to win close finishes at the Derby and the Preakness. In the Belmont, Alydar had a slight lead at the stretch before losing by a nose and thus becoming the only horse in history to finish second in each leg of the Triple Crown. Since Affirmed's achievement in 1978, a number of horses have had the opportunity for a Triple Crown by winning the first two legs. Spectacular Bid (in 1979) and Pleasant Colony (in 1981) both finished third in the Belmont Stakes after victorious runs in the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness. Sunday Silence's attempt in 1989 ended with a second-place finish at Belmont Park. The same fate was met by Silver Charm in 1997 and one year later by Real Quiet, who was nipped by a nose at the finish line of the Belmont by winner Victory Gallop. In 1995, Thunder Gulch captured the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont, while Timber Country took the Preakness. Both horses were trained by D. Wayne Lukas, making him the first trainer to win a Triple Crown without a Triple-Crown winning horse. In the past decade, four horses have won the Derby and the Preakness only to fall short at the Belmont, including War Emblem in 2002 (eighth at the Belmont), Funny Cide in 2003 (third at the Belmont), Smarty Jones in 2004 (second in the Belmont), and Big Brown in 2008 (did not finish Belmont due to hoof injury). List of Horse Racing Triple Crown Winners Year Nicole Russo \| Daily Racing Form, Daily Racing Form Triple Crown winner American Pharoah's first foal has arrived. Most Important wins bonus at Eagle Farm Mark Oberhardt, AAP Most Important has taken his earnings over $1 million after winning the Buffering Quality and taking a $500,000 bonus. Mastery shows he can handle two turns Steve Andersen \| Daily Racing Form, Daily Racing Form Mastery won the $300,000 Los Alamitos CashCall Futurity by 7-1/4 lengths Saturday in his first start around two turns. NRL premiers Cronulla Sharks gunning for rugby league's Triple Crown Darren Walton, AAP Cronulla grand final hero Jack Bird says the Sharks are hoping to add the Auckland Nines and World Club Challenge to their NRL premiership crown. Aussie Curtis Luck upstages Jordan Spieth as American adjusts to Poa annua greens Sam Bruce Fans piled into Royal Sydney to catch a glimpse of American hot shot Jordan Spieth, yet they were treated to a peak at the future of Australian golf.	Belmont Stakes
What day of the week is named for the Norse god of single combat, victory, and heroic glory?	The Belmont Stakes - Triple Crown Races The Belmont Stakes Belmont Park - June 11, 2016 The Belmont Stakes “The Third Jewel in the Triple Crown” “The Test of The Champion” 2 down 1 to go – can we crown a new champion? The Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races. This third and final leg is contested three weeks after the Preakness and five weeks after the Kentucky Derby. If the same horse has won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness the Belmont Stakes becomes the biggest race of the year and Belmont Park becomes a madhouse on race day. Twenty three (23) times a horse has arrived with a chance at the Triple Crown but only eleven (11) times has a horse been able to wrap it all up in New York. Location: Belmont Park in Elmont, New York Distance: 1 1/2 miles (2.4km) [Longest Triple Crown race] Date: In June – 3 weeks after The Preakness Belmont Stakes Traditions The Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the three Triple Crown races. It was first run in 1867. Blanket of Carnations White carnations are the official flower of the Belmont Stakes. They symbolize love and luck. The winning horse gets draped with a blanket made of 700 white carnations. Belmont Jewel (The Official Drink) We’re not really sure if this is a tradition yet but the Belmont Jewel is now the official drink of the Belmont Stakes. In 2012 the Belmont Jewel took over the title from the Belmont Breeze which took over the title from the White Carnation in 1998. The Belmont Jewel is a simple concoction… 1.5 oz Woodford Reserve Kentucky Bourbon, 2 oz lemonade, and 1 oz pomegranate juice. Shake vigorously with ice and serve on the rocks. Garnish with maraschino cherry or lemon twist. Belmont Stakes Winners Here are the most recent winners of The Belmont Stakes. Year	i don't know
In the Peanuts comic strip, what titan of classical music, who spent his last years deaf, was idolized by the piano playing character Schroeder?	Amazing Facts - Facts-n-Tips Facts-n-Tips Amazing Facts Dr. Seuss pronounced his name "soyce". Dr. Seuss wrote "Green Eggs and Ham" after his editor dared him to write a book using fewer than 50 different words. Draftsmen have to make 27,000 drawings for the manufacturing of a new car. Dragonflies are one of the fastest insects, flying 50 to 60 mph. Dragonfly larvae develop under the water and eject water from their anus to propel them for short distances Dreamt is the only English word that ends in the letters "MT". Dry ice does not melt, it evaporates. Dry wine is a wine that has been completely fermented, meaning that only 0.1% of the sugar remains. Due to precipitation, for a few weeks K2 was bigger than Mt Everest. Dueling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors. Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. The retreat by sea took place between May 26 and June 4, 1940. During a severe windstorm or rainstorm the Empire State Building may sway several feet to either side. During conscription for World War II, there were nine documented cases of men with three testicles. During Hell Week (the most grueling portion of training) the trainees get 4 hours of sleep. During his entire life, Vincent Van Gogh sold exactly one painting, "Red Vineyard at Arles". During his entire lifetime, Herman Melville's timeless classic of the sea, 'Moby Dick', only sold 50 copies. During his lifetime Paganini published only five compisitions. He didn't expect anybody to be able to play them, and at that time nobody could. During its entire life time a housefly never travels more than a hundred feet from the place where it was born. During pregnancy, the average woman's uterus expands up to five hundred times its normal size. During the 1600's, boys and girls in England wore dresses until they were about seven years old. During the Alaskan Klondike gold rush, (1897-1898) potatoes were practically worth their weight in gold. Potatoes were so valued for their vitamin C content that miners traded gold for potatoes. During the American Civil War the Union soldiers were issued eight pounds of ground roasted coffee as part of their personal ration of one hundred pounds of food. And they had another choice: ten pounds of green coffee beans. During the average human life, you will consume 70 assorted bugs as well as 10 spiders whilst you sleep. During the baseball rivalries between the two major leagues in the 1890s, the Pittsburgh Nationals took advantage of a technicality and signed a player away from another club. The Nationals' president, J. Palmer O'Neill, was called J. "Pirate" O'Neill, and his club became the Pittsburgh Pirates. During the California gold rush of 1849, miners sent their laundry to Honolulu for washing and pressing. Due to the extremely high costs in California during these boom years, it was deemed more feasible to send their shirts to Hawaii for servicing. During the chariot scene a small red car can be seen in the distance. During the chariot scene in "Ben Hur", a small red car can be seen in the distance. During the filming of Singin' in the Rain, the director had two ladies Carol Haney and Gwen Verdon put on tap dancing shows and dance around in bucketsful of water. Apparently, he liked Gene Kelly's dancing, but wasn't able to get the sound he wanted for someone dancing in the rain. The sounds of Gene Kelly's tap dancing in the movie aren't really the sounds he made during the filming of the movie. During the mid-1800s, less than half of the newborn babies lived more than ten years. Today, over 90 percent do. During the Prohibition, at least 1,565 Americans died from drinking bad liquor, hundreds were blinded, and many were killed in bootlegger wars. Federal Agents and the Coast Guard made 75,000 arrests per year. During the Reign of Peter the Great, their was a special tax on anyone who had a beard. During the time of Peter the Great, any Russian who wore a beard was required to pay a special tax. During the US Civil war, 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army; 38,000 gave their lives; 22 won the Medal of Honor. During the winter, squirrels make waterproof nests in hollow trees. During warm weather, hippos secrete a reddish, oily fluid, called pink sweat, which acts as a skin conditioner to keep it moist. During winter in Moscow the skating rinks cover more than 250,000 square meters of land. During World War II Canadian scientists secretly developed biological weapons which were later taken over by the USA. Anthrax was one. During World War II the U.S. government used 260 million pounds of instant coffee. During World War II, bakers in the United States were ordered to stop selling sliced bread for the duration of the war on January 18, 1943. Only whole loaves were made available to the public. It was never explained how this action helped the war effort. During World War II, the very first bomb dropped on Berlin by the Allies killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. Dwight D. Eisenhower, an avid golfer, had a putting green installed on the White House lawn. Dynamite contains peanuts. Each banana plant bears only one stem of fruit. To produce a new stem, only two shoots known as the daughter and the granddaughter are allowed to grow and be cultivated from the main plant. Each day, there are over 120 million sexual intercourse taking place all over the world.thanx kim (Now dont you feel more contented each night before you go to sleep ALONE) Each human generates about 3.5 pounds of rubbish a day, mostly paper. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history. Spades King David, Clubs Alexander the Great, Hearts Charlemagne, and Diamonds Julius Caesar. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades = David ; Clubs = Alexander the Great ; Hearts = Charlemagne ; Diamonds = Caesar Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades King David, Clubs Alexander the Great, Hearts Charlemagne, Diamonds Julius Caesar. Each person's ears are unique. Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels. Each unit on the Richter Scale is equivalent to a power factor of about 32. So a 6 is 32 times more powerful than a 5! Though it goes to 10, 9 is estimated to be the point of total tectonic destruction. 2 is the smallest that can be felt unaided. Each year 50,000 earthquakes take place on this planet. Each year approximately 250,000 American husbands are physically attacked and beaten by their wives. Each year in America there are about 300,000 deaths that can be attributed to obesity. Each year, insects eat 1/3 of the Earth's food crop. Earth's magnetic field has been weakening. It seems to have lost 15% of its strength since 1670. At the present rate of decrease, it will reach zero in 2,000 years. Between the years 3500 and 4500, the magnetic field will not be sufficiently strong enough to ward off charged radiation from outer space. Easter is the first Sunday after the first Full Moon after March 21. Eating breakfast will help you burn from 5-20% more calories throughout the day. Eating large amounts of carrots will eventually turn your skin orange because of the chemical substance called carotene which is found in carrots. Carotene is the cause of the orange hue in leaves during the fall. Eddie Arcaro, one of the greatest jockeys in horse race history, rode 250 losers before he won his first race. Ultimately, Arcaro won 4,779 races including five Derby winners, six in the Preakness, and six in the Belmont Stakes, on such famous horses as Whirlaway, Citation, and Kelso. Edgar Allan Poe introduced mystery fiction's first fictional detective, Auguste C. Dupin, in his 1841 story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue." Eggplant is a member of the thistle family. Eggs sink in water when they are fresh and float when expired. Eight positions are mentioned in Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" routine. Only right field was left out. Einstein couldn't speak fluently when he was nine. His parents thought he might be retarded. El Capitan in Yosemite National Park is the largest visible granite rock in the world. It's twice the size of the Rock of Gibraltar. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote David O. Selznick to ask that her maid, Lizzy McDuffy, be considered for the role of Mammy in Gone With the Wind. Electrical stimulation of certain areas of the brain has been proven to revive long-lost memories. Elephant tusks grow throughout an elephant's life and can weigh more than 200 pounds. Among Asian elephants, only the males have tusks. Both sexes of African elephants have tusks. Elephants are capable of swimming 20 miles in one day. Elephants are the only Mammals that can't jump. Elephants can communicate using sounds that are below the human hearing range: between 14 and 35 hertz. Elephants can't jump. Elephants only sleep for two hours each day. Elephants produce 50 pounds of manure every day. Elephants, horses, and camels all descended from animals that originally came from North America, despite their present homes in Eurasia. Elizabeth the First suffered from anthophobia (a fear of roses). Elton John and The Beach Boys are tied for the record for the longest gap between number one hit singles in the United States. Both waited 21 years, 11 months. Elvis had a twin brother named Aaron, who died at birth, which is why Elvis' middle name was spelled Aron: in honor of his brother. It is also misspelled on his tomb stone. Elvis had a twin brother named Garon, who died at birth, which is why Elvis middle name was spelled Aron, in honor of his brother. Elvis Presley made his first appearance on national television in 1956. He sang Blue Suede Shoes and Heartbreak Hotel on "The Dorsey Brothers Show." Elwood Edwards did the voice for the AOL sound files (i.e. "You've got Mail!"). He is heard about 27 million times a day. The recordings were done before Quantum changed its name to AOL and the program was known as "Q-Link." E-mails started in 1971. Ray Tomlinson is it's DADDY!! and the first e-mail was sent WRITTEN ENTIRELY IN UPPER CASE. Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. Emus cannot walk backwards. Emus have double plumed feathers and they lay emerald/forest green eggs. Engelbert Humperdinck's real name is Gerry Dorsey. He didn't make that name up, though. It originally belonged to the 1800s German musician who wrote the opera Hansel and Gretel. England and the American colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on September 14th, 1752. 11 days disappeared. England once had a Prime Minister who was only 24 years old. He was William Pitt, elected in 1783. England's King Edward VII gave a large diamond tiara to Wallis Warfield Simpson as a wedding gift. Simpson was the woman for whom Edward VII abdicated the throne for. England's Stonehenge is 1500 years older than Rome's Colosseum. English traders introduced opium to China to create a market for the drug. They then traded silver for opium to help pay other Chinese traders for their tea. Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page were all once the lead guitarist for the English band the Yardbirds in the 1960's. Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a novel, "Gadsby", which contains over 50,000 words, not a single word contained the letter "E." Europe has no deserts, it is the only continent without one. Evard Ericksen sculpted "The Little Mermaid" statue which is located in Copenhagen harbor. Even if you cut off a cockroach's head, it can live for several weeks. Even though they broke up 25 years ago, the Beatles continue to sell more records each year than the Rolling Stones. Even when all the molecules in a single breath of air have been dispersed evenly in the earth's atmosphere, there will still be one or two of the same ones taken into the lungs with every subsequent breath. Every time you breathe in, you inhale one or two of the same molecules that you inhaled with the first breath you took as a baby. Ever wonder how Swiss cheese is made? As the cheese ferments, a bacterial action generates gas. As the gas is liberated, it bubbles through the cheese, leaving all those holes. Everest is not the tallest mountain. Mauna Kea Mountain in the Hawaiian Island is 230m taller. It is 4201m above water and 4877 underwater! Everest is only 8848m. Every 14 years, Saturn's rings become briefly invisible to astronomers on Earth. At that time, the plane of the rings is tipped to that of the Earth's orbit, and they are seen edge-on. Since the ring's are so thin, they can't be seen at that angle. Every citizen of Kentucky is required by law to take a bath at least once a year. Every day more money is printed for Monopoly than the US Treasury. Every day, 7% of the US eats at McDonald's. Every eleven years the magnetic poles of the sun switch. This cycle is called "Solarmax". Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell. Every man in Brainerd, Minnesota is required by law to grow a beard. Every person has a unique eye and tongue print. Every person, including identical twins, has a unique eye and tongue print along with their finger print. Every queen named Jane has either been murdered, imprisoned, gone mad, died young, or been dethroned. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. Every Swiss citizen is required by law to have a bomb shelter or access to a bomb shelter. Every ten minutes, another plant or animal life form becomes extinct. Every time Beethoven sat down to write music, he poured ice water over his head. Every time the moon's gravity causes a ten-foot tide at sea, all the continents on earth rise at least six inches. Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie. Every US president has worn glasses (just not always in public). Every year 4 people in the UK die putting their trousers on. Every year 8,000 people injure themselves while using a tooth pick. Every year, $1.5 billion is spent on pet food. This is four times the amount spent on baby food. Every year, Mexico City sinks about 10 inches. Every year, surgical tools are left in approximately 1,500 patients in the USA. Fatter patients are more prone to having a surgical tool left inside of them due to the additional amount of space in their bodies. Everyday, more money is printed for Monopoly sets than for the U.S. Treasury. Everyone in the Middle Ages believed -as Aristotle had -that the heart was the seat of intelligence. Everyone is colorblind at birth Everyone knows that the U.S. gold depository is in Fort Knox, Kentucky. But nobody seems to know that the U.S. silver depository is at West Point, New York. Everyone thought Albert Einstein suffered from dyslexia, because he couldn't speak properly until he was 9 years old. Except for 2 and 3, every prime number will eventually become divisible by 6 if you either add or subtract 1 from the number. For example, the number 17, plus 1, is divisible by 6. The number 19, minus 1, is also divisible by 6 Experiments have shown that, ants are capable of lifting 50 times their own weight and pulling loads 300 times their own weight. False eyelashes were invented by film director D.W. Griffith while he was making the 1916 epic, "Intolerance." He wanted actress Seena Owen to have lashes that brushed her cheeks. Faye Wong received a 7 digit fee for recording 'eyes on me' and it took her about 4 hours. February 1865 is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon. Federal law forbids recycling used eyeglasses in the United States. Felix Faure (French President; 1841-1899), Pope Leo VII (936-939), Pope John VII (955-964), Pope Leo VIII (963-965), Pope John XIII (965-72), Pope Paul II (1467-1471), Lord Palmerston (British Prime Minister, 1784-1865), Nelson Rockefeller (US Vice President, 1908-1979), and John Entwistle (The Who's bassist, 1944-2002) all died while having sex. Felix the Cat is the first cartoon character to ever have been made into a balloon for a parade. Female chickens, or hens, need about 24 to 26 hours to produce one egg. Thirty minutes later they start the process all over again. In addition to the half-hour rests, some hens rest every three to five days and others rest every 10 days. Female lions do 90% of the hunting. Female rabbits on the other hand, reabsorb their embryo for the proteins Females have a wider peripheral vision than males. Ferrets sleep around 20 hours a day. Fin whales are the second largest animal ever to live on earth. They have been measured to over 80 feet long in Antarctic waters. Finagle's Law was the one that went, "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong." Not Murphy's Law. Finely grinding coffee beans and boiling them in water is still known as "Turkish Coffee." It is still made this way today in Turkey and Greece or anywhere else Turkish Coffee is served. Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails Fingerprints serve a function they provide traction for the fingers to grasp things. Finnish folklore says that when Santa comes to Finland to deliver gifts, he leaves his sleigh behind and rides on a goat named Ukko instead. According to French tradition, Santa Claus has a brother named Bells Nichols, who visits homes on New Year's Eve after everyone is asleep, and if a plate is set out for him, he fills it with cookies and cakes. First Instant Replay was used during Army Navy Football Game at Municipal Stadium Philadelphia on December 7, 1963, invented by Tony Verna (CBS Director.) First novel ever written on a typewriter: Tom Sawyer. Fish scales are an ingredient in lipstick. Five Jell-O®™ flavors have flopped: celery, coffee, cola, apple and chocolate. Five NFL teams have bird nicknames: Arizona Cardinals, Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens and Seattle Seahawks. Flamingos are able to fly at a speed of approximately 55 kilometers an hour. In one night they can travel about 600 km. Flavored coffees are created after the roasting process by applying flavored oils specially created to use on coffee beans. Fleas are essential to the health of armadillos and hedgehogs; they provide necessary stimulation of the skin. Deloused armadillos and hedgehogs will die. Fleas have killed more people (due to Bubonic plague and such) than all wars throughout history combined. Fleas jump the equivilant of one mile..in insect feet. Flies jump backwards when they take off. Flies taste with their feet. Flirtation between the members of the opposite sex on the streets of Little Rock may result in a 30-day jail term. Florence Nightingale Graham adopted the name Elizabeth Arden once her company became successful at the beginning of the 1900s. Florida law forbids rats to leave the ships docked in Tampa Bay. Flying from London to New York by Concord, due to the time zones crossed, you can arrive 2 hours before you leave. Fog and a cloud are the same thing, only at different altitudes. Fog is simply a cloud lying on the earth, while clouds are fog floating in the sky. Food is so scarce in the Arctic, that wolves don't waste any part of their meals. A wolf will eat every part of an arctic hare, including the skin, fur, and bones. Food passes through the small intestine in just two hours, zipping along at 0.002 mph. Inside the large intestine, it takes about 14 hours, traveling at a more leisurely rate of 0.00007 mph For 186 days you can not see the sun in the North Pole. For a short distance, the bluefin tuna can swim 50 miles per hour. For a typical lovemaking session, the man will thrust an average of 60 to 120 times. For drinking, washing, etc., an average American uses 168 gallons of water per day. The average American residence uses 107,000 gallons per year. For every 230 cars that are made, 1 will be stolen. For every degree of longitude there is a time gap of four minutes. For every memorial statue with a person on a horse, if the horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died of battle wounds; if all four of the horse's legs are on the ground, the person died of natural causes. For five years, Webster's dictionary contained a definition of the word dord, a word that has never actually existed. For hundreds of years, the people of Poona, India, have disposed of their dead by carrying the corpses to the top of a tower and letting the vultures eat them. For the "wrong handed" people...Over 2500 left handed people a year are killed from using products made for right handed people! That means DEATH to Lefties For the 66% of American's who admit to reading in the bathroom, the preferred reading material is "Reader's Digest." For two years, during the 1970s, Mattel marketed a doll called "Growing Up Skipper." Her breasts grew when her arm was turned. Forks weren't widely used in the United States until the 1800s. Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt ate three chocolate-covered garlic balls in the morning. Her doctor told her it would help improve her memory. Former President Cleveland defeated incumbent Benjamin Harrison in 1892, becoming the first (and, to date, only) chief executive to win non-consecutive terms to the White House. Forty percent of McDonald's profits comes from the sale of Happy Meals. Forty-six percent of the world's water is in the Pacific Ocean; that's around 6 sextillion gallons of water. The Atlantic has 23.9 percent; the Indian, 20.3; the Arctic, 3.7 percent. Forty-six US federal agencies have officers with the authority to carry firearms and arrest people. Found in Egypt, this illustration is over 3,000 years old. Four different people played the part of Darth Vader (body, face, voice, and breathing). Fourteen years before the Titanic sank, novelist Morgan Robertson published a novel called "Futility". The story was about an ocean liner that struck an iceberg on an April night. The name of the ship in his novel was The Titan. Fourteenth century physicians didn't know what caused the plague, but they knew it was contagious. As a result they wore an early kind of bioprotective suit which included a large beaked head piece. The beak of the head piece, which made them look like large birds, was filled with vinegar, sweet oils and other strong smelling compounds to counteract the stench of the dead and dying plague victims. Francis Bacon died of hypothermia while trying to freeze a chicken by stuffing it with snow. Francis Scott Key wrote the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" on the back on an envelope. The music is from an old English drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven." Frank Baum named "Oz" after a file cabinet in his office. One cabinet was labeled "A to N," and the second was labeled "O to Z." Frank Baum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence "Oz." Frankfort, Kentucky, makes it against the law to shoot off a policeman's tie. Franklin Pierce is the only President to have said "I promise" instead of "I swear at his Inauguration. He did it for religious reasons. Franz Ferdinand was killed.. remember that the guys death partly caused the WWI. Anyway, his death was almost unavoidable. After an attempted assasination using a bomb failed, (because the bomb hit the rear mud flap of the car Ferdinand was in and bounced away) authorities decided to change the route of Ferdinands tour... but failed to inform the driver of the car. And so, unfortunately, at one stage, the driver took a wrong turn and drove into an alley. While reversing out, Princip (killer) came and shot Ferdinand and his wife at a distance of 4-5 feet killing them. Ferdinand brought his wife to Serejavo to celebrate their anniversary. Frederic Remington's sculpture The Bronco Buster has mistake in it: the cowboy is wearing his spurs upside down. Frederic-August Bartholdi sculpted The Statue of Liberty. Frederick the great had his coffee made with champagne and a bit of mustard. French composer Erik Satie holds the record for shortest and longest composition in the world. His piano piece Vexations lasts for just under a minute. However, Satie states in the score that it should be played 840 times in succession a nonstop playing time of 14 hours. French was the official language of England for over 600 years. Fried chicken is the most popular meal ordered in sit-down restaurants in the US. The next in popularity are: roast beef, spaghetti, turkey, baked ham, and fried shrimp. Fried cockroach with garlic is used as medicine for the common cold From 13th June'1948 to 1st June'1958 a citizen of Los Angeles hiccoughed 160,000,000 times. People sent him 60,000 suggestions for cures. From 1836 to 1896, the Red Flag Act in England required that any self-propelled vehicle be preceded by a man carrying a red flag by day and a red lantern by night. In effect, this limited the speed to four miles per hour and retarded the development of all self-propelled vehicles, including the automobile. From 70 to 80 percent of all ripe olives are grown in California's approximately 35,000 acres. In the 1700s, Franciscan monks brought olives to Mexico and then into California by way of the missions. The first cuttings were planted in 1769 at the San Diego Mission. Commercial cultivation of California olives began in the late 1800s. Today, anywhere from 80,000 to 160,000 tons of olives are produced in California each year. From the 1500's to the 1700's, tobacco was prescribed by doctors to treat a variety of ailments including headaches, toothaches, arthritis and bad breath. From the Middle Ages up until the end of the 19th century, barbers performed a number of medical duties including bloodletting, wound treatment, dentistry, minor operations and bone-setting. The barber's striped red pole originated in the Middle Ages, when it was a staff the patient would grip while the barber bled the patient. Fuzzy Zoeller defeated Tom Watson and Ed Sneed in the first sudden-death playoff at The Masters in 1979. G.I. Joe was introduced at the annual American International Toy Fair in New York on Feb. 9, 1964. Gabriel, Michael, and Lucifer are the only angels named in the Bible. Gabriel, Michael, and Lucifer are the three angels mentioned by name in the Bible. Gaetano Albert "Guy" Lombardo did the first New Year's Eve broadcast of "Auld Lang Syne," from the Roosevelt Grill in New York City in 1929/1930. Galileo became totally blind shortly before his death. Gargling in public is against the law in Louisiana. Gatorade was named for the University of Florida Gators where it was first developed. General Robert E. Lee was not a slaveholder and never believed in slavery. He never believed in secession from the United States and strongly condemned it. He decided to lead the armies of the South because he wanted nothing to happen to his beloved Virginia. General Stonewall Jackson has two separate burial sites one for his amputated left arm (Fredericksburg, VA) and one for the rest of his body (Lexington, VA). Jackson's left arm was shattered during the Battle of Chancellorsville by friendly fire and was amputated the next day. He died a week later. (8-1-02) George Crum invented potato chips in 1853 at the Moon Lake Lodge in Saratoga Springs, New York. Crum was part Indian, part black, a former guide in the Adirondacks. George Hancock invented a new game on November 30, 1887. It was played like baseball, except a broomstick was used for a bat and a boxing glove was the ball. Since the game was played indoors, it was originally called "indoor." Walter Hakanson later renamed it "softball." George Harrison, with "My Sweet Lord," was the first Beatle to have a Number 1 hit single following the group's breakup. George Orwell, author of Animal Farm and 1984, wrote under a pen name. His real name was Eric Blair. George Washington had to borrow money to go to his own inauguration. George Washington named Washington D.C. "Federal City." It was changed to "Washington D.C." after his death. George Washington who commanded the Continental Army as a four-star general was promoted posthumously to the position of six-star "General of the Armies of Congress" by an order of Jimmy Carter, who felt America's first President should also be America's highest military official. George Washington's favorite horse was named Lexington. Napoleon's favorite was Marengo. U.S. Grant had three favorite horses: Egypt, Cincinnati, and Jeff Davis. George Washington's teeth were actually: carved from animal tusks, some of them were also somebody else's teeth, and some of them were from animals like deer and cales. Gerald Ford was the only President to have two women attempt to assassinate him. Both attempts were in California in September of 1975. The first attempt was September 6, 1975, by Lynette Fromme who thought she could impress Charles Manson by killing the President. The next attempt was by Sara Jane Moore on September 22, 1975. Her motive was simply that she was bored. John Tyler, joined the Confederacy twenty years later and became the only President named a sworn enemy of the United States. Gerald Ford, George Bush, Tommy Lasorda, Ted Koppel, John F. Kennedy Jr. and Bill Clinton are all left handed. German chemist Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus while he was examining urine for a way to turn baser metals into gold. German chocolate cake did not originate in Germany. In 1852, Sam German developed a sweet baking bar for Baker's Chocolate Co. The product was named in honor of him -Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate. German Shepherds bite humans more than any other breed of dog. Ghandi had the most extras of any movie ever made with about 300,000 people. The German movie Kolberg is second with 187,000. Ghengis Kahn's first conquered land was an act of retaliation. Kahn sent a group of traders on a peaceful mission to Transoxiana. The governor there beheaded their leader and sent the others back to Kahn with their beards cut off. So Kahn attacked them and continued to onward until most of Asia and Europe were his. Ghosts appear in 4 Shakespearian plays; Julius Caesar, Richard III, Hamlet and Macbeth. Gilligan of Gilligan's Island had a first name that was only used once, on the never-aired pilot show. His first name was Willy. Ginger has been clinically demonstrated to work twice as well as Dramamine for fighting motion sickness, with no side effects. Giraffes and humans have the same amount of vertebrae in their necks. Giraffes can last longer without water than a camel Giraffes have no vocal chords. Giraffes have the same number of vertebrae in their necks as humans. Their lips are prehensile, their tongues are 21 inches long, and they cannot cough. Giraffe's tongues are 22 inches long and black with pink dots. Girls tend to sleep more soundly than boys. Glenn Miller was the first performer to earn a gold record. He got it for the Chattanooga Choo Choo on February 10, 1942. Goats do not eat tin cans, as lampooned in cartoons. They nibble at the cans because they're after the glue on the labels. Goats' eyes have rectangular pupils. God is not mentioned once in the book of Esther. Goethe couldn't stand the sound of barking dogs and could only write if he had an apple rotting in the drawer of his desk. Goldfish have a memory span of 3 seconds! Goldfish have the memory span of about 3-5 seconds, thats why you can leave them in a small jar and they wont get bored and you can also over feed them till they kaput. Goldfish lose their color if they are kept in dim light or are placed in a body of running water, such as a stream. Gottfried Daimler of Stuttgart, Germany, is generally regarded as the father of the automobile because he was the first to come up with a workable gasoline engine. Goulash, a beef soup, originated in Hungary in the 9th century AD. Grand Rapids, Michigan was the first city in the US to put fluoride in their water. Grapes explode when cooked in the microwave. Grapes explode when you put them in the microwave. Grasping your ears is a sign of repentance or sincerity in India. Grasshoppers have white blood. Great Britain was the first country to issue stamps in 1840. Greece and Australia are the only countries to participate in all of the modern Olympics. Greece's anthem has 158 verses. Greek has over 4 words for love. English has only one. Get my drift? Greenland has more ice on it than Iceland does. In fact, Iceland has more grass and trees than Greenland does. Greyhounds are not hyper and do not need constant exercise; they are quite happy occupying space on a couch. Greyhounds can reach their top speed of forty-five miles per hour in only three strides. Greyhounds have the best eyesight of any breed of dog. Grey's Anatomy (the medical book most every doctor, nurse, biologist, etc. is trained on in most every university) was compiled using detailed pictures of dead Jews that Hitler and the 3rd Reich experimented on, most of which where dissected while still alive. Although the medical community knows this fact, they continue using the book due to its detail and real-life pictures. Grover Cleveland's real first name is Stephen, Grover is his middle name. Guinness Stout served in England is brewed in Ireland, and Guinness Stout served in Ireland is brewed in England. Gunsmoke debuted on CBS-TV in 1955, and went on to become the longest-running (20 years) series on television. Gustave Eiffel, the builder of the Eiffel Tower, also built a dam in Russia, a church in the Philippines, locks for the first attempt at the Panama Canal, and designed the right arm and full steel structure supporting the Statue of Liberty. Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of the four Presidents on Mount Rushmore, died a few months before the project was completed. It took him 14 years. Gweneth Paltrow's nickname for Steven Speilberg is "Uncle Morty." Hacky Sack was invented by a football player in the mid 1970's who used it to stregthen tendons he had torn in his knee. Haggis, the national dish of Scotland: take the heart, liver, lungs, and small intestine of a calf or sheep, boil them in the stomach of the animal, season with salt, pepper and onions, add suet and oatmeal. Enjoy! Hal in 2001: Space Oddessy got his name from the Producers of the film. HAL are letters before IBM (H comes before I, A comes before B, and L comes before M) Half of all Americans live within 50 miles of their birthplace. Half of all bank robberies take place on a Friday. Half of all crimes are committed by people under the age of 18. 80% of burglaries are committed by people aged 13-21. Half of the entire species of Chameleons occur only in Madagascar, the rest mostly in Southern Africa. Halfway, Oregon temporarily changed its name to half.com as a publicity stunt for the web site of the same name. Hamlet is the most demanding of Shakespeare's roles with 1,422 lines or roughly 36% of the total number of spoken lines in the play. Hamlet's role is made up of 11,610 words. The character Falstaff has the most lines of any character in all of Shakespeare's plays combined with 1,614 spoken lines in three different plays: Henry IV, Part I; Henry IV, Part II; and The Merry Wives of Windsor. Hamsters blink one eye at a time. Hamsters love to eat crickets. Hans Christian Andersen, Cher, Tom Cruise, Albert Einstein, Whoopie Goldberg, Greg Louganis, Lee Harvey Oswald, and Gen. George S. Patton, are (were) all dyslexics. Hans Christian Anderson, creater of fairy tales, was word-blind. He never learned to spell correctly, and his publishers always had errors Hard Bean means the coffee was grown at an altitude above 5000 feet. Harley Proctor found the name "Ivory" for his soap in the Bible. He was in church reading the line, "All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad." The original name of the soap was P&G White Soap. Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published March 20, 1852. It was the first American novel to sell one million copies. Harrison Ford is the only actor whose ten highest grossing movies have each earned at least $200 million. Hartford, Connecticut, has made it illegal to educate dogs. Harthahorne City Ordinance, Section 363, states that it shall be unlawful to put any hypnotized person in a display window. Harvard University's original name was Cambridge. It only changed when John Harvard donated 400 books to the school. have to be at least 58.5 inches to be an astronaut. (Click here) Have you ever questioned your sanity? You have good reason to. Did you know that one out of every four people has some sort of pychological 'problem'? Hawaii is the only state of the United States in which coffee is commercially grown. Hawaii features an annual Kona Festival, coffee picking contest. Each year the winner becomes a state celebrity. In Hawaii coffee is harvested between November and April. Hawaii is the only US state that grows cacao beans to produce chocolate. Hawaii is the only US state that grows coffee. Hawaii officially became apart of the US on June 14, 1900. Head lice actually prefer to live on clean heads, not dirty ones. Heart-attacks are more common among men because they cry less frequently than women. Heat is better retained in moist air than in dry air,which is why tropical nights are warm and desert nights are cold. Heavyweight tire manufacturer Goodyear is in no way affiliated with Charles Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber. They merely admired his inventiveness and his process that was so easy to duplicate that competitors simply stole it. Hedenophobic means fear of pleasure. Hedgehogs have the most similar fingerprints to humans Henri Matisse's Le Bateau hung in New York's Museum of Modern Art for 47 days in 1961 before someone noticed it was upside down. Hens can distinguish between all the colors of the rainbow. Here are the odds of rolling various combinations with two dice in a game of Craps: Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names for heroin include "smack," "H," "skag," and "junk." Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as "Mexican black tar." Hershey's Kisses are called that because the machine that makes them looks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. Hershey's Kisses®™ are called that because the machine that makes them looks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. Hills Brothers Ground Vacuum Packed Coffee was first introduced in 1900. Hippopotamus means river horse. Hippopotamuses actually sweat blood. Their skin contains a great amount of an oily substance that exudes from the pores, and when the beast perspires a little blood gets mixed in. Hippopotamuses break wind through their mouths. Hippopotamuses do 80% of their vocalizations underwater. Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words Hippos have killed more than 400 people in Africa more than any other wild animal. Hippos kill more people in Africa when compared to crocodiles. Hitler and Napoleon both had only one testicle. Holland has the densest population per square mile of any nation in the world. Holyoke, Massachusetts, makes it unlawful to water your lawn when it is raining. Homosexuality remained on the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental illnesses until 1973. Hondas and Toyotas are the most frequently stolen passenger cars because they have parts that can be readily exchanged between model years without a problem. Honey is the only food that doesn't spoil. Honeybees have a type of hair on their eyes Honeybees have hair on their eyes. Hong Kong has the world's largest double-decker tram fleet in the world. Honorificabilitudinitatibus is the longest word consisting entirely of alternating vowels and consonants. Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman and Nixon's Secretaries of State have won Noble Peace Prizes. Horses are forbidden to eat fire hydrants in Marshalltown, Iowa. Horses can sleep while standing upright. Horses can't vomit. Hostess Twinkies were invented in 1931 by James Dewar, manager of Continental Bakeries' Chicago factory. He envisioned the product as a way of using the company's thousands of shortcake pans which were otherwise employed only during the strawberry season. Originally called Little Shortcake Fingers, they were renamed Twinkie Fingers, and finally "Twinkies." Hot water weighs less than cold water for a given volume. Houseflies hum in the key of F. Housefly's regurgitate food and eat it again every time they eat Houston's Bob Watson scored Major League Baseball's 1,000,000th run on May 4, 1975. How many American presidents are not buried in the United States? Six. Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Howard Taft was the first president to throw out the first pitch at a MLB game. Howdy Doody had 48 freckles. Howler monkeys are the noisiest land animals. Their calls can be heard over 2 miles away. Hugh "Ward Cleaver" Beaumont was an ordained minister. Hugh Jackman went through approximately 700 claws as the part of Wolverine in X-Men. Human babies are born 2 months prematurely for our size and lifespan, to accomodate for the fact that we have large brains during birth. (Got this off my lecture). Human beings can't smell or taste a substance that is not soluble. On a dry tongue, sugar has no taste. In a dry nose, the smell of a flower would not be noticed. Anything to be smelled must float in the air. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m. Human teeth are almost as hard as rocks. Human thigh bones are stronger than concrete. Wow... utterly amazing huh Human thighbones are as strong as concrete. Humans are the only animals that can blush. Humans are the only animals that copulate face to face. Humans are the only animals that use a smile as an emotional response. Humans are the only primates that don't have pigment in the palms of their hands. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin. Humans shed and re-grow outer skin cells about every 27 days almost 1,000 new skins in a lifetime. Humans use a total of 72 different muscles in speech. Humming birds are the only birds that can fly backwards Hummingbirds are the smallest birds so tiny that one of their enemies is an insect, the praying mantis. Hummingbirds can't walk. Humpback whales are the only ones that use bubbles to help capture their prey. The bubbles trap fish in a spot for feeding whales. Humphrey O'Sullivan invented the rubber heel because he was tired of pounding the pavements of Boston looking for a job. Hungarian brothers George and L"szlo Biro invented the ball point pen in 1938. Hydroponics is the technique by which plants are grown in water without soil. Hydroxyzine (a prescription drug) is the longest containing "x-y-z" in exact order. Next in line line is xyzzors, a scientific name for a nematode worm in biology. Hyenas can comsume prey carrying anthrax without contracting the disease itself Hypnotism is banned by public schools in San Diego. IBM introduced their first personal computer in 1981. IBM's motto is "Think". Apple later made their motto "Think different". Iced coffee in a can has been popular in Japan since 1945. Idaho state law makes it illegal for a man to give his sweetheart a box of candy weighing less than fifty pounds. If a child burps during a church service in Omaha, Nebraska his or her parents may be arrested. If a crocodile loses his teeth it will always grow new ones to replace them. If a person has two thirds of their liver removed through trauma or surgery, it will grow back to the original size in four weeks time If a person were to ask what is the most northern point in the United States, the most Southern point in the United States, and so on, 3 of the 4 compass directions are located in alaska. North East and West If a small amount of liquor were placed on a scorpion, it would instantly go mad and sting itself to death. If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle; if the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes. If a substance is burned and all of the results of its burning (smoke, ash, soot and gas) are captured and weighed, they will be a little heavier than the original substance because they have been combined with oxygen. If all numbers are arranged in alphabetical order, "eight" would be the first number. "Zero" would be the last number. If all the gold in the ocean were mined, every person on Earth would get about 20 kgs of gold each. If any of the heads on Mt. Rushmore had a body, it would be nearly 500 feet tall. If Barbie were life-size her measurements would be 39-23-33.She would stand seven feet two inches tall and have a neck twice the length of a normal humans neck. If hot water is suddenly poured into a glass that glass is more apt to break if it is thick than if it is thin. This is why test tubes are made of thin glass. If it were removed from the body, the small intestine would stretch to a length of 22 feet. If Monaco's ruling house of Grimaldi should ever be without an heir (male or female), the country will cease to be a sovereign state. If one pound of spaghetti was layed out in one noodle it would be 300 feet long. If someone were to capture and bottle a comet's 10,000-mile vapor trail, the amount of vapor actually present in the bottle would take up less than one cubic inch of space. If Texas were a country it's GNP would be fifth largest of any country on earth. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. If the average person had started counting the moment they were born and continued counting, without stopping, until they turned 65 years old, they still would not have counted to a billion. If the coils of a French horn were straightened out, the instrument would be 22 feet long. If the earth were to become totally flat and the oceans distributed themselves evenly over the planet's surface, the water would be approximately two miles deep at every point. If the entire population of the world were moved to Texas, it would still be less densely populated than New York City. If the goverment passed a law that all the outdoor lighting in the united states had to be provided by low pressure sodium light bulbs, then they would save enough money to pay for evey college students tuition. If the gross for Gone With the Wind were to be adjusted to allow for inflation in the period since its release, it would be regarded as the most successful film ever. If the information contained in the DNA could be written down, it would fill a 1000 volume encyclopedia If the liver ever stops working a person will die within 8 to 24 hours. If the population of China walked past you in single file, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction. If the sun stopped shining suddenly, it would take eight minutes for people on earth to be aware of the fact. If the U.S. government has no knowledge of aliens, then why does Title 14, Section 1211 of the Code of Federal Regulations, implemented on July 16, 1969, make it illegal for U.S. citizens to have any contact with extraterrestrials or their vehicles? If you add up the numbers 1-100 consecutively (1+2+3+4+5 etc) the total is 5050. If you are having problems remembering the planets in their correct order, just remember this sentance "My very educated mother justed served us nine pickles," Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupitor, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. If you are hedenophobic, you have a fear of pleasure. If you are locked in a completely sealed room, you will die of carbon dioxide poisoning first before you will die of oxygen deprivation. If you chew a cabbage/lettuce leaf properly, you'll lose more energy than you'll gain from actually eating it. If you could count the number of times a cricket chirps in one minute, divide by 2, add 9 and divide by 2 again, you would have the correct temperature in celcius degrees If you cut off the head of a cockroach, it can still survive but will eventually die, but only because it cannot eat without its head. If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb. If you feed a seagull Alka-Seltzer, its stomach will explode. If you fold a piece of A4 paper in half 44 times it will reach the moon If you get the recomended 8 hours of sleep each night you will sleep over 2,900 hours each year. If you go blind in one eye, you only lose about one fifth of your vision, but all your sense of depth. If you go blind in one eye, you'll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception.) If you had $10 billion in $1 bills and spent one every second, it would take 317 years to spend them all. If you had 15 cubes numbered 1 to 15 and you tried to line them up in every possible sequence, and if you made a change every minute, it would take you 2,487,996 years to do it. If you had fifteen books on a shelf and you arrange them in every possible combination, and if you made one change every minute, it would take you 2,487,996 years to do them all. If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in U.S. coins without being able to make change for a dollar If you head directly south from Detroit, the first forign country you will enter is Canada If you head directly south from the west coast of Florida, you will actually pass South America on the west side of the continent. If you leave a goldfish in a dark room for years, it will turn white. If you like your espresso coffee sweet, you should use granulated sugar, which dissolves more quickly, rather than sugar cubes; white sugar rather than brown sugar or candy; and real sugar rather than sweeteners which alter the taste of the coffee. If you lock your knee while standing long enough, you will pass out. If you need to remember pi, just count the letters in each word of the sentence: "May I have a large container of coffee?" If you get the coffee and are polite say: "Thank you," get two more decimal places. (3.141592653...). Here is another sentance: How I wish I could calculate Pi. (3.141592) If you pet a cat 70 million times, you will have developed enough static electricity to light a 60-watt light bulb for one minute. If you pile up the cans of Yeo's products, you would be able to reach the moon. If you plant an apple seed, it is almost guaranteed to grow a tree of a different type of apple. If you put a drop of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. If you put a piece of scotch tape on an inflated balloon, then stick it with a small pin or needle, it won't pop. If you put a raisin in a champagne bottle, it will rise and fall continuously. If you put a raisin in a glass of champagne, it will keep floating to the top and sinking to the bottom. If you rubbed garlic on the sole of your feet, it would be absorbed and eventually show up on your breath If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. If you keep your eyes open by force, they can pop out. (DON'T TRY IT, DUMBASS) If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die If you strech your arms straight out as far as you can, thats about how tall you are. Try it. If you take any number between 1 & 9 and multipy them by 9 the sum of the two numbers will always be 9 (ex: 7 X 9 = 63 ; 6 + 3 = 9) If you take any number, double it, add 10, divide by 2, and subtract your original number, the answer will always be 5. If you toss a penny 10,000 times, it will not be heads 5,000 times, but more like 4,950. The heads picture weighs more, so it ends up on the bottom more often. If you travel across the former Soviet Union you will cross seven time zones. If you traveled the speed of light, it would only take you 0.0000294 seconds to climb Mt. Everest. If you wanted to count from one to one trillion and you started right now, counting twenty-four hours a day, it would take you about 31,688 years. If you wear headphones for one hour, it increases bacteria in your ear 700 times. If you were at 0° latitude and 0° longtitude, you would be standing in the Atlantic Ocean If you were to go on vacation for eleven days, you'd have less than one million seconds to enjoy it. If you yelled for 8 years 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb. If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you will have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. cool eh? If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. (unsure) If your like Jeanne Calment and live over 100, you are considered a Centurian. If your shoes squeak, it simply means that two layers of leather in the sole are rubbing together. Driving a tack through the sole will often remove the squeak. Imperia, Italy is the home of the Agnesi Historical Museum of Spaghetti. Impotence is grounds for divorce in 24 states in the United States. In "Silence of the Lambs", Hannibal Lector (Anthony Hopkins) does not blink in any scene. In 10 minutes, a hurricane releases more energy than all the world's nuclear weapons combined. In 1386, a pig was executed by public hanging for the murder of a child In 1516, Friar Tomas sailed to the Caribbean bringing banana roots with him; and planted bananas in the rich, fertile soil of the tropics, thus beginning the banana's future in American life. In 1638, Sweden founded a colony in the New World in the Delaware River Valley. It was called New Sweden. In 1649, Massachusetts's Puritan government ruled the following: "Any childe over 16 who shall CURSE or SMITE their natural FATHER or MOTHER, or act in a STUBBORNE or REBELLIOUS manner shall be put to death." In 1659 the state of Massachusetts outlawed Christmas. In 1659, the General Court of Massachusetts ordered that anybody caught feasting or laying off from work, or in any other way goofing off on any other day other than Christmas, would be fined five shillings for each such offense. In 1670, Dorothy Jones of Boston was granted a license to sell coffee, and so became the first American coffee trader. In 1727, as a result of seedlings smuggled from Paris, coffee plants first were cultivated in Brazil. Brazil is presently by far the world's largest producer of coffee. In 1771 the kingdom of Poland was larger in are than any other European country except Russia and had a bigger population than any other European country except France. In 1789, Morocco became the first country to recognize the United States. In 1810 US population was 7,239,881. Black population at 1,377,808 was 19%. In 1969 US population reached 200 million. In 1831, Captain William Driver, a shipmaster from Salem, Massachusetts, left on one of his many world voyages. Friends presented him with a flag of 24 stars. As the banner opened to the ocean breeze, he exclaimed, "Old Glory." He kept his flag for many years, protecting it during the Civil War, until it was flown over the Tennessee capital. His "Old Glory" became a nickname for all American flags. In 1832 Abraham Lincoln ran for the Illinois legislature, and lost. In 1836 the U.S. government had so much extra money that it repaid all its debts, and still had money left over. In 1845, President Andrew Jackson's pet parrot was removed from his funeral for swearing. In 1850, Michigan's state constitution included the following line: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state." This inadvertently legalized slavery as an appropriate punishment for crime. It wasn't until 1963 that the grammar was fixed to outlaw slavery. The change required shifting the comma following "servitude" to the position after "slavery." In 1853, Illinois passed a law that required any black entering the state and staying more than ten days to pay a fine of $50. If he could not pay, the person could be sold into slavery for a period commensurate with the fine. In 1860, 'Godey's Lady's Book' advised US women to cook tomatoes for at least 3 hours. In 1863, Paul Hubert of Bordeaux, France, was sentenced to life in jail for murder. After 21 years, it was discovered that he was convicted of murdering himself. In 1865 opium was grown in the state of Virginia and a product was distilled from it that yielded 4 percent morphine. In 1867 it was grown in Tennessee: six years later it was cultivated in Kentucky. During these years opium, marijuana and cocaine could be purchased legally over the counter from any druggist. In 1865, several veterans of the Confederate Army formed a private social club in Pulaski, Tennessee, called the Ku Klux Klan. In 1879 during the term of Rutherford B. Hayes the first telephone was installed in the White House. In 1886, Grover Cleveland became the only president to be married in the White House. In 1889, the 1st coin-operated telephone, patented by Hartford, Connecticut inventor William Gray, was installed in the Hartford Bank. In 1892, Italy raised the minimum age for marriage for girls to 12. In 1894 there were only 4 automobiles in the US. In 1899, a pharmacist named George Bunting blended his own cold cream, which, in addition to removing makeup and relieving sunburn, gained popularity for its ability to cure eczema. The product's claim of "No Eczema" led to its name, Noxzema. In 1900 the average age at death in the US was 47. In 1900, coffee was often delivered door-to-door in the United States, by horse-pulled wagons. In 1900, Queen Victoria sent her New Year's greetings to the British troops stationed in South Africa during the Boer War in the form of a specially molded chocolate bar. In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the only U.S. President in history to deliver his inaugural address without using the word "I". For the record, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower said "I" only once during their speeches. In 1905, 18 men died from injuries sustained on the football field. President Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and instituted safety measures to make the game safer. In 1908, figure skating became the first winter sport to be included in the Olympics. In 1915, Winston Churchill fought in the front line trenches before he became the Minister of Munitions. In 1920, 57% of Hollywood movies billed the female star above the leading man. In 1990, only 18% had the leading lady given top billing. In 1920, Eugene Debs, a Socialist, received 920,000 votes for president of the United States even though he ran his entire campaign from prison. In 1924, Pope Urban VIII threatened to excommunicate snuff users. In 1925, the 1st motel -the "Motel Inn" -opened in San Luis Obispo, California. In 1926, when a Los Angeles restaurant owner with the all-American name of Bob Cobb was looking for a way to use up leftovers, he threw together some avocado, celery, tomato, chives, watercress, hard-boiled eggs, chicken, bacon, and Roquefort cheese, and named it after himself: Cobb salad. In 1930, the heaviest a female flight attendant could be was 115 pounds. They also had to be unmarried nurses. In 1931, Charleston, SC was the first city in the United States to pass legislation establishing a historical district. The city has more than 1,000 buildings that predate the Civil War. In 1932 James Markham obtained the 1st patent issued for a tree. The patent was for a peach tree. In 1936, England became the first country in the world to provide regular public broadcasting on television. In 1938 Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel sold all rights to the comic-strip character Superman to their publishers for $130. In 1938, Hewlett-Packard became the first corporation to move to Silicon Valley. In 1943, Navy officer Grace Hopper had no choice but to fix a computer glitch manually. The source of the problem? A moth. Hence the term "computer bug." In 1945 a computer at Harvard malfunctioned and Grace Hopper, who was working on the computer, investigated, found a moth in one of the circuits and removed it. Ever since, when something goes wrong with a computer, it is said to have a bug in it. In 1947, heavy snow blanketed the Northeast, burying New York City under 25.8 inches of snow in 16 hours; the severe weather was blamed for some 80 deaths. In 1947, Toys for Tots started making the holidays a little happier for children by organizing its first Christmas toy drive for needy youngsters. In 1950, UNIVAC became the first computer to tabulate the United States census. In 1952, Mr. Potato Head became the first toy to be advertised on television in the U.S. In 1957, the Shipping port Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, the first nuclear facility to generate electricity in the United States, went on line. (It was taken out of service in 1982.) In 1959, the Soviet space probe "Luna Two" became the first manmade object to reach the moon as it crashed onto the lunar surface. In 1960, an estimated 4,000 people were over 100 years old in the U.S. By 1995 the number had jumped to : 55,000. In 1962, the Mashed Potato, the Loco-Motion, the Frug, the Monkey, and the Funky Chicken were popular dances. In 1963, baseball pitcher Gaylord Perry remarked, "They'll put a man on the moon before I hit a home run." On July 20, 1969, a few hours after Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon, Gaylord Perry hit his first, and only, home run. In 1964 General Mills began marketing Lucky Charms cereal with pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers. The marshmallow bits (technically referred to as marbits) were invented in 1963 by John Holahan. The cereal is marketed using a leprechaun character named Lucky (L.C. Leprechaun is his full name) that touts his cereal as being "Magically Delicious." Over the years the various shapes and colors of the marshmallow bits in the cereal have undergone many changes. In 1964, Sandy Koufax, Elstom Howard, Jimmy Brown, Oscar Robertson, and Cookie Gilchrist were all voted MVP from their respected (MLB, NFL, NBA) leagues. Each of them wore the number 32. In 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined together to become Tanzania. In 1964, University of Oregon grad student Carolyn Davidson designed what became known as the Nike "swoosh" for a mere $35. She did it four years after Phil Knight and track coach Bill Bowerman founded the company they originally called Blue Ribbon Sports. In 1965, Congress authorized the Secret Service to protect former presidents and their spouses for their lifetime, unless they decline the protection. Recently, Congress limited the protection of former presidents and their spouses (elected after January 1, 1997) to 10 years after leaving office. President Clinton, who was elected in 1996, will be the last president to receive lifelong protection from the Secret Service. In 1965, LBJ enacted a law requiring cigarette manufacturers to put health warnings on their packages. In 1968, "Apollo Seven," the first manned Apollo mission, was launched with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard. In 1969 the US launched a male chimpanzee called Ham into space. In 1969, Midnight Cowboy became the first and only X-rated production to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. (Its rating has since been changed to R.) In 1970, 127 runners ran the NY Marathon. In 1998, 32,000 did. In 1970, an Arizona lawyer named Russel H. Ansie filed a $100,000 law In 1975, it cost only $180,000 to produce an hour-long TV drama. In 1976, the average human had $5.60 of chemicals in their bodies. In 1946, that number was 98 cents. In 1976, the first eight Jelly Belly® flavors were launched: Orange, Green Apple, Root Beer, Very Cherry, Lemon, Cream Soda, Grape, and Licorice. In 1980, the only country in the world with no telephones was Bhutan. In 1982, in the first operation of its kind, doctors at the University of Utah Medical Center implanted a permanent artificial heart in the chest of retired dentist Dr. Barney Clark, who lived 112 days with the device. In 1984, a Canadian farmer began renting advertising space on his cows. In 1985, Pete Rose became the first professional athlete to appear on the front of a Wheaties box. In 1987 Playtex premiered the first US TV commercials with real lingerie models displaying their bras and underwear on national television. In 1987, Ron Hextall of the Philadelphia Flyers became the first NHL goalie to score a goal. Actually, Ron Hextall was the first NHL goalie to score a goal by shooting the puck towards the opposing team's net in 1987. Billy Smith was the first goalie credited with a goal in 1979 when his clearing pass hit an opposing skater and went into the other team's goal. In 1990, Bill Carson, of Arrington, Tennessee, grew the largest watermelon at 262 pounds that is still on the record books according to the 1998 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records. In 1990, over 4 billion dollars of coffee was imported into the United States. In 1991 Procter & Gamble won a $75,000 lawsuit against James & Linda Newton who were found responsible for spreading rumors that the company supported the Church of Satan. The two were distributors of Amway Products, a competitor of Proctor & Gamble. In 1992, approximately 750 deaths occurred in the United States due to workplace violence. In 1992, the best selling American-produced car in Japan was the Honda Accord. It was built in Ohio and exported to Japan. In 1995, KFC sold 11 pieces of chicken for every man, woman and child in the US. In 1996, people in the United States sent and received 182,660,700,000 pieces of mail domestically. By way of comparison, Japan ranked second on this list with just 24,971,279,000. In 1997, Fourteen percent of the one million citizens of Nairobi, Kenya carry the AIDS virus. Some 20% of the Kenyan military is infected. In 1998 OSHA reported 1171 construction related fatalities, the sixth straight year this number has increased. In 2001, there were more than 300 banana-related accidents in Britain, most involving people slipping on skins. In 24 hrs. an average healthy human breathes 23,000 times. In 4000 BC Egypt, men and women wore glitter eye shadow made from the crushed shells of beetles. In 75% of American households, women manage the money and pay the bills. In a deck of cards, the King of Hearts is the only king without a moustache. In a lifetime the average US resident eats more than 50 tons of food and drinks more than 13,000 gallons of liquid. In a psychology experiment, an electrode was attached to the pleasure centre of a rat's brain, which the rat could stimulate at the press of a button. It died of starvation when it wouldn't stop pressing the button long enough to eat. In a recent survey in Japan, instant noodles were chosen as the greatest invention of all time In a six-pack of pop, the cans cost more to make than the drink. In a soccer game, the average length of time the ball is in play [for ninety minutes] is only 52 minutes. In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where an ostrich buried its head in the sand, or attempted to do so (apart from bones). In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where An ostrich buried its head in the sand. In a survey of 200000 ostriches over 80 years, not one tried to bury its head in the sand. In a typical season major league baseball will require 4,800 ash trees worth of Louisville sluggers. In a University of Arizona study, rails and armsrests in public buses were found to be contaminated by the highest concentration of bodily fluids. In a year, your heart can beat up to 40 000 000 times! In Alabama it is illegal to stab yourself to gain someone's pity. In Alaska it is against the laww to look at a moose from an airplane. In Alaska it is illegal to whisper in someone's ear while they are moose hunting. In Alaska, it is illegal to look at a moose from a flying vehicle. In Albania nodding the head means "no" and shaking the head means "yes". In Albany, New York, you cannot play golf in the streets. In Albuquerque, New Mexico it is illegal for cab drivers to reach out and pull potential customers into their cabs. In Alderson, West Virginia, it is illegal to walk a lion, tiger or leopard in the city limits, even it is on a leash. In all of Shakespeare's works and excluding Roman numerals only one word begins with the letter "X." Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, appears in The Taming of the Shrew. In America you will see an average of 500 advertisements a day. In America, someone is diagnosed with AIDS every 10 minutes. In South Africa, someone dies due to HIV or AIDS every 10 minutes. In an article in 1998, The Journal of the American Medical Association claimed that adverse drug reactions may cause more than 100,000 deaths a year in the US alone. In an authentic Chinese meal, the last course is soup because it allows the roast duck entree to "swim" toward digestion. In an average lifetime, a person will eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders while sleeping. In ancient China people committed suicide by eating a pound of salt. In ancient chinese culture it was common for them to use the lining of a cats stomach as a condom. In ancient Egypt they paid their taxes in honey. In ancient Egypt, priests plucked EVERY hair from their bodies, including their eyebrows and eyelashes. In ancient Greece the custom of allowing a condemned man to end his own life by poison was extended only to full citizens. Condemned slaves were instead beaten to death. In ancient Rome it was considered a sign of leadership to be born with a hooked nose. In ancient Rome, people found guilty of murdering their fathers were executed in a bizarre manner. The punishment was to be put in a sack with a rooster, a viper, and a dog, then drowned along with all three animals. In ancient Rome, when a man testified in court he would swear on his testicles. In ancient times, any Japanese who tried to leave his homeland was put to death. In April 1964, The Beatles had the top five songs in the United States. This is the only time that the top five songs at any one time were by the same group. In Arizona it is illegal to take naked photographs before noon on Sunday. In Arizona, you cannot Drive past the same place more then 3 times in one hour. Its a law. In Arkansas it is illegal to buy or sell blue lightbulbs. In astrology, synastry is the comparison of natal charts to forecast how people will interact. In Atlanta, GA, it is illegal to tie a giraffe to a telephone pole or street lamp. In Australia, there is no death penalty. In Baltimore it is illegal to mistreat oysters. In Baltimore, it is illegal to wash or scrub sinks no matter how dirty they get. In Bensalem, Pennsylvania it is illegal to race mufflerless go-karts after 6PM on Sunday. In Bexley, Ohio Ordinance number 223, of 09/09/19 prohibits the installation and usage of slot machines in outhouses. In Billings, Montana it is illegal for employees of the city's communications center to program their phones with speed dial. In Boston, Massachusetts it is illegal to take a bath unless instructed to do so by a physician. In Brandon, Mississipi it is illegal to attempt to stop someone from walking down the sidewalk by parking a motorhome in their path. In Breton, AL there is a law against riding down the street in a motorboat. In Britain, failed suicides were hanged in the 19th century. In Broken Arrow, Oklahoma pigs less than 32 inches in length may be kept as pets provided there are no more than two in a house. In Bromide, Oklahoma it is illegal for children to use towels as capes and jump from houses pretending to be superman. In California you may not set a mouse trap without a hunting license. In California, animals are banned from mating publicly within 1,500 feet of a tavern, school, or place of worship. In Canada it's illegal to pay for a 50 cent item with only pennies, to publicly remove bandages, and for clear or non-dark sodas to contain caffeine. In Canada, if a debt is higher than 25 cents, it is illegal to pay it with pennies. In Carlsbad, New Mexico, it's legal for couples to have sex in a parked vehicle during their lunch break from work, as long as the car or van has drawn curtains to stop strangers from peeking in. In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam." In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam." In Chicago, it is illegal to take a french poodle to the opera. In Chillicothe, Ohio it is illegal to throw rice at weddings. In Chinese dining, duck sauce is almost never used on duck. In Chinese, the Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan 'Finger-lickin' good' came out as 'Eat your fingers off.' In Chinese, the words 'crisis' and 'opportunity' are the same. In Christian theology there are nine choirs of angels. From highest to lowest, they are: seraphim, cherubim, thrones, dominions, virtues, powers, principalities, archangels, and angels. In Clawson, Mich., there is a law that makes it LEGAL for a farmer to sleep with his pigs, cows, horses, goats, and chickens. In Colombia, if a Goajiro woman is successful in tripping a man during a ceremonial dance, he's required to have intercourse with her. (7-16-01) In Columbus, Georgia it is illegal to sit on one's porch in an indecent position. In Connecticut any dogs with tattoos must be reported to the police. In Connecticut it is illegal to pirouette while crossing the street In Corpus Christi, Texas, raising alligators in your home is against the law. In Delaware it is illegal to get married on a dare. In Delaware you may not sell dead people for money without a license. In Denver it is unlawful to lend your vacuum cleaner to your next-door neighbor. In Denver, Colorado it is illegal for Barber's to give massages to nude customers unless it is for instructional purposes. In Detroit, couples are banned from making love in an automobile unless the act takes place while the vehicle is parked on the couple's own property. In Detroit, Michigan it is illegal to sleep in a bathtub. In Devon, Connecticut, it is unlawful to walk backwards after sunset. In Disney's Fantasia, the Sorcerer's name is Yensid, which is Disney spelled backward. In driving tests, women reacted to emergency options in.56 of a second. Men scored .59 in the same tests. In Duluth, Minnesota it is illegal to allow animals to sleep in a bakery. In Dyersburg, Tennessee it is illegal for a woman to call a man for a date. In earlier times, virginity on one's wedding night was of the greatest importance. To prove that the bride was a virgin, it was customary that the couple would display the bloodstained bedsheet for all to see once the wedding was consummated. In early America, coffee was usually taken between meals and after dinner. In early Yorkshire, England, a plate holding wedding cake was thrown out of the window as the bride returned to her parent's home after the wedding. If the plate broke, she would enjoy a happy future with her husband. If the plate remained intact, her future was bleak. In Eastern Africa you can buy banana beer. This beer is brewed from bananas. In Elizabethan and Jacobean times, the age of a person when they marry was dependant on the person's class. Those with a high social status were permitted to marry at a younger age. In England and the American colonies they year 1752 only had 354 days. In that year, the type of calendar was changed, and 11 days were lost. In English Parliament, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak. In English pubs, ale is ordered by pints and quarts. So in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them to mind their own pints and quarts and settle down. It's where we get the phrase "mind your P's and Q's." In English, "four" is the only digit that has the same number of letters as its value. In Erwin, Tennessee an elephant was once hanged for murder. In Eureka, Nevada men who have mustaches are forbidden from kissing women. In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere. In every episode of TV's Seinfeld, there is a Superman somewhere in at least one scene. (There's plastic figurine on the shelf in the dining area, and a magnetic Superman on the fridge!) In Florida failure to tell your neighbor his house is on fire is illegal. In Florida it is illegal to fish while driving across a bridge. In Florida, having sexual relations with a porcupine is illegal. In Florida, unmarried women who parachute on Sundays may be jailed. In Forrest Gump, Gary Sinise's character (Lt. Dan) tells Tom Hanks' character (Forrest Gump) that the day Forrest works on a shrimp boat is the day he'd be an astronaut. The following year, Sinise and Hanks appeared together as astronauts in Apollo 13. In Gabon, there are several 1.8 billion years old natural nuclear reactors. In Gary, Ind., persons are prohibited from attending a movie house or other theater and from riding a public streetcar within four hours of eating garlic. In Georgia, movie houses that want to show films on Sunday must reserve one showing a month for religious material. In German, "eins" and "acht" are the only numbers with their letters in alphabetical order. In golf, a 'Bo Derek' is a score of 10. In Greene, New York, it is illegal to eat peanuts and walk backwards on the sidewalks when a concert is on. In Halethrope, Maryland kisses longer than one second are illegal. In Hans Holbein's painting, "The Ambassadors," the artist added a small skull as a way of signing his name. Holbein is another word for "hollow bone" or "a skull." In Hawaii it is illegal to get a tattoo behind your ear or on your eyelid unless in the presence of a registered physician. In Hershey, Pennsylvania, the streetlights along "Chocolate Avenue" are in the shape of Hershey Kisses. In honor of the original thirteen states, the U.S. $1 bill has the following on the back: 13 steps on the pyramid. The motto above the pyramid has 13 letters (annuit coeptis). E pluribus unum, written on the ribbon in the eagle's beak, has 13 letters. 13 stars appear over the eagle's head. 13 stripes are on the shield. 13 war arrows are in the eagle's left talon. In Hood River, Oregon, you can't juggle without a license. In hotels in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, every room is required to have twin beds. And the beds must always be a minimum of two feet apart when a couple rents a room for only one night. And it's illegal to make love on the floor between the beds! In Iceland it is illegal to have pets. In Iceland, a Big Mac costs $5.50. In Idaho walking along the street with a red-tipped cane is strictly prohibited. In Idiana it is illegal to sell laughing gas with the intent to induce laughter. In Illinois it is illegal for barbers to use their fingers to apply shaving cream to a customer's face. In India, where hinduism is the biggest religon, they belive that there are about 300 million different gods. Because almost every village has it's own local god. In Italy, espresso is considered so essential to daily life that the price is regulated by the government. In its entire lifetime, the average worker bee produces 1/12th teaspoon of honey. In Japan, coffee shops are called Kissaten. In Joliet, Illinois it is illegal to mispronounce the name Joliet. In July 1934, Babe Ruth paid the fan who caught his 700th career home run ball $20 to get it back. In July 1981, a tortoise was sentenced to death for murder. Tribal elders in Kyuasini, a village in Kenya, formally condemned the tortoise because they suspected it of causing the death of six people, apparently through magic. However, because none of the villagers was prepared to risk the tortoise's wrath by carrying out the execution, it was instead chained to a tree. The tortoise was later freed after the government promised an official inquiry into the deaths. In July, 1950, a patent was issued for an automatic spaghetti-spinning fork. In Kansas it is illegal to catch bullfrogs in a tomato patch. In Kentucky you need a license to walk around nude on your property. In Kentucky, 50% of the people who get married for the first time are teenagers. In Las Vegas, it's against the law to pawn your dentures. In Lebanon, Virginia it is illegal to kick your wife out of bed. In Lefors, Texas it is illegal to take more than three swallows of beer at any time while standing. In Lexington, Kentucky, it's illegal to carry an ice cream cone in your pocket. In literature, the average length of a sentence is around 35 words. In Los Angeles, there are fewer people than there are automobiles. In Los Angelos, California it is legal for a man to beat his wife with a leather strap as long as it is less than two inches in width, or she gives him permission to use a wider strap. In M&M candies, the letters stand for Mars and Murrie, the developers of the candy in 1941. In Maine, it is illegal to sell a car on Sunday unless it comes equipped with plumbing. In Maryland, men may not buy drinks for female bartenders. In Massachusetts you must have a license to wear a goatee. In Massachusetts, if you get caught eating peanuts in church , you can be jailed for up to one year. In Massachusetts, it is forbidden to put tomatoes in clam chowder. In Massachusetts, it is unlawful to deliver diapers on Sunday, regardless of emergencies. In Memphis, Tennessee it is illegal for a woman to drive by herself. A man must walk or run in front of the vehicle, waving a red flag to warn approaching pedestrians and motorists. In Miami, it's illegal for men to be seen publicly in any kind of strapless gown. in microsoft 1998 edition if your keyboard isnt responding it displays "keyboard not responding press enter to continue" In most advertisements, including newspapers, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In most advertisements, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In most American states, a wedding ring is exempt by law from inclusion among the assets in a bankruptcy estate. This means that a wedding ring cannot be seized by creditors, no matter how much the bankrupt person owes. In most comic strips and magazine advertisments, the time on the clock is 10:10. In most watch advertisements the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In Nags Headm North Carolina you can be fined for singing out of tune for more than ninety seconds. In Nevada it is illegal to ride a camel on the highway. In New Hampshire it is illegal to inhale bus fumes with the intent of inducing euphoria. In New Jersey it is illegal to delay or detain a homing pigeon. In New York City it is illegal for a man to give 'The Standard Lear' to a woman. Violators are forced to wear horse blinders. In New York City, approximately 1,600 people are bitten by other humans. In Newport, Rhode Island it is illegal to smoke from a pipe after sunset. In Nicholas County, W. Va., no member of the clergy is allowed to tell jokes or humorous stories from the pulpit during a church service. In Norfolk, Virginia, a woman can't go out without wearing a corset. (There was a civil-service jobfor men onlycalled a corset inspector). However, in Merryville, Missouri, women are prohibited from wearing corsets because "the privilege of admiring the curvaceous, unencumbered body of a young woman should not be denied to the normal, red-blooded American male." In North America, the breed of dog called the Doberman Pinscher is spelled with one "n". But in Europe where it originated, it's spelled with 2. The man who bred for the Doberman spelled his last name (Dobermann) with 2 'n's as well. In North Andover, Massachusetts citizens are prohibitied from carrying 'space guns.' In North Caroline it is illegal to make love on the floor of a hotel room between two double beds. In North Dakota it is illegal to keep an elk in a sandbox in your backyard. In NYC, "it is disorderly conduct for one man to greet another on the street by placing the end of his thumb against the tip of his nose and wiggling the extended fingers of that hand." In Oblong, Illinois, it's punishable by law to make love while hunting or fishing on your wedding day. In October 1959 Elizabeth Taylor became the first Hollywood star to receive $1 million for a single picture. (for Cleopatra) In ohio it is illegal to ride on the roof of a taxi cab In ohio it is illegal to run out of gas. In Ohio women are forbidden from wearing patent leather shoes, lest men see reflections of their underwear In Ohio, if you ignore an orator on Decoration day to such an extent as to publicly play croquet or pitch horseshoes within one mile of the speaker's stand, you can be fined $25.00. In Oklahoma, people who make "ugly faces" at dogs may be fined and/or jailed. In one of the central intersections of the resort town of Pompeii destroyed in A.D. 79 by Mt. Vesuvius is a replica of the male genitalia, imbedded in and made of cobblestones. The image is approximately three feet wide by three feet long, and points the way to a house of prostitution. The walls of the house are still decorated with picture of the various specialties of the ladies employed there. In Oregon anyone with a bad reputation is prohibited from distributing malt beverages. In Paulding, Ohio an officer of the law may bite a dog to quiet him. In Pennsylvania: "Any motorist who sights a team of horses coming toward him must pull well off the road, cover his car with a blanket or canvas that blends with the countryside, and let the horses pass. If the horses appear skittish, the motorist must take his car apart piece by piece, and hide it under the nearest bushes." In playing poker, there is one chance in 500 of drawing a flush. In Pocatello, Idaho, a law passed in 1912 provided that "The carrying of concealed weapons is forbidden, unless same are exhibited to public view." In Providence, Rhode Island it is illegal to sell toothpaste and a toothbrush to the same customer on a Sunday. In Radford, VA you are not allowed to spit, loogie, puke or urinate on the streets. In Reno, Nevada staging a marathon dance is illegal, although posting a notice on a fire hydrant about illegal dance marathons is not. In Richmond, Virginia it is illegal to flip a coin in any eating establishment to determine who buys a cup of coffee. In Rochester, Michigan, anyone bathing in public must have his or her bathing suit inspected by a police officer. In rural areas, there are more insects in 1 square mile than there are humans on earth In Salem, Massachesetts sleeping in the nude in a rented room is forbidden, even for married couples. In Saratoga, Florida it is illegal to sing while wearing a bathing suit. In Scituate, Rhode Island it is illegal to keep a flock of chickens in your motorhome if you live in a trailer park. In Scotland, Irn-Bru is a soft drink that is more popular than Coca-Cola. When McDonalds opened in Glasgow and did not sell Irn-Bru, it was considered an insult, and the restaurant was subsequently boycotted. In Seattle, Washington, it is illegal to carry a concealed weapon that is over six feet in length. In seventy-five years the human heart pumps 3,122,000,000 gallons of blood, enough to fill in oil tanker over 46 times! In Shakespeare, Rosalind, the heroine of "As You Like It", has more lines than any of Shakespeare's female characters. Cleopatra comes in second with 670 lines and third place belongs to Imogen ("Cymbeline"), with 591 lines. In Shakespeare's time, mattresses were secured on bed frames by ropes when you pulled on the ropes the mattress tightened, making the bed firmer to sleep on. That's where the phrase, "goodnight, sleep tight" came from. In Siberia, in 1994, a container full of marijuana was discovered in the 2,000-year-old grave of a Scythian princess and priestess, among the many other articles buried with her. In some chuch in South Carolina, every man must bring a rifle to church on Sunday to ward off Indian attacks. In some town in South Carolina, it is perfectly legal for a man to beat his wife. But only if its on the courthouse steps on Sunday. In South Carolina you can be fined for not denouncing "the evils of intemperance" on the fourth Friday of every October. In South Dakota it is illegal to try to convince a pacifist to renounce his beliefs by threatening to arm-wrestle him. In South Korea, Green Giant canned sweet corn is advertised as a topping for ice cream. In space, astronauts are unable to cry, tears can't flow down, because of the lack of gravity. In Spanish, the word "hombre" means: 'shoulder', 'man', and 'hat' all at the same time. In Spit Bergen, Norway at one time of the year the sun shines continuously for three and a half months. In Springfield, door to door salesman are prohibited from selling their goods while standing in the middle of the road, screaming at passing vehicles. In Staten Island, New York it is illegal for a father to call his son a 'faggot' or 'queer' in an effort to curb 'girlie' behavior. In Sterling, Colorado, it is unlawful to allow a pet cat to run loose without a taillight. In Sumatra, workers on coffee plantations gather the world's most expensive coffee by following a gourmet marsupial who consumes only the choicest coffee beans. By picking through what he excretes, they obtain the world's most expensive coffee -'Kopi Luwak', which sells for over $100 per pound. In Sweden, when leaving someone's home, wait until you get to the doorway to step outside before putting on your coat. To do so earlier suggests you are eager to leave. In Tennessee it is illegal to use a lasso to catch fish. In Tennessee, it is illegal to shoot any game other than whales from a moving automobile. In terms of area, Juneau, Alaska, is the largest city in the United States, yet it can only be reached by boat or plane. In Texas any artificial constructed underwater barrier reefs must come with an instruction booklet. In Texas criminals are required to give their victims 24 hours notice, either orally or in writing, and to explain the nature of the crime to be committed. In Thailand, the left hand is considered unclean, so you should not eat with it. Also, pointing with one finger is considered rude and is only done when pointing to objects or animals, never humans. In the "Princess Diaries" when the main character is talking to her friend while walking up and down a bench, she falls which portrays her clumsey character. That wasn't on purpose, though. It was raining and the bench was very slippery and she fell for real. If you watch that scene, it will make perfect sense consdering the way they were laughing and how the princess told her friend to keep talking. The director liked it, so he kept it. In the 14th century, the Arabs started to cultivate coffee plants. The first commercially grown and harvested coffee originated in the Arabian Peninsula near the port of Mocha. In the 16th century, Turkish women could divorce their husbands if the man failed to keep his family's pot filled with coffee. In the 1700s, European women achieved a pale complexion by eating "Arsenic Complexion Wafers" actually made with the poison. In the 17th century, no citizen of Japan was allowed to leave the country on penalty of death. In the 17th century, the number pi was known to 35 decimal places. Today, to 1.2411 trillion. In the 1800s, the Chinese believed that strangling a man was less sever a punishment than beheading because the body would not be permanently disfigured. In the 1870s, William Russell Frisbie opened a bakery called the Frisbie Pie Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. His lightweight pie tins were embossed with the family name. In the mid-1940s, students at Yale University tossed the empty pie tins as a game. In the 1905 football season, 18 men were killed in college games in the United States, and 159 more were permanently injured. In the 1960's, the US spent millions developing a zero gravity pen for use in space In the 19th century, craftsmen who made hats were known to be excitable and irrational, as well as to tremble with palsy and mix up their words. Such behavior gave rise to the familiar expression "mad as a hatter". The disorder, called hatter's shakes, was caused by chronic mercury poisoning from the solution used to treat the felt. Attacking the central nervous system, the toxin led to behavioral symptoms. In the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, if a man was not married by age 30, he would not be allowed to vote or watch athletic events involving nude young men. In the Andes, time is sometimes measured by how long it takes to chew a quid of coca leaf. In the building trade a slate measuring 24 by 12 inches is called a In the city of Carmel, where Clint Eastwood grew up, they dont have postmen, coz they dont have street numbers. Ppl go to the post office to collect their mail. In the course of an average lifetime you will, while sleeping, eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders. In the early days of modern theater, artificial lighting was produced by throwing pollen grains of the club moss which is highly flammable when placed on a hot surface onto a hot shovel. In the early stages of development, and pig's embroyo is similar to that of a human's. In the England it is illegal to sell most goods on a sunday, (this law is mostly ignored), it is however legal to sell a carrot. It is also legal to sell it at any price and to give free gifts with it, such as anything else one might want to buy on a sunday! In the entire state of Maryland, it is illegal to give or recieve oral sex. In the game "Monopoly," the space on which a player has the greatest statistical chance of landing is Illinois Avenue. In the great fire of London in 1666, half of London was burnt down but only 6 people were injured. In the Great Seal of the US the eagle grasps 13 arrows and an olive branch. In the Holocaust between 5.1 and 6 million of Europe's 10 million Jews were killed. An additional 6 million 'unwanted' people were also executed, including more than half of Poland's educated populace. In the kingdom of Bhutan, all citizens officially become one year older on New Year's Day. In the last 4000 years no new animals have been domesticated. In the last three centuries, 90% of all people living in the Western world have switched from tea to coffee. In the late 19th century the Supreme Court of the United States legally declarded the tomato a vegetable. In the late 19th century, millions of human mummies were used as fuel for locomotives in Egypt where wood and coal was scarce, but mummies were plentiful. In the mall, the fat sheriff with the shotgun fires at the spiders. When the ejected casings hit the ground, they make a metallic "chink" noise. Shotgun casings are made of plastic. In the Middle Ages, chicken soup was believed to be an aphrodisiac. In the Middle Ages, young men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They would wear these names on their sleeves for one week. To wear your heart on your sleeve now means that it is easy for other people to know how you are feeling. In the movie Casablanca Rick never says "Play it again, Sam." He says: "You played it for her, you can play it for me. Play it!". Ilsa says "Play it, Sam. Play `As Time Goes By"'. In the Netherlands, in 1634, a collector paid 1,000 pounds of cheese, four oxen, eight pigs, 12 sheep, a bed, and a suit of clothes for a single bulb of the Viceroy tulip. In the original Star Wars A New Hope when everyone is stuck in the trash compactor and the storm troopers come for C-3PO and R2-D2 the stormtroopers come through the door and one of them hits its head, very funny. They make it look like he did it on purpose by another stormtrooper says "Take care of him" which they added in there guess Lucas kept it as kind of a joke In the original Wizard of Oz, during the scene in the forest, you can see a body hanging from a tree in the background. This is real. He was an actor that hung himself after he didnt get the part of the Tinman. They cut it out of the later versions, but if you have a movie from before the golden age of film editing, you'll see him. In the pilot episode of Seinfeld (then called The Seinfeld Chronicles) , Kessler was the last name of the neighbor who would later become known as Kramer. In the quiet town of Connorsville, Wisconsin, it's illegal for a man to shoot off a gun when his female partner has an orgasm. In the Simpsons series, Homer has said 3267 "Doh!" In the Spanish Pyrenees, when a beekeeper dies, each of his bees is splashed with a drop of Black Ink. In the St. Louis, MO area, the word "hoosier" is used as a slang term for what the rest of the country would describe as "white trash," "rednecks," or "hillbillies". In the ten years between 1987 and 1997, there was an increase of over 800 million people on the planet. In the United States bacteria in foods cause 6.5 million to 33 million cases of human illness and 9,000 deaths annually. In the United States only 80 miles separate the highest point of land and the lowest point in the lower 48 states. Mount Whitney on the eastern border of Sequoia National Park in California is 14,496 feet high, and a pool called Badwater in Death Valley is 280 feet below sea level. In the United States, a pound of potato chips costs two hundred times more than a pound of potatoes. In the United States, approximately seven billion pounds of chocolate and candy are manufactured each year. In the United States, more Frisbee discs are sold each year than baseballs, basketballs, and footballs combined. In the United States, poisoning is the fourth leading cause of death among children. In the US a pound of potato chips costs 200 times more than a pound or potatoes In the US, about 127 million adults are overweight or obese; worldwide, 750 million are overweight and 300 million more are obese. In the US, 15% of children in elementary school are overweight; 20% are worldwide. In the US, Delaware, Virginia and Michigan rank as the top three states for Ritalin use, and most of the prescriptions are for elementary and middle school age children. Doctors in these states prescribe at least 33 grams for every 1,000 residents, 56 percent more than the national average, according to figures compiled by the Federal Drug Enforcement Agency. In the US, federal law states that children's TV shows may contain only 10 minutes of advertising per hour and on weekends the limit is 10 and one-half minutes. In The Wizard of Oz the Scarecrow was looking for a brain, the Cowardly Lion was looking for courage, and the Tin Man was looking for a heart. In the year 1763, there were over 200 coffee shops in Venice. In the year 1790, there were two firsts in the United States; the first wholesale coffee roasting company, and the first newspaper advertisement featuring coffee. In the year 498 B.C., in the city of Chung-tu, crime ceased to happen with the naming of a new Minister of Crime. Legend has it that nobody wanted to commit a crime because everyone idolized the new minister, someone by the name of Confucius. In Tonawanda, New York homeless people may not start a fire in the park unless they intend to cook food. In Tulsa, Oklahoma the limit on kisses is three minutes (by law). In Tulsa, Oklahoma, it is against the law to open a soda bottle without the supervision of a licensed engineer. In Turkey during the 16th and 17th centuries, anyone caught drinking coffee was put to death. In turtles, the colon(intestine) is also used for respiration, as it takes in oxygen. Thats how they stay underwater for so long. In Utah a husband is responsible for all criminal acts committed by his wife while she is in his presence. In Utah it is illegal to fish from horseback. In Utah, birds have the right of way on all highways. In Vermont it is illegal to paint landscapes in times of war. In Vermont it is illegal to whistle while underwater. In Vermont women must obtain written permission from their husbands to wear false teeth. In Vulcan, Alberta Canada, the tourist welcome sign is written in both English and Klingon (alien language from "Star Trek"). In Washington D.C. it is illegal to post a notice in public which calls another person a 'coward' for refusing to accept a challenge to duel. In Washington, anyone under the age of 18 must have parental permission to throw a tear gas canister. In Waterloo, Nebraska it is unlawful for barbers to eat onions while on the job. In West Virginia it is illegal to dig for ginseng on your neighbor's lawn without their permission. In West Virginia you cannot fly a red flag in front of your house if you are disappointed in your sherrif. In West Virginia, it is legal for one to take roadkill home for dinner.... In Winston-Salem, North Carolina, it is against the law for children under seven years of age to go to college. In Wisconsin you are allowed to marry your house. In Wisconsin, after 3:00 a.m., you have to send a rocket signal in the air after every mile you drive. Then wait a minute for a response. In Wyoming it is illegal to tattoo a horse with the intent of making it unrecognizable to its owner. In York, Pennsylvania, you can't sit down while watering your lawn with a hose. Incan soldiers used to eat freeze-dried potatoes when they were on a march. The Incans would leave the food outside to freeze overnight, then thaw them out and stomp on them to remove the excess water. Including the 2000 World Series, there have been only three meetings between teams from the same city: 1906 (Cubs vs. White Sox), 1944 (Cardinals vs. Browns) and 2000 (Mets vs. Yankees). India has a Bill of Rights for cows. India has the most post offices of any country with 280,181. India is the leading film making country in the world. More than twice as many films are made in India each year than in France, the third highest film producers in the world. Indiana has a city named Santa Claus. Infant beavers are called kittens. Influenza caused over twenty-one million deaths in 1918. Insects shiver when they're cold. Insomniacs may move as many as seventy times. Insulin was discovered in 1922 by Sir Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best. Intel is a shortened name for Integrated Electronics. The company's founders wanted to use the full name when they went into business in 1968, but it was already in use. Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair. Irish cream and Hazelnut are the most popular whole bean coffee flavorings. Irving Berlin has never learned to read music or to write it. He hums or sings his songs to a secretary, who takes them down in musical notation. Isaac Newton, Peter Tchaikovsky and Annie Lennox were all born on Christmas. Israel is the only country in the world, which has compulsory military service for women. It has 51 meanings as a noun, 126 meanings as a verb, and 10 meanings as a participle adjective. It has been calculated that a single breath from a mature blue whale can inflate up to 2000 balloons. It has been proven that feathers directly evolved from reptiles' scales. Therefore, birds came after reptiles. It has been reported that some dogs are able to sniff out skin cancer. It's in a journal on Lancet. Click here It is against the law for a monster to enter the corporate limits of Urbana, Illinois. It is against the law in Oregon to fish with canned corn. It is against the law in Pueblo, Colorado, to raise or permit a dandelion to grow within the city limits. It is against the law in Texas, NJ, Iowa, and 25 other states for gay men to have sex of any kind. The result of a man having sex with another man is punishable by fines and up to 6 months in jail. it is, however, LEGAL for a male in Texas to have sex with his sheep. It is against the law to have a pet in Iceland. It is also against the law in Oregon to get married in your bathing suit. It is believed that the Greek poet Aeschylus was killed when a bird flying overhead dropped a tortoise and struck him. Birds have been known to carry shellfish to great heights and drop them in order crack the shells. It is estimated that 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 snowflakes have fallen to the earth since it was formed. It is estimated that a plastic container can resist decomposition for as long as 50,000 years. It is forbidden for aircraft to fly over the Taj Mahal. It is illegal for a man to kiss a woman while she is asleep in Logan County, Colorado. It is illegal for a mother to give her daughter a perm without a state license. It is illegal for both sexes to flirt or respond to flirtation using the eyes and/or hands. It is illegal in Elkhart, Indiana, for a barber to threaten to cut off a youngster's ears...what about an oldster? It is illegal in Georgia to use profanity in the presence of a corpse. It is illegal in Lafayette, Louisiana to play a musical instrument for the purpose of attracting attention, without a license. It is illegal in North Carolina to have sex in churchyards. It is illegal in Reno, Nevada to conceal a spray-painted shopping cart in your basement. It is illegal to accept a gratuity or tip in Iowa. It is illegal to drive more than two thousand sheep down Hollywood Boulevard at one time. It is illegal to hunt camels in Arizona. It is illegal to hunt camels in the state of Arizona. It is illegal to mistreat rats in Denver. It is illegal to say "Oh, Boy" in Jonesboro, Georgia. It is illegal to take more than 2 baths a month within Boston confines. It is impossible for a pig to look up at the sky and people can not lick their elbows!!!!! be sure to remember that the next time you stick your elbow in spagetti =) It is impossible for a solar eclipse to last for more than 7 minutes 58 seconds. It is impossible for anyone to verbally count up to the number 1 trillion it is impossible to drink more than a gallon of milk in 1 hour without throwing up!!! It is impossible to get water out of a rimless tyre. It is impossible to land on planet Jupiter, because, scientists believe that below all the gases and liguid there is a center [core] which is made up of small ball of pressurized iron, but it is impossible to tell for sutre. It is impossible to lick your elbow. It is impossible to sneeze and keep your eyes open at the same time. It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. It is only appropriate to fly the US flag upside down in emergencies. It means "Help Me, I am in Trouble!" It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky. It is possible to lead a cow up stairs, but not down. It is Texas law that when two trains meet each other at a railroad crossing, each shall come to a full stop, and neither shall proceed until the other has gone. It is unlawful for small boys to throw stones, at any time, at any place in the District of Columbia. It snows more in the Grand Canyon than it does in Minneapolis and Minnesota. It takes 120 drops of water to fill a teaspoon. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. It takes 20 different muscles to form a kiss. It takes 25 muscles to swallow. It takes 3,000 cows to supply the NFL with enough leather for a year's supply of footballs. It takes 35 to 65 minks to produce the average mink coat. The numbers for other types of fur coats are: beaver 15; fox 15 to 25; ermine 150; chinchilla 60 to 100. It takes a lobster approximately seven years to grow to be one pound. It takes about 1.25 seconds for moonlight to reach the Earth. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. It takes about 48 hours for your body to completely digest the food from one meal. It takes forty minutes to hard boil an ostrich egg. It takes only 8 minutes for sunlight to travel from the sun to the earth, which also means, if you see the sun go out, it actually went out 8 minutes ago It takes seven years for a lobster to weigh one pound. It takes, on average, 345 squirts from a cow's udder to yield one gallon of milk. It took Leonardo Da Vinci 10 years to paint Mona Lisa. He never signed or dated the painting. Leonardo and Mona had identical bone structures according to the painting. X-ray images have shown that there are 3 other versions under the original. It took over 4 years to film milo and otis to get the animals to do what they are suppose to. It was claimed that a Tiger shot dead by colonel Jim Corbett in 1907 had killed 436 people in India. It was discovered on a space mission that a frog can throw up. The frog throws up its stomach first, so that the stomach is dangling out of it's mouth. Then the frog uses its' forearms to dig out all of the stomach's contents and then swallows the stomach back down again. It was during the 1600's that the first coffee mill made its debut in London. It was proposed in the Rhode Island legislature in the 1970s that there be a $2 tax on every act of sexual intercourse. It was the accepted practice in Babylon 4,000 years ago that for a month after the wedding, the bride's father would supply his It was the Frisbie Pie Company of Bridgeport, CT, whose name -and lightweight pie tins -gave birth to the modern Frisbee. It was the law in Scotland in 1288 that for each year known as "lepe yeare" any maiden lady could ask the man she liked to be her husband. If he refused and didn't have a good excuse he would be "mulcted of ye sum of one pound or less" (essentially, he would owe her a dollar). France enacted a similar law a year later. It was the left shoe that Aschenputtel (Cinderella) lost at the stairway, when the prince tried to follow her. It was originally the right, but the translator messed up again. It wasn't until 1913 that sports teams started using numbers on players' jerseys for identfication. It first happened during a football game between the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin. It would take 15,840,000 rolls of wallpaper to cover the Great Wall of China. Italians do not drink espresso during meals. It is considered to be a separate event and is given its own time. Italians in Italy consume a million and a half tons of spaghetti every year. Italy now has over 200,000 coffee bars, and still growing. It's a common myth that chocolate aggravates acne. Experiments conducted at the University of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Naval Academy found that consumption of chocolate -even frequent daily dietary intake -had no effect on the incidence of acne. Professional dermatologists today do not link acne with diet. It's a diverse world we live in. In the U.S., football, basketball and baseball are the three most watched sports on TV. In England, the top three most viewed are soccer, Formula One auto racing and boxing. In Russia, it's soccer, ice hockey and boxing. And in China, it's soccer, table tennis and swimming. It's a good thing lemmings are promiscuous, they produce 4 times as many females as males. It's against the law in Willowdale, Oregon, for a husband to curse during sex. It's against the law to catch fish with your bare hands in Kansas. It's been estimated that man have been riding horses for over 3,000 years. It's been estimated that one out of every two hundred women is born with an extra nipple. It's been said that Adolph Hitler was a coprophiliac, which means he had a fetish for women's feces. He also had a thing for being urinated on by women. It's believed that India gets its name from the Indus River. The interesting thing is that none of the river is actually in India...it's in Pakistan. It's estimated that at any one time around 0.7% of the world's population is drunk. It's illegal in Newcastle, WY to have sex in a butcher shop's meat freezer. It's illegal in Wilbur, Washington, to ride an ugly horse. It's illegal to have sex on a parked motorcycle in London. It's illegal to mispronounce the name of the state of Arkansas in that state. It's impossible to get water out of a rimless tire. It's impossible to lick your elbow. It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. It's more likeJacksonville, Florida has the largest total area of any city in the United States. It takes up 460 square miles, almost twice the area of Los Angeles. Jaguars are frightened by dogs Jamaica Blue Mountain is often regarded as the best coffee in the world. James Buchanan was certainly a good host. When England's Prince of Wales came to visit in the fall of 1860, so many guests came with him, it's said the president slept in the hallway. James Madison, 5 feet, 4 inches tall, was the shortest president of the US. Abraham Lincoln was the tallest at six feet, 4 inches. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, stood only five feet four inches tall and weighed less than one hundred pounds. James Ramsey invented a steam-driven motorboat in 1784. He ran it on the Potomac River in an event witnessed by George Washington. Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendrix all died at the young age of 27. Japan is the world's leading importer of iron ore. Japan ranks Number 3 in the world for coffee consumption. Jaw muscles can provide about 200 pounds of force to bring the back teeth together for chewing. Jayne Mansfield decorated her "Pink Palace" by writing to 1,500 furniture and building suppliers and asking for free samples. She told the donors they could then brag that their goods were in her outlandish mansion. The pitch worked, and Jayne received over $150,000 worth of free merchandise. It's safe to make love while parked in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Police officers aren't allowed to walk up and knock on the window. Any suspicious officer who thinks that sex is taking place must drive up from behind, honk his horn three times and wait approximately two minutes before getting out of his car to investigate. It's strange that a city with a two letter abreviation (LA) was named after a river called "EL RIO DE SENORA LA REYNA DE LOS ANGELES DE PORCIUNCULA". Jellyfish are 95% water Jellyfish can sense a storm 10 to 15 hrs. before it actually occurs and leaves the shore and go into the deep sea. Jergens Lotion was created by Andrew Jergens, a former lumberjack, in 1880. Jerry Garcia only had four fingers on his picking hand, he lost one of his fingers when he was a boy. Jerry Seinfeld's first sitcom wasn't Seinfeld. He played the governor's speechwriter on three episodes of Benson (he was fired from the job). Jerry West was the model for the official NBA logo. His silhouette appears dribbling a basketball. Jessica Tandy is the oldest winner of an Academy Award. She won the 1989 Best Actress award for Driving Miss Daisy at the age of 80 years and 9 months. She beat George Burns for that distinction by just a few months. Jethro Tull is not the name of the rock singer responsible for such songs as "Aqualung" and "Thick as a Brick." Jethro Tull is the name of the band. The singer is Ian Anderson. The original Jethro Tull was an English horticulturalist who invented the seed drill. JFK Jr. and Christine Amanapour of CNN were roommates at Brown University. JFK's golf clubs sold for $772,500 at a 1996 auction. The buyer was Arnold Schwarzenegger. Jim Delligatti, a McDonald's franchise owner in Uniontown, PA, invented the Big Mac in 1968. He originally named it the Big Mac Super Sandwich. The following year McDonald's sold it nationwide. Jim Henson first coined the word "Muppet". It is a combination of "marionette" and "puppet." Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison were all 27 years old when they died. Jimmu, the legendary first ruler of Japan, began his reign in the year 660. Akihito, the current emperor, is said to be the 125th direct descendant of Jimmu to rule Japan. Jimmy Carter was the first President born in a hospital. Jimmy Carter was the first U.S. President to be born in a hospital. Joan of Arc was actually burned alive as a witch in 1431, and only considered a saint in the 20th century. (Them folks must be pissed to hear that) John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe died on July 4th. Adams and Jefferson died in the same year. Supposedly, Adams last words were "Thomas Jefferson survives." John Hancock and Charles Thomson were the only people to sign the Declaration of independence on July 4th, 1776. The last signature came five years later. John Lennon's first girlfriend was named Thelma Pickles. John Milton used 8,000 different words in his poem, "Paradise Lost." John Paul Jones' real name was John Paul. In a letter to Benjamin Franklin, he admitted he'd killed a sailor in the West Indies and changed his name to escape punishment. The "Jones" comes from Mrs. Willie Jones of North Carolina, whom he "admired." John Tyler was the first president to be married in office on June 26, 1844. John Wayne's real name was Marion Michael Morrison. John Wilkes Booth's brother once saved the life of Abraham Lincoln's son. Johnny Appleseed planted apples so that people could use apple cider to make alcohol. Johnson & Johnson created the Band-Aid in 1899 because Robert Wood Johnson attended a lecture concerning the prevention of infection in wounds during surgical operations. The company created the zinc oxide adhesive bandage for surgeons, and launched the consumer version, Band-Aids, in 1921. Joseph Priestley not only discovered oxygen, but he also discovered ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxide. He was also the first person to isolate chlorine. Joseph Priestly is credited with discovering oxygen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxide. He was also the first to isolate chlorine. Joseph Swan invented the light bulb in 1879, one year before Thomas Edison did. However, Swan didn't patent the idea and was widely accused of copying Edison who did patent the idea and was therefore recognized as its inventor. Swan continued to be denied recognition until some time later when it was shown that both light bulbs were produced using different processes. Edison and Swan later formed a joint company using the best of both technologies. Judy Scheindlin ("Judge Judy") has a $25,000,000 salary, while Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg has a $190,100 salary. Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte both suffered from epilepsy. Julius Caesar was the first to encode communications, using what has become known as the Caesar Cipher. Julius Caesar, Martin Luther and Jonathan Swift all suffered from Ménièr's disease. It is a disorder of the hearing and balance senses causing hissing, roaring or whistling sounds to be perceived. Julius Caesar's autograph is worth about $2,000,000. Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets. Although it has a circumference of 280,000 miles compared with Earth's 25,000 Jupiter manages to make one turn in 9 hours and 55 minutes. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto. Just twenty seconds worth of fuel remained when Apollo 11's lunar module landed on the moon. Kangaroos and emus cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. Kansas state law requires pedestrians crossing the highways at night to wear tail lights. Ketchup was once sold as a patented medicine. In the 1830s it was marketed in the United States as Dr. Miles's Compound Extract of Tomato. Ketchup was sold in the 1830s as medicine. Key West, Florida is the southernmost point in the continental United States. South Point, Hawaii is the country's southernmost point overall. Kikkoman soy sauce was originated in 1630 in Japan. Killer whales (Orcas) kill sharks by torpedoeing up into the shark;s stomach from underneath causing the shark to explode. Kim Basinger fears large crowds. She even locked herself in her house for 4 months, because of this fear. King Henry III of France, Louis XIV of France, and Napoleon all suffered from ailurophobia the fear of cats. Kirkland, Illinois, law forbids bees to fly over the village or through any of its streets. Kitsap County, Washington, was originally called Slaughter County, nicely: the first hotel there was called The Slaughter House. Kiwi birds are blind, they hunt only by smell. Koala bears also have finger prints that are almost identical to ours Koala bears have fingerprints so similar to humans that they could be confused at a crime scene. Koalas have twin thumbs Kodak is the first chain store to open in Antarctica. Korea's poshintang dog meat soup is a popular item on summertime menus, despite outcry from other nations. The soup is believed to cure summer heat ailments, improve male virility, and improve women's complexions. Kotex was first manufactured as bandages, during W.W.I. Kuwait is about 60% male (highest in the world). Latvia is about 54% female (highest in the world). L.L. Cool J is the only rap star to have performed at a presidential inaugural concert. He performed at Bill Clinton's gala in 1993. La Pax, Bolivia is a virtually fireproof city. At an altitude of about 12,000 feet above sea level, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is barely able to support fire. La Paz, Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world. Lab tests can detect traces of alcohol in urine six to 12 hours after a person has stopped drinking. Lacrosse was invented by American Indians. Lady Godiva's horse was named Aethenoth. Laid end-to-end, the arteries, capillaries and veins would stretch for about 60,000 miles in the average child and would be about 100,000 miles in an adult - enough to wrap around the world nearly four times. Laika the dog, was the first living thing which was sent to space. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located entirely within the United States. Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway at New Orleans, Louisiana, is the world's largest bridge. It is almost 24 miles (about 38 kilometers) long. Large doses of coffee can be lethal. Ten grams, or 100 cups over 4 hours, can kill the average human. Large kangaroos cover more than 30 feet with each jump. Larger Stingrays have the power to drive their stingers or tail-spines through the hulls of wooden boats Las Vegas means "The Meadows" in Spanish. Laser stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." Developed 1950s 1960s. Lassie was played by a group of male dogs; the main one was named Pal. Lassie was played by several male dogs, despite the female name, because male collies were thought to look better on camera. The main "actor" was named Pal. Lassie, the TV collie, first appeared in a 1930s short novel titled Lassie Come-Home written by Eric Mowbray Knight. The dog in the novel was based on Knight's real life collie, Toots. Latin Americans have two last names. Latin is a dead language. Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100 times a day. Laws forbidding the sale of sodas on Sunday prompted William Garwood to invent the ice cream sundae in Evanston, IL, in 1875. Lee De Forest, the inventor of the radio tube, was tried for fraud in 1913. He was accused of tricking the public into buying stocks in his company, the Radio Telephone Company, by making "absurd and deliberately misleading" claims about the possibility of transmitting the human voice across the Atlantic Ocean. Lee Harvey Oswald's cadaver tag sold at an auction for $6,600 in 992. Leif Erikson was the first European to set foot on North America in the year 1000. (No, it wasn't Columbus) Lemons contain more sugar than strawberries. Leonard da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time. Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors, the helicopter, and many other present day items. Leonardo Divinci made sketches of a tracked armored vehicle to be used as an offensive weapon. It was pedal powered. Leopards are so stealthy that they can roam around a city like Manhattan with the chances of not being seen! Leopards were originally called Pard, Pardus and Panther Let us look at the possible origin of 'banana'. 'ba', in Egyptian mythology is the soul. 'Nana', as we all know, is another word for grandmother. So, is a banana, the grandmother of the soul? Levi Strauss blue jeans with copper rivets were priced at $13.50 per dozen in 1874. Levi's 501 jeans got its number from its original stock number in the first Levi's store. Lice is the plural of louse. Light travels at the rate of 186,200 miles a second. Lightning bolts can sometimes be hotter than the sun. (about 50 000º F) Lightning puts 10,000,000 tons of nitrogen into the earth each year. Lightning strikes 6,000 times every minute on the entire planet Lightning strikes the earth about 8 million times a day. Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd Wright's son. Linoleum was patented in 1860 by Frank Walton, who also made up the name for his product. Lions are the only truly social cat species, and usually every female in a pride, ranging from 5 to 30 individuals, is closely related. Listerine mouthwash can be used as a deoderant. Douse your armpits with it and the smell vanishes within a couple minutes. Little Jackie Paper was the name of Puff the Magic Dragon's human friend. Lizards can self-amputate their tails for protection. It grows back after a few months. 'Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch' is the actual name of a village in northern Wales Lloyd's of London began as Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse. Local calls using a coin-operated phone in the U.S. cost only 5 cents everywhere until 1951. Lorne Greene had one of his nipples bitten off by an alligator while he was host of "Lorne Greene's Animal Kingdom." Lou Gehrig earned a total of $316,000 during his 17 year career with the New York Yankees. In 1992, a fan paid $363,000 for a Yankee jersey that Gehrig wore during the 1927 season. Louis XVI of France was captured at Varennes in June 1791 while trying to flee his country. He was stopped at an inn when he tried to pay with a coin that carried his likeness. Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was the first and only foreign-born first lady. Lovebirds are small parakeets who live in pairs. Male and female lovebirds look alike, but most other male birds have brighter colors than the females. Lovers in Liberty Corner, New Jersey, should avoid satisfying their lustful urges in a parked car. If the horn accidentally sounds while they are frolicking behind the wheel, the couple can face a jail term. Luther Crowell invented the paper bag in 1867. Macaroni, Gentoo, Chinstrap and Emperor are types of penguins. MacDonalds fries are made with beef flavoring. mmmmmmm. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, preceded by Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Madonna suffers from garophobia (the fear of thunder). Maine is the only state in the United States whose name has one syllable. Male bees will try to attract sex partners with orchid fragrance. Male feral rabbits urinate on the females to state their ownership Male horseflies can fly over 90mph. Male lions somtimes kill their own kids if they seem a threat or take the attention of their mate. Male seagulls have red legs. Males, on average, think about sex every 7 seconds. Man O' War lost only one race in his career. It happened in 1919 to a horse named Upset. Manhattan Island from end to end is less than one million inches long. Manta Rays have no external organs for urination, therefore they release the urine from their pores Many hamsters only blink one eye at a time. Many koalas are killed in sanctuaries by cars of visitors. 2. A newborn koala finds its way to the mother's pouch by following a trail of saliva. Many scholars believe that an earthquake caused the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, referred to in the Bible as "the smoke of the country." Earthquakes produce massive clouds of dust that resemble billowing smoke. Many scientists believe that birds evolved from reptiles. Both species lay eggs, and they both have egg teeth that serve only one purpose: to help the babies break the egg and enter the world. Egg teeth fall off within hours of birth. Margaret Mitchell wrote Gone with the Wind between 1926 and 1929. In her early drafts, the main character was named "Pansy O'Hara" and the O'Hara plantation we know as Tara was called "Fountenoy Hall." Marie and Irene Curie are the only mother and daughter to win Nobel prizes with their husbands. Marie and Pierre Curie won the Physics prize in 1903. Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie won in 1935 for chemistry. Incidentally, Marie Curie also won the 1911 Nobel Prize for chemistry. Marie Curie, the Nobel prize winning scientist who discovered radium, died on July 4, 1934 of radiation poisoning. Marie Owen was the first policewoman in the United States. She started her career in Detroit in 1893. Mark Twain was the first to have written a novel [Tom Sawyer] on a typewriter. Marseilles is the oldest city in France. It was settled in about 6,000 B.C. by Ionian Greeks, who called it Massilia. Martha Washington in the only woman whose portrait has ever appeared on a US currency note. Her portrait was on the face of the $1 silver certificate issues of 1886 and 1891, and on the back of the $1 silver certificate of 1896. Sacagewea and Susan B. Anthony are the only women represented on a US coin. Both were honored on a dollar coin. Mary Queen of Scots was a skilful billiards player Massachusetts law declares that peanuts may not be eaten in court. May and June are the most popular months to get married. January is the least popular. Mayonnaise is said to be the invention of the French chef of the Duke de Richelieu in 1756. While the Duke was defeating the British at Port Mahon, his chef was creating a victory feast that included a sauce made of cream and eggs. When the chef realized that there was no cream in the kitchen, he improvised, substituting olive oil for the cream. A new culinary masterpiece was born, and the chef named it "Mahonnaise" in honor of the Duke's victory. McDonald's "Big Mac" slogan, introduced in 1975, is: "Two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions, and a sesame seed bun." McDonalds and Burger King sugar-coat their fries so they will turn golden-brown. Mel Blanc (the voice of Bugs Bunny) hated carrots. Members of the Nazi SS had their blood type tattooed on their armpits. Men are 6 times more likely to get struck by lightning then women Men are a lot more streamlined than women for swimming, because the female's mamaries create a lot of drag. Enough, in fact, that racing suits have been developed with tiny pegs above the breasts to cause disturbance, which decreases the drag. Men are more likely to be left-handed(10%) than females(8%) Men can read smaller print than women. Men commit suicide three times more frequently than women do. But women attempt suicide two to three times more often than men. Men's three pound is the most complex and orderly arrangement of matter known in the universe. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is the only planet whose orbit is coplanar with its equator. Venus and Uranus are the only planets that rotate opposite to the direction of their orbit. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is a medication prescribed for individuals (usually children) who have an abnormally high level of activity or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, about 3 to 5 percent of the general population has the disorder, which is characterized by agitated behavior and an inability to focus on tasks. Methylphenidate also is occasionally prescribed for treating narcolepsy. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It has effects similar to, but more potent than, caffeine and less potent than amphetamines. It has a notably calming effect on hyperactive children and a "focusing" effect on those with ADHD. Mexico City is sinking at a rate of 6 to 8 inches a year because it's built on top of an underground reservoir. Wells are drawing out more and more water for the city's growing population of more than 15 million people. Mexico City is the oldest capital city in the Americas. Mexico City sinks ten inches per year. Mexico once had three presidents in one day. Mice, whales, elephants, giraffes and man all have seven neck vertebra. Michael Jordan has more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined. Michael Myers, the villain of the Halloween movies, is named after a real person. When Assault on Precinct 13 performed better than expected in England, director John Carpenter decided to thank the English distributor by naming the main character of his next movie after him. Michelangelo painted only one easel picture. Michelangelo's Last Judgment, which hangs on the walls of the Sistine Chapel, drew some harsh criticism from one of the Vatican's officials because of the nudity. So Michelangelo made some changes to his work: he painted in the face of the complaining clergyman and added a donkey's ears and a snake's tail. Mickey Mouse is known as 'Topolino' in Italy. Midgets and dwarfs almost always have normal-sized children, even if both parents are midgets or dwarfs. Mike Greenwell of the Boston Red Sox holds the major league record for the most RBIs that accounted for all of his team's runs. In 1996, he batted in nine runs in a game against the Seattle Mariners. Milk as an additive to coffee became popular in the 1680's, when a French physician recommended that cafe au lait be used for medicinal purposes. Milk is actually considered to be a food and not a beverage. Millie the White House dog earned more than 4 times as much as Pres. Bush in 99. And, rightfully so. Mineral deposits in caves: The ones growing upward are stalagmites, the ones growing downward are stalactites. Minnesotans are forbade from teasing skunks. Minnows have teeth in their throat. Minors in Kansas City, Missouri, are not allowed to purchase cap pistols; they may buy shotguns freely, however. Minus forty degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus forty degrees Fahrenheit. Mockingbirds can imitate any sound from a squeaking door to a cat meowing. Modern coffee brewing methods use approximately 200° water. Moles are able to tunnel through 300 feet of earth in a day. Monday is the only day of the week that has an anagram, dynamo. Monday's Child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace, Wednesday's child is full of woe, Thursday's child has far to go, Friday's child is loving and giving, Saturday's child has to work for its living, But a child that's born on the Sabbath Day, Is fair and wise and good and gay. Money isn't made out of paper, it's made out of linen. Monosodium glutamate can be found in mushrooms thanx liz chell, tomatoes and meat. MSG is safe to consume, and is essentially made of only water, sodium and glutamate. It contains only 1/3 the amount of sodium found in table salt, and can reduce salt intake in recipes. Montana mountain goats will butt heads so hard their hooves fall off. Montgomery Ward was the first company in the United States to advertise, "Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back." They did it in 1874, two years after company founder Aaron Montgomery Ward launched his mail-order catalog. Moon was Buzz Aldrins mothers maiden name. (Buzz Aldrin was the second man on the moon). More Monopoly is printed yearly than real money throughout the world. More people are afraid of open spaces (kenophobia) than of tight spaces (claustrophobia). More than 100 years ago, the felt hat makers of England used mercury to stabilize wool. Most of them eventually became poisoned by the fumes, as demonstrated by the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Breathing mercury's fumes over a long period of time will cause erethism, a disorder characterized by nervousness, irritability, and strange personality changes. More than 20,000 men were killed, wounded, or missing in action in the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. This was the bloodiest one-day fight during the Civil War. More than 25% of the world's forests are in Siberia. More than 50% of the people in the world have never made or received a telephone call. More than 80% of all the world's earthquakes occur in the Pacific basin borders. More than 92 465 people that did the death test in www.thespark.com claimed they had leprosy. More than 99.9% of all the animal species that have ever lived on earth were extinct before the coming of man. More than one million people play a single/multiplayer game called Diablo 2! I`m one of them! More water flows over Niagara Falls every year than any other falls on earth. Morphine was given its name in 1803 by the discoverer, a 20 year old German pharmacist named Friedrich Saturner. He named it after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Moses Malone was the first basketball player to go directly from high school to a professional American team. Mosquito repellents dont really repel mozzies. They actually block the sensory pores and makes the mozzies think they're flying to a colder, dryer, more CO2 free area. Mosquitoes dislike citronella because it irritates their feet. Mosquitoes have teeth. Mosquitoes prefer children to adults, and blondes to brunettes. Mosquitos usually don't fly in winds more than 10 mph. Most American car horns honk in the key of F. Most boat owners name their boats. The most popular boat name is Obsession Most car horns honk in the key of F Most caucasian babies are born with dark blue eyes, although it normally changes colour after child birth. Most cows give more milk when they listen to music. Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin. Most Eskimos do not live in igloos. Most gemstones contain several elements; except the diamond, it's all carbon. Most Greyhounds are universal blood donors and are used to provide extra blood during another dog's surgery. Most honey bees die after it stings people as our skin is elastic, unsuitable for their stingers which are meant for harder inelastics skins. Their venom glands are also torn out in the process. (So removing the stinger by piching the tip is well, in one word, dumb.jk) Most household dust is made of dead skin cells. Most landfilled trash retains its original weight, volume, and form for 40 years. Most lipstick contains fish scales. Most marine fish can survive in a tank filled with human blood Most men have erections every hour to hour and a half during sleep. Most of the vitamin C in fruits is in the skin. Most people know what pH means, but few people know that it stands for pondus hydrogenii which means potential hydrogen and that each unit is a phidron. Most people move about forty times in their sleep during the night. Most-visited presidential grave: John F. Kennedy's in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Va. The only other president buried in Arlington: William Howard Taft. Mount Everest is a foot higher today than it was a century ago, and it's believed to still be growing. Mount Everest moves approximately 2.4 inches (10 cm) in a Northeasterly direction every year. Mount Everst in Nepal, China: 29,035 feet / 8850 meters (seven feet [2.1 meters] above it's height of 29,028 feet which was determined in 1954). Mountain Dew does reduce your sperm count significantly. Movie detective Dirty Harry's badge number is 2211. Mozart sold one of his most prized pieces, Symphony No. 5 for under $20. Mr Ennis used to be a singer for a jazz band (He's my modern history teacher) Mr. Rogers is an ordained minister. Mr. Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister. Mt. Athos, in northern Greece, likes to call itself an independent country. It has a population of about 4,000...all men. No females of any kind, including animals, are allowed. There are twenty monasteries within a space of twenty miles. MTV (Music Television) made its debut at 12:01 a.m. on August 1, 1981 The first music-video shown on the rock-video cable channel was, appropriately, "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles. MTV's original five veejays were Martha Quinn, Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, J.J. Jackson and Alan Hunter. Muhammad Ali won his heavyweight championships on three continents: North America, Asia and Africa. Muhammad is the most common first name in the world. Mules are genetically sterile. i.e. they cannot reproduce. Murphy's oil soap is the chemical most commonly used to clean elephants. Mushrooms have no chlorophyll so they don't need sunshine to grow and thrive. Some of the earliest commercial mushroom farms were set up in caves in France during the reign of King Louis XIV (1638-1715). Nabisco's "Oreo's" are the world's best-selling brand of cookie at a rate of 6 billion sold each year. The first Oreo was sold in 1912. 'Naked' means to be unprotected. 'Nude' means unclothed. Names for Atlantic hurricanes can be only French, English, or Spanish. Napoleon Bonaparte is the historical figure most often portrayed in movies. He has been featured in 194 movies, Jesus Christ in 152, and Abraham Lincoln in 137. Napoleon constructed his battle plans in a sandbox. Napoleon took 14,000 French decrees and simplified them into a unified set of 7 laws. This was the first time in modern history that a nation's laws applied equally to all citizens. Napoleon's 7 laws are so impressive that by 1960 more than 70 governments had patterned their own laws after them or used them verbatim. NASCAR stands for National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing. Natural gas has no odor. The smell is added artificially so that leaks can be detected. Nearly 400 cocoa beans are required to make a pound of chocolate liquor, the semi-liquid mass produced by grinding the beans. A non-alcoholic substance, chocolate liquor is the basis of all chocolate and cocoa products. Nearly half the people on the earth live in only one thirtieeth of the total land area. Neck ties were first worn in Croatia. Negative emotions such as anxiety and depression can weaken your immune system. Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon with his left foot first. Neil Shoen, the guitarist from Journey got his start playing in San Francisco with Santana. Neil Young was once roommates with Rick James. Neither Fruit Flies nor May Flies are flies. Nevada was the first state to sanction the use of the gas chamber, and the first execution by lethal gas took place in February, 1924. New Hampshire law forbids you to tap your feet, nod your head, or in any way keep time to the music in a tavern, restaurant, or cafe. New Hampshire's license plates are stamped with the motto "Live Free Or Die." They are made by prison inmates. New Jersey, with 96, is the US state with the greatest number of hazardous waste sites. New Orleans' first Mardi Gras celebration was held in February, 1826. New York City has 570 miles of shoreline. New York City's administrative code still requires that hitching posts be located in front of City Hall so that reporters can tie their horses. New York City's nickname the "Big Apple" is named after an early swing-dance that originated in a South Carolina club (which used to be a church) called "The Big Apple." New York's first St. Patrick's day parade was held on March 17, 1762. New Zealand is the only country that contains every type of climate in the world. Newborn babies have about 350 bones. They gradually merge and disappear until there are about 206 by age 5. Next time you start a riot in Wisconsin remember that it is illegal to use a laser pointer to do so. Nine U.S. Presidents never went to college: George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Grover Cleveland, and Harry Truman. Ninety percent of all species that have become extinct have been birds. No evidence of man's evolutionary ancestors has so far been found in either North or South America. Fossils and other remains suggest that the first Americans crossed the Bering Straits (which at the time was dry land) from Asia between 20,000 and 40,000 years ago. No language has more synonyms than English. No man is allowed to make love to his wife with the smell of garlic, onions, or sardines on his breath in Alexandria, Minnesota. If his wife so requests, law mandates that he must brush his teeth. No one knows where Mozart is buried. No one knows why there is a 33 on a Rolling Rock bottle... the secret died with the original brewer. No one knows why, but 90 percent of women who walk into a department store immediately turn to the right.... No one may catch fish with his bare hands in Kansas. No piece of dry square paper can be folded more than 7 times in half! No piece of paper can be folded more than 7 times. No piece of square, dry paper can be folded more than seven times in half No president of the United states was an only child. No SEAL has ever surrendered and no wounded or dead SEAL has ever been left on the field during battle. No species of wild plant produces a flower or blossom that is absolutely black, and so far, none has been developed artificially. No two human outer EARS (pinnae)-even your own- are exactly alike.Earology, as the system is called, was developed to supplement identification by fingerprints. No two lions have the same pattern of whiskers, like a fingerprint. No two spider webs are the same. No woman may have sex with a man while riding in an ambulance within the boundaries of Tremonton, Utah. If caught, the woman can be charged with a sexual misdemeanor and "her name is to be published in the local newspaper." The man isn't charged nor is his name revealed. No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple. Nobel, actually invented dynamite, (Dynamite no.1 and Ballistite) but when he saw the destruction it caused, he decided to do something benevolent with all the money he made. Hence the Nobel Prize. Nobody is buried in Grant's tomb. President & Mrs. Grant are entombed there. A body is buried only when it is placed in the ground and covered with dirt. Nobody knows what happened to the body Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. During his funeral in 1791, a thunderstorm suddenly appeared and his funeral party dropped the coffin and ran for cover. When they returned, the coffin was gone. Nobody knows where Mozart is buried. Non-dairy creamer is flammable. Non-married couples in Idaho who engage in sexual intercourse can be jailed for up to six months No-one has ever died from smoking cannabis North America was called Turtle Island by the Delaware Indians. Not only do apple seeds contain cyanogens, precursors to cyanide, but peach pits, almond skins, citrus fruits and some berrys contain them aswell. Nothing rhymes with the word 'month' Now, where did the word 'fuck' come from? Click here to find out Nutmeg is extremely poisonous if injected intravenously it can kill you. Oak trees do not have acorns until they are fifty years old or older. Oak trees do not produce acorns until they are at least fifty years old. October 1st is the official Coffee Day in Japan. Oddly, no term existed for "homosexuality" in ancient Greece there were only a variety of expressions referring to specific homosexual roles. Experts find this baffling, as the old Greek culture regarded male/male love in the highest regard. According to several linguists, the word "homosexual" was not coined until 1869 by the Hungarian physician Karoly Maria Benkert. Of all known forms of animals life ever to inhabit the Earth, only about 10 percent still exist today. Of all the languages in the world, English has the largest vocabulary about 800,000 words. Of all the words in the English language, the word "set" has the most definitions. Of Chief Executives, only Benjamin Harrison was the grandson of a President. Of the 206 bones in the human body, 52 are in the feet. Of the 2200 persons quoted in the current edition of "Bartlett's Familiar Quotations," only 164 are women. Of the 25 highest mountains on earth, 19 are in the Himalayas. Of the 266 men who have been pope, 33 have died violently. Of the 3,000 islands in the Bahama chain in the Caribbean, only 20 are inhabited. Of the 60,000 americans who fled to Canada during the Viet Nam war 30,000 still reside there. Of the estimated 162 million land-based telephones in the U.S., 25 million have unlisted numbers. Of the Top 10 grossing movies of the 1980s, seven were either produced or directed by Stephen Spielberg or George Lucas. They also represent the men behind the top three grossing films of the 1970s. Offered a new pen to write with, 97% of all people will write their own name. Officially, the term "boulder" is applied only to stones larger than 10 inches in diameter. Ok food fans! Whats in an oxtail soup? "Oxen tails!" i hear you say...well, wrong. Try beef cattle. Okay, ketchup actually began in Thailand. There it was labelled "Kachiap". Olympic badminton rules say that the bird has to have exactly fourteen feathers. Olympic pools are 50 meters long. Olympus Mons on Mars is the largest volcano in our solar system. On a bingo card of 90 numbers there are approximately 44 million possible ways to make bingo. On a Canadian two-dollar bill, the American flag is flying over the Parliament Building. On a clear night in the Northern Hemisphere the naked eye can discern some 5000 stars. On an American one-dollar bill there is a tiny owl in the upper-left-hand corner of the upper-right-hand "1" and a spider hidden in the front upper-right-hand corner. On April 12, 1938, the state of New York passed a law requiring medical tests for marriage license applicants, the first state to do so. On April 25, 1889, The Kansas Times and Star was the first newspaper to use the phrase "bestseller." On that day the newspaper listed six books as the "best sellers here last week." On August sixth, 1945, during World War Two, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, killing an estimated 140,000 people in the first use of a nuclear weapon in warfare. On average 150,000 pints of Guiness are lost each year in the mustaches of English tavern-goers. On average 900 people start the Navy SEALs training program. On average 650 people drop out. On average people fear spiders more than they do death. On average women say 7,000 words per day. Men manage just over 2000. On average, 100 people choke to death on ball-point pens every year. On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily. On average, 150 couples get married in Las Vegas each day. On average, 42,000 balls are used and 650 matches are played at the annual Wimbledon tennis tournament. On average, 90% of the people that have the disease Lupus are female. On average, a human being will have sex more than 3,000 times and spend two weeks kissing in their lifetime. On average, about 500 meteorites strike the surface of the Earth each year. The calculated risk of being struck by a meteorite in the United States is once every 9,300 years. On average, adults watch double the amount of TV as teenagers do. On average, Americans consume eighteen acres of pizza daily On average, cows poop 16 times a day. On average, every American consumes 109 pounds of beef a year. It takes eight pounds of grain to produce one pound of beef. On average, every chocolate bar contains at least three insect legs. On average, every person in the United States owns 2.1 radios. On average, more people fear spiders than death. On average, people fear spiders more than they do death. On average, people fear spiders more than they do dying. However, statistically you are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by the bite of a poisonous spider. On average, pigs live for about 15 years. On average, right-handed people live 9 years longer than their left-handed counterparts. On average, twelve newborns are given to the wrong parents each day. On average, we lose 11 oz. of weight while we are asleep at night. On average, we spend 6 months of our lives waiting for red lights. On average, when asked for a color, 3 out of 5 people will say red. On Dec. 10th 1901 the 1st Nobel prizes were awarded. Literature Rene Sully-Prudhomme; Physiology Emil von Behring; Chemistly Jacobus van't Hoff; Physics Wilhelm Roentgen; Peace Jean Henri Dunant Frederic Passy. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. On February 6, 1971 the first golf ball was hit on the moon by Alan Shepard. On February 7, 1969 a meteorite weighing over 1 ton fell in Chihuahua, Mexico. On February 9, 1993, "Dateline NBC" was forced to publicly apologize, and NBC president Michael Gartner resigned for a scandal caused by "Dateline" rigging a GM truck with explosives to simulate a "scientific" crash-test demo. On Hilton Head Island, South Carolina it is illegal to shine a flashlight on a sea turtle. On its trip around the sun, the earth travels over a million and a half miles per day. On July 28th, 1945, a US Army bomber crashed into the 79th floor of New York's Empire State Building, killing 14 people. On July 4, 1776, King George III of England noted in his diary: "Nothing of importance happened today." On June 26th, 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries in San Francisco. (The text of the charter was in five languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.) On May 25, 1957, two men with the same name scored holes in one on the same golf course. Edward Chapman got a hole in one on the eighth hole at Richmond, Surrey in England. Later that day, Edward Chapman hit one from from the sixth tee. On record, the largest iceberg ever, was larger than the country of Belgium. On record, the only time it recently snowed in the Sahara Desert was on Feb.18,1979. On September 13th, 1916 an elephant that had killed a man was hanged until dead from a rail road crain in Erwin, Tennesee. On their first attempt the elephant fell to the ground. It was very sad. On the cartoon show "The Jetsons," Jane is 33 years old and her daughter Judy is 15 years old. On the old Canadian 2 dollar bill,the flag flying over the Parliament Building is NOT an American flag. On this planet there is a can of SPAM opened every four seconds. Once a human reaches the age of 35, he/she will start losing approximately 7,000 brain cells a day. The cells will never be replaced. One - quarter of the world's cattle live in India. One 75-watt light bulb gives off more light than three 25-watt light bulbs. One American of every 16 will have one of the Top 12 most common last names. One beaver can cut down as many as 216 trees per year. One in about eight million people has progeria, a disease that causes people to grow faster than they age. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth. One in every 9000 people is an albino. One in every four Americans has appeared on television. One in fourteen women in America is a natural blonde. Only one in sixteen men is. One light year the distance light travels in a year at the speed of 186,000 miles per second is just under six thousand billion miles. Earth's nearest neighbor in space, outside our own solar system is four light years away (about 24 trillion miles). One million tons of oil is equivalent to about 13,000,000,000 kilowatt hours of electricity. One of the greatest soldiers in history, Alexander the Great, was tutored by the greatest thinker of all time, Aristotle. One of the holiest Christian holidays is named after a pagan goddess. The name "Easter" derives from the Anglo-Saxon goddess Eostre, who governed the vernal equinox. One of the largest carriers of hepitius B is diner mints. One of the many Tarzans, Karmuala Searlel, was mauled to death by a raging elephant on set. One of the reasons marijuana is illegal today is because cotton growers in the 30s lobbied against hemp farmers (they saw it as competition). One out of every 43 prisoners escapes from jail. 94% are recaptured. One penny doubled everyday becomes over 5 million dollars in just 30 days. One plain milk chocolate candy bar has more protein than a banana. One pound of tea can make 300 cups of the beverage. One quarter of the bones in your body, are in your feet One ragweed plant can release as many as one billion grains of pollen. One square mile of land contains more insects than total number of human beings on earth. One tonne of uranium produces the same amount of energy as 30,000 tonnes of coal. Only 1 person in 2 billion will live to be 116 or older. Only 16% of able-bodied males in the American colonies participated in the Revolutionary War. Only 3 mayors of U.S. cities went on to become president: Calvin Coolidge, Grover Cleveland, and Andrew Johnson. Only 3 words in the English language end in "ceed": "proceed," "exceed," and "succeed." Only 55% of all Americans know that the sun is a star. Only about 20% of harvested coffee beans are considered to be a premium bean of the highest quality. Only female mosquitoes bite. Females need the protein from blood to produce their eggs. Males only drink water and plant juice. Only four countries in the world start with the letter 'D'. They are Denmark, Dominica, Djibouti and the Dominican Republic Only full-grown male crickets can chirp. Only one in two billion people will live to be 116 or older. Only one movie has had three Academy Award nominees in the same category. In 1963, Tom Jones earned Best Supporting Actress nominations for Diane Cilento, Dame Edith Evans and Joyce Redman. Only one of the 88 stable chemicals are named after a person gadolinium. It's named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin. Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 years old. Only six baseball teams remain from the original National League, which was founded in 1876. Only three horses who had never previously won a race earned their first victories at the Kentucky Derby. They were Buchanan in 1884, Sir Barton in 1919 and Brokers Tip in 1933. Only three Presidents graduated from the military academies: Grant, Eisenhower (West Point) and Carter (Annapolis). Only two people signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, John Hancock and Charles Thomson. Most of the rest signed on August 2, but the last signature wasn't added until 5 years later. Orange juice helps the body absorb iron easily when consumed with a meal. Oranges, lemons, watermelons, and tomatoes are berries. Orca (killer) whales can grow to b 30ft long. Orcas (killer whales) kill sharks by torpedoing up into the shark's stomach from underneath, causing the shark to explode. Orchids have the smallest seeds. It takes more than 1.25 million seeds to weigh 1 gram. Orville Wright was involved in the first aircraft accident. His passenger, a Frenchman, was killed. Ostriches stick their heads in the sand to look for water. Ostriches swallow pebbles to aid in indigestion. Our eyes are always the same size from birth but our nose and ears never stop growing. Our galaxy has approximately 250 billion stars. Our nerves system transmits messages at up to 300 ft. per second. Our sun and the surrounding planets orbit around the center of the Milky Way galaxy once every 250 million years. Our sun has an expected lifetime of about 11 billion years. Out of all the eight letter words in the English language, only one has only one vowel in it: "strength" Ovaltine was originally called Ovamaltine. A clerical error forced the name to be changed when the manufacturer registered the name. Over 10,000 birds a year die from smashing into windows Over 10,000 coffee cafes plus several thousand vending machines with both hot and cold coffee serve the needs of Tokyo alone. Over 23% of all photocopier faults worldwide are caused by people sitting on them and photocopying their asses. Over 2500 left handed people a year are killed from using products made for right handed people. "left" in Latin is "sinister" and "right" is "dexter". Ambidextrous simply means "both right". Over 2500 left handed people are killed each year from using products made for right handed people. Over 5 million people in Brazil are employed by the coffee trade. Most of those are involved with the cultivation and harvesting of more than 3 billion coffee plants. Over 53 countries grow coffee worldwide, but all of them lie along the equator between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Over 75% of people who read this will try to lick their elbow. Over 80% of professional boxers have suffered brain damage. Over 96% of American households purchase bananas at least once each month. Over billions of years, black holes become white holes and they spit out all of the things they sucked in. the atoms are completely jumbled, so no one knows what will ever come out. Theoratically they'll also turn into a white hole. If you were unfortunate enough to fall within one, you would never actually hit -- because time would stop at some point within the event horizon (space outside) of the black hole. Thanx De Composed Over the course of his lifetime, the average man will ejaculate approximately 18 quarts of semen, containing about a half trillion sperm. Over the last 50 years in the United States, approximately 9,000 people have died as a result of tornadoes, 5,000 as the result of floods, and 4,000 as the result of hurricanes. Over-roasted coffee beans are very flammable during the roasting process. Owls are one of the only birds that can see the color blue. Owls have eyeballs that are tubular in shape, because of this, they cannot move their eyes. Pablo Picasso almost died at birth. The midwife present though he was stillborn and left him on the table. His father, a physician, revived Pablo by breathing air into his lungs. Pablo Picasso has sold more works of art individually costing over one million dollars than any other artist. His 211 is well ahead of the 168 for Pierre Auguste Renoir. Pablo Picasso's career lasted seventy-eight years, from 1895 until his death in 1973. Pakistan was named in 1933 and is derived from the first letters of "Punjab," "Afghan," "Kashmir," "Sind," and "Tan." All of these are districts or states of what is now Pakistan. Pamela Lee-Anderson was the first to be born in Canada on the centennial anniversary of Canada's independence (7/1/1967). Panama is the only place in the world where someone can see the sun rise on the Pacific Ocean and set on the Atlantic. Paper bags are outlawed in grocery stores in Afghanistan. They believe paper is sacred. Paper was invented in the early second century by a Chinese eunuch. Parker Brothers prints about 50 billion dollars worth of Monopoly money in one year, which is more than the real money printed in a year. Parker Brothers was founded by George Swinerton Parker, 18, in 1885. The first game produced was 'Banking,' in which the player who amasses the most wealth is the winner. Parrots, most famous of all talking birds, rarely acquire a vocabulary of more than twenty words, however Tymhoney Greys and African Greys have been know to carry vocabularies in excess of 100 words. Patagonia at the southern tip of South America is the only populated land area south of 40 degrees South Latitude. By comparison, most of Europe, Asia, and two-thirds of North America are north of 40 degrees North Latitude. Paul Gauguin's Marquesas Island neighbor, Tioka, bit him on the head after he died. Tioka was following a Marquesan custom of verifying the dead. Paul Hornung holds the NFL record for the most points in a single season. He scored 176 points in 1960. Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr were the two left-handed Beatles. Paul Quincy Randolph Shermasn Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorft Sr. Paul Reiser played the piano in the "Mad about You" theme. PcGamer readers are all mighty and should be obeyed explicitly, lest they release the wrath of the Coconut Monkey upon the wrong doers. Peanuts are beans. Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite. Peanuts are one of the main ingredients in dynamite. Peanuts are salted in the shell by boiling them in a heavily salted solution, then allowing them to dry. Pearl Jam's first album, 10, was named in tribute of basketball player Mookie Blaylock who's number is 10 Pearls can melt/dissolve in vineger. Pearls melt in vinegar. Pears ripen from the inside out, and according to a survey on the lifestyle channel, men prefer hard pears while women prefer soft pears. Pedals were added to the bicycle in 1839. Penguins are not found in the North Pole Penguins can jump as high as 6 feet in the air. Penguins can leap to heights as high as six feet. Penguins feathers are covered in fat, which helps keep them warm. Penicillin was first produced synthetically in a laboratory in 1946. Pennies are made of 95% copper and 5% zinc. Penny Marshall was the first woman film director to have a film take in more than $100 million at the box office she accomplished this with the 1988 flick Big. People do not get sick from cold weather. It is mostly from being indoors more. People drank gold powder mixed in with water in medieval Europe to relieve pain from sore limbs. People photocopying their buttocks are the cause of 23% of all photocopier faults worldwide. People say "bless you" when you sneeze because your heart stops for a millisecond. People say that cracking your bones will cause arthritis when you get older. Actually all you are doing is popping air pockets, and does not cause arthritis. People sneeze at about 90 miles per hour. People will swallow about 8 spiders in their lifetime...mmm....yummy Per capita, the Irish eat more chocolate than Americans, Swedes, Danes, French, and Italians. Per-capita, Israel eats the most turkey based products in the world. Percentage of Africa that is wilderness: 28% Percentage of North America that is wilderness: 38% Perfume contains ethyl alcohol and 25% fragrant oils. Cologne is cheaper to produce and to purchase because the oil content in cologne is only 3%. Cologne was named for the German city in which it was first produced. The original formula combined alcohol, lemon spirits, orange bitters and mint oil. Persians first began using colored eggs to celebrate spring in 3,000 B.C. 13th century Macedonians were the first Christians on record to use colored eggs in Easter celebrations. Crusaders returning from the Middle East spread the custom of coloring eggs, and Europeans began to use them to celebrate Easter and other warm weather holidays. Pet parrots can eat virtually any common "people-food" except for chocolate and avocados. Both of these are highly toxic to the parrot and can be fatal. Pierce Brosnan's first appearance as James Bond was in 1995 Golden Eye. Pierre, the capital of South Dakota, is the only state capital name that shares no letters with the name of its state. Pig vomit is used in perfume and cologne to hold the scent in Pigeons can be killed by feeding them uncooked rice, either coz their stomach can't handle the carbohydrates or it swells in their throats and chokes them. No head popping. Pigs, walruses and light-colored horses can be sunburned. Pine, spruce, or other evergreen wood should never be used in barbecues. These woods, when burning or smoking, can add harmful tar and resins to the food. Only hardwoods should be used for smoking and grilling, such as oak, pecan, hickory, maple, cherry, alder, apple, or mesquite, depending on the type of meat being cooked. Pineapples are classified as berries. Pink elephants can be found in some regions of India. Because of the red soil, elephants take on a permanent pink color because the spray dust over their bodies to protect themselves from insects. Pinocchio is Italian for 'Pine Eye'. Pitcher Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds hurled his first major-league game in 1944. Nuxhall, the youngest pitcher in major league baseball, was only 15 years, 10 months and 11 days old when he pitched that game against the St. Louis Cardinals. Planet Jupiter spins so fast that there are 2 sunrises and 2 sunsets every 24 hours by earth time. Planet Venus is the only planet to spin counter-clockwise. Plant life could not exist without lightning. Nitrogen, an essential food for plants, comprises 80% of the atmosphere, but in a form that is insoluble and unusable. It's the intense heat of lightning that forces the nitrogen to combine with oxygen in the air, forming nitrogen oxides that are soluble in water and fall to the earth in rain as dilute nitric acid. This reacts with minerals in the ground to become the nitrates on which the plants depend. Plants that need to attract moths for pollination are generally white or pale yellow, to be better seen when the light is dim. Plants that depend on butterflies, such as the poppy or the hibiscus, have more colorful flowers. Playboy debuted the triple-page centerfold in the March 1956 issue. Marian Stafford took the honors. Playing cards in India are round. Playing cards were issued to British pilots in World War II. If captured, they could be soaked in water and unfolded to reveal a map fpr escape. Pluto has the longest year, lasting 247 years and 256 days in Earth time (90,472 days including 61 leap years). Poland's Stella Walsh (Stanislawa Walasiewicz)-won the women's 100-meter race at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman to break the 12-second barrier. When she was killed in 1980 as an innocent victim in a robbery attempt, an autopsy declared her to be a male. Polar bears are left handed. Polar bears are the only mammal with hair on the soles of its feet. Polar bears do not have white fur, it is actually clear and hollow. the skin underneath this fur is actually black Polaris is the closest visible star to true north and is thus referred to as the North Star. By sometime around the year 2100, the wobble of the Earth's axis will slowly begin pointing the North Pole away from Polaris. By the year 14,000 A.D., the new North Star will be Vega. Police dogs were first used in 1816 in Scotland. Pollsters say that 40% of dog and cat owners carry pictures of the pets in their wallets. poop is a verb Poor whites in Florida and Georgia are called "crackers." They got the name from their principal staple food, cracked corn. Another theory states that the name comes from the days when they would drive cattle southward using the "crack" of their bullwhips to keep the animals in line and moving. Pope Adrian VI choked to death after a fly got stuck in his throat as he was taking a drink from a fountain Pope John XXIII served as a sergeant in the Italian army during World War I. Pope Leo VII (936-9) died of a heart attack during sex, Pope John VII (955-64) and John XIII (965-72) were bludgeoned to death by the husband of the woman he was with at the time, and Pope Paul II (1467-71) allegedly died while being sodomized by a page boy. Porcupines float in water. Portugal is the world's largest producer of cork. POSSLQ in a census form means "Person of opposite sex sharing living Quarters" Potato chips are American's favorite snack food. They are devoured at a rate of 1.2 billion pounds a year. Potato chips were invented in Saratoga Springs in 1853 by chef George Crum. They were a mocking response to a patron who complained that his French fries were too thick. Pound cake is so named not just because of the pound of butter, but more precisely because each of the four main ingredients (flour, butter, sugar and eggs) are weighed out as a pound. Prague consumes 3 times more beer than all the soft drinks combined Prairie dogs are not dogs. A prairie dog is a kind of rodent. Precipitation causes K2 to be taller than Mount Everest for several weeks out of each year. Pregnancy in humans lasts on average about 270 days (from conception to birth). Pregnant female polar bears will not eat for several months while resting in her den under the snow. Thanx Tony W. President Eisenhower also banished squirrels from the grounds because they were ruining the green. President George Washington created the Order of the Purple Heart in 1782. It's a decoration to recognize merit in enlisted men and non-commissioned officers. President Lincoln proclaimed the first national Thanksgiving Day in 1863. Preys like buffalos react poorly to slow movements. That's why crocs can swim slowly over to them without them scuttering off. Prince Charles and Prince William never travel on the same airplane in case there is a crash. Prior to 1907, when the United States started mass production of asphalt from crude oil, the roads were paved from asphalt bought from Trinidad, which had a pitch lake that was the world's first large commercial source of natural asphalt. Probably the best known multiple meaning is the hebrew word "SHALOM" which means, alternately, "hello", "good-bye", and "peace" Proctor & Gamble originally manufactured candles before moving on to soap. Producer Paul Maslansky was on the set of The Right Stuff when a bus from the local police academy rolled up. After a bunch of freaks walked off, a sergeant explained that the mayor had forced the department to loosen its acceptance standards. Not too long afterwards, Police Academy hit the theaters. Professor Moriarity was Sherlock Holmes' archenemy. Prostitution is legal in Canada, however running a brothel is not. Prussic acid, in a crystalline powder called Zyklon B, was used to kill in Germany's gas chambers. The gas would paralyze the victim's lungs, causing them to suffocate. Public telephones in Israel are no longer operated by tokens as they were in the past. They are now operated by magnetic cards known in Hebrew as a telecart (tel-eh-cart). These plastic cards, the same size and shape as a credit card, are available at post offices, some hotel reception desks, street kiosks and dispensing machines. Pure electricity, when photographed, shows up as a brightly glowing liquid droplet flowing inside a tiny crystal. Put fish skin or isinglass size of a nine-pence in pot when put on to boil or else the white and shell of half an egg to a couple of quarts of coffee." Putty is a cement compound of fine powdered chalk or oxide of lead mixed with linseed oil. Q is the only letter that does not appear in the names of any state of the Unites States. Queen Victoria eased the discomfort of her menstrual cramps by having her doctor supply her with marijuana. Quinine, one of the most important drugs known to man, is obtained from the dried bark of an evergreen tree native to South America. Quito in Ecuador, South America, is said to have the most pleasant climate in the world. It is called the 'Land of Eternal Spring.' The temperature rarely drops below 46 degrees Fahrenheit during the night, or exceed 72 degrees Fahrenheit during the day. Rabbits aren't rodents like most people think. They are actually Lagomorphs. Rabbits can suffer from heat stroke. Rabbits do in fact make sounds. When angry, upset, or frightened, a rabbit makes a sort of grunting/whimpering sound. It's actually quite interesting. Rabbits have been the emblem of fertility because of its well-known talents for multiplying. Rabbits have three eyelids, they also are incapable of burping or farting. Racecar spelled backwards is racecar. Radio and TV producer John Guedel was the originator of the musical commercial. Rain falls at 11kmph (7mph) Raindrops aren't actually tear-drop shaped. They are rounded at the top and flat on the bottom. Rape is reported every six minutes in the U.S. Raphael died on his birthday in 1520 at the age of 37. His artwork was so popular that he essentially worked himself to death. Rats and horses can't vomit. Rats are omnivorous, eating nearly any type of food, including dead and dying members of their own species. Rats can survive without water longer than camels. Rats cannot vomit Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over million descendants. Raw coffee beans, soaked in water and spices, are chewed like candy in many parts of Africa. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that while excessive intake of alcohol kills off brain cells, it attacks the slowest and weakest brain cells first. Thus, regular consumption of beer helps eliminate the weaker cells, constantly making the brain a faster and more efficient machine. Recent scientific research has has shown Duck's quacks DO echo, even though they are commonly thought not to because the echo is can not be heard by the human ear. Red is the most popular car color in the U.S. Red paint is the cheapest color to make. Refried beans aren't really what they seem. Although their name seems like a reasonable translation of Spanish frijoles refritos, the fact is that these beans aren't fried twice. In Spanish, refritos literally means "well-fried," not "re-fried." Reggie Jackson holds the major league record for most strikeouts with 2,597. Regular coffee drinkers have about one-third less asthma symptoms than those non-coffee drinkers. So says a Harvard researcher who studied 20,000 people. Reindeer milk has more fat than cow milk. Rembrandt died broke. A friend had to come up with the $5.20 it cost to bury the great master. Rene Descartes came up with the theory of coordinate geometry by looking at a fly walk across a tiled ceiling. Research indicates that mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently eaten bananas. Research show that only 43% of homemade dinners served in the US include vegetables. Retail espresso vendors report an increase in decaffeinated sales in the month of January due to New Year's resolutions to decrease caffeine intake. Rhinos are part of the same family as horses. Ribbon worms eat themselves if they cant find food Rice and some other grains contain chemicals that can enhance brain functions. Rice is the staple food of more than one-half of the world's population. Rice paper isn't made from rice but from a small tree which grows in Taiwan. Richard F. has pointed out possible inaccuracies with the trivia for December 16th and January 1st. For this reason, I have decided to pull them. Richard Henry and Francis Lightfoot Lee are the only brothers who signed the Declaration of Independence. Their cousin, Henry Lee, was a famous Revolutionary War commander and the father of General Robert E. Lee. Richard Millhouse Nixon was the first US president whose name contains all the letters from the word "criminal." William Jefferson Clinton is the second. Richard Nixon was the 1st US president to visit China in February, 1972. Ricin is a protein produced by the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, which is highly toxic (the minimal lethal dose is around 1 µg / kg body weight, that means 1/15th of a milligram could kill a 150 lb. person). Ricin can be a dangerous contaminant, making the production of castor oil a precisely controlled process. Rin Tin Tin was born to a war-dog mother in a German trench in France during World War I. Deserted when the Germans retreated, the German shepherd puppy was found by an American officer who happened to be a police-dog trainer from California. During Rin Tin Tin's training after the war, the dog's intelligence came to the attention of Warner Brothers, which signed the dog up for what turned out to be a long career as one of the biggest box-office draws of the silent screen era. Rising sea levels caused by global warming could lead to major flooding in Shanghai and Guangzhou and other Chinese coastal cities by year 2050. This could cause 76 million people to become homeless. Roasted coffee beans start to lose small amounts of flavor within two weeks. Ground coffee begins to lose its flavor in one hour. Brewed coffee and espresso begins to lose flavor within minutes. Robert Goddard a scientist and holder of 214 patents fired the first rocket using liquid propellant in 1926. Robert Peary, who left pieces of the flag scattered at the North Pole was honored for doing this. Robert Todd Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln's oldest son) was in Washington DC during his father's assassination as well as during President Garfield's assassination, and he was in Buffalo NY when President McKinley was assassinated. Robert Wadlow is regarded as the tallest man ever known. He was 8'11" at the time of his death at the age of 21. Robert William Thomson, a Scottish engineer, invented the first rubber tire in 1845. Rodents teeth never stop growing. Roger Bannister of Great Britain was the first man to run a mile in under four minutes. On May 6, 1954, he ran the mile in 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. Roman statues were made with detachable heads, so that one head could be removed and replaced by another. Ronald Reagan married his first wife, Jane Wyman, at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California. Roosters can't crow if they can't fully extend their necks. Rosalind Franklin was the woman behind Watson and Crick's doudle helix DNA model. She did all the experiments, but died before she was paid credit. Watson and Crick merely took her results and interpreted it. Roseanne's fear is anyone touching her toes. Roses may be red, but violets are indeed violet. Rudolph the Red-nosed reindeer was actually created as a promotional figure for Montgommery Wards department stores. Rubber bands last longer when refrigerated. Rubbing cocoa butter on your abdomen during pregnancy will prevent stretch marks. Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer, was created in 1939, in Chicago, for the Montgomery Ward department stores for a Christmas promotion. The lyrics were written as a poem by Robert May, but weren't set to music until 1947. Gene Autry recorded the hit song in 1949. Rudyard Kipling was fired as a reporter for the San Francisco Examiner. His dismissal letter was reported to have said, "I'm sorry, Mr. Kipling, but you just don't know how to use the English language. This isn't a kindergarten for amateur writers." Running cold water over the onion and the knife will keep you from crying when you cut it, because water neutralizes the chemical that makes you cry. Rutgers beat Princeton 6-4 in the first ever college football game. At the time, a touchdown was worth only two points. Rutherford Hayes became U.S. President by one vote. Saffron, made from the dried stamens of cultivated crocus flowers, is the most expensive cooking spice. Saint Isidore, or Seville, who lived in the 17th century, was believed to have written the world's first encyclopedia, the Etymologies. It included entries on medicine, mathematics, history and theology. Salt caravans crossing the Sahara desert sometimes numbered as many as 40,000 camels. Salt is mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible. Salt was once a very precious commodity, so much that many people were paid Samual Morse, who invented the telegraph, was originally a portrait painter and didn't give up painting to turn to inventing until he was 46 years old. Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) was born on and died on days when Halley's Comet can be seen. During his life he predicted that he would die when it could be seen. Samuel Clemens [AKA Mark Twain] was born in 1835 when Haley's Comet came into view. When he died in 1910, Haley's Comet came into view again. Sandy Koufax threw a no-hitter in four consecutive seasons between 1962-65. He's the only player to throw no-hitters in more than two straight seasons. Santa Claus has a brother named Bells Nicholas who brings presents to children on New Year's Eve. Santa's reindeer are: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. Saudi Arabia covers an area of 830,000 sq. miles, yet there is not a single river in the whole country. Scandinavia has the world's highest per capita annual coffee consumption, 26.4 pounds. Italy has an annual consumption per capita of only 10 pounds. Scarecrows frighten birds because of the human odor emitted from the clothes they wear. Come rain and wind, this odor dissapears. (tip for people who dont bathe often) Scholars estimate that the 66 books of the King James version of the Bible were written by some 50 different authors. Scholars have named the highest number that's been counted, a googleplex. Scientists have discovered that the mating call of the Mediterranean fruit fly has exactly the same frequency as lower F# on a harmonica. Scientists have figured out that the speed of nerve impulses in the brain is 404 feet per second. If an idea is complex enough to take 100 nerve messages from one side of the brain to the other, the thought could be completed in less than a tenth of a second. Scientists have performed brain surgery on cockroaches. Scorpions can be killed by pouring vinegar over them. They'll 'snap' and sting themself. Scorpions can withstand 200 times more nuclear radiation than humans can. Scotland has more redheads than any other part of the world. Sea otters have the thickest fur of all animals. Sea turtles don't age-they wont die unless they get an infection or get eaten by a larger animal. This means there could be a thousand year old turtle swimming around somewhere..... Sea water is approximately 3.5 percent salt. Sea water weighs about a pound and a half more per cubic foot than fresh water at the same temperature. Sea water, loaded with mineral salts, weighs about a pound and a half more per cubit foot than fresh water at the same temperature. Sears Roebuck and Company was founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears, a former railroad worker turned watch salesman, and Alvah Roebuck, a watchmaker. Seattle passed an ordinance that states that goldfish could ride the city buses in bowls only if they kept still. Second and third Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both died on July 4, 1826. Seeing eye dogs are color blind but can still read stop lights by the position of the 'on' light Self-annointing is something only hedgehogs do, in which they lick or nibble on something, make a foamy paste in their mouths, and then spread it with their long tongues in little spots on their quills. No one has ever determined exactly why they do this. Seoul, the South Korean capital, just means "the capital" in the Korean language. Seven cities claim to be the birthplace of the Greek epic poet Homer. He is also thought to have been born in either 1159 B.C., 1102 B.C., 1044 B.C., 830 B.C., or 685 B.C. Seven of the eight US Presidents who have died in office either through illness or assassination were elected at precisely 20-year intervals. Seven suicides are recorded in the Bible. Seven thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians bowled on alleys similar to the ones in use today. Several buildings in Manhattan, NY have their own zip code. For example the former World Trade Center has several. Shakespeare and Cervantes died on the same day, April 23, 1616. Shaquelle O'Neal [AKA Shaq] wears a size 22EEE shoe. Sharks apparently are the only animals that never get sick. As far as is known, they are immune to every known disease including cancer. Sharks are immune to cancer. Sharon Stone was the first Star Search spokes model. Shell color is determined by the breed of hen and has no effect on its quality, nutrients or flavor. Sherlock Holmes NEVER said, "Elementary, my dear Watson". Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's brilliant detective, arrived on the mystery scene in the late nineteenth century in "A Study in Scarlet" (1887). Shipwreck Kelly (1885-1952) set many flagpole-sitting records. He sat for 49 days on one flagpole. He once estimated that he spent a total of over 20,000 hours sitting on flagpoles. Flagpole sitting was a craze started in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1929. Shirley Temple always has 56 curls in her hair. (talk about uptight). Shirly Temple received 135,000 presents on her 8th birthday. Shoe salesmen have been using those little wooden measuring sticks since 1657. Shrimp have their heart in their head Sigmund Freud had a morbid fear of ferns. Since Hindus don't eat beef, the McDonald's in New Delhi makes its burgers with mutton. Since the beginning of this fact, 3000 puppies were born in the U.S.A Sing Sing prison in New York has a name derived from the Indian words for "stony place." Sir Barton won the Belmont Stakes in New York in 1919, to become the first horse to capture the Triple Crown. This was the first time that the Belmont Stakes had been run as part of thoroughbred racing's most prestigious trio of events. Sir Barton had already won the first two jewels of the Triple Crown -the Kentucky Derby in Louisville, Kentucky and the Preakness Stakes in Maryland. Sir Isaac Newton was an ordained priest in the Church of England. Sir Isaac Newton was only 23 years old when he discovered the law of universal gravitation. Six checker cabs are still in use in NYC. Six eight-stud Lego pieces can be combined 102,981,500 ways. Six ounces of orange juice contains the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C. Skin is thickest, 1/5 inch, on the upper back. It is thinnest on the eyelids, which are only 1/50th inch thick Slaves who lived under the Manchus the last emperors of China who ruled from 1644-1912 wore pigtails so that they could be picked out quickly. Sliced bread was introduced under the Wonder Bread label in 1930. Sliced bread was patented in 1954. Slicing the ear off the bull is the main object to bullfighting in one form...then stabbing the bull through the neck into the spinal cord to kill it is the next goal...the matadors are allowed two tries for that. Next, two mules take the dead carcass out of the stadium and where they have a celebration in honor of the owner of the bull and a feast (guess what the main course is!). Slugs have four noses. Smith is the most common last name in the United States. A little over 1% of all Americans share that last name. Smokers are likely to die on average six and a half years earlier than non-smokers. Smokey the Bear's zip code is 20252. Snakes are immune to their own poison. Snakes have two sex organs... in case one drops off in their fervent attempt to trick females into mating.. 'Soldiers disease' is a term for morphine addiction. The Civil War produced over 400,000 morphine addicts. Some baby giraffes are more than six feet tall at birth. Some biblical scholars believe that Aramaic (the language of the ancient Bible) did not contain an easy way to say 'many things' and used a term which has come down to us as 40. This means that when the bible -in many places -refers to '40 days,' they meant many days. Some biblical scholars believe that Aramaic (the language of the ancient Bible) did not contain an easy way to say "many things" and used a term which has come down to us as 40. This means that when the bible in many places refers to "40 days," they meant many days. Some cultures kiss by biting off each other's eyelashes. Some frogs like the wood frog and some turtles can stop their heart and frost their tissues during winter and defrost after that Some frogs use sugars as an antifreeze for vital organs Some horticulturists suspect that the banana was the earth's first fruit. Banana plants have been in cultivation since the time of recorded history. One of the first records of bananas dates back to Alexander the Great's conquest of India where he first discovered bananas in 327 B.C. Some large clouds store enough water for 500000 showers Some lions mate 50 times a day. Some people have more bones in their feet than others. Some reconstituted tobacco contains the same ingredients found in fart. Some ribbon worms will eat themselves if they can't find any food. Some toothpastes contain antifreeze. Somebody actually timed a rattlesnake mating session that lasted 22.75 hours. Sometime around 1050 some English boys looking for a diversion blew up an old cow bladder and began to kick it around. The new game would go on to be called soccer. Sometime around 1325, the Aztecs were looking for a place to build their capital. A priest had interpreted an omen to mean the site should be where the found an eagle, perched on a cactus, devouring a snake. And that's why they chose what is now Mexico City; they found the eagle eating a snake while resting on a cactus. The scene is depicted on the Mexican flag. son-in-law with all the mead he could drink. Mead is a honey beer, and because their calendar was lunar based, this period was called Sound carries so well in the Arctic that on a calm day, a conversation can be heard from 1.8 miles away. Source: Another Site Source: In an old dictionary (70 years old) in my basement Source: Rabbit shows/fact books Source: Some Encyclopedia South Africa is the only country to have three capital cities: one for each branch of its government (Administrative, Legislative, and Judicial). South Africa used to have two official languages, now it has eleven. Southbridge, Massachusetts, makes it illegal to read books or newspapers after 8 p.m. in the streets. Soybean actually has Diadzein and genistein that act like weak estrogen. Special studies conducted about the human body revealed it will usually absorb up to about 300 milligrams of caffeine at a given time. About 4 normal cups. Additional amounts are just cast off, providing no further stimulation. Also, the human body dissipates 20% of the caffeine in the system each hour. Sperm banks keep their donor semen at approximately -321 degrees Fahrenheit. At that temperature, it could be kept indefinitely. Spotted skunks do handstands before they spray. Squirrels eat through 40,000 pine cones a year. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest city in the US. St. Teresa of Avila is the patron saint of chess-players!! Stag beetles have stronger mandibles than humans. Stage bows were originally devised as a way for actors to thank the audience. The audience would or would not acknowledge each of the actors in turn, depending on how much they enjoyed the performance. Stanford University engineers Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard started their company in a Palo Alto garage with $1,538. Their first product was an audio oscillator bought by Walt Disney studios for use in the movie Fantasia. Stanley Kubrick approached Lloyd's of London about an insurance policy in case extraterrestrial life was discovered before the release of his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Starfish eat by regurgitating their stomach on top of their food. If they dont like what they are eating they detach the stomach and grow a new one. Starfish have eight eyes, one at the end of each leg. Starfish have no brains. Stars come in different colors; hot stars give off blue light, and the cooler stars give off red light. Stars with really strong gravity cause themselves to become smaller and smaller and eventually turn into black holes. State with the highest percentage of people who walk to work: Alaska. Stephen Hawking was born exactly 300 years after Galileo died. Sterling silver contains 7.5% copper. Steve McQueen persuaded his karate teacher, kickboxing champion Chuck Norris, to pursue acting. Steve Young, the San Francisco 49ers quarterback, is the great-great-grandson of Mormon leader Brigham Young. Steven Speilberg calls Gweneth Paltrow "Gwynnie the pooh." Stewardesses is the longest word that is typed using only the left hand. Sting got his name from a black and yellow striped sweater he would wear a lot. Sting was a high school teacher Strawberries, raspberries, and cherries are not actually berries. Streetcar conductors, taxi drivers, and business executives have the highest statistical chance of getting peptic ulcers. Strength is the longest english word with only one vowel. Strict Puritan laws had their origins from practical reasons. Smoking was banned farmers would raise badly needed food crops instead of tobacco. Cooking was banned on Sundays to prevent house fires during the long hours the family was at church. Young men were banned from hunting to prevent weapons from falling into Indian hands. Studies have proven that it's harder to tell a convincing lie to someone you find sexually attractive. Studies have shown that men become sexually aroused nearly every time they dream. Studies show that, for some unknown reason, the higher the level of education, the more men tend to have wet dreams. Stuttering is 4 to 6 times more common in boys than in girls. Subbookkeeper is the only word with four pairs of double letters in a row. Sugar was first added to chewing gum in 1869 by a dentist (William Semple). Sugar was first added to chewing gum in 1869. Ironically, a dentist named William Semple was behind the decision. Suit against G-d. He won because the defendant never showed up in court. Sunday, July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon, Edwin Aldrin was the second. They were members of Apollo 11, and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. The Lunar Excursion Module was named the "Eagle." Michael Collins stayed onboard the mother ship, "Columbia." Swans are the only birds with penises. Swaziland has banned miniskirts in schools in an effort to slow the spread of AIDS. Swearing at someone over the phone in virginia is punishable by a $100 fine. Sweden is the largest spender on ketchup. $4 per capita. Australia is second at $2.50 Sweden will be home of the worlds first fermented harring museum. SWIMS is the longest word with 180-degree rotational symmetry (if you were to view it upside-down it would still be the same word and perfectly readable). Swiss Steak, Chop Suey, Russian Dressing, and a Hamburger all originated in the US. Syzygy is the term referring to when the moon is in a direct line with the earth and the sun. The average person knows this time to be a full or new moon. Table tennis balls have been known to travel off a paddle at speeds up to 160 km/hr (approx. 100mph). Talking on a cellular phone while driving is against the law in Israel. Tallahassee, FL was the only Southern capital east of the Mississippi not captured during the U.S. Civil War. Tangerines are named after the Moroccan city of Tangiers. Tapeworms range in size from about 0.04 inch to more than 50 feet in length. Tapioca is made from the starch in the roots of a poisonous plant known as bitter cassava. Tarantulas can go up to 2 years without eating or drinking. Sea turtles can go up to 35 years without eating or drinking. Tarantulas have retractable claws like cats and the hairs on their abdomen and back legs can stick into an enemy and itch. They also get bald on their thorax when they get old. Thanx Laura Tasmania has the cleanest air in the inhabited world. Tatum O'Neal is the youngest Oscar winner not to receive a Special Award. O'Neal was just 10 years old when she won the Best Supporting Actress award for Paper Moon. Shirley Temple is the youngest person to win an Academy Award when she was given the Special Award for Outstanding Contribution in 1934 at the age of 6. Taurine, the main ingredient in Red Bull, is an extract of the stomach lining of cows Tea was so expensive when it was first brought to Europe in the early 17th century that it was kept in locked wooden boxes. Ten inches of snow equals one inch of rain in water content. Ten percent of the salt mined in the world each year is used to de-ice the roads in America. Tequila is made from the root of the blue agave cactus. Tequila is thought to be the first distilled liquor in the Americas. The Aztecs were known to have drunk it before Cortez arrived. Termites outnumber humans ten to one Tessenjutsu is a deadly martial art in Japan that is based solely on the use of a fan. Texas horned toads can shoot blood out of the corners or their eyes. Texas is the only state that allows its residents to cast absentee ballots from space. This is because the Houston Space Center is home to most of the United States' astronauts. Texas was one of the first states to adopt capital punishment by lethal injection -in 1977. Thanks to the electric light, the average American today sleeps 1.5 hours less each day than Americans of 60 years ago. That means that if you put a baby croc in an aquarium, it would be little for the rest of its life. That white, powdery stuff on the wings of moths is actually the way moths dispose of waste. The "57" on the Heinz ketchup bottle represents the number of pickle types the company once had. The "caduceus" the classical medical symbol of two serpents wrapped around a staff comes from an ancient Greek legend in which snakes revealed the practice of medicine to human beings. The "countdown" (counting down from 10 for an event such as New-Years Day) was first used in a 1929 German silent film called "Die Frau Im Monde" (The Girl in the Moon). The "Daddy long legs" spider has venom to be used as a defensive mechanism. Don't worry though, coz it cannot puncture human skin, and even if it did, it would PROBABLY only cause a allergic reaction The "honey month" or what we know today as the "honeymoon." The "huddle" in football was formed due a deaf football player who used sign language to communicate and his team didn't want the opposition to see the signals he used and in turn huddled around him. The "if" and "then" parts of conditional ("if P then Q") statement are called the protasis (P) and apodosis (Q). The "London Bridge" is now in Arizona in the U.S.A. This fat cat(rich guy) bought it for only $2.46 million dollars. The "Miss America" pageant made its network TV debut on ABC In 1954. Miss California, Lee Ann Meriwether, was crowned the winner. The "O" when used as a prefix in Irish surnames means "descendant of." The "save" icon in Microsoft Office programs shows a floppy disk with the shutter on backwards. The "save" icon in Microsoft©®™ Word's toolbar shows a floppy disk with the shutter on backwards. The "Sesame Street" characters Bert and Ernie were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the cab driver in Frank Capra's "It's A Wonderful Like." The "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick" is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language. The "spot" on the 7-Up logo comes from its inventor who had red eyes. He was an albino. The "Spruce Goose" flew on November 2, 1947, for one mile, at a maximum altitude of 70 feet. Built by Howard Hughes, it is the largest aircraft ever built, the 140-ton eight-engine seaplane, made of birch, has a wingspan of 320 feet. It was built as a prototype troop transport. Rejected by the Pentagon, Hughes put the plane into storage, never to be flown again. The "Twelve Days of Christmas" gifts: A partridge in a pear tree, two turtledoves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold rings, six geese laying, seven swans swimming, eight maids milking, nine ladies dancing, ten lords leaping, eleven pipers piping, and twelve drummers drumming. (There are 364 gifts altogether) The "y" in signs reading "ye olde.." is properly pronounced with a "th" sound, not "y". The "th" sound does not exist in Latin, so ancient Roman occupied (present day) England used the rune "thorn" to represent "th" sounds. With the advent of the printing press the character from the Roman alphabet which closest resembled thorn was the lower case "y". The "You Are Here" arrow on maps is called an ideo locator. The # symbols is often referred to as a "number sign" or "pound sign." Its actual name is an octothorpe The 1922 Essex was the first popularly priced car available with a closed body. The two-door, six-cylinder sedan was called the Essex Coach and sold for $945. The 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles was the first time the three-level winner's stand was used for the medal ceremony. The 1st 20 African slaves were brought to the US, to the colony of Virginia in 1619, by a Dutch ship. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony to be telecast was the 25th, in 1953. The 1st Academy Awards were presented in 1927. The 1st annual Grammy Awards were awarded in 1959. The Record of the Year was "Volare" by Domenico Modugno, the Album of the Year was "Peter Gunn" by Henry Mancini and the winner of the best R&B performance was "Tequila" by Champs. The 1st buffalo ever born in captivity was born at Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo in 1884. The 1st CMA (Country Music Association) Awards, hosted by Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry, were presented at an awards banquet and show in 1967. The 1st comic strip was "The Yellow Kid," in the New York World in 1896. The cartoonist was Richard Felton Outcault. The 1st feature-length animated film, released by Disney Studios in 1937, was "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." The 1st inductees to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1961 were Jimmie Rodgers, Fred Rose and Hank Williams were. The 1st interracial kiss on TV took place Nov. 22, 1968 between Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and Lt.Uhura (Nichelle Nichols) on an episode of "Star Trek." The 1st kiss in a movie was between May Irwin and John Rice in "The Widow Jones," in 1896. The 1st live televised murder was in 1963, when Jack Ruby killed JFK's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald while millions of viewers watched. The 1st nuclear-powered submarine, the Nautilus, commissioned by the United States Navy in 1954, made her maiden voyage on Jan. 17, 1955. The 1st performance of Handel's "Messiah" was on April 13, 1742 at the New Music rooms in Fishamble St., Dublin. Because of the demand for space, the men were asked not to wear their swords and the ladies not to wear hooped skirts. The 1st personal computer, the Apple II, went on sale in 1977. The 1st presidential news conference filmed for TV was in 1955. Eisenhower was the president. The 1st televised presidential debate was September 26, 1960, between Nixon and Kennedy. The 1st time the "f-word" was spoken in a movie was by Marianne Faithfull in the 1968 film, "I'll Never Forget Whatshisname." In Brian De Palma's 1984 movie, "Scarface," the word is spoken 206 times an average of once every 29 seconds. The 1st unattended, 24-hour self-service laundromat in the United States was opened by Nelson Puett in 1949 on North Loop in Austin, Texas. The 1st US federal holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. was in 1986. The 1st US federal legislation prohibiting narcotics (opium) was enacted in 1909. The 1st US federal penitentiary building was completed at Leavenworth, Kansas in 1906. The 1st US Minimum Wage Law was instituted in 1938. The minimum wage was 25 cents per hour. The 1st US Mormon temple was dedicated in Kirtland, Ohio in 1836. The 1st US zoo was built in Philadelphia, PA, in 1876. The 1st winner of the Academy Award for best picture, and the only silent film to achieve that honor, was the 1927 film, "Wings." The 2,000 Arabica coffee cherries it takes to make a roasted pound of coffee are normally picked by hand as they ripen. Since each cherry contains two beans, it takes about 4,000 Arabica beans to make a pound of roasted coffee. The 26 letters of our alphabet can make 403,290,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 different combinations. The 3 Magi:(or Wise Men) and their gifts: Melchoir, "king of light," offered Gold, Gaspar ,"or the white one," offered frankincense, and Balthazar, "lord of treasures," offered myrrh. The 5 oldest colleges in the U.S. are, in order, Harvard, William & Mary, Yale, Princeton, and Penn. The 7 Dwarfs are Happy, Grumpy, Dopey (the beardless one), Doc, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy. They were miners. The 772-778 Digits of pi are 9999998. The abbreviation 'ORD' for Chicago's O'Hare airport comes from the old name 'Orchard Field.' The Academy Award was rumored to have gotten its nickname of Oscar for its resemblance to a film librarian's Uncle Oscar. The act of snapping your fingers has a name: fillip. The active ingredient in smelling salts is ammonia. The Agen plum which would become the basis of the US prune industry was first planted in California in 1856. The air we breathe is 78% nitrogen, 21.5% oxygen, .5% argon and other gases. The air we breathe is comprised of 78% nitrogen, 21.5% oxygen and 0.5% argon. The airplane, Buddy Holly died in, was the "American Pie," which is where Don McLarean got the song title from. The American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) was formed in 1866. The amount of drag or air resistance produced by putting your bicycle on top of your car is so great that on a trip from England to Scotland it would be cheaper to send it by train because of the fuel consumption to overcome the drag The anaconda, one of the world's largest snakes, gives birth to its young instead of laying eggs. The ancient Egyptians slept on pillows made of stone. The ancient Egyptians trained baboons to wait on tables. The ancient Romans built such an excellent system of roads that the saying arose "all roads lead to Rome," that is, no matter which road one starts a journey on, he will finally reach Rome if he keeps on traveling. The popular saying came to mean that all ways or methods of doing something end in the same result, no method being better than another. The anemometer is an instrument which measures the force, velocity, or pressure of the wind. The Angel falls in Venezuela are nearly 20 times taller than Niagara Falls. The Angel Falls in Venezuela is the highest waterfall in the world, its waters drop from over 3,200 feet. The animal responsible for the most human deaths world-wide is the mosquito. The animal that tends to cling to rocks and boats are barnacles. The animal whose brain accounts for the largest share of its body weight is the squirrel monkey. It's brain makes up about 5% of its total weight. The animal with the largest brain in proportion to its size is the ant. The annual Night of the Radishes is held in Oaxaca, Mexico. It's held on December 23rd of every year as part of a pre-Christmas tradition. Farmers carve figures from radishes and display them in the city's main plaza. The annual White House Easter egg-roll was started by President Hayes in 1878. The ant can lift 50 times its own weight. The anti-malarial drug quinine is taken from the bark of the Andean cinchona tree. The Apollo 11 plaque left on the Moon says, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. / WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND." The apricot can be traced back to China at least four thousand years ago, and it first appeared in Greek mythology as the "golden apple". The Arabica is the original coffee plant. It still grows wild in Ethiopia. The arabica coffee tree is an evergreen and in the wild will grow to a height between 14 and 20 feet. The Arabs are generally believed to be the first to brew coffee. The Arctic ocean is the smallest and shallowest. The Arctic Ocean is the world's smallest ocean. It is mostly covered by solid ice, ice floes, and icebergs. The aroma and flavor derived from coffee is a result of the little beads of the oily substance called coffee essence, coffeol, or coffee oil. This is not an actual oil since it dissolves in water. The art of knitting originated in Scotland. The ashes of the average cremated person weigh 9 pounds. The Atlantic Ocean has a greater salt content than the Pacific Ocean. The Australian emu holds the land speed record for birds (31 mph). The average 3 year-old watches about 30 hours of television a week. The average adult guinea pig weighs 2 pounds. The average adult has about 3,500 square inches of skin. The skin itself has roughly a billion pores or openings. The average adult male ostrich, the world's largest living bird, weighs up to 345 pounds. The average adult raccoon weighs 21 pounds. The average age of an Italian barista is 48 years old. A barista is a respected job title in Italy. The average American consumes over 28 pounds of bananas each year. The average American spends 120 hours a month watching television, the equivalent of five complete days in front of the TV. The average American will eat 35,000 cookies in a lifetime. The average American woman spends 55 minutes per day getting showered, dressed, and groomed. The average annual coffee consumption of the American adult is 26.7 gallons, or over 400 cups. The average bank teller loses about $250 every year. The average bra is designed to last for only 180 days of use. The average capacity of a pelican's pouch is 12 quarts. The average cat consumes about 127,750 calories a year, nearly 28 times its own weight in food and the same amount again in liquids. The average chicken lays about 260 eggs a year. The average child recognizes over 200 company logos by the time he enters first grade. The average child will eat 1,500 PB sandwiches by high school graduation. The average chocolate bar has 8 insects' legs melted into it. The average cod deposits between 4 and 6 million eggs at a single spawning. The average cough comes out of your mouth at 60MPH. The average cow produces 40 glasses of milk each day. The average cup of coffee contains more than 1000 different chemical components, none of which is tasted in isolation but only as part of the overall flavor. The average duration of sexual intercourse for humans is 2 minutes. The average elephant produces 50 pounds of dung each day. The average elephant weighs less than the average blue whale's tongue The average family will spend $250,000 (thats a quarter million dollars) on each child from the time he/she is born until he/she turns 18. The average flea can jump up to 350 times its own length. To match that a human would have to jump 1,000 feet. The average fox weighs 14 pounds. The average garden variety caterpillar has 248 muscles in its head. The average healthy human being farts 16 times a day. The average healthy porpoise lives 30 years. The average home size in the United States is now 2,200 square feet, up from 1,400 square feet in 1970, according to the National Association of Home Builders. The average housefly lives for only two weeks. The average human body contains enough: iron to make a 3 inch nail,sulfur to kill all fleas on an average dog, carbon to make 900 pencils, potassium to fire a toy cannon, fat to make 7 bars of soap, phosphorous to make 2,200 match heads, and water to fill a ten-gallon tank. The average human body has enough fat to make 7 bars of soap. The average human breathes about 700,000 cubic inches of air every day. The average human eats 8 spiders in his/her lifetime at night. The average human head weighs about eight pounds. The average human produces 10,000 gallons of saliva in a life time. The average human produces 25,000 quarts of spit in a lifetime, enough to fill two swimming pools. The average lead pencil will draw a line 35 miles long or write approximately 50,000 English words. The average life expectancy of a beaver in captivity is five years. The average life expectancy of a kangaroo in captivity is 7 years. The average life expectancy of a leopard in captivity is 12 years. The average life expectancy of a rhinoceros in captivity is 15 years. The average life expectancy of a toilet is 50 years. The average life expectancy of geese, barring all accidents, is 25 years. The average life span of a moose is 15 to 25 years. The average life span of a mosquito is two weeks. The average life span of a taste bud is 10 days. The average life span of the hedgehog is 10 years. The average lifespan of a Major League baseball is five to seven pitches. The average light bulb can last for about 750 to 1,000 hours. The average litter of Mexican wolves is between four and seven pups. The average llama weighs 375 pounds. The average marathon runner's heart beats about 175 times per minute during a race. A typical adult's heart beats 68 times a minute at rest. The average mature oak tree sheds approximately 700,000 leaves in the fall. The average number of cars stolen per day in Mexico City this year is 124. The average number of peanuts in a box of Cracker Jacks is 27. The average per capita consumption of soap, in all of its uses, in the United States is about forty pounds per year. The average person drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime. The average person falls asleep in seven minutes. The average person grows up to 6 feet of nose hair. The average person has over 1,460 dreams a year The average person in the United States watches 239 minutes of television per day. The average person ingests about a ton of food and drink each year. The average person is about a quarter of an inch taller at night. The average person loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day. The average person produces 25,000 quarts of spit in a lifetime, enough to fill two swimming pools. The average person releases nearly a pint of intestinal gas by flatulence every day. Most is due to swallowed air. The rest is from fermentation of undigested food. The average person swallows one liter of snot every day. This is from the MN Science Museum. The average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day. The average person walks the equivalent of twice around the world in a lifetime. The average person's hair will grow approximately 590 inches in a lifetime. The average person's left hand does 56% of the typing. The average person's scalp has 100,000 hairs. The average porcupine has more than 30,000 quills. The average porpoise weighs 103 pounds. The average raindrop falls at 7 miles per hour. The average snail moves at a rate of approximately 0.000362005 miles per hour. The average speed for a migrating duck is fifty miles per hour. The average steer reaches sexual maturity six months after birth. The average US male will spend 2,965 hours shaving during his lifetime. The Aztecs of Mexico roasted and ground up the cacao bean, mixed it with water, added peppers and other spices, stirred it up to a froth and drank the pungent mixture they called "chocolatl." The Baby Ruth candy bar was named after Grover Cleveland's baby daughter, Ruth, not Babe Ruth the baseball player. The bagpipe was originally made from the whole skin of a dead sheep. The banana is the most prolific of all food plants with as many as 300 bananas growing on the same stalk. The banana market is controlled by five large corporations Chiquita (25%), Dole (25%), Del Monte (15%), Noboa (11%) and Fyffes (8%). Most bananas are grown on huge plantations, controlled by these corporate giants. The remaining banana production for export comes from small banana producers. The banana plant reaches its full height of 15 to 30 feet in about one year. The trunk of a banana plant is made of sheaths of overlapping leaves, tightly wrapped around each other like celery stalks. The bands on hats traces back to the custom on knights wearing their lady loves' scarves around the helmet. The banjo is America's only true native musical instrument. It was first developed in the South in the 1790s. The barn owl has one ear higher than the other. The left ear is higher and points downward to hear sounds from below it, while the right ear is lower and pointed upward to pick up sounds from above. The base of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is large enough to cover 10 football fields. The basis of the Macintosh computer was Apple's Lisa which was released in 1983. This was the first system to utilize a GUI or Graphical User Interface. The first Macintosh was released in 1984. The Beatles' 1st song to hit the UK charts was "From Me to You" in June, 1963. The Beatles song "Dear Prudence" was written about Mia Farrow's sister, Prudence, when she wouldn't come out and play with Mia and the Beatles at a religious retreat in India. The Beatles were depicted in wax at Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London, in 1964, the first pop album stars to be honored. The Beatles were George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr. But there were also two lesser known, previous members of the band: Pete Best and Stu Sutcliffe. The BEAVER, is America's largest rodent and can remain underwater for 20 minutes! erm... sealions can do that as well (just something random) The beluga whale, otherwise known as the white whale, is nicknamed the "sea canary" because of the birdlike chirping sounds it makes. The best recorded distance for projectile vomiting is 27 feet. The bestselling books of all time are The Bible (6billion+), Quotations from the Works of Mao Tse-tung (900million+), and The Lord of the Rings (100million+) The Bible devotes some 500 verses on prayer, less than 500verses on faith, but over 2000 verses on money and posessions. The Bible does not say there were three wise men; it only says there were three gifts. The bible does not specify exactly how many wise men were sent to Bethleham. The Bible has been translated into Klingon. The Bible is the best selling book of all time with approximately six billion books sold. The second-best selling book is Quotations from the Works of Mao Tse-Tung with about 800 million sales. The Bible was written by about 40 men over a period of about 1600 years dating from 1500 BC to about 100 years after Christ. The big differences between pythons and boa constrictors: pythons are longer and lay eggs. Boas give birth to live babies. The Big Room at Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico is 2,500 feet in length, 600 feet wide, and 250 feet high. The biggest member of the cat family is the male lion, which weighs 528 pounds (240 kilograms). The biggest specie of apes are the gorillas. The biro was invented by George and Lazio Biro. The Black Death reduced the population of Europe by one third in the period from 1347 to 1351. The Black Hole, 1979, was Disney's first PG-rated movie. The blood of mammals is red, the blood of insects is yellow, and the blood of lobsters is blue. The bloodhound is the only animal whose evidence is admissible in an American court. The blue whale has a heart the size of a small car and its blood vessal is so broad, that a person could swim through it. The board game Monopoly was originally rejected by Parker Brothers, who claimed it had 52 fundamental errors. The body can function without a brain. And anyone who has walked around the city on a Saturday night will know what I mean. The body's largest internal organ is the small intestine at an average length of 20 feet The bones of a pigeon weigh less than its feathers. The book The Doors of Perception, by Aldous Huxley, was the inspiration behind Jim Morrison naming his band The Doors. The book extolls the use of hallucinogenic drugs. The border between Canada and the U.S. is the world's longest frontier. It stretches 3,987 miles (6,416 km). The botanical name of the chocolate plant is Theobramba cacao, which means "Food of the Gods." The brewing of beer is recorded as far back as 6,000 years ago. Until the 12th century (when skilled experts took over), women performed the task of making beer as part of their household chores. The bridge across the Niagra Falls began with a kite carrying a line across it. The brightest star in history was the supernova of 1054, which formed the Crab Nebula. It was brighter than Venus and bright enough to be seen in daylight and to cast a shadow at night. We know about it through the astronomic records of China and Japan. The Brownie box camera, introduced by Eastman Kodak, sold for $1.00 in 1900. The camera's 6-exposure film sold for 15 cents. The bubbles in Guiness beer sink to the bottom rather than float to the top as in other beers. The Burramundy, a fish, grows up as a male, but after 2 years or so, it turns into a female to breed. (i think papaya(papua?) trees are the same) The Butterfinger candy bar was first produced by Chicago's Curtiss Candy Co. in 1923. As an advertising ploy, candy bars were dropped from an airplane on cities in 40 states. The California grape and wine industries were started by Count Agoston Haraszthy de Moksa, who planted Tokay, Zinfandel, and Shiras varieties from his native Hungary in Buena Vista in 1857. The California redwood coast redwood and giant sequoia are the tallest and largest living organism in the world. The calories burned daily by the sled dogs running in Alaska's annual Iditarod race average 10,000. The 1,149-mile race commemorates the 1925 "Race for Life" when 20 volunteer mushers relayed medicine from Anchorage to Nome to battle a children's diphtheria epidemic. The Canadian government legalized marijuana for medicinal use in 1999. After discovering a shortage of local growers they began to import the dope from Mississippi. The Canary Islands were not named for a bird called a canary. They were named after a breed of large dogs. The Latin name was Canariae insulae "Island of Dogs." The candy bar, Baby Ruth, is named after President Clevelands' daughter, not Babe Ruth the baseball player. The Cannes Film Festival was conceived in 1938 by two French journalists while they were traveling by train to the Venice Film Festival. The canning process for herring was developed in Sardinia, which is why canned herrings are better known as sardines. The cashew nut in its natural state contains a poisonous oil. Roasting removes the oil and makes the nuts safe to eat. The cat lover is an ailurophile, while a cat hater is an ailurophobe. The caterpillar has more than 2,000 muscles The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds. The catgut formerly used as strings in tennis rackets and musical instruments does not come from cats. Catgut actually comes from sheep, hogs, and horses. The Catholic Church only declared in 1992 that the earth may go round the sun. The center of the earth is almost 4000 miles beneath our feet. The chameleon has several cell layers beneath its transparent skin. These layers are the source of the chameleon's color change. Some of the layers contain pigments, while others just reflect light to create new colors. Several factors contribute to the color change. A popular misconception is that chameleons change color to match their environment. This isn't true. Light, temperature, and emotional state commonly bring about a chameleon's change in color. The chameleon will most often change between green, brown and gray, which coincidently, often matches the background colors of their habitat. The chances for a mother giving birth to quadruplets (four Childs) are almost 1 in 600,000. The chances of an exact duplication of fingerprints are about 64 billion to 1. The channel between England and France grows 300mm each year. The characters Bert and Ernie on Sesame Street were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the taxi driver in Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life". The characters of Homer, Marge, Lisa, and Maggie were given the same first names as Simpsons creator Matt Groening's real-life father, mother, and two sisters. The Charlotte Dundas, a paddle-wheel steamboat, was the world's first steam-powered vessel, not Robert Fulton's Clermont. In 1802, five years before Fulton's famous ship took sail, The Dundas was a steam-powered tugboat in Great Britain. The cheetah is the only cat in the world that can't retract its claws. The chemical n-acetyl-cysteine found in raw eggs is proven to help hangovers. The Chinese language does not require punctuation. The Chinese were using aluminum to make things as early as 300 AD Western civilization didn't rediscover aluminum until 1827. The Chinese, during the reign of Kublai Khan, used lions on hunting expeditions. They trained the big cats to pursue and drag down massive animals from wild bulls to bears and to stay with the kill until the hunter arrived. The chow-chow and the Chinesse Shar-Pei are the only dogs that have a black tongue. The tongues of all other dogs are pink. The Church of Scientology was founded in 1953, at Washington DC, by US science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard. The cigarette lighter was invented before the match. The citrus industry started in the United States in 1873 when two Riverside, CA ranchers obtained some orange saplings from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Two years earlier, the government had secured a dozen saplings from Brazil. The City of Istanbul straddles two separate continents, Europe and Asia. The city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is the only city where all major sports teams share the same colors (black and gold). The city of St. Petersburg, Russia, was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great, hence the name, St. Petersburg. But it wasn't always that simple. In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, Russian leaders felt that Petersburg was too German-sounding. So they changed the name of the city to Petrograd -to make it more Russian-sounding. Then, in 1924, the country's Soviet Communist leaders wanted to honor the founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir I. Lenin. The city of Petrograd became Leningrad and was known as Leningrad until 1991 when the new Russian legislators -no longer Soviet Communists -wanted the city to reflect their change of government. The city of Venice stands on about 120 small islands. The Civil War in the United States elevated the popularity of coffee to new heights. Soldiers went to war with coffee beans as a primary ration. The clock at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. will gain or lose only one second every 300 years. The clock tower that supports the famous clock 'Big Ben' at the house of parliament in London, is 320 feet high. The bell from which the clock get it's name, weighs 13.5 tones. The closest star to the sun, Alpha Centauri, is never visible in the sky north of about 30 degrees Northern Lattitude. The cockroach has a high resistance to radiation and is the creature most likely to survive a nuclear war. The cockroach is the fastest animal on 6 legs, covering a meter a second. The Code of Hammurabi made it forbidden to randomly mistreat slaves. However, the code also stated that slaves were to be branded on the forehead and forbidden to hide or mask the mark. The coffee filter was invented in 1908 by a German homemaker, Melitta Benz, when she lined a tin cup with blotter paper to filter the coffee grinds. The coffee tree produces its first full crop when it is about 5 years old. Thereafter it produces consistently for 15 or 20 years. The coldest capital city in the world is Ulaan Bator, Mongolia. The coldest outdoor temperature ever recorded on earth was 127 below zero in Antarctica on August 24, 1960. The color of a chile is no indication of its spiciness, but size usually is the smaller the pepper, the hotter it is. The combination "ough" can be pronounced in 9!! different ways; Read this: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed." The combination "ough" can be pronounced in nine different ways. The following sentence contains them all: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed." The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultra-violet light. The complete skin covering of the body measures about 20 sq. feet. The complete title of the Statue of Liberty is Liberty Enlightening the World The complete works of Shakespeare can be stored on 5 Megabytes. The computer in 2001: A Space Odyssey as a tongue-in-cheek reference to IBM. The name was derived from the fact that the letters H-A-L precede the letters I-B-M in the alphabet. The computer programming language ADA was named in honor of Augusta Ada King. The U.S. Defense Department named the language after the Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron because she helped finance and program what is thought to be the first computer, the "analytical engine" designed by Charles Babbage. The condensed water vapor in the sky left behind by jets is called a contrail. The condom made originally of linen was invented in the early 1500's. The correct name for the capital city of Thailand is rung Thep, and it's been this way for over 130 years. Foreigners persist on calling it Bangkok. The correct response to the Irish greeting, "Top of the morning to you," is "and the rest of the day to yourself." The country of Losotho is completely surrounded by the country of South Africa. The country of Tanzania has an island called Mafia. The country of Tonga once issued a stamp shaped like a banana. The country with the highest rate of cremations is Japan. In 1996, 98.7% of all deaths were cremated. The creators of a new model of Chevys couldn't figure out why their car, the Nova, wasn't selling well in Hispanic countries... until someone pointed out that 'Nova' means 'No go' in Spanish. The crew of Apollo 11 who put the first man on the moon have the same initials as the first men on earth. Armstrong : Adam Aldrin : Abel Collins : Cain The crow is the smartest of all birds. The cruise liner Queen Elizabeth II moves only six inches for each gallon of diesel that it burns. The cruise liner, QE2, moves only six inches for each gallon of diesel that it burns. The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem-quality diamond ever discovered. Found in 1905, the original 3,100 carats were cut to make jewels for the British Crown Jewels and the British Royal family's collection. The curvature of the earth is pretty close to eight inches every mile, or 66 feet every hundred miles. The daughter of confectioner Leo Hirschfield is commemorated in the name of the sweet he invented: Although his daughter's real name was Clara, she went by the nickname Tootsie, and in her honor, her doting father named his chewy chocolate logs Tootsie Rolls. The Death Star death ray control panel from the original is actually the control panel of Grass Valley Group GVG 300 Video (television) production switcher The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp (a variety of the marijuana plant) paper The deepest hole ever made in the world is in Texas. It is as deep as 20 empire state buildings but only 3 inches wide. (Who made it? A petroleum company) The deepest land point on Earth is the area around the Dead Sea in Israel. The Dead Sea is located 1,312 below sea level. The deepest spot in any ocean is the Mariana Trench. It's 36,198 feet below sea level (about seven miles). The designer of the Statue of Liberty, French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, used his wife as the model for the body and his mother as the model for the face. The difference between AM and FM radio is that FM is line-of-sight, while AM bounces off the atmosphere (more accurately, the ionosphere.) AM stations have to reduce the power of their transmissions at night because the ionosphere lifts with the colder temperatures and lees solar interference. The difference between apple juice and apple cider is that the juice is pasteurized and the cider is not. The difference between male and female blue crabs is the design located on their belly. The male blue crab has the Washington monument and the female blue crab's belly is shaped like the U.S. capitol. The dimensions of a regulation football field are: 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. The dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is 150,000 times deadlier than cyanide. The dirt extracted to build the foundation of the World Trade Center in New York City was dumped into the Hudson River. The community of Battery City Park now resides on that dirt. The disease-carrying mosquito, delivering encephalitis, the West Nile virus, malaria, and Dengue fever, is by far the deadliest beast in the animal world. The World Health Organization says mosquitos cause more than 2 million deaths a year worldwide. Another insect, The distance between cities are actually the distances between city halls. The distance between the pitcher's rubber and home plate in baseball is 60 feet, 6 inches. The dollar was established as the official currency of the US in 1785. The dot above an 'i' is called the tittle. The dot over the letter "i" is called a tittle. The dragons and other monsters that graced the bows of the Viking ships were so fierce-looking that a law was passed in Iceland ordering the skipper of any Viking ship to remove the figurehead before entering port. The drip pot was invented by a Frenchman around 1800. The drug thiopentone can kill a human being in one second if it's injected directly into the blood stream. The drummer for ZZ Top (the only one without a beard) is named Frank Beard. The Dutch acquired Surinam in exchange for Manhattan Island in 1667. The dye used to stamp the grade on meat is edible. It's made from grape skins. The ear which the matador slices off the bull is his trophy. The earliest cocoa plantations were established in 600 AD, in the Yucatan, by the Mayans. The earliest known wholly glass objects beads were found in Egypt about 4,500 years ago. The first glass cups were also found in Egypt about 3,500 years ago. The earliest recorded Olympic Games result was from the 180 meter sprint in the 776 B.C. The winner was a man named Coroebus. The earliest works of art are paleolithic animal paintings discovered in prehistoric caves in southern France and northern Spain. The paintings date from 30,000 to 10,000 B.C. The earth is 24,901 miles around at the equator. The earth is not perfectly round. Technically, it's a triaxial ellipsoid, which is to say that it's nearly spherical, but flattened at the top and bottom. The Earth is not round, but slightly pear-shaped. The earth is presently inhabited by 1.4 million species of animals and 500,000 species of plants. The earth is roughly 4600 million years old. The earth is the most densest planet in the solar system, and is the only planet not named after a god. The earth rotates on its axis more slowly in March than in September. The earth weighs 6 sextillion, 588 quintillion tons. The earth wobbles on its axis every 21-26,000 years The Earths core is a ball of Iron-Nickle at 7,000 C and is 80% the size of the moon. The earth's rotation is slowing down at a rate of one second per century. The gravity from the sun and moon are creating tidal friction on the earth that are acting as brakes on planet's spin. The eggs from the ovaris of a pig, when shot into another animal, can sterelise it, making it impotent. The Eiffel Tower is 984 feet high. The Eiffel Tower is painted approximately once every 7 years and requires nearly 50 tons of paint each time. The Eiffel Tower receives a fresh coat of 300 tons of reddish-green paint every seven years. The Eiffel Tower was built for the 1889 World's Fair. The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies. The electric automobile self-starter was invented to make it possible for women to drive without a companion, who was previously needed to crank the engine. The electric chair was invented by a dentist. The electric chair was invented by Dr. Alphonse Rockwell and was first used on William Kemmler on August 6, 1890. The elephant is the only animal that has been taught to stand on its head. The elephant, as a symbol of the US Republican Party, was originated by cartoonist Thomas Nast and first presented in 1874. The emperor of Japan is the 125th of his line, which dates back to 660 B.C. The Empire State Building in New York City is constructed of over 10 million bricks. The Empire State Building in New York City weighs approximately 365,000 tons. The emu's eyes are so similar to that of a human eye, that those studying to become eye doctors often practice surgery on them. The English Romantic poet Lord Byron was so devastated upon the death of his beloved Newfoundland, whose name was Boatswain, that he had inscribed upon the dog's gravestone the following: "Beauty without vanity, strength without insolence, courage without ferocity, and all the virtues of man without his vices." The English word "soup" comes from the Middle Ages word "sop," which means a slice of bread over which roast drippings were poured. The first archaeological evidence of soup being consumed dates back to 6000 B.C., with the main ingredient being Hippopotamus bones! The English word with the most meanings is the simple 3 letter word "SET". The entire Encyclopedia Britannica is banned because it contains a formula for making beer at home. The entire worlds output of urine takes about 45 minutes to go over the Niagra falls. The equatorial bulge of the earth does not rest along the equator. The highest point of the bulge is actually located 25 feet to the south. The eraser wasn't put onto pencils until 1858 by Hyman Lipman. The estimated number of M & M's sold each day in the United States is 200,000,000. The estimated weight of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is 6,648,000 tons. The Europeans first added chocolate to their coffee in the 1600's. The expletive, "Holy Toledo," refers to Toledo, Spain, which became an outstanding Christian cultural center in 1085. The expression "three dog night" originated with the Eskimos and means a very cold night so cold that you have to bed down with three dogs to keep warm. The extended right arm of the Statue of Liberty is 42 feet long. The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams. The eyes of an Ostrich are larger than its brain. The Falkland Isles (pop. about 2000) has over 700000 sheep (350 per person). The famous Indian epic "Mahabharata" contains almost three million words. The famous Pizza chain store Sabarro originated in a small corner store in my hometown of Brooklyn, NY, which actually sold fresh cut meat. The famous Revolutionary war general Lafayette had the same first name as his wife Mary. The famous ship "Old Ironsides" actually had wooden sides. The fastest bird is the Spine-tailed swift, clocked at speeds of up to 220 miles per hour. The fastest land animal is the cheetah, however the fastest animal in the world is the prerigine falcon, which can dive at 217mph The fastest -moving land snail, the common garden snail, has a speed of 0.0313 mph. The father of Dave Matthews was one of the original fathers of the super conductor (died of lung cancer when dave was 10 [was a non-smoker]) The FDA allows an average of 30 or more insect fragments and one or more rodent hairs per 100 grams of peanut butter. The February of 1865 is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon. The Federal Reserve printed up an extra $50 billion in small bills just in case people started hoarding money prior to the year 2000. Since nowhere near that much cash was needed, and there was a long-term storage problem, most of that money was recycled. The feet account for one quarter of all the human bodies bones. The female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) has a 'penis'. The final episode of MAS*H ranks as the most watched television program of any kind in United States history. An estimated 50,150,000 people tuned in on February 28, 1983. That amounted to 60.2% of all households with a television. Second on the list was the "Who Shot J.R." episode of Dallas. The final score in the game that Wilt Chamberlain scored 100 points was Warriors 169 Knicks 147. The fingerprints of koala bears are almost indistinguishable from those of humans, so much that they could be confused at a crime scene. The first "official" vasectomy was performed in 1893. The first "puck" ever used in a professional hockey game was a frozen piece of cow dung. The first American advertisement for tobacco was published in 1789. It showed a picture of an Indian smoking a long clay pipe. The first American satellite in orbit, Explorer I, was launched February 1, 1958. The first animal sent to space was a female Samoyed named Laika. Laika was sent into space on November 3, 1957 aboard the Russian spacecraft Sputnik II. The first anti-lynching law in the United States was passed in Georgia in 1893, but it only made the violation punishable by four years in prison. (11-1-04) The first asteroid to ever be discovered is Ceres. It was discovered 1801 and is 582 miles in diameter. The first bank in history was the Igibi. It was established in 575 B.C. The first bar code was used on Wrigleys gum The first baseball game was broadcast in color on August 11, 1951 (Brooklyn Dodgers beat the Boston Braves 8-1) The first bath tub to be installed in the white house was during the time of Millard Fillmore. The first black player in the American League was Larry Doby with the Cleveland Indians in 1947. The first bomb the Allies dropped on Berlin in WWII killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The first book published in the United States was Massachusetts Bay Colony: The Oath of a Free Man, in 1638. The first brand of Wrigley's chewing gum was called "Vassar", after the New England woman's college. Next were "Lotta" and "Sweet Sixteen Orange." The first building with an elevator was the six-story 130-foot Equitable Life Building in New York. It was built in 1870. The first CD pressed in the U.S. was Bruce Springsteen's 'Born in the USA.' The first chimpanzee to travel into space was named Ham. He got the name from the lab he was raised in, the Holloman AeroMedical laboratory in Alamogordo, NM. Ham flew in a Mercury space capsule in 1961. His trip also proved that space travel was safe for humans. The first city in America to have a TV station was: Schenectady, NY. The first city to reach a population of 1 million people was Rome, Italy in 133 B.C. London, England reached the mark in 1810 and New York, USA made it in 1875. Today, there are over 300 cities in the world that boast a population in excess of 1 million. The first coffee drinkers, the Arabs, flavored their coffee with spices during the brewing process. The first coin minted in the United States was a silver dollar. It was issued on October 15, 1794. The first comic strip was "The Yellow Kid," which ran in the New York World in 1896. The cartoonist's name was W.R. Hearst. The first commercial espresso machine was manufactured in Italy in 1906. The first commercial product manufactured in the United States and exported to Europe was a glass bottle made in Jamestown in 1608. The first company that Bill Gates ever ran created machines that would record the number of cars passing a given point on a street. The first computer, the steam-driven calculating machine, was built in 1823 by Charles Babbage. It failed to work due to poor workmanship in the intricate parts. When rebuilt by the London Museum of Science in 1991, it worked. The first contraceptive diaphragms, centuries ago, were citrus rinds (i.e., half an orange rind). Casanova used half lemon rinds as a cervical cap and the acidic juice as a potent spremicide(something that kills sperms). The first cookbook published in the United States was Compleat Housewife, or Accomplished Gentlewoman's Companion, printed in Williamsburg, VA in 1742. The first Corvette rolled off the Chevrolet assembly line in Flint, MI. in 1953. That early 'Vette sold for $3,250. The first country to abolish capital punishment was Austria in 1787. The first cover of "Sports Illustrated," in 1954, showed National League umpire, Augie Donatelli, behind the plate with two major-league stars: catcher Wes Westrum, and batter Eddie Matthews. The first credit card, issued in 1950, was Diner's Club. Frank X. McNamara started the company with 200 card holders. The first daily comic strip in the U.S. was "Mutt & Jeff." The first drive-in movie theater was built in Camden, NJ in 1932-3. It cost 25 cents per car or $1 for three or more people to watch a movie. The first episode of "Joanie Loves Chachi" was the highest rated American program in the history of Korean television. "Chachi" is Korean for "penis." The first film granted permission by the Chinese government to be filmed in the Forbidden City was The Last Emperor, 1987. The first flight of the Wright Brothers was a distance less than the wing span of a Jumbo Jet. The first footprints at Grauman's Chinese Theater (now Mann's Chinese Theater), were made by Norma Talmadge in 1927. Legend has it that she accidentally stepped in wet concrete outside the building. Since then, over 180 stars have been immortalized, along with their hands and feet and even noses (Jimmy Durante). The first Ford cars used Dodge engines. The first foreign fort the American flag flew over was Fort Derne in Libya, on the shores of Tripoli The first formal rules for playing baseball required the winning team to score 21 runs. The first fully working parachute was used in 1787 by Jacques Gernerin who dropped 3,000 feet from a balloon. This was long before the airplane was invented. The first house rats recorded in America appeared in Boston in 1775. The first issue of People Magazine, in 1974, cost 35 cents and featured actress Mia Farrow on the cover. The first Kentucky Derby was run at Churchill Downs in 1875 with Aristides as winner. The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C. The first known heart medicine was discovered in an English garden. In 1799, physician John Ferriar noted the effect of dried leaves of the common foxglove plant, digitalis purpurea, on heart action. Still used in heart medications, digitalis slows the pulse and increases the force of heart contractions and the amount of blood pumped per heartbeat. The first losing candidate in a US presidential election was Thomas Jefferson. He lost to John Adams. George Washington had been unopposed. The first man-made object to circle the earth was Sputnik I, launched in 1957. The first modern Olympiad was held in Athens in 1896. 484 contestants from 13 nations participated. The first motion picture copyrighted in the United States showed a man in the act of sneezing. The first nation to ally with the USA during the Persian Gulf war was Canada. However, their soldiers were deemed unfit for combat and assigned to guard duty. The first NBA player to score 38,000 points was Kareem Abdul-Jabar in 1989. The first NFL team that plays its home games in a domed stadium to win a Superbowl was the St. Louis Rams in 1999. The first novel ever written on a typewriter is Tom Sawyer. The first offspring of captive-born elephant parents in the Western Hemisphere was a 150-pound Asiatic elephant born on Mother's Day in 1975 at the Los Angeles Zoo. The first Olympics were held in Athens in 1896, with nine nations competing. The first owner of the Marlboro Company died of lung cancer. The first Parisian cafe opened in 1689 to serve coffee. The first percussion instrument introduced to an orchestra was the kettledrums, then called the timpani, in the 1600s. The first perfect game in baseball history was achieved by John Lee Richmond on June 12, 1880. The first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel was Anna Edson Taylor. She made the journey on October 24, 1901, and escaped unhurt. The first personal computer was called the Altair and was made by a company called MITS in 1974. It came in a kit and had to be The first pick (by Eagles) in the first NFL draft in 1935, was Jay Berwanger from the University of Chicago. He never played in the league The first place in the western world to give women the right to vote was an island known as Man. The first place winners at the first modern Olympics were awarded an olive branch and a silver medal. The runners-up received laurel sprigs and copper medals. The first plastic ever invented was celluloid in 1868. It's still used today to make billiard balls. The first players elected to Baseball Hall of Fame were Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson & Walter Johnson in 1936. The first police car was an electric-powered vehicle used in Akron, OH in 1899. The first police force was established in Paris in 1667. The first President to ride in an automobile was William McKinley. After being shot, he was taken to the hospital in a 1901 Columbia electric ambulance. The first prime number after 1,000,000 is 1,000,003. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was Victrola, which Motorola got their name from. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was Victrola, so they called themselves Motorola. The first product of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company now known as 3M when it was founded was sandpaper. The first professional football team to sport an insignia on their helmets was the Los Angeles Rams in 1950, who hand painted yellow horns on their blue leather helmets. The first public mention of a name for the United States' capital was in a letter from General George Washington in 1791, who referred to it as Federal City. The first reference to a monetary prize in a horse race was offered by Richard I in 1195. The first ring donuts were produced in 1847 by a 15 year old baker's apprentice, Hanson Gregory, who knocked the soggy center out of a fried doughnut. The first Rose Bowl game was held in 1902 in Pasadena, California. The University of Michigan beat Sanford 49-0. The first safety feature for an automobile was invented in 1908 by John O'Leary. He patented a large net, to be installed on the front fender, to scoop pedestrians out of the way before they could be run over. The first scheduled airplane passenger service in the world was between Tampa and St. Petersburg, Fla., in 1914. The first seeing-eye dog was presented to a blind person on April 25, 1938. The first self-rising pancake mix was invented in 1889 by a newspaper man in Missouri (Chris L. Rutt). The first series of commemorative stamps issued by the U.S. Postal Service depicted Columbus's discovery of America. They were issued in 1893 and available in 16 denominations ranging from one cent to $5. The first shopping bag with handles was invented in 1918 by Walter Deubener. The first Soccer World Cup was held in Uruguay in 1930 and attracted 13 competing countries. The first suburban shopping mall was opened in 1922 by National Department Stores in Saint Louis. The first Super Bowl was broadcasted by two networks: CBS and NBC. The first Super Bowl was played in 1967. The Green Bay Packers of the National Football League defeated the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League, 35-to-10. The first telephone book ever issued contained only fifty names. It was published in New Haven, Connecticut, by the New Haven District Telephone Company in February, 1878. The first toothbrush with bristles was developed in China in 1498. Bristles were taken from hogs at first, later from horses. The nylon bristles were developed in 1938 by DuPont. The first toy product ever advertised on television was Mr. Potato Head®. Introduced in 1952. The first translation of the English Bible was initiated by John Wycliffe and completed by John Purvey in 1388. The first triple jump in figure skating competition was performed by Dick Button in 1952. The first U.S. patent for an animal was issued to Harvard University in 1988 for an oncomouse, a genetically engineered mouse that's susceptible to breast cancer. It's used to test anti-cancer therapies. The first US consumer product sold in the Soviet Union was Pepsi-Cola. The first US Marines wore high leather collars to protect their necks from sabres, hence the name "leathernecks." The first US Patent was for manufacturing potassium carbonate (used in glass and gunpowder). It was issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31, 1970. The first US president to both be sued for sexual misconduct and forced to give a deposition while in office was William Jefferson Clinton. The first Wimbledon Tennis Competition took place in 1877 solely as an amateur competition. Men's singles was the only event that took place. There were 22 competitors and the championship was won by Spencer Gore. The first woman in Congress was Jeanette Rankin of Montana, in 1917. The first woman to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 was Janet Guthrie in 1977. The first woman to run for President was Victoria Woodhull, on the Equal Rights Party ballot in 1872. The first words that Thomas A. Edison spoke into the phonograph were, "Mary had a little lamb." The first written account of the Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie, was made in 565AD. The first-known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 BC. The first-lady of the U.S. is considered a private citizen. The fist product to have a bar code was Wrigley's gum. The five interlocking Olympic rings are black, blue, red, green, and yellow because at least one of these colors appears on every national flag. The five most frequently used letters in the English alphabet are, in order, E T A I S. The five most populated cities in the world are, in order, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), Mexico City (Mexico), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Seoul (South Korea), and New York (United States). The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in war time. The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in war time. The flavor we think of as bubblegum is a combination of wintergreen, vanilla and cassia, a form of cinnamon. The flea can jump 350 times its body length. It's like a human jumping the length of a football field. The fleshy projection above the bill of a turkey is called a snood. The following is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language: "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick". The football huddle started at Gallaudet University (the world's only accredited four-year liberal arts college for the deaf) in the 19th century when the football team found that opposing teams were reading their signed messages and intercepting their plays. The forth railway bridge is a meter longer in summer than in winter due to thermal expansion. The Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell are the most widely reproduced and distributed paintings in history. The four highest grossing movies of the 1940s were all animated motion pictures by Disney (Bambi, Pinnochio, Fantasia, and Cinderella). The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, named in the Bible's Book of Revelation, are Conquest, Slaughter, Famine, and Death. The Four Horsemen of the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame played together for the last time in 1925, as the Irish downed Stanford in the Rose Bowl, 27-10. The Four Horsemen were Jim Crowley, Elmer Layden, Don Miller and Harry Stuhldreher. The four principal characters from the cartoon series "The Chipmunks" are Alvin, Simon, Theodore, and Dave. The fragrance of flowers is due to the essences of oil which they produce. The French philosopher, Voltaire, reportedly drank fifty cups of coffee a day. The Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, NY opened in 1948 and is the world's largest landfill. It covers 3,000 acres and receives 14,000 tons of garbage a day. It's scheduled to close in 2002. The Fresh Kills Landfill site on Staten Island, New York, opened in 1948, is the world's largest. It covers 3,000 acres and receives up to 14,000 tons of garbage a day. It is scheduled to reach capacity and close by the year 2002. The fruit of the Cacao tree grow directly from the trunk. They look like small melons, and the pulp inside contains 20 to 50 seeds or beans. It takes about 400 beans to make a pound of chocolate. The full name of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin is actually Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly. The full Spanish name of the city of Los Angeles is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles de la Porciuncula." Translated, it means "The town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Little Portion." The fungus called truffles can cost $800 to $1,500 per pound. They are sniffed out by female pigs, which detect a compound that is in the saliva of male pigs as well. The same chemical is found in the sweat of human males. The furthest point from any ocean would be in China. The fuzz on a tennis ball is intentionally included as a way to give the ball some definite action when it hits the court. It also slows the flight of the ball through the air. The game of volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan. The Garfish has green bones. The gases emitted from a banana or an apple can help an orange ripen. (Not sure which fruits are concerned). The gazelle is a kind of antelope. The gender of Reptiles are determined not by the sex genes, but by the temperature in which the egg is incubated. A certain temperature will produce a male and vice versa for a female. The genre of art known as Cubism derived its name from a belittling remark made by Matisse in reference to a Graque painting. Matisse said that the landscape looked as though it were wholly made up of little cubes. The Genus and species of a gorilla are Gorilla gorilla. The geographic center of the United States is Smith County, KS. The geographic center of North America is Pierre County, ND. The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world. The giant squid is the largest creature without a backbone. It weighs up to 2.5 tons and grows up to 55 feet long. Each eye is a foot or more in diameter. The gila monster is the only poisonous lizard in the United States. The giraffe has a black tongue which is 14 inches long. The giraffe has the highest blood pressure of any animal. The giraffe is the only animal born with horns. The glue on Israeli postage is certified kosher. The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher. The Gothic-style Washington National Cathedral contains the remains of the only US president buried in Washington: Woodrow Wilson. William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy are buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, VA. The great Gothic cathedral of Milan was started in 1386, and wasn't completed until 1805. The Great Lakes are Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The Great Lakes are the most important inland waterway in North America. All the lakes, except Lake Michigan, which lies entirely in the United States, are shared by the United States and Canada and form part of the border between these countries. The Great Lakes contain 6 quadrillion gallons of fresh water, one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. The Great Lakes have a combined area of 94,230 square miles larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Vermont combined. The greatest snowfall ever in a single storm was 189 inches at the Mount Shasta Ski Bowl in February, 1959. The Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory in 1582 AD, and was adopted by Great Britain and the English colonies in 1752. The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. The hair of man's beard are about as strong as copper wire of the same dimensions. The hair on a polar bearis not white, but clear. They reflect light, so they appear white. The hamburger was invented in 1900 by Louis Lassen. He ground beef, broiled it, and served it between two pieces of toast. The harmless Whale Shark, holds the title of largest fish, with the record being a 59 footer captured in Thailand in 1919. The Hawaiian alphabet has only 12 letters. The heart of a blue whale is the size of a small car. The tongue of a blue whale is as long as an elephant. The heart of an astronaut actually gets smaller when in outer space. The heavy tea tax imposed on the colonies in 1773, which caused the "Boston Tea Party," resulted in America switching from tea to coffee. Drinking coffee was an expression of freedom. The height of the Eiffel Tower in France varies , depending on the temperature, by as much as 6 inches. The herring is the most widely eaten fish in the world. Nutritionally its fuel value is that equal to that of a beefsteak. The high jump method of jumping head first and landing on the back is called the Fosbury Flop. The high level of unemployment in Canada makes it one of the least popular destinations for illegal immigrants. The highest man-made temperature 70 million degrees Celsius was generated at Princeton University in a fusion-power experiment. The highest point of the earth, with an elevation of 29,141 feet, is the top of Mt. Everest in Tibet. The highest recorded temperature in the US was 134 Fahrenheit in Death Valley, California. The highest temperature ever recorded in the continental US was 134 degrees on July 10, 1913 in Death Valley, California. The highest temperature ever recorded in the world was 136.4 degrees Fahrenheit at El Azizia, Lybia, on September 13, 1922. The highest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls in Venezuela, has a total drop of 3,121 feet. The Himalayas are the fastest growing mountains in the world. Already the tallest, the mountain range is growing at a rate of about a half an inch each year. The Hindu holy day begins at sunrise, the Jewish holy day begins at sunset, and the Christian holy day begins at midnight. The Hollywood sign was first erected in 1923. Conceived as a real estate ad, it originally read Hollywoodland. The sign stands 50 feet tall, stretches 450 feet across, weighs 450,000 pounds. The homan mouth contains more bacteria than any other orifice in the body. The Honda Accord has the highest stolen rate in the US according to NCIB. The honeybee kills more people world-wide than all the poisonous snakes combined. The Hoover Dam was built to last 2,000 years. The concrete in it will not even be fully cured for another 500 years. The horned owl is the only animal stupid enough to attack a skunk. The horse shoe crab has blue blood which can be used to kill bacteria The hottest chile in the world is the habanero. The House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, won England's 'War of the Roses.' The 'huddle' in football was formed due to a deaf football player who used sign language to communicate and his team didn't want the opposition to see the signals he used and in turn huddled around him. The human body contains enough phosphorus to make the heads of 200 matches, enough fat for seven bars of soap, and enough iron to make one nail. The human body has enough fat to produce 7 bars of soap. The human body has over 45 miles of nerves. The human body has over 600 muscles, 40% of the body's weight. The human brain is about 85% water. The human eyes can distinguish about 17,000 different colors. The human head weighs 7 pounds. The human heart creates enough pressure in the bloodstream to squirt blood 30 feet. The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30ft. The human heart pumps 1.5 million gallons of blood a year. The hummingbird is the only bird that can hover and fly straight up, down, or backward! The hummingbird, the loon, the swift, the kingfisher, and the grebe are all birds that cannot walk. The Hundred Year War actually lasted 116 years (1337 to 1453). The ice cream soda was invented in 1874 by Robert Green. He was serving a mixture of syrup, sweet cream and carbonated water at a celebration in Philadelphia. He ran out of cream and substituted ice cream. The idiom "pillar of salt" means to have a stroke, or to become paralyzed and dead. The Iditarod Dogsled Race got its name from Iditarod, a small mining village along the race's route. The race commemorates an emergency operation in 1925 to get medical supplies to Nome, Alaska following a diphtheria epidemic. The Imperial torte, a square chocolate cake with five thin layers of almond paste, was created by a master pastry chef at the court of Emperor Franz Joseph (1830 1916). The infamous "Red Baron" was German World War I pilot Manfred von Richthofen. The infinite sign is called a lemniscate. The International Space Station weighs about 500 tons and is the same size as a football field. The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is 672. The internet is NOT FREE, a group of companies actually own the internet. The Jazz Singer, 1927, was the first movie with audible dialogue. The Jordanian city Amman was once called Philadelphia. The Kama Sutra was written by Mallanga Vatsyayana, who was rumored to be celibate. The kangaroo and the emu are shown supporting the shield on Australia's coat of arms. The kangaroo rat can cover ground at a rate of 17 feet per second. It can leap as much as 18 inches straight up and can switch directions at the peak of its jump. The katydid bug hears through holes in its hind legs. The kilt was invented by a English gentleman who came to Scotland to open a factory because he got tired of his Scottish workers showing up in a long tunic with a belt (they couldn't afford pants). Rather than raise wages so they could afford pants he invented the kilt which is just a lot of fabric and they could afford that. The kilt did not become a symbol of clan pride until the English banned the kilt in Scotland. Then it became part of national pride to wear the newly invented clan plaids. The king of hearts is the only king without a moustache. The kiss that is given by the bride to the groom at the end of the wedding ceremony originates from the earliest times when the couple would actually make love for the first time under the eyes of half the village! The kissing under the missletoe tradition originated from the Druids. The kiwi has nostrils near the tip of its bill that allows it to sniff the ground for food. The Kiwi, national bird of New Zealand, can't fly. It lives in a hole in the ground, is almost blind, and lays only one egg each year. Despite this, it has survived for more than 70 million years. The Kwoma of New Guinea consider it proper for the girl to make sexual advances rather than the boy in order to help the men avoid upsetting the girl's parents. The largest amount of money you can have without having change for a dollar is $1.19 (3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies cannot be divided into a dollar). The largest antique ever sold is the London Bridge. It was sold and moved Lake Havasu City, AZ in 1971. The largest baseball card collection, 200,000 cards, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The largest bell in the world is the Tsar Kolokol in the Kremlin in Moscow. It's 20' 2" high and 21' 8" in diameter. Cast in 1735, it weighs 222.56 tons and has never been wrung...it cracked before it was installed. The largest bird egg in the world today is that of the ostrich. Ostrich eggs are from 6 to 8 inches long. Because of their size and the thickness of their shells, they take 40 minutes to hard-boil. The largest body of fresh water in the world is Lake Superior. The largest cell in the human body is the female ovum, or egg cell. It is about 1/180 inch in diameter. The smallest cell in the human body is the male sperm. It takes about 175,000 sperm cells to weigh as much as a single egg cell. The largest cell in the human body is the female reproductive cell, the ovum. The smallest is the male sperm. The largest cockroach on record is one measured at 3.81 inches in length. The largest coffee importer center in the U.S. is located in the city of New Orleans, LA. The largest desert in the world, the Sahara, is 3,500,000 square miles. The largest gold nugget ever found weighed 172 lbs., 13 oz. The largest Great White Shark ever caught measured 37 feet and weighed 24,000 pounds. It was found in a herring weir in New Brunswick in 1930. The largest hailstone ever recorded was 17.5 inches in diameter bigger than a basketball. The largest human organ is the liver, which weighs about 55 ounces in a person weighing 150 pounds. By some definitions, the skin is an organ, in which case skin would be the largest organ at 384 ounces. The largest human organ is the skin, with a surface area of about 25 square feet. The largest insect egg belongs to the Malaysian jungle nymph, a sticklike insect, and measures about 1.3 centimeters long larger than a peanut! (Some insects, mainly mantises and cockroaches, lay egg cases that are larger, but they contain about 200 individual eggs.) The largest item on any menu in the world is probably the roast camel, sometimes served at Bedouin wedding feasts. The camel is stuffed with a sheep's carcass, which is stuffed with chickens, which are stuffed with fish, which are stuffed with eggs. The largest living organism ever found is a honey mushroom, Armillaria ostoyae. It covers 3.4 square miles of land in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, and it's still growing. The largest movie theater in the world, Radio City Music Hall in New York City, opened in December, 1932. It originally had 5,945 seats. The largest painting in the world is The Battle of Gettysburg, painted in 1883 by Paul Philippoteaux and sixteen of his assistants. The painting took two and a half years to create and is 410 feet long, 70 feet high, and weighs 11,792 pounds. The largest pig on record was a Poland-China hog named Big Bill, who weighed 2,552 lbs. The largest sculpture ever made are the faces of Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson and Roosevelt on Mt. Rushmore. The largest ship in the world is the French oil tanker that is nearly 415 mts. long, almost as long as Sydney harbour bridge. The largest single flower is the Rafflesia or "corpse flower". They are generally 3 feet in diameter with the record being 42 inches. The largest single-ticket jackpot winner in history is Jack Whittaker Jr. of West Virginia. In December 2002 he had the sole winning ticket for a $314.9 million jackpot in the U.S. Powerball lottery. The largest stained-glass window in the world is at Kennedy International Airport in New York City. It can be seen on the American Airlines terminal building and measures 300 feet long by 23 feet high The largest stained-glass window in the world is at Kennedy International Airport in New York City. It can be found in the American Airlines terminal building and measures 300 feet long by 23 feet high. The largest US city in area is Juneau, Alaska, which covers 3,108 square miles. Los Angeles covers only 458.2 square miles. The last member of the famous Bonaparte family, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, died in 1945, of injuries sustained from tripping over his dog's leash. The last thing to happen is the ultimate. The next-to-last is the penultimate, and the second-to-last is the antepenultimate. The lead in a normal pencil would draw a line of 35 miles. The leading cause of deaths for children between the ages of 1 and 4 are motor vehicle crashes. The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built on the site of a river estuary. The land under the town has several layers of silt and soft clay. The 15,000-ton tower tilts to the south because the subsoil is too unstable. The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart. The left side of your brain controls the right side of your body and vice versa. The left testicle usually hangs lower than the right for right-handed men. The opposite is true for lefties. The lemur of Madagascar is one of very few of the human species' ancestors that has survived unchanged down the long corridors of evolution. Having developed after the first primates, it is classified as a prosimian, meaning "before monkey," and is one of the ancestors common to both monkeys and men. The letter "I" is used exactly 109 times in Act IV of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The letter "W" is the only letter in the alphabet that doesn't have just one syllable - it has three. The letter J does not appear ANYWHERE in the periodic table of elements. The letter most in use in the English language is "E" and the letter "Q" is least used. The letters in the abbreviation e.g. stand for exempli gratia - a Latin term meaning "for example." The Library of Congress has approx. 327 miles of bookshelves. The lie detector was invented by John Augustus Larson in 1921. The light from your computer screen streams at you at almost 186,000 miles per second. The lights of Las Vegas at night can be seen from outer space. The linen bandages that were used to wrap Egyptian mummies averaged 1,000 yards in length. The liquid inside coconuts can be used as blood plasma substitutes! The little bags of netting for gas lanterns (called 'mantles') are radioactive, so much so that they will set off an alarm at a nuclear reactor. The little lump of flesh just forward of your ear canal, right next to your temple, is called a tragus. The little overhang of bone and feathers over an eagle's eye is there to protect the sensitive eyeball from the mountain and desert sun. It's not meant to make the bird look fierce. The Lone Ranger's "real" name is John Reid. The longest movie ever screened was a 1970 British film that lasted 48 hours, 0 minutes. Believe it or not, its name is The Longest and Most Meaningless Movie in the World. The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius. This narrow muscle of the thigh passes obliquely across the front of the thigh and helps rotate the leg to the position assumed in sitting cross-legged. Its name is a derivation of the adjective "sartorial," a reference to what was the traditional cross-legged position of tailors (or "sartors") at work. The longest name in the Bible Mahershalalbaz (Isaiah 8:1). The longest one syllable word in he English language is "screeched". The longest Oscar acceptance speech was made by Greer Garson for 1924's "Mrs. Miniver." It took an hour. The longest place-name still in use is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiw en uaitnatahu, a New Zealand hill. The longest railway in the world is the Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad, built 1891-1916, a network of railways connecting European Russia with Russian Far East provinces. It is 9,288.2 kilometres (5,787 miles) long and spans 8 time zones. The longest recorded flight of a chicken is 13 seconds! The longest recorded gloved boxing match took place in 1893. Andy Bowen and Jack Burke fought for more than 7 hours. After 110 rounds, the fight was declared a draw because both Bowen and Burke were too exhausted to continue. The longest reign in the history of the world was that of Pepi II of the sixth Egyptian dynasty. He ruled from the age of 6 until his death at age 94. The longest reigning monarch in history was Pepi II, who ruled Egypt for 90 years; 2566 to 2476 BC. The second longest was France's Louis XIV, who ruled for 72 years, 1643 to 1715. The longest river in the world, the Nile, is 4,145 miles long. The longest single-word name of a place on Earth is: Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipuakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu. This place is a Moari name for a hill in New Zealand and consists of 85 letters. By the way, the name means "The place where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as land-eater, played on the flute to his loved one." The longest war between two nations in history, The Hundred Years War between England and France, really lasted for 115 years(1338-1453). The longest word in the dictionary with only one vowel is "STRENGTHS." The longest word in the English language is 1909 letters long and it refers to a distinct part of DNA. The longest word in the english language is pneaumonaultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis...It's a lung disease contracted from breathing in too much volcanic dust settlement. The longest word in the English language, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. The only other word with the same amount of letters ispneumonoultra-microscopicsilicovolcanoconioses, its plural. The longest word in the Finnish language, that isn't a compound word, is 'epaejaerjestelmaellistyttaemaettoemyydellaensaekaeaen'. In English it means 'even with their lack of ability to disorganize'. The longest word that can be typed on the top row of letters on a "Qwerty" keyboard is TYPEWRITER. The Looney Tunes song is actually called "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down." The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away. The lowest point that a person can reach on Earth, outside of riding a submarine or going down a mine shaft, is where the Jordan River enters the Dead Sea. It's 1,290 feet below sea level. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the world was 129 degrees below 0 at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983. The lowest valued note in the world is the Hong Kong 1 cent note of which The magician's words "hocus-pocus" were taken from the name of a mythological sorcerer, Ochus Bochus, who appeared in Norse folktales and legends. The magnetic North Pole shifts by about 7 meters a day. The magnolia tree is named after Pierre Magnol, a French scientist. The Mai Tai cocktail was created in 1945 by Victor Bergeron, the genius of rum, also known as Trader Vic. The drink got its name when he served it to two friends from Tahiti, who exclaimed "Maitai roa ae!," which in Tahitian means "Out of this world the best!" The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). The membranes of certain nerve cells in the brain contain protein receptors that bind to THC. Once securely in place, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana The Main Library at Indiana University sinks over an inch every year because when it was built, the engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. The main road in Hershey, PA (where Hershey's candy bars are made) is Chocolate Avenue. The major side effects from abusing anabolic steroids can include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in LDL (bad cholesterol), and decreases in HDL (good cholesterol). Other side effects include kidney tumors, severe acne, and trembling. The male gypsy moth can "smell" the virgin female gypsy moth from 1.8 miles away. The male penguin incubates the single egg laid by his mate. During the two month period he does not eat, and will lose up to 40% of his body weight. The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the males head off. The male scorpion fly gets other males to bring him food by imitating a female fly. The male seahorse carries the eggs until they hatch instead of the female. The man who commissioned the Mona Lisa refused it. The Manta Ray is the largest of all fish. The mask used by Michael Myers in the original "Halloween" was actually a Captain Kirk mask painted white, due to low budget. The maximum length allowed for a baseball bat in the major leagues is 42 inches. The melting point of cocoa butter is just below the human body temperature -which is why it literally melts in your mouth. The Mesopotamians were the first people to keep records of lunar eclipses. The earliest records show that they started sometime around 2200 B.C. The metal instrument used in shoe stores to measure feet is called the Brannock device. The metric system was to blame for the loss of the Mars Climate orbiter. The Michelin man is known as Mr. Bib. His name was Bibendum in the company's first ads in 1896. The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket. The military salute originated during the medieval times. Knights in armor used to raise their visors to reveal their identity, and the motion later evolved into the modern-day salute. The Mills Brothers have recorded the most songs of any artist: about 2,250. The minarets ofthe Taj Mahal in India are angled at 88 degrees outwards so that they would not collapse into the structure should an earthquake occur The minimum number of darts that need to be thrown to complete a single in, double out game of 501 is nine. The Miss America Contest was created in Atlantic City in 1921 with the purpose of extending the tourist season beyond Labor Day. The model of King Kong used in the original movie was only 18 inches tall. The modern Olympic Games were held in the first time in 1896 at Athens and were then followed by the 1900 Paris games. The winter games were added in 1924. The mola mola or ocean sunfish lays up to 5,000,000 eggs at one time. The Mona Lisa, by daVinci, is 2'6" by 1'9". The Mona-Lisa, now hanging in the Louvre museum in Paris, is valued today at $100,000,000. The monastic hours are matins, lauds, prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers and compline. The Montreal Canadians of the mid-1950s are the only team to win five straight Stanley Cup championships. The Monty Python movie "The Life of Brian" was banned in Scotland. The moon actually has mirrors on it. They were left there by astronauts who wanted to bounce laser beams off them, so that the distance to the moon can be measured. The most abundant metal in the Earth's crust is aluminum. The most collect calls are made on father's day. The most common blood type in the world is Type O. The rarest, Type A-H, has been found in less than a dozen people since the type was discovered. The most common disease in the world is tooth - decay. The most common injury in bowling is a sore thumb. The most common street name in the United States is Second Street. First Street isn't first because many times the designation is replaced with the name Main Street. The most expensive book or manuscript ever sold at an auction was The Codex Hammer, a notebook belonging to Leonardo da Vinci. It sold for $30.8 million. The most expensive movie memorabilia ever sold at an auction was Clark Gable's Academy Award for It Happened One Night. It sold for $607,500 on December 15, 1996. The most expensive painting ever sold at auction was Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh. On May 15, 1990, Ryoei Saito paid $75 million for it. He followed up that spending spree by paying the second-highest price ever, $71 million for Au Moulin de la Galette by Pierre Auguste Renoir, just two days later. The most frequently seen birds at feeders across North America last winter were the Dark-eyed Junco, House Finch and American goldfinch, along with downy woodpeckers, blue jays, mourning doves, black-capped chickadees, house sparrows, northern cardinals and european starlings. The most searched thing on yahoo.com every year is porn. The most snow accumulation in a one-day period was 75.8 inches at Silver Lake, Colorado, in April 1921. The most successful X-rated movie of all time is Deep Throat. It cost less than $50,000 to make it and has earned more than $100 million. The most used line in the movies is "Lets get out of here." The most widely accepted legend associated to the discovery of coffee is of the goatherder named Kaldi of Ethiopia. Around the year 800-850 A.D., Kaldi was amazed as he noticed his goats behaving in a frisky manner after eating the leaves and berries of a coffee shrub. And, of course, he had to try them! The most widely culticated fruit in the world is the Apple.The second is the Pear. The motto for the Olympic Games is Citius Altius Fortius. Translated, it means Faster Higher Stronger. The mouse is the most common mammal in the US. The movie As Good As It Gets is called Mr. Cat Poop in China. The movie Quo Vadis had 30,000 extras. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City hung Matisse's 'Le Bateau' upside-down for 47 days before an art student noticed the error. The muzzle of a lion is like a fingerprint no two lions have the same pattern of whiskers. The nail of our middle finger grows the fastest and the nail of our thumb grows slowest. The name "Uncle Sam" for the U.S. came from a person known as Uncle Sam Wilson of Troy, NY, who supplied food for the U.S. army in the war of 1812. The name Coca-Cola in China was first rendered as 'Ke-kou-ke-la.' Unfortunately, the Company did not discover until after thousands of signs had been printed that the phrase means 'bite the wax tadpole' or 'female horse stuffed with wax' depending on the dialect. Coke then researched Chinese characters and found a close phonetic equivalent, 'ko-kou-ko-le,' which can be loosely translated as 'happiness in the mouth.' The name for Oz in the Wizard of Oz was thought up when the creator Frank Baum looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N and O-Z. The name for the middle part of the nose (the part that separates the nostrils) is called a chaffanue The name 'Intel' stems from the company's former name, 'Integrated Electronics'. The name of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. The name of the dog from "The Grinch Who Stole Christmas" is Max. The name of the dog on the Cracker Jack box is Bingo. The name of the first airplane flown at Kitty Hawk by the Wright Brothers, on December 17, 1903, was Bird of Prey. The name of the Russian space station, Mir, means "peace." The name Santa Claus is a corruption of the Dutch dialect name for Saint Nicholas Sint Klass. The name Wendy was made up for the book "Peter Pan". There was never a recorded Wendy before. The name Wendy was made up for the book 'Peter Pan'. It came from the author's friends, whom he called his "fwendy" (friend) The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan. There was never a recorded Wendy before it. The nation of Monaco on the French Riviera, is smaller than Central Park in New York. Monaco is 370 acres and Central Park is 840 acres. The national anthem of Greece has 158 verses. The national dish of Scotland, haggis, is made of the heart, liver, lungs and small intestines of a calf. It's then boiled in the stomach of the animal, and seasoned with salt, pepper and onions. Oh, and don't forget to add the suet and oatmeal. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced in 1978 that it would alternate men's and women's names in the naming of hurricanes. It was seen as an attempt at fair play. Hurricanes had been named for women for years, until NOAA succumbed to pressure from women's groups who were demanding that Atlantic storms be given unisex names. The national sport of Nauru, a small Pacific island, is lassoing flying birds. The Navy SEALs were formed in 1962. The Neanderthal's brain was bigger than yours is. The nearest relative of the hippopotamus is the common pig. The Netherlands is the lowest country in the world. An estimated 40% of its land is below sea level. The New York City Chamber of Commerce is the oldest chamber of commerce in the United States. King George III granted a royal charter for it in 1770. The New York phone book had 22 Hitlers listed before World War II ... and none after. The New York Yankees have won the most champoinships (26 times) in their respected sport (MLB, NBA, NHL, NFL) for any professional sports team. The Nile catfish swim upside down. The number 111,111,111 multiplied by itself will result in the number 12,345,678,987,654,321. The number 2,520 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 without having a fractional leftover. The number 37 will wholly divide (no decimals) into 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, and 999. The number of atoms in a pound of iron is nearly five trillion trillion: 4,891,500,000,000,000,000,000,000. The number of cricket chirps you count in a fifteen-second span, plus 37, will tell you the approximate current air temperature. The number of possible ways of playing just the first four moves on each side in a game of chess is 318,979,564,000. The number of times a drowning person will rise to the surface depends on how much air is in his lungs. He could rise once, twice, or five times. Or not at all. Obese people will stay afloat longer than skinny people because fat contains air molecules. The number of triplets born in the US in 1994 (4,594) was more than triple the number born in 1971 (1,034), an increase attributed to older age of the mothers and the use of fertility-enhancing drugs and techniques. The number of VCRs in the United States grew from 52,565,000 in 1987 to 86,825,000 in 1997, a 39.5% increase. The numbers "172" can be found on the back of a US $5 bill, in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln memorial. The numbers 111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 999 are all multiples of 37. The numbers on opposite sides of a die always add up to seven. The nursery rhyme Ring Around the Rosy is a rhyme about the plague. Infected people with the plague would get red circular sores ("Ring around the rosy..."), these sores would smell very badly so common folks would put flowers on their bodies somewhere (inconspicuously), so that it would cover the smell of the sores ("...a pocket full of posies..."), People who died from the plague would be burned so as to reduce the possible spread of the disease ("...ashes, ashes, we all fall down!") The Oblivion ride at Alton Towers has a G-force of 5. Thats higher than the G-force of an average NASA take-off! The occupations of the three men in a tub were butcher, baker, and candlestick maker. The odds against a royal flush in poker are exactly 649,739 to 1. The odds of being born male are about 51.2%, according to census. The official definition of a desert is any land that where more water evaporates than is acquired through precipitation. The official name of the St. Louis Gateway Arch is "The Jefferson National Expansion Monument." The Gateway Arch looks taller than it is wider, but it is exactly 630 feet by 630 feet. The official sport for the State of Maryland is jousting. The official state song of Georgia since 1922 has been "Georgia on My Mind". The Ohio river forms at the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela. The oiuja board was invented by Isaac and William Fuld, and was patented July 1, 1892. The oldest "cricket" match was played between the USA and Canada in 1844. The oldest continuous comic strip still in existence is The Katzenjammer Kids. It first appeared in newspapers in 1897. The oldest exposed surface on earth is New Zealand's south island. The oldest goldfish lived for 14,795 days. The oldest living thing in existence is not a giant redwood, but a bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California, dated to be aged 4,600 years old. The oldest man-made building of any kind still existing is the central edifice of the 4,600-year-old mastaba (a tomb for kings) built at Sakkara, Egypt. It was created to honor King Zoser, the first ruler of the Third Dynasty. The oldest musical instrument is probably the flute. It's been discovered that primitive cave dwellers made an instrument from bamboo or some other small hollow wood. The oldest person to live was Jeanne Louise Calment, she lived for a whopping 122 years until she died of smoking related complications. Don't Smoke! The oldest recorded document on paper made from fibrous material was a deed of King Roger of Sicily, in the year 1102. The oldest tennis court in the world is the one built at Hampton Court in 1530 for Henry VIII. The oldest works of art are pictures of animals found in caves in Spain and France. They have been dates as far back as 18,000 years ago. The olive branch in the eagle's right talon has 13 leaves. The Olympic Games were held in St. Louis, MO. In 1904, the first time that the games were held in the United States. The Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic, and she provided twenty-five years of service. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is "uncopyrightable"! The only animals that can naturally sleep on their backs are humans. No other animal actually does--apes usually sleep sitting up and leaning on something. The only big cat that doesn't roar is a Jaguar The only bird that can fly backwards is the hummingbird. The only bird that cannot fly is the penguin The only bone in the human body not connected to another is the hyoid, a V-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue between the mandible and the voice box. Its function is to support the tongue and its muscles. The only bone not broken so far during any ski accident is one located in the inner ear. The only continent without reptiles or snakes is Antarctica. The only countries in the world with one syllable in their names are Chad, France, Greece, and Spain. The only difference between brown eyes and every other colored eyes is that brown eyes have more pigment. The only dog to ever appear in a Shakespearean play was Crab in The Two Gentlemen of Verona The only domestic animal not mentioned in the Bible is the cat. The only father and son to hit back-to-back home runs in a major league baseball game: Ken Griffey, Jr., and his father, Ken Griffey, Sr., both of the Seattle Mariners in a game against the California Angels on September 14th, 1990. The only food cockroaches won't eat are cucumbers. The only jointless bone in your body is the hyoid bone in your throat The only loss Packers' coach Vince Lombardi ever suffered in the postseason was to the Philadelphia Eagles, 17-13, in the 1960 NFL championship game. The only member of the British House of Commons who is not allowed to speak is the man called the Speaker of the House. The only MLB team to have both its city's name and its team name in a foreign language is the San Diego Padres. The only one of his sculptures that Michelangelo signed was the "The Pieta," completed in 1500. The only painting by Leonardo da Vinci on permanent display in the United States hangs in the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. It's a portrait of Ginevra di Benci, the wife of a politician in Florence. The only president buried in Washington, D.C. proper: Woodrow Wilson, who was laid to rest in the National Cathedral. The only president buried on the grounds of a state capitol: James Polk in Nashville, Tenn. The only President in office to weigh less than 100 pounds was James Madison. The only President to be head of a labor union was Ronald Reagan. The only presidents buried together: John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams are in a basement crypt in Quincy, Mass. The only real person to be a PEZ head was Betsy Ross. The only repealed amendment to the US Constitution deals with the prohibition of alcohol. The only rock that floats in water is pumice. The only state allowed to fly its flag at the same height as the U.S. flag is Texas. The only three non-Presidents pictured on U.S. paper money are: Alexander Hamilton on the $10 bill, Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill, and Salmon Chase on the $10,000 bill. The only time the human population declined was in the years following 1347, the start of the epidemic of the plague 'Black Death' in Europe. The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sports games (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after the Major League all-stars Game The only U.S. president to be born on the fourth of July was Calvin Coolidge. The only way a cow can clean out its nose is to lick the gooie substance called BOOGERS out with its tongue...YUCK!! The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to seven. The Oprah Winfrey Show started out as a local morning talk show called A.M. Chicago. The name was changed in September 1985 after Winfrey beat Donahue in the Chicago ratings. The show was expanded from a half and to an hour and went nationwide a year later. The orgasms of common, barnyard pigs can last up to thirty minutes! The origin of bananas is traced back to the Malaysian jungles of Southeast Asia, where so many varieties and names for the banana are in that area. The origin of right-handed buttons on men's shirts stems from battles where they wore armor. With most men being right handed the armor needed to overlap so that a sword could not enter through the gap during a right-handed blow from an adversary. The original American Express card was purple. The original coke contained cocaine and was labeled as a "cure all miracle drug". It became the popular soda when it carbonated water was accidentally added to it. The cocaine, however, was later removed when people began to become addicted. The original name for basketball, as invented by Dr. James Naismith, was indoor rugby. It was one of the game's first players that started calling it basketball because of the peach baskets that acted as the original goals. The original name for butterfly was flutterby. The original name of Los Angeles was El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles del rio Porciuncula, translating into:The Village of our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciuncula River. The original purpose of a coffin was not to protect the body from prowling animals or grave robbers. It was invented to keep the dearly departed from coming back to haunt survivors. The original purpose of the coffin was to prevent the dearly departed from coming back and haunting the survivors. The original story from Tales of 1001 Arabian Nights begins, "Aladdin was a little Chinese boy." The original Volkswagen Bug Has Finally Stopped Production. The last one rolled out in brazil on July 31st 2003. The car introduced in 1946. 57 years in production. The fact is that there were more classic vw bugs produced then any other car ever. about 400 million to be exact. wow. The origional Coca cola was so named because it did, in fact, contain cocaine. Today, however, the coke cans labeled "original" do not contain any cocaine. The Oscar award got its name from an actress who mentioned it looks like her uncle Oscar. The Oscar statuette was designed by MGM's art director, Cedric Gibbons, in 1928. The design has remained unchanged, except for getting a higher pedestal in the 1940's. The Ostrich people in Africa are a group of people who have only 2 toes due to inbreeding The Ouija board got its name from the combination of the French and German words for "yes" oui and ja. The owner of every hotel in Hastings, Nebraska, is required to provide each guest with a clean and pressed nightshirt. No couple, even if they are married, may sleep together in the nude. Nor may they have sex unless they are wearing one of these clean, white cotton nightshirts. The Pacific Giant Octopus, the largest octopus in the world, grows from the size of pea to a 150 pound behemoth potentially 30 feet across in only two years, its entire life-span. The Pacific Ocean at the Isthmus of Panama is often 20 feet higher than the Atlantic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean fills nearly a complete hemisphere of the earth's surface. The Pacific Ocean holds 46% of the world's water. The rest is divided up as followed: Atlantic Ocean - 23.9%, Indian Ocean - 20.3%, and the Arctic Ocean - 3.7%. The Pacific Ocean was named by Magellen because it was calmer than the Atlantic The painting, "American Gothic" depicts the sister and the dentist of artist Grant Wood as rural farm folk. The Pantheon is the largest building from ancient Rome that survives intact. The past-tense of the English word "dare" is "durst". The patron saint of dentists is St. Apollonia. She reportedly had her teeth pulled out in 249 AD by an anti-Christian mob. The peace symbol was created in 1958 as a nuclear disarmament symbol by the Direct Action Committee, and was first shown that year at peace marches in England. The symbol is a composite of the semaphore signals N and D, representing nuclear disarmament. The penalty for killing a cat, 4,000 years ago in Egypt, was death. The penguin is the only bird that can't fly but can swim. The Pentagon in Arlington Virginia has twice as many bathrooms as is necessary. When it was built in the 1940s the state of Virginia still had segregation laws requiring separate toilet facilities for blacks and whites. The period at the end of this sentence can hold 2,000,000 hydrogen atoms. The period between midnight and dawn is the best time to look for shooting stars. On a normal night you can see between five and ten an hour. In a desert, you can see one every eight minutes. The permanent teeth that erupt to replace their primary predecessors (baby teeth) are called succedaneous teeth. The Philippines consist of 2,100 islands. The Philippines has more than 1,000 regional dialects and two official languages. The phone number of the white house is: (202) 456-1414. The phrase "raining cats and dogs" originated in 17th Century England. During heavy downpours of rain, many of these poor animals unfortunately drowned and their bodies would be seen floating in the rain torrents that raced through the streets. The situation gave the appearance that it had literally rained "cats and dogs" and led to the current expression. The phrase "raining cats and dogs" originated in 17th Century England. During heavy downpours of rain, many of these poor animals unfortunately drowned and their bodies would be seen floating in the rain torrents that raced through the streets. The situation gave the appearance that it had literally rained "cats and dogs" and led to the current expression. The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb. The phrase "sleep tight" originated when mattresses were set upon ropes woven through the bed frame. To remedy sagging ropes, one would use a bed key to tighten the rope. The phrase 'going bananas' was first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, and is linked to the fruit's 'comic' connections with monkeys. The pigmy shrew a relative of the mole is the smallest mammal in North America. It weighs 1/14 ounce less than a dime. The Pillsbury Bake-off has been held every year since 1948. The pineapple was symbol of welcome in the 1700-1800's. That is why in New England you will see so many pineapples on door knockers. An arch in Providence RI leading into the Federal Hill neighborhood has a pineapple on it for that very reason. Pineapples were brought home by seafarers as gifts. The placement of a donkey's eyes in its' head enables it to see all four feet at one time. The plant life in the oceans make up about 85 percent of all the greenery on the Earth. The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets. The platypus and echidna are the only mammals that hatch from eggs. Both live in Australia. The play Chantecler, written by French playwright Edmond Rostand, features a rooster as the major character. The poison arrow frog has enough poison to kill about 2,200 people. The poisonous copperhead smells like fresh cut cucumbers. The poisonous copperhead snake smells like fresh cut cucumbers. The pop you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually a bubble of gas burning. The popular name for the giant sequoia tree is Redwood. The population of the American colonies in 1610 was 350. The position of a donkey's eyeballs allow them to see all four of their feet The pound cake got its name from the pound of butter it contained. The pound sign is called a 'octothorp.' The praying mantis is the only insect that can turn its head. The precise geographical center of the North American continent is in a town called Rugby, North Dakota. The principality of Monaco consists of only 370 acres. The Professor on "Gilligan's Island" was named Roy Hinkley. The Skipper was named Jonas Grumby. Both names were used only once in the entire series, on the first episode. The Professor's real name was Roy Hinkley, Mary Ann's last name was Summers and Mrs. Howell's maiden name was Wentworth. The Prudential Life Insurance Company in USA stopped using their slogan "Own A Piece Of The Rock" after Rock Hudson died of AIDS and many jokes where made about him and the slogan. The Puritans had such an obsessive fear of masturbation that almost any means were used to curtail the practice. For instance, some doctors recommended covering the penis with plaster of Paris. The queen of England does not have the right to vote in any British election. The queen of England has two birthdays. The Queen termite can live up to 50 years and have 30,000 children every day. The raised reflective dots in the middle of highways are called Botts The Ramses brand condom is named after the great phaoroh Ramses II who fathered over 160 children. The rapid rate of expansion of gas is what gives steam its power. One volume of water, at normal atmospheric pressure and at the boiling point, yields 1,670 volume of steam. The reason firehouses have circular stairways is from the days of yore when the engines were pulled by horses. The horses were stabled on the ground floor and figured out how to walk up straight staircases. The reason most mosquito bites itch is because mosquitoes inject saliva into the persons skin before they suck your blood. They take it out once they are done, but if they are forced to fly away, they don't get a chance to draw the saliva out. And it is their saliva that causes the itch. The reason why the very beginning of The Wizard of Oz is black and white, is because color was not available at that point. When color was available, the writers decided to start using it in Munchkinland. The record for the biggest one day rainfall was set on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, on March 15, 1952, where 74 inches of rain fell in 24 hours. The record for the most weddings is held by King Mogul of Siam, who had 9000 weddings and 9000 wives. The red capes used to taunt bulls in bullfights is the same shade of red as the bull's blood. That way you can't tell it is covered with the bull's blood by the end of the fight. Fight spectators like bullfighting, but not blood.` The red kangaroo of Australia can jump 27 feet in one bound. The red sea is not red. The red spot on the 7up cans comes from it's inventor. He was an albino (albinos have red eyes). The regular garden variety caterpillar has 248 muscles in its head. The Republic of Israel was established April 23, 1948. The revolving door was invented August 7, 1888, by Theophilus Van Kannel, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Ribbon worm will start eating itself to avoid starvation The ridges on the sides of coins are called reeding or milling. The right lung is slightly larger than the left The right side of a boat was called the starboard side due to the fact that the astronavigators used to stand out on the plank (which was on the right side) to get an unobstructed view of the stars. The left side was called the port side because that was the side that you put in on at the port. The river Danube empties into the Black Sea. The Romans defeated Hannibal's elephants after they found that the elephants were afraid of the smell of horse blood. On the battlefield they slit the throats of their own horses in order to cause the enemy's mounts to panic. The Romans made condoms from the muscle tissue of warriors they defeated in battle. The rose family of plants, in addition to flowers, gives us apples, pears, plums, cherries, almonds, peaches and apricots. The rosy periwinkle plant, found in Madagascar, is used to cure leukemia. The rumble that is created when a Harley's engine runs has been patented by the company The Russian Imperial Necklace has been loaned out by Joseff jewelers of Hollywood for 1,215 different feature films. The S in Harry S Truman stands for nothing. The safety pin was patented in 1849 by Walter Hunt. He sold the patent rights for $400. The Sahara Desert expands at a rate of about 1 km each month. The Sahara desert is larger as Europe and large then the combined areas of next largest 9 deserts. The Sahara Desert is over twice as big as the second largest desert in the world, The Australian Desert. The Sahara is 3.5 million square miles compared to the 1.47 million square miles of the Australian. This is "true" in the generic sense of the Autralian Desert. There is no Australian Desert. It is divided into many different deserts. What would be true would be to say the Sahara is bigger than the desert space in Australia (which is A LOT not sure how much as a percentage of the total land mass of australia). The sailfish can swim faster than a horse can gallop. The saluki is the oldest known breed of domesticated dog. Carvings of animals resembling the saluki have been found in excavations of the Sumerian Empire. They are believed to have originated from between 6,000 and 7,000 B.C. The salute of uniform bodies (eg. army, police) originated from knights who lifted their visors to show their face to a royalty. The same material that is used to make bulletproof glass is also used in Tupperware's Rock 'n Serve containers. The container, however, is not entirely bulletproof. Due to the lifetime warrantee on Tupperware products, the company will replace it for FREE! (Just in case you're in quick need of a shield and a Rock 'n Serve is the only thing handy) The San Diego Zoo in California has the largest collection of animals in the world. The sandwich is named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), for whom sandwiches were made so that he could stay at the gambling table without interruptions for meals. The Santa Maria was the only one of Columbus's ships not to return to Spain. It hit a reef on December 5, 1492 and sank. The saying 'once in a blue moon ' refers to the occurrence of two full moons during one calendar month. The last two occurred in January & March 1999. The next one isn't until the end of 2001. The science-fiction series "Lost in Space" (set in the year 1997) premiered on CBS in 1965. The sea contains about 1/2 of the world's known animal groups The Sea of tranquility is found on the moon. The SEALs have been deployed in Vietnam, Laos, Panama, Bosnia, Haiti, Somalia, and Colombia. The search engine "Lycos" is named for Lycosidae, the Latin name for the wolf spider family. Unlike other spiders that sit passively in their web, wolf spiders are hunters, actively stalking their prey. The secretary-bird swallow hen's egg whole without breaking its shell. The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog." uses every letter of the alphabet! The setting sun is redder than the rising sun because the air at the end of the day is generally dustier than it is at the beginning of the day. The seven archangels are Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Chamuel, Jophiel, and Zadkiel. The Seven Deadly Sins are lust, pride, anger, envy, sloth, avarice and gluttony. The seven hills of Rome are the Palatine (on which the original city was built), the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine. The seven virtues are prudence, courage, temperance, justice, faith, hope and charity. The seven wonders of the ancient world werethe Egyptian Pyramids at Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Colossus of Rhodes or huge bronze statue near the Harbor of Rhodes that honored the sun god Helios, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Lighthouse at Alexandria The sex of crocodiles is determined by the incubation temperature. Eggs incubated at temperatures below 85 degrees become females. Those incubated above 95 degrees become males. 2. Crocodiles are the closest living relatives to birds. The shallowest sea is the sea of Azov.It is 13 meters at its deepest. The shape of a plants' collenchyma cells and the shape of the bubbles in beer foam are the same they are orthotetrachidecahedrons. The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel-Jordan is 1312 feet (400 meter) below sea level. The shortest "-ology" (study of) word is oology, the study of eggs. The shortest British monarch was Charles I, who was 4'9". The shortest verse in the Bible consists of two words: "Jesus wept" (John 11:35). The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar an England in 1896. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes. The shortest word in the English language with all its letters in alphabetical order is the word "almost." The side of a hammer is a cheek. The silhouette on the MLB logo is Harmon Killebrew. The silkworm consumes 86000 times its own weight in 56 days. The single highest temperature ever recorded in U.S. history was 134 degrees Fahrenheit. It was recorded in Greenland Ranch, CA on July 10, 1913. The lowest recorded temperature was minus 80 degrees on January 23, 1971 in Prospect Creek, AK. The six most dangerous occupations in America are; football player, firefighter, race-car driver, astrnaut, police officer, and fisherman. The size of a newly born kangaroo is 2.5 cms. The size of a raindrop is around 0.5 mm 2.5 mm, and they fall from the sky on average 21 feet per second. The skipper's real name on Gilligan's Island is Jonas Grumby. It was mentioned once in the first episode on their radio's newscast about the wreck. The slanted line that divides dates, fractions, choices, etc. (6/1/04) is called a virgule. The sloth (a mammal) moves so slowly that green algae can grow undisturbed on it's fur The sloth moves so slowly that it's fur offers a comfortable environment for algae to grow. The slowest trainee on the SEALs obstacle course must wear a pink T-shirt that reads, "Always a Lady". The smallest breed of dogs are the Chihuahuas. The smallest fish in the world is the Trimattum Nanus of the Chagos Archipelago. It is only 0.33" long. The smallest island with country status is Pitcairn in Polynesia, at just 1.75 square miles. The smallest known fish is the Pandaka Pygmea,about the size of an ant and almost transeparent. The smallest number spelled with an "a" is one thousand. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History houses the world's largest shell collection, some 15 million specimens. A smaller museum in Sanibel, Florida owns a mere 2 million shells and claims to be the worlds only museum devoted solely to mollusks. The smoke detector was invented in 1969. The snail mates only once in it's entire life. The soldiers of World War I were the first people to use the modern flushing toilet. The inventor: Thomas Crapper. The song "Happy Birthday to You" was originally written by sisters Mildred and Patty Hill as "Good Morning to You." The words were changed and it was published in 1935. The song "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" was written by George Graff, who was German, and was never in Ireland in his life. The song Take Me Out to the Ballgame was written by Jack Norworth and Albert von Tilzer. The sorcerer's name in Disney's Fantasia is Yensid, which happens to be Disney backwards. The sound of a snore (up to 69 decibels) can be almost as loud as the noise of a pneumatic drill. The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in Jello. The sound you hear when you macho people crack your knuckles is actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting. The sound you here when you put a seashell next to your ear is not the ocean, but blood flowing through your head. The soundtrack to Oklahoma was the first album to sell one million copies on August 18, 1958. The South Pole is covered with 8,850 feet of solid ice. The South Pole was reached for the first time on 14 December 1911 by a team of explorers led by Roald Amundsen. The Soviet Caucasus mountain actually moved a mile in 1972. Heavy rains swelled an underground river and the whole mountain salied away over the course of eight days. The Sphinx ( famous pyramid) was carved from one piece of stone. The standard blue U.S. Postal Service mailbox can hold approximately 4,000 letters at a time. The Stanley Cup came from the Governor General of Canada from 1888 to 1893, Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley. Stanley was a fan of hockey and presented a trophy to be contested by the best amateur hockey team in Canada. The amateur HNA would later become to NHL in 1917. The Star Trek theme actually has lyrics. The starfish has an eye on the end of each arm. The starfish is one of the only animals who can turn it's stomach inside-out. They also dont have brains. (See the connection?) The state flower of Texas is the Bluebonnet; the state tree is a pecan. The state law of Pennsylvania prohibits singing in the bathtub. The state of Utah used to be submerged under water and to this day brine shrimp can still be found in rain-filled hollows under rocks and boulders. The states of Washington and Montana still execute prisoners by hanging. The states with the most presidential burial sites: Ohio and Virginia (tie). The statue by Auguste Rodin that has come to be known as The Thinker wasn't meant to be a portrait of a man in thought. It's a portrait of Dante Aligheri. The statue of Freedom atop the U.S. Capital building is 19.5 feet tall and weighs 15,000 pounds. It was created in Rome, and the ship that brought it to America ran into a storm so severe that most of the cargo had to be tossed overboard. Before the ship reached the United States, it was condemned and sold in Bermuda, where the statue was put in storage. Two years later it reached Washington, but because of the Civil War the dome wasn't finished and the statue didn't get hoisted to its proper position for another two years. The Statue of Liberty arrived in New York City in 1885 aboard the French ship "Isere." The Statue of Liberty weighs 225 tons. The Statue of Liberty's mouth is 3 feet wide. The stormtroopers in the original starwars are seen in many seen carrying long blasters. On closer inspection you can see that the blasters are actually WWII era German MG42 machine guns (modified slightly) The strawberry is the only agricultural product that bears its seeds on the outside. The striped billiard balls weight .1 ounces or so more than the solids The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. (Relative to size) The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue. (the heart is not a muscle) The study of insects is called entomology. The study of word origins is called etymology. The Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It covers about 967,500 square miles of the continent. The Sumatran tiger has the most stripes of all the tiger subspecies, the Siberian tiger has the least. The sun is about three million miles closer to the earth on January 1st than it is on June 1st. The sun weighs 330,000 times as much as the earth. The sun's average period of rotation is 27 days. The sun's total lifetime as a star capable of maintaining a life-bearing Earth is about 11 billion years. Nearly half that time has passed. The supersonic Concorde jet made its first trial flight on January 1, 1969. The surface of the Earth is about 60% water and 10% ice. The swastika was origionaly a symbol of peace and honor and is still used by Buddhists today. The Swiss consume more chocolate per capita than any other nation on earth. That's 22 pounds each compared to 11 pounds per person in the United States. The symbol on the "pound" key (#) is called an octothorpe. The symbols used on playing cards were supposed to represent the four classes of men: hearts represented the clergy; spades (from the Spanish word espada, or sword) represented the warriors; clubs were originally leaves and represented the peasants; and citizens and merchants were recognized in the diamonds. The table fork was introduced into England in 1601. Until then people would eat with their knives, spoons or fingers. When Queen Elizabeth first used a fork, the clergy went ballistic. They felt it was an insult to God not to touch meat with one's fingers. The Taj Mahal in India is perfectly symetrical, except for one thing. The two tombs inside are not equal in size. This is because the male tomb has to be larger than the female tomb. The Taj Mahal was actually built for use as a tomb. The Taj Mahal was commissioned in 1630 by Shah Jehan to honor his wife Mumtaz, who died in childbirth. The tallest monument built in the US, the Gateway Arch, in St. Louis, Missouri, is 630 feet tall. The telescope at the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, in California, also serves as a tomb. The 36-inch refracting telescope is mounted on a pillar that contains the remains of Jack Lick, who died in 1876. Lick was a wealthy financier and philanthropist who financed the construction of the observatory that bears his name. The telescope on Mount Palomar, California, can see a distance of 7,038,835,200,000,000,000,000 miles. The temperature of the earth's interior increases by one degree every 60 feet down. The term "devil's advocate" comes from the Roman Catholic Church. When deciding if someone should be sainted, a devil's advocate is always appointed to give an alternative view. The term "dog days" has nothing to do with dogs. It dates back to Roman times, when it was believed that Sirius, the Dog Star, added its heat to that of the sun from July3 to August 11, creating exceptionally high temperatures. The Romans called the period dies caniculares, or "days of the dog." The term "dog days" has nothing to do with dogs. It dates back to Roman times, when it was believed that Sirius, the Dog Star, added its heat to that of the sun from July3 to August 11, creating exceptionally high temperatures. The Romans called the period dies caniculares, or "days of the dog." The term "honeymoon" is derived from the Babylonians who declared mead, a honey-flavored wine, the official wedding drink, stipulating that the bride's parents be required to keep the groom supplied with the drink for the month following the wedding. The term "the whole 9 yards" came from W.W.II fighter pilots in the South Pacific. When arming their airplanes on the ground, the .50 caliber machine gun ammo belts measured exactly 27 feet, before being loaded into the fuselage. If the pilots fired all their ammo at a target, it got "the whole 9 yards." The term "throw one's hat in the ring" comes from boxing, where throwing a hat into the ring once signified a challenge. Today it nearly always signifies political candidacy. The term "white chocolate" is a misnomer. Under Fedaral Standards of Identity, real chocolate must contain chocolate liquor. "White" chocolate contains no chocolate liquor. The term 'crack' refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked (heated), presumably from the sodium bicarbonate. The term 'hay fever' originated in England, where some people suffered allergic symptoms during hay pitching time when the symptoms became serve, workers often felt feverish. The term karaoke means "empty orchestra" in Japanese, and the karaoke machine was designed originally to provide backing tracks for solo cabaret performers. The term 'screwing' was derived from the activities of pigs. A pig's member screws. The term Y2K was invented by David Eddie in June 1995 through the email. The term, "It's all fun and games until someone loses an eye" is from Ancient Rome. The only rule during wrestling matches was, "No eye gouging." Everything else was allowed, but the only way to be disqualified is to poke someone's eye out. The term, "It's all fun and games until someone loses an eye" is from Ancient Rome. The only rule during wrestling matches was, "No eye gouging," eveything else was allowed. The Texas Rangers were the first U.S. state police force. They were established in 1835. The the oldest living thing on earth is 12,000 years old. It is the flowering shrubs called creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert. The theobromine in chocolate that stimulates the cardiac and nervous systems is too much for dogs, especially smaller pups. A chocolate bar is poisonous to dogs and can even be lethal. The three best-known western names in China: Jesus Christ, Richard Nixon, and Elvis Presley. The three central panels on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel tell the story of Adam and Eve. The three most common elements in the universe are 1) hydrogen; 2) helium; 3) oxygen. The three most recently discovered planets were Uranus in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and Pluto in 1930. The three most valuable brand names on earth Marlboro, Coca Cola, and Budweiser, in that order. The Three Musketeers names are Porthos, Athos, and Aramis (D'Artagnan joins them later.) The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue. The three secondary colors are green, orange and purple. The Three Wise Men of the East brought gold, frankincense and myrrh to the infant Jesus. Frankincense is a gum resin used as a base for incense. Myrrh, also a gum resin, was valued as a perfume and unguent used in embalming. The Three Wise Monkeys have names: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil), and Mazaru (Speak no evil). The three-syllable word "hideous," with the change of a single consonant, becomes a two-syllable word with no vowel sounds in common: "hideout." The thumbnail grows the slowest; the middle nail grows the fastest. The tiger is the largest member of the cat family. The tiny poison arrow frog has enough poison to kill over 2200 people! The tip of the hour hand on your watch travels at a speed of 0.00000275 miles per hour. The tips of fingers and the soles of feet are covered by a thick, tough layer of skin called the stratum corneum. The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal. It was adopted as the international signal for distress in 1912, and the Titanic struck the iceberg in April of that year. The title role of Dirty Harry, 1971, was originally intended for Frank Sinatra. After he refused, it was offered to John Wayne, and then Paul Newman, finally being accepted by Clint Eastwood. The toes of mummies are wrapped individually. The Toltecs (a 7th century tribe) used wooden swords so they wouldn't kill their enemies. The tomato is not just a fruit, but it is a berry along with the cucumber, squash, and melon. The tongues of chameleons are twice the length of their bodys. The tonsillectomy is the most common surgical procedure. The tool doctors wrap around a patient's arm to measure blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer. The Top 10 grossing movies of the 1990s each earned at least $500 million worldwide and brought in a combined total of over $7 billion. The top downhill speed of the Ford Model T was 50 miles per hour. The top selling song of all time is Elton John's tribute to the late Princess Diana. Candle in the Wind 1997 has sold over 35 million copies worldwide The total number of African slaves sent to all parts of the world between 1500 and 1865 was estimated to be at least 12 million. When you consider that only one in ten made the trip alive, the number of Africans who were enslaved or killed in the 350 years of the slave trade had to be no less than 120 million people. The total number of Americans killed in the Civil War is greater than the combined total of Americans killed in all other wars. The total surface area of a pair of human lungs is equal to that of a tennis court. The town of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, is closer to the equator than it is to the North Pole. The town of Idaho Falls, Idaho, forbids anyone over the age of eighty-eight to ride a motorcycle. The town of Tidikelt in the Shara Desert once went ten years without rainfall. The trainees are thrown into a pool with their hands and feet tied wearing snorkeling masks. They are then harassed by their instructors who knock their masks off, spin their bodies, and pull them under in an effort to disorient the student. The training mantra of the SEALs is, 'The only easy day was yesterday.' The Tranquilizer, Valium (sleeping piles) is the most widely used drug on earth. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided all of South America between Spain and Portugal in 1493. Pope Alexander VI drew up the treaty following Columbus's discovery of the New World. The tsetse fly kills another 66,000 people annually. The turbot fish lays approximately 14 million eggs during its lifetime. The turkey was named for what was wrongly thought to be its country of origin. The turtle has the lowest pulse rate of any animal: 13 beats per minute. The two lines that connect your top lip to the bottom of your nose are known as the philtrum. The two most popular sports in the world are Association Football (soccer) and Table Tennis (ping-pong) respectively. I guess people love their balls, regardless of size. Hehe! The two presidents who died on the same day: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 1826. The two robbers crucified next to Jesus were named Dismas and Gestas. The typical lovemaking session averages 15 minutes in length. The U.S. Army has a stealth reconnaissance helicopter named "The Duke" in honor of John Wayne. The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for 2 cents an acre. The U.S. Dow Jones' lowest figure was 41.22 was on July 8, 1932. The U.S. Post Office handles 43 percent of the world's mail. The U.S. standard railroad gauge (distance between rails) is 4 feet, 8.5 inches. The underside of a horses hoof is called a frog. The underside of a horse's hoof is called a frog. The frog peels off several times a year with new growth. The Union ironclad, Monitor, was the first U.S. ship to have a flush toilet. The United States government keeps its supply of silver at the US Military Academy at West Point, NY. The United States is the world's largest consumer of coffee, importing 16 to 20 million bags annually (2.5 million pounds), representing one-third of all coffee exported. More than half of the United States population consumes coffee. The typical coffee drinker has 3.4 cups of coffee per day. That translates into more than 450,000,000 cups of coffee daily. The United States Library of Congress contains 73 millions volumes (books), arranged on 350 miles of shelves. The United States minted a 1787 copper coin with the motto 'Mind Your Business.' The United States nickel (five cent piece) is made of 75% copper and 25% nickel. The United States produces 3,145,892,000,000 kilowatt hours of electricity every year. That's over three times the amount of the second-highest producing country, Russia. The United States Treasury Department maintains a fund known as "The Conscience Fund," which accepts money sent in anonymously by taxpayers who think they've cheated the government. The money is used for miscellaneous expenses. The universe is so vast in relation to the matter it contains that it can be compared in the following way: A building 20 miles long, 20 miles wide and 20 miles high that contains 1 grain of sand. The US Army has a 50 caliber sniper rifle that can shoot through the engine block of a car. The US city with the highest murder rate is Detroit, with 45.3 homicides per 100,000 people. The US federal income tax was first enacted in 1862 to support the Union's Civil War effort. It was eliminated in 1872, revived in 1894 then declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court the following year. In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the Constitution made the income tax a permanent fixture in the US tax system. The US has more personal computers than the next 7 countries combined. The US President's Cabinet is composed of: the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Interior, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health/Human Services, the Secretary of Housing/Urban Development, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of Education. The use of the names of dead presidents to sell alcohol in Michigan is prohibited. The USSR set off the largest nuclear explosion in history, detonating a 50 megaton bomb (2600 times the Hiroshima bomb) in an atmospheric test over the Novaya Zemla Islands, October 30 1961. The vast majority of coffee available to consumers are blends of different beans. The Vatican's Swiss Guard still wears a uniform designed by Michelangelo in the early 16th century. The venom of a female black widow spider is more potent than that of a rattlesnake. The Venus flytrap feeds primarily on ants, not flies. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin in World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the winners of the Super Bowl. The vintage date on a bottle of wine indicates the year the grapes were picked, not the year of bottling. The Virginia Code (1930) has a statute: "To prohibit corrupt practices or bribery by any person other than candidates." The viscera of Japanese abalone can harbor a poisonous substance which causes a burning, stinging, prickling and itching over the entire body. It does not manifest itself until exposure to sunlight if eaten outdoors in sunlight, symptoms occur quickly and suddenly. The vocabulary of the average person consists of 5,000 to 6,000 words. The Volkswagen was originally called the "Strength Through Joy Wagon". The waste produced by one chicken in its lifetime can supply enough electricity to run a 100-watt bulb for 5 hours. The water in the Great Salt Lake of Utah is more than four times as salty as any ocean. The way that prostitutes got the nickname "Hooker" was because of a general of the Civil War. General Hooker would keep a number of prostitutes to follow has army and keep his men's moral up. The prostitutes were referred to as "Hookers brigade." The WD in WD-40 stands for Water Displacer. The weddell seal, can travel underwater for seven hours without surfacing. The weight of air in a milk glass is about the same as the weight of one aspirin. (But one also wonders how big a milk glass is... anyone?) The wettest spot in the world is located on the island of Kauai. Mt. Waialeale consistently records rainfall at the rate of nearly 500 inches per year. The whiskers on a catfish are called barbells. The White House, in Washington DC, was originally gray, the color of the sandstone it was built out of. After the War of 1812, during which it had been burned by Canadian troops, the outside walls were painted white to hide the smoke stains. The lunula is the half-moon shaped pale area at the bottom of finger nails. The white potato originated in the Andes mountains and was probably brought to Britain by Sir Francis Drake about 1586. The Willamette River in Oregon is the only river on earth that flows it's entire distance north. The wind must be below one mile an hour in order for the National Weather Service to rate the weather as "calm." The winter of 1932 was so cold that Niagara Falls froze completely solid. The Wizard of Oz was a Broadway musical 37 years before the MGM movie version was made. It had 293 performances and then went on a tour that lasted 9 years. The word "checkmate" in chess comes from the Persian phrase "Shah Mat," which means, "The King Is Dead." The word "coach" is derived from the village of Kocs, Hungary, where coaches were invented and first used. The word "crap" came from Thomas Crapper-a famous plumber in the early days of the toilet. The word "dude" is the name for an infected elephant butt hair. The word "earthling" was first found in print in 1593. The word "homosexual" was not coined until 1869 by the Hungarian physician Karoly Maria Benkert. The word "honcho" comes from a Japanese word meaning "squad leader" and first came into usage in the English language during the American occupation of Japan following World War II. The word "karate" means "empty hand." The word "lethologica" describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. The word "maverick" came into use after Samuel Maverick, a Texan refused to brand his cattle. Eventually any unbranded calf became known as a Maverick. The word "MOW" can be read the same way upside-down, hence the word ambigram. Many other words can be written differently using special characters of writing to make the word appear the same way from different points. The word "piano" is really an abbreviation for the word "pianoforte." The word "pure" appears on the scroll held by the Quaker pictured on the packages of Quaker Oats cereal. The word "queue" is the only word in the English language that is still pronounced the same way when the last four letters are removed. The word "samba" means "to rub navels together." The word "set" has more definitions than any other word in the English language. The word "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious," from the movie Mary Poppins, was added to the Oxford dictionary in 1964. The word "tip" dates back to the old London coffeehouses. Conspicuously placed brass boxes etched with the inscription, "To Insure Promptness," encouraged customers to pay for efficient service. The resulting acronym, TIP, has become a byword. The word "trivia" comes from the Latin "trivium" which is the place where three roads meet, a public square. People would gather and talk about all sorts of matters, most of which were trivial. The word Assassin is derived from a Middle Eastern religious and political sect known as Hashishins. The name means 'hashish smoker'which refers to the practice of taking hashish to induce visions of ecstacy before murdering their enemies as their religious duty. They were very good at what they did. The word 'byte' is a contraction of 'by eight.' The word 'cappuccino' is the result of several derivations, the original of which began in 16th century. The Capuchin order of friars, established after 1525, played an important role in bringing Catholicism back to Reformation Europe. Its Italian name came from the long, pointed cowl, or cappuccino, derived from cappuccino, "hood," that was worn as part of the order's habit. The French version of cappuccino was capuchin, from which came English Capuchin. In Italian cappuccino went on to describe espresso coffee mixed or topped with steamed milk or cream, so called because the color of the coffee resembled the color of the habit of a Capuchin friar. The first use of cappuccino in English is recorded in 1948 in a work about San Francisco. There is also the story line that says that the term comes from the fact that the coffee is dark, like the monk's robe, and the cap is likened to the color of the monk's head. The word gargoyle comes down from the Old French: gargouille, meaning throat or gullet. This is also the origin of the word gargle. The word describes the sound produced as water passes the throat and mixes with air. In early architecture, gargoyles were decorative creatures on the drains of cathedrals. The word 'geography' is derived from the greek words geo (the Earth) and graphein (to write). The word gymnasium comes from the Greek word gymnazein which means to exercise naked. The word 'lethologica' describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. The word 'monosyllable' actually has five syllables in it. The word 'news' did not come about because it was the plural of 'new.' It came from the first letters of the words North, East, West and South. This was because information was being gathered from all different directions. The word 'pixel' is a contraction of either 'picture cell' or 'picture element'. The word quisling comes from the name of Major Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian who collaborated with the Germans during their occupation of Norway. The word now means "traitor." The word racecar and kayak are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left. The word vaccine comes from the Latin word "vacca," which means cow. This name was chosen because the first vaccination was derived from cowpox which was given to a boy. The words "volt" and "voltage" are named for a member of the Italian nobility in the 1700s named Count Voltman. The words "video recording" and "videotape" were first used in the early 1950s. At the time, only television professionals used them. The words racecar, kayak, level and Navy Van are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left, and these are called palindromes. The longest palindromes in the dictionary however are the words 'Malayalam''rotavator' 'redivider'. Now check these out. 'A man a plan a canal panama'. 'Ten animals i slam in a net'thanx seraph, mashkur, hannah b, marky and jay, jelly baby king The words silent and listen have the same letters. Santa and Satan do too. The work "fuck" is used 257 times in the movie Pulp Fiction. The works of Gregor Mendel, father of the science of genetics, went undiscovered for sixteen years after his death. The World Bank estimates that Mexico owes the most money of any country in the world. They have $165,743,000,000 in external debt. Brazil is second with $159,139,000,000 in debt. The world population of chickens is about equal to the number of people. The world record for balancing people on your head is 92 in one hour. The world record frog jump is 33 feet 5.5 inches over the course of 3 consecutive leaps, achieved in May 1977 by a South African sharp-nosed frog called Santjie. The World Rubik Cube championship was held in Budapest on June 5, 1982. Nineteen National Champions took part. Minh Thai, the US Champion, won by solving the Cube in of 22.95 seconds. The world record, in competitive conditions, grew progressively lower and now stands at 16.5 seconds. The world smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than a penny. The world's costliest coffee, at $130 a pound , is called Kopi Luwak. It is in the droppings of a type of marsupial that eats only the very best coffee beans. Plantation workers track them and scoop their precious poop. The world's deadliest mushroom is the Amanita phalloides, the death cap. The five different poisons contained by the mushroom cause diarrhea and vomiting within 6 to 12 hours of ingestion. This is followed by damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system and, in the majority of cases, coma and death. The world's first adhesive postage stamp went on sale in England in 1840. It was the Penny Black, portraying Queen Victoria. The world's first chocolate candy was produced in 1828 by Dutch chocolate-maker Conrad J. Van Houten. He pressed the fat from roasted cacao beans to produce cocoa butter, to which he added cocoa powder and sugar. The World's first microprocessor was created in 1971, called the 4004 by Intel. It contained 2300 transistors. The world's first singing commercial aired on the radio on Christmas Eve, 1926 for Wheaties cereal. The four male singers, eventually known as the Wheaties Quartet, sang the jingle. The world's first speed limit regulation was in England in 1903. It was 20 mph. The world's highest mountain, even higher than Mt.Everest is Mauna Koa an underwater mountain which rises 33,476 feet and has its peak on the island of Hawaii. The world's highest railway is in Peru. The Central Railway climbs to 15,694 feet in the Galera tunnel, 108 miles from Lima. Tourists take it to get to the ruins of Machu Picchu. The world's largest alphabet is Cambodian, with 74 letters. The world's largest art gallery is the Winter Palace and Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia. Visitors would have to walk 15 miles to see the 322 galleries which house nearly 3 million works of art. The world's largest art gallery is the Winter Palace and the Hermitage in Leningrad. Visitors walk fifteen miles to visit each of the 322 galleries, which house nearly 3 million works of art and archaeological remains. The world's largest burrito weighed 4,217 lbs. The world's largest Gothic cathedral is in new York City. It is the Cathedral of St. John the Divine on Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street. The cathedral measures 601 feet long, 146 feet wide, and has a transept measuring 320 feet from end to end. The world's largest mammal, the blue whale, weighs 50 tons at birth. Fully grown, it weighs as much as 150 tons. The world's largest palace is the Imperial palace in the heart of Peking, The world's largest rodent is the Capybara. An Amazon water hog that looks like a guinea pig, it can weigh more than 100 pounds. The world's longest name is: Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver The world's longest suspension bridge opened to traffic on April 5, 1998. The 3,911-meter (12,831-feet) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is 580 meters (1,900 feet) longer than the Humber Bridge in England, the previous record holder. The world's most popular hobby is stamp collecting. The world's number one producer and consumer of fresh pork is China. The world's smallest and oldest republic is San Marino. It's 25 square miles and is located mostly on top of a mountain entirely surrounded by Italy. The world's smallest independent state is the Vatican City, with a population of about 1,000 and a zero birthrate. The world's smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than a penny. The world's smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly. The world's tallest grass, which has sometimes grown 130 feet or more, is bamboo. The world's tallest mountains, the Himalayas, are also the fastest growing. Their growth about half an inch a year is caused by the pressure exerted by two of Earth's continental plates (the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate) pushing against one another. The world's termites outweigh the world's humans 10 to 1 The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910. The worldwide "Spanish Flu" epidemic which broke out in 1918 killed more than 30 million people in less than a year's time. The 'y' in signs reading "ye olde.." is properly pronounced with a 'th' sound, not 'y'. The "th" sound does not exist in Latin, so ancient Roman occupied (present day) England use the rune "thorn" to represent "th" sounds. With the advent of the printing press the character from the Roman alphabet which closest resembled thorn was the lower case "y". The 'you are here arrow' on a map is called the IDEO locator. The youngest mother on record was a Peruvian girl named Lina Medina. She gave birth to a boy by caesarean section on May 14, 1939 (which happened to be Mother's Day), at the age of five years, seven months and 21 days. The youngest movie star to win an Academy Award was Shirly Temple who won an Oscar in 1934 at the age of 6. The youngest person to give birth was a five-yr. old tribal girl (C-Section of course) The youngest pope was 11 years old. The yo-yo was introduced in 1929 by Donald F. Duncan. The toy was based on a weapon used by 16th-century Filipino hunters. The yo-yo was originally a weapon in the Philippines. The zebra is basically a light-colored animal with black stripes. The ZIP in "ZIP code" means Zoning Improvement Plan. Their wages in salt hence the word "Salary" derived. Theodore Roosevelt was the only U.S. president to deliver an inaugural address without using the word "I". Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower tied for second place, using "I" only once in their inaugural addresses. Ther very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. There are 1,218 peanuts in a single 28 ounce jar of Jif peanut butter. There are 1,792 steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower. There are 10 million people who share your birthday. There are 10,000,000 bricks in the Empire State Building. There are 100 tiles in a 'Scrabble' crossword game. There are 11 points on the collar around Kermit the Frog's neck. There are 1189 chapters in the Bible: 929 chapters in the Old Testament and 260 chapters in the New Testament. There are 13,678 McDonald's fast food joints in the United States. There are 132 rooms in the US White House. There are 170,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ways to play the ten opening moves in a game of chess. There are 2,320 Navy SEALs. There are 2,382,500 (rounded) Smiths in the U.S. There are 2,598,960 five-card hands possible in a 52-card deck of cards. There are 24 known "perfect" numbers. These are numbers that equal the sum of all its divisors except itself. For instance, six the lowest of these numbers is divisible by 1, 2, or 3 and 1+2+3=6. The largest of the known "perfect" numbers has 12,003 digits. There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar. There are 300 distinct different types of honey. There are 31,557,600 seconds in a year. There are 318,979,564,000 possible ways to play the first four moves per side in a game of chess. There are 336 dimples on a regulation size golf ball. There are 336 dimples on a regulation US golf ball. In the UK its 330. There are 350,000 Italians living in Toronto, Canada, a population about the same as that of Venice, Italy. There are 38 peaks in South America higher than Mt. McKinley, which is the highest point in North America. There are 403 steps from the foundation to the top of the torch in the Statue of Liberty. There are 41,806 different spoken languages in the world today. There are 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 different color combinations possible on a Rubik's Cube. There are 44,523,312,694,361,020,971,556,671,544,734,879,370,359,807,003,367,569,358,848,000,000,000,000 ways to order a deck of cards. There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of a human being. There are 48 Gutenberg Bibles still in existence. Two of them were in Germany during World War II and are missing, but many book collectors believe them to be in private collections. There are 49 different foods mentioned in the Bible. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body. There are 63,360 inches in a mile. There are a million ants for every person on Earth. There are about 2 chickens for every human in the world. There are about 30 milligrams of caffeine in the average chocolate bar, while a cup of coffee contains around 100 to 150 milligrams. There are about 450 types of cheese in the world. 240 come from France. There are about 5,000,000,000 years of sunlight left There are about 7.7 million millionaires in the world (more than 1/1000th of the population). There are approximately 10 million bricks in the Empire State Building. There are approximately 100 million acts of sexual intercourse each day. There are approximately 13,000 identifiable varieties of roses throughout the world. There are approximately 2,700 different species of mosquitoes. There are approximately 250,000 sweat glands in your feet. There are approximately 45 billion fat cells in an average adult. There are approximately 7,000 feathers on an eagle. There are approximately 75,000,000 horses in the world. There are approximately 9,000 taste buds on the tongue. There are approximately fifty Bibles sold each minute across the world. There are around 2,600 different species of frogs. They live on every continent except Antarctica. There are at least two words in the English language that use all of the vowels, in the correct order, and end in the letter Y: abstemiously & facetiously. There are four main Blood types: A, B, AB and O and each Blood type is either Rh positive or negative. Blood types in the US Type O positive 38.4%, negative 7.7%, A positive 32.3%, A negative 6.5%, B positive 9.4%, B negative 1.7%, AB positive 3.2%, AB negative 0.7% There are just over 7 million millionaires in the world (more than 1/1000th of the population). There are more coffee drug addicts in the US than drug addicts of any other kind. There are more insects in one square mile of rural land than there are human beings on the entire earth. There are more kinds of bacteria in your mouth then there are people in the world There are more plastic flamingos in America than real ones. There are more plastic lawn flamingos in the United States than real ones. There are more stars than all of the grains of sand on earth. There are more statues of Sacajewa, Lewis & Clark's female Indian guide, in the United States than any other person. There are more than 100 distinct ethnic groups in the former Soviet states. There are more than 100 million dogs and cats in the United States. Americans spend more than 5.4 billion dollars on their pets each year. There are more than 2,000 muscles in a caterpillar. There are more than 40,000 characters in Chinese script. There are more than 50,000 earthquakes throughout the world every year. There are more than 500 varieties of banana in the world: The most common kinds are Dwarf Cavendish, Valery, and Williams Hybrid bananas. Other types of bananas include Apple and a small red banana called the Red Jamaica. A large type of banana called the plantain is hard and starchy and is almost eaten as a cooked vegetable. The Cavendish is the most common variety of bananas now imported to the United States. The Cavendish is a shorter, stubbier plant than earlier varieties. It was developed to resist plant diseases, insects and windstorms better than its predecessors. The Cavendish fruit is of medium size, has a creamier, smooth texture, and a thinner peel than earlier varieties. There are more than 700 species of plants that grow in the United States that have been identified as dangerous if eaten. Among them are some that are commonly favored by gardeners: buttercups, daffodils, lily of the valley, sweet peas, oleander, azalea, bleeding heart, delphinium, and rhododendron. There are more than 900,000 known species of insects in the world. There are nine rooms on a 'Clue' game board. A forfeited baseball game is recorded as a 9-0 score. There are no clocks or windows in any casino. There are no female characters in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island because he was following the instructions of his stepson, Lloyd Osbourne, for whom he wrote the book. Llyod wanted a story "about a map, a treasure, a mutiny and a derelict ship...No women in the story." There are no geeze in the southern hemisphere. There are no living descendents of William Shakespeare. There are no public toilets in Peru. There are no turkeys in Turkey. There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with orange, purple, or silver. There are one million ants for every person in the world. There are only 12 letters in the Hawaiian alphabet. There are only 4 words in the English language which end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. There are only 81 stable chemical elements. Rhenium was the last one to be found in 1925. Fifteen other elements have been discovered since then, but they are all radioactive. There are only four words in the English language that end in "-dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. There are only two sequences of four consecutive letters that can be found in the English language: "rstu" and "mnop." Examples of each are understudy and gymnophobia. There are orange peels and raisins in A-1 Steak Sauce. There are over 3,500 bras hanging behind the bar at Hogs and Heifers, a bar in Manhattan. So many, in fact, that they caused a beam to collapse in the ceiling. There are roughly 6,500 spoken languages in the world today. However, about 2,000 of those languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers. The most widely spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese. There are 885,000,000 people in China that speak that language. There are seven suicides in the Bible: Abimelech. Samson, Saul, Saul's armor-bearer, Ahithophel, Zimri, Judas. There are six U.S. Presidents with the first name James: Madison, Monroe, Garfield, Buchanon, Carter, Polk. There are songs in all of Shakespeare's plays except The Comedy of Errors. There are ten human body parts that are only three letters long: eye, hip, arm, leg, ear, toe, jaw, rib, lip, and gum. There are ten million bricks in the Empire State Building. There are thirteen languages spoken by more than 100 million people. They are: Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Malay-Indonesian, French, Japanese, German, and Urdu. There are two credit cards for every person in the U.S. There are two credit cards for every person in the United States. There are two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: "abstemious" and "facetious." There are, on average, 259 raisins in a box of Raisin Bran and 388 in a box of Premium Raisin Bran. There has never been a time in Super Bowl history where a punt return resulted in a touchdown. There have been about 30 films made at or about Alcatraz, the now-closed federal prison island in San Francisco Bay, including The Rock (1996), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and Escape from Alcatraz (1979). There have been no recorded instances of anybody being killed by a meteorite. There have been over 600 lawsuits against Alexander Grahm Bell over rights to the patent of the telephone, the most valuable patent in U.S. history. There is a 1 in 4 chance that New York will have a white Christmas. There is a 6-foot tall stone monument dedicated to the cartoon character Popeye in Crystal City, TX. . There is a butterfly found in Brazil that has the smell and color of a chocolate. There is a flower called the Scarlet Pimpernel that can forecast the weather. If the flower is closed up, rain is coming and if it is opened up, the day will be sunny.It is a.k.a 'the poor man's weatherglass' There is a Massachusetts law requiring all dogs to have their hind legs tied during the month of April. There is a member of the spider family called the demodex folliculorum that lives at the root of people's eye lashes. It's harmless and normal.(so they claim) To look for them, grab a handful of your eyelashes and dunk them in warm water. They'll start swimming out. It is prevalent in nearly 100% of old people in the U.S. There is a sea squirt (found in the seas near Japan) that digests its own brain. When the sea squirt is mature it permanently attaches itself to a rock. At this point it does not need to move anymore and has no need for a brain. There is a seven letter word in the English language that contains ten words without rearranging any of its letters, "therein": the, there, he, in, rein, her, here, ere, therein, herein. There is a street in Canada that runs for a distance of nearly 1900 kms. There is a way of writing 1 by using all ten single-digit numbers at once: 148/296 + 35/70 = 1. There is a word in the English language with only one vowel, which occurs five times: "indivisibility." There is about 1/4 pound of salt in every gallon of seawater. There is about 200 times more gold in the oceans than has been mined throughout history. There is actually no danger in swimming right after you eat, though it may feel uncomfortable. There is air in space, but very little of it. In fact, it is equivalent to a marble in a box 5 miles wide. Most of the gas is captured by the gravitational pull of other celestial bodies.Thanx M.Lerner There is an average of 61,000 people airborne over the US at any given moment. There is an extra leg in the Iwo Jima memorial statue and extra hand. While the legend is that these extremedies belong to God, who is helping the Marines win, they are actually there for added support to the statue, and designed not to look like a metal rod going throught the middle of the group of Marines. There is coffee flavored Pez. There is cyanide in apple pits. There is more bacteria in your mouth than the human population of U.S and Canada combined. Thanx Julie for this and a couple more There is no alcohol left in food that's cooked with wine. The alcohol evaporates at 172 degrees Fahrenheit. There is no difference in flavor or nutritional value between brown and white eggs. Aside form color, they are identical. Most white eggs come from White Longhorns and browns come from a commercial cross of Rhode Island Reds and Barred Plymouth Rocks. There is no ice covering Iceland. There is no single cat called the panther. The name is commonly applied to the leopard, but it is also used to refer to the puma and the jaguar. A black panther is really a black leopard. There is no solid proof of who built the Taj Mahal. There is no such thing as a banana tree. Bananas grow on plants. There is only ONE word in the English language with THREE CONSECUTIVE SETS OF DOUBLE LETTERS.... Bookkeeper There is over 70,000,000 rats in New York, That is an average of about 9 rats per person There is zero gravity at the center of the earth. There really was a Cyrano de Bergerac. He lived from about 1620 to 1655, had a big nose and dueled. He was also a science fiction writer who was the first person in history to suggest that a rocket could carry someone into space. There was no soap in the ancient Mediterranean world. Olive oil was used to wash the body in addition to cooking. There was once a law in Salem Virginia that made it illegal to leave home without knowing where you were going. There were 840 soldiers in the regular army when the U.S. War Department was established in 1789. Their job was to supervise public lands and guard the Indian frontier. There's a town in New Mexico called Pie Town that consists of two restaurants and a post office. It was originally a stoppong place along a long stretch of road. It's famous for having good pies! There's an average of of 178 sesame seeds on a Big Mac bun. There's Arsnick(a dangerous poison) in dirt There's enough water preassure in one onion cell to cause a steam engine to explode. Thirteen muscles are used to make a person smile. Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married. This is what the red, white, and blue on the US flag represent: The Continental Congress left no record to show why it chose the colors. However, in 1782, the Congress of the Confederation chose these same colors for the Great Seal of the United States and listed their meaning as follows: white to mean purity and innocence, red for valor and hardiness, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. According to legend, George Washington interpreted the elements of the flag this way: the stars were taken from the sky, the red from the British colors, and the white stripes signified the secession from the home country. However, there is no official designation or meaning for the colors of the flag. This may have been true on an older $5 bill, but I just scanned in one of the new ones and took a real close look and found nothing. If anyone finds it on an old one, please send in a pic or let me know. This one is deep...think about the cultural impact this could have: NO WAR HAS BEEN FOUGHT WHERE BOTH COUNTRIES HAD A McDonalds This sounds feasible, but isn't true! Crapper actually invented the automatic shut-off mechanism used in the modern toilet. Thomas Edison got patents for a method of making concrete furniture and a cigar which was supposed to burn forever. Thomas Edison was afraid of the dark. Thomas Edison, lightbulb inventor, was afraid of the dark Thomas Jefferson invented the dumbwaiter. Thomasville, North Carolina, prohibits airplanes from flying over the town on Sundays during the hours between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. Those British are sophisticated people, in almost everything except their choice of coffee. They still drink instant ten-to-one over fresh brewed. Those hard, plastic points on the ends of shoelaces are called aglets. Though it goes to 10, 9 is estimated to be the point of total tectonic destruction from an earthquake (2 is the smallest that can be felt unaided.) Thousands of people watched the Battle of Bunker Hill take place. People in the Boston area sat on rooftops, in trees, on church steeples, and in the rigging of ships in the harbor to watch the American revolutionaries battle the British. Three chemicals are used to execute criminals by lethal injection. First, Sodium Thiopental is injected, causing the inmate to fall into a deep sleep. The second chemical agent, Pancuronium Bromide, a muscle relaxer, follows. This causes the inmate to stop breathing due to paralyses of the diaphragm and lungs. Finally, Potassium Chloride is injected, stopping the heart. Three million people in the United States have an impairment of the back or limbs that is a direct result of an accidental fall. Three-hundred-million cells die in the human body every minute. Throughout his career, DeWolf Hopper recited Casey at the Bat" over 10,000 times. Tiger Woods is the only person to hold all four major championships at one time, although it did not happen in the calendar year. He also currently holds the scoring record for all four majors. Tiger Woods' real first name is Eldrick. His father gave him the nickname "Tiger" in honor of a South Vietnamese soldier his father had fought alongside with during the Vietnam War. Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur. Tigers' paw prints are called pug marks. Time magazine's "Man of the Year" for 1938 was Adolf Hitler. Timmie Jean Lindsey of Houston, TX became the first person to get silicone breast implants in 1962. Tina Turner's real name is Annie Mae Bullock. Title 14, Section 1211 of the Code of Federal Regulations, implemented on July 16, 1969, makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have any contact with extraterrestrials or their vehicles. To "testify" was based on men in the Roman court swearing to a statement made by swearing on their testicles. To an observer standing on Pluto, the sun would appear no brighter than Venus appears in our evening sky. To avoid long encounters with the press, President Ronald Reagan often took reporters' questions with his helicopter roaring in the background. To determine the percentage of alcohol in a bottle of liquor divide the proof by two. To find out almost the exact temperature... Listen to a cricket chirping and count the number of chirps in a minute. Add fifty, divide by four then add 40. To go one lunar day, adjust your watch to lose two minutes and five seconds every hour. To keep your feet warm, put on a hat: 80% of all body heat escapes through the head. To make things easier while mixing the American Graffiti sound track, George Lucas and sound designer Walter Murch labeled all of the film reels R and all of the dialogue tracks D, and then numbered each of them sequentially, starting with 1. When Murch later asked Lucas for Reel 2 Dialogue 2 or more precisely, R2 D2 Lucas liked the way it sounded so much that he made a note of the name for another project he was writing. To prevent some numbers from occurring more frequently than others, dice used in crap games in Las Vegas are manufactured to a tolerance of 0.0002 inches, less than 1/17 the thickness of a human hair. Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause, initiate or promote cancer such as tar, ammonia, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and benzopyrene. Today's commercial bananas are scientifically classified into the genus Musa of the Musaceae family. Toilets in Australia flush counter clockwise. Tokyo is the largest city by population (35million), followed by New York (21 million), then by Seoul (21 million), then Mexico City (20 million). Tom Cruise, John Travolta and Anne Archer are members of the Church of Scientology Tommy McDonald, a receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles, was the last NFL player to wear a helmet without a face mask. Tony Hawk has made more money from video games and tv commercials than from skateboarding. Toothbrushes should be kept 6 feet away from the toilet to avoid being contaminated by airborne stuff stirred up after flushing Top corporate executives take separate planes in case one crashes. Tortoises drink water through their noses. Tossing coins into fountains, dates back more than 2,000 years ago. Townsend Speakman of Philadelphia mixed fruit flavor with soda water in 1807, creating the first flavored soda pop, he called it Nephite Julep. Traces of cocaine were found on 99% of UK bank notes in a survey in London in 2000. Triskaidekaphobia means fear of the number 13. Paraskevidekatriaphobia means fear of Friday the 13th (which occurs one to three times a year). In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number. In Japan, 4 is considered an unlucky number. Truffles, or mushrooms that grow below the ground, are one of the world's most expensive foods. One variety, Tuber melanosporum, can cost between $800 and $1,500 a pound. Turkey began to roast and grind the coffee bean in the 13th Century, and some 300 years later, in the 1500's, the country had become the chief distributor of coffee, with markets established in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Venice, Italy. Turkeys can reproduce without having sex. It's called parthenogenesis Turkeys drown in the rain Turtles can breathe through their butts. Turtles have no teeth. Twinkies have a shelf life of about 25 years. Two in every three car buyers pays the sticker price without arguing. Two normal kidneys contain 2 million tiny blood filters which filter 50 gallons of blood every day!. Two thirds of all left-handed people are men. Two U.S. Presidents with the initials "J.M." followed each other as president. Two-thirds of the world's coffee comes from Brazil. Two-thirds of the world's eggplant is grown in New Jersey. Underfund and underground are the only two English words which start and finish with "und." Unique animals. Hippopotami cannot swim (ppl have said that a hippo can swim, but i dont think its classified as swimming. I'll check), whales can't swim backwards, tarantulas can't spin webs, crocodiles can't chew and hummingbirds can't walk Unlike most fish, electric eels cannot get enough oxygen from water. Approximately every five minutes, they must surface to breathe, or they will drown. Unlike most fish, they can swim both backwards and forwards. Unprosperousness is the longest word in which every letter occurs at least twice. Until 1896, drivers in Great Britain had to warn of their presence by having a person precede their car on foot, waving a red flag. Until 1965, driving was done on the left-hand side on roads in Sweden. The conversion to right-hand was done on a weekday at 5 p.m. Until 1967 it wasn't illegal for Olympic athletes to use drugs to enhance their performance during competition. Until the 1870s, baseball was played without the use of gloves. Until the 18th century coffee was almost always boiled. Until the 18th century India produced almost all the world diamonds. Until the late 1800's, people roasted their coffee at home. Popcorn poppers and stove-top frying pans were favored. Until the time of Michelangelo, many sculptors colored their statues, and most from ancient Greece and Rome at one time had been painted or "polychromed." Over the course of years, rain washed the colors off the marble. Until the time of Michelangelo, many sculptors colored their statues. Most of the statues from ancient Greece and Rome at one time had been painted or polychromed. Rain through the ages washed off the paint and the statues were left in their natural marble. Up until the early 20th century, New Jersey and Wisconsin had laws allowing the castration of epileptics. Upper and Lower case letters are so named because when print had to be set by individual letters the upper case letters were stored in a case above the case that held the lower case letters. URanus' axis is at 97 degrees. which means that it orbits on its side. (Most of the planets spin on an axis nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic but Uranus' axis is almost parallel to the ecliptic.) Uranus is the only planet that rotates on its side. Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise. Uranus was originally called George, in honour of King George III of Britain US Dollar bills are made out of cotton and linen. US gold coins used to say "In Gold We Trust". US Presidents who died on July 4th: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in 1826, James Monroe died in 1831. US presidents who have been assassinated: Abraham Lincoln in 1865, James A. Garfield in 1881, William H. McKinley in 1901, and John F. Kennedy in 1963. US Presidents who never attended college: Grover Cleveland, Abraham Lincoln, Harry S Truman, and George Washington. US Presidents who never had children: George Washington, known as the "Father of the Country," James Madison, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, James Buchanan, and Warren Harding. US Presidents who never held any other elective office: U. S. Grant, William H. Taft, Herbert Hoover, Dwight D. Eisenhower. US Presidents who owned slaves : George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Andrew Jackson, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant. US presidents who served an entire term without a vice president: John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur. US presidents who were survived by their fathers: John F. Kennedy and Warren Harding. US Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina set a filibuster record in the U.S. Senate on August 19, 1957. He spoke for 24 hours and 18 minutes. 'Vaimonkanto' or 'Wife Carrying' is a sports event. The 'Carry an Old Gel' championship games are held anually in Sonkajarvi, Finland. Van Camp's Pork and Beans were a staple food for Union soldiers in the Civil War. Vanilla is the extract of fermented and dried pods of several species of orchids. Vaseline was created by Robert Chesebrough in 1870. He developed it after visiting Titusville, PA in 1859. While there he noticed that workers were treating cuts and burns with grease that accumulated on drill rods from the oil fields. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It's just 0.17 square miles. Monaco is the second smallest at 0.7 square miles. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. The whole country is only 108.7 acres, which a population of just 1,000 (approx.). Venus is the only planet in the solar system to spin backwards. Venus rotates so slowly that in a typical day lasts approximately 244 Earth days (5,856 hours). Vermont, admitted as the 14th state in 1791, was the 1st addition to the original 13 colonies. VHS stands for Video Home System. Victor Hugo's Les Miserables contains one of the longest sentences in the French language 823 words without a period. Victor Mills, an inventor with Proctor & Gamble, invented the disposable diaper in 1961 because he didn't want to deal with his daughter's soiled (crapped) diapers. You know them as Pampers. Vincent van Gogh didn't start to draw until he was 27 years old. Vincent van Gogh is known to have sold only one painting during his lifetime. Virgina Woolf wrote all of her books standing. Virginia law forbids bathtubs in the house; tubs must be kept in the yard. Volkswagen was the first foreign company to open a factory in the United States. The auto plant opened in 1978 in Pennsylvania. Waldo Hanchett invented the modern dentist's chair in 1848. Walt Disney got the idea for Mickey Mouse from watching mice play in a garage, where he was forced to work, because he could not afford to rent an art studio. Walt Disney named Mickey Mouse after Mickey Rooney, whose mother he dated. Walt Disney provided the voice of Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie. Walt Disney was afraid of mice. Walt Disney's first cartoon character was called Oswald the Rabbit. Walt Disney's youngest daughter is named Sharon. Walter Huston and his son John become the first father-and-son team to win Oscars as director of and an actor in "Treasure of Sierra Madre" in 1949. Warn your hubby that after lovemaking in Ames, Iowa, he isn't allowed to take more than three gulps of beer while lying in bed with youor holding you in his arms. Warren Beatty and Shirley McLaine are brother and sister. Warren G. Harding was the first American President to visit Canada. He stopped in Vancouver, British Columbia while he was on his way to Alaska. Warren G. Harding's middle name is Gamaliel. Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Teddy Roosevelt are the four US presidents whose faces are carved on Mt. Rushmore. Water based mammals like dolphins and whales swish their tails up and down. Only fish move them sideways. Watermelon is grown in over 96 countries worldwide. Over 1,200 varieties of watermelon are grown worldwide. There are about 200 varieties of watermelon throughout the US. Watermelon, considered one of America's favorite fruits, is really a vegetable (Citrullus lanatus). Cousin to the cucumber and kin to the gourd, watermelons can range in size from 7 to 100 pounds. Watermelons grown along the Tigris River have been known to reach as much as 275 pounds. We [humans] only use 10% of our brains. We blink eyes 25 times each minute. We blink our eyes once every six second i.e. in the course of a life time we blink about 250 million times. We lose half a litre of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapour we see when we breathe onto glass. Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times. Wedding cake was originally thrown at the bride and groom, instead of eaten by them. Wesley Snipes has a 5th Degree Black Belt. Wesley Snipes installed public telephones while struggling to become an actor in New York. Wet sand weighs less than dry sand. Whale hunting is strictly prohibitted throughout the entire state of Oklahoma. Whales can never focus both their eyes on the same object at once What does a Dead Leaf, Paper Kite, Blue Striped Crow,Julia and Great Egg Fly have in common? They're all butterflies!Thanx Bijou What we call the sky is merely the limit of our vision into the atmosphere. The sky, like the horizon, is always as far away as one can see. What word can you take the first letter of, put it as the last letter, and make it the past tence of the original word? Answer: Eat (ate) Wheat is the world's most widely cultivated plant; grown on every continent except Antarctica. When a coffee seed is planted, it takes five years to yield consumable fruit. When a female horse and male donkey mate, the offspring is called a mule, but when a male horse and female donkey mate, the offspring is called a hinny. When a giraffe is born, it has to fall around six feet to the ground. When a male skier falls down, he tends to fall on his face. A woman skier tends to fall on her back. When a man was hanged in Mississippi in 1894 the noose came undone and the prisoner fell to the ground. He was set free and and since his innocence was later established he was granted ,$5000. When a person dies, hearing is generally the last sense to go. The first sense lost is usually sight. Then follows taste, smell, and touch. When a person dies, hearing is the last sense to go. First off would be your sight. When a person is wide awake, alert, and mentally active, he is still only 25% aware of what various parts of his body are doing. (2-1-04) When a queen bee lays the fertilized eggs that will develop into new queens, only one of the newly laid queens actually survives. The first new queen that emerges from her cell destroys all other queens in their cells and, thereafter, reigns alone. When Alexander Graham Bell Was working on the telephone in 1876, he spilled battery acid on his pants and called out to his assistant, "Watson, please come here. I want you." Watson, who was on another floor, heard the call through the instrument he was hooking up, and ran to Bell's room. Bell's words became the first ever successfully communicated using a telephone. When angered, the ears of the tazmanian devil turn pinkish red. When ants find food, they lay down a chemical trail, called a pheromone, so that other ants can find their way from the nest to the food source. When armadillos are pregnant they always have quadruplets of the same sex. When Bob Marley died they found 19 different species of lice in his dreadlocks. When Bugs Bunny first appeared in 1935, he was called Happy Rabbit. When Catherine de Medici married Henry II of France (1533) she brought forks with her, as well as several master Florentine cooks. Foods never before seen in France were soon being served using utensils instead of fingers or daggers. She is said to have introduced spinach (which "à la Florentine" usually means) as well as aspics, sweetbreads, artichoke hearts, truffles, liver crépinettes, quenelles of poultry, macaroons, ice cream, and zabagliones. When Charles Darwin published his theory on human evolution in The Descent of Man in 1871, not a single fossil that was known to be pre-human had been found to back up his ideas. Although his theory was later proved to be true, it was formulated entirely without physical evidence and based almost completely on speculation. When Christopher Columbus and crew landed in the New World they observed the natives using a nose pipe to smoke a strange new herb. The pipe was called a "tabaka" by the locals, hence our word tobacco. When cows lay down, they get up back feet first...so if you get enough people to sit on their rear end, they won't be able to stand again. Doctors use this when operating and giving shots. When Disneyland opened in 1955, Tomorrowland represented a city from 1986. When gentlemen in medieval Japan wished to seal an agreement, they urinated together, crisscrossing their streams of urine. When George Washington ran for the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1757, he was accused of trying to win votes by plying voters with 28 gallons of rum, 50 gallons of rum punch, 46 gallons of beer and 34 gallons of wine. When George Washington was elected President, there was a King in France, a Czar in Russia, an Emperor in China, and a Shogun in Japan. Only the office of President remained. When glass breaks, it showers TOWARDS, not away from the force that broke it. To reiterate, I will repeat it again one more time, to recap, TOWARDS the force, not away. When Henry Aaron hit his 715th Home Run, breaking Babe Ruth's record, the pitcher who served it up was Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers. They were both wearing number 44. When honey is swallowed, it enters the blood stream within a period of 20 minutes. When Leonardo Da Vinci was young he drew a picture of a horrible monster and placed near a window in order to surprise his father. Upon seeing the picture his father believed it to be real and set out to protect his family until the boy showed him it was just a picture. Da Vinci's father then enrolled his son in an art class. When Mahatma Gandhi died, an autopsy revealed that his small intestine contained five gold Krugerrands. (not verified) When Mount Vesuvius erupted in in the year 79, over 2,000 citizens of Pompeii ran into their cellars to wait until everything had ended. Excavators found them still there 1,800 years later. When movie directors do not want their names to be seen in the credits, they use the pseudonym "Allen Smithee" instead. It has been used over 50 times, starting with "Death of a Gunfighter" (1969). When opossums are playing 'possum, they are not "playing," They actually pass out from sheer terror. When possums are "playing possum" they're not playing they are actually passed out from sheer terror. When potatoes first appeared in Europe in the seventeenth century, it was thought that they were disgusting, and they were blamed for starting outbreaks of leprosy and syphilis. As late as 1720 in America, eating potatoes was believed to shorten a person's life. When potatoes were brought from South America over to Spain, it took about 200 years before it was recognized as a food. When potatoes were first introduced to Europe, people were skeptical and only ate the leaves, which made them sick. They would then throw away the rest, including the actual spud. When pure gold is beaten with a mallet and made into gold leaf, the average thickness runs between 1/200,000th to 1/250,000th of an inch. When Scott Paper Co. first started manufacturing toilet paper they did not put their name on the product because of embarrassment. When sharks bite down, their eyes automatically close in case their prey starts squirming trying to get free, and thereby cause damage to the shark's eyes in the process. When snakes are born with two heads, they fight each other for food. When someone commits suicide while jumping off a building, so much adrenaline builds up that you have a heart attack and die before hitting the ground. Thus making this way of commiting usicide basically the easiest. When Swiss cheese ferments, a bacterial action generates gas. As the gas is liberated, it bubbles through the cheese leaving holes. Cheese-makers call them "eyes." When the Black Death swept across England one theory was that cats caused the plague. Thousands were slaughtered. Ironically, those that kept their cats were less affected, because they kept their houses clear of the real culprits, rats. When the English colonists sat down for their first Thanksgiving dinner on February 22, 1630, an Indian chief named Quadoquina offered a deerskin bag filled with freshly popped corn. Thus popcorn made its first appearance to non-native North Americans. When the German army invaded France in WWI, they actually followed the schedules of the local trains to invade (it was faster by rail and they wanted to surprise France), checking the timetable and abiding by it. And France, whose army was waiting at the border, sent taxis to pick up and transport the troops to counter the attack! When the income tax first started in 1861, the maximum tax was 3%. When the moon is directly over your head, you weigh slightly less. When the temperature drops, the eyesight reaction time of insects (like the dragonfly and some animals like tortoises) decrease and thats why they can be caught early in the morning or at night by predators like birds whose eyesight reaction times are unaffected by temperature. When the Titanic sank, 2228 people were on it. Only 706 survived. When the Titanic sunk there was 7,500 lbs. of ham on it When the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers play football at home, the stadium becomes the third largest city in the state. When the X-ray was discovered, a law in New Jersey was written forbidding the use of "X-ray opera glasses." When Thomas Edison died in 1941; Henry Ford captured his last dying breath in a bottle. When you flush a toilet, an invisible cloud of water [full of germs] shoots six feet in the air. When you give someone roses, the color can have a meaning. The meaning of rose colors: Red = Love and respect, Deep pink = Gratitude, appreciation, Light pink = Admiration, sympathy White = Reverence, humility, Yellow = Joy, gladness,Orange = Enthusiasm, desire, Red & yellow blend = Gaiety, joviality,Pale blended tones = Sociability, friendship When you put a seashell to your ear, the sound you hear is not the waves, but actually the echo of the blood pulsing in your own ear. When you see a sign "City of Timbukto 40 miles" it means actually it is 40 miles to the city hall of that city sign. When you sneeze, all your bodily functions stop, even your heart. Whenever people accidentally trip over themselves whilst walking, they automatically go into 'survival mode' and try to pretend like they meant it (eg. they start into a jog). How hilarious is it watching someone do that?! While fighting with the French underground during World War II, Jacques-Yves Cousteau invented the aqualung, the self-contained device that supplies air under pressure for underwater divers. While many treaties have been signed at or near Paris, France (including many after WWI and WWII), nine are actually known as the "Treaty of Paris": Seven Years' War (1763), American Revolutionary War (1783), French-Swede War (1810), France vs Sixth Coalition (1814), Battle of Waterloo (1815), Crimean War (1856), Spanish-American War (1898), union of Bessarabia and Romania (1920), establishment of European Coal and Steel Community (1951). While sailing along the Caribbean coast of South America in 1499, the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojedo saw Indian houses built on stilts over the water. The area reminded him of Venice, and he named it Little Venice, which in Spanish is Venezuela. While seeking a name and package design for the world's first self-rising pancake mix, creator Chris L. Rutt saw a vaudeville team known as Baker and Farrell whose act included Baker singing the catchy song "Aunt Jemima" dressed as a Southern mammy. Inspired by the wholesome name and image, Rutt appropriated them both to market his new pancake mix. While sleeping, one man in eight snores, and one in ten grinds his teeth. While the US government's supply of gold is kept at Fort Knox, its supply of silver is kept at the Military Academy at West Point, NY. Whiskey was first brewed in the United States in 1640. It was made from a mixture of corn and rye. Whitcomb L. Judson, the inventor of the zipper, originally intended his invention to save people the trouble of buttoning and unbuttoning their shoes every day. He named it the "Clasp locker and unlocker for shoes." White out was invented by the mother of Mike Nesmith (Formerly of the Monkees). Whoever submitted the erroneous Spanish info should be pelted with soggy tacos and refried beans. HOMBRE is "man," HOMBRO is "shoulder," and HOMBURG is a kind of hat just as it is in English. Whole wheat bread has more iron, vitamins and dietary fiber than white bread. Why? It is a felony for a wife to open a husband's mail. Widow is the only female form in the English language that is shorter than its corresponding male term (widower). Wild Bill Hickok was killed playing poker, holding two pairs aces and eights, which has become known as 'Dead Man's Hand.' William Fox, the founder of 20th Century Fox, was bankrupt a few years after selling his studio, and served a prison sentence in Pennsylvania for bribing a judge. William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) was the first US president to die in office. At 32 days, he also had the shortest term in office. William Howard Taft had a bathtub that could hold four people installed in the white because he couldn't fit into the present one. William Howard Taft was the first President to own a car. William Penn purchased a pound of coffee in New York in 1683 for $4.68. William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of 29,066 different words. By way of comparison, the average person uses about 8,000 different words. William Shatner is credited for being the first person on TV to say "hell" as well as to have the first inter-racial kiss (with Nichelle Nichols), both in episodes of Star Trek. William Taft is only man to become President and then chief justice. Willow bark, which provides the salicylic acid from which aspirin was originally synthesized, has been used as a pain remedy ever since the Greeks discovered its therapeutic power nearly 2,500 years ago. Windmills always turn counter-clockwise except in one country. Wine grapes, oranges, figs and olives were first planted in North America by Father Junipero Sera in 1769. Wine is kept in tinted bottles because it will spoil if it's exposed to light. Wine will spoil if exposed to light, hence tinted bottles. Winston Churchill was born in a ladies room during a dance. Witchcraft was first legalized in the colony of Pennsylvania. With a 3 by 5 card you can make a paper ring that can go around 3 adults With the exception of Antarctica, all continents are wider in the north than in the south. Women blink nearly twice as much as men. Women burn fat more slowly than men, by a rate of about 50 calories a day. Women say that the part of a man's body that they admire the most is his buttocks. Women shoplift more often than men; the statistics are 4 to 1. Women wear engagement and wedding rings on the third finger of the left hand because an ancient belief held that a delicate nerve runs directly from that finger to the heart. Women who are housewives are, as a whole, more faithful than working women. Women who respond to sex surveys in magazines have had five times as many lovers as non-respondents. Women's hearts beat faster than men's. Wonder Woman was the world's first comic book superheroine. She was introduced in All Star Comics in December 1941 and created by psychologist William Moulton Marston. Woodbury Soap was the first product to use a picture of a nude woman in its advertisements. In 1936, a photo by Edward Steichen showed a rear full-length view of a woman sunbathing. Work on St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, began in 1506. Construction took over a century, reaching completion in 1612. Worker ants may live seven years and the queen may live as long as 15 years. Worldwide, the most common environmental allergy is dust. Worn or outdated US Flags are destroyed, preferably by burning. Would you believe that pigs are smarter than dogs? On the human intelligence scale, pigs are third removed from humans, while dogs are 13th removed, and only primates and dolphines are smarter than pigs. They are quick one time learners, and some learn by watching others. (I dont know how much of this is true, coming from a site called Pig's Peace Sanctuary Wrigley's gum was the first product to have a bar code on the packaging. Wrigley's promoted their new spearmint-flavored chewing gum in 1915 by mailing 4 sample sticks to each of the 1.5 million names listed in US telephone books. Writing in ancient Greece "hadnospacebetweenthewords." Wyoming was the first state to allow women to vote. X-ray technology has shown there are 3 different versions of the Mona Lisa under the visible one. Xylophones(Greek xylon,"wood"; phone,"sound") were actually developed in South East Asia in the 14th centuary Yellowstone is the world's 1st national park. It was dedicated in 1872. You are born with 300 bones, but when you get to be an adult you only have 206. You are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by a poisonous spider. You blink about 25,000 times a day. You breath 13 pints of air per minute. You burn more calories sleeping than watching television. You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching TV. You can lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs. You can not kill yourself by holding your breath. You can now buy a coffin which can be used as a wine rack, table, and / or bookcase before you are buried in it. You can only smell /20th as well as a dog. You can only tell the gender of a Macaw through an operation. They lack exterior genetials. You can see how hydrated you are by checking the color of your urine. If it's a dark yellow to yellowish-green, you are under-hydrated. If it's light yellow to clear, you're very well hydrated. You can see stars from the bottom of a well even in day light. You can sometimes tell the hobbies and race of a person by their skeleton. You can tell how a rabbit is feeling (emotion-wise) through the position of its ears. If the ears are standing tall, pointing forward, the rabbit is happy and curious. If the ears are laid completely flat on its back and are pointing backwards, the rabbit is more than likely pissed off or frightened. If one ear is halfway up and somewhat cocked towards you, and the other one is standing compeltely up, but facing away from you, then the rabbit is confused, and curious as to what the heck you're doing. You can tell the sex of a turtle by the sound it makes, A male grunts, A female hisses. You can test for a two way mirror by putting your fingernail on the surface, if there's space between the tip and the image, then its a normal mirror, if not, its two way. You can usually tell how good the picture of a TV will be by how black the screen is when the TV is off. The blacker, the better. You can walk from Boston to New York City in fewer than a million steps. You cannot sneeze with your eyes open. You can't kill yourself by holding your breath. You can't sneeze on the streets of Asheville, North Carolina. You could walk from New York to Boston in less than one million steps. You forget 80% of what you learn each day. You have enough red blood cells in your body to circle (the veins) the planet 2.5 times. You may legally participate in a duel in Paraguay if both participants are registered blood doners. You may not sell your oragns in Indiana to cover travel expenses. You need 120 drops of water to fill a teaspoon. You need approximately 2,000 berries to make one pound of coffee. You share your birthday with at least 9 million other people in the world. You share your birthday with at least nine million other people around the world. You sit on the biggest muscle in your body, the gluteus maximus a.k.a the butt. Each of the two cheeky muscles tips the scales at about two pounds (not including the overlying fat layer). The tiniest muscle, the stapedius of the middle ear, is just one-fifth of an inch long. You speak about 4,800 words per day. You will have to walk 80 kilometers for your legs to equal the amount of exercise your eyes get daily. You would need to travel at 6.95 miles per second to escape the Earth's gravitational pull. This is equivalent to traveling from New York to Philadelphia in about twenty seconds. Your body releases growth hormones when you sleep. Your brain will stop growing in size when you are about 15 years old. Your fingernails can turn yellow from wearing nail polish and from the sun. Your fingernails grow up to 7 times faster than your toenails. Your head can be shaved against your will for violating their islamic code. Your nose smells best when you are about 10 years old. Your nostrils take turns inhaling. Your right lung takes in more air than your left one does. Your skin weighs about 3.2kg Your stomach produces a new layer of mucus every two weeks so that it doesn't digest itself. You're born with 300 bones, but when you get to be an adult, you only have 206. (apparently they fuse together such as the parietal, occipital of the skull) thanx Christie You're more likely to be a target for mosquitoes if you consume bananas. You're more likely to get stung by a bee on a windy day that in any other weather. Zebras are members of the Equus genus. Zebras are not black with white stripes, but are actually white with black stripes, coz if any of you animal lovers happen to stare at it's butt, you'll notice that the black stripes end there. Zero point energy is a source of energy which is released when atoms stop moving, at -273 Celcius. Zipporah was the wife of Moses.	Ludwig van Beethoven
June 8, 1955 saw the birth of Sir Timothy Berners-Lee, British engineer and computer scientist best known for inventing what modern convenience that nobody could get by without anymore?	Amazing Facts - Facts-n-Tips Facts-n-Tips Amazing Facts Dr. Seuss pronounced his name "soyce". Dr. Seuss wrote "Green Eggs and Ham" after his editor dared him to write a book using fewer than 50 different words. Draftsmen have to make 27,000 drawings for the manufacturing of a new car. Dragonflies are one of the fastest insects, flying 50 to 60 mph. Dragonfly larvae develop under the water and eject water from their anus to propel them for short distances Dreamt is the only English word that ends in the letters "MT". Dry ice does not melt, it evaporates. Dry wine is a wine that has been completely fermented, meaning that only 0.1% of the sugar remains. Due to precipitation, for a few weeks K2 was bigger than Mt Everest. Dueling is legal in Paraguay as long as both parties are registered blood donors. Dunkirk, France is the site of the largest military evacuation in history. During World War II, some 340,000 Allied troops were evacuated to England. The retreat by sea took place between May 26 and June 4, 1940. During a severe windstorm or rainstorm the Empire State Building may sway several feet to either side. During conscription for World War II, there were nine documented cases of men with three testicles. During Hell Week (the most grueling portion of training) the trainees get 4 hours of sleep. During his entire life, Vincent Van Gogh sold exactly one painting, "Red Vineyard at Arles". During his entire lifetime, Herman Melville's timeless classic of the sea, 'Moby Dick', only sold 50 copies. During his lifetime Paganini published only five compisitions. He didn't expect anybody to be able to play them, and at that time nobody could. During its entire life time a housefly never travels more than a hundred feet from the place where it was born. During pregnancy, the average woman's uterus expands up to five hundred times its normal size. During the 1600's, boys and girls in England wore dresses until they were about seven years old. During the Alaskan Klondike gold rush, (1897-1898) potatoes were practically worth their weight in gold. Potatoes were so valued for their vitamin C content that miners traded gold for potatoes. During the American Civil War the Union soldiers were issued eight pounds of ground roasted coffee as part of their personal ration of one hundred pounds of food. And they had another choice: ten pounds of green coffee beans. During the average human life, you will consume 70 assorted bugs as well as 10 spiders whilst you sleep. During the baseball rivalries between the two major leagues in the 1890s, the Pittsburgh Nationals took advantage of a technicality and signed a player away from another club. The Nationals' president, J. Palmer O'Neill, was called J. "Pirate" O'Neill, and his club became the Pittsburgh Pirates. During the California gold rush of 1849, miners sent their laundry to Honolulu for washing and pressing. Due to the extremely high costs in California during these boom years, it was deemed more feasible to send their shirts to Hawaii for servicing. During the chariot scene a small red car can be seen in the distance. During the chariot scene in "Ben Hur", a small red car can be seen in the distance. During the filming of Singin' in the Rain, the director had two ladies Carol Haney and Gwen Verdon put on tap dancing shows and dance around in bucketsful of water. Apparently, he liked Gene Kelly's dancing, but wasn't able to get the sound he wanted for someone dancing in the rain. The sounds of Gene Kelly's tap dancing in the movie aren't really the sounds he made during the filming of the movie. During the mid-1800s, less than half of the newborn babies lived more than ten years. Today, over 90 percent do. During the Prohibition, at least 1,565 Americans died from drinking bad liquor, hundreds were blinded, and many were killed in bootlegger wars. Federal Agents and the Coast Guard made 75,000 arrests per year. During the Reign of Peter the Great, their was a special tax on anyone who had a beard. During the time of Peter the Great, any Russian who wore a beard was required to pay a special tax. During the US Civil war, 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army; 38,000 gave their lives; 22 won the Medal of Honor. During the winter, squirrels make waterproof nests in hollow trees. During warm weather, hippos secrete a reddish, oily fluid, called pink sweat, which acts as a skin conditioner to keep it moist. During winter in Moscow the skating rinks cover more than 250,000 square meters of land. During World War II Canadian scientists secretly developed biological weapons which were later taken over by the USA. Anthrax was one. During World War II the U.S. government used 260 million pounds of instant coffee. During World War II, bakers in the United States were ordered to stop selling sliced bread for the duration of the war on January 18, 1943. Only whole loaves were made available to the public. It was never explained how this action helped the war effort. During World War II, the very first bomb dropped on Berlin by the Allies killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. Dwight D. Eisenhower, an avid golfer, had a putting green installed on the White House lawn. Dynamite contains peanuts. Each banana plant bears only one stem of fruit. To produce a new stem, only two shoots known as the daughter and the granddaughter are allowed to grow and be cultivated from the main plant. Each day, there are over 120 million sexual intercourse taking place all over the world.thanx kim (Now dont you feel more contented each night before you go to sleep ALONE) Each human generates about 3.5 pounds of rubbish a day, mostly paper. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history. Spades King David, Clubs Alexander the Great, Hearts Charlemagne, and Diamonds Julius Caesar. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades = David ; Clubs = Alexander the Great ; Hearts = Charlemagne ; Diamonds = Caesar Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades King David, Clubs Alexander the Great, Hearts Charlemagne, Diamonds Julius Caesar. Each person's ears are unique. Each square inch of human skin consists of twenty feet of blood vessels. Each unit on the Richter Scale is equivalent to a power factor of about 32. So a 6 is 32 times more powerful than a 5! Though it goes to 10, 9 is estimated to be the point of total tectonic destruction. 2 is the smallest that can be felt unaided. Each year 50,000 earthquakes take place on this planet. Each year approximately 250,000 American husbands are physically attacked and beaten by their wives. Each year in America there are about 300,000 deaths that can be attributed to obesity. Each year, insects eat 1/3 of the Earth's food crop. Earth's magnetic field has been weakening. It seems to have lost 15% of its strength since 1670. At the present rate of decrease, it will reach zero in 2,000 years. Between the years 3500 and 4500, the magnetic field will not be sufficiently strong enough to ward off charged radiation from outer space. Easter is the first Sunday after the first Full Moon after March 21. Eating breakfast will help you burn from 5-20% more calories throughout the day. Eating large amounts of carrots will eventually turn your skin orange because of the chemical substance called carotene which is found in carrots. Carotene is the cause of the orange hue in leaves during the fall. Eddie Arcaro, one of the greatest jockeys in horse race history, rode 250 losers before he won his first race. Ultimately, Arcaro won 4,779 races including five Derby winners, six in the Preakness, and six in the Belmont Stakes, on such famous horses as Whirlaway, Citation, and Kelso. Edgar Allan Poe introduced mystery fiction's first fictional detective, Auguste C. Dupin, in his 1841 story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue." Eggplant is a member of the thistle family. Eggs sink in water when they are fresh and float when expired. Eight positions are mentioned in Abbott and Costello's "Who's on First?" routine. Only right field was left out. Einstein couldn't speak fluently when he was nine. His parents thought he might be retarded. El Capitan in Yosemite National Park is the largest visible granite rock in the world. It's twice the size of the Rock of Gibraltar. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote David O. Selznick to ask that her maid, Lizzy McDuffy, be considered for the role of Mammy in Gone With the Wind. Electrical stimulation of certain areas of the brain has been proven to revive long-lost memories. Elephant tusks grow throughout an elephant's life and can weigh more than 200 pounds. Among Asian elephants, only the males have tusks. Both sexes of African elephants have tusks. Elephants are capable of swimming 20 miles in one day. Elephants are the only Mammals that can't jump. Elephants can communicate using sounds that are below the human hearing range: between 14 and 35 hertz. Elephants can't jump. Elephants only sleep for two hours each day. Elephants produce 50 pounds of manure every day. Elephants, horses, and camels all descended from animals that originally came from North America, despite their present homes in Eurasia. Elizabeth the First suffered from anthophobia (a fear of roses). Elton John and The Beach Boys are tied for the record for the longest gap between number one hit singles in the United States. Both waited 21 years, 11 months. Elvis had a twin brother named Aaron, who died at birth, which is why Elvis' middle name was spelled Aron: in honor of his brother. It is also misspelled on his tomb stone. Elvis had a twin brother named Garon, who died at birth, which is why Elvis middle name was spelled Aron, in honor of his brother. Elvis Presley made his first appearance on national television in 1956. He sang Blue Suede Shoes and Heartbreak Hotel on "The Dorsey Brothers Show." Elwood Edwards did the voice for the AOL sound files (i.e. "You've got Mail!"). He is heard about 27 million times a day. The recordings were done before Quantum changed its name to AOL and the program was known as "Q-Link." E-mails started in 1971. Ray Tomlinson is it's DADDY!! and the first e-mail was sent WRITTEN ENTIRELY IN UPPER CASE. Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. Emus cannot walk backwards. Emus have double plumed feathers and they lay emerald/forest green eggs. Engelbert Humperdinck's real name is Gerry Dorsey. He didn't make that name up, though. It originally belonged to the 1800s German musician who wrote the opera Hansel and Gretel. England and the American colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on September 14th, 1752. 11 days disappeared. England once had a Prime Minister who was only 24 years old. He was William Pitt, elected in 1783. England's King Edward VII gave a large diamond tiara to Wallis Warfield Simpson as a wedding gift. Simpson was the woman for whom Edward VII abdicated the throne for. England's Stonehenge is 1500 years older than Rome's Colosseum. English traders introduced opium to China to create a market for the drug. They then traded silver for opium to help pay other Chinese traders for their tea. Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page were all once the lead guitarist for the English band the Yardbirds in the 1960's. Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a novel, "Gadsby", which contains over 50,000 words, not a single word contained the letter "E." Europe has no deserts, it is the only continent without one. Evard Ericksen sculpted "The Little Mermaid" statue which is located in Copenhagen harbor. Even if you cut off a cockroach's head, it can live for several weeks. Even though they broke up 25 years ago, the Beatles continue to sell more records each year than the Rolling Stones. Even when all the molecules in a single breath of air have been dispersed evenly in the earth's atmosphere, there will still be one or two of the same ones taken into the lungs with every subsequent breath. Every time you breathe in, you inhale one or two of the same molecules that you inhaled with the first breath you took as a baby. Ever wonder how Swiss cheese is made? As the cheese ferments, a bacterial action generates gas. As the gas is liberated, it bubbles through the cheese, leaving all those holes. Everest is not the tallest mountain. Mauna Kea Mountain in the Hawaiian Island is 230m taller. It is 4201m above water and 4877 underwater! Everest is only 8848m. Every 14 years, Saturn's rings become briefly invisible to astronomers on Earth. At that time, the plane of the rings is tipped to that of the Earth's orbit, and they are seen edge-on. Since the ring's are so thin, they can't be seen at that angle. Every citizen of Kentucky is required by law to take a bath at least once a year. Every day more money is printed for Monopoly than the US Treasury. Every day, 7% of the US eats at McDonald's. Every eleven years the magnetic poles of the sun switch. This cycle is called "Solarmax". Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell. Every man in Brainerd, Minnesota is required by law to grow a beard. Every person has a unique eye and tongue print. Every person, including identical twins, has a unique eye and tongue print along with their finger print. Every queen named Jane has either been murdered, imprisoned, gone mad, died young, or been dethroned. Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. Every Swiss citizen is required by law to have a bomb shelter or access to a bomb shelter. Every ten minutes, another plant or animal life form becomes extinct. Every time Beethoven sat down to write music, he poured ice water over his head. Every time the moon's gravity causes a ten-foot tide at sea, all the continents on earth rise at least six inches. Every time you lick a stamp, you're consuming 1/10 of a calorie. Every US president has worn glasses (just not always in public). Every year 4 people in the UK die putting their trousers on. Every year 8,000 people injure themselves while using a tooth pick. Every year, $1.5 billion is spent on pet food. This is four times the amount spent on baby food. Every year, Mexico City sinks about 10 inches. Every year, surgical tools are left in approximately 1,500 patients in the USA. Fatter patients are more prone to having a surgical tool left inside of them due to the additional amount of space in their bodies. Everyday, more money is printed for Monopoly sets than for the U.S. Treasury. Everyone in the Middle Ages believed -as Aristotle had -that the heart was the seat of intelligence. Everyone is colorblind at birth Everyone knows that the U.S. gold depository is in Fort Knox, Kentucky. But nobody seems to know that the U.S. silver depository is at West Point, New York. Everyone thought Albert Einstein suffered from dyslexia, because he couldn't speak properly until he was 9 years old. Except for 2 and 3, every prime number will eventually become divisible by 6 if you either add or subtract 1 from the number. For example, the number 17, plus 1, is divisible by 6. The number 19, minus 1, is also divisible by 6 Experiments have shown that, ants are capable of lifting 50 times their own weight and pulling loads 300 times their own weight. False eyelashes were invented by film director D.W. Griffith while he was making the 1916 epic, "Intolerance." He wanted actress Seena Owen to have lashes that brushed her cheeks. Faye Wong received a 7 digit fee for recording 'eyes on me' and it took her about 4 hours. February 1865 is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon. Federal law forbids recycling used eyeglasses in the United States. Felix Faure (French President; 1841-1899), Pope Leo VII (936-939), Pope John VII (955-964), Pope Leo VIII (963-965), Pope John XIII (965-72), Pope Paul II (1467-1471), Lord Palmerston (British Prime Minister, 1784-1865), Nelson Rockefeller (US Vice President, 1908-1979), and John Entwistle (The Who's bassist, 1944-2002) all died while having sex. Felix the Cat is the first cartoon character to ever have been made into a balloon for a parade. Female chickens, or hens, need about 24 to 26 hours to produce one egg. Thirty minutes later they start the process all over again. In addition to the half-hour rests, some hens rest every three to five days and others rest every 10 days. Female lions do 90% of the hunting. Female rabbits on the other hand, reabsorb their embryo for the proteins Females have a wider peripheral vision than males. Ferrets sleep around 20 hours a day. Fin whales are the second largest animal ever to live on earth. They have been measured to over 80 feet long in Antarctic waters. Finagle's Law was the one that went, "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong." Not Murphy's Law. Finely grinding coffee beans and boiling them in water is still known as "Turkish Coffee." It is still made this way today in Turkey and Greece or anywhere else Turkish Coffee is served. Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails Fingerprints serve a function they provide traction for the fingers to grasp things. Finnish folklore says that when Santa comes to Finland to deliver gifts, he leaves his sleigh behind and rides on a goat named Ukko instead. According to French tradition, Santa Claus has a brother named Bells Nichols, who visits homes on New Year's Eve after everyone is asleep, and if a plate is set out for him, he fills it with cookies and cakes. First Instant Replay was used during Army Navy Football Game at Municipal Stadium Philadelphia on December 7, 1963, invented by Tony Verna (CBS Director.) First novel ever written on a typewriter: Tom Sawyer. Fish scales are an ingredient in lipstick. Five Jell-O®™ flavors have flopped: celery, coffee, cola, apple and chocolate. Five NFL teams have bird nicknames: Arizona Cardinals, Philadelphia Eagles, Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens and Seattle Seahawks. Flamingos are able to fly at a speed of approximately 55 kilometers an hour. In one night they can travel about 600 km. Flavored coffees are created after the roasting process by applying flavored oils specially created to use on coffee beans. Fleas are essential to the health of armadillos and hedgehogs; they provide necessary stimulation of the skin. Deloused armadillos and hedgehogs will die. Fleas have killed more people (due to Bubonic plague and such) than all wars throughout history combined. Fleas jump the equivilant of one mile..in insect feet. Flies jump backwards when they take off. Flies taste with their feet. Flirtation between the members of the opposite sex on the streets of Little Rock may result in a 30-day jail term. Florence Nightingale Graham adopted the name Elizabeth Arden once her company became successful at the beginning of the 1900s. Florida law forbids rats to leave the ships docked in Tampa Bay. Flying from London to New York by Concord, due to the time zones crossed, you can arrive 2 hours before you leave. Fog and a cloud are the same thing, only at different altitudes. Fog is simply a cloud lying on the earth, while clouds are fog floating in the sky. Food is so scarce in the Arctic, that wolves don't waste any part of their meals. A wolf will eat every part of an arctic hare, including the skin, fur, and bones. Food passes through the small intestine in just two hours, zipping along at 0.002 mph. Inside the large intestine, it takes about 14 hours, traveling at a more leisurely rate of 0.00007 mph For 186 days you can not see the sun in the North Pole. For a short distance, the bluefin tuna can swim 50 miles per hour. For a typical lovemaking session, the man will thrust an average of 60 to 120 times. For drinking, washing, etc., an average American uses 168 gallons of water per day. The average American residence uses 107,000 gallons per year. For every 230 cars that are made, 1 will be stolen. For every degree of longitude there is a time gap of four minutes. For every memorial statue with a person on a horse, if the horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died of battle wounds; if all four of the horse's legs are on the ground, the person died of natural causes. For five years, Webster's dictionary contained a definition of the word dord, a word that has never actually existed. For hundreds of years, the people of Poona, India, have disposed of their dead by carrying the corpses to the top of a tower and letting the vultures eat them. For the "wrong handed" people...Over 2500 left handed people a year are killed from using products made for right handed people! That means DEATH to Lefties For the 66% of American's who admit to reading in the bathroom, the preferred reading material is "Reader's Digest." For two years, during the 1970s, Mattel marketed a doll called "Growing Up Skipper." Her breasts grew when her arm was turned. Forks weren't widely used in the United States until the 1800s. Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt ate three chocolate-covered garlic balls in the morning. Her doctor told her it would help improve her memory. Former President Cleveland defeated incumbent Benjamin Harrison in 1892, becoming the first (and, to date, only) chief executive to win non-consecutive terms to the White House. Forty percent of McDonald's profits comes from the sale of Happy Meals. Forty-six percent of the world's water is in the Pacific Ocean; that's around 6 sextillion gallons of water. The Atlantic has 23.9 percent; the Indian, 20.3; the Arctic, 3.7 percent. Forty-six US federal agencies have officers with the authority to carry firearms and arrest people. Found in Egypt, this illustration is over 3,000 years old. Four different people played the part of Darth Vader (body, face, voice, and breathing). Fourteen years before the Titanic sank, novelist Morgan Robertson published a novel called "Futility". The story was about an ocean liner that struck an iceberg on an April night. The name of the ship in his novel was The Titan. Fourteenth century physicians didn't know what caused the plague, but they knew it was contagious. As a result they wore an early kind of bioprotective suit which included a large beaked head piece. The beak of the head piece, which made them look like large birds, was filled with vinegar, sweet oils and other strong smelling compounds to counteract the stench of the dead and dying plague victims. Francis Bacon died of hypothermia while trying to freeze a chicken by stuffing it with snow. Francis Scott Key wrote the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" on the back on an envelope. The music is from an old English drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven." Frank Baum named "Oz" after a file cabinet in his office. One cabinet was labeled "A to N," and the second was labeled "O to Z." Frank Baum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence "Oz." Frankfort, Kentucky, makes it against the law to shoot off a policeman's tie. Franklin Pierce is the only President to have said "I promise" instead of "I swear at his Inauguration. He did it for religious reasons. Franz Ferdinand was killed.. remember that the guys death partly caused the WWI. Anyway, his death was almost unavoidable. After an attempted assasination using a bomb failed, (because the bomb hit the rear mud flap of the car Ferdinand was in and bounced away) authorities decided to change the route of Ferdinands tour... but failed to inform the driver of the car. And so, unfortunately, at one stage, the driver took a wrong turn and drove into an alley. While reversing out, Princip (killer) came and shot Ferdinand and his wife at a distance of 4-5 feet killing them. Ferdinand brought his wife to Serejavo to celebrate their anniversary. Frederic Remington's sculpture The Bronco Buster has mistake in it: the cowboy is wearing his spurs upside down. Frederic-August Bartholdi sculpted The Statue of Liberty. Frederick the great had his coffee made with champagne and a bit of mustard. French composer Erik Satie holds the record for shortest and longest composition in the world. His piano piece Vexations lasts for just under a minute. However, Satie states in the score that it should be played 840 times in succession a nonstop playing time of 14 hours. French was the official language of England for over 600 years. Fried chicken is the most popular meal ordered in sit-down restaurants in the US. The next in popularity are: roast beef, spaghetti, turkey, baked ham, and fried shrimp. Fried cockroach with garlic is used as medicine for the common cold From 13th June'1948 to 1st June'1958 a citizen of Los Angeles hiccoughed 160,000,000 times. People sent him 60,000 suggestions for cures. From 1836 to 1896, the Red Flag Act in England required that any self-propelled vehicle be preceded by a man carrying a red flag by day and a red lantern by night. In effect, this limited the speed to four miles per hour and retarded the development of all self-propelled vehicles, including the automobile. From 70 to 80 percent of all ripe olives are grown in California's approximately 35,000 acres. In the 1700s, Franciscan monks brought olives to Mexico and then into California by way of the missions. The first cuttings were planted in 1769 at the San Diego Mission. Commercial cultivation of California olives began in the late 1800s. Today, anywhere from 80,000 to 160,000 tons of olives are produced in California each year. From the 1500's to the 1700's, tobacco was prescribed by doctors to treat a variety of ailments including headaches, toothaches, arthritis and bad breath. From the Middle Ages up until the end of the 19th century, barbers performed a number of medical duties including bloodletting, wound treatment, dentistry, minor operations and bone-setting. The barber's striped red pole originated in the Middle Ages, when it was a staff the patient would grip while the barber bled the patient. Fuzzy Zoeller defeated Tom Watson and Ed Sneed in the first sudden-death playoff at The Masters in 1979. G.I. Joe was introduced at the annual American International Toy Fair in New York on Feb. 9, 1964. Gabriel, Michael, and Lucifer are the only angels named in the Bible. Gabriel, Michael, and Lucifer are the three angels mentioned by name in the Bible. Gaetano Albert "Guy" Lombardo did the first New Year's Eve broadcast of "Auld Lang Syne," from the Roosevelt Grill in New York City in 1929/1930. Galileo became totally blind shortly before his death. Gargling in public is against the law in Louisiana. Gatorade was named for the University of Florida Gators where it was first developed. General Robert E. Lee was not a slaveholder and never believed in slavery. He never believed in secession from the United States and strongly condemned it. He decided to lead the armies of the South because he wanted nothing to happen to his beloved Virginia. General Stonewall Jackson has two separate burial sites one for his amputated left arm (Fredericksburg, VA) and one for the rest of his body (Lexington, VA). Jackson's left arm was shattered during the Battle of Chancellorsville by friendly fire and was amputated the next day. He died a week later. (8-1-02) George Crum invented potato chips in 1853 at the Moon Lake Lodge in Saratoga Springs, New York. Crum was part Indian, part black, a former guide in the Adirondacks. George Hancock invented a new game on November 30, 1887. It was played like baseball, except a broomstick was used for a bat and a boxing glove was the ball. Since the game was played indoors, it was originally called "indoor." Walter Hakanson later renamed it "softball." George Harrison, with "My Sweet Lord," was the first Beatle to have a Number 1 hit single following the group's breakup. George Orwell, author of Animal Farm and 1984, wrote under a pen name. His real name was Eric Blair. George Washington had to borrow money to go to his own inauguration. George Washington named Washington D.C. "Federal City." It was changed to "Washington D.C." after his death. George Washington who commanded the Continental Army as a four-star general was promoted posthumously to the position of six-star "General of the Armies of Congress" by an order of Jimmy Carter, who felt America's first President should also be America's highest military official. George Washington's favorite horse was named Lexington. Napoleon's favorite was Marengo. U.S. Grant had three favorite horses: Egypt, Cincinnati, and Jeff Davis. George Washington's teeth were actually: carved from animal tusks, some of them were also somebody else's teeth, and some of them were from animals like deer and cales. Gerald Ford was the only President to have two women attempt to assassinate him. Both attempts were in California in September of 1975. The first attempt was September 6, 1975, by Lynette Fromme who thought she could impress Charles Manson by killing the President. The next attempt was by Sara Jane Moore on September 22, 1975. Her motive was simply that she was bored. John Tyler, joined the Confederacy twenty years later and became the only President named a sworn enemy of the United States. Gerald Ford, George Bush, Tommy Lasorda, Ted Koppel, John F. Kennedy Jr. and Bill Clinton are all left handed. German chemist Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus while he was examining urine for a way to turn baser metals into gold. German chocolate cake did not originate in Germany. In 1852, Sam German developed a sweet baking bar for Baker's Chocolate Co. The product was named in honor of him -Baker's German's Sweet Chocolate. German Shepherds bite humans more than any other breed of dog. Ghandi had the most extras of any movie ever made with about 300,000 people. The German movie Kolberg is second with 187,000. Ghengis Kahn's first conquered land was an act of retaliation. Kahn sent a group of traders on a peaceful mission to Transoxiana. The governor there beheaded their leader and sent the others back to Kahn with their beards cut off. So Kahn attacked them and continued to onward until most of Asia and Europe were his. Ghosts appear in 4 Shakespearian plays; Julius Caesar, Richard III, Hamlet and Macbeth. Gilligan of Gilligan's Island had a first name that was only used once, on the never-aired pilot show. His first name was Willy. Ginger has been clinically demonstrated to work twice as well as Dramamine for fighting motion sickness, with no side effects. Giraffes and humans have the same amount of vertebrae in their necks. Giraffes can last longer without water than a camel Giraffes have no vocal chords. Giraffes have the same number of vertebrae in their necks as humans. Their lips are prehensile, their tongues are 21 inches long, and they cannot cough. Giraffe's tongues are 22 inches long and black with pink dots. Girls tend to sleep more soundly than boys. Glenn Miller was the first performer to earn a gold record. He got it for the Chattanooga Choo Choo on February 10, 1942. Goats do not eat tin cans, as lampooned in cartoons. They nibble at the cans because they're after the glue on the labels. Goats' eyes have rectangular pupils. God is not mentioned once in the book of Esther. Goethe couldn't stand the sound of barking dogs and could only write if he had an apple rotting in the drawer of his desk. Goldfish have a memory span of 3 seconds! Goldfish have the memory span of about 3-5 seconds, thats why you can leave them in a small jar and they wont get bored and you can also over feed them till they kaput. Goldfish lose their color if they are kept in dim light or are placed in a body of running water, such as a stream. Gottfried Daimler of Stuttgart, Germany, is generally regarded as the father of the automobile because he was the first to come up with a workable gasoline engine. Goulash, a beef soup, originated in Hungary in the 9th century AD. Grand Rapids, Michigan was the first city in the US to put fluoride in their water. Grapes explode when cooked in the microwave. Grapes explode when you put them in the microwave. Grasping your ears is a sign of repentance or sincerity in India. Grasshoppers have white blood. Great Britain was the first country to issue stamps in 1840. Greece and Australia are the only countries to participate in all of the modern Olympics. Greece's anthem has 158 verses. Greek has over 4 words for love. English has only one. Get my drift? Greenland has more ice on it than Iceland does. In fact, Iceland has more grass and trees than Greenland does. Greyhounds are not hyper and do not need constant exercise; they are quite happy occupying space on a couch. Greyhounds can reach their top speed of forty-five miles per hour in only three strides. Greyhounds have the best eyesight of any breed of dog. Grey's Anatomy (the medical book most every doctor, nurse, biologist, etc. is trained on in most every university) was compiled using detailed pictures of dead Jews that Hitler and the 3rd Reich experimented on, most of which where dissected while still alive. Although the medical community knows this fact, they continue using the book due to its detail and real-life pictures. Grover Cleveland's real first name is Stephen, Grover is his middle name. Guinness Stout served in England is brewed in Ireland, and Guinness Stout served in Ireland is brewed in England. Gunsmoke debuted on CBS-TV in 1955, and went on to become the longest-running (20 years) series on television. Gustave Eiffel, the builder of the Eiffel Tower, also built a dam in Russia, a church in the Philippines, locks for the first attempt at the Panama Canal, and designed the right arm and full steel structure supporting the Statue of Liberty. Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of the four Presidents on Mount Rushmore, died a few months before the project was completed. It took him 14 years. Gweneth Paltrow's nickname for Steven Speilberg is "Uncle Morty." Hacky Sack was invented by a football player in the mid 1970's who used it to stregthen tendons he had torn in his knee. Haggis, the national dish of Scotland: take the heart, liver, lungs, and small intestine of a calf or sheep, boil them in the stomach of the animal, season with salt, pepper and onions, add suet and oatmeal. Enjoy! Hal in 2001: Space Oddessy got his name from the Producers of the film. HAL are letters before IBM (H comes before I, A comes before B, and L comes before M) Half of all Americans live within 50 miles of their birthplace. Half of all bank robberies take place on a Friday. Half of all crimes are committed by people under the age of 18. 80% of burglaries are committed by people aged 13-21. Half of the entire species of Chameleons occur only in Madagascar, the rest mostly in Southern Africa. Halfway, Oregon temporarily changed its name to half.com as a publicity stunt for the web site of the same name. Hamlet is the most demanding of Shakespeare's roles with 1,422 lines or roughly 36% of the total number of spoken lines in the play. Hamlet's role is made up of 11,610 words. The character Falstaff has the most lines of any character in all of Shakespeare's plays combined with 1,614 spoken lines in three different plays: Henry IV, Part I; Henry IV, Part II; and The Merry Wives of Windsor. Hamsters blink one eye at a time. Hamsters love to eat crickets. Hans Christian Andersen, Cher, Tom Cruise, Albert Einstein, Whoopie Goldberg, Greg Louganis, Lee Harvey Oswald, and Gen. George S. Patton, are (were) all dyslexics. Hans Christian Anderson, creater of fairy tales, was word-blind. He never learned to spell correctly, and his publishers always had errors Hard Bean means the coffee was grown at an altitude above 5000 feet. Harley Proctor found the name "Ivory" for his soap in the Bible. He was in church reading the line, "All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad." The original name of the soap was P&G White Soap. Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published March 20, 1852. It was the first American novel to sell one million copies. Harrison Ford is the only actor whose ten highest grossing movies have each earned at least $200 million. Hartford, Connecticut, has made it illegal to educate dogs. Harthahorne City Ordinance, Section 363, states that it shall be unlawful to put any hypnotized person in a display window. Harvard University's original name was Cambridge. It only changed when John Harvard donated 400 books to the school. have to be at least 58.5 inches to be an astronaut. (Click here) Have you ever questioned your sanity? You have good reason to. Did you know that one out of every four people has some sort of pychological 'problem'? Hawaii is the only state of the United States in which coffee is commercially grown. Hawaii features an annual Kona Festival, coffee picking contest. Each year the winner becomes a state celebrity. In Hawaii coffee is harvested between November and April. Hawaii is the only US state that grows cacao beans to produce chocolate. Hawaii is the only US state that grows coffee. Hawaii officially became apart of the US on June 14, 1900. Head lice actually prefer to live on clean heads, not dirty ones. Heart-attacks are more common among men because they cry less frequently than women. Heat is better retained in moist air than in dry air,which is why tropical nights are warm and desert nights are cold. Heavyweight tire manufacturer Goodyear is in no way affiliated with Charles Goodyear, the inventor of vulcanized rubber. They merely admired his inventiveness and his process that was so easy to duplicate that competitors simply stole it. Hedenophobic means fear of pleasure. Hedgehogs have the most similar fingerprints to humans Henri Matisse's Le Bateau hung in New York's Museum of Modern Art for 47 days in 1961 before someone noticed it was upside down. Hens can distinguish between all the colors of the rainbow. Here are the odds of rolling various combinations with two dice in a game of Craps: Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names for heroin include "smack," "H," "skag," and "junk." Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as "Mexican black tar." Hershey's Kisses are called that because the machine that makes them looks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. Hershey's Kisses®™ are called that because the machine that makes them looks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. Hills Brothers Ground Vacuum Packed Coffee was first introduced in 1900. Hippopotamus means river horse. Hippopotamuses actually sweat blood. Their skin contains a great amount of an oily substance that exudes from the pores, and when the beast perspires a little blood gets mixed in. Hippopotamuses break wind through their mouths. Hippopotamuses do 80% of their vocalizations underwater. Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words Hippos have killed more than 400 people in Africa more than any other wild animal. Hippos kill more people in Africa when compared to crocodiles. Hitler and Napoleon both had only one testicle. Holland has the densest population per square mile of any nation in the world. Holyoke, Massachusetts, makes it unlawful to water your lawn when it is raining. Homosexuality remained on the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental illnesses until 1973. Hondas and Toyotas are the most frequently stolen passenger cars because they have parts that can be readily exchanged between model years without a problem. Honey is the only food that doesn't spoil. Honeybees have a type of hair on their eyes Honeybees have hair on their eyes. Hong Kong has the world's largest double-decker tram fleet in the world. Honorificabilitudinitatibus is the longest word consisting entirely of alternating vowels and consonants. Hoover, Roosevelt, Truman and Nixon's Secretaries of State have won Noble Peace Prizes. Horses are forbidden to eat fire hydrants in Marshalltown, Iowa. Horses can sleep while standing upright. Horses can't vomit. Hostess Twinkies were invented in 1931 by James Dewar, manager of Continental Bakeries' Chicago factory. He envisioned the product as a way of using the company's thousands of shortcake pans which were otherwise employed only during the strawberry season. Originally called Little Shortcake Fingers, they were renamed Twinkie Fingers, and finally "Twinkies." Hot water weighs less than cold water for a given volume. Houseflies hum in the key of F. Housefly's regurgitate food and eat it again every time they eat Houston's Bob Watson scored Major League Baseball's 1,000,000th run on May 4, 1975. How many American presidents are not buried in the United States? Six. Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Howard Taft was the first president to throw out the first pitch at a MLB game. Howdy Doody had 48 freckles. Howler monkeys are the noisiest land animals. Their calls can be heard over 2 miles away. Hugh "Ward Cleaver" Beaumont was an ordained minister. Hugh Jackman went through approximately 700 claws as the part of Wolverine in X-Men. Human babies are born 2 months prematurely for our size and lifespan, to accomodate for the fact that we have large brains during birth. (Got this off my lecture). Human beings can't smell or taste a substance that is not soluble. On a dry tongue, sugar has no taste. In a dry nose, the smell of a flower would not be noticed. Anything to be smelled must float in the air. Human tapeworms can grow up to 22.9m. Human teeth are almost as hard as rocks. Human thigh bones are stronger than concrete. Wow... utterly amazing huh Human thighbones are as strong as concrete. Humans are the only animals that can blush. Humans are the only animals that copulate face to face. Humans are the only animals that use a smile as an emotional response. Humans are the only primates that don't have pigment in the palms of their hands. Humans have 46 chromosomes, peas have 14 and crayfish have 200. Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin. Humans shed and re-grow outer skin cells about every 27 days almost 1,000 new skins in a lifetime. Humans use a total of 72 different muscles in speech. Humming birds are the only birds that can fly backwards Hummingbirds are the smallest birds so tiny that one of their enemies is an insect, the praying mantis. Hummingbirds can't walk. Humpback whales are the only ones that use bubbles to help capture their prey. The bubbles trap fish in a spot for feeding whales. Humphrey O'Sullivan invented the rubber heel because he was tired of pounding the pavements of Boston looking for a job. Hungarian brothers George and L"szlo Biro invented the ball point pen in 1938. Hydroponics is the technique by which plants are grown in water without soil. Hydroxyzine (a prescription drug) is the longest containing "x-y-z" in exact order. Next in line line is xyzzors, a scientific name for a nematode worm in biology. Hyenas can comsume prey carrying anthrax without contracting the disease itself Hypnotism is banned by public schools in San Diego. IBM introduced their first personal computer in 1981. IBM's motto is "Think". Apple later made their motto "Think different". Iced coffee in a can has been popular in Japan since 1945. Idaho state law makes it illegal for a man to give his sweetheart a box of candy weighing less than fifty pounds. If a child burps during a church service in Omaha, Nebraska his or her parents may be arrested. If a crocodile loses his teeth it will always grow new ones to replace them. If a person has two thirds of their liver removed through trauma or surgery, it will grow back to the original size in four weeks time If a person were to ask what is the most northern point in the United States, the most Southern point in the United States, and so on, 3 of the 4 compass directions are located in alaska. North East and West If a small amount of liquor were placed on a scorpion, it would instantly go mad and sting itself to death. If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle; if the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes. If a substance is burned and all of the results of its burning (smoke, ash, soot and gas) are captured and weighed, they will be a little heavier than the original substance because they have been combined with oxygen. If all numbers are arranged in alphabetical order, "eight" would be the first number. "Zero" would be the last number. If all the gold in the ocean were mined, every person on Earth would get about 20 kgs of gold each. If any of the heads on Mt. Rushmore had a body, it would be nearly 500 feet tall. If Barbie were life-size her measurements would be 39-23-33.She would stand seven feet two inches tall and have a neck twice the length of a normal humans neck. If hot water is suddenly poured into a glass that glass is more apt to break if it is thick than if it is thin. This is why test tubes are made of thin glass. If it were removed from the body, the small intestine would stretch to a length of 22 feet. If Monaco's ruling house of Grimaldi should ever be without an heir (male or female), the country will cease to be a sovereign state. If one pound of spaghetti was layed out in one noodle it would be 300 feet long. If someone were to capture and bottle a comet's 10,000-mile vapor trail, the amount of vapor actually present in the bottle would take up less than one cubic inch of space. If Texas were a country it's GNP would be fifth largest of any country on earth. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. If the average person had started counting the moment they were born and continued counting, without stopping, until they turned 65 years old, they still would not have counted to a billion. If the coils of a French horn were straightened out, the instrument would be 22 feet long. If the earth were to become totally flat and the oceans distributed themselves evenly over the planet's surface, the water would be approximately two miles deep at every point. If the entire population of the world were moved to Texas, it would still be less densely populated than New York City. If the goverment passed a law that all the outdoor lighting in the united states had to be provided by low pressure sodium light bulbs, then they would save enough money to pay for evey college students tuition. If the gross for Gone With the Wind were to be adjusted to allow for inflation in the period since its release, it would be regarded as the most successful film ever. If the information contained in the DNA could be written down, it would fill a 1000 volume encyclopedia If the liver ever stops working a person will die within 8 to 24 hours. If the population of China walked past you in single file, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction. If the sun stopped shining suddenly, it would take eight minutes for people on earth to be aware of the fact. If the U.S. government has no knowledge of aliens, then why does Title 14, Section 1211 of the Code of Federal Regulations, implemented on July 16, 1969, make it illegal for U.S. citizens to have any contact with extraterrestrials or their vehicles? If you add up the numbers 1-100 consecutively (1+2+3+4+5 etc) the total is 5050. If you are having problems remembering the planets in their correct order, just remember this sentance "My very educated mother justed served us nine pickles," Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupitor, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. If you are hedenophobic, you have a fear of pleasure. If you are locked in a completely sealed room, you will die of carbon dioxide poisoning first before you will die of oxygen deprivation. If you chew a cabbage/lettuce leaf properly, you'll lose more energy than you'll gain from actually eating it. If you could count the number of times a cricket chirps in one minute, divide by 2, add 9 and divide by 2 again, you would have the correct temperature in celcius degrees If you cut off the head of a cockroach, it can still survive but will eventually die, but only because it cannot eat without its head. If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb. If you feed a seagull Alka-Seltzer, its stomach will explode. If you fold a piece of A4 paper in half 44 times it will reach the moon If you get the recomended 8 hours of sleep each night you will sleep over 2,900 hours each year. If you go blind in one eye, you only lose about one fifth of your vision, but all your sense of depth. If you go blind in one eye, you'll only lose about one-fifth of your vision (but all your depth perception.) If you had $10 billion in $1 bills and spent one every second, it would take 317 years to spend them all. If you had 15 cubes numbered 1 to 15 and you tried to line them up in every possible sequence, and if you made a change every minute, it would take you 2,487,996 years to do it. If you had fifteen books on a shelf and you arrange them in every possible combination, and if you made one change every minute, it would take you 2,487,996 years to do them all. If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in U.S. coins without being able to make change for a dollar If you head directly south from Detroit, the first forign country you will enter is Canada If you head directly south from the west coast of Florida, you will actually pass South America on the west side of the continent. If you leave a goldfish in a dark room for years, it will turn white. If you like your espresso coffee sweet, you should use granulated sugar, which dissolves more quickly, rather than sugar cubes; white sugar rather than brown sugar or candy; and real sugar rather than sweeteners which alter the taste of the coffee. If you lock your knee while standing long enough, you will pass out. If you need to remember pi, just count the letters in each word of the sentence: "May I have a large container of coffee?" If you get the coffee and are polite say: "Thank you," get two more decimal places. (3.141592653...). Here is another sentance: How I wish I could calculate Pi. (3.141592) If you pet a cat 70 million times, you will have developed enough static electricity to light a 60-watt light bulb for one minute. If you pile up the cans of Yeo's products, you would be able to reach the moon. If you plant an apple seed, it is almost guaranteed to grow a tree of a different type of apple. If you put a drop of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. If you put a piece of scotch tape on an inflated balloon, then stick it with a small pin or needle, it won't pop. If you put a raisin in a champagne bottle, it will rise and fall continuously. If you put a raisin in a glass of champagne, it will keep floating to the top and sinking to the bottom. If you rubbed garlic on the sole of your feet, it would be absorbed and eventually show up on your breath If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. If you keep your eyes open by force, they can pop out. (DON'T TRY IT, DUMBASS) If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die If you strech your arms straight out as far as you can, thats about how tall you are. Try it. If you take any number between 1 & 9 and multipy them by 9 the sum of the two numbers will always be 9 (ex: 7 X 9 = 63 ; 6 + 3 = 9) If you take any number, double it, add 10, divide by 2, and subtract your original number, the answer will always be 5. If you toss a penny 10,000 times, it will not be heads 5,000 times, but more like 4,950. The heads picture weighs more, so it ends up on the bottom more often. If you travel across the former Soviet Union you will cross seven time zones. If you traveled the speed of light, it would only take you 0.0000294 seconds to climb Mt. Everest. If you wanted to count from one to one trillion and you started right now, counting twenty-four hours a day, it would take you about 31,688 years. If you wear headphones for one hour, it increases bacteria in your ear 700 times. If you were at 0° latitude and 0° longtitude, you would be standing in the Atlantic Ocean If you were to go on vacation for eleven days, you'd have less than one million seconds to enjoy it. If you yelled for 8 years 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb. If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you will have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. cool eh? If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. (unsure) If your like Jeanne Calment and live over 100, you are considered a Centurian. If your shoes squeak, it simply means that two layers of leather in the sole are rubbing together. Driving a tack through the sole will often remove the squeak. Imperia, Italy is the home of the Agnesi Historical Museum of Spaghetti. Impotence is grounds for divorce in 24 states in the United States. In "Silence of the Lambs", Hannibal Lector (Anthony Hopkins) does not blink in any scene. In 10 minutes, a hurricane releases more energy than all the world's nuclear weapons combined. In 1386, a pig was executed by public hanging for the murder of a child In 1516, Friar Tomas sailed to the Caribbean bringing banana roots with him; and planted bananas in the rich, fertile soil of the tropics, thus beginning the banana's future in American life. In 1638, Sweden founded a colony in the New World in the Delaware River Valley. It was called New Sweden. In 1649, Massachusetts's Puritan government ruled the following: "Any childe over 16 who shall CURSE or SMITE their natural FATHER or MOTHER, or act in a STUBBORNE or REBELLIOUS manner shall be put to death." In 1659 the state of Massachusetts outlawed Christmas. In 1659, the General Court of Massachusetts ordered that anybody caught feasting or laying off from work, or in any other way goofing off on any other day other than Christmas, would be fined five shillings for each such offense. In 1670, Dorothy Jones of Boston was granted a license to sell coffee, and so became the first American coffee trader. In 1727, as a result of seedlings smuggled from Paris, coffee plants first were cultivated in Brazil. Brazil is presently by far the world's largest producer of coffee. In 1771 the kingdom of Poland was larger in are than any other European country except Russia and had a bigger population than any other European country except France. In 1789, Morocco became the first country to recognize the United States. In 1810 US population was 7,239,881. Black population at 1,377,808 was 19%. In 1969 US population reached 200 million. In 1831, Captain William Driver, a shipmaster from Salem, Massachusetts, left on one of his many world voyages. Friends presented him with a flag of 24 stars. As the banner opened to the ocean breeze, he exclaimed, "Old Glory." He kept his flag for many years, protecting it during the Civil War, until it was flown over the Tennessee capital. His "Old Glory" became a nickname for all American flags. In 1832 Abraham Lincoln ran for the Illinois legislature, and lost. In 1836 the U.S. government had so much extra money that it repaid all its debts, and still had money left over. In 1845, President Andrew Jackson's pet parrot was removed from his funeral for swearing. In 1850, Michigan's state constitution included the following line: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state." This inadvertently legalized slavery as an appropriate punishment for crime. It wasn't until 1963 that the grammar was fixed to outlaw slavery. The change required shifting the comma following "servitude" to the position after "slavery." In 1853, Illinois passed a law that required any black entering the state and staying more than ten days to pay a fine of $50. If he could not pay, the person could be sold into slavery for a period commensurate with the fine. In 1860, 'Godey's Lady's Book' advised US women to cook tomatoes for at least 3 hours. In 1863, Paul Hubert of Bordeaux, France, was sentenced to life in jail for murder. After 21 years, it was discovered that he was convicted of murdering himself. In 1865 opium was grown in the state of Virginia and a product was distilled from it that yielded 4 percent morphine. In 1867 it was grown in Tennessee: six years later it was cultivated in Kentucky. During these years opium, marijuana and cocaine could be purchased legally over the counter from any druggist. In 1865, several veterans of the Confederate Army formed a private social club in Pulaski, Tennessee, called the Ku Klux Klan. In 1879 during the term of Rutherford B. Hayes the first telephone was installed in the White House. In 1886, Grover Cleveland became the only president to be married in the White House. In 1889, the 1st coin-operated telephone, patented by Hartford, Connecticut inventor William Gray, was installed in the Hartford Bank. In 1892, Italy raised the minimum age for marriage for girls to 12. In 1894 there were only 4 automobiles in the US. In 1899, a pharmacist named George Bunting blended his own cold cream, which, in addition to removing makeup and relieving sunburn, gained popularity for its ability to cure eczema. The product's claim of "No Eczema" led to its name, Noxzema. In 1900 the average age at death in the US was 47. In 1900, coffee was often delivered door-to-door in the United States, by horse-pulled wagons. In 1900, Queen Victoria sent her New Year's greetings to the British troops stationed in South Africa during the Boer War in the form of a specially molded chocolate bar. In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the only U.S. President in history to deliver his inaugural address without using the word "I". For the record, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt and Dwight Eisenhower said "I" only once during their speeches. In 1905, 18 men died from injuries sustained on the football field. President Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and instituted safety measures to make the game safer. In 1908, figure skating became the first winter sport to be included in the Olympics. In 1915, Winston Churchill fought in the front line trenches before he became the Minister of Munitions. In 1920, 57% of Hollywood movies billed the female star above the leading man. In 1990, only 18% had the leading lady given top billing. In 1920, Eugene Debs, a Socialist, received 920,000 votes for president of the United States even though he ran his entire campaign from prison. In 1924, Pope Urban VIII threatened to excommunicate snuff users. In 1925, the 1st motel -the "Motel Inn" -opened in San Luis Obispo, California. In 1926, when a Los Angeles restaurant owner with the all-American name of Bob Cobb was looking for a way to use up leftovers, he threw together some avocado, celery, tomato, chives, watercress, hard-boiled eggs, chicken, bacon, and Roquefort cheese, and named it after himself: Cobb salad. In 1930, the heaviest a female flight attendant could be was 115 pounds. They also had to be unmarried nurses. In 1931, Charleston, SC was the first city in the United States to pass legislation establishing a historical district. The city has more than 1,000 buildings that predate the Civil War. In 1932 James Markham obtained the 1st patent issued for a tree. The patent was for a peach tree. In 1936, England became the first country in the world to provide regular public broadcasting on television. In 1938 Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel sold all rights to the comic-strip character Superman to their publishers for $130. In 1938, Hewlett-Packard became the first corporation to move to Silicon Valley. In 1943, Navy officer Grace Hopper had no choice but to fix a computer glitch manually. The source of the problem? A moth. Hence the term "computer bug." In 1945 a computer at Harvard malfunctioned and Grace Hopper, who was working on the computer, investigated, found a moth in one of the circuits and removed it. Ever since, when something goes wrong with a computer, it is said to have a bug in it. In 1947, heavy snow blanketed the Northeast, burying New York City under 25.8 inches of snow in 16 hours; the severe weather was blamed for some 80 deaths. In 1947, Toys for Tots started making the holidays a little happier for children by organizing its first Christmas toy drive for needy youngsters. In 1950, UNIVAC became the first computer to tabulate the United States census. In 1952, Mr. Potato Head became the first toy to be advertised on television in the U.S. In 1957, the Shipping port Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, the first nuclear facility to generate electricity in the United States, went on line. (It was taken out of service in 1982.) In 1959, the Soviet space probe "Luna Two" became the first manmade object to reach the moon as it crashed onto the lunar surface. In 1960, an estimated 4,000 people were over 100 years old in the U.S. By 1995 the number had jumped to : 55,000. In 1962, the Mashed Potato, the Loco-Motion, the Frug, the Monkey, and the Funky Chicken were popular dances. In 1963, baseball pitcher Gaylord Perry remarked, "They'll put a man on the moon before I hit a home run." On July 20, 1969, a few hours after Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon, Gaylord Perry hit his first, and only, home run. In 1964 General Mills began marketing Lucky Charms cereal with pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers. The marshmallow bits (technically referred to as marbits) were invented in 1963 by John Holahan. The cereal is marketed using a leprechaun character named Lucky (L.C. Leprechaun is his full name) that touts his cereal as being "Magically Delicious." Over the years the various shapes and colors of the marshmallow bits in the cereal have undergone many changes. In 1964, Sandy Koufax, Elstom Howard, Jimmy Brown, Oscar Robertson, and Cookie Gilchrist were all voted MVP from their respected (MLB, NFL, NBA) leagues. Each of them wore the number 32. In 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar joined together to become Tanzania. In 1964, University of Oregon grad student Carolyn Davidson designed what became known as the Nike "swoosh" for a mere $35. She did it four years after Phil Knight and track coach Bill Bowerman founded the company they originally called Blue Ribbon Sports. In 1965, Congress authorized the Secret Service to protect former presidents and their spouses for their lifetime, unless they decline the protection. Recently, Congress limited the protection of former presidents and their spouses (elected after January 1, 1997) to 10 years after leaving office. President Clinton, who was elected in 1996, will be the last president to receive lifelong protection from the Secret Service. In 1965, LBJ enacted a law requiring cigarette manufacturers to put health warnings on their packages. In 1968, "Apollo Seven," the first manned Apollo mission, was launched with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard. In 1969 the US launched a male chimpanzee called Ham into space. In 1969, Midnight Cowboy became the first and only X-rated production to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. (Its rating has since been changed to R.) In 1970, 127 runners ran the NY Marathon. In 1998, 32,000 did. In 1970, an Arizona lawyer named Russel H. Ansie filed a $100,000 law In 1975, it cost only $180,000 to produce an hour-long TV drama. In 1976, the average human had $5.60 of chemicals in their bodies. In 1946, that number was 98 cents. In 1976, the first eight Jelly Belly® flavors were launched: Orange, Green Apple, Root Beer, Very Cherry, Lemon, Cream Soda, Grape, and Licorice. In 1980, the only country in the world with no telephones was Bhutan. In 1982, in the first operation of its kind, doctors at the University of Utah Medical Center implanted a permanent artificial heart in the chest of retired dentist Dr. Barney Clark, who lived 112 days with the device. In 1984, a Canadian farmer began renting advertising space on his cows. In 1985, Pete Rose became the first professional athlete to appear on the front of a Wheaties box. In 1987 Playtex premiered the first US TV commercials with real lingerie models displaying their bras and underwear on national television. In 1987, Ron Hextall of the Philadelphia Flyers became the first NHL goalie to score a goal. Actually, Ron Hextall was the first NHL goalie to score a goal by shooting the puck towards the opposing team's net in 1987. Billy Smith was the first goalie credited with a goal in 1979 when his clearing pass hit an opposing skater and went into the other team's goal. In 1990, Bill Carson, of Arrington, Tennessee, grew the largest watermelon at 262 pounds that is still on the record books according to the 1998 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records. In 1990, over 4 billion dollars of coffee was imported into the United States. In 1991 Procter & Gamble won a $75,000 lawsuit against James & Linda Newton who were found responsible for spreading rumors that the company supported the Church of Satan. The two were distributors of Amway Products, a competitor of Proctor & Gamble. In 1992, approximately 750 deaths occurred in the United States due to workplace violence. In 1992, the best selling American-produced car in Japan was the Honda Accord. It was built in Ohio and exported to Japan. In 1995, KFC sold 11 pieces of chicken for every man, woman and child in the US. In 1996, people in the United States sent and received 182,660,700,000 pieces of mail domestically. By way of comparison, Japan ranked second on this list with just 24,971,279,000. In 1997, Fourteen percent of the one million citizens of Nairobi, Kenya carry the AIDS virus. Some 20% of the Kenyan military is infected. In 1998 OSHA reported 1171 construction related fatalities, the sixth straight year this number has increased. In 2001, there were more than 300 banana-related accidents in Britain, most involving people slipping on skins. In 24 hrs. an average healthy human breathes 23,000 times. In 4000 BC Egypt, men and women wore glitter eye shadow made from the crushed shells of beetles. In 75% of American households, women manage the money and pay the bills. In a deck of cards, the King of Hearts is the only king without a moustache. In a lifetime the average US resident eats more than 50 tons of food and drinks more than 13,000 gallons of liquid. In a psychology experiment, an electrode was attached to the pleasure centre of a rat's brain, which the rat could stimulate at the press of a button. It died of starvation when it wouldn't stop pressing the button long enough to eat. In a recent survey in Japan, instant noodles were chosen as the greatest invention of all time In a six-pack of pop, the cans cost more to make than the drink. In a soccer game, the average length of time the ball is in play [for ninety minutes] is only 52 minutes. In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where an ostrich buried its head in the sand, or attempted to do so (apart from bones). In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where An ostrich buried its head in the sand. In a survey of 200000 ostriches over 80 years, not one tried to bury its head in the sand. In a typical season major league baseball will require 4,800 ash trees worth of Louisville sluggers. In a University of Arizona study, rails and armsrests in public buses were found to be contaminated by the highest concentration of bodily fluids. In a year, your heart can beat up to 40 000 000 times! In Alabama it is illegal to stab yourself to gain someone's pity. In Alaska it is against the laww to look at a moose from an airplane. In Alaska it is illegal to whisper in someone's ear while they are moose hunting. In Alaska, it is illegal to look at a moose from a flying vehicle. In Albania nodding the head means "no" and shaking the head means "yes". In Albany, New York, you cannot play golf in the streets. In Albuquerque, New Mexico it is illegal for cab drivers to reach out and pull potential customers into their cabs. In Alderson, West Virginia, it is illegal to walk a lion, tiger or leopard in the city limits, even it is on a leash. In all of Shakespeare's works and excluding Roman numerals only one word begins with the letter "X." Xanthippe, the wife of Socrates, appears in The Taming of the Shrew. In America you will see an average of 500 advertisements a day. In America, someone is diagnosed with AIDS every 10 minutes. In South Africa, someone dies due to HIV or AIDS every 10 minutes. In an article in 1998, The Journal of the American Medical Association claimed that adverse drug reactions may cause more than 100,000 deaths a year in the US alone. In an authentic Chinese meal, the last course is soup because it allows the roast duck entree to "swim" toward digestion. In an average lifetime, a person will eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders while sleeping. In ancient China people committed suicide by eating a pound of salt. In ancient chinese culture it was common for them to use the lining of a cats stomach as a condom. In ancient Egypt they paid their taxes in honey. In ancient Egypt, priests plucked EVERY hair from their bodies, including their eyebrows and eyelashes. In ancient Greece the custom of allowing a condemned man to end his own life by poison was extended only to full citizens. Condemned slaves were instead beaten to death. In ancient Rome it was considered a sign of leadership to be born with a hooked nose. In ancient Rome, people found guilty of murdering their fathers were executed in a bizarre manner. The punishment was to be put in a sack with a rooster, a viper, and a dog, then drowned along with all three animals. In ancient Rome, when a man testified in court he would swear on his testicles. In ancient times, any Japanese who tried to leave his homeland was put to death. In April 1964, The Beatles had the top five songs in the United States. This is the only time that the top five songs at any one time were by the same group. In Arizona it is illegal to take naked photographs before noon on Sunday. In Arizona, you cannot Drive past the same place more then 3 times in one hour. Its a law. In Arkansas it is illegal to buy or sell blue lightbulbs. In astrology, synastry is the comparison of natal charts to forecast how people will interact. In Atlanta, GA, it is illegal to tie a giraffe to a telephone pole or street lamp. In Australia, there is no death penalty. In Baltimore it is illegal to mistreat oysters. In Baltimore, it is illegal to wash or scrub sinks no matter how dirty they get. In Bensalem, Pennsylvania it is illegal to race mufflerless go-karts after 6PM on Sunday. In Bexley, Ohio Ordinance number 223, of 09/09/19 prohibits the installation and usage of slot machines in outhouses. In Billings, Montana it is illegal for employees of the city's communications center to program their phones with speed dial. In Boston, Massachusetts it is illegal to take a bath unless instructed to do so by a physician. In Brandon, Mississipi it is illegal to attempt to stop someone from walking down the sidewalk by parking a motorhome in their path. In Breton, AL there is a law against riding down the street in a motorboat. In Britain, failed suicides were hanged in the 19th century. In Broken Arrow, Oklahoma pigs less than 32 inches in length may be kept as pets provided there are no more than two in a house. In Bromide, Oklahoma it is illegal for children to use towels as capes and jump from houses pretending to be superman. In California you may not set a mouse trap without a hunting license. In California, animals are banned from mating publicly within 1,500 feet of a tavern, school, or place of worship. In Canada it's illegal to pay for a 50 cent item with only pennies, to publicly remove bandages, and for clear or non-dark sodas to contain caffeine. In Canada, if a debt is higher than 25 cents, it is illegal to pay it with pennies. In Carlsbad, New Mexico, it's legal for couples to have sex in a parked vehicle during their lunch break from work, as long as the car or van has drawn curtains to stop strangers from peeking in. In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam." In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam." In Chicago, it is illegal to take a french poodle to the opera. In Chillicothe, Ohio it is illegal to throw rice at weddings. In Chinese dining, duck sauce is almost never used on duck. In Chinese, the Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan 'Finger-lickin' good' came out as 'Eat your fingers off.' In Chinese, the words 'crisis' and 'opportunity' are the same. In Christian theology there are nine choirs of angels. From highest to lowest, they are: seraphim, cherubim, thrones, dominions, virtues, powers, principalities, archangels, and angels. In Clawson, Mich., there is a law that makes it LEGAL for a farmer to sleep with his pigs, cows, horses, goats, and chickens. In Colombia, if a Goajiro woman is successful in tripping a man during a ceremonial dance, he's required to have intercourse with her. (7-16-01) In Columbus, Georgia it is illegal to sit on one's porch in an indecent position. In Connecticut any dogs with tattoos must be reported to the police. In Connecticut it is illegal to pirouette while crossing the street In Corpus Christi, Texas, raising alligators in your home is against the law. In Delaware it is illegal to get married on a dare. In Delaware you may not sell dead people for money without a license. In Denver it is unlawful to lend your vacuum cleaner to your next-door neighbor. In Denver, Colorado it is illegal for Barber's to give massages to nude customers unless it is for instructional purposes. In Detroit, couples are banned from making love in an automobile unless the act takes place while the vehicle is parked on the couple's own property. In Detroit, Michigan it is illegal to sleep in a bathtub. In Devon, Connecticut, it is unlawful to walk backwards after sunset. In Disney's Fantasia, the Sorcerer's name is Yensid, which is Disney spelled backward. In driving tests, women reacted to emergency options in.56 of a second. Men scored .59 in the same tests. In Duluth, Minnesota it is illegal to allow animals to sleep in a bakery. In Dyersburg, Tennessee it is illegal for a woman to call a man for a date. In earlier times, virginity on one's wedding night was of the greatest importance. To prove that the bride was a virgin, it was customary that the couple would display the bloodstained bedsheet for all to see once the wedding was consummated. In early America, coffee was usually taken between meals and after dinner. In early Yorkshire, England, a plate holding wedding cake was thrown out of the window as the bride returned to her parent's home after the wedding. If the plate broke, she would enjoy a happy future with her husband. If the plate remained intact, her future was bleak. In Eastern Africa you can buy banana beer. This beer is brewed from bananas. In Elizabethan and Jacobean times, the age of a person when they marry was dependant on the person's class. Those with a high social status were permitted to marry at a younger age. In England and the American colonies they year 1752 only had 354 days. In that year, the type of calendar was changed, and 11 days were lost. In English Parliament, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak. In English pubs, ale is ordered by pints and quarts. So in old England, when customers got unruly, the bartender would yell at them to mind their own pints and quarts and settle down. It's where we get the phrase "mind your P's and Q's." In English, "four" is the only digit that has the same number of letters as its value. In Erwin, Tennessee an elephant was once hanged for murder. In Eureka, Nevada men who have mustaches are forbidden from kissing women. In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere. In every episode of TV's Seinfeld, there is a Superman somewhere in at least one scene. (There's plastic figurine on the shelf in the dining area, and a magnetic Superman on the fridge!) In Florida failure to tell your neighbor his house is on fire is illegal. In Florida it is illegal to fish while driving across a bridge. In Florida, having sexual relations with a porcupine is illegal. In Florida, unmarried women who parachute on Sundays may be jailed. In Forrest Gump, Gary Sinise's character (Lt. Dan) tells Tom Hanks' character (Forrest Gump) that the day Forrest works on a shrimp boat is the day he'd be an astronaut. The following year, Sinise and Hanks appeared together as astronauts in Apollo 13. In Gabon, there are several 1.8 billion years old natural nuclear reactors. In Gary, Ind., persons are prohibited from attending a movie house or other theater and from riding a public streetcar within four hours of eating garlic. In Georgia, movie houses that want to show films on Sunday must reserve one showing a month for religious material. In German, "eins" and "acht" are the only numbers with their letters in alphabetical order. In golf, a 'Bo Derek' is a score of 10. In Greene, New York, it is illegal to eat peanuts and walk backwards on the sidewalks when a concert is on. In Halethrope, Maryland kisses longer than one second are illegal. In Hans Holbein's painting, "The Ambassadors," the artist added a small skull as a way of signing his name. Holbein is another word for "hollow bone" or "a skull." In Hawaii it is illegal to get a tattoo behind your ear or on your eyelid unless in the presence of a registered physician. In Hershey, Pennsylvania, the streetlights along "Chocolate Avenue" are in the shape of Hershey Kisses. In honor of the original thirteen states, the U.S. $1 bill has the following on the back: 13 steps on the pyramid. The motto above the pyramid has 13 letters (annuit coeptis). E pluribus unum, written on the ribbon in the eagle's beak, has 13 letters. 13 stars appear over the eagle's head. 13 stripes are on the shield. 13 war arrows are in the eagle's left talon. In Hood River, Oregon, you can't juggle without a license. In hotels in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, every room is required to have twin beds. And the beds must always be a minimum of two feet apart when a couple rents a room for only one night. And it's illegal to make love on the floor between the beds! In Iceland it is illegal to have pets. In Iceland, a Big Mac costs $5.50. In Idaho walking along the street with a red-tipped cane is strictly prohibited. In Idiana it is illegal to sell laughing gas with the intent to induce laughter. In Illinois it is illegal for barbers to use their fingers to apply shaving cream to a customer's face. In India, where hinduism is the biggest religon, they belive that there are about 300 million different gods. Because almost every village has it's own local god. In Italy, espresso is considered so essential to daily life that the price is regulated by the government. In its entire lifetime, the average worker bee produces 1/12th teaspoon of honey. In Japan, coffee shops are called Kissaten. In Joliet, Illinois it is illegal to mispronounce the name Joliet. In July 1934, Babe Ruth paid the fan who caught his 700th career home run ball $20 to get it back. In July 1981, a tortoise was sentenced to death for murder. Tribal elders in Kyuasini, a village in Kenya, formally condemned the tortoise because they suspected it of causing the death of six people, apparently through magic. However, because none of the villagers was prepared to risk the tortoise's wrath by carrying out the execution, it was instead chained to a tree. The tortoise was later freed after the government promised an official inquiry into the deaths. In July, 1950, a patent was issued for an automatic spaghetti-spinning fork. In Kansas it is illegal to catch bullfrogs in a tomato patch. In Kentucky you need a license to walk around nude on your property. In Kentucky, 50% of the people who get married for the first time are teenagers. In Las Vegas, it's against the law to pawn your dentures. In Lebanon, Virginia it is illegal to kick your wife out of bed. In Lefors, Texas it is illegal to take more than three swallows of beer at any time while standing. In Lexington, Kentucky, it's illegal to carry an ice cream cone in your pocket. In literature, the average length of a sentence is around 35 words. In Los Angeles, there are fewer people than there are automobiles. In Los Angelos, California it is legal for a man to beat his wife with a leather strap as long as it is less than two inches in width, or she gives him permission to use a wider strap. In M&M candies, the letters stand for Mars and Murrie, the developers of the candy in 1941. In Maine, it is illegal to sell a car on Sunday unless it comes equipped with plumbing. In Maryland, men may not buy drinks for female bartenders. In Massachusetts you must have a license to wear a goatee. In Massachusetts, if you get caught eating peanuts in church , you can be jailed for up to one year. In Massachusetts, it is forbidden to put tomatoes in clam chowder. In Massachusetts, it is unlawful to deliver diapers on Sunday, regardless of emergencies. In Memphis, Tennessee it is illegal for a woman to drive by herself. A man must walk or run in front of the vehicle, waving a red flag to warn approaching pedestrians and motorists. In Miami, it's illegal for men to be seen publicly in any kind of strapless gown. in microsoft 1998 edition if your keyboard isnt responding it displays "keyboard not responding press enter to continue" In most advertisements, including newspapers, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In most advertisements, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In most American states, a wedding ring is exempt by law from inclusion among the assets in a bankruptcy estate. This means that a wedding ring cannot be seized by creditors, no matter how much the bankrupt person owes. In most comic strips and magazine advertisments, the time on the clock is 10:10. In most watch advertisements the time displayed on a watch is 10:10. In Nags Headm North Carolina you can be fined for singing out of tune for more than ninety seconds. In Nevada it is illegal to ride a camel on the highway. In New Hampshire it is illegal to inhale bus fumes with the intent of inducing euphoria. In New Jersey it is illegal to delay or detain a homing pigeon. In New York City it is illegal for a man to give 'The Standard Lear' to a woman. Violators are forced to wear horse blinders. In New York City, approximately 1,600 people are bitten by other humans. In Newport, Rhode Island it is illegal to smoke from a pipe after sunset. In Nicholas County, W. Va., no member of the clergy is allowed to tell jokes or humorous stories from the pulpit during a church service. In Norfolk, Virginia, a woman can't go out without wearing a corset. (There was a civil-service jobfor men onlycalled a corset inspector). However, in Merryville, Missouri, women are prohibited from wearing corsets because "the privilege of admiring the curvaceous, unencumbered body of a young woman should not be denied to the normal, red-blooded American male." In North America, the breed of dog called the Doberman Pinscher is spelled with one "n". But in Europe where it originated, it's spelled with 2. The man who bred for the Doberman spelled his last name (Dobermann) with 2 'n's as well. In North Andover, Massachusetts citizens are prohibitied from carrying 'space guns.' In North Caroline it is illegal to make love on the floor of a hotel room between two double beds. In North Dakota it is illegal to keep an elk in a sandbox in your backyard. In NYC, "it is disorderly conduct for one man to greet another on the street by placing the end of his thumb against the tip of his nose and wiggling the extended fingers of that hand." In Oblong, Illinois, it's punishable by law to make love while hunting or fishing on your wedding day. In October 1959 Elizabeth Taylor became the first Hollywood star to receive $1 million for a single picture. (for Cleopatra) In ohio it is illegal to ride on the roof of a taxi cab In ohio it is illegal to run out of gas. In Ohio women are forbidden from wearing patent leather shoes, lest men see reflections of their underwear In Ohio, if you ignore an orator on Decoration day to such an extent as to publicly play croquet or pitch horseshoes within one mile of the speaker's stand, you can be fined $25.00. In Oklahoma, people who make "ugly faces" at dogs may be fined and/or jailed. In one of the central intersections of the resort town of Pompeii destroyed in A.D. 79 by Mt. Vesuvius is a replica of the male genitalia, imbedded in and made of cobblestones. The image is approximately three feet wide by three feet long, and points the way to a house of prostitution. The walls of the house are still decorated with picture of the various specialties of the ladies employed there. In Oregon anyone with a bad reputation is prohibited from distributing malt beverages. In Paulding, Ohio an officer of the law may bite a dog to quiet him. In Pennsylvania: "Any motorist who sights a team of horses coming toward him must pull well off the road, cover his car with a blanket or canvas that blends with the countryside, and let the horses pass. If the horses appear skittish, the motorist must take his car apart piece by piece, and hide it under the nearest bushes." In playing poker, there is one chance in 500 of drawing a flush. In Pocatello, Idaho, a law passed in 1912 provided that "The carrying of concealed weapons is forbidden, unless same are exhibited to public view." In Providence, Rhode Island it is illegal to sell toothpaste and a toothbrush to the same customer on a Sunday. In Radford, VA you are not allowed to spit, loogie, puke or urinate on the streets. In Reno, Nevada staging a marathon dance is illegal, although posting a notice on a fire hydrant about illegal dance marathons is not. In Richmond, Virginia it is illegal to flip a coin in any eating establishment to determine who buys a cup of coffee. In Rochester, Michigan, anyone bathing in public must have his or her bathing suit inspected by a police officer. In rural areas, there are more insects in 1 square mile than there are humans on earth In Salem, Massachesetts sleeping in the nude in a rented room is forbidden, even for married couples. In Saratoga, Florida it is illegal to sing while wearing a bathing suit. In Scituate, Rhode Island it is illegal to keep a flock of chickens in your motorhome if you live in a trailer park. In Scotland, Irn-Bru is a soft drink that is more popular than Coca-Cola. When McDonalds opened in Glasgow and did not sell Irn-Bru, it was considered an insult, and the restaurant was subsequently boycotted. In Seattle, Washington, it is illegal to carry a concealed weapon that is over six feet in length. In seventy-five years the human heart pumps 3,122,000,000 gallons of blood, enough to fill in oil tanker over 46 times! In Shakespeare, Rosalind, the heroine of "As You Like It", has more lines than any of Shakespeare's female characters. Cleopatra comes in second with 670 lines and third place belongs to Imogen ("Cymbeline"), with 591 lines. In Shakespeare's time, mattresses were secured on bed frames by ropes when you pulled on the ropes the mattress tightened, making the bed firmer to sleep on. That's where the phrase, "goodnight, sleep tight" came from. In Siberia, in 1994, a container full of marijuana was discovered in the 2,000-year-old grave of a Scythian princess and priestess, among the many other articles buried with her. In some chuch in South Carolina, every man must bring a rifle to church on Sunday to ward off Indian attacks. In some town in South Carolina, it is perfectly legal for a man to beat his wife. But only if its on the courthouse steps on Sunday. In South Carolina you can be fined for not denouncing "the evils of intemperance" on the fourth Friday of every October. In South Dakota it is illegal to try to convince a pacifist to renounce his beliefs by threatening to arm-wrestle him. In South Korea, Green Giant canned sweet corn is advertised as a topping for ice cream. In space, astronauts are unable to cry, tears can't flow down, because of the lack of gravity. In Spanish, the word "hombre" means: 'shoulder', 'man', and 'hat' all at the same time. In Spit Bergen, Norway at one time of the year the sun shines continuously for three and a half months. In Springfield, door to door salesman are prohibited from selling their goods while standing in the middle of the road, screaming at passing vehicles. In Staten Island, New York it is illegal for a father to call his son a 'faggot' or 'queer' in an effort to curb 'girlie' behavior. In Sterling, Colorado, it is unlawful to allow a pet cat to run loose without a taillight. In Sumatra, workers on coffee plantations gather the world's most expensive coffee by following a gourmet marsupial who consumes only the choicest coffee beans. By picking through what he excretes, they obtain the world's most expensive coffee -'Kopi Luwak', which sells for over $100 per pound. In Sweden, when leaving someone's home, wait until you get to the doorway to step outside before putting on your coat. To do so earlier suggests you are eager to leave. In Tennessee it is illegal to use a lasso to catch fish. In Tennessee, it is illegal to shoot any game other than whales from a moving automobile. In terms of area, Juneau, Alaska, is the largest city in the United States, yet it can only be reached by boat or plane. In Texas any artificial constructed underwater barrier reefs must come with an instruction booklet. In Texas criminals are required to give their victims 24 hours notice, either orally or in writing, and to explain the nature of the crime to be committed. In Thailand, the left hand is considered unclean, so you should not eat with it. Also, pointing with one finger is considered rude and is only done when pointing to objects or animals, never humans. In the "Princess Diaries" when the main character is talking to her friend while walking up and down a bench, she falls which portrays her clumsey character. That wasn't on purpose, though. It was raining and the bench was very slippery and she fell for real. If you watch that scene, it will make perfect sense consdering the way they were laughing and how the princess told her friend to keep talking. The director liked it, so he kept it. In the 14th century, the Arabs started to cultivate coffee plants. The first commercially grown and harvested coffee originated in the Arabian Peninsula near the port of Mocha. In the 16th century, Turkish women could divorce their husbands if the man failed to keep his family's pot filled with coffee. In the 1700s, European women achieved a pale complexion by eating "Arsenic Complexion Wafers" actually made with the poison. In the 17th century, no citizen of Japan was allowed to leave the country on penalty of death. In the 17th century, the number pi was known to 35 decimal places. Today, to 1.2411 trillion. In the 1800s, the Chinese believed that strangling a man was less sever a punishment than beheading because the body would not be permanently disfigured. In the 1870s, William Russell Frisbie opened a bakery called the Frisbie Pie Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut. His lightweight pie tins were embossed with the family name. In the mid-1940s, students at Yale University tossed the empty pie tins as a game. In the 1905 football season, 18 men were killed in college games in the United States, and 159 more were permanently injured. In the 1960's, the US spent millions developing a zero gravity pen for use in space In the 19th century, craftsmen who made hats were known to be excitable and irrational, as well as to tremble with palsy and mix up their words. Such behavior gave rise to the familiar expression "mad as a hatter". The disorder, called hatter's shakes, was caused by chronic mercury poisoning from the solution used to treat the felt. Attacking the central nervous system, the toxin led to behavioral symptoms. In the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, if a man was not married by age 30, he would not be allowed to vote or watch athletic events involving nude young men. In the Andes, time is sometimes measured by how long it takes to chew a quid of coca leaf. In the building trade a slate measuring 24 by 12 inches is called a In the city of Carmel, where Clint Eastwood grew up, they dont have postmen, coz they dont have street numbers. Ppl go to the post office to collect their mail. In the course of an average lifetime you will, while sleeping, eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders. In the early days of modern theater, artificial lighting was produced by throwing pollen grains of the club moss which is highly flammable when placed on a hot surface onto a hot shovel. In the early stages of development, and pig's embroyo is similar to that of a human's. In the England it is illegal to sell most goods on a sunday, (this law is mostly ignored), it is however legal to sell a carrot. It is also legal to sell it at any price and to give free gifts with it, such as anything else one might want to buy on a sunday! In the entire state of Maryland, it is illegal to give or recieve oral sex. In the game "Monopoly," the space on which a player has the greatest statistical chance of landing is Illinois Avenue. In the great fire of London in 1666, half of London was burnt down but only 6 people were injured. In the Great Seal of the US the eagle grasps 13 arrows and an olive branch. In the Holocaust between 5.1 and 6 million of Europe's 10 million Jews were killed. An additional 6 million 'unwanted' people were also executed, including more than half of Poland's educated populace. In the kingdom of Bhutan, all citizens officially become one year older on New Year's Day. In the last 4000 years no new animals have been domesticated. In the last three centuries, 90% of all people living in the Western world have switched from tea to coffee. In the late 19th century the Supreme Court of the United States legally declarded the tomato a vegetable. In the late 19th century, millions of human mummies were used as fuel for locomotives in Egypt where wood and coal was scarce, but mummies were plentiful. In the mall, the fat sheriff with the shotgun fires at the spiders. When the ejected casings hit the ground, they make a metallic "chink" noise. Shotgun casings are made of plastic. In the Middle Ages, chicken soup was believed to be an aphrodisiac. In the Middle Ages, young men and women drew names from a bowl to see who their valentines would be. They would wear these names on their sleeves for one week. To wear your heart on your sleeve now means that it is easy for other people to know how you are feeling. In the movie Casablanca Rick never says "Play it again, Sam." He says: "You played it for her, you can play it for me. Play it!". Ilsa says "Play it, Sam. Play `As Time Goes By"'. In the Netherlands, in 1634, a collector paid 1,000 pounds of cheese, four oxen, eight pigs, 12 sheep, a bed, and a suit of clothes for a single bulb of the Viceroy tulip. In the original Star Wars A New Hope when everyone is stuck in the trash compactor and the storm troopers come for C-3PO and R2-D2 the stormtroopers come through the door and one of them hits its head, very funny. They make it look like he did it on purpose by another stormtrooper says "Take care of him" which they added in there guess Lucas kept it as kind of a joke In the original Wizard of Oz, during the scene in the forest, you can see a body hanging from a tree in the background. This is real. He was an actor that hung himself after he didnt get the part of the Tinman. They cut it out of the later versions, but if you have a movie from before the golden age of film editing, you'll see him. In the pilot episode of Seinfeld (then called The Seinfeld Chronicles) , Kessler was the last name of the neighbor who would later become known as Kramer. In the quiet town of Connorsville, Wisconsin, it's illegal for a man to shoot off a gun when his female partner has an orgasm. In the Simpsons series, Homer has said 3267 "Doh!" In the Spanish Pyrenees, when a beekeeper dies, each of his bees is splashed with a drop of Black Ink. In the St. Louis, MO area, the word "hoosier" is used as a slang term for what the rest of the country would describe as "white trash," "rednecks," or "hillbillies". In the ten years between 1987 and 1997, there was an increase of over 800 million people on the planet. In the United States bacteria in foods cause 6.5 million to 33 million cases of human illness and 9,000 deaths annually. In the United States only 80 miles separate the highest point of land and the lowest point in the lower 48 states. Mount Whitney on the eastern border of Sequoia National Park in California is 14,496 feet high, and a pool called Badwater in Death Valley is 280 feet below sea level. In the United States, a pound of potato chips costs two hundred times more than a pound of potatoes. In the United States, approximately seven billion pounds of chocolate and candy are manufactured each year. In the United States, more Frisbee discs are sold each year than baseballs, basketballs, and footballs combined. In the United States, poisoning is the fourth leading cause of death among children. In the US a pound of potato chips costs 200 times more than a pound or potatoes In the US, about 127 million adults are overweight or obese; worldwide, 750 million are overweight and 300 million more are obese. In the US, 15% of children in elementary school are overweight; 20% are worldwide. In the US, Delaware, Virginia and Michigan rank as the top three states for Ritalin use, and most of the prescriptions are for elementary and middle school age children. Doctors in these states prescribe at least 33 grams for every 1,000 residents, 56 percent more than the national average, according to figures compiled by the Federal Drug Enforcement Agency. In the US, federal law states that children's TV shows may contain only 10 minutes of advertising per hour and on weekends the limit is 10 and one-half minutes. In The Wizard of Oz the Scarecrow was looking for a brain, the Cowardly Lion was looking for courage, and the Tin Man was looking for a heart. In the year 1763, there were over 200 coffee shops in Venice. In the year 1790, there were two firsts in the United States; the first wholesale coffee roasting company, and the first newspaper advertisement featuring coffee. In the year 498 B.C., in the city of Chung-tu, crime ceased to happen with the naming of a new Minister of Crime. Legend has it that nobody wanted to commit a crime because everyone idolized the new minister, someone by the name of Confucius. In Tonawanda, New York homeless people may not start a fire in the park unless they intend to cook food. In Tulsa, Oklahoma the limit on kisses is three minutes (by law). In Tulsa, Oklahoma, it is against the law to open a soda bottle without the supervision of a licensed engineer. In Turkey during the 16th and 17th centuries, anyone caught drinking coffee was put to death. In turtles, the colon(intestine) is also used for respiration, as it takes in oxygen. Thats how they stay underwater for so long. In Utah a husband is responsible for all criminal acts committed by his wife while she is in his presence. In Utah it is illegal to fish from horseback. In Utah, birds have the right of way on all highways. In Vermont it is illegal to paint landscapes in times of war. In Vermont it is illegal to whistle while underwater. In Vermont women must obtain written permission from their husbands to wear false teeth. In Vulcan, Alberta Canada, the tourist welcome sign is written in both English and Klingon (alien language from "Star Trek"). In Washington D.C. it is illegal to post a notice in public which calls another person a 'coward' for refusing to accept a challenge to duel. In Washington, anyone under the age of 18 must have parental permission to throw a tear gas canister. In Waterloo, Nebraska it is unlawful for barbers to eat onions while on the job. In West Virginia it is illegal to dig for ginseng on your neighbor's lawn without their permission. In West Virginia you cannot fly a red flag in front of your house if you are disappointed in your sherrif. In West Virginia, it is legal for one to take roadkill home for dinner.... In Winston-Salem, North Carolina, it is against the law for children under seven years of age to go to college. In Wisconsin you are allowed to marry your house. In Wisconsin, after 3:00 a.m., you have to send a rocket signal in the air after every mile you drive. Then wait a minute for a response. In Wyoming it is illegal to tattoo a horse with the intent of making it unrecognizable to its owner. In York, Pennsylvania, you can't sit down while watering your lawn with a hose. Incan soldiers used to eat freeze-dried potatoes when they were on a march. The Incans would leave the food outside to freeze overnight, then thaw them out and stomp on them to remove the excess water. Including the 2000 World Series, there have been only three meetings between teams from the same city: 1906 (Cubs vs. White Sox), 1944 (Cardinals vs. Browns) and 2000 (Mets vs. Yankees). India has a Bill of Rights for cows. India has the most post offices of any country with 280,181. India is the leading film making country in the world. More than twice as many films are made in India each year than in France, the third highest film producers in the world. Indiana has a city named Santa Claus. Infant beavers are called kittens. Influenza caused over twenty-one million deaths in 1918. Insects shiver when they're cold. Insomniacs may move as many as seventy times. Insulin was discovered in 1922 by Sir Frederick Banting and Dr. Charles Best. Intel is a shortened name for Integrated Electronics. The company's founders wanted to use the full name when they went into business in 1968, but it was already in use. Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair. Irish cream and Hazelnut are the most popular whole bean coffee flavorings. Irving Berlin has never learned to read music or to write it. He hums or sings his songs to a secretary, who takes them down in musical notation. Isaac Newton, Peter Tchaikovsky and Annie Lennox were all born on Christmas. Israel is the only country in the world, which has compulsory military service for women. It has 51 meanings as a noun, 126 meanings as a verb, and 10 meanings as a participle adjective. It has been calculated that a single breath from a mature blue whale can inflate up to 2000 balloons. It has been proven that feathers directly evolved from reptiles' scales. Therefore, birds came after reptiles. It has been reported that some dogs are able to sniff out skin cancer. It's in a journal on Lancet. Click here It is against the law for a monster to enter the corporate limits of Urbana, Illinois. It is against the law in Oregon to fish with canned corn. It is against the law in Pueblo, Colorado, to raise or permit a dandelion to grow within the city limits. It is against the law in Texas, NJ, Iowa, and 25 other states for gay men to have sex of any kind. The result of a man having sex with another man is punishable by fines and up to 6 months in jail. it is, however, LEGAL for a male in Texas to have sex with his sheep. It is against the law to have a pet in Iceland. It is also against the law in Oregon to get married in your bathing suit. It is believed that the Greek poet Aeschylus was killed when a bird flying overhead dropped a tortoise and struck him. Birds have been known to carry shellfish to great heights and drop them in order crack the shells. It is estimated that 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 snowflakes have fallen to the earth since it was formed. It is estimated that a plastic container can resist decomposition for as long as 50,000 years. It is forbidden for aircraft to fly over the Taj Mahal. It is illegal for a man to kiss a woman while she is asleep in Logan County, Colorado. It is illegal for a mother to give her daughter a perm without a state license. It is illegal for both sexes to flirt or respond to flirtation using the eyes and/or hands. It is illegal in Elkhart, Indiana, for a barber to threaten to cut off a youngster's ears...what about an oldster? It is illegal in Georgia to use profanity in the presence of a corpse. It is illegal in Lafayette, Louisiana to play a musical instrument for the purpose of attracting attention, without a license. It is illegal in North Carolina to have sex in churchyards. It is illegal in Reno, Nevada to conceal a spray-painted shopping cart in your basement. It is illegal to accept a gratuity or tip in Iowa. It is illegal to drive more than two thousand sheep down Hollywood Boulevard at one time. It is illegal to hunt camels in Arizona. It is illegal to hunt camels in the state of Arizona. It is illegal to mistreat rats in Denver. It is illegal to say "Oh, Boy" in Jonesboro, Georgia. It is illegal to take more than 2 baths a month within Boston confines. It is impossible for a pig to look up at the sky and people can not lick their elbows!!!!! be sure to remember that the next time you stick your elbow in spagetti =) It is impossible for a solar eclipse to last for more than 7 minutes 58 seconds. It is impossible for anyone to verbally count up to the number 1 trillion it is impossible to drink more than a gallon of milk in 1 hour without throwing up!!! It is impossible to get water out of a rimless tyre. It is impossible to land on planet Jupiter, because, scientists believe that below all the gases and liguid there is a center [core] which is made up of small ball of pressurized iron, but it is impossible to tell for sutre. It is impossible to lick your elbow. It is impossible to sneeze and keep your eyes open at the same time. It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. It is only appropriate to fly the US flag upside down in emergencies. It means "Help Me, I am in Trouble!" It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky. It is possible to lead a cow up stairs, but not down. It is Texas law that when two trains meet each other at a railroad crossing, each shall come to a full stop, and neither shall proceed until the other has gone. It is unlawful for small boys to throw stones, at any time, at any place in the District of Columbia. It snows more in the Grand Canyon than it does in Minneapolis and Minnesota. It takes 120 drops of water to fill a teaspoon. It takes 17 muscles to smile and 43 to frown. It takes 20 different muscles to form a kiss. It takes 25 muscles to swallow. It takes 3,000 cows to supply the NFL with enough leather for a year's supply of footballs. It takes 35 to 65 minks to produce the average mink coat. The numbers for other types of fur coats are: beaver 15; fox 15 to 25; ermine 150; chinchilla 60 to 100. It takes a lobster approximately seven years to grow to be one pound. It takes about 1.25 seconds for moonlight to reach the Earth. It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. It takes about 48 hours for your body to completely digest the food from one meal. It takes forty minutes to hard boil an ostrich egg. It takes only 8 minutes for sunlight to travel from the sun to the earth, which also means, if you see the sun go out, it actually went out 8 minutes ago It takes seven years for a lobster to weigh one pound. It takes, on average, 345 squirts from a cow's udder to yield one gallon of milk. It took Leonardo Da Vinci 10 years to paint Mona Lisa. He never signed or dated the painting. Leonardo and Mona had identical bone structures according to the painting. X-ray images have shown that there are 3 other versions under the original. It took over 4 years to film milo and otis to get the animals to do what they are suppose to. It was claimed that a Tiger shot dead by colonel Jim Corbett in 1907 had killed 436 people in India. It was discovered on a space mission that a frog can throw up. The frog throws up its stomach first, so that the stomach is dangling out of it's mouth. Then the frog uses its' forearms to dig out all of the stomach's contents and then swallows the stomach back down again. It was during the 1600's that the first coffee mill made its debut in London. It was proposed in the Rhode Island legislature in the 1970s that there be a $2 tax on every act of sexual intercourse. It was the accepted practice in Babylon 4,000 years ago that for a month after the wedding, the bride's father would supply his It was the Frisbie Pie Company of Bridgeport, CT, whose name -and lightweight pie tins -gave birth to the modern Frisbee. It was the law in Scotland in 1288 that for each year known as "lepe yeare" any maiden lady could ask the man she liked to be her husband. If he refused and didn't have a good excuse he would be "mulcted of ye sum of one pound or less" (essentially, he would owe her a dollar). France enacted a similar law a year later. It was the left shoe that Aschenputtel (Cinderella) lost at the stairway, when the prince tried to follow her. It was originally the right, but the translator messed up again. It wasn't until 1913 that sports teams started using numbers on players' jerseys for identfication. It first happened during a football game between the University of Chicago and the University of Wisconsin. It would take 15,840,000 rolls of wallpaper to cover the Great Wall of China. Italians do not drink espresso during meals. It is considered to be a separate event and is given its own time. Italians in Italy consume a million and a half tons of spaghetti every year. Italy now has over 200,000 coffee bars, and still growing. It's a common myth that chocolate aggravates acne. Experiments conducted at the University of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Naval Academy found that consumption of chocolate -even frequent daily dietary intake -had no effect on the incidence of acne. Professional dermatologists today do not link acne with diet. It's a diverse world we live in. In the U.S., football, basketball and baseball are the three most watched sports on TV. In England, the top three most viewed are soccer, Formula One auto racing and boxing. In Russia, it's soccer, ice hockey and boxing. And in China, it's soccer, table tennis and swimming. It's a good thing lemmings are promiscuous, they produce 4 times as many females as males. It's against the law in Willowdale, Oregon, for a husband to curse during sex. It's against the law to catch fish with your bare hands in Kansas. It's been estimated that man have been riding horses for over 3,000 years. It's been estimated that one out of every two hundred women is born with an extra nipple. It's been said that Adolph Hitler was a coprophiliac, which means he had a fetish for women's feces. He also had a thing for being urinated on by women. It's believed that India gets its name from the Indus River. The interesting thing is that none of the river is actually in India...it's in Pakistan. It's estimated that at any one time around 0.7% of the world's population is drunk. It's illegal in Newcastle, WY to have sex in a butcher shop's meat freezer. It's illegal in Wilbur, Washington, to ride an ugly horse. It's illegal to have sex on a parked motorcycle in London. It's illegal to mispronounce the name of the state of Arkansas in that state. It's impossible to get water out of a rimless tire. It's impossible to lick your elbow. It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. It's more likeJacksonville, Florida has the largest total area of any city in the United States. It takes up 460 square miles, almost twice the area of Los Angeles. Jaguars are frightened by dogs Jamaica Blue Mountain is often regarded as the best coffee in the world. James Buchanan was certainly a good host. When England's Prince of Wales came to visit in the fall of 1860, so many guests came with him, it's said the president slept in the hallway. James Madison, 5 feet, 4 inches tall, was the shortest president of the US. Abraham Lincoln was the tallest at six feet, 4 inches. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, stood only five feet four inches tall and weighed less than one hundred pounds. James Ramsey invented a steam-driven motorboat in 1784. He ran it on the Potomac River in an event witnessed by George Washington. Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendrix all died at the young age of 27. Japan is the world's leading importer of iron ore. Japan ranks Number 3 in the world for coffee consumption. Jaw muscles can provide about 200 pounds of force to bring the back teeth together for chewing. Jayne Mansfield decorated her "Pink Palace" by writing to 1,500 furniture and building suppliers and asking for free samples. She told the donors they could then brag that their goods were in her outlandish mansion. The pitch worked, and Jayne received over $150,000 worth of free merchandise. It's safe to make love while parked in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Police officers aren't allowed to walk up and knock on the window. Any suspicious officer who thinks that sex is taking place must drive up from behind, honk his horn three times and wait approximately two minutes before getting out of his car to investigate. It's strange that a city with a two letter abreviation (LA) was named after a river called "EL RIO DE SENORA LA REYNA DE LOS ANGELES DE PORCIUNCULA". Jellyfish are 95% water Jellyfish can sense a storm 10 to 15 hrs. before it actually occurs and leaves the shore and go into the deep sea. Jergens Lotion was created by Andrew Jergens, a former lumberjack, in 1880. Jerry Garcia only had four fingers on his picking hand, he lost one of his fingers when he was a boy. Jerry Seinfeld's first sitcom wasn't Seinfeld. He played the governor's speechwriter on three episodes of Benson (he was fired from the job). Jerry West was the model for the official NBA logo. His silhouette appears dribbling a basketball. Jessica Tandy is the oldest winner of an Academy Award. She won the 1989 Best Actress award for Driving Miss Daisy at the age of 80 years and 9 months. She beat George Burns for that distinction by just a few months. Jethro Tull is not the name of the rock singer responsible for such songs as "Aqualung" and "Thick as a Brick." Jethro Tull is the name of the band. The singer is Ian Anderson. The original Jethro Tull was an English horticulturalist who invented the seed drill. JFK Jr. and Christine Amanapour of CNN were roommates at Brown University. JFK's golf clubs sold for $772,500 at a 1996 auction. The buyer was Arnold Schwarzenegger. Jim Delligatti, a McDonald's franchise owner in Uniontown, PA, invented the Big Mac in 1968. He originally named it the Big Mac Super Sandwich. The following year McDonald's sold it nationwide. Jim Henson first coined the word "Muppet". It is a combination of "marionette" and "puppet." Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison were all 27 years old when they died. Jimmu, the legendary first ruler of Japan, began his reign in the year 660. Akihito, the current emperor, is said to be the 125th direct descendant of Jimmu to rule Japan. Jimmy Carter was the first President born in a hospital. Jimmy Carter was the first U.S. President to be born in a hospital. Joan of Arc was actually burned alive as a witch in 1431, and only considered a saint in the 20th century. (Them folks must be pissed to hear that) John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Monroe died on July 4th. Adams and Jefferson died in the same year. Supposedly, Adams last words were "Thomas Jefferson survives." John Hancock and Charles Thomson were the only people to sign the Declaration of independence on July 4th, 1776. The last signature came five years later. John Lennon's first girlfriend was named Thelma Pickles. John Milton used 8,000 different words in his poem, "Paradise Lost." John Paul Jones' real name was John Paul. In a letter to Benjamin Franklin, he admitted he'd killed a sailor in the West Indies and changed his name to escape punishment. The "Jones" comes from Mrs. Willie Jones of North Carolina, whom he "admired." John Tyler was the first president to be married in office on June 26, 1844. John Wayne's real name was Marion Michael Morrison. John Wilkes Booth's brother once saved the life of Abraham Lincoln's son. Johnny Appleseed planted apples so that people could use apple cider to make alcohol. Johnson & Johnson created the Band-Aid in 1899 because Robert Wood Johnson attended a lecture concerning the prevention of infection in wounds during surgical operations. The company created the zinc oxide adhesive bandage for surgeons, and launched the consumer version, Band-Aids, in 1921. Joseph Priestley not only discovered oxygen, but he also discovered ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxide. He was also the first person to isolate chlorine. Joseph Priestly is credited with discovering oxygen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxide. He was also the first to isolate chlorine. Joseph Swan invented the light bulb in 1879, one year before Thomas Edison did. However, Swan didn't patent the idea and was widely accused of copying Edison who did patent the idea and was therefore recognized as its inventor. Swan continued to be denied recognition until some time later when it was shown that both light bulbs were produced using different processes. Edison and Swan later formed a joint company using the best of both technologies. Judy Scheindlin ("Judge Judy") has a $25,000,000 salary, while Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg has a $190,100 salary. Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte both suffered from epilepsy. Julius Caesar was the first to encode communications, using what has become known as the Caesar Cipher. Julius Caesar, Martin Luther and Jonathan Swift all suffered from Ménièr's disease. It is a disorder of the hearing and balance senses causing hissing, roaring or whistling sounds to be perceived. Julius Caesar's autograph is worth about $2,000,000. Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets. Although it has a circumference of 280,000 miles compared with Earth's 25,000 Jupiter manages to make one turn in 9 hours and 55 minutes. Jupiter's moon Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System, and is larger than the planets Mercury and Pluto. Just twenty seconds worth of fuel remained when Apollo 11's lunar module landed on the moon. Kangaroos and emus cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. Kansas state law requires pedestrians crossing the highways at night to wear tail lights. Ketchup was once sold as a patented medicine. In the 1830s it was marketed in the United States as Dr. Miles's Compound Extract of Tomato. Ketchup was sold in the 1830s as medicine. Key West, Florida is the southernmost point in the continental United States. South Point, Hawaii is the country's southernmost point overall. Kikkoman soy sauce was originated in 1630 in Japan. Killer whales (Orcas) kill sharks by torpedoeing up into the shark;s stomach from underneath causing the shark to explode. Kim Basinger fears large crowds. She even locked herself in her house for 4 months, because of this fear. King Henry III of France, Louis XIV of France, and Napoleon all suffered from ailurophobia the fear of cats. Kirkland, Illinois, law forbids bees to fly over the village or through any of its streets. Kitsap County, Washington, was originally called Slaughter County, nicely: the first hotel there was called The Slaughter House. Kiwi birds are blind, they hunt only by smell. Koala bears also have finger prints that are almost identical to ours Koala bears have fingerprints so similar to humans that they could be confused at a crime scene. Koalas have twin thumbs Kodak is the first chain store to open in Antarctica. Korea's poshintang dog meat soup is a popular item on summertime menus, despite outcry from other nations. The soup is believed to cure summer heat ailments, improve male virility, and improve women's complexions. Kotex was first manufactured as bandages, during W.W.I. Kuwait is about 60% male (highest in the world). Latvia is about 54% female (highest in the world). L.L. Cool J is the only rap star to have performed at a presidential inaugural concert. He performed at Bill Clinton's gala in 1993. La Pax, Bolivia is a virtually fireproof city. At an altitude of about 12,000 feet above sea level, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is barely able to support fire. La Paz, Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world. Lab tests can detect traces of alcohol in urine six to 12 hours after a person has stopped drinking. Lacrosse was invented by American Indians. Lady Godiva's horse was named Aethenoth. Laid end-to-end, the arteries, capillaries and veins would stretch for about 60,000 miles in the average child and would be about 100,000 miles in an adult - enough to wrap around the world nearly four times. Laika the dog, was the first living thing which was sent to space. Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes located entirely within the United States. Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway at New Orleans, Louisiana, is the world's largest bridge. It is almost 24 miles (about 38 kilometers) long. Large doses of coffee can be lethal. Ten grams, or 100 cups over 4 hours, can kill the average human. Large kangaroos cover more than 30 feet with each jump. Larger Stingrays have the power to drive their stingers or tail-spines through the hulls of wooden boats Las Vegas means "The Meadows" in Spanish. Laser stands for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." Developed 1950s 1960s. Lassie was played by a group of male dogs; the main one was named Pal. Lassie was played by several male dogs, despite the female name, because male collies were thought to look better on camera. The main "actor" was named Pal. Lassie, the TV collie, first appeared in a 1930s short novel titled Lassie Come-Home written by Eric Mowbray Knight. The dog in the novel was based on Knight's real life collie, Toots. Latin Americans have two last names. Latin is a dead language. Laughing lowers levels of stress hormones and strengthens the immune system. Six-year-olds laugh an average of 300 times a day. Adults only laugh 15 to 100 times a day. Laws forbidding the sale of sodas on Sunday prompted William Garwood to invent the ice cream sundae in Evanston, IL, in 1875. Lee De Forest, the inventor of the radio tube, was tried for fraud in 1913. He was accused of tricking the public into buying stocks in his company, the Radio Telephone Company, by making "absurd and deliberately misleading" claims about the possibility of transmitting the human voice across the Atlantic Ocean. Lee Harvey Oswald's cadaver tag sold at an auction for $6,600 in 992. Leif Erikson was the first European to set foot on North America in the year 1000. (No, it wasn't Columbus) Lemons contain more sugar than strawberries. Leonard da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time. Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors, the helicopter, and many other present day items. Leonardo Divinci made sketches of a tracked armored vehicle to be used as an offensive weapon. It was pedal powered. Leopards are so stealthy that they can roam around a city like Manhattan with the chances of not being seen! Leopards were originally called Pard, Pardus and Panther Let us look at the possible origin of 'banana'. 'ba', in Egyptian mythology is the soul. 'Nana', as we all know, is another word for grandmother. So, is a banana, the grandmother of the soul? Levi Strauss blue jeans with copper rivets were priced at $13.50 per dozen in 1874. Levi's 501 jeans got its number from its original stock number in the first Levi's store. Lice is the plural of louse. Light travels at the rate of 186,200 miles a second. Lightning bolts can sometimes be hotter than the sun. (about 50 000º F) Lightning puts 10,000,000 tons of nitrogen into the earth each year. Lightning strikes 6,000 times every minute on the entire planet Lightning strikes the earth about 8 million times a day. Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different Lincoln Logs were invented by Frank Lloyd Wright's son. Linoleum was patented in 1860 by Frank Walton, who also made up the name for his product. Lions are the only truly social cat species, and usually every female in a pride, ranging from 5 to 30 individuals, is closely related. Listerine mouthwash can be used as a deoderant. Douse your armpits with it and the smell vanishes within a couple minutes. Little Jackie Paper was the name of Puff the Magic Dragon's human friend. Lizards can self-amputate their tails for protection. It grows back after a few months. 'Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch' is the actual name of a village in northern Wales Lloyd's of London began as Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse. Local calls using a coin-operated phone in the U.S. cost only 5 cents everywhere until 1951. Lorne Greene had one of his nipples bitten off by an alligator while he was host of "Lorne Greene's Animal Kingdom." Lou Gehrig earned a total of $316,000 during his 17 year career with the New York Yankees. In 1992, a fan paid $363,000 for a Yankee jersey that Gehrig wore during the 1927 season. Louis XVI of France was captured at Varennes in June 1791 while trying to flee his country. He was stopped at an inn when he tried to pay with a coin that carried his likeness. Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was the first and only foreign-born first lady. Lovebirds are small parakeets who live in pairs. Male and female lovebirds look alike, but most other male birds have brighter colors than the females. Lovers in Liberty Corner, New Jersey, should avoid satisfying their lustful urges in a parked car. If the horn accidentally sounds while they are frolicking behind the wheel, the couple can face a jail term. Luther Crowell invented the paper bag in 1867. Macaroni, Gentoo, Chinstrap and Emperor are types of penguins. MacDonalds fries are made with beef flavoring. mmmmmmm. Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, preceded by Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo. Madonna suffers from garophobia (the fear of thunder). Maine is the only state in the United States whose name has one syllable. Male bees will try to attract sex partners with orchid fragrance. Male feral rabbits urinate on the females to state their ownership Male horseflies can fly over 90mph. Male lions somtimes kill their own kids if they seem a threat or take the attention of their mate. Male seagulls have red legs. Males, on average, think about sex every 7 seconds. Man O' War lost only one race in his career. It happened in 1919 to a horse named Upset. Manhattan Island from end to end is less than one million inches long. Manta Rays have no external organs for urination, therefore they release the urine from their pores Many hamsters only blink one eye at a time. Many koalas are killed in sanctuaries by cars of visitors. 2. A newborn koala finds its way to the mother's pouch by following a trail of saliva. Many scholars believe that an earthquake caused the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, referred to in the Bible as "the smoke of the country." Earthquakes produce massive clouds of dust that resemble billowing smoke. Many scientists believe that birds evolved from reptiles. Both species lay eggs, and they both have egg teeth that serve only one purpose: to help the babies break the egg and enter the world. Egg teeth fall off within hours of birth. Margaret Mitchell wrote Gone with the Wind between 1926 and 1929. In her early drafts, the main character was named "Pansy O'Hara" and the O'Hara plantation we know as Tara was called "Fountenoy Hall." Marie and Irene Curie are the only mother and daughter to win Nobel prizes with their husbands. Marie and Pierre Curie won the Physics prize in 1903. Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie won in 1935 for chemistry. Incidentally, Marie Curie also won the 1911 Nobel Prize for chemistry. Marie Curie, the Nobel prize winning scientist who discovered radium, died on July 4, 1934 of radiation poisoning. Marie Owen was the first policewoman in the United States. She started her career in Detroit in 1893. Mark Twain was the first to have written a novel [Tom Sawyer] on a typewriter. Marseilles is the oldest city in France. It was settled in about 6,000 B.C. by Ionian Greeks, who called it Massilia. Martha Washington in the only woman whose portrait has ever appeared on a US currency note. Her portrait was on the face of the $1 silver certificate issues of 1886 and 1891, and on the back of the $1 silver certificate of 1896. Sacagewea and Susan B. Anthony are the only women represented on a US coin. Both were honored on a dollar coin. Mary Queen of Scots was a skilful billiards player Massachusetts law declares that peanuts may not be eaten in court. May and June are the most popular months to get married. January is the least popular. Mayonnaise is said to be the invention of the French chef of the Duke de Richelieu in 1756. While the Duke was defeating the British at Port Mahon, his chef was creating a victory feast that included a sauce made of cream and eggs. When the chef realized that there was no cream in the kitchen, he improvised, substituting olive oil for the cream. A new culinary masterpiece was born, and the chef named it "Mahonnaise" in honor of the Duke's victory. McDonald's "Big Mac" slogan, introduced in 1975, is: "Two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions, and a sesame seed bun." McDonalds and Burger King sugar-coat their fries so they will turn golden-brown. Mel Blanc (the voice of Bugs Bunny) hated carrots. Members of the Nazi SS had their blood type tattooed on their armpits. Men are 6 times more likely to get struck by lightning then women Men are a lot more streamlined than women for swimming, because the female's mamaries create a lot of drag. Enough, in fact, that racing suits have been developed with tiny pegs above the breasts to cause disturbance, which decreases the drag. Men are more likely to be left-handed(10%) than females(8%) Men can read smaller print than women. Men commit suicide three times more frequently than women do. But women attempt suicide two to three times more often than men. Men's three pound is the most complex and orderly arrangement of matter known in the universe. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury is the only planet whose orbit is coplanar with its equator. Venus and Uranus are the only planets that rotate opposite to the direction of their orbit. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is a medication prescribed for individuals (usually children) who have an abnormally high level of activity or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). According to the National Institute of Mental Health, about 3 to 5 percent of the general population has the disorder, which is characterized by agitated behavior and an inability to focus on tasks. Methylphenidate also is occasionally prescribed for treating narcolepsy. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It has effects similar to, but more potent than, caffeine and less potent than amphetamines. It has a notably calming effect on hyperactive children and a "focusing" effect on those with ADHD. Mexico City is sinking at a rate of 6 to 8 inches a year because it's built on top of an underground reservoir. Wells are drawing out more and more water for the city's growing population of more than 15 million people. Mexico City is the oldest capital city in the Americas. Mexico City sinks ten inches per year. Mexico once had three presidents in one day. Mice, whales, elephants, giraffes and man all have seven neck vertebra. Michael Jordan has more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined. Michael Myers, the villain of the Halloween movies, is named after a real person. When Assault on Precinct 13 performed better than expected in England, director John Carpenter decided to thank the English distributor by naming the main character of his next movie after him. Michelangelo painted only one easel picture. Michelangelo's Last Judgment, which hangs on the walls of the Sistine Chapel, drew some harsh criticism from one of the Vatican's officials because of the nudity. So Michelangelo made some changes to his work: he painted in the face of the complaining clergyman and added a donkey's ears and a snake's tail. Mickey Mouse is known as 'Topolino' in Italy. Midgets and dwarfs almost always have normal-sized children, even if both parents are midgets or dwarfs. Mike Greenwell of the Boston Red Sox holds the major league record for the most RBIs that accounted for all of his team's runs. In 1996, he batted in nine runs in a game against the Seattle Mariners. Milk as an additive to coffee became popular in the 1680's, when a French physician recommended that cafe au lait be used for medicinal purposes. Milk is actually considered to be a food and not a beverage. Millie the White House dog earned more than 4 times as much as Pres. Bush in 99. And, rightfully so. Mineral deposits in caves: The ones growing upward are stalagmites, the ones growing downward are stalactites. Minnesotans are forbade from teasing skunks. Minnows have teeth in their throat. Minors in Kansas City, Missouri, are not allowed to purchase cap pistols; they may buy shotguns freely, however. Minus forty degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus forty degrees Fahrenheit. Mockingbirds can imitate any sound from a squeaking door to a cat meowing. Modern coffee brewing methods use approximately 200° water. Moles are able to tunnel through 300 feet of earth in a day. Monday is the only day of the week that has an anagram, dynamo. Monday's Child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace, Wednesday's child is full of woe, Thursday's child has far to go, Friday's child is loving and giving, Saturday's child has to work for its living, But a child that's born on the Sabbath Day, Is fair and wise and good and gay. Money isn't made out of paper, it's made out of linen. Monosodium glutamate can be found in mushrooms thanx liz chell, tomatoes and meat. MSG is safe to consume, and is essentially made of only water, sodium and glutamate. It contains only 1/3 the amount of sodium found in table salt, and can reduce salt intake in recipes. Montana mountain goats will butt heads so hard their hooves fall off. Montgomery Ward was the first company in the United States to advertise, "Satisfaction guaranteed or your money back." They did it in 1874, two years after company founder Aaron Montgomery Ward launched his mail-order catalog. Moon was Buzz Aldrins mothers maiden name. (Buzz Aldrin was the second man on the moon). More Monopoly is printed yearly than real money throughout the world. More people are afraid of open spaces (kenophobia) than of tight spaces (claustrophobia). More than 100 years ago, the felt hat makers of England used mercury to stabilize wool. Most of them eventually became poisoned by the fumes, as demonstrated by the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Breathing mercury's fumes over a long period of time will cause erethism, a disorder characterized by nervousness, irritability, and strange personality changes. More than 20,000 men were killed, wounded, or missing in action in the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. This was the bloodiest one-day fight during the Civil War. More than 25% of the world's forests are in Siberia. More than 50% of the people in the world have never made or received a telephone call. More than 80% of all the world's earthquakes occur in the Pacific basin borders. More than 92 465 people that did the death test in www.thespark.com claimed they had leprosy. More than 99.9% of all the animal species that have ever lived on earth were extinct before the coming of man. More than one million people play a single/multiplayer game called Diablo 2! I`m one of them! More water flows over Niagara Falls every year than any other falls on earth. Morphine was given its name in 1803 by the discoverer, a 20 year old German pharmacist named Friedrich Saturner. He named it after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Moses Malone was the first basketball player to go directly from high school to a professional American team. Mosquito repellents dont really repel mozzies. They actually block the sensory pores and makes the mozzies think they're flying to a colder, dryer, more CO2 free area. Mosquitoes dislike citronella because it irritates their feet. Mosquitoes have teeth. Mosquitoes prefer children to adults, and blondes to brunettes. Mosquitos usually don't fly in winds more than 10 mph. Most American car horns honk in the key of F. Most boat owners name their boats. The most popular boat name is Obsession Most car horns honk in the key of F Most caucasian babies are born with dark blue eyes, although it normally changes colour after child birth. Most cows give more milk when they listen to music. Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin. Most Eskimos do not live in igloos. Most gemstones contain several elements; except the diamond, it's all carbon. Most Greyhounds are universal blood donors and are used to provide extra blood during another dog's surgery. Most honey bees die after it stings people as our skin is elastic, unsuitable for their stingers which are meant for harder inelastics skins. Their venom glands are also torn out in the process. (So removing the stinger by piching the tip is well, in one word, dumb.jk) Most household dust is made of dead skin cells. Most landfilled trash retains its original weight, volume, and form for 40 years. Most lipstick contains fish scales. Most marine fish can survive in a tank filled with human blood Most men have erections every hour to hour and a half during sleep. Most of the vitamin C in fruits is in the skin. Most people know what pH means, but few people know that it stands for pondus hydrogenii which means potential hydrogen and that each unit is a phidron. Most people move about forty times in their sleep during the night. Most-visited presidential grave: John F. Kennedy's in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Va. The only other president buried in Arlington: William Howard Taft. Mount Everest is a foot higher today than it was a century ago, and it's believed to still be growing. Mount Everest moves approximately 2.4 inches (10 cm) in a Northeasterly direction every year. Mount Everst in Nepal, China: 29,035 feet / 8850 meters (seven feet [2.1 meters] above it's height of 29,028 feet which was determined in 1954). Mountain Dew does reduce your sperm count significantly. Movie detective Dirty Harry's badge number is 2211. Mozart sold one of his most prized pieces, Symphony No. 5 for under $20. Mr Ennis used to be a singer for a jazz band (He's my modern history teacher) Mr. Rogers is an ordained minister. Mr. Rogers was an ordained Presbyterian minister. Mt. Athos, in northern Greece, likes to call itself an independent country. It has a population of about 4,000...all men. No females of any kind, including animals, are allowed. There are twenty monasteries within a space of twenty miles. MTV (Music Television) made its debut at 12:01 a.m. on August 1, 1981 The first music-video shown on the rock-video cable channel was, appropriately, "Video Killed the Radio Star" by the Buggles. MTV's original five veejays were Martha Quinn, Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, J.J. Jackson and Alan Hunter. Muhammad Ali won his heavyweight championships on three continents: North America, Asia and Africa. Muhammad is the most common first name in the world. Mules are genetically sterile. i.e. they cannot reproduce. Murphy's oil soap is the chemical most commonly used to clean elephants. Mushrooms have no chlorophyll so they don't need sunshine to grow and thrive. Some of the earliest commercial mushroom farms were set up in caves in France during the reign of King Louis XIV (1638-1715). Nabisco's "Oreo's" are the world's best-selling brand of cookie at a rate of 6 billion sold each year. The first Oreo was sold in 1912. 'Naked' means to be unprotected. 'Nude' means unclothed. Names for Atlantic hurricanes can be only French, English, or Spanish. Napoleon Bonaparte is the historical figure most often portrayed in movies. He has been featured in 194 movies, Jesus Christ in 152, and Abraham Lincoln in 137. Napoleon constructed his battle plans in a sandbox. Napoleon took 14,000 French decrees and simplified them into a unified set of 7 laws. This was the first time in modern history that a nation's laws applied equally to all citizens. Napoleon's 7 laws are so impressive that by 1960 more than 70 governments had patterned their own laws after them or used them verbatim. NASCAR stands for National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing. Natural gas has no odor. The smell is added artificially so that leaks can be detected. Nearly 400 cocoa beans are required to make a pound of chocolate liquor, the semi-liquid mass produced by grinding the beans. A non-alcoholic substance, chocolate liquor is the basis of all chocolate and cocoa products. Nearly half the people on the earth live in only one thirtieeth of the total land area. Neck ties were first worn in Croatia. Negative emotions such as anxiety and depression can weaken your immune system. Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon with his left foot first. Neil Shoen, the guitarist from Journey got his start playing in San Francisco with Santana. Neil Young was once roommates with Rick James. Neither Fruit Flies nor May Flies are flies. Nevada was the first state to sanction the use of the gas chamber, and the first execution by lethal gas took place in February, 1924. New Hampshire law forbids you to tap your feet, nod your head, or in any way keep time to the music in a tavern, restaurant, or cafe. New Hampshire's license plates are stamped with the motto "Live Free Or Die." They are made by prison inmates. New Jersey, with 96, is the US state with the greatest number of hazardous waste sites. New Orleans' first Mardi Gras celebration was held in February, 1826. New York City has 570 miles of shoreline. New York City's administrative code still requires that hitching posts be located in front of City Hall so that reporters can tie their horses. New York City's nickname the "Big Apple" is named after an early swing-dance that originated in a South Carolina club (which used to be a church) called "The Big Apple." New York's first St. Patrick's day parade was held on March 17, 1762. New Zealand is the only country that contains every type of climate in the world. Newborn babies have about 350 bones. They gradually merge and disappear until there are about 206 by age 5. Next time you start a riot in Wisconsin remember that it is illegal to use a laser pointer to do so. Nine U.S. Presidents never went to college: George Washington, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Grover Cleveland, and Harry Truman. Ninety percent of all species that have become extinct have been birds. No evidence of man's evolutionary ancestors has so far been found in either North or South America. Fossils and other remains suggest that the first Americans crossed the Bering Straits (which at the time was dry land) from Asia between 20,000 and 40,000 years ago. No language has more synonyms than English. No man is allowed to make love to his wife with the smell of garlic, onions, or sardines on his breath in Alexandria, Minnesota. If his wife so requests, law mandates that he must brush his teeth. No one knows where Mozart is buried. No one knows why there is a 33 on a Rolling Rock bottle... the secret died with the original brewer. No one knows why, but 90 percent of women who walk into a department store immediately turn to the right.... No one may catch fish with his bare hands in Kansas. No piece of dry square paper can be folded more than 7 times in half! No piece of paper can be folded more than 7 times. No piece of square, dry paper can be folded more than seven times in half No president of the United states was an only child. No SEAL has ever surrendered and no wounded or dead SEAL has ever been left on the field during battle. No species of wild plant produces a flower or blossom that is absolutely black, and so far, none has been developed artificially. No two human outer EARS (pinnae)-even your own- are exactly alike.Earology, as the system is called, was developed to supplement identification by fingerprints. No two lions have the same pattern of whiskers, like a fingerprint. No two spider webs are the same. No woman may have sex with a man while riding in an ambulance within the boundaries of Tremonton, Utah. If caught, the woman can be charged with a sexual misdemeanor and "her name is to be published in the local newspaper." The man isn't charged nor is his name revealed. No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple. Nobel, actually invented dynamite, (Dynamite no.1 and Ballistite) but when he saw the destruction it caused, he decided to do something benevolent with all the money he made. Hence the Nobel Prize. Nobody is buried in Grant's tomb. President & Mrs. Grant are entombed there. A body is buried only when it is placed in the ground and covered with dirt. Nobody knows what happened to the body Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. During his funeral in 1791, a thunderstorm suddenly appeared and his funeral party dropped the coffin and ran for cover. When they returned, the coffin was gone. Nobody knows where Mozart is buried. Non-dairy creamer is flammable. Non-married couples in Idaho who engage in sexual intercourse can be jailed for up to six months No-one has ever died from smoking cannabis North America was called Turtle Island by the Delaware Indians. Not only do apple seeds contain cyanogens, precursors to cyanide, but peach pits, almond skins, citrus fruits and some berrys contain them aswell. Nothing rhymes with the word 'month' Now, where did the word 'fuck' come from? Click here to find out Nutmeg is extremely poisonous if injected intravenously it can kill you. Oak trees do not have acorns until they are fifty years old or older. Oak trees do not produce acorns until they are at least fifty years old. October 1st is the official Coffee Day in Japan. Oddly, no term existed for "homosexuality" in ancient Greece there were only a variety of expressions referring to specific homosexual roles. Experts find this baffling, as the old Greek culture regarded male/male love in the highest regard. According to several linguists, the word "homosexual" was not coined until 1869 by the Hungarian physician Karoly Maria Benkert. Of all known forms of animals life ever to inhabit the Earth, only about 10 percent still exist today. Of all the languages in the world, English has the largest vocabulary about 800,000 words. Of all the words in the English language, the word "set" has the most definitions. Of Chief Executives, only Benjamin Harrison was the grandson of a President. Of the 206 bones in the human body, 52 are in the feet. Of the 2200 persons quoted in the current edition of "Bartlett's Familiar Quotations," only 164 are women. Of the 25 highest mountains on earth, 19 are in the Himalayas. Of the 266 men who have been pope, 33 have died violently. Of the 3,000 islands in the Bahama chain in the Caribbean, only 20 are inhabited. Of the 60,000 americans who fled to Canada during the Viet Nam war 30,000 still reside there. Of the estimated 162 million land-based telephones in the U.S., 25 million have unlisted numbers. Of the Top 10 grossing movies of the 1980s, seven were either produced or directed by Stephen Spielberg or George Lucas. They also represent the men behind the top three grossing films of the 1970s. Offered a new pen to write with, 97% of all people will write their own name. Officially, the term "boulder" is applied only to stones larger than 10 inches in diameter. Ok food fans! Whats in an oxtail soup? "Oxen tails!" i hear you say...well, wrong. Try beef cattle. Okay, ketchup actually began in Thailand. There it was labelled "Kachiap". Olympic badminton rules say that the bird has to have exactly fourteen feathers. Olympic pools are 50 meters long. Olympus Mons on Mars is the largest volcano in our solar system. On a bingo card of 90 numbers there are approximately 44 million possible ways to make bingo. On a Canadian two-dollar bill, the American flag is flying over the Parliament Building. On a clear night in the Northern Hemisphere the naked eye can discern some 5000 stars. On an American one-dollar bill there is a tiny owl in the upper-left-hand corner of the upper-right-hand "1" and a spider hidden in the front upper-right-hand corner. On April 12, 1938, the state of New York passed a law requiring medical tests for marriage license applicants, the first state to do so. On April 25, 1889, The Kansas Times and Star was the first newspaper to use the phrase "bestseller." On that day the newspaper listed six books as the "best sellers here last week." On August sixth, 1945, during World War Two, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, killing an estimated 140,000 people in the first use of a nuclear weapon in warfare. On average 150,000 pints of Guiness are lost each year in the mustaches of English tavern-goers. On average 900 people start the Navy SEALs training program. On average 650 people drop out. On average people fear spiders more than they do death. On average women say 7,000 words per day. Men manage just over 2000. On average, 100 people choke to death on ball-point pens every year. On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily. On average, 150 couples get married in Las Vegas each day. On average, 42,000 balls are used and 650 matches are played at the annual Wimbledon tennis tournament. On average, 90% of the people that have the disease Lupus are female. On average, a human being will have sex more than 3,000 times and spend two weeks kissing in their lifetime. On average, about 500 meteorites strike the surface of the Earth each year. The calculated risk of being struck by a meteorite in the United States is once every 9,300 years. On average, adults watch double the amount of TV as teenagers do. On average, Americans consume eighteen acres of pizza daily On average, cows poop 16 times a day. On average, every American consumes 109 pounds of beef a year. It takes eight pounds of grain to produce one pound of beef. On average, every chocolate bar contains at least three insect legs. On average, every person in the United States owns 2.1 radios. On average, more people fear spiders than death. On average, people fear spiders more than they do death. On average, people fear spiders more than they do dying. However, statistically you are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by the bite of a poisonous spider. On average, pigs live for about 15 years. On average, right-handed people live 9 years longer than their left-handed counterparts. On average, twelve newborns are given to the wrong parents each day. On average, we lose 11 oz. of weight while we are asleep at night. On average, we spend 6 months of our lives waiting for red lights. On average, when asked for a color, 3 out of 5 people will say red. On Dec. 10th 1901 the 1st Nobel prizes were awarded. Literature Rene Sully-Prudhomme; Physiology Emil von Behring; Chemistly Jacobus van't Hoff; Physics Wilhelm Roentgen; Peace Jean Henri Dunant Frederic Passy. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. On February 6, 1971 the first golf ball was hit on the moon by Alan Shepard. On February 7, 1969 a meteorite weighing over 1 ton fell in Chihuahua, Mexico. On February 9, 1993, "Dateline NBC" was forced to publicly apologize, and NBC president Michael Gartner resigned for a scandal caused by "Dateline" rigging a GM truck with explosives to simulate a "scientific" crash-test demo. On Hilton Head Island, South Carolina it is illegal to shine a flashlight on a sea turtle. On its trip around the sun, the earth travels over a million and a half miles per day. On July 28th, 1945, a US Army bomber crashed into the 79th floor of New York's Empire State Building, killing 14 people. On July 4, 1776, King George III of England noted in his diary: "Nothing of importance happened today." On June 26th, 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries in San Francisco. (The text of the charter was in five languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.) On May 25, 1957, two men with the same name scored holes in one on the same golf course. Edward Chapman got a hole in one on the eighth hole at Richmond, Surrey in England. Later that day, Edward Chapman hit one from from the sixth tee. On record, the largest iceberg ever, was larger than the country of Belgium. On record, the only time it recently snowed in the Sahara Desert was on Feb.18,1979. On September 13th, 1916 an elephant that had killed a man was hanged until dead from a rail road crain in Erwin, Tennesee. On their first attempt the elephant fell to the ground. It was very sad. On the cartoon show "The Jetsons," Jane is 33 years old and her daughter Judy is 15 years old. On the old Canadian 2 dollar bill,the flag flying over the Parliament Building is NOT an American flag. On this planet there is a can of SPAM opened every four seconds. Once a human reaches the age of 35, he/she will start losing approximately 7,000 brain cells a day. The cells will never be replaced. One - quarter of the world's cattle live in India. One 75-watt light bulb gives off more light than three 25-watt light bulbs. One American of every 16 will have one of the Top 12 most common last names. One beaver can cut down as many as 216 trees per year. One in about eight million people has progeria, a disease that causes people to grow faster than they age. One in every 2000 babies is born with a tooth. One in every 9000 people is an albino. One in every four Americans has appeared on television. One in fourteen women in America is a natural blonde. Only one in sixteen men is. One light year the distance light travels in a year at the speed of 186,000 miles per second is just under six thousand billion miles. Earth's nearest neighbor in space, outside our own solar system is four light years away (about 24 trillion miles). One million tons of oil is equivalent to about 13,000,000,000 kilowatt hours of electricity. One of the greatest soldiers in history, Alexander the Great, was tutored by the greatest thinker of all time, Aristotle. One of the holiest Christian holidays is named after a pagan goddess. The name "Easter" derives from the Anglo-Saxon goddess Eostre, who governed the vernal equinox. One of the largest carriers of hepitius B is diner mints. One of the many Tarzans, Karmuala Searlel, was mauled to death by a raging elephant on set. One of the reasons marijuana is illegal today is because cotton growers in the 30s lobbied against hemp farmers (they saw it as competition). One out of every 43 prisoners escapes from jail. 94% are recaptured. One penny doubled everyday becomes over 5 million dollars in just 30 days. One plain milk chocolate candy bar has more protein than a banana. One pound of tea can make 300 cups of the beverage. One quarter of the bones in your body, are in your feet One ragweed plant can release as many as one billion grains of pollen. One square mile of land contains more insects than total number of human beings on earth. One tonne of uranium produces the same amount of energy as 30,000 tonnes of coal. Only 1 person in 2 billion will live to be 116 or older. Only 16% of able-bodied males in the American colonies participated in the Revolutionary War. Only 3 mayors of U.S. cities went on to become president: Calvin Coolidge, Grover Cleveland, and Andrew Johnson. Only 3 words in the English language end in "ceed": "proceed," "exceed," and "succeed." Only 55% of all Americans know that the sun is a star. Only about 20% of harvested coffee beans are considered to be a premium bean of the highest quality. Only female mosquitoes bite. Females need the protein from blood to produce their eggs. Males only drink water and plant juice. Only four countries in the world start with the letter 'D'. They are Denmark, Dominica, Djibouti and the Dominican Republic Only full-grown male crickets can chirp. Only one in two billion people will live to be 116 or older. Only one movie has had three Academy Award nominees in the same category. In 1963, Tom Jones earned Best Supporting Actress nominations for Diane Cilento, Dame Edith Evans and Joyce Redman. Only one of the 88 stable chemicals are named after a person gadolinium. It's named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin. Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 years old. Only six baseball teams remain from the original National League, which was founded in 1876. Only three horses who had never previously won a race earned their first victories at the Kentucky Derby. They were Buchanan in 1884, Sir Barton in 1919 and Brokers Tip in 1933. Only three Presidents graduated from the military academies: Grant, Eisenhower (West Point) and Carter (Annapolis). Only two people signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, John Hancock and Charles Thomson. Most of the rest signed on August 2, but the last signature wasn't added until 5 years later. Orange juice helps the body absorb iron easily when consumed with a meal. Oranges, lemons, watermelons, and tomatoes are berries. Orca (killer) whales can grow to b 30ft long. Orcas (killer whales) kill sharks by torpedoing up into the shark's stomach from underneath, causing the shark to explode. Orchids have the smallest seeds. It takes more than 1.25 million seeds to weigh 1 gram. Orville Wright was involved in the first aircraft accident. His passenger, a Frenchman, was killed. Ostriches stick their heads in the sand to look for water. Ostriches swallow pebbles to aid in indigestion. Our eyes are always the same size from birth but our nose and ears never stop growing. Our galaxy has approximately 250 billion stars. Our nerves system transmits messages at up to 300 ft. per second. Our sun and the surrounding planets orbit around the center of the Milky Way galaxy once every 250 million years. Our sun has an expected lifetime of about 11 billion years. Out of all the eight letter words in the English language, only one has only one vowel in it: "strength" Ovaltine was originally called Ovamaltine. A clerical error forced the name to be changed when the manufacturer registered the name. Over 10,000 birds a year die from smashing into windows Over 10,000 coffee cafes plus several thousand vending machines with both hot and cold coffee serve the needs of Tokyo alone. Over 23% of all photocopier faults worldwide are caused by people sitting on them and photocopying their asses. Over 2500 left handed people a year are killed from using products made for right handed people. "left" in Latin is "sinister" and "right" is "dexter". Ambidextrous simply means "both right". Over 2500 left handed people are killed each year from using products made for right handed people. Over 5 million people in Brazil are employed by the coffee trade. Most of those are involved with the cultivation and harvesting of more than 3 billion coffee plants. Over 53 countries grow coffee worldwide, but all of them lie along the equator between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Over 75% of people who read this will try to lick their elbow. Over 80% of professional boxers have suffered brain damage. Over 96% of American households purchase bananas at least once each month. Over billions of years, black holes become white holes and they spit out all of the things they sucked in. the atoms are completely jumbled, so no one knows what will ever come out. Theoratically they'll also turn into a white hole. If you were unfortunate enough to fall within one, you would never actually hit -- because time would stop at some point within the event horizon (space outside) of the black hole. Thanx De Composed Over the course of his lifetime, the average man will ejaculate approximately 18 quarts of semen, containing about a half trillion sperm. Over the last 50 years in the United States, approximately 9,000 people have died as a result of tornadoes, 5,000 as the result of floods, and 4,000 as the result of hurricanes. Over-roasted coffee beans are very flammable during the roasting process. Owls are one of the only birds that can see the color blue. Owls have eyeballs that are tubular in shape, because of this, they cannot move their eyes. Pablo Picasso almost died at birth. The midwife present though he was stillborn and left him on the table. His father, a physician, revived Pablo by breathing air into his lungs. Pablo Picasso has sold more works of art individually costing over one million dollars than any other artist. His 211 is well ahead of the 168 for Pierre Auguste Renoir. Pablo Picasso's career lasted seventy-eight years, from 1895 until his death in 1973. Pakistan was named in 1933 and is derived from the first letters of "Punjab," "Afghan," "Kashmir," "Sind," and "Tan." All of these are districts or states of what is now Pakistan. Pamela Lee-Anderson was the first to be born in Canada on the centennial anniversary of Canada's independence (7/1/1967). Panama is the only place in the world where someone can see the sun rise on the Pacific Ocean and set on the Atlantic. Paper bags are outlawed in grocery stores in Afghanistan. They believe paper is sacred. Paper was invented in the early second century by a Chinese eunuch. Parker Brothers prints about 50 billion dollars worth of Monopoly money in one year, which is more than the real money printed in a year. Parker Brothers was founded by George Swinerton Parker, 18, in 1885. The first game produced was 'Banking,' in which the player who amasses the most wealth is the winner. Parrots, most famous of all talking birds, rarely acquire a vocabulary of more than twenty words, however Tymhoney Greys and African Greys have been know to carry vocabularies in excess of 100 words. Patagonia at the southern tip of South America is the only populated land area south of 40 degrees South Latitude. By comparison, most of Europe, Asia, and two-thirds of North America are north of 40 degrees North Latitude. Paul Gauguin's Marquesas Island neighbor, Tioka, bit him on the head after he died. Tioka was following a Marquesan custom of verifying the dead. Paul Hornung holds the NFL record for the most points in a single season. He scored 176 points in 1960. Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr were the two left-handed Beatles. Paul Quincy Randolph Shermasn Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorft Sr. Paul Reiser played the piano in the "Mad about You" theme. PcGamer readers are all mighty and should be obeyed explicitly, lest they release the wrath of the Coconut Monkey upon the wrong doers. Peanuts are beans. Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite. Peanuts are one of the main ingredients in dynamite. Peanuts are salted in the shell by boiling them in a heavily salted solution, then allowing them to dry. Pearl Jam's first album, 10, was named in tribute of basketball player Mookie Blaylock who's number is 10 Pearls can melt/dissolve in vineger. Pearls melt in vinegar. Pears ripen from the inside out, and according to a survey on the lifestyle channel, men prefer hard pears while women prefer soft pears. Pedals were added to the bicycle in 1839. Penguins are not found in the North Pole Penguins can jump as high as 6 feet in the air. Penguins can leap to heights as high as six feet. Penguins feathers are covered in fat, which helps keep them warm. Penicillin was first produced synthetically in a laboratory in 1946. Pennies are made of 95% copper and 5% zinc. Penny Marshall was the first woman film director to have a film take in more than $100 million at the box office she accomplished this with the 1988 flick Big. People do not get sick from cold weather. It is mostly from being indoors more. People drank gold powder mixed in with water in medieval Europe to relieve pain from sore limbs. People photocopying their buttocks are the cause of 23% of all photocopier faults worldwide. People say "bless you" when you sneeze because your heart stops for a millisecond. People say that cracking your bones will cause arthritis when you get older. Actually all you are doing is popping air pockets, and does not cause arthritis. People sneeze at about 90 miles per hour. People will swallow about 8 spiders in their lifetime...mmm....yummy Per capita, the Irish eat more chocolate than Americans, Swedes, Danes, French, and Italians. Per-capita, Israel eats the most turkey based products in the world. Percentage of Africa that is wilderness: 28% Percentage of North America that is wilderness: 38% Perfume contains ethyl alcohol and 25% fragrant oils. Cologne is cheaper to produce and to purchase because the oil content in cologne is only 3%. Cologne was named for the German city in which it was first produced. The original formula combined alcohol, lemon spirits, orange bitters and mint oil. Persians first began using colored eggs to celebrate spring in 3,000 B.C. 13th century Macedonians were the first Christians on record to use colored eggs in Easter celebrations. Crusaders returning from the Middle East spread the custom of coloring eggs, and Europeans began to use them to celebrate Easter and other warm weather holidays. Pet parrots can eat virtually any common "people-food" except for chocolate and avocados. Both of these are highly toxic to the parrot and can be fatal. Pierce Brosnan's first appearance as James Bond was in 1995 Golden Eye. Pierre, the capital of South Dakota, is the only state capital name that shares no letters with the name of its state. Pig vomit is used in perfume and cologne to hold the scent in Pigeons can be killed by feeding them uncooked rice, either coz their stomach can't handle the carbohydrates or it swells in their throats and chokes them. No head popping. Pigs, walruses and light-colored horses can be sunburned. Pine, spruce, or other evergreen wood should never be used in barbecues. These woods, when burning or smoking, can add harmful tar and resins to the food. Only hardwoods should be used for smoking and grilling, such as oak, pecan, hickory, maple, cherry, alder, apple, or mesquite, depending on the type of meat being cooked. Pineapples are classified as berries. Pink elephants can be found in some regions of India. Because of the red soil, elephants take on a permanent pink color because the spray dust over their bodies to protect themselves from insects. Pinocchio is Italian for 'Pine Eye'. Pitcher Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds hurled his first major-league game in 1944. Nuxhall, the youngest pitcher in major league baseball, was only 15 years, 10 months and 11 days old when he pitched that game against the St. Louis Cardinals. Planet Jupiter spins so fast that there are 2 sunrises and 2 sunsets every 24 hours by earth time. Planet Venus is the only planet to spin counter-clockwise. Plant life could not exist without lightning. Nitrogen, an essential food for plants, comprises 80% of the atmosphere, but in a form that is insoluble and unusable. It's the intense heat of lightning that forces the nitrogen to combine with oxygen in the air, forming nitrogen oxides that are soluble in water and fall to the earth in rain as dilute nitric acid. This reacts with minerals in the ground to become the nitrates on which the plants depend. Plants that need to attract moths for pollination are generally white or pale yellow, to be better seen when the light is dim. Plants that depend on butterflies, such as the poppy or the hibiscus, have more colorful flowers. Playboy debuted the triple-page centerfold in the March 1956 issue. Marian Stafford took the honors. Playing cards in India are round. Playing cards were issued to British pilots in World War II. If captured, they could be soaked in water and unfolded to reveal a map fpr escape. Pluto has the longest year, lasting 247 years and 256 days in Earth time (90,472 days including 61 leap years). Poland's Stella Walsh (Stanislawa Walasiewicz)-won the women's 100-meter race at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles, becoming the first woman to break the 12-second barrier. When she was killed in 1980 as an innocent victim in a robbery attempt, an autopsy declared her to be a male. Polar bears are left handed. Polar bears are the only mammal with hair on the soles of its feet. Polar bears do not have white fur, it is actually clear and hollow. the skin underneath this fur is actually black Polaris is the closest visible star to true north and is thus referred to as the North Star. By sometime around the year 2100, the wobble of the Earth's axis will slowly begin pointing the North Pole away from Polaris. By the year 14,000 A.D., the new North Star will be Vega. Police dogs were first used in 1816 in Scotland. Pollsters say that 40% of dog and cat owners carry pictures of the pets in their wallets. poop is a verb Poor whites in Florida and Georgia are called "crackers." They got the name from their principal staple food, cracked corn. Another theory states that the name comes from the days when they would drive cattle southward using the "crack" of their bullwhips to keep the animals in line and moving. Pope Adrian VI choked to death after a fly got stuck in his throat as he was taking a drink from a fountain Pope John XXIII served as a sergeant in the Italian army during World War I. Pope Leo VII (936-9) died of a heart attack during sex, Pope John VII (955-64) and John XIII (965-72) were bludgeoned to death by the husband of the woman he was with at the time, and Pope Paul II (1467-71) allegedly died while being sodomized by a page boy. Porcupines float in water. Portugal is the world's largest producer of cork. POSSLQ in a census form means "Person of opposite sex sharing living Quarters" Potato chips are American's favorite snack food. They are devoured at a rate of 1.2 billion pounds a year. Potato chips were invented in Saratoga Springs in 1853 by chef George Crum. They were a mocking response to a patron who complained that his French fries were too thick. Pound cake is so named not just because of the pound of butter, but more precisely because each of the four main ingredients (flour, butter, sugar and eggs) are weighed out as a pound. Prague consumes 3 times more beer than all the soft drinks combined Prairie dogs are not dogs. A prairie dog is a kind of rodent. Precipitation causes K2 to be taller than Mount Everest for several weeks out of each year. Pregnancy in humans lasts on average about 270 days (from conception to birth). Pregnant female polar bears will not eat for several months while resting in her den under the snow. Thanx Tony W. President Eisenhower also banished squirrels from the grounds because they were ruining the green. President George Washington created the Order of the Purple Heart in 1782. It's a decoration to recognize merit in enlisted men and non-commissioned officers. President Lincoln proclaimed the first national Thanksgiving Day in 1863. Preys like buffalos react poorly to slow movements. That's why crocs can swim slowly over to them without them scuttering off. Prince Charles and Prince William never travel on the same airplane in case there is a crash. Prior to 1907, when the United States started mass production of asphalt from crude oil, the roads were paved from asphalt bought from Trinidad, which had a pitch lake that was the world's first large commercial source of natural asphalt. Probably the best known multiple meaning is the hebrew word "SHALOM" which means, alternately, "hello", "good-bye", and "peace" Proctor & Gamble originally manufactured candles before moving on to soap. Producer Paul Maslansky was on the set of The Right Stuff when a bus from the local police academy rolled up. After a bunch of freaks walked off, a sergeant explained that the mayor had forced the department to loosen its acceptance standards. Not too long afterwards, Police Academy hit the theaters. Professor Moriarity was Sherlock Holmes' archenemy. Prostitution is legal in Canada, however running a brothel is not. Prussic acid, in a crystalline powder called Zyklon B, was used to kill in Germany's gas chambers. The gas would paralyze the victim's lungs, causing them to suffocate. Public telephones in Israel are no longer operated by tokens as they were in the past. They are now operated by magnetic cards known in Hebrew as a telecart (tel-eh-cart). These plastic cards, the same size and shape as a credit card, are available at post offices, some hotel reception desks, street kiosks and dispensing machines. Pure electricity, when photographed, shows up as a brightly glowing liquid droplet flowing inside a tiny crystal. Put fish skin or isinglass size of a nine-pence in pot when put on to boil or else the white and shell of half an egg to a couple of quarts of coffee." Putty is a cement compound of fine powdered chalk or oxide of lead mixed with linseed oil. Q is the only letter that does not appear in the names of any state of the Unites States. Queen Victoria eased the discomfort of her menstrual cramps by having her doctor supply her with marijuana. Quinine, one of the most important drugs known to man, is obtained from the dried bark of an evergreen tree native to South America. Quito in Ecuador, South America, is said to have the most pleasant climate in the world. It is called the 'Land of Eternal Spring.' The temperature rarely drops below 46 degrees Fahrenheit during the night, or exceed 72 degrees Fahrenheit during the day. Rabbits aren't rodents like most people think. They are actually Lagomorphs. Rabbits can suffer from heat stroke. Rabbits do in fact make sounds. When angry, upset, or frightened, a rabbit makes a sort of grunting/whimpering sound. It's actually quite interesting. Rabbits have been the emblem of fertility because of its well-known talents for multiplying. Rabbits have three eyelids, they also are incapable of burping or farting. Racecar spelled backwards is racecar. Radio and TV producer John Guedel was the originator of the musical commercial. Rain falls at 11kmph (7mph) Raindrops aren't actually tear-drop shaped. They are rounded at the top and flat on the bottom. Rape is reported every six minutes in the U.S. Raphael died on his birthday in 1520 at the age of 37. His artwork was so popular that he essentially worked himself to death. Rats and horses can't vomit. Rats are omnivorous, eating nearly any type of food, including dead and dying members of their own species. Rats can survive without water longer than camels. Rats cannot vomit Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over million descendants. Raw coffee beans, soaked in water and spices, are chewed like candy in many parts of Africa. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that while excessive intake of alcohol kills off brain cells, it attacks the slowest and weakest brain cells first. Thus, regular consumption of beer helps eliminate the weaker cells, constantly making the brain a faster and more efficient machine. Recent scientific research has has shown Duck's quacks DO echo, even though they are commonly thought not to because the echo is can not be heard by the human ear. Red is the most popular car color in the U.S. Red paint is the cheapest color to make. Refried beans aren't really what they seem. Although their name seems like a reasonable translation of Spanish frijoles refritos, the fact is that these beans aren't fried twice. In Spanish, refritos literally means "well-fried," not "re-fried." Reggie Jackson holds the major league record for most strikeouts with 2,597. Regular coffee drinkers have about one-third less asthma symptoms than those non-coffee drinkers. So says a Harvard researcher who studied 20,000 people. Reindeer milk has more fat than cow milk. Rembrandt died broke. A friend had to come up with the $5.20 it cost to bury the great master. Rene Descartes came up with the theory of coordinate geometry by looking at a fly walk across a tiled ceiling. Research indicates that mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently eaten bananas. Research show that only 43% of homemade dinners served in the US include vegetables. Retail espresso vendors report an increase in decaffeinated sales in the month of January due to New Year's resolutions to decrease caffeine intake. Rhinos are part of the same family as horses. Ribbon worms eat themselves if they cant find food Rice and some other grains contain chemicals that can enhance brain functions. Rice is the staple food of more than one-half of the world's population. Rice paper isn't made from rice but from a small tree which grows in Taiwan. Richard F. has pointed out possible inaccuracies with the trivia for December 16th and January 1st. For this reason, I have decided to pull them. Richard Henry and Francis Lightfoot Lee are the only brothers who signed the Declaration of Independence. Their cousin, Henry Lee, was a famous Revolutionary War commander and the father of General Robert E. Lee. Richard Millhouse Nixon was the first US president whose name contains all the letters from the word "criminal." William Jefferson Clinton is the second. Richard Nixon was the 1st US president to visit China in February, 1972. Ricin is a protein produced by the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, which is highly toxic (the minimal lethal dose is around 1 µg / kg body weight, that means 1/15th of a milligram could kill a 150 lb. person). Ricin can be a dangerous contaminant, making the production of castor oil a precisely controlled process. Rin Tin Tin was born to a war-dog mother in a German trench in France during World War I. Deserted when the Germans retreated, the German shepherd puppy was found by an American officer who happened to be a police-dog trainer from California. During Rin Tin Tin's training after the war, the dog's intelligence came to the attention of Warner Brothers, which signed the dog up for what turned out to be a long career as one of the biggest box-office draws of the silent screen era. Rising sea levels caused by global warming could lead to major flooding in Shanghai and Guangzhou and other Chinese coastal cities by year 2050. This could cause 76 million people to become homeless. Roasted coffee beans start to lose small amounts of flavor within two weeks. Ground coffee begins to lose its flavor in one hour. Brewed coffee and espresso begins to lose flavor within minutes. Robert Goddard a scientist and holder of 214 patents fired the first rocket using liquid propellant in 1926. Robert Peary, who left pieces of the flag scattered at the North Pole was honored for doing this. Robert Todd Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln's oldest son) was in Washington DC during his father's assassination as well as during President Garfield's assassination, and he was in Buffalo NY when President McKinley was assassinated. Robert Wadlow is regarded as the tallest man ever known. He was 8'11" at the time of his death at the age of 21. Robert William Thomson, a Scottish engineer, invented the first rubber tire in 1845. Rodents teeth never stop growing. Roger Bannister of Great Britain was the first man to run a mile in under four minutes. On May 6, 1954, he ran the mile in 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. Roman statues were made with detachable heads, so that one head could be removed and replaced by another. Ronald Reagan married his first wife, Jane Wyman, at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California. Roosters can't crow if they can't fully extend their necks. Rosalind Franklin was the woman behind Watson and Crick's doudle helix DNA model. She did all the experiments, but died before she was paid credit. Watson and Crick merely took her results and interpreted it. Roseanne's fear is anyone touching her toes. Roses may be red, but violets are indeed violet. Rudolph the Red-nosed reindeer was actually created as a promotional figure for Montgommery Wards department stores. Rubber bands last longer when refrigerated. Rubbing cocoa butter on your abdomen during pregnancy will prevent stretch marks. Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer, was created in 1939, in Chicago, for the Montgomery Ward department stores for a Christmas promotion. The lyrics were written as a poem by Robert May, but weren't set to music until 1947. Gene Autry recorded the hit song in 1949. Rudyard Kipling was fired as a reporter for the San Francisco Examiner. His dismissal letter was reported to have said, "I'm sorry, Mr. Kipling, but you just don't know how to use the English language. This isn't a kindergarten for amateur writers." Running cold water over the onion and the knife will keep you from crying when you cut it, because water neutralizes the chemical that makes you cry. Rutgers beat Princeton 6-4 in the first ever college football game. At the time, a touchdown was worth only two points. Rutherford Hayes became U.S. President by one vote. Saffron, made from the dried stamens of cultivated crocus flowers, is the most expensive cooking spice. Saint Isidore, or Seville, who lived in the 17th century, was believed to have written the world's first encyclopedia, the Etymologies. It included entries on medicine, mathematics, history and theology. Salt caravans crossing the Sahara desert sometimes numbered as many as 40,000 camels. Salt is mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible. Salt was once a very precious commodity, so much that many people were paid Samual Morse, who invented the telegraph, was originally a portrait painter and didn't give up painting to turn to inventing until he was 46 years old. Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) was born on and died on days when Halley's Comet can be seen. During his life he predicted that he would die when it could be seen. Samuel Clemens [AKA Mark Twain] was born in 1835 when Haley's Comet came into view. When he died in 1910, Haley's Comet came into view again. Sandy Koufax threw a no-hitter in four consecutive seasons between 1962-65. He's the only player to throw no-hitters in more than two straight seasons. Santa Claus has a brother named Bells Nicholas who brings presents to children on New Year's Eve. Santa's reindeer are: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. Saudi Arabia covers an area of 830,000 sq. miles, yet there is not a single river in the whole country. Scandinavia has the world's highest per capita annual coffee consumption, 26.4 pounds. Italy has an annual consumption per capita of only 10 pounds. Scarecrows frighten birds because of the human odor emitted from the clothes they wear. Come rain and wind, this odor dissapears. (tip for people who dont bathe often) Scholars estimate that the 66 books of the King James version of the Bible were written by some 50 different authors. Scholars have named the highest number that's been counted, a googleplex. Scientists have discovered that the mating call of the Mediterranean fruit fly has exactly the same frequency as lower F# on a harmonica. Scientists have figured out that the speed of nerve impulses in the brain is 404 feet per second. If an idea is complex enough to take 100 nerve messages from one side of the brain to the other, the thought could be completed in less than a tenth of a second. Scientists have performed brain surgery on cockroaches. Scorpions can be killed by pouring vinegar over them. They'll 'snap' and sting themself. Scorpions can withstand 200 times more nuclear radiation than humans can. Scotland has more redheads than any other part of the world. Sea otters have the thickest fur of all animals. Sea turtles don't age-they wont die unless they get an infection or get eaten by a larger animal. This means there could be a thousand year old turtle swimming around somewhere..... Sea water is approximately 3.5 percent salt. Sea water weighs about a pound and a half more per cubic foot than fresh water at the same temperature. Sea water, loaded with mineral salts, weighs about a pound and a half more per cubit foot than fresh water at the same temperature. Sears Roebuck and Company was founded in 1892 by Richard Warren Sears, a former railroad worker turned watch salesman, and Alvah Roebuck, a watchmaker. Seattle passed an ordinance that states that goldfish could ride the city buses in bowls only if they kept still. Second and third Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both died on July 4, 1826. Seeing eye dogs are color blind but can still read stop lights by the position of the 'on' light Self-annointing is something only hedgehogs do, in which they lick or nibble on something, make a foamy paste in their mouths, and then spread it with their long tongues in little spots on their quills. No one has ever determined exactly why they do this. Seoul, the South Korean capital, just means "the capital" in the Korean language. Seven cities claim to be the birthplace of the Greek epic poet Homer. He is also thought to have been born in either 1159 B.C., 1102 B.C., 1044 B.C., 830 B.C., or 685 B.C. Seven of the eight US Presidents who have died in office either through illness or assassination were elected at precisely 20-year intervals. Seven suicides are recorded in the Bible. Seven thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians bowled on alleys similar to the ones in use today. Several buildings in Manhattan, NY have their own zip code. For example the former World Trade Center has several. Shakespeare and Cervantes died on the same day, April 23, 1616. Shaquelle O'Neal [AKA Shaq] wears a size 22EEE shoe. Sharks apparently are the only animals that never get sick. As far as is known, they are immune to every known disease including cancer. Sharks are immune to cancer. Sharon Stone was the first Star Search spokes model. Shell color is determined by the breed of hen and has no effect on its quality, nutrients or flavor. Sherlock Holmes NEVER said, "Elementary, my dear Watson". Sherlock Holmes, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's brilliant detective, arrived on the mystery scene in the late nineteenth century in "A Study in Scarlet" (1887). Shipwreck Kelly (1885-1952) set many flagpole-sitting records. He sat for 49 days on one flagpole. He once estimated that he spent a total of over 20,000 hours sitting on flagpoles. Flagpole sitting was a craze started in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1929. Shirley Temple always has 56 curls in her hair. (talk about uptight). Shirly Temple received 135,000 presents on her 8th birthday. Shoe salesmen have been using those little wooden measuring sticks since 1657. Shrimp have their heart in their head Sigmund Freud had a morbid fear of ferns. Since Hindus don't eat beef, the McDonald's in New Delhi makes its burgers with mutton. Since the beginning of this fact, 3000 puppies were born in the U.S.A Sing Sing prison in New York has a name derived from the Indian words for "stony place." Sir Barton won the Belmont Stakes in New York in 1919, to become the first horse to capture the Triple Crown. This was the first time that the Belmont Stakes had been run as part of thoroughbred racing's most prestigious trio of events. Sir Barton had already won the first two jewels of the Triple Crown -the Kentucky Derby in Louisville, Kentucky and the Preakness Stakes in Maryland. Sir Isaac Newton was an ordained priest in the Church of England. Sir Isaac Newton was only 23 years old when he discovered the law of universal gravitation. Six checker cabs are still in use in NYC. Six eight-stud Lego pieces can be combined 102,981,500 ways. Six ounces of orange juice contains the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C. Skin is thickest, 1/5 inch, on the upper back. It is thinnest on the eyelids, which are only 1/50th inch thick Slaves who lived under the Manchus the last emperors of China who ruled from 1644-1912 wore pigtails so that they could be picked out quickly. Sliced bread was introduced under the Wonder Bread label in 1930. Sliced bread was patented in 1954. Slicing the ear off the bull is the main object to bullfighting in one form...then stabbing the bull through the neck into the spinal cord to kill it is the next goal...the matadors are allowed two tries for that. Next, two mules take the dead carcass out of the stadium and where they have a celebration in honor of the owner of the bull and a feast (guess what the main course is!). Slugs have four noses. Smith is the most common last name in the United States. A little over 1% of all Americans share that last name. Smokers are likely to die on average six and a half years earlier than non-smokers. Smokey the Bear's zip code is 20252. Snakes are immune to their own poison. Snakes have two sex organs... in case one drops off in their fervent attempt to trick females into mating.. 'Soldiers disease' is a term for morphine addiction. The Civil War produced over 400,000 morphine addicts. Some baby giraffes are more than six feet tall at birth. Some biblical scholars believe that Aramaic (the language of the ancient Bible) did not contain an easy way to say 'many things' and used a term which has come down to us as 40. This means that when the bible -in many places -refers to '40 days,' they meant many days. Some biblical scholars believe that Aramaic (the language of the ancient Bible) did not contain an easy way to say "many things" and used a term which has come down to us as 40. This means that when the bible in many places refers to "40 days," they meant many days. Some cultures kiss by biting off each other's eyelashes. Some frogs like the wood frog and some turtles can stop their heart and frost their tissues during winter and defrost after that Some frogs use sugars as an antifreeze for vital organs Some horticulturists suspect that the banana was the earth's first fruit. Banana plants have been in cultivation since the time of recorded history. One of the first records of bananas dates back to Alexander the Great's conquest of India where he first discovered bananas in 327 B.C. Some large clouds store enough water for 500000 showers Some lions mate 50 times a day. Some people have more bones in their feet than others. Some reconstituted tobacco contains the same ingredients found in fart. Some ribbon worms will eat themselves if they can't find any food. Some toothpastes contain antifreeze. Somebody actually timed a rattlesnake mating session that lasted 22.75 hours. Sometime around 1050 some English boys looking for a diversion blew up an old cow bladder and began to kick it around. The new game would go on to be called soccer. Sometime around 1325, the Aztecs were looking for a place to build their capital. A priest had interpreted an omen to mean the site should be where the found an eagle, perched on a cactus, devouring a snake. And that's why they chose what is now Mexico City; they found the eagle eating a snake while resting on a cactus. The scene is depicted on the Mexican flag. son-in-law with all the mead he could drink. Mead is a honey beer, and because their calendar was lunar based, this period was called Sound carries so well in the Arctic that on a calm day, a conversation can be heard from 1.8 miles away. Source: Another Site Source: In an old dictionary (70 years old) in my basement Source: Rabbit shows/fact books Source: Some Encyclopedia South Africa is the only country to have three capital cities: one for each branch of its government (Administrative, Legislative, and Judicial). South Africa used to have two official languages, now it has eleven. Southbridge, Massachusetts, makes it illegal to read books or newspapers after 8 p.m. in the streets. Soybean actually has Diadzein and genistein that act like weak estrogen. Special studies conducted about the human body revealed it will usually absorb up to about 300 milligrams of caffeine at a given time. About 4 normal cups. Additional amounts are just cast off, providing no further stimulation. Also, the human body dissipates 20% of the caffeine in the system each hour. Sperm banks keep their donor semen at approximately -321 degrees Fahrenheit. At that temperature, it could be kept indefinitely. Spotted skunks do handstands before they spray. Squirrels eat through 40,000 pine cones a year. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest city in the US. St. Teresa of Avila is the patron saint of chess-players!! Stag beetles have stronger mandibles than humans. Stage bows were originally devised as a way for actors to thank the audience. The audience would or would not acknowledge each of the actors in turn, depending on how much they enjoyed the performance. Stanford University engineers Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard started their company in a Palo Alto garage with $1,538. Their first product was an audio oscillator bought by Walt Disney studios for use in the movie Fantasia. Stanley Kubrick approached Lloyd's of London about an insurance policy in case extraterrestrial life was discovered before the release of his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Starfish eat by regurgitating their stomach on top of their food. If they dont like what they are eating they detach the stomach and grow a new one. Starfish have eight eyes, one at the end of each leg. Starfish have no brains. Stars come in different colors; hot stars give off blue light, and the cooler stars give off red light. Stars with really strong gravity cause themselves to become smaller and smaller and eventually turn into black holes. State with the highest percentage of people who walk to work: Alaska. Stephen Hawking was born exactly 300 years after Galileo died. Sterling silver contains 7.5% copper. Steve McQueen persuaded his karate teacher, kickboxing champion Chuck Norris, to pursue acting. Steve Young, the San Francisco 49ers quarterback, is the great-great-grandson of Mormon leader Brigham Young. Steven Speilberg calls Gweneth Paltrow "Gwynnie the pooh." Stewardesses is the longest word that is typed using only the left hand. Sting got his name from a black and yellow striped sweater he would wear a lot. Sting was a high school teacher Strawberries, raspberries, and cherries are not actually berries. Streetcar conductors, taxi drivers, and business executives have the highest statistical chance of getting peptic ulcers. Strength is the longest english word with only one vowel. Strict Puritan laws had their origins from practical reasons. Smoking was banned farmers would raise badly needed food crops instead of tobacco. Cooking was banned on Sundays to prevent house fires during the long hours the family was at church. Young men were banned from hunting to prevent weapons from falling into Indian hands. Studies have proven that it's harder to tell a convincing lie to someone you find sexually attractive. Studies have shown that men become sexually aroused nearly every time they dream. Studies show that, for some unknown reason, the higher the level of education, the more men tend to have wet dreams. Stuttering is 4 to 6 times more common in boys than in girls. Subbookkeeper is the only word with four pairs of double letters in a row. Sugar was first added to chewing gum in 1869 by a dentist (William Semple). Sugar was first added to chewing gum in 1869. Ironically, a dentist named William Semple was behind the decision. Suit against G-d. He won because the defendant never showed up in court. Sunday, July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon, Edwin Aldrin was the second. They were members of Apollo 11, and landed in the Sea of Tranquility. The Lunar Excursion Module was named the "Eagle." Michael Collins stayed onboard the mother ship, "Columbia." Swans are the only birds with penises. Swaziland has banned miniskirts in schools in an effort to slow the spread of AIDS. Swearing at someone over the phone in virginia is punishable by a $100 fine. Sweden is the largest spender on ketchup. $4 per capita. Australia is second at $2.50 Sweden will be home of the worlds first fermented harring museum. SWIMS is the longest word with 180-degree rotational symmetry (if you were to view it upside-down it would still be the same word and perfectly readable). Swiss Steak, Chop Suey, Russian Dressing, and a Hamburger all originated in the US. Syzygy is the term referring to when the moon is in a direct line with the earth and the sun. The average person knows this time to be a full or new moon. Table tennis balls have been known to travel off a paddle at speeds up to 160 km/hr (approx. 100mph). Talking on a cellular phone while driving is against the law in Israel. Tallahassee, FL was the only Southern capital east of the Mississippi not captured during the U.S. Civil War. Tangerines are named after the Moroccan city of Tangiers. Tapeworms range in size from about 0.04 inch to more than 50 feet in length. Tapioca is made from the starch in the roots of a poisonous plant known as bitter cassava. Tarantulas can go up to 2 years without eating or drinking. Sea turtles can go up to 35 years without eating or drinking. Tarantulas have retractable claws like cats and the hairs on their abdomen and back legs can stick into an enemy and itch. They also get bald on their thorax when they get old. Thanx Laura Tasmania has the cleanest air in the inhabited world. Tatum O'Neal is the youngest Oscar winner not to receive a Special Award. O'Neal was just 10 years old when she won the Best Supporting Actress award for Paper Moon. Shirley Temple is the youngest person to win an Academy Award when she was given the Special Award for Outstanding Contribution in 1934 at the age of 6. Taurine, the main ingredient in Red Bull, is an extract of the stomach lining of cows Tea was so expensive when it was first brought to Europe in the early 17th century that it was kept in locked wooden boxes. Ten inches of snow equals one inch of rain in water content. Ten percent of the salt mined in the world each year is used to de-ice the roads in America. Tequila is made from the root of the blue agave cactus. Tequila is thought to be the first distilled liquor in the Americas. The Aztecs were known to have drunk it before Cortez arrived. Termites outnumber humans ten to one Tessenjutsu is a deadly martial art in Japan that is based solely on the use of a fan. Texas horned toads can shoot blood out of the corners or their eyes. Texas is the only state that allows its residents to cast absentee ballots from space. This is because the Houston Space Center is home to most of the United States' astronauts. Texas was one of the first states to adopt capital punishment by lethal injection -in 1977. Thanks to the electric light, the average American today sleeps 1.5 hours less each day than Americans of 60 years ago. That means that if you put a baby croc in an aquarium, it would be little for the rest of its life. That white, powdery stuff on the wings of moths is actually the way moths dispose of waste. The "57" on the Heinz ketchup bottle represents the number of pickle types the company once had. The "caduceus" the classical medical symbol of two serpents wrapped around a staff comes from an ancient Greek legend in which snakes revealed the practice of medicine to human beings. The "countdown" (counting down from 10 for an event such as New-Years Day) was first used in a 1929 German silent film called "Die Frau Im Monde" (The Girl in the Moon). The "Daddy long legs" spider has venom to be used as a defensive mechanism. Don't worry though, coz it cannot puncture human skin, and even if it did, it would PROBABLY only cause a allergic reaction The "honey month" or what we know today as the "honeymoon." The "huddle" in football was formed due a deaf football player who used sign language to communicate and his team didn't want the opposition to see the signals he used and in turn huddled around him. The "if" and "then" parts of conditional ("if P then Q") statement are called the protasis (P) and apodosis (Q). The "London Bridge" is now in Arizona in the U.S.A. This fat cat(rich guy) bought it for only $2.46 million dollars. The "Miss America" pageant made its network TV debut on ABC In 1954. Miss California, Lee Ann Meriwether, was crowned the winner. The "O" when used as a prefix in Irish surnames means "descendant of." The "save" icon in Microsoft Office programs shows a floppy disk with the shutter on backwards. The "save" icon in Microsoft©®™ Word's toolbar shows a floppy disk with the shutter on backwards. The "Sesame Street" characters Bert and Ernie were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the cab driver in Frank Capra's "It's A Wonderful Like." The "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick" is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language. The "spot" on the 7-Up logo comes from its inventor who had red eyes. He was an albino. The "Spruce Goose" flew on November 2, 1947, for one mile, at a maximum altitude of 70 feet. Built by Howard Hughes, it is the largest aircraft ever built, the 140-ton eight-engine seaplane, made of birch, has a wingspan of 320 feet. It was built as a prototype troop transport. Rejected by the Pentagon, Hughes put the plane into storage, never to be flown again. The "Twelve Days of Christmas" gifts: A partridge in a pear tree, two turtledoves, three French hens, four calling birds, five gold rings, six geese laying, seven swans swimming, eight maids milking, nine ladies dancing, ten lords leaping, eleven pipers piping, and twelve drummers drumming. (There are 364 gifts altogether) The "y" in signs reading "ye olde.." is properly pronounced with a "th" sound, not "y". The "th" sound does not exist in Latin, so ancient Roman occupied (present day) England used the rune "thorn" to represent "th" sounds. With the advent of the printing press the character from the Roman alphabet which closest resembled thorn was the lower case "y". The "You Are Here" arrow on maps is called an ideo locator. The # symbols is often referred to as a "number sign" or "pound sign." Its actual name is an octothorpe The 1922 Essex was the first popularly priced car available with a closed body. The two-door, six-cylinder sedan was called the Essex Coach and sold for $945. The 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles was the first time the three-level winner's stand was used for the medal ceremony. The 1st 20 African slaves were brought to the US, to the colony of Virginia in 1619, by a Dutch ship. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony to be telecast was the 25th, in 1953. The 1st Academy Awards were presented in 1927. The 1st annual Grammy Awards were awarded in 1959. The Record of the Year was "Volare" by Domenico Modugno, the Album of the Year was "Peter Gunn" by Henry Mancini and the winner of the best R&B performance was "Tequila" by Champs. The 1st buffalo ever born in captivity was born at Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo in 1884. The 1st CMA (Country Music Association) Awards, hosted by Sonny James and Bobbie Gentry, were presented at an awards banquet and show in 1967. The 1st comic strip was "The Yellow Kid," in the New York World in 1896. The cartoonist was Richard Felton Outcault. The 1st feature-length animated film, released by Disney Studios in 1937, was "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs." The 1st inductees to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1961 were Jimmie Rodgers, Fred Rose and Hank Williams were. The 1st interracial kiss on TV took place Nov. 22, 1968 between Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and Lt.Uhura (Nichelle Nichols) on an episode of "Star Trek." The 1st kiss in a movie was between May Irwin and John Rice in "The Widow Jones," in 1896. The 1st live televised murder was in 1963, when Jack Ruby killed JFK's assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald while millions of viewers watched. The 1st nuclear-powered submarine, the Nautilus, commissioned by the United States Navy in 1954, made her maiden voyage on Jan. 17, 1955. The 1st performance of Handel's "Messiah" was on April 13, 1742 at the New Music rooms in Fishamble St., Dublin. Because of the demand for space, the men were asked not to wear their swords and the ladies not to wear hooped skirts. The 1st personal computer, the Apple II, went on sale in 1977. The 1st presidential news conference filmed for TV was in 1955. Eisenhower was the president. The 1st televised presidential debate was September 26, 1960, between Nixon and Kennedy. The 1st time the "f-word" was spoken in a movie was by Marianne Faithfull in the 1968 film, "I'll Never Forget Whatshisname." In Brian De Palma's 1984 movie, "Scarface," the word is spoken 206 times an average of once every 29 seconds. The 1st unattended, 24-hour self-service laundromat in the United States was opened by Nelson Puett in 1949 on North Loop in Austin, Texas. The 1st US federal holiday honoring Martin Luther King, Jr. was in 1986. The 1st US federal legislation prohibiting narcotics (opium) was enacted in 1909. The 1st US federal penitentiary building was completed at Leavenworth, Kansas in 1906. The 1st US Minimum Wage Law was instituted in 1938. The minimum wage was 25 cents per hour. The 1st US Mormon temple was dedicated in Kirtland, Ohio in 1836. The 1st US zoo was built in Philadelphia, PA, in 1876. The 1st winner of the Academy Award for best picture, and the only silent film to achieve that honor, was the 1927 film, "Wings." The 2,000 Arabica coffee cherries it takes to make a roasted pound of coffee are normally picked by hand as they ripen. Since each cherry contains two beans, it takes about 4,000 Arabica beans to make a pound of roasted coffee. The 26 letters of our alphabet can make 403,290,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 different combinations. The 3 Magi:(or Wise Men) and their gifts: Melchoir, "king of light," offered Gold, Gaspar ,"or the white one," offered frankincense, and Balthazar, "lord of treasures," offered myrrh. The 5 oldest colleges in the U.S. are, in order, Harvard, William & Mary, Yale, Princeton, and Penn. The 7 Dwarfs are Happy, Grumpy, Dopey (the beardless one), Doc, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy. They were miners. The 772-778 Digits of pi are 9999998. The abbreviation 'ORD' for Chicago's O'Hare airport comes from the old name 'Orchard Field.' The Academy Award was rumored to have gotten its nickname of Oscar for its resemblance to a film librarian's Uncle Oscar. The act of snapping your fingers has a name: fillip. The active ingredient in smelling salts is ammonia. The Agen plum which would become the basis of the US prune industry was first planted in California in 1856. The air we breathe is 78% nitrogen, 21.5% oxygen, .5% argon and other gases. The air we breathe is comprised of 78% nitrogen, 21.5% oxygen and 0.5% argon. The airplane, Buddy Holly died in, was the "American Pie," which is where Don McLarean got the song title from. The American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) was formed in 1866. The amount of drag or air resistance produced by putting your bicycle on top of your car is so great that on a trip from England to Scotland it would be cheaper to send it by train because of the fuel consumption to overcome the drag The anaconda, one of the world's largest snakes, gives birth to its young instead of laying eggs. The ancient Egyptians slept on pillows made of stone. The ancient Egyptians trained baboons to wait on tables. The ancient Romans built such an excellent system of roads that the saying arose "all roads lead to Rome," that is, no matter which road one starts a journey on, he will finally reach Rome if he keeps on traveling. The popular saying came to mean that all ways or methods of doing something end in the same result, no method being better than another. The anemometer is an instrument which measures the force, velocity, or pressure of the wind. The Angel falls in Venezuela are nearly 20 times taller than Niagara Falls. The Angel Falls in Venezuela is the highest waterfall in the world, its waters drop from over 3,200 feet. The animal responsible for the most human deaths world-wide is the mosquito. The animal that tends to cling to rocks and boats are barnacles. The animal whose brain accounts for the largest share of its body weight is the squirrel monkey. It's brain makes up about 5% of its total weight. The animal with the largest brain in proportion to its size is the ant. The annual Night of the Radishes is held in Oaxaca, Mexico. It's held on December 23rd of every year as part of a pre-Christmas tradition. Farmers carve figures from radishes and display them in the city's main plaza. The annual White House Easter egg-roll was started by President Hayes in 1878. The ant can lift 50 times its own weight. The anti-malarial drug quinine is taken from the bark of the Andean cinchona tree. The Apollo 11 plaque left on the Moon says, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. / WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND." The apricot can be traced back to China at least four thousand years ago, and it first appeared in Greek mythology as the "golden apple". The Arabica is the original coffee plant. It still grows wild in Ethiopia. The arabica coffee tree is an evergreen and in the wild will grow to a height between 14 and 20 feet. The Arabs are generally believed to be the first to brew coffee. The Arctic ocean is the smallest and shallowest. The Arctic Ocean is the world's smallest ocean. It is mostly covered by solid ice, ice floes, and icebergs. The aroma and flavor derived from coffee is a result of the little beads of the oily substance called coffee essence, coffeol, or coffee oil. This is not an actual oil since it dissolves in water. The art of knitting originated in Scotland. The ashes of the average cremated person weigh 9 pounds. The Atlantic Ocean has a greater salt content than the Pacific Ocean. The Australian emu holds the land speed record for birds (31 mph). The average 3 year-old watches about 30 hours of television a week. The average adult guinea pig weighs 2 pounds. The average adult has about 3,500 square inches of skin. The skin itself has roughly a billion pores or openings. The average adult male ostrich, the world's largest living bird, weighs up to 345 pounds. The average adult raccoon weighs 21 pounds. The average age of an Italian barista is 48 years old. A barista is a respected job title in Italy. The average American consumes over 28 pounds of bananas each year. The average American spends 120 hours a month watching television, the equivalent of five complete days in front of the TV. The average American will eat 35,000 cookies in a lifetime. The average American woman spends 55 minutes per day getting showered, dressed, and groomed. The average annual coffee consumption of the American adult is 26.7 gallons, or over 400 cups. The average bank teller loses about $250 every year. The average bra is designed to last for only 180 days of use. The average capacity of a pelican's pouch is 12 quarts. The average cat consumes about 127,750 calories a year, nearly 28 times its own weight in food and the same amount again in liquids. The average chicken lays about 260 eggs a year. The average child recognizes over 200 company logos by the time he enters first grade. The average child will eat 1,500 PB sandwiches by high school graduation. The average chocolate bar has 8 insects' legs melted into it. The average cod deposits between 4 and 6 million eggs at a single spawning. The average cough comes out of your mouth at 60MPH. The average cow produces 40 glasses of milk each day. The average cup of coffee contains more than 1000 different chemical components, none of which is tasted in isolation but only as part of the overall flavor. The average duration of sexual intercourse for humans is 2 minutes. The average elephant produces 50 pounds of dung each day. The average elephant weighs less than the average blue whale's tongue The average family will spend $250,000 (thats a quarter million dollars) on each child from the time he/she is born until he/she turns 18. The average flea can jump up to 350 times its own length. To match that a human would have to jump 1,000 feet. The average fox weighs 14 pounds. The average garden variety caterpillar has 248 muscles in its head. The average healthy human being farts 16 times a day. The average healthy porpoise lives 30 years. The average home size in the United States is now 2,200 square feet, up from 1,400 square feet in 1970, according to the National Association of Home Builders. The average housefly lives for only two weeks. The average human body contains enough: iron to make a 3 inch nail,sulfur to kill all fleas on an average dog, carbon to make 900 pencils, potassium to fire a toy cannon, fat to make 7 bars of soap, phosphorous to make 2,200 match heads, and water to fill a ten-gallon tank. The average human body has enough fat to make 7 bars of soap. The average human breathes about 700,000 cubic inches of air every day. The average human eats 8 spiders in his/her lifetime at night. The average human head weighs about eight pounds. The average human produces 10,000 gallons of saliva in a life time. The average human produces 25,000 quarts of spit in a lifetime, enough to fill two swimming pools. The average lead pencil will draw a line 35 miles long or write approximately 50,000 English words. The average life expectancy of a beaver in captivity is five years. The average life expectancy of a kangaroo in captivity is 7 years. The average life expectancy of a leopard in captivity is 12 years. The average life expectancy of a rhinoceros in captivity is 15 years. The average life expectancy of a toilet is 50 years. The average life expectancy of geese, barring all accidents, is 25 years. The average life span of a moose is 15 to 25 years. The average life span of a mosquito is two weeks. The average life span of a taste bud is 10 days. The average life span of the hedgehog is 10 years. The average lifespan of a Major League baseball is five to seven pitches. The average light bulb can last for about 750 to 1,000 hours. The average litter of Mexican wolves is between four and seven pups. The average llama weighs 375 pounds. The average marathon runner's heart beats about 175 times per minute during a race. A typical adult's heart beats 68 times a minute at rest. The average mature oak tree sheds approximately 700,000 leaves in the fall. The average number of cars stolen per day in Mexico City this year is 124. The average number of peanuts in a box of Cracker Jacks is 27. The average per capita consumption of soap, in all of its uses, in the United States is about forty pounds per year. The average person drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime. The average person falls asleep in seven minutes. The average person grows up to 6 feet of nose hair. The average person has over 1,460 dreams a year The average person in the United States watches 239 minutes of television per day. The average person ingests about a ton of food and drink each year. The average person is about a quarter of an inch taller at night. The average person loses an average of 40 to 100 strands of hair a day. The average person produces 25,000 quarts of spit in a lifetime, enough to fill two swimming pools. The average person releases nearly a pint of intestinal gas by flatulence every day. Most is due to swallowed air. The rest is from fermentation of undigested food. The average person swallows one liter of snot every day. This is from the MN Science Museum. The average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day. The average person walks the equivalent of twice around the world in a lifetime. The average person's hair will grow approximately 590 inches in a lifetime. The average person's left hand does 56% of the typing. The average person's scalp has 100,000 hairs. The average porcupine has more than 30,000 quills. The average porpoise weighs 103 pounds. The average raindrop falls at 7 miles per hour. The average snail moves at a rate of approximately 0.000362005 miles per hour. The average speed for a migrating duck is fifty miles per hour. The average steer reaches sexual maturity six months after birth. The average US male will spend 2,965 hours shaving during his lifetime. The Aztecs of Mexico roasted and ground up the cacao bean, mixed it with water, added peppers and other spices, stirred it up to a froth and drank the pungent mixture they called "chocolatl." The Baby Ruth candy bar was named after Grover Cleveland's baby daughter, Ruth, not Babe Ruth the baseball player. The bagpipe was originally made from the whole skin of a dead sheep. The banana is the most prolific of all food plants with as many as 300 bananas growing on the same stalk. The banana market is controlled by five large corporations Chiquita (25%), Dole (25%), Del Monte (15%), Noboa (11%) and Fyffes (8%). Most bananas are grown on huge plantations, controlled by these corporate giants. The remaining banana production for export comes from small banana producers. The banana plant reaches its full height of 15 to 30 feet in about one year. The trunk of a banana plant is made of sheaths of overlapping leaves, tightly wrapped around each other like celery stalks. The bands on hats traces back to the custom on knights wearing their lady loves' scarves around the helmet. The banjo is America's only true native musical instrument. It was first developed in the South in the 1790s. The barn owl has one ear higher than the other. The left ear is higher and points downward to hear sounds from below it, while the right ear is lower and pointed upward to pick up sounds from above. The base of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is large enough to cover 10 football fields. The basis of the Macintosh computer was Apple's Lisa which was released in 1983. This was the first system to utilize a GUI or Graphical User Interface. The first Macintosh was released in 1984. The Beatles' 1st song to hit the UK charts was "From Me to You" in June, 1963. The Beatles song "Dear Prudence" was written about Mia Farrow's sister, Prudence, when she wouldn't come out and play with Mia and the Beatles at a religious retreat in India. The Beatles were depicted in wax at Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in London, in 1964, the first pop album stars to be honored. The Beatles were George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr. But there were also two lesser known, previous members of the band: Pete Best and Stu Sutcliffe. The BEAVER, is America's largest rodent and can remain underwater for 20 minutes! erm... sealions can do that as well (just something random) The beluga whale, otherwise known as the white whale, is nicknamed the "sea canary" because of the birdlike chirping sounds it makes. The best recorded distance for projectile vomiting is 27 feet. The bestselling books of all time are The Bible (6billion+), Quotations from the Works of Mao Tse-tung (900million+), and The Lord of the Rings (100million+) The Bible devotes some 500 verses on prayer, less than 500verses on faith, but over 2000 verses on money and posessions. The Bible does not say there were three wise men; it only says there were three gifts. The bible does not specify exactly how many wise men were sent to Bethleham. The Bible has been translated into Klingon. The Bible is the best selling book of all time with approximately six billion books sold. The second-best selling book is Quotations from the Works of Mao Tse-Tung with about 800 million sales. The Bible was written by about 40 men over a period of about 1600 years dating from 1500 BC to about 100 years after Christ. The big differences between pythons and boa constrictors: pythons are longer and lay eggs. Boas give birth to live babies. The Big Room at Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico is 2,500 feet in length, 600 feet wide, and 250 feet high. The biggest member of the cat family is the male lion, which weighs 528 pounds (240 kilograms). The biggest specie of apes are the gorillas. The biro was invented by George and Lazio Biro. The Black Death reduced the population of Europe by one third in the period from 1347 to 1351. The Black Hole, 1979, was Disney's first PG-rated movie. The blood of mammals is red, the blood of insects is yellow, and the blood of lobsters is blue. The bloodhound is the only animal whose evidence is admissible in an American court. The blue whale has a heart the size of a small car and its blood vessal is so broad, that a person could swim through it. The board game Monopoly was originally rejected by Parker Brothers, who claimed it had 52 fundamental errors. The body can function without a brain. And anyone who has walked around the city on a Saturday night will know what I mean. The body's largest internal organ is the small intestine at an average length of 20 feet The bones of a pigeon weigh less than its feathers. The book The Doors of Perception, by Aldous Huxley, was the inspiration behind Jim Morrison naming his band The Doors. The book extolls the use of hallucinogenic drugs. The border between Canada and the U.S. is the world's longest frontier. It stretches 3,987 miles (6,416 km). The botanical name of the chocolate plant is Theobramba cacao, which means "Food of the Gods." The brewing of beer is recorded as far back as 6,000 years ago. Until the 12th century (when skilled experts took over), women performed the task of making beer as part of their household chores. The bridge across the Niagra Falls began with a kite carrying a line across it. The brightest star in history was the supernova of 1054, which formed the Crab Nebula. It was brighter than Venus and bright enough to be seen in daylight and to cast a shadow at night. We know about it through the astronomic records of China and Japan. The Brownie box camera, introduced by Eastman Kodak, sold for $1.00 in 1900. The camera's 6-exposure film sold for 15 cents. The bubbles in Guiness beer sink to the bottom rather than float to the top as in other beers. The Burramundy, a fish, grows up as a male, but after 2 years or so, it turns into a female to breed. (i think papaya(papua?) trees are the same) The Butterfinger candy bar was first produced by Chicago's Curtiss Candy Co. in 1923. As an advertising ploy, candy bars were dropped from an airplane on cities in 40 states. The California grape and wine industries were started by Count Agoston Haraszthy de Moksa, who planted Tokay, Zinfandel, and Shiras varieties from his native Hungary in Buena Vista in 1857. The California redwood coast redwood and giant sequoia are the tallest and largest living organism in the world. The calories burned daily by the sled dogs running in Alaska's annual Iditarod race average 10,000. The 1,149-mile race commemorates the 1925 "Race for Life" when 20 volunteer mushers relayed medicine from Anchorage to Nome to battle a children's diphtheria epidemic. The Canadian government legalized marijuana for medicinal use in 1999. After discovering a shortage of local growers they began to import the dope from Mississippi. The Canary Islands were not named for a bird called a canary. They were named after a breed of large dogs. The Latin name was Canariae insulae "Island of Dogs." The candy bar, Baby Ruth, is named after President Clevelands' daughter, not Babe Ruth the baseball player. The Cannes Film Festival was conceived in 1938 by two French journalists while they were traveling by train to the Venice Film Festival. The canning process for herring was developed in Sardinia, which is why canned herrings are better known as sardines. The cashew nut in its natural state contains a poisonous oil. Roasting removes the oil and makes the nuts safe to eat. The cat lover is an ailurophile, while a cat hater is an ailurophobe. The caterpillar has more than 2,000 muscles The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds. The catgut formerly used as strings in tennis rackets and musical instruments does not come from cats. Catgut actually comes from sheep, hogs, and horses. The Catholic Church only declared in 1992 that the earth may go round the sun. The center of the earth is almost 4000 miles beneath our feet. The chameleon has several cell layers beneath its transparent skin. These layers are the source of the chameleon's color change. Some of the layers contain pigments, while others just reflect light to create new colors. Several factors contribute to the color change. A popular misconception is that chameleons change color to match their environment. This isn't true. Light, temperature, and emotional state commonly bring about a chameleon's change in color. The chameleon will most often change between green, brown and gray, which coincidently, often matches the background colors of their habitat. The chances for a mother giving birth to quadruplets (four Childs) are almost 1 in 600,000. The chances of an exact duplication of fingerprints are about 64 billion to 1. The channel between England and France grows 300mm each year. The characters Bert and Ernie on Sesame Street were named after Bert the cop and Ernie the taxi driver in Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life". The characters of Homer, Marge, Lisa, and Maggie were given the same first names as Simpsons creator Matt Groening's real-life father, mother, and two sisters. The Charlotte Dundas, a paddle-wheel steamboat, was the world's first steam-powered vessel, not Robert Fulton's Clermont. In 1802, five years before Fulton's famous ship took sail, The Dundas was a steam-powered tugboat in Great Britain. The cheetah is the only cat in the world that can't retract its claws. The chemical n-acetyl-cysteine found in raw eggs is proven to help hangovers. The Chinese language does not require punctuation. The Chinese were using aluminum to make things as early as 300 AD Western civilization didn't rediscover aluminum until 1827. The Chinese, during the reign of Kublai Khan, used lions on hunting expeditions. They trained the big cats to pursue and drag down massive animals from wild bulls to bears and to stay with the kill until the hunter arrived. The chow-chow and the Chinesse Shar-Pei are the only dogs that have a black tongue. The tongues of all other dogs are pink. The Church of Scientology was founded in 1953, at Washington DC, by US science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard. The cigarette lighter was invented before the match. The citrus industry started in the United States in 1873 when two Riverside, CA ranchers obtained some orange saplings from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Two years earlier, the government had secured a dozen saplings from Brazil. The City of Istanbul straddles two separate continents, Europe and Asia. The city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is the only city where all major sports teams share the same colors (black and gold). The city of St. Petersburg, Russia, was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great, hence the name, St. Petersburg. But it wasn't always that simple. In 1914, at the beginning of World War I, Russian leaders felt that Petersburg was too German-sounding. So they changed the name of the city to Petrograd -to make it more Russian-sounding. Then, in 1924, the country's Soviet Communist leaders wanted to honor the founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir I. Lenin. The city of Petrograd became Leningrad and was known as Leningrad until 1991 when the new Russian legislators -no longer Soviet Communists -wanted the city to reflect their change of government. The city of Venice stands on about 120 small islands. The Civil War in the United States elevated the popularity of coffee to new heights. Soldiers went to war with coffee beans as a primary ration. The clock at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. will gain or lose only one second every 300 years. The clock tower that supports the famous clock 'Big Ben' at the house of parliament in London, is 320 feet high. The bell from which the clock get it's name, weighs 13.5 tones. The closest star to the sun, Alpha Centauri, is never visible in the sky north of about 30 degrees Northern Lattitude. The cockroach has a high resistance to radiation and is the creature most likely to survive a nuclear war. The cockroach is the fastest animal on 6 legs, covering a meter a second. The Code of Hammurabi made it forbidden to randomly mistreat slaves. However, the code also stated that slaves were to be branded on the forehead and forbidden to hide or mask the mark. The coffee filter was invented in 1908 by a German homemaker, Melitta Benz, when she lined a tin cup with blotter paper to filter the coffee grinds. The coffee tree produces its first full crop when it is about 5 years old. Thereafter it produces consistently for 15 or 20 years. The coldest capital city in the world is Ulaan Bator, Mongolia. The coldest outdoor temperature ever recorded on earth was 127 below zero in Antarctica on August 24, 1960. The color of a chile is no indication of its spiciness, but size usually is the smaller the pepper, the hotter it is. The combination "ough" can be pronounced in 9!! different ways; Read this: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed." The combination "ough" can be pronounced in nine different ways. The following sentence contains them all: "A rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed." The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultra-violet light. The complete skin covering of the body measures about 20 sq. feet. The complete title of the Statue of Liberty is Liberty Enlightening the World The complete works of Shakespeare can be stored on 5 Megabytes. The computer in 2001: A Space Odyssey as a tongue-in-cheek reference to IBM. The name was derived from the fact that the letters H-A-L precede the letters I-B-M in the alphabet. The computer programming language ADA was named in honor of Augusta Ada King. The U.S. Defense Department named the language after the Countess of Lovelace and daughter of Lord Byron because she helped finance and program what is thought to be the first computer, the "analytical engine" designed by Charles Babbage. The condensed water vapor in the sky left behind by jets is called a contrail. The condom made originally of linen was invented in the early 1500's. The correct name for the capital city of Thailand is rung Thep, and it's been this way for over 130 years. Foreigners persist on calling it Bangkok. The correct response to the Irish greeting, "Top of the morning to you," is "and the rest of the day to yourself." The country of Losotho is completely surrounded by the country of South Africa. The country of Tanzania has an island called Mafia. The country of Tonga once issued a stamp shaped like a banana. The country with the highest rate of cremations is Japan. In 1996, 98.7% of all deaths were cremated. The creators of a new model of Chevys couldn't figure out why their car, the Nova, wasn't selling well in Hispanic countries... until someone pointed out that 'Nova' means 'No go' in Spanish. The crew of Apollo 11 who put the first man on the moon have the same initials as the first men on earth. Armstrong : Adam Aldrin : Abel Collins : Cain The crow is the smartest of all birds. The cruise liner Queen Elizabeth II moves only six inches for each gallon of diesel that it burns. The cruise liner, QE2, moves only six inches for each gallon of diesel that it burns. The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem-quality diamond ever discovered. Found in 1905, the original 3,100 carats were cut to make jewels for the British Crown Jewels and the British Royal family's collection. The curvature of the earth is pretty close to eight inches every mile, or 66 feet every hundred miles. The daughter of confectioner Leo Hirschfield is commemorated in the name of the sweet he invented: Although his daughter's real name was Clara, she went by the nickname Tootsie, and in her honor, her doting father named his chewy chocolate logs Tootsie Rolls. The Death Star death ray control panel from the original is actually the control panel of Grass Valley Group GVG 300 Video (television) production switcher The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp (a variety of the marijuana plant) paper The deepest hole ever made in the world is in Texas. It is as deep as 20 empire state buildings but only 3 inches wide. (Who made it? A petroleum company) The deepest land point on Earth is the area around the Dead Sea in Israel. The Dead Sea is located 1,312 below sea level. The deepest spot in any ocean is the Mariana Trench. It's 36,198 feet below sea level (about seven miles). The designer of the Statue of Liberty, French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, used his wife as the model for the body and his mother as the model for the face. The difference between AM and FM radio is that FM is line-of-sight, while AM bounces off the atmosphere (more accurately, the ionosphere.) AM stations have to reduce the power of their transmissions at night because the ionosphere lifts with the colder temperatures and lees solar interference. The difference between apple juice and apple cider is that the juice is pasteurized and the cider is not. The difference between male and female blue crabs is the design located on their belly. The male blue crab has the Washington monument and the female blue crab's belly is shaped like the U.S. capitol. The dimensions of a regulation football field are: 360 feet long and 160 feet wide. The dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is 150,000 times deadlier than cyanide. The dirt extracted to build the foundation of the World Trade Center in New York City was dumped into the Hudson River. The community of Battery City Park now resides on that dirt. The disease-carrying mosquito, delivering encephalitis, the West Nile virus, malaria, and Dengue fever, is by far the deadliest beast in the animal world. The World Health Organization says mosquitos cause more than 2 million deaths a year worldwide. Another insect, The distance between cities are actually the distances between city halls. The distance between the pitcher's rubber and home plate in baseball is 60 feet, 6 inches. The dollar was established as the official currency of the US in 1785. The dot above an 'i' is called the tittle. The dot over the letter "i" is called a tittle. The dragons and other monsters that graced the bows of the Viking ships were so fierce-looking that a law was passed in Iceland ordering the skipper of any Viking ship to remove the figurehead before entering port. The drip pot was invented by a Frenchman around 1800. The drug thiopentone can kill a human being in one second if it's injected directly into the blood stream. The drummer for ZZ Top (the only one without a beard) is named Frank Beard. The Dutch acquired Surinam in exchange for Manhattan Island in 1667. The dye used to stamp the grade on meat is edible. It's made from grape skins. The ear which the matador slices off the bull is his trophy. The earliest cocoa plantations were established in 600 AD, in the Yucatan, by the Mayans. The earliest known wholly glass objects beads were found in Egypt about 4,500 years ago. The first glass cups were also found in Egypt about 3,500 years ago. The earliest recorded Olympic Games result was from the 180 meter sprint in the 776 B.C. The winner was a man named Coroebus. The earliest works of art are paleolithic animal paintings discovered in prehistoric caves in southern France and northern Spain. The paintings date from 30,000 to 10,000 B.C. The earth is 24,901 miles around at the equator. The earth is not perfectly round. Technically, it's a triaxial ellipsoid, which is to say that it's nearly spherical, but flattened at the top and bottom. The Earth is not round, but slightly pear-shaped. The earth is presently inhabited by 1.4 million species of animals and 500,000 species of plants. The earth is roughly 4600 million years old. The earth is the most densest planet in the solar system, and is the only planet not named after a god. The earth rotates on its axis more slowly in March than in September. The earth weighs 6 sextillion, 588 quintillion tons. The earth wobbles on its axis every 21-26,000 years The Earths core is a ball of Iron-Nickle at 7,000 C and is 80% the size of the moon. The earth's rotation is slowing down at a rate of one second per century. The gravity from the sun and moon are creating tidal friction on the earth that are acting as brakes on planet's spin. The eggs from the ovaris of a pig, when shot into another animal, can sterelise it, making it impotent. The Eiffel Tower is 984 feet high. The Eiffel Tower is painted approximately once every 7 years and requires nearly 50 tons of paint each time. The Eiffel Tower receives a fresh coat of 300 tons of reddish-green paint every seven years. The Eiffel Tower was built for the 1889 World's Fair. The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies. The electric automobile self-starter was invented to make it possible for women to drive without a companion, who was previously needed to crank the engine. The electric chair was invented by a dentist. The electric chair was invented by Dr. Alphonse Rockwell and was first used on William Kemmler on August 6, 1890. The elephant is the only animal that has been taught to stand on its head. The elephant, as a symbol of the US Republican Party, was originated by cartoonist Thomas Nast and first presented in 1874. The emperor of Japan is the 125th of his line, which dates back to 660 B.C. The Empire State Building in New York City is constructed of over 10 million bricks. The Empire State Building in New York City weighs approximately 365,000 tons. The emu's eyes are so similar to that of a human eye, that those studying to become eye doctors often practice surgery on them. The English Romantic poet Lord Byron was so devastated upon the death of his beloved Newfoundland, whose name was Boatswain, that he had inscribed upon the dog's gravestone the following: "Beauty without vanity, strength without insolence, courage without ferocity, and all the virtues of man without his vices." The English word "soup" comes from the Middle Ages word "sop," which means a slice of bread over which roast drippings were poured. The first archaeological evidence of soup being consumed dates back to 6000 B.C., with the main ingredient being Hippopotamus bones! The English word with the most meanings is the simple 3 letter word "SET". The entire Encyclopedia Britannica is banned because it contains a formula for making beer at home. The entire worlds output of urine takes about 45 minutes to go over the Niagra falls. The equatorial bulge of the earth does not rest along the equator. The highest point of the bulge is actually located 25 feet to the south. The eraser wasn't put onto pencils until 1858 by Hyman Lipman. The estimated number of M & M's sold each day in the United States is 200,000,000. The estimated weight of the Great Pyramid of Egypt is 6,648,000 tons. The Europeans first added chocolate to their coffee in the 1600's. The expletive, "Holy Toledo," refers to Toledo, Spain, which became an outstanding Christian cultural center in 1085. The expression "three dog night" originated with the Eskimos and means a very cold night so cold that you have to bed down with three dogs to keep warm. The extended right arm of the Statue of Liberty is 42 feet long. The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams. The eyes of an Ostrich are larger than its brain. The Falkland Isles (pop. about 2000) has over 700000 sheep (350 per person). The famous Indian epic "Mahabharata" contains almost three million words. The famous Pizza chain store Sabarro originated in a small corner store in my hometown of Brooklyn, NY, which actually sold fresh cut meat. The famous Revolutionary war general Lafayette had the same first name as his wife Mary. The famous ship "Old Ironsides" actually had wooden sides. The fastest bird is the Spine-tailed swift, clocked at speeds of up to 220 miles per hour. The fastest land animal is the cheetah, however the fastest animal in the world is the prerigine falcon, which can dive at 217mph The fastest -moving land snail, the common garden snail, has a speed of 0.0313 mph. The father of Dave Matthews was one of the original fathers of the super conductor (died of lung cancer when dave was 10 [was a non-smoker]) The FDA allows an average of 30 or more insect fragments and one or more rodent hairs per 100 grams of peanut butter. The February of 1865 is the only month in recorded history not to have a full moon. The Federal Reserve printed up an extra $50 billion in small bills just in case people started hoarding money prior to the year 2000. Since nowhere near that much cash was needed, and there was a long-term storage problem, most of that money was recycled. The feet account for one quarter of all the human bodies bones. The female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) has a 'penis'. The final episode of MAS*H ranks as the most watched television program of any kind in United States history. An estimated 50,150,000 people tuned in on February 28, 1983. That amounted to 60.2% of all households with a television. Second on the list was the "Who Shot J.R." episode of Dallas. The final score in the game that Wilt Chamberlain scored 100 points was Warriors 169 Knicks 147. The fingerprints of koala bears are almost indistinguishable from those of humans, so much that they could be confused at a crime scene. The first "official" vasectomy was performed in 1893. The first "puck" ever used in a professional hockey game was a frozen piece of cow dung. The first American advertisement for tobacco was published in 1789. It showed a picture of an Indian smoking a long clay pipe. The first American satellite in orbit, Explorer I, was launched February 1, 1958. The first animal sent to space was a female Samoyed named Laika. Laika was sent into space on November 3, 1957 aboard the Russian spacecraft Sputnik II. The first anti-lynching law in the United States was passed in Georgia in 1893, but it only made the violation punishable by four years in prison. (11-1-04) The first asteroid to ever be discovered is Ceres. It was discovered 1801 and is 582 miles in diameter. The first bank in history was the Igibi. It was established in 575 B.C. The first bar code was used on Wrigleys gum The first baseball game was broadcast in color on August 11, 1951 (Brooklyn Dodgers beat the Boston Braves 8-1) The first bath tub to be installed in the white house was during the time of Millard Fillmore. The first black player in the American League was Larry Doby with the Cleveland Indians in 1947. The first bomb the Allies dropped on Berlin in WWII killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The first book published in the United States was Massachusetts Bay Colony: The Oath of a Free Man, in 1638. The first brand of Wrigley's chewing gum was called "Vassar", after the New England woman's college. Next were "Lotta" and "Sweet Sixteen Orange." The first building with an elevator was the six-story 130-foot Equitable Life Building in New York. It was built in 1870. The first CD pressed in the U.S. was Bruce Springsteen's 'Born in the USA.' The first chimpanzee to travel into space was named Ham. He got the name from the lab he was raised in, the Holloman AeroMedical laboratory in Alamogordo, NM. Ham flew in a Mercury space capsule in 1961. His trip also proved that space travel was safe for humans. The first city in America to have a TV station was: Schenectady, NY. The first city to reach a population of 1 million people was Rome, Italy in 133 B.C. London, England reached the mark in 1810 and New York, USA made it in 1875. Today, there are over 300 cities in the world that boast a population in excess of 1 million. The first coffee drinkers, the Arabs, flavored their coffee with spices during the brewing process. The first coin minted in the United States was a silver dollar. It was issued on October 15, 1794. The first comic strip was "The Yellow Kid," which ran in the New York World in 1896. The cartoonist's name was W.R. Hearst. The first commercial espresso machine was manufactured in Italy in 1906. The first commercial product manufactured in the United States and exported to Europe was a glass bottle made in Jamestown in 1608. The first company that Bill Gates ever ran created machines that would record the number of cars passing a given point on a street. The first computer, the steam-driven calculating machine, was built in 1823 by Charles Babbage. It failed to work due to poor workmanship in the intricate parts. When rebuilt by the London Museum of Science in 1991, it worked. The first contraceptive diaphragms, centuries ago, were citrus rinds (i.e., half an orange rind). Casanova used half lemon rinds as a cervical cap and the acidic juice as a potent spremicide(something that kills sperms). The first cookbook published in the United States was Compleat Housewife, or Accomplished Gentlewoman's Companion, printed in Williamsburg, VA in 1742. The first Corvette rolled off the Chevrolet assembly line in Flint, MI. in 1953. That early 'Vette sold for $3,250. The first country to abolish capital punishment was Austria in 1787. The first cover of "Sports Illustrated," in 1954, showed National League umpire, Augie Donatelli, behind the plate with two major-league stars: catcher Wes Westrum, and batter Eddie Matthews. The first credit card, issued in 1950, was Diner's Club. Frank X. McNamara started the company with 200 card holders. The first daily comic strip in the U.S. was "Mutt & Jeff." The first drive-in movie theater was built in Camden, NJ in 1932-3. It cost 25 cents per car or $1 for three or more people to watch a movie. The first episode of "Joanie Loves Chachi" was the highest rated American program in the history of Korean television. "Chachi" is Korean for "penis." The first film granted permission by the Chinese government to be filmed in the Forbidden City was The Last Emperor, 1987. The first flight of the Wright Brothers was a distance less than the wing span of a Jumbo Jet. The first footprints at Grauman's Chinese Theater (now Mann's Chinese Theater), were made by Norma Talmadge in 1927. Legend has it that she accidentally stepped in wet concrete outside the building. Since then, over 180 stars have been immortalized, along with their hands and feet and even noses (Jimmy Durante). The first Ford cars used Dodge engines. The first foreign fort the American flag flew over was Fort Derne in Libya, on the shores of Tripoli The first formal rules for playing baseball required the winning team to score 21 runs. The first fully working parachute was used in 1787 by Jacques Gernerin who dropped 3,000 feet from a balloon. This was long before the airplane was invented. The first house rats recorded in America appeared in Boston in 1775. The first issue of People Magazine, in 1974, cost 35 cents and featured actress Mia Farrow on the cover. The first Kentucky Derby was run at Churchill Downs in 1875 with Aristides as winner. The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C. The first known heart medicine was discovered in an English garden. In 1799, physician John Ferriar noted the effect of dried leaves of the common foxglove plant, digitalis purpurea, on heart action. Still used in heart medications, digitalis slows the pulse and increases the force of heart contractions and the amount of blood pumped per heartbeat. The first losing candidate in a US presidential election was Thomas Jefferson. He lost to John Adams. George Washington had been unopposed. The first man-made object to circle the earth was Sputnik I, launched in 1957. The first modern Olympiad was held in Athens in 1896. 484 contestants from 13 nations participated. The first motion picture copyrighted in the United States showed a man in the act of sneezing. The first nation to ally with the USA during the Persian Gulf war was Canada. However, their soldiers were deemed unfit for combat and assigned to guard duty. The first NBA player to score 38,000 points was Kareem Abdul-Jabar in 1989. The first NFL team that plays its home games in a domed stadium to win a Superbowl was the St. Louis Rams in 1999. The first novel ever written on a typewriter is Tom Sawyer. The first offspring of captive-born elephant parents in the Western Hemisphere was a 150-pound Asiatic elephant born on Mother's Day in 1975 at the Los Angeles Zoo. The first Olympics were held in Athens in 1896, with nine nations competing. The first owner of the Marlboro Company died of lung cancer. The first Parisian cafe opened in 1689 to serve coffee. The first percussion instrument introduced to an orchestra was the kettledrums, then called the timpani, in the 1600s. The first perfect game in baseball history was achieved by John Lee Richmond on June 12, 1880. The first person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel was Anna Edson Taylor. She made the journey on October 24, 1901, and escaped unhurt. The first personal computer was called the Altair and was made by a company called MITS in 1974. It came in a kit and had to be The first pick (by Eagles) in the first NFL draft in 1935, was Jay Berwanger from the University of Chicago. He never played in the league The first place in the western world to give women the right to vote was an island known as Man. The first place winners at the first modern Olympics were awarded an olive branch and a silver medal. The runners-up received laurel sprigs and copper medals. The first plastic ever invented was celluloid in 1868. It's still used today to make billiard balls. The first players elected to Baseball Hall of Fame were Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson & Walter Johnson in 1936. The first police car was an electric-powered vehicle used in Akron, OH in 1899. The first police force was established in Paris in 1667. The first President to ride in an automobile was William McKinley. After being shot, he was taken to the hospital in a 1901 Columbia electric ambulance. The first prime number after 1,000,000 is 1,000,003. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was Victrola, which Motorola got their name from. The first product Motorola started to develop was a record player for automobiles. At that time, the most known player on the market was Victrola, so they called themselves Motorola. The first product of the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company now known as 3M when it was founded was sandpaper. The first professional football team to sport an insignia on their helmets was the Los Angeles Rams in 1950, who hand painted yellow horns on their blue leather helmets. The first public mention of a name for the United States' capital was in a letter from General George Washington in 1791, who referred to it as Federal City. The first reference to a monetary prize in a horse race was offered by Richard I in 1195. The first ring donuts were produced in 1847 by a 15 year old baker's apprentice, Hanson Gregory, who knocked the soggy center out of a fried doughnut. The first Rose Bowl game was held in 1902 in Pasadena, California. The University of Michigan beat Sanford 49-0. The first safety feature for an automobile was invented in 1908 by John O'Leary. He patented a large net, to be installed on the front fender, to scoop pedestrians out of the way before they could be run over. The first scheduled airplane passenger service in the world was between Tampa and St. Petersburg, Fla., in 1914. The first seeing-eye dog was presented to a blind person on April 25, 1938. The first self-rising pancake mix was invented in 1889 by a newspaper man in Missouri (Chris L. Rutt). The first series of commemorative stamps issued by the U.S. Postal Service depicted Columbus's discovery of America. They were issued in 1893 and available in 16 denominations ranging from one cent to $5. The first shopping bag with handles was invented in 1918 by Walter Deubener. The first Soccer World Cup was held in Uruguay in 1930 and attracted 13 competing countries. The first suburban shopping mall was opened in 1922 by National Department Stores in Saint Louis. The first Super Bowl was broadcasted by two networks: CBS and NBC. The first Super Bowl was played in 1967. The Green Bay Packers of the National Football League defeated the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League, 35-to-10. The first telephone book ever issued contained only fifty names. It was published in New Haven, Connecticut, by the New Haven District Telephone Company in February, 1878. The first toothbrush with bristles was developed in China in 1498. Bristles were taken from hogs at first, later from horses. The nylon bristles were developed in 1938 by DuPont. The first toy product ever advertised on television was Mr. Potato Head®. Introduced in 1952. The first translation of the English Bible was initiated by John Wycliffe and completed by John Purvey in 1388. The first triple jump in figure skating competition was performed by Dick Button in 1952. The first U.S. patent for an animal was issued to Harvard University in 1988 for an oncomouse, a genetically engineered mouse that's susceptible to breast cancer. It's used to test anti-cancer therapies. The first US consumer product sold in the Soviet Union was Pepsi-Cola. The first US Marines wore high leather collars to protect their necks from sabres, hence the name "leathernecks." The first US Patent was for manufacturing potassium carbonate (used in glass and gunpowder). It was issued to Samuel Hopkins on July 31, 1970. The first US president to both be sued for sexual misconduct and forced to give a deposition while in office was William Jefferson Clinton. The first Wimbledon Tennis Competition took place in 1877 solely as an amateur competition. Men's singles was the only event that took place. There were 22 competitors and the championship was won by Spencer Gore. The first woman in Congress was Jeanette Rankin of Montana, in 1917. The first woman to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 was Janet Guthrie in 1977. The first woman to run for President was Victoria Woodhull, on the Equal Rights Party ballot in 1872. The first words that Thomas A. Edison spoke into the phonograph were, "Mary had a little lamb." The first written account of the Loch Ness Monster, or Nessie, was made in 565AD. The first-known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 BC. The first-lady of the U.S. is considered a private citizen. The fist product to have a bar code was Wrigley's gum. The five interlocking Olympic rings are black, blue, red, green, and yellow because at least one of these colors appears on every national flag. The five most frequently used letters in the English alphabet are, in order, E T A I S. The five most populated cities in the world are, in order, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), Mexico City (Mexico), Sao Paulo (Brazil), Seoul (South Korea), and New York (United States). The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in war time. The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in war time. The flavor we think of as bubblegum is a combination of wintergreen, vanilla and cassia, a form of cinnamon. The flea can jump 350 times its body length. It's like a human jumping the length of a football field. The fleshy projection above the bill of a turkey is called a snood. The following is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language: "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick". The football huddle started at Gallaudet University (the world's only accredited four-year liberal arts college for the deaf) in the 19th century when the football team found that opposing teams were reading their signed messages and intercepting their plays. The forth railway bridge is a meter longer in summer than in winter due to thermal expansion. The Four Freedoms by Norman Rockwell are the most widely reproduced and distributed paintings in history. The four highest grossing movies of the 1940s were all animated motion pictures by Disney (Bambi, Pinnochio, Fantasia, and Cinderella). The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, named in the Bible's Book of Revelation, are Conquest, Slaughter, Famine, and Death. The Four Horsemen of the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame played together for the last time in 1925, as the Irish downed Stanford in the Rose Bowl, 27-10. The Four Horsemen were Jim Crowley, Elmer Layden, Don Miller and Harry Stuhldreher. The four principal characters from the cartoon series "The Chipmunks" are Alvin, Simon, Theodore, and Dave. The fragrance of flowers is due to the essences of oil which they produce. The French philosopher, Voltaire, reportedly drank fifty cups of coffee a day. The Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, NY opened in 1948 and is the world's largest landfill. It covers 3,000 acres and receives 14,000 tons of garbage a day. It's scheduled to close in 2002. The Fresh Kills Landfill site on Staten Island, New York, opened in 1948, is the world's largest. It covers 3,000 acres and receives up to 14,000 tons of garbage a day. It is scheduled to reach capacity and close by the year 2002. The fruit of the Cacao tree grow directly from the trunk. They look like small melons, and the pulp inside contains 20 to 50 seeds or beans. It takes about 400 beans to make a pound of chocolate. The full name of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin is actually Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly. The full Spanish name of the city of Los Angeles is "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Angeles de la Porciuncula." Translated, it means "The town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Little Portion." The fungus called truffles can cost $800 to $1,500 per pound. They are sniffed out by female pigs, which detect a compound that is in the saliva of male pigs as well. The same chemical is found in the sweat of human males. The furthest point from any ocean would be in China. The fuzz on a tennis ball is intentionally included as a way to give the ball some definite action when it hits the court. It also slows the flight of the ball through the air. The game of volleyball was invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan. The Garfish has green bones. The gases emitted from a banana or an apple can help an orange ripen. (Not sure which fruits are concerned). The gazelle is a kind of antelope. The gender of Reptiles are determined not by the sex genes, but by the temperature in which the egg is incubated. A certain temperature will produce a male and vice versa for a female. The genre of art known as Cubism derived its name from a belittling remark made by Matisse in reference to a Graque painting. Matisse said that the landscape looked as though it were wholly made up of little cubes. The Genus and species of a gorilla are Gorilla gorilla. The geographic center of the United States is Smith County, KS. The geographic center of North America is Pierre County, ND. The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world. The giant squid is the largest creature without a backbone. It weighs up to 2.5 tons and grows up to 55 feet long. Each eye is a foot or more in diameter. The gila monster is the only poisonous lizard in the United States. The giraffe has a black tongue which is 14 inches long. The giraffe has the highest blood pressure of any animal. The giraffe is the only animal born with horns. The glue on Israeli postage is certified kosher. The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher. The Gothic-style Washington National Cathedral contains the remains of the only US president buried in Washington: Woodrow Wilson. William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy are buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, VA. The great Gothic cathedral of Milan was started in 1386, and wasn't completed until 1805. The Great Lakes are Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The Great Lakes are the most important inland waterway in North America. All the lakes, except Lake Michigan, which lies entirely in the United States, are shared by the United States and Canada and form part of the border between these countries. The Great Lakes contain 6 quadrillion gallons of fresh water, one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. The Great Lakes have a combined area of 94,230 square miles larger than the states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Vermont combined. The greatest snowfall ever in a single storm was 189 inches at the Mount Shasta Ski Bowl in February, 1959. The Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory in 1582 AD, and was adopted by Great Britain and the English colonies in 1752. The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. The hair of man's beard are about as strong as copper wire of the same dimensions. The hair on a polar bearis not white, but clear. They reflect light, so they appear white. The hamburger was invented in 1900 by Louis Lassen. He ground beef, broiled it, and served it between two pieces of toast. The harmless Whale Shark, holds the title of largest fish, with the record being a 59 footer captured in Thailand in 1919. The Hawaiian alphabet has only 12 letters. The heart of a blue whale is the size of a small car. The tongue of a blue whale is as long as an elephant. The heart of an astronaut actually gets smaller when in outer space. The heavy tea tax imposed on the colonies in 1773, which caused the "Boston Tea Party," resulted in America switching from tea to coffee. Drinking coffee was an expression of freedom. The height of the Eiffel Tower in France varies , depending on the temperature, by as much as 6 inches. The herring is the most widely eaten fish in the world. Nutritionally its fuel value is that equal to that of a beefsteak. The high jump method of jumping head first and landing on the back is called the Fosbury Flop. The high level of unemployment in Canada makes it one of the least popular destinations for illegal immigrants. The highest man-made temperature 70 million degrees Celsius was generated at Princeton University in a fusion-power experiment. The highest point of the earth, with an elevation of 29,141 feet, is the top of Mt. Everest in Tibet. The highest recorded temperature in the US was 134 Fahrenheit in Death Valley, California. The highest temperature ever recorded in the continental US was 134 degrees on July 10, 1913 in Death Valley, California. The highest temperature ever recorded in the world was 136.4 degrees Fahrenheit at El Azizia, Lybia, on September 13, 1922. The highest waterfall in the world, Angel Falls in Venezuela, has a total drop of 3,121 feet. The Himalayas are the fastest growing mountains in the world. Already the tallest, the mountain range is growing at a rate of about a half an inch each year. The Hindu holy day begins at sunrise, the Jewish holy day begins at sunset, and the Christian holy day begins at midnight. The Hollywood sign was first erected in 1923. Conceived as a real estate ad, it originally read Hollywoodland. The sign stands 50 feet tall, stretches 450 feet across, weighs 450,000 pounds. The homan mouth contains more bacteria than any other orifice in the body. The Honda Accord has the highest stolen rate in the US according to NCIB. The honeybee kills more people world-wide than all the poisonous snakes combined. The Hoover Dam was built to last 2,000 years. The concrete in it will not even be fully cured for another 500 years. The horned owl is the only animal stupid enough to attack a skunk. The horse shoe crab has blue blood which can be used to kill bacteria The hottest chile in the world is the habanero. The House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, won England's 'War of the Roses.' The 'huddle' in football was formed due to a deaf football player who used sign language to communicate and his team didn't want the opposition to see the signals he used and in turn huddled around him. The human body contains enough phosphorus to make the heads of 200 matches, enough fat for seven bars of soap, and enough iron to make one nail. The human body has enough fat to produce 7 bars of soap. The human body has over 45 miles of nerves. The human body has over 600 muscles, 40% of the body's weight. The human brain is about 85% water. The human eyes can distinguish about 17,000 different colors. The human head weighs 7 pounds. The human heart creates enough pressure in the bloodstream to squirt blood 30 feet. The human heart creates enough pressure to squirt blood 30ft. The human heart pumps 1.5 million gallons of blood a year. The hummingbird is the only bird that can hover and fly straight up, down, or backward! The hummingbird, the loon, the swift, the kingfisher, and the grebe are all birds that cannot walk. The Hundred Year War actually lasted 116 years (1337 to 1453). The ice cream soda was invented in 1874 by Robert Green. He was serving a mixture of syrup, sweet cream and carbonated water at a celebration in Philadelphia. He ran out of cream and substituted ice cream. The idiom "pillar of salt" means to have a stroke, or to become paralyzed and dead. The Iditarod Dogsled Race got its name from Iditarod, a small mining village along the race's route. The race commemorates an emergency operation in 1925 to get medical supplies to Nome, Alaska following a diphtheria epidemic. The Imperial torte, a square chocolate cake with five thin layers of almond paste, was created by a master pastry chef at the court of Emperor Franz Joseph (1830 1916). The infamous "Red Baron" was German World War I pilot Manfred von Richthofen. The infinite sign is called a lemniscate. The International Space Station weighs about 500 tons and is the same size as a football field. The international telephone dialing code for Antarctica is 672. The internet is NOT FREE, a group of companies actually own the internet. The Jazz Singer, 1927, was the first movie with audible dialogue. The Jordanian city Amman was once called Philadelphia. The Kama Sutra was written by Mallanga Vatsyayana, who was rumored to be celibate. The kangaroo and the emu are shown supporting the shield on Australia's coat of arms. The kangaroo rat can cover ground at a rate of 17 feet per second. It can leap as much as 18 inches straight up and can switch directions at the peak of its jump. The katydid bug hears through holes in its hind legs. The kilt was invented by a English gentleman who came to Scotland to open a factory because he got tired of his Scottish workers showing up in a long tunic with a belt (they couldn't afford pants). Rather than raise wages so they could afford pants he invented the kilt which is just a lot of fabric and they could afford that. The kilt did not become a symbol of clan pride until the English banned the kilt in Scotland. Then it became part of national pride to wear the newly invented clan plaids. The king of hearts is the only king without a moustache. The kiss that is given by the bride to the groom at the end of the wedding ceremony originates from the earliest times when the couple would actually make love for the first time under the eyes of half the village! The kissing under the missletoe tradition originated from the Druids. The kiwi has nostrils near the tip of its bill that allows it to sniff the ground for food. The Kiwi, national bird of New Zealand, can't fly. It lives in a hole in the ground, is almost blind, and lays only one egg each year. Despite this, it has survived for more than 70 million years. The Kwoma of New Guinea consider it proper for the girl to make sexual advances rather than the boy in order to help the men avoid upsetting the girl's parents. The largest amount of money you can have without having change for a dollar is $1.19 (3 quarters, 4 dimes, and 4 pennies cannot be divided into a dollar). The largest antique ever sold is the London Bridge. It was sold and moved Lake Havasu City, AZ in 1971. The largest baseball card collection, 200,000 cards, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The largest bell in the world is the Tsar Kolokol in the Kremlin in Moscow. It's 20' 2" high and 21' 8" in diameter. Cast in 1735, it weighs 222.56 tons and has never been wrung...it cracked before it was installed. The largest bird egg in the world today is that of the ostrich. Ostrich eggs are from 6 to 8 inches long. Because of their size and the thickness of their shells, they take 40 minutes to hard-boil. The largest body of fresh water in the world is Lake Superior. The largest cell in the human body is the female ovum, or egg cell. It is about 1/180 inch in diameter. The smallest cell in the human body is the male sperm. It takes about 175,000 sperm cells to weigh as much as a single egg cell. The largest cell in the human body is the female reproductive cell, the ovum. The smallest is the male sperm. The largest cockroach on record is one measured at 3.81 inches in length. The largest coffee importer center in the U.S. is located in the city of New Orleans, LA. The largest desert in the world, the Sahara, is 3,500,000 square miles. The largest gold nugget ever found weighed 172 lbs., 13 oz. The largest Great White Shark ever caught measured 37 feet and weighed 24,000 pounds. It was found in a herring weir in New Brunswick in 1930. The largest hailstone ever recorded was 17.5 inches in diameter bigger than a basketball. The largest human organ is the liver, which weighs about 55 ounces in a person weighing 150 pounds. By some definitions, the skin is an organ, in which case skin would be the largest organ at 384 ounces. The largest human organ is the skin, with a surface area of about 25 square feet. The largest insect egg belongs to the Malaysian jungle nymph, a sticklike insect, and measures about 1.3 centimeters long larger than a peanut! (Some insects, mainly mantises and cockroaches, lay egg cases that are larger, but they contain about 200 individual eggs.) The largest item on any menu in the world is probably the roast camel, sometimes served at Bedouin wedding feasts. The camel is stuffed with a sheep's carcass, which is stuffed with chickens, which are stuffed with fish, which are stuffed with eggs. The largest living organism ever found is a honey mushroom, Armillaria ostoyae. It covers 3.4 square miles of land in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon, and it's still growing. The largest movie theater in the world, Radio City Music Hall in New York City, opened in December, 1932. It originally had 5,945 seats. The largest painting in the world is The Battle of Gettysburg, painted in 1883 by Paul Philippoteaux and sixteen of his assistants. The painting took two and a half years to create and is 410 feet long, 70 feet high, and weighs 11,792 pounds. The largest pig on record was a Poland-China hog named Big Bill, who weighed 2,552 lbs. The largest sculpture ever made are the faces of Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson and Roosevelt on Mt. Rushmore. The largest ship in the world is the French oil tanker that is nearly 415 mts. long, almost as long as Sydney harbour bridge. The largest single flower is the Rafflesia or "corpse flower". They are generally 3 feet in diameter with the record being 42 inches. The largest single-ticket jackpot winner in history is Jack Whittaker Jr. of West Virginia. In December 2002 he had the sole winning ticket for a $314.9 million jackpot in the U.S. Powerball lottery. The largest stained-glass window in the world is at Kennedy International Airport in New York City. It can be seen on the American Airlines terminal building and measures 300 feet long by 23 feet high The largest stained-glass window in the world is at Kennedy International Airport in New York City. It can be found in the American Airlines terminal building and measures 300 feet long by 23 feet high. The largest US city in area is Juneau, Alaska, which covers 3,108 square miles. Los Angeles covers only 458.2 square miles. The last member of the famous Bonaparte family, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, died in 1945, of injuries sustained from tripping over his dog's leash. The last thing to happen is the ultimate. The next-to-last is the penultimate, and the second-to-last is the antepenultimate. The lead in a normal pencil would draw a line of 35 miles. The leading cause of deaths for children between the ages of 1 and 4 are motor vehicle crashes. The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built on the site of a river estuary. The land under the town has several layers of silt and soft clay. The 15,000-ton tower tilts to the south because the subsoil is too unstable. The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart. The left side of your brain controls the right side of your body and vice versa. The left testicle usually hangs lower than the right for right-handed men. The opposite is true for lefties. The lemur of Madagascar is one of very few of the human species' ancestors that has survived unchanged down the long corridors of evolution. Having developed after the first primates, it is classified as a prosimian, meaning "before monkey," and is one of the ancestors common to both monkeys and men. The letter "I" is used exactly 109 times in Act IV of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The letter "W" is the only letter in the alphabet that doesn't have just one syllable - it has three. The letter J does not appear ANYWHERE in the periodic table of elements. The letter most in use in the English language is "E" and the letter "Q" is least used. The letters in the abbreviation e.g. stand for exempli gratia - a Latin term meaning "for example." The Library of Congress has approx. 327 miles of bookshelves. The lie detector was invented by John Augustus Larson in 1921. The light from your computer screen streams at you at almost 186,000 miles per second. The lights of Las Vegas at night can be seen from outer space. The linen bandages that were used to wrap Egyptian mummies averaged 1,000 yards in length. The liquid inside coconuts can be used as blood plasma substitutes! The little bags of netting for gas lanterns (called 'mantles') are radioactive, so much so that they will set off an alarm at a nuclear reactor. The little lump of flesh just forward of your ear canal, right next to your temple, is called a tragus. The little overhang of bone and feathers over an eagle's eye is there to protect the sensitive eyeball from the mountain and desert sun. It's not meant to make the bird look fierce. The Lone Ranger's "real" name is John Reid. The longest movie ever screened was a 1970 British film that lasted 48 hours, 0 minutes. Believe it or not, its name is The Longest and Most Meaningless Movie in the World. The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius. This narrow muscle of the thigh passes obliquely across the front of the thigh and helps rotate the leg to the position assumed in sitting cross-legged. Its name is a derivation of the adjective "sartorial," a reference to what was the traditional cross-legged position of tailors (or "sartors") at work. The longest name in the Bible Mahershalalbaz (Isaiah 8:1). The longest one syllable word in he English language is "screeched". The longest Oscar acceptance speech was made by Greer Garson for 1924's "Mrs. Miniver." It took an hour. The longest place-name still in use is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiw en uaitnatahu, a New Zealand hill. The longest railway in the world is the Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad, built 1891-1916, a network of railways connecting European Russia with Russian Far East provinces. It is 9,288.2 kilometres (5,787 miles) long and spans 8 time zones. The longest recorded flight of a chicken is 13 seconds! The longest recorded gloved boxing match took place in 1893. Andy Bowen and Jack Burke fought for more than 7 hours. After 110 rounds, the fight was declared a draw because both Bowen and Burke were too exhausted to continue. The longest reign in the history of the world was that of Pepi II of the sixth Egyptian dynasty. He ruled from the age of 6 until his death at age 94. The longest reigning monarch in history was Pepi II, who ruled Egypt for 90 years; 2566 to 2476 BC. The second longest was France's Louis XIV, who ruled for 72 years, 1643 to 1715. The longest river in the world, the Nile, is 4,145 miles long. The longest single-word name of a place on Earth is: Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipuakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu. This place is a Moari name for a hill in New Zealand and consists of 85 letters. By the way, the name means "The place where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as land-eater, played on the flute to his loved one." The longest war between two nations in history, The Hundred Years War between England and France, really lasted for 115 years(1338-1453). The longest word in the dictionary with only one vowel is "STRENGTHS." The longest word in the English language is 1909 letters long and it refers to a distinct part of DNA. The longest word in the english language is pneaumonaultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis...It's a lung disease contracted from breathing in too much volcanic dust settlement. The longest word in the English language, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. The only other word with the same amount of letters ispneumonoultra-microscopicsilicovolcanoconioses, its plural. The longest word in the Finnish language, that isn't a compound word, is 'epaejaerjestelmaellistyttaemaettoemyydellaensaekaeaen'. In English it means 'even with their lack of ability to disorganize'. The longest word that can be typed on the top row of letters on a "Qwerty" keyboard is TYPEWRITER. The Looney Tunes song is actually called "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down." The low frequency call of the humpback whale is the loudest noise made by a living creature. The call of the humpback whale is louder than Concorde and can be heard from 500 miles away. The lowest point that a person can reach on Earth, outside of riding a submarine or going down a mine shaft, is where the Jordan River enters the Dead Sea. It's 1,290 feet below sea level. The lowest temperature ever recorded in the world was 129 degrees below 0 at Vostok, Antarctica, on July 21, 1983. The lowest valued note in the world is the Hong Kong 1 cent note of which The magician's words "hocus-pocus" were taken from the name of a mythological sorcerer, Ochus Bochus, who appeared in Norse folktales and legends. The magnetic North Pole shifts by about 7 meters a day. The magnolia tree is named after Pierre Magnol, a French scientist. The Mai Tai cocktail was created in 1945 by Victor Bergeron, the genius of rum, also known as Trader Vic. The drink got its name when he served it to two friends from Tahiti, who exclaimed "Maitai roa ae!," which in Tahitian means "Out of this world the best!" The main active chemical in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol). The membranes of certain nerve cells in the brain contain protein receptors that bind to THC. Once securely in place, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that ultimately lead to the high that users experience when they smoke marijuana The Main Library at Indiana University sinks over an inch every year because when it was built, the engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. The main road in Hershey, PA (where Hershey's candy bars are made) is Chocolate Avenue. The major side effects from abusing anabolic steroids can include liver tumors and cancer, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in LDL (bad cholesterol), and decreases in HDL (good cholesterol). Other side effects include kidney tumors, severe acne, and trembling. The male gypsy moth can "smell" the virgin female gypsy moth from 1.8 miles away. The male penguin incubates the single egg laid by his mate. During the two month period he does not eat, and will lose up to 40% of his body weight. The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the males head off. The male scorpion fly gets other males to bring him food by imitating a female fly. The male seahorse carries the eggs until they hatch instead of the female. The man who commissioned the Mona Lisa refused it. The Manta Ray is the largest of all fish. The mask used by Michael Myers in the original "Halloween" was actually a Captain Kirk mask painted white, due to low budget. The maximum length allowed for a baseball bat in the major leagues is 42 inches. The melting point of cocoa butter is just below the human body temperature -which is why it literally melts in your mouth. The Mesopotamians were the first people to keep records of lunar eclipses. The earliest records show that they started sometime around 2200 B.C. The metal instrument used in shoe stores to measure feet is called the Brannock device. The metric system was to blame for the loss of the Mars Climate orbiter. The Michelin man is known as Mr. Bib. His name was Bibendum in the company's first ads in 1896. The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket. The military salute originated during the medieval times. Knights in armor used to raise their visors to reveal their identity, and the motion later evolved into the modern-day salute. The Mills Brothers have recorded the most songs of any artist: about 2,250. The minarets ofthe Taj Mahal in India are angled at 88 degrees outwards so that they would not collapse into the structure should an earthquake occur The minimum number of darts that need to be thrown to complete a single in, double out game of 501 is nine. The Miss America Contest was created in Atlantic City in 1921 with the purpose of extending the tourist season beyond Labor Day. The model of King Kong used in the original movie was only 18 inches tall. The modern Olympic Games were held in the first time in 1896 at Athens and were then followed by the 1900 Paris games. The winter games were added in 1924. The mola mola or ocean sunfish lays up to 5,000,000 eggs at one time. The Mona Lisa, by daVinci, is 2'6" by 1'9". The Mona-Lisa, now hanging in the Louvre museum in Paris, is valued today at $100,000,000. The monastic hours are matins, lauds, prime, tierce, sext, nones, vespers and compline. The Montreal Canadians of the mid-1950s are the only team to win five straight Stanley Cup championships. The Monty Python movie "The Life of Brian" was banned in Scotland. The moon actually has mirrors on it. They were left there by astronauts who wanted to bounce laser beams off them, so that the distance to the moon can be measured. The most abundant metal in the Earth's crust is aluminum. The most collect calls are made on father's day. The most common blood type in the world is Type O. The rarest, Type A-H, has been found in less than a dozen people since the type was discovered. The most common disease in the world is tooth - decay. The most common injury in bowling is a sore thumb. The most common street name in the United States is Second Street. First Street isn't first because many times the designation is replaced with the name Main Street. The most expensive book or manuscript ever sold at an auction was The Codex Hammer, a notebook belonging to Leonardo da Vinci. It sold for $30.8 million. The most expensive movie memorabilia ever sold at an auction was Clark Gable's Academy Award for It Happened One Night. It sold for $607,500 on December 15, 1996. The most expensive painting ever sold at auction was Portrait of Dr. Gachet by Vincent van Gogh. On May 15, 1990, Ryoei Saito paid $75 million for it. He followed up that spending spree by paying the second-highest price ever, $71 million for Au Moulin de la Galette by Pierre Auguste Renoir, just two days later. The most frequently seen birds at feeders across North America last winter were the Dark-eyed Junco, House Finch and American goldfinch, along with downy woodpeckers, blue jays, mourning doves, black-capped chickadees, house sparrows, northern cardinals and european starlings. The most searched thing on yahoo.com every year is porn. The most snow accumulation in a one-day period was 75.8 inches at Silver Lake, Colorado, in April 1921. The most successful X-rated movie of all time is Deep Throat. It cost less than $50,000 to make it and has earned more than $100 million. The most used line in the movies is "Lets get out of here." The most widely accepted legend associated to the discovery of coffee is of the goatherder named Kaldi of Ethiopia. Around the year 800-850 A.D., Kaldi was amazed as he noticed his goats behaving in a frisky manner after eating the leaves and berries of a coffee shrub. And, of course, he had to try them! The most widely culticated fruit in the world is the Apple.The second is the Pear. The motto for the Olympic Games is Citius Altius Fortius. Translated, it means Faster Higher Stronger. The mouse is the most common mammal in the US. The movie As Good As It Gets is called Mr. Cat Poop in China. The movie Quo Vadis had 30,000 extras. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City hung Matisse's 'Le Bateau' upside-down for 47 days before an art student noticed the error. The muzzle of a lion is like a fingerprint no two lions have the same pattern of whiskers. The nail of our middle finger grows the fastest and the nail of our thumb grows slowest. The name "Uncle Sam" for the U.S. came from a person known as Uncle Sam Wilson of Troy, NY, who supplied food for the U.S. army in the war of 1812. The name Coca-Cola in China was first rendered as 'Ke-kou-ke-la.' Unfortunately, the Company did not discover until after thousands of signs had been printed that the phrase means 'bite the wax tadpole' or 'female horse stuffed with wax' depending on the dialect. Coke then researched Chinese characters and found a close phonetic equivalent, 'ko-kou-ko-le,' which can be loosely translated as 'happiness in the mouth.' The name for Oz in the Wizard of Oz was thought up when the creator Frank Baum looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N and O-Z. The name for the middle part of the nose (the part that separates the nostrils) is called a chaffanue The name 'Intel' stems from the company's former name, 'Integrated Electronics'. The name of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. The name of the dog from "The Grinch Who Stole Christmas" is Max. The name of the dog on the Cracker Jack box is Bingo. The name of the first airplane flown at Kitty Hawk by the Wright Brothers, on December 17, 1903, was Bird of Prey. The name of the Russian space station, Mir, means "peace." The name Santa Claus is a corruption of the Dutch dialect name for Saint Nicholas Sint Klass. The name Wendy was made up for the book "Peter Pan". There was never a recorded Wendy before. The name Wendy was made up for the book 'Peter Pan'. It came from the author's friends, whom he called his "fwendy" (friend) The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan. There was never a recorded Wendy before it. The nation of Monaco on the French Riviera, is smaller than Central Park in New York. Monaco is 370 acres and Central Park is 840 acres. The national anthem of Greece has 158 verses. The national dish of Scotland, haggis, is made of the heart, liver, lungs and small intestines of a calf. It's then boiled in the stomach of the animal, and seasoned with salt, pepper and onions. Oh, and don't forget to add the suet and oatmeal. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced in 1978 that it would alternate men's and women's names in the naming of hurricanes. It was seen as an attempt at fair play. Hurricanes had been named for women for years, until NOAA succumbed to pressure from women's groups who were demanding that Atlantic storms be given unisex names. The national sport of Nauru, a small Pacific island, is lassoing flying birds. The Navy SEALs were formed in 1962. The Neanderthal's brain was bigger than yours is. The nearest relative of the hippopotamus is the common pig. The Netherlands is the lowest country in the world. An estimated 40% of its land is below sea level. The New York City Chamber of Commerce is the oldest chamber of commerce in the United States. King George III granted a royal charter for it in 1770. The New York phone book had 22 Hitlers listed before World War II ... and none after. The New York Yankees have won the most champoinships (26 times) in their respected sport (MLB, NBA, NHL, NFL) for any professional sports team. The Nile catfish swim upside down. The number 111,111,111 multiplied by itself will result in the number 12,345,678,987,654,321. The number 2,520 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 without having a fractional leftover. The number 37 will wholly divide (no decimals) into 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, and 999. The number of atoms in a pound of iron is nearly five trillion trillion: 4,891,500,000,000,000,000,000,000. The number of cricket chirps you count in a fifteen-second span, plus 37, will tell you the approximate current air temperature. The number of possible ways of playing just the first four moves on each side in a game of chess is 318,979,564,000. The number of times a drowning person will rise to the surface depends on how much air is in his lungs. He could rise once, twice, or five times. Or not at all. Obese people will stay afloat longer than skinny people because fat contains air molecules. The number of triplets born in the US in 1994 (4,594) was more than triple the number born in 1971 (1,034), an increase attributed to older age of the mothers and the use of fertility-enhancing drugs and techniques. The number of VCRs in the United States grew from 52,565,000 in 1987 to 86,825,000 in 1997, a 39.5% increase. The numbers "172" can be found on the back of a US $5 bill, in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln memorial. The numbers 111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 999 are all multiples of 37. The numbers on opposite sides of a die always add up to seven. The nursery rhyme Ring Around the Rosy is a rhyme about the plague. Infected people with the plague would get red circular sores ("Ring around the rosy..."), these sores would smell very badly so common folks would put flowers on their bodies somewhere (inconspicuously), so that it would cover the smell of the sores ("...a pocket full of posies..."), People who died from the plague would be burned so as to reduce the possible spread of the disease ("...ashes, ashes, we all fall down!") The Oblivion ride at Alton Towers has a G-force of 5. Thats higher than the G-force of an average NASA take-off! The occupations of the three men in a tub were butcher, baker, and candlestick maker. The odds against a royal flush in poker are exactly 649,739 to 1. The odds of being born male are about 51.2%, according to census. The official definition of a desert is any land that where more water evaporates than is acquired through precipitation. The official name of the St. Louis Gateway Arch is "The Jefferson National Expansion Monument." The Gateway Arch looks taller than it is wider, but it is exactly 630 feet by 630 feet. The official sport for the State of Maryland is jousting. The official state song of Georgia since 1922 has been "Georgia on My Mind". The Ohio river forms at the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela. The oiuja board was invented by Isaac and William Fuld, and was patented July 1, 1892. The oldest "cricket" match was played between the USA and Canada in 1844. The oldest continuous comic strip still in existence is The Katzenjammer Kids. It first appeared in newspapers in 1897. The oldest exposed surface on earth is New Zealand's south island. The oldest goldfish lived for 14,795 days. The oldest living thing in existence is not a giant redwood, but a bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California, dated to be aged 4,600 years old. The oldest man-made building of any kind still existing is the central edifice of the 4,600-year-old mastaba (a tomb for kings) built at Sakkara, Egypt. It was created to honor King Zoser, the first ruler of the Third Dynasty. The oldest musical instrument is probably the flute. It's been discovered that primitive cave dwellers made an instrument from bamboo or some other small hollow wood. The oldest person to live was Jeanne Louise Calment, she lived for a whopping 122 years until she died of smoking related complications. Don't Smoke! The oldest recorded document on paper made from fibrous material was a deed of King Roger of Sicily, in the year 1102. The oldest tennis court in the world is the one built at Hampton Court in 1530 for Henry VIII. The oldest works of art are pictures of animals found in caves in Spain and France. They have been dates as far back as 18,000 years ago. The olive branch in the eagle's right talon has 13 leaves. The Olympic Games were held in St. Louis, MO. In 1904, the first time that the games were held in the United States. The Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic, and she provided twenty-five years of service. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is "uncopyrightable"! The only animals that can naturally sleep on their backs are humans. No other animal actually does--apes usually sleep sitting up and leaning on something. The only big cat that doesn't roar is a Jaguar The only bird that can fly backwards is the hummingbird. The only bird that cannot fly is the penguin The only bone in the human body not connected to another is the hyoid, a V-shaped bone located at the base of the tongue between the mandible and the voice box. Its function is to support the tongue and its muscles. The only bone not broken so far during any ski accident is one located in the inner ear. The only continent without reptiles or snakes is Antarctica. The only countries in the world with one syllable in their names are Chad, France, Greece, and Spain. The only difference between brown eyes and every other colored eyes is that brown eyes have more pigment. The only dog to ever appear in a Shakespearean play was Crab in The Two Gentlemen of Verona The only domestic animal not mentioned in the Bible is the cat. The only father and son to hit back-to-back home runs in a major league baseball game: Ken Griffey, Jr., and his father, Ken Griffey, Sr., both of the Seattle Mariners in a game against the California Angels on September 14th, 1990. The only food cockroaches won't eat are cucumbers. The only jointless bone in your body is the hyoid bone in your throat The only loss Packers' coach Vince Lombardi ever suffered in the postseason was to the Philadelphia Eagles, 17-13, in the 1960 NFL championship game. The only member of the British House of Commons who is not allowed to speak is the man called the Speaker of the House. The only MLB team to have both its city's name and its team name in a foreign language is the San Diego Padres. The only one of his sculptures that Michelangelo signed was the "The Pieta," completed in 1500. The only painting by Leonardo da Vinci on permanent display in the United States hangs in the National Gallery in Washington, D.C. It's a portrait of Ginevra di Benci, the wife of a politician in Florence. The only president buried in Washington, D.C. proper: Woodrow Wilson, who was laid to rest in the National Cathedral. The only president buried on the grounds of a state capitol: James Polk in Nashville, Tenn. The only President in office to weigh less than 100 pounds was James Madison. The only President to be head of a labor union was Ronald Reagan. The only presidents buried together: John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams are in a basement crypt in Quincy, Mass. The only real person to be a PEZ head was Betsy Ross. The only repealed amendment to the US Constitution deals with the prohibition of alcohol. The only rock that floats in water is pumice. The only state allowed to fly its flag at the same height as the U.S. flag is Texas. The only three non-Presidents pictured on U.S. paper money are: Alexander Hamilton on the $10 bill, Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill, and Salmon Chase on the $10,000 bill. The only time the human population declined was in the years following 1347, the start of the epidemic of the plague 'Black Death' in Europe. The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sports games (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after the Major League all-stars Game The only U.S. president to be born on the fourth of July was Calvin Coolidge. The only way a cow can clean out its nose is to lick the gooie substance called BOOGERS out with its tongue...YUCK!! The opposite sides of a dice cube always add up to seven. The Oprah Winfrey Show started out as a local morning talk show called A.M. Chicago. The name was changed in September 1985 after Winfrey beat Donahue in the Chicago ratings. The show was expanded from a half and to an hour and went nationwide a year later. The orgasms of common, barnyard pigs can last up to thirty minutes! The origin of bananas is traced back to the Malaysian jungles of Southeast Asia, where so many varieties and names for the banana are in that area. The origin of right-handed buttons on men's shirts stems from battles where they wore armor. With most men being right handed the armor needed to overlap so that a sword could not enter through the gap during a right-handed blow from an adversary. The original American Express card was purple. The original coke contained cocaine and was labeled as a "cure all miracle drug". It became the popular soda when it carbonated water was accidentally added to it. The cocaine, however, was later removed when people began to become addicted. The original name for basketball, as invented by Dr. James Naismith, was indoor rugby. It was one of the game's first players that started calling it basketball because of the peach baskets that acted as the original goals. The original name for butterfly was flutterby. The original name of Los Angeles was El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles del rio Porciuncula, translating into:The Village of our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciuncula River. The original purpose of a coffin was not to protect the body from prowling animals or grave robbers. It was invented to keep the dearly departed from coming back to haunt survivors. The original purpose of the coffin was to prevent the dearly departed from coming back and haunting the survivors. The original story from Tales of 1001 Arabian Nights begins, "Aladdin was a little Chinese boy." The original Volkswagen Bug Has Finally Stopped Production. The last one rolled out in brazil on July 31st 2003. The car introduced in 1946. 57 years in production. The fact is that there were more classic vw bugs produced then any other car ever. about 400 million to be exact. wow. The origional Coca cola was so named because it did, in fact, contain cocaine. Today, however, the coke cans labeled "original" do not contain any cocaine. The Oscar award got its name from an actress who mentioned it looks like her uncle Oscar. The Oscar statuette was designed by MGM's art director, Cedric Gibbons, in 1928. The design has remained unchanged, except for getting a higher pedestal in the 1940's. The Ostrich people in Africa are a group of people who have only 2 toes due to inbreeding The Ouija board got its name from the combination of the French and German words for "yes" oui and ja. The owner of every hotel in Hastings, Nebraska, is required to provide each guest with a clean and pressed nightshirt. No couple, even if they are married, may sleep together in the nude. Nor may they have sex unless they are wearing one of these clean, white cotton nightshirts. The Pacific Giant Octopus, the largest octopus in the world, grows from the size of pea to a 150 pound behemoth potentially 30 feet across in only two years, its entire life-span. The Pacific Ocean at the Isthmus of Panama is often 20 feet higher than the Atlantic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean fills nearly a complete hemisphere of the earth's surface. The Pacific Ocean holds 46% of the world's water. The rest is divided up as followed: Atlantic Ocean - 23.9%, Indian Ocean - 20.3%, and the Arctic Ocean - 3.7%. The Pacific Ocean was named by Magellen because it was calmer than the Atlantic The painting, "American Gothic" depicts the sister and the dentist of artist Grant Wood as rural farm folk. The Pantheon is the largest building from ancient Rome that survives intact. The past-tense of the English word "dare" is "durst". The patron saint of dentists is St. Apollonia. She reportedly had her teeth pulled out in 249 AD by an anti-Christian mob. The peace symbol was created in 1958 as a nuclear disarmament symbol by the Direct Action Committee, and was first shown that year at peace marches in England. The symbol is a composite of the semaphore signals N and D, representing nuclear disarmament. The penalty for killing a cat, 4,000 years ago in Egypt, was death. The penguin is the only bird that can't fly but can swim. The Pentagon in Arlington Virginia has twice as many bathrooms as is necessary. When it was built in the 1940s the state of Virginia still had segregation laws requiring separate toilet facilities for blacks and whites. The period at the end of this sentence can hold 2,000,000 hydrogen atoms. The period between midnight and dawn is the best time to look for shooting stars. On a normal night you can see between five and ten an hour. In a desert, you can see one every eight minutes. The permanent teeth that erupt to replace their primary predecessors (baby teeth) are called succedaneous teeth. The Philippines consist of 2,100 islands. The Philippines has more than 1,000 regional dialects and two official languages. The phone number of the white house is: (202) 456-1414. The phrase "raining cats and dogs" originated in 17th Century England. During heavy downpours of rain, many of these poor animals unfortunately drowned and their bodies would be seen floating in the rain torrents that raced through the streets. The situation gave the appearance that it had literally rained "cats and dogs" and led to the current expression. The phrase "raining cats and dogs" originated in 17th Century England. During heavy downpours of rain, many of these poor animals unfortunately drowned and their bodies would be seen floating in the rain torrents that raced through the streets. The situation gave the appearance that it had literally rained "cats and dogs" and led to the current expression. The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb. The phrase "sleep tight" originated when mattresses were set upon ropes woven through the bed frame. To remedy sagging ropes, one would use a bed key to tighten the rope. The phrase 'going bananas' was first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary, and is linked to the fruit's 'comic' connections with monkeys. The pigmy shrew a relative of the mole is the smallest mammal in North America. It weighs 1/14 ounce less than a dime. The Pillsbury Bake-off has been held every year since 1948. The pineapple was symbol of welcome in the 1700-1800's. That is why in New England you will see so many pineapples on door knockers. An arch in Providence RI leading into the Federal Hill neighborhood has a pineapple on it for that very reason. Pineapples were brought home by seafarers as gifts. The placement of a donkey's eyes in its' head enables it to see all four feet at one time. The plant life in the oceans make up about 85 percent of all the greenery on the Earth. The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets. The platypus and echidna are the only mammals that hatch from eggs. Both live in Australia. The play Chantecler, written by French playwright Edmond Rostand, features a rooster as the major character. The poison arrow frog has enough poison to kill about 2,200 people. The poisonous copperhead smells like fresh cut cucumbers. The poisonous copperhead snake smells like fresh cut cucumbers. The pop you hear when you crack your knuckles is actually a bubble of gas burning. The popular name for the giant sequoia tree is Redwood. The population of the American colonies in 1610 was 350. The position of a donkey's eyeballs allow them to see all four of their feet The pound cake got its name from the pound of butter it contained. The pound sign is called a 'octothorp.' The praying mantis is the only insect that can turn its head. The precise geographical center of the North American continent is in a town called Rugby, North Dakota. The principality of Monaco consists of only 370 acres. The Professor on "Gilligan's Island" was named Roy Hinkley. The Skipper was named Jonas Grumby. Both names were used only once in the entire series, on the first episode. The Professor's real name was Roy Hinkley, Mary Ann's last name was Summers and Mrs. Howell's maiden name was Wentworth. The Prudential Life Insurance Company in USA stopped using their slogan "Own A Piece Of The Rock" after Rock Hudson died of AIDS and many jokes where made about him and the slogan. The Puritans had such an obsessive fear of masturbation that almost any means were used to curtail the practice. For instance, some doctors recommended covering the penis with plaster of Paris. The queen of England does not have the right to vote in any British election. The queen of England has two birthdays. The Queen termite can live up to 50 years and have 30,000 children every day. The raised reflective dots in the middle of highways are called Botts The Ramses brand condom is named after the great phaoroh Ramses II who fathered over 160 children. The rapid rate of expansion of gas is what gives steam its power. One volume of water, at normal atmospheric pressure and at the boiling point, yields 1,670 volume of steam. The reason firehouses have circular stairways is from the days of yore when the engines were pulled by horses. The horses were stabled on the ground floor and figured out how to walk up straight staircases. The reason most mosquito bites itch is because mosquitoes inject saliva into the persons skin before they suck your blood. They take it out once they are done, but if they are forced to fly away, they don't get a chance to draw the saliva out. And it is their saliva that causes the itch. The reason why the very beginning of The Wizard of Oz is black and white, is because color was not available at that point. When color was available, the writers decided to start using it in Munchkinland. The record for the biggest one day rainfall was set on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, on March 15, 1952, where 74 inches of rain fell in 24 hours. The record for the most weddings is held by King Mogul of Siam, who had 9000 weddings and 9000 wives. The red capes used to taunt bulls in bullfights is the same shade of red as the bull's blood. That way you can't tell it is covered with the bull's blood by the end of the fight. Fight spectators like bullfighting, but not blood.` The red kangaroo of Australia can jump 27 feet in one bound. The red sea is not red. The red spot on the 7up cans comes from it's inventor. He was an albino (albinos have red eyes). The regular garden variety caterpillar has 248 muscles in its head. The Republic of Israel was established April 23, 1948. The revolving door was invented August 7, 1888, by Theophilus Van Kannel, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Ribbon worm will start eating itself to avoid starvation The ridges on the sides of coins are called reeding or milling. The right lung is slightly larger than the left The right side of a boat was called the starboard side due to the fact that the astronavigators used to stand out on the plank (which was on the right side) to get an unobstructed view of the stars. The left side was called the port side because that was the side that you put in on at the port. The river Danube empties into the Black Sea. The Romans defeated Hannibal's elephants after they found that the elephants were afraid of the smell of horse blood. On the battlefield they slit the throats of their own horses in order to cause the enemy's mounts to panic. The Romans made condoms from the muscle tissue of warriors they defeated in battle. The rose family of plants, in addition to flowers, gives us apples, pears, plums, cherries, almonds, peaches and apricots. The rosy periwinkle plant, found in Madagascar, is used to cure leukemia. The rumble that is created when a Harley's engine runs has been patented by the company The Russian Imperial Necklace has been loaned out by Joseff jewelers of Hollywood for 1,215 different feature films. The S in Harry S Truman stands for nothing. The safety pin was patented in 1849 by Walter Hunt. He sold the patent rights for $400. The Sahara Desert expands at a rate of about 1 km each month. The Sahara desert is larger as Europe and large then the combined areas of next largest 9 deserts. The Sahara Desert is over twice as big as the second largest desert in the world, The Australian Desert. The Sahara is 3.5 million square miles compared to the 1.47 million square miles of the Australian. This is "true" in the generic sense of the Autralian Desert. There is no Australian Desert. It is divided into many different deserts. What would be true would be to say the Sahara is bigger than the desert space in Australia (which is A LOT not sure how much as a percentage of the total land mass of australia). The sailfish can swim faster than a horse can gallop. The saluki is the oldest known breed of domesticated dog. Carvings of animals resembling the saluki have been found in excavations of the Sumerian Empire. They are believed to have originated from between 6,000 and 7,000 B.C. The salute of uniform bodies (eg. army, police) originated from knights who lifted their visors to show their face to a royalty. The same material that is used to make bulletproof glass is also used in Tupperware's Rock 'n Serve containers. The container, however, is not entirely bulletproof. Due to the lifetime warrantee on Tupperware products, the company will replace it for FREE! (Just in case you're in quick need of a shield and a Rock 'n Serve is the only thing handy) The San Diego Zoo in California has the largest collection of animals in the world. The sandwich is named for the Fourth Earl of Sandwich (1718-92), for whom sandwiches were made so that he could stay at the gambling table without interruptions for meals. The Santa Maria was the only one of Columbus's ships not to return to Spain. It hit a reef on December 5, 1492 and sank. The saying 'once in a blue moon ' refers to the occurrence of two full moons during one calendar month. The last two occurred in January & March 1999. The next one isn't until the end of 2001. The science-fiction series "Lost in Space" (set in the year 1997) premiered on CBS in 1965. The sea contains about 1/2 of the world's known animal groups The Sea of tranquility is found on the moon. The SEALs have been deployed in Vietnam, Laos, Panama, Bosnia, Haiti, Somalia, and Colombia. The search engine "Lycos" is named for Lycosidae, the Latin name for the wolf spider family. Unlike other spiders that sit passively in their web, wolf spiders are hunters, actively stalking their prey. The secretary-bird swallow hen's egg whole without breaking its shell. The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog." uses every letter of the alphabet! The setting sun is redder than the rising sun because the air at the end of the day is generally dustier than it is at the beginning of the day. The seven archangels are Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, Chamuel, Jophiel, and Zadkiel. The Seven Deadly Sins are lust, pride, anger, envy, sloth, avarice and gluttony. The seven hills of Rome are the Palatine (on which the original city was built), the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine. The seven virtues are prudence, courage, temperance, justice, faith, hope and charity. The seven wonders of the ancient world werethe Egyptian Pyramids at Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Colossus of Rhodes or huge bronze statue near the Harbor of Rhodes that honored the sun god Helios, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Lighthouse at Alexandria The sex of crocodiles is determined by the incubation temperature. Eggs incubated at temperatures below 85 degrees become females. Those incubated above 95 degrees become males. 2. Crocodiles are the closest living relatives to birds. The shallowest sea is the sea of Azov.It is 13 meters at its deepest. The shape of a plants' collenchyma cells and the shape of the bubbles in beer foam are the same they are orthotetrachidecahedrons. The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel-Jordan is 1312 feet (400 meter) below sea level. The shortest "-ology" (study of) word is oology, the study of eggs. The shortest British monarch was Charles I, who was 4'9". The shortest verse in the Bible consists of two words: "Jesus wept" (John 11:35). The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar an England in 1896. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes. The shortest word in the English language with all its letters in alphabetical order is the word "almost." The side of a hammer is a cheek. The silhouette on the MLB logo is Harmon Killebrew. The silkworm consumes 86000 times its own weight in 56 days. The single highest temperature ever recorded in U.S. history was 134 degrees Fahrenheit. It was recorded in Greenland Ranch, CA on July 10, 1913. The lowest recorded temperature was minus 80 degrees on January 23, 1971 in Prospect Creek, AK. The six most dangerous occupations in America are; football player, firefighter, race-car driver, astrnaut, police officer, and fisherman. The size of a newly born kangaroo is 2.5 cms. The size of a raindrop is around 0.5 mm 2.5 mm, and they fall from the sky on average 21 feet per second. The skipper's real name on Gilligan's Island is Jonas Grumby. It was mentioned once in the first episode on their radio's newscast about the wreck. The slanted line that divides dates, fractions, choices, etc. (6/1/04) is called a virgule. The sloth (a mammal) moves so slowly that green algae can grow undisturbed on it's fur The sloth moves so slowly that it's fur offers a comfortable environment for algae to grow. The slowest trainee on the SEALs obstacle course must wear a pink T-shirt that reads, "Always a Lady". The smallest breed of dogs are the Chihuahuas. The smallest fish in the world is the Trimattum Nanus of the Chagos Archipelago. It is only 0.33" long. The smallest island with country status is Pitcairn in Polynesia, at just 1.75 square miles. The smallest known fish is the Pandaka Pygmea,about the size of an ant and almost transeparent. The smallest number spelled with an "a" is one thousand. The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History houses the world's largest shell collection, some 15 million specimens. A smaller museum in Sanibel, Florida owns a mere 2 million shells and claims to be the worlds only museum devoted solely to mollusks. The smoke detector was invented in 1969. The snail mates only once in it's entire life. The soldiers of World War I were the first people to use the modern flushing toilet. The inventor: Thomas Crapper. The song "Happy Birthday to You" was originally written by sisters Mildred and Patty Hill as "Good Morning to You." The words were changed and it was published in 1935. The song "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" was written by George Graff, who was German, and was never in Ireland in his life. The song Take Me Out to the Ballgame was written by Jack Norworth and Albert von Tilzer. The sorcerer's name in Disney's Fantasia is Yensid, which happens to be Disney backwards. The sound of a snore (up to 69 decibels) can be almost as loud as the noise of a pneumatic drill. The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in Jello. The sound you hear when you macho people crack your knuckles is actually the sound of nitrogen gas bubbles bursting. The sound you here when you put a seashell next to your ear is not the ocean, but blood flowing through your head. The soundtrack to Oklahoma was the first album to sell one million copies on August 18, 1958. The South Pole is covered with 8,850 feet of solid ice. The South Pole was reached for the first time on 14 December 1911 by a team of explorers led by Roald Amundsen. The Soviet Caucasus mountain actually moved a mile in 1972. Heavy rains swelled an underground river and the whole mountain salied away over the course of eight days. The Sphinx ( famous pyramid) was carved from one piece of stone. The standard blue U.S. Postal Service mailbox can hold approximately 4,000 letters at a time. The Stanley Cup came from the Governor General of Canada from 1888 to 1893, Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley. Stanley was a fan of hockey and presented a trophy to be contested by the best amateur hockey team in Canada. The amateur HNA would later become to NHL in 1917. The Star Trek theme actually has lyrics. The starfish has an eye on the end of each arm. The starfish is one of the only animals who can turn it's stomach inside-out. They also dont have brains. (See the connection?) The state flower of Texas is the Bluebonnet; the state tree is a pecan. The state law of Pennsylvania prohibits singing in the bathtub. The state of Utah used to be submerged under water and to this day brine shrimp can still be found in rain-filled hollows under rocks and boulders. The states of Washington and Montana still execute prisoners by hanging. The states with the most presidential burial sites: Ohio and Virginia (tie). The statue by Auguste Rodin that has come to be known as The Thinker wasn't meant to be a portrait of a man in thought. It's a portrait of Dante Aligheri. The statue of Freedom atop the U.S. Capital building is 19.5 feet tall and weighs 15,000 pounds. It was created in Rome, and the ship that brought it to America ran into a storm so severe that most of the cargo had to be tossed overboard. Before the ship reached the United States, it was condemned and sold in Bermuda, where the statue was put in storage. Two years later it reached Washington, but because of the Civil War the dome wasn't finished and the statue didn't get hoisted to its proper position for another two years. The Statue of Liberty arrived in New York City in 1885 aboard the French ship "Isere." The Statue of Liberty weighs 225 tons. The Statue of Liberty's mouth is 3 feet wide. The stormtroopers in the original starwars are seen in many seen carrying long blasters. On closer inspection you can see that the blasters are actually WWII era German MG42 machine guns (modified slightly) The strawberry is the only agricultural product that bears its seeds on the outside. The striped billiard balls weight .1 ounces or so more than the solids The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. (Relative to size) The strongest muscle in the human body is the tongue. (the heart is not a muscle) The study of insects is called entomology. The study of word origins is called etymology. The Sudan is the largest country in Africa. It covers about 967,500 square miles of the continent. The Sumatran tiger has the most stripes of all the tiger subspecies, the Siberian tiger has the least. The sun is about three million miles closer to the earth on January 1st than it is on June 1st. The sun weighs 330,000 times as much as the earth. The sun's average period of rotation is 27 days. The sun's total lifetime as a star capable of maintaining a life-bearing Earth is about 11 billion years. Nearly half that time has passed. The supersonic Concorde jet made its first trial flight on January 1, 1969. The surface of the Earth is about 60% water and 10% ice. The swastika was origionaly a symbol of peace and honor and is still used by Buddhists today. The Swiss consume more chocolate per capita than any other nation on earth. That's 22 pounds each compared to 11 pounds per person in the United States. The symbol on the "pound" key (#) is called an octothorpe. The symbols used on playing cards were supposed to represent the four classes of men: hearts represented the clergy; spades (from the Spanish word espada, or sword) represented the warriors; clubs were originally leaves and represented the peasants; and citizens and merchants were recognized in the diamonds. The table fork was introduced into England in 1601. Until then people would eat with their knives, spoons or fingers. When Queen Elizabeth first used a fork, the clergy went ballistic. They felt it was an insult to God not to touch meat with one's fingers. The Taj Mahal in India is perfectly symetrical, except for one thing. The two tombs inside are not equal in size. This is because the male tomb has to be larger than the female tomb. The Taj Mahal was actually built for use as a tomb. The Taj Mahal was commissioned in 1630 by Shah Jehan to honor his wife Mumtaz, who died in childbirth. The tallest monument built in the US, the Gateway Arch, in St. Louis, Missouri, is 630 feet tall. The telescope at the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, in California, also serves as a tomb. The 36-inch refracting telescope is mounted on a pillar that contains the remains of Jack Lick, who died in 1876. Lick was a wealthy financier and philanthropist who financed the construction of the observatory that bears his name. The telescope on Mount Palomar, California, can see a distance of 7,038,835,200,000,000,000,000 miles. The temperature of the earth's interior increases by one degree every 60 feet down. The term "devil's advocate" comes from the Roman Catholic Church. When deciding if someone should be sainted, a devil's advocate is always appointed to give an alternative view. The term "dog days" has nothing to do with dogs. It dates back to Roman times, when it was believed that Sirius, the Dog Star, added its heat to that of the sun from July3 to August 11, creating exceptionally high temperatures. The Romans called the period dies caniculares, or "days of the dog." The term "dog days" has nothing to do with dogs. It dates back to Roman times, when it was believed that Sirius, the Dog Star, added its heat to that of the sun from July3 to August 11, creating exceptionally high temperatures. The Romans called the period dies caniculares, or "days of the dog." The term "honeymoon" is derived from the Babylonians who declared mead, a honey-flavored wine, the official wedding drink, stipulating that the bride's parents be required to keep the groom supplied with the drink for the month following the wedding. The term "the whole 9 yards" came from W.W.II fighter pilots in the South Pacific. When arming their airplanes on the ground, the .50 caliber machine gun ammo belts measured exactly 27 feet, before being loaded into the fuselage. If the pilots fired all their ammo at a target, it got "the whole 9 yards." The term "throw one's hat in the ring" comes from boxing, where throwing a hat into the ring once signified a challenge. Today it nearly always signifies political candidacy. The term "white chocolate" is a misnomer. Under Fedaral Standards of Identity, real chocolate must contain chocolate liquor. "White" chocolate contains no chocolate liquor. The term 'crack' refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked (heated), presumably from the sodium bicarbonate. The term 'hay fever' originated in England, where some people suffered allergic symptoms during hay pitching time when the symptoms became serve, workers often felt feverish. The term karaoke means "empty orchestra" in Japanese, and the karaoke machine was designed originally to provide backing tracks for solo cabaret performers. The term 'screwing' was derived from the activities of pigs. A pig's member screws. The term Y2K was invented by David Eddie in June 1995 through the email. The term, "It's all fun and games until someone loses an eye" is from Ancient Rome. The only rule during wrestling matches was, "No eye gouging." Everything else was allowed, but the only way to be disqualified is to poke someone's eye out. The term, "It's all fun and games until someone loses an eye" is from Ancient Rome. The only rule during wrestling matches was, "No eye gouging," eveything else was allowed. The Texas Rangers were the first U.S. state police force. They were established in 1835. The the oldest living thing on earth is 12,000 years old. It is the flowering shrubs called creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert. The theobromine in chocolate that stimulates the cardiac and nervous systems is too much for dogs, especially smaller pups. A chocolate bar is poisonous to dogs and can even be lethal. The three best-known western names in China: Jesus Christ, Richard Nixon, and Elvis Presley. The three central panels on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel tell the story of Adam and Eve. The three most common elements in the universe are 1) hydrogen; 2) helium; 3) oxygen. The three most recently discovered planets were Uranus in 1781, Neptune in 1846, and Pluto in 1930. The three most valuable brand names on earth Marlboro, Coca Cola, and Budweiser, in that order. The Three Musketeers names are Porthos, Athos, and Aramis (D'Artagnan joins them later.) The three primary colors are red, yellow and blue. The three secondary colors are green, orange and purple. The Three Wise Men of the East brought gold, frankincense and myrrh to the infant Jesus. Frankincense is a gum resin used as a base for incense. Myrrh, also a gum resin, was valued as a perfume and unguent used in embalming. The Three Wise Monkeys have names: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil), and Mazaru (Speak no evil). The three-syllable word "hideous," with the change of a single consonant, becomes a two-syllable word with no vowel sounds in common: "hideout." The thumbnail grows the slowest; the middle nail grows the fastest. The tiger is the largest member of the cat family. The tiny poison arrow frog has enough poison to kill over 2200 people! The tip of the hour hand on your watch travels at a speed of 0.00000275 miles per hour. The tips of fingers and the soles of feet are covered by a thick, tough layer of skin called the stratum corneum. The Titanic was the first ship to use the SOS signal. It was adopted as the international signal for distress in 1912, and the Titanic struck the iceberg in April of that year. The title role of Dirty Harry, 1971, was originally intended for Frank Sinatra. After he refused, it was offered to John Wayne, and then Paul Newman, finally being accepted by Clint Eastwood. The toes of mummies are wrapped individually. The Toltecs (a 7th century tribe) used wooden swords so they wouldn't kill their enemies. The tomato is not just a fruit, but it is a berry along with the cucumber, squash, and melon. The tongues of chameleons are twice the length of their bodys. The tonsillectomy is the most common surgical procedure. The tool doctors wrap around a patient's arm to measure blood pressure is called a sphygmomanometer. The Top 10 grossing movies of the 1990s each earned at least $500 million worldwide and brought in a combined total of over $7 billion. The top downhill speed of the Ford Model T was 50 miles per hour. The top selling song of all time is Elton John's tribute to the late Princess Diana. Candle in the Wind 1997 has sold over 35 million copies worldwide The total number of African slaves sent to all parts of the world between 1500 and 1865 was estimated to be at least 12 million. When you consider that only one in ten made the trip alive, the number of Africans who were enslaved or killed in the 350 years of the slave trade had to be no less than 120 million people. The total number of Americans killed in the Civil War is greater than the combined total of Americans killed in all other wars. The total surface area of a pair of human lungs is equal to that of a tennis court. The town of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, is closer to the equator than it is to the North Pole. The town of Idaho Falls, Idaho, forbids anyone over the age of eighty-eight to ride a motorcycle. The town of Tidikelt in the Shara Desert once went ten years without rainfall. The trainees are thrown into a pool with their hands and feet tied wearing snorkeling masks. They are then harassed by their instructors who knock their masks off, spin their bodies, and pull them under in an effort to disorient the student. The training mantra of the SEALs is, 'The only easy day was yesterday.' The Tranquilizer, Valium (sleeping piles) is the most widely used drug on earth. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided all of South America between Spain and Portugal in 1493. Pope Alexander VI drew up the treaty following Columbus's discovery of the New World. The tsetse fly kills another 66,000 people annually. The turbot fish lays approximately 14 million eggs during its lifetime. The turkey was named for what was wrongly thought to be its country of origin. The turtle has the lowest pulse rate of any animal: 13 beats per minute. The two lines that connect your top lip to the bottom of your nose are known as the philtrum. The two most popular sports in the world are Association Football (soccer) and Table Tennis (ping-pong) respectively. I guess people love their balls, regardless of size. Hehe! The two presidents who died on the same day: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 1826. The two robbers crucified next to Jesus were named Dismas and Gestas. The typical lovemaking session averages 15 minutes in length. The U.S. Army has a stealth reconnaissance helicopter named "The Duke" in honor of John Wayne. The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for 2 cents an acre. The U.S. Dow Jones' lowest figure was 41.22 was on July 8, 1932. The U.S. Post Office handles 43 percent of the world's mail. The U.S. standard railroad gauge (distance between rails) is 4 feet, 8.5 inches. The underside of a horses hoof is called a frog. The underside of a horse's hoof is called a frog. The frog peels off several times a year with new growth. The Union ironclad, Monitor, was the first U.S. ship to have a flush toilet. The United States government keeps its supply of silver at the US Military Academy at West Point, NY. The United States is the world's largest consumer of coffee, importing 16 to 20 million bags annually (2.5 million pounds), representing one-third of all coffee exported. More than half of the United States population consumes coffee. The typical coffee drinker has 3.4 cups of coffee per day. That translates into more than 450,000,000 cups of coffee daily. The United States Library of Congress contains 73 millions volumes (books), arranged on 350 miles of shelves. The United States minted a 1787 copper coin with the motto 'Mind Your Business.' The United States nickel (five cent piece) is made of 75% copper and 25% nickel. The United States produces 3,145,892,000,000 kilowatt hours of electricity every year. That's over three times the amount of the second-highest producing country, Russia. The United States Treasury Department maintains a fund known as "The Conscience Fund," which accepts money sent in anonymously by taxpayers who think they've cheated the government. The money is used for miscellaneous expenses. The universe is so vast in relation to the matter it contains that it can be compared in the following way: A building 20 miles long, 20 miles wide and 20 miles high that contains 1 grain of sand. The US Army has a 50 caliber sniper rifle that can shoot through the engine block of a car. The US city with the highest murder rate is Detroit, with 45.3 homicides per 100,000 people. The US federal income tax was first enacted in 1862 to support the Union's Civil War effort. It was eliminated in 1872, revived in 1894 then declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court the following year. In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the Constitution made the income tax a permanent fixture in the US tax system. The US has more personal computers than the next 7 countries combined. The US President's Cabinet is composed of: the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Interior, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health/Human Services, the Secretary of Housing/Urban Development, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of Education. The use of the names of dead presidents to sell alcohol in Michigan is prohibited. The USSR set off the largest nuclear explosion in history, detonating a 50 megaton bomb (2600 times the Hiroshima bomb) in an atmospheric test over the Novaya Zemla Islands, October 30 1961. The vast majority of coffee available to consumers are blends of different beans. The Vatican's Swiss Guard still wears a uniform designed by Michelangelo in the early 16th century. The venom of a female black widow spider is more potent than that of a rattlesnake. The Venus flytrap feeds primarily on ants, not flies. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin in World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the winners of the Super Bowl. The vintage date on a bottle of wine indicates the year the grapes were picked, not the year of bottling. The Virginia Code (1930) has a statute: "To prohibit corrupt practices or bribery by any person other than candidates." The viscera of Japanese abalone can harbor a poisonous substance which causes a burning, stinging, prickling and itching over the entire body. It does not manifest itself until exposure to sunlight if eaten outdoors in sunlight, symptoms occur quickly and suddenly. The vocabulary of the average person consists of 5,000 to 6,000 words. The Volkswagen was originally called the "Strength Through Joy Wagon". The waste produced by one chicken in its lifetime can supply enough electricity to run a 100-watt bulb for 5 hours. The water in the Great Salt Lake of Utah is more than four times as salty as any ocean. The way that prostitutes got the nickname "Hooker" was because of a general of the Civil War. General Hooker would keep a number of prostitutes to follow has army and keep his men's moral up. The prostitutes were referred to as "Hookers brigade." The WD in WD-40 stands for Water Displacer. The weddell seal, can travel underwater for seven hours without surfacing. The weight of air in a milk glass is about the same as the weight of one aspirin. (But one also wonders how big a milk glass is... anyone?) The wettest spot in the world is located on the island of Kauai. Mt. Waialeale consistently records rainfall at the rate of nearly 500 inches per year. The whiskers on a catfish are called barbells. The White House, in Washington DC, was originally gray, the color of the sandstone it was built out of. After the War of 1812, during which it had been burned by Canadian troops, the outside walls were painted white to hide the smoke stains. The lunula is the half-moon shaped pale area at the bottom of finger nails. The white potato originated in the Andes mountains and was probably brought to Britain by Sir Francis Drake about 1586. The Willamette River in Oregon is the only river on earth that flows it's entire distance north. The wind must be below one mile an hour in order for the National Weather Service to rate the weather as "calm." The winter of 1932 was so cold that Niagara Falls froze completely solid. The Wizard of Oz was a Broadway musical 37 years before the MGM movie version was made. It had 293 performances and then went on a tour that lasted 9 years. The word "checkmate" in chess comes from the Persian phrase "Shah Mat," which means, "The King Is Dead." The word "coach" is derived from the village of Kocs, Hungary, where coaches were invented and first used. The word "crap" came from Thomas Crapper-a famous plumber in the early days of the toilet. The word "dude" is the name for an infected elephant butt hair. The word "earthling" was first found in print in 1593. The word "homosexual" was not coined until 1869 by the Hungarian physician Karoly Maria Benkert. The word "honcho" comes from a Japanese word meaning "squad leader" and first came into usage in the English language during the American occupation of Japan following World War II. The word "karate" means "empty hand." The word "lethologica" describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. The word "maverick" came into use after Samuel Maverick, a Texan refused to brand his cattle. Eventually any unbranded calf became known as a Maverick. The word "MOW" can be read the same way upside-down, hence the word ambigram. Many other words can be written differently using special characters of writing to make the word appear the same way from different points. The word "piano" is really an abbreviation for the word "pianoforte." The word "pure" appears on the scroll held by the Quaker pictured on the packages of Quaker Oats cereal. The word "queue" is the only word in the English language that is still pronounced the same way when the last four letters are removed. The word "samba" means "to rub navels together." The word "set" has more definitions than any other word in the English language. The word "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious," from the movie Mary Poppins, was added to the Oxford dictionary in 1964. The word "tip" dates back to the old London coffeehouses. Conspicuously placed brass boxes etched with the inscription, "To Insure Promptness," encouraged customers to pay for efficient service. The resulting acronym, TIP, has become a byword. The word "trivia" comes from the Latin "trivium" which is the place where three roads meet, a public square. People would gather and talk about all sorts of matters, most of which were trivial. The word Assassin is derived from a Middle Eastern religious and political sect known as Hashishins. The name means 'hashish smoker'which refers to the practice of taking hashish to induce visions of ecstacy before murdering their enemies as their religious duty. They were very good at what they did. The word 'byte' is a contraction of 'by eight.' The word 'cappuccino' is the result of several derivations, the original of which began in 16th century. The Capuchin order of friars, established after 1525, played an important role in bringing Catholicism back to Reformation Europe. Its Italian name came from the long, pointed cowl, or cappuccino, derived from cappuccino, "hood," that was worn as part of the order's habit. The French version of cappuccino was capuchin, from which came English Capuchin. In Italian cappuccino went on to describe espresso coffee mixed or topped with steamed milk or cream, so called because the color of the coffee resembled the color of the habit of a Capuchin friar. The first use of cappuccino in English is recorded in 1948 in a work about San Francisco. There is also the story line that says that the term comes from the fact that the coffee is dark, like the monk's robe, and the cap is likened to the color of the monk's head. The word gargoyle comes down from the Old French: gargouille, meaning throat or gullet. This is also the origin of the word gargle. The word describes the sound produced as water passes the throat and mixes with air. In early architecture, gargoyles were decorative creatures on the drains of cathedrals. The word 'geography' is derived from the greek words geo (the Earth) and graphein (to write). The word gymnasium comes from the Greek word gymnazein which means to exercise naked. The word 'lethologica' describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. The word 'monosyllable' actually has five syllables in it. The word 'news' did not come about because it was the plural of 'new.' It came from the first letters of the words North, East, West and South. This was because information was being gathered from all different directions. The word 'pixel' is a contraction of either 'picture cell' or 'picture element'. The word quisling comes from the name of Major Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian who collaborated with the Germans during their occupation of Norway. The word now means "traitor." The word racecar and kayak are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left. The word vaccine comes from the Latin word "vacca," which means cow. This name was chosen because the first vaccination was derived from cowpox which was given to a boy. The words "volt" and "voltage" are named for a member of the Italian nobility in the 1700s named Count Voltman. The words "video recording" and "videotape" were first used in the early 1950s. At the time, only television professionals used them. The words racecar, kayak, level and Navy Van are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left, and these are called palindromes. The longest palindromes in the dictionary however are the words 'Malayalam''rotavator' 'redivider'. Now check these out. 'A man a plan a canal panama'. 'Ten animals i slam in a net'thanx seraph, mashkur, hannah b, marky and jay, jelly baby king The words silent and listen have the same letters. Santa and Satan do too. The work "fuck" is used 257 times in the movie Pulp Fiction. The works of Gregor Mendel, father of the science of genetics, went undiscovered for sixteen years after his death. The World Bank estimates that Mexico owes the most money of any country in the world. They have $165,743,000,000 in external debt. Brazil is second with $159,139,000,000 in debt. The world population of chickens is about equal to the number of people. The world record for balancing people on your head is 92 in one hour. The world record frog jump is 33 feet 5.5 inches over the course of 3 consecutive leaps, achieved in May 1977 by a South African sharp-nosed frog called Santjie. The World Rubik Cube championship was held in Budapest on June 5, 1982. Nineteen National Champions took part. Minh Thai, the US Champion, won by solving the Cube in of 22.95 seconds. The world record, in competitive conditions, grew progressively lower and now stands at 16.5 seconds. The world smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than a penny. The world's costliest coffee, at $130 a pound , is called Kopi Luwak. It is in the droppings of a type of marsupial that eats only the very best coffee beans. Plantation workers track them and scoop their precious poop. The world's deadliest mushroom is the Amanita phalloides, the death cap. The five different poisons contained by the mushroom cause diarrhea and vomiting within 6 to 12 hours of ingestion. This is followed by damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system and, in the majority of cases, coma and death. The world's first adhesive postage stamp went on sale in England in 1840. It was the Penny Black, portraying Queen Victoria. The world's first chocolate candy was produced in 1828 by Dutch chocolate-maker Conrad J. Van Houten. He pressed the fat from roasted cacao beans to produce cocoa butter, to which he added cocoa powder and sugar. The World's first microprocessor was created in 1971, called the 4004 by Intel. It contained 2300 transistors. The world's first singing commercial aired on the radio on Christmas Eve, 1926 for Wheaties cereal. The four male singers, eventually known as the Wheaties Quartet, sang the jingle. The world's first speed limit regulation was in England in 1903. It was 20 mph. The world's highest mountain, even higher than Mt.Everest is Mauna Koa an underwater mountain which rises 33,476 feet and has its peak on the island of Hawaii. The world's highest railway is in Peru. The Central Railway climbs to 15,694 feet in the Galera tunnel, 108 miles from Lima. Tourists take it to get to the ruins of Machu Picchu. The world's largest alphabet is Cambodian, with 74 letters. The world's largest art gallery is the Winter Palace and Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia. Visitors would have to walk 15 miles to see the 322 galleries which house nearly 3 million works of art. The world's largest art gallery is the Winter Palace and the Hermitage in Leningrad. Visitors walk fifteen miles to visit each of the 322 galleries, which house nearly 3 million works of art and archaeological remains. The world's largest burrito weighed 4,217 lbs. The world's largest Gothic cathedral is in new York City. It is the Cathedral of St. John the Divine on Amsterdam Avenue and 112th Street. The cathedral measures 601 feet long, 146 feet wide, and has a transept measuring 320 feet from end to end. The world's largest mammal, the blue whale, weighs 50 tons at birth. Fully grown, it weighs as much as 150 tons. The world's largest palace is the Imperial palace in the heart of Peking, The world's largest rodent is the Capybara. An Amazon water hog that looks like a guinea pig, it can weigh more than 100 pounds. The world's longest name is: Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver The world's longest suspension bridge opened to traffic on April 5, 1998. The 3,911-meter (12,831-feet) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is 580 meters (1,900 feet) longer than the Humber Bridge in England, the previous record holder. The world's most popular hobby is stamp collecting. The world's number one producer and consumer of fresh pork is China. The world's smallest and oldest republic is San Marino. It's 25 square miles and is located mostly on top of a mountain entirely surrounded by Italy. The world's smallest independent state is the Vatican City, with a population of about 1,000 and a zero birthrate. The world's smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than a penny. The world's smallest winged insect, the Tanzanian parasitic wasp, is smaller than the eye of a housefly. The world's tallest grass, which has sometimes grown 130 feet or more, is bamboo. The world's tallest mountains, the Himalayas, are also the fastest growing. Their growth about half an inch a year is caused by the pressure exerted by two of Earth's continental plates (the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate) pushing against one another. The world's termites outweigh the world's humans 10 to 1 The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910. The worldwide "Spanish Flu" epidemic which broke out in 1918 killed more than 30 million people in less than a year's time. The 'y' in signs reading "ye olde.." is properly pronounced with a 'th' sound, not 'y'. The "th" sound does not exist in Latin, so ancient Roman occupied (present day) England use the rune "thorn" to represent "th" sounds. With the advent of the printing press the character from the Roman alphabet which closest resembled thorn was the lower case "y". The 'you are here arrow' on a map is called the IDEO locator. The youngest mother on record was a Peruvian girl named Lina Medina. She gave birth to a boy by caesarean section on May 14, 1939 (which happened to be Mother's Day), at the age of five years, seven months and 21 days. The youngest movie star to win an Academy Award was Shirly Temple who won an Oscar in 1934 at the age of 6. The youngest person to give birth was a five-yr. old tribal girl (C-Section of course) The youngest pope was 11 years old. The yo-yo was introduced in 1929 by Donald F. Duncan. The toy was based on a weapon used by 16th-century Filipino hunters. The yo-yo was originally a weapon in the Philippines. The zebra is basically a light-colored animal with black stripes. The ZIP in "ZIP code" means Zoning Improvement Plan. Their wages in salt hence the word "Salary" derived. Theodore Roosevelt was the only U.S. president to deliver an inaugural address without using the word "I". Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower tied for second place, using "I" only once in their inaugural addresses. Ther very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo. There are 1,218 peanuts in a single 28 ounce jar of Jif peanut butter. There are 1,792 steps to the top of the Eiffel Tower. There are 10 million people who share your birthday. There are 10,000,000 bricks in the Empire State Building. There are 100 tiles in a 'Scrabble' crossword game. There are 11 points on the collar around Kermit the Frog's neck. There are 1189 chapters in the Bible: 929 chapters in the Old Testament and 260 chapters in the New Testament. There are 13,678 McDonald's fast food joints in the United States. There are 132 rooms in the US White House. There are 170,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 ways to play the ten opening moves in a game of chess. There are 2,320 Navy SEALs. There are 2,382,500 (rounded) Smiths in the U.S. There are 2,598,960 five-card hands possible in a 52-card deck of cards. There are 24 known "perfect" numbers. These are numbers that equal the sum of all its divisors except itself. For instance, six the lowest of these numbers is divisible by 1, 2, or 3 and 1+2+3=6. The largest of the known "perfect" numbers has 12,003 digits. There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar. There are 300 distinct different types of honey. There are 31,557,600 seconds in a year. There are 318,979,564,000 possible ways to play the first four moves per side in a game of chess. There are 336 dimples on a regulation size golf ball. There are 336 dimples on a regulation US golf ball. In the UK its 330. There are 350,000 Italians living in Toronto, Canada, a population about the same as that of Venice, Italy. There are 38 peaks in South America higher than Mt. McKinley, which is the highest point in North America. There are 403 steps from the foundation to the top of the torch in the Statue of Liberty. There are 41,806 different spoken languages in the world today. There are 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 different color combinations possible on a Rubik's Cube. There are 44,523,312,694,361,020,971,556,671,544,734,879,370,359,807,003,367,569,358,848,000,000,000,000 ways to order a deck of cards. There are 45 miles of nerves in the skin of a human being. There are 48 Gutenberg Bibles still in existence. Two of them were in Germany during World War II and are missing, but many book collectors believe them to be in private collections. There are 49 different foods mentioned in the Bible. There are 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the human body. There are 63,360 inches in a mile. There are a million ants for every person on Earth. There are about 2 chickens for every human in the world. There are about 30 milligrams of caffeine in the average chocolate bar, while a cup of coffee contains around 100 to 150 milligrams. There are about 450 types of cheese in the world. 240 come from France. There are about 5,000,000,000 years of sunlight left There are about 7.7 million millionaires in the world (more than 1/1000th of the population). There are approximately 10 million bricks in the Empire State Building. There are approximately 100 million acts of sexual intercourse each day. There are approximately 13,000 identifiable varieties of roses throughout the world. There are approximately 2,700 different species of mosquitoes. There are approximately 250,000 sweat glands in your feet. There are approximately 45 billion fat cells in an average adult. There are approximately 7,000 feathers on an eagle. There are approximately 75,000,000 horses in the world. There are approximately 9,000 taste buds on the tongue. There are approximately fifty Bibles sold each minute across the world. There are around 2,600 different species of frogs. They live on every continent except Antarctica. There are at least two words in the English language that use all of the vowels, in the correct order, and end in the letter Y: abstemiously & facetiously. There are four main Blood types: A, B, AB and O and each Blood type is either Rh positive or negative. Blood types in the US Type O positive 38.4%, negative 7.7%, A positive 32.3%, A negative 6.5%, B positive 9.4%, B negative 1.7%, AB positive 3.2%, AB negative 0.7% There are just over 7 million millionaires in the world (more than 1/1000th of the population). There are more coffee drug addicts in the US than drug addicts of any other kind. There are more insects in one square mile of rural land than there are human beings on the entire earth. There are more kinds of bacteria in your mouth then there are people in the world There are more plastic flamingos in America than real ones. There are more plastic lawn flamingos in the United States than real ones. There are more stars than all of the grains of sand on earth. There are more statues of Sacajewa, Lewis & Clark's female Indian guide, in the United States than any other person. There are more than 100 distinct ethnic groups in the former Soviet states. There are more than 100 million dogs and cats in the United States. Americans spend more than 5.4 billion dollars on their pets each year. There are more than 2,000 muscles in a caterpillar. There are more than 40,000 characters in Chinese script. There are more than 50,000 earthquakes throughout the world every year. There are more than 500 varieties of banana in the world: The most common kinds are Dwarf Cavendish, Valery, and Williams Hybrid bananas. Other types of bananas include Apple and a small red banana called the Red Jamaica. A large type of banana called the plantain is hard and starchy and is almost eaten as a cooked vegetable. The Cavendish is the most common variety of bananas now imported to the United States. The Cavendish is a shorter, stubbier plant than earlier varieties. It was developed to resist plant diseases, insects and windstorms better than its predecessors. The Cavendish fruit is of medium size, has a creamier, smooth texture, and a thinner peel than earlier varieties. There are more than 700 species of plants that grow in the United States that have been identified as dangerous if eaten. Among them are some that are commonly favored by gardeners: buttercups, daffodils, lily of the valley, sweet peas, oleander, azalea, bleeding heart, delphinium, and rhododendron. There are more than 900,000 known species of insects in the world. There are nine rooms on a 'Clue' game board. A forfeited baseball game is recorded as a 9-0 score. There are no clocks or windows in any casino. There are no female characters in Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island because he was following the instructions of his stepson, Lloyd Osbourne, for whom he wrote the book. Llyod wanted a story "about a map, a treasure, a mutiny and a derelict ship...No women in the story." There are no geeze in the southern hemisphere. There are no living descendents of William Shakespeare. There are no public toilets in Peru. There are no turkeys in Turkey. There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with orange, purple, or silver. There are one million ants for every person in the world. There are only 12 letters in the Hawaiian alphabet. There are only 4 words in the English language which end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. There are only 81 stable chemical elements. Rhenium was the last one to be found in 1925. Fifteen other elements have been discovered since then, but they are all radioactive. There are only four words in the English language that end in "-dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous. There are only two sequences of four consecutive letters that can be found in the English language: "rstu" and "mnop." Examples of each are understudy and gymnophobia. There are orange peels and raisins in A-1 Steak Sauce. There are over 3,500 bras hanging behind the bar at Hogs and Heifers, a bar in Manhattan. So many, in fact, that they caused a beam to collapse in the ceiling. There are roughly 6,500 spoken languages in the world today. However, about 2,000 of those languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers. The most widely spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese. There are 885,000,000 people in China that speak that language. There are seven suicides in the Bible: Abimelech. Samson, Saul, Saul's armor-bearer, Ahithophel, Zimri, Judas. There are six U.S. Presidents with the first name James: Madison, Monroe, Garfield, Buchanon, Carter, Polk. There are songs in all of Shakespeare's plays except The Comedy of Errors. There are ten human body parts that are only three letters long: eye, hip, arm, leg, ear, toe, jaw, rib, lip, and gum. There are ten million bricks in the Empire State Building. There are thirteen languages spoken by more than 100 million people. They are: Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Bengali, Portuguese, Malay-Indonesian, French, Japanese, German, and Urdu. There are two credit cards for every person in the U.S. There are two credit cards for every person in the United States. There are two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: "abstemious" and "facetious." There are, on average, 259 raisins in a box of Raisin Bran and 388 in a box of Premium Raisin Bran. There has never been a time in Super Bowl history where a punt return resulted in a touchdown. There have been about 30 films made at or about Alcatraz, the now-closed federal prison island in San Francisco Bay, including The Rock (1996), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), and Escape from Alcatraz (1979). There have been no recorded instances of anybody being killed by a meteorite. There have been over 600 lawsuits against Alexander Grahm Bell over rights to the patent of the telephone, the most valuable patent in U.S. history. There is a 1 in 4 chance that New York will have a white Christmas. There is a 6-foot tall stone monument dedicated to the cartoon character Popeye in Crystal City, TX. . There is a butterfly found in Brazil that has the smell and color of a chocolate. There is a flower called the Scarlet Pimpernel that can forecast the weather. If the flower is closed up, rain is coming and if it is opened up, the day will be sunny.It is a.k.a 'the poor man's weatherglass' There is a Massachusetts law requiring all dogs to have their hind legs tied during the month of April. There is a member of the spider family called the demodex folliculorum that lives at the root of people's eye lashes. It's harmless and normal.(so they claim) To look for them, grab a handful of your eyelashes and dunk them in warm water. They'll start swimming out. It is prevalent in nearly 100% of old people in the U.S. There is a sea squirt (found in the seas near Japan) that digests its own brain. When the sea squirt is mature it permanently attaches itself to a rock. At this point it does not need to move anymore and has no need for a brain. There is a seven letter word in the English language that contains ten words without rearranging any of its letters, "therein": the, there, he, in, rein, her, here, ere, therein, herein. There is a street in Canada that runs for a distance of nearly 1900 kms. There is a way of writing 1 by using all ten single-digit numbers at once: 148/296 + 35/70 = 1. There is a word in the English language with only one vowel, which occurs five times: "indivisibility." There is about 1/4 pound of salt in every gallon of seawater. There is about 200 times more gold in the oceans than has been mined throughout history. There is actually no danger in swimming right after you eat, though it may feel uncomfortable. There is air in space, but very little of it. In fact, it is equivalent to a marble in a box 5 miles wide. Most of the gas is captured by the gravitational pull of other celestial bodies.Thanx M.Lerner There is an average of 61,000 people airborne over the US at any given moment. There is an extra leg in the Iwo Jima memorial statue and extra hand. While the legend is that these extremedies belong to God, who is helping the Marines win, they are actually there for added support to the statue, and designed not to look like a metal rod going throught the middle of the group of Marines. There is coffee flavored Pez. There is cyanide in apple pits. There is more bacteria in your mouth than the human population of U.S and Canada combined. Thanx Julie for this and a couple more There is no alcohol left in food that's cooked with wine. The alcohol evaporates at 172 degrees Fahrenheit. There is no difference in flavor or nutritional value between brown and white eggs. Aside form color, they are identical. Most white eggs come from White Longhorns and browns come from a commercial cross of Rhode Island Reds and Barred Plymouth Rocks. There is no ice covering Iceland. There is no single cat called the panther. The name is commonly applied to the leopard, but it is also used to refer to the puma and the jaguar. A black panther is really a black leopard. There is no solid proof of who built the Taj Mahal. There is no such thing as a banana tree. Bananas grow on plants. There is only ONE word in the English language with THREE CONSECUTIVE SETS OF DOUBLE LETTERS.... Bookkeeper There is over 70,000,000 rats in New York, That is an average of about 9 rats per person There is zero gravity at the center of the earth. There really was a Cyrano de Bergerac. He lived from about 1620 to 1655, had a big nose and dueled. He was also a science fiction writer who was the first person in history to suggest that a rocket could carry someone into space. There was no soap in the ancient Mediterranean world. Olive oil was used to wash the body in addition to cooking. There was once a law in Salem Virginia that made it illegal to leave home without knowing where you were going. There were 840 soldiers in the regular army when the U.S. War Department was established in 1789. Their job was to supervise public lands and guard the Indian frontier. There's a town in New Mexico called Pie Town that consists of two restaurants and a post office. It was originally a stoppong place along a long stretch of road. It's famous for having good pies! There's an average of of 178 sesame seeds on a Big Mac bun. There's Arsnick(a dangerous poison) in dirt There's enough water preassure in one onion cell to cause a steam engine to explode. Thirteen muscles are used to make a person smile. Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married. This is what the red, white, and blue on the US flag represent: The Continental Congress left no record to show why it chose the colors. However, in 1782, the Congress of the Confederation chose these same colors for the Great Seal of the United States and listed their meaning as follows: white to mean purity and innocence, red for valor and hardiness, and blue for vigilance, perseverance, and justice. According to legend, George Washington interpreted the elements of the flag this way: the stars were taken from the sky, the red from the British colors, and the white stripes signified the secession from the home country. However, there is no official designation or meaning for the colors of the flag. This may have been true on an older $5 bill, but I just scanned in one of the new ones and took a real close look and found nothing. If anyone finds it on an old one, please send in a pic or let me know. This one is deep...think about the cultural impact this could have: NO WAR HAS BEEN FOUGHT WHERE BOTH COUNTRIES HAD A McDonalds This sounds feasible, but isn't true! Crapper actually invented the automatic shut-off mechanism used in the modern toilet. Thomas Edison got patents for a method of making concrete furniture and a cigar which was supposed to burn forever. Thomas Edison was afraid of the dark. Thomas Edison, lightbulb inventor, was afraid of the dark Thomas Jefferson invented the dumbwaiter. Thomasville, North Carolina, prohibits airplanes from flying over the town on Sundays during the hours between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. Those British are sophisticated people, in almost everything except their choice of coffee. They still drink instant ten-to-one over fresh brewed. Those hard, plastic points on the ends of shoelaces are called aglets. Though it goes to 10, 9 is estimated to be the point of total tectonic destruction from an earthquake (2 is the smallest that can be felt unaided.) Thousands of people watched the Battle of Bunker Hill take place. People in the Boston area sat on rooftops, in trees, on church steeples, and in the rigging of ships in the harbor to watch the American revolutionaries battle the British. Three chemicals are used to execute criminals by lethal injection. First, Sodium Thiopental is injected, causing the inmate to fall into a deep sleep. The second chemical agent, Pancuronium Bromide, a muscle relaxer, follows. This causes the inmate to stop breathing due to paralyses of the diaphragm and lungs. Finally, Potassium Chloride is injected, stopping the heart. Three million people in the United States have an impairment of the back or limbs that is a direct result of an accidental fall. Three-hundred-million cells die in the human body every minute. Throughout his career, DeWolf Hopper recited Casey at the Bat" over 10,000 times. Tiger Woods is the only person to hold all four major championships at one time, although it did not happen in the calendar year. He also currently holds the scoring record for all four majors. Tiger Woods' real first name is Eldrick. His father gave him the nickname "Tiger" in honor of a South Vietnamese soldier his father had fought alongside with during the Vietnam War. Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur. Tigers' paw prints are called pug marks. Time magazine's "Man of the Year" for 1938 was Adolf Hitler. Timmie Jean Lindsey of Houston, TX became the first person to get silicone breast implants in 1962. Tina Turner's real name is Annie Mae Bullock. Title 14, Section 1211 of the Code of Federal Regulations, implemented on July 16, 1969, makes it illegal for U.S. citizens to have any contact with extraterrestrials or their vehicles. To "testify" was based on men in the Roman court swearing to a statement made by swearing on their testicles. To an observer standing on Pluto, the sun would appear no brighter than Venus appears in our evening sky. To avoid long encounters with the press, President Ronald Reagan often took reporters' questions with his helicopter roaring in the background. To determine the percentage of alcohol in a bottle of liquor divide the proof by two. To find out almost the exact temperature... Listen to a cricket chirping and count the number of chirps in a minute. Add fifty, divide by four then add 40. To go one lunar day, adjust your watch to lose two minutes and five seconds every hour. To keep your feet warm, put on a hat: 80% of all body heat escapes through the head. To make things easier while mixing the American Graffiti sound track, George Lucas and sound designer Walter Murch labeled all of the film reels R and all of the dialogue tracks D, and then numbered each of them sequentially, starting with 1. When Murch later asked Lucas for Reel 2 Dialogue 2 or more precisely, R2 D2 Lucas liked the way it sounded so much that he made a note of the name for another project he was writing. To prevent some numbers from occurring more frequently than others, dice used in crap games in Las Vegas are manufactured to a tolerance of 0.0002 inches, less than 1/17 the thickness of a human hair. Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause, initiate or promote cancer such as tar, ammonia, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and benzopyrene. Today's commercial bananas are scientifically classified into the genus Musa of the Musaceae family. Toilets in Australia flush counter clockwise. Tokyo is the largest city by population (35million), followed by New York (21 million), then by Seoul (21 million), then Mexico City (20 million). Tom Cruise, John Travolta and Anne Archer are members of the Church of Scientology Tommy McDonald, a receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles, was the last NFL player to wear a helmet without a face mask. Tony Hawk has made more money from video games and tv commercials than from skateboarding. Toothbrushes should be kept 6 feet away from the toilet to avoid being contaminated by airborne stuff stirred up after flushing Top corporate executives take separate planes in case one crashes. Tortoises drink water through their noses. Tossing coins into fountains, dates back more than 2,000 years ago. Townsend Speakman of Philadelphia mixed fruit flavor with soda water in 1807, creating the first flavored soda pop, he called it Nephite Julep. Traces of cocaine were found on 99% of UK bank notes in a survey in London in 2000. Triskaidekaphobia means fear of the number 13. Paraskevidekatriaphobia means fear of Friday the 13th (which occurs one to three times a year). In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number. In Japan, 4 is considered an unlucky number. Truffles, or mushrooms that grow below the ground, are one of the world's most expensive foods. One variety, Tuber melanosporum, can cost between $800 and $1,500 a pound. Turkey began to roast and grind the coffee bean in the 13th Century, and some 300 years later, in the 1500's, the country had become the chief distributor of coffee, with markets established in Egypt, Syria, Persia, and Venice, Italy. Turkeys can reproduce without having sex. It's called parthenogenesis Turkeys drown in the rain Turtles can breathe through their butts. Turtles have no teeth. Twinkies have a shelf life of about 25 years. Two in every three car buyers pays the sticker price without arguing. Two normal kidneys contain 2 million tiny blood filters which filter 50 gallons of blood every day!. Two thirds of all left-handed people are men. Two U.S. Presidents with the initials "J.M." followed each other as president. Two-thirds of the world's coffee comes from Brazil. Two-thirds of the world's eggplant is grown in New Jersey. Underfund and underground are the only two English words which start and finish with "und." Unique animals. Hippopotami cannot swim (ppl have said that a hippo can swim, but i dont think its classified as swimming. I'll check), whales can't swim backwards, tarantulas can't spin webs, crocodiles can't chew and hummingbirds can't walk Unlike most fish, electric eels cannot get enough oxygen from water. Approximately every five minutes, they must surface to breathe, or they will drown. Unlike most fish, they can swim both backwards and forwards. Unprosperousness is the longest word in which every letter occurs at least twice. Until 1896, drivers in Great Britain had to warn of their presence by having a person precede their car on foot, waving a red flag. Until 1965, driving was done on the left-hand side on roads in Sweden. The conversion to right-hand was done on a weekday at 5 p.m. Until 1967 it wasn't illegal for Olympic athletes to use drugs to enhance their performance during competition. Until the 1870s, baseball was played without the use of gloves. Until the 18th century coffee was almost always boiled. Until the 18th century India produced almost all the world diamonds. Until the late 1800's, people roasted their coffee at home. Popcorn poppers and stove-top frying pans were favored. Until the time of Michelangelo, many sculptors colored their statues, and most from ancient Greece and Rome at one time had been painted or "polychromed." Over the course of years, rain washed the colors off the marble. Until the time of Michelangelo, many sculptors colored their statues. Most of the statues from ancient Greece and Rome at one time had been painted or polychromed. Rain through the ages washed off the paint and the statues were left in their natural marble. Up until the early 20th century, New Jersey and Wisconsin had laws allowing the castration of epileptics. Upper and Lower case letters are so named because when print had to be set by individual letters the upper case letters were stored in a case above the case that held the lower case letters. URanus' axis is at 97 degrees. which means that it orbits on its side. (Most of the planets spin on an axis nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic but Uranus' axis is almost parallel to the ecliptic.) Uranus is the only planet that rotates on its side. Venus is the only planet that rotates clockwise. Uranus was originally called George, in honour of King George III of Britain US Dollar bills are made out of cotton and linen. US gold coins used to say "In Gold We Trust". US Presidents who died on July 4th: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in 1826, James Monroe died in 1831. US presidents who have been assassinated: Abraham Lincoln in 1865, James A. Garfield in 1881, William H. McKinley in 1901, and John F. Kennedy in 1963. US Presidents who never attended college: Grover Cleveland, Abraham Lincoln, Harry S Truman, and George Washington. US Presidents who never had children: George Washington, known as the "Father of the Country," James Madison, Andrew Jackson, James Polk, James Buchanan, and Warren Harding. US Presidents who never held any other elective office: U. S. Grant, William H. Taft, Herbert Hoover, Dwight D. Eisenhower. US Presidents who owned slaves : George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Andrew Jackson, John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Ulysses S. Grant. US presidents who served an entire term without a vice president: John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, and Chester Arthur. US presidents who were survived by their fathers: John F. Kennedy and Warren Harding. US Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina set a filibuster record in the U.S. Senate on August 19, 1957. He spoke for 24 hours and 18 minutes. 'Vaimonkanto' or 'Wife Carrying' is a sports event. The 'Carry an Old Gel' championship games are held anually in Sonkajarvi, Finland. Van Camp's Pork and Beans were a staple food for Union soldiers in the Civil War. Vanilla is the extract of fermented and dried pods of several species of orchids. Vaseline was created by Robert Chesebrough in 1870. He developed it after visiting Titusville, PA in 1859. While there he noticed that workers were treating cuts and burns with grease that accumulated on drill rods from the oil fields. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It's just 0.17 square miles. Monaco is the second smallest at 0.7 square miles. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. The whole country is only 108.7 acres, which a population of just 1,000 (approx.). Venus is the only planet in the solar system to spin backwards. Venus rotates so slowly that in a typical day lasts approximately 244 Earth days (5,856 hours). Vermont, admitted as the 14th state in 1791, was the 1st addition to the original 13 colonies. VHS stands for Video Home System. Victor Hugo's Les Miserables contains one of the longest sentences in the French language 823 words without a period. Victor Mills, an inventor with Proctor & Gamble, invented the disposable diaper in 1961 because he didn't want to deal with his daughter's soiled (crapped) diapers. You know them as Pampers. Vincent van Gogh didn't start to draw until he was 27 years old. Vincent van Gogh is known to have sold only one painting during his lifetime. Virgina Woolf wrote all of her books standing. Virginia law forbids bathtubs in the house; tubs must be kept in the yard. Volkswagen was the first foreign company to open a factory in the United States. The auto plant opened in 1978 in Pennsylvania. Waldo Hanchett invented the modern dentist's chair in 1848. Walt Disney got the idea for Mickey Mouse from watching mice play in a garage, where he was forced to work, because he could not afford to rent an art studio. Walt Disney named Mickey Mouse after Mickey Rooney, whose mother he dated. Walt Disney provided the voice of Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie. Walt Disney was afraid of mice. Walt Disney's first cartoon character was called Oswald the Rabbit. Walt Disney's youngest daughter is named Sharon. Walter Huston and his son John become the first father-and-son team to win Oscars as director of and an actor in "Treasure of Sierra Madre" in 1949. Warn your hubby that after lovemaking in Ames, Iowa, he isn't allowed to take more than three gulps of beer while lying in bed with youor holding you in his arms. Warren Beatty and Shirley McLaine are brother and sister. Warren G. Harding was the first American President to visit Canada. He stopped in Vancouver, British Columbia while he was on his way to Alaska. Warren G. Harding's middle name is Gamaliel. Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Teddy Roosevelt are the four US presidents whose faces are carved on Mt. Rushmore. Water based mammals like dolphins and whales swish their tails up and down. Only fish move them sideways. Watermelon is grown in over 96 countries worldwide. Over 1,200 varieties of watermelon are grown worldwide. There are about 200 varieties of watermelon throughout the US. Watermelon, considered one of America's favorite fruits, is really a vegetable (Citrullus lanatus). Cousin to the cucumber and kin to the gourd, watermelons can range in size from 7 to 100 pounds. Watermelons grown along the Tigris River have been known to reach as much as 275 pounds. We [humans] only use 10% of our brains. We blink eyes 25 times each minute. We blink our eyes once every six second i.e. in the course of a life time we blink about 250 million times. We lose half a litre of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapour we see when we breathe onto glass. Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times. Wedding cake was originally thrown at the bride and groom, instead of eaten by them. Wesley Snipes has a 5th Degree Black Belt. Wesley Snipes installed public telephones while struggling to become an actor in New York. Wet sand weighs less than dry sand. Whale hunting is strictly prohibitted throughout the entire state of Oklahoma. Whales can never focus both their eyes on the same object at once What does a Dead Leaf, Paper Kite, Blue Striped Crow,Julia and Great Egg Fly have in common? They're all butterflies!Thanx Bijou What we call the sky is merely the limit of our vision into the atmosphere. The sky, like the horizon, is always as far away as one can see. What word can you take the first letter of, put it as the last letter, and make it the past tence of the original word? Answer: Eat (ate) Wheat is the world's most widely cultivated plant; grown on every continent except Antarctica. When a coffee seed is planted, it takes five years to yield consumable fruit. When a female horse and male donkey mate, the offspring is called a mule, but when a male horse and female donkey mate, the offspring is called a hinny. When a giraffe is born, it has to fall around six feet to the ground. When a male skier falls down, he tends to fall on his face. A woman skier tends to fall on her back. When a man was hanged in Mississippi in 1894 the noose came undone and the prisoner fell to the ground. He was set free and and since his innocence was later established he was granted ,$5000. When a person dies, hearing is generally the last sense to go. The first sense lost is usually sight. Then follows taste, smell, and touch. When a person dies, hearing is the last sense to go. First off would be your sight. When a person is wide awake, alert, and mentally active, he is still only 25% aware of what various parts of his body are doing. (2-1-04) When a queen bee lays the fertilized eggs that will develop into new queens, only one of the newly laid queens actually survives. The first new queen that emerges from her cell destroys all other queens in their cells and, thereafter, reigns alone. When Alexander Graham Bell Was working on the telephone in 1876, he spilled battery acid on his pants and called out to his assistant, "Watson, please come here. I want you." Watson, who was on another floor, heard the call through the instrument he was hooking up, and ran to Bell's room. Bell's words became the first ever successfully communicated using a telephone. When angered, the ears of the tazmanian devil turn pinkish red. When ants find food, they lay down a chemical trail, called a pheromone, so that other ants can find their way from the nest to the food source. When armadillos are pregnant they always have quadruplets of the same sex. When Bob Marley died they found 19 different species of lice in his dreadlocks. When Bugs Bunny first appeared in 1935, he was called Happy Rabbit. When Catherine de Medici married Henry II of France (1533) she brought forks with her, as well as several master Florentine cooks. Foods never before seen in France were soon being served using utensils instead of fingers or daggers. She is said to have introduced spinach (which "à la Florentine" usually means) as well as aspics, sweetbreads, artichoke hearts, truffles, liver crépinettes, quenelles of poultry, macaroons, ice cream, and zabagliones. When Charles Darwin published his theory on human evolution in The Descent of Man in 1871, not a single fossil that was known to be pre-human had been found to back up his ideas. Although his theory was later proved to be true, it was formulated entirely without physical evidence and based almost completely on speculation. When Christopher Columbus and crew landed in the New World they observed the natives using a nose pipe to smoke a strange new herb. The pipe was called a "tabaka" by the locals, hence our word tobacco. When cows lay down, they get up back feet first...so if you get enough people to sit on their rear end, they won't be able to stand again. Doctors use this when operating and giving shots. When Disneyland opened in 1955, Tomorrowland represented a city from 1986. When gentlemen in medieval Japan wished to seal an agreement, they urinated together, crisscrossing their streams of urine. When George Washington ran for the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1757, he was accused of trying to win votes by plying voters with 28 gallons of rum, 50 gallons of rum punch, 46 gallons of beer and 34 gallons of wine. When George Washington was elected President, there was a King in France, a Czar in Russia, an Emperor in China, and a Shogun in Japan. Only the office of President remained. When glass breaks, it showers TOWARDS, not away from the force that broke it. To reiterate, I will repeat it again one more time, to recap, TOWARDS the force, not away. When Henry Aaron hit his 715th Home Run, breaking Babe Ruth's record, the pitcher who served it up was Al Downing of the Los Angeles Dodgers. They were both wearing number 44. When honey is swallowed, it enters the blood stream within a period of 20 minutes. When Leonardo Da Vinci was young he drew a picture of a horrible monster and placed near a window in order to surprise his father. Upon seeing the picture his father believed it to be real and set out to protect his family until the boy showed him it was just a picture. Da Vinci's father then enrolled his son in an art class. When Mahatma Gandhi died, an autopsy revealed that his small intestine contained five gold Krugerrands. (not verified) When Mount Vesuvius erupted in in the year 79, over 2,000 citizens of Pompeii ran into their cellars to wait until everything had ended. Excavators found them still there 1,800 years later. When movie directors do not want their names to be seen in the credits, they use the pseudonym "Allen Smithee" instead. It has been used over 50 times, starting with "Death of a Gunfighter" (1969). When opossums are playing 'possum, they are not "playing," They actually pass out from sheer terror. When possums are "playing possum" they're not playing they are actually passed out from sheer terror. When potatoes first appeared in Europe in the seventeenth century, it was thought that they were disgusting, and they were blamed for starting outbreaks of leprosy and syphilis. As late as 1720 in America, eating potatoes was believed to shorten a person's life. When potatoes were brought from South America over to Spain, it took about 200 years before it was recognized as a food. When potatoes were first introduced to Europe, people were skeptical and only ate the leaves, which made them sick. They would then throw away the rest, including the actual spud. When pure gold is beaten with a mallet and made into gold leaf, the average thickness runs between 1/200,000th to 1/250,000th of an inch. When Scott Paper Co. first started manufacturing toilet paper they did not put their name on the product because of embarrassment. When sharks bite down, their eyes automatically close in case their prey starts squirming trying to get free, and thereby cause damage to the shark's eyes in the process. When snakes are born with two heads, they fight each other for food. When someone commits suicide while jumping off a building, so much adrenaline builds up that you have a heart attack and die before hitting the ground. Thus making this way of commiting usicide basically the easiest. When Swiss cheese ferments, a bacterial action generates gas. As the gas is liberated, it bubbles through the cheese leaving holes. Cheese-makers call them "eyes." When the Black Death swept across England one theory was that cats caused the plague. Thousands were slaughtered. Ironically, those that kept their cats were less affected, because they kept their houses clear of the real culprits, rats. When the English colonists sat down for their first Thanksgiving dinner on February 22, 1630, an Indian chief named Quadoquina offered a deerskin bag filled with freshly popped corn. Thus popcorn made its first appearance to non-native North Americans. When the German army invaded France in WWI, they actually followed the schedules of the local trains to invade (it was faster by rail and they wanted to surprise France), checking the timetable and abiding by it. And France, whose army was waiting at the border, sent taxis to pick up and transport the troops to counter the attack! When the income tax first started in 1861, the maximum tax was 3%. When the moon is directly over your head, you weigh slightly less. When the temperature drops, the eyesight reaction time of insects (like the dragonfly and some animals like tortoises) decrease and thats why they can be caught early in the morning or at night by predators like birds whose eyesight reaction times are unaffected by temperature. When the Titanic sank, 2228 people were on it. Only 706 survived. When the Titanic sunk there was 7,500 lbs. of ham on it When the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers play football at home, the stadium becomes the third largest city in the state. When the X-ray was discovered, a law in New Jersey was written forbidding the use of "X-ray opera glasses." When Thomas Edison died in 1941; Henry Ford captured his last dying breath in a bottle. When you flush a toilet, an invisible cloud of water [full of germs] shoots six feet in the air. When you give someone roses, the color can have a meaning. The meaning of rose colors: Red = Love and respect, Deep pink = Gratitude, appreciation, Light pink = Admiration, sympathy White = Reverence, humility, Yellow = Joy, gladness,Orange = Enthusiasm, desire, Red & yellow blend = Gaiety, joviality,Pale blended tones = Sociability, friendship When you put a seashell to your ear, the sound you hear is not the waves, but actually the echo of the blood pulsing in your own ear. When you see a sign "City of Timbukto 40 miles" it means actually it is 40 miles to the city hall of that city sign. When you sneeze, all your bodily functions stop, even your heart. Whenever people accidentally trip over themselves whilst walking, they automatically go into 'survival mode' and try to pretend like they meant it (eg. they start into a jog). How hilarious is it watching someone do that?! While fighting with the French underground during World War II, Jacques-Yves Cousteau invented the aqualung, the self-contained device that supplies air under pressure for underwater divers. While many treaties have been signed at or near Paris, France (including many after WWI and WWII), nine are actually known as the "Treaty of Paris": Seven Years' War (1763), American Revolutionary War (1783), French-Swede War (1810), France vs Sixth Coalition (1814), Battle of Waterloo (1815), Crimean War (1856), Spanish-American War (1898), union of Bessarabia and Romania (1920), establishment of European Coal and Steel Community (1951). While sailing along the Caribbean coast of South America in 1499, the Spanish explorer Alonso de Ojedo saw Indian houses built on stilts over the water. The area reminded him of Venice, and he named it Little Venice, which in Spanish is Venezuela. While seeking a name and package design for the world's first self-rising pancake mix, creator Chris L. Rutt saw a vaudeville team known as Baker and Farrell whose act included Baker singing the catchy song "Aunt Jemima" dressed as a Southern mammy. Inspired by the wholesome name and image, Rutt appropriated them both to market his new pancake mix. While sleeping, one man in eight snores, and one in ten grinds his teeth. While the US government's supply of gold is kept at Fort Knox, its supply of silver is kept at the Military Academy at West Point, NY. Whiskey was first brewed in the United States in 1640. It was made from a mixture of corn and rye. Whitcomb L. Judson, the inventor of the zipper, originally intended his invention to save people the trouble of buttoning and unbuttoning their shoes every day. He named it the "Clasp locker and unlocker for shoes." White out was invented by the mother of Mike Nesmith (Formerly of the Monkees). Whoever submitted the erroneous Spanish info should be pelted with soggy tacos and refried beans. HOMBRE is "man," HOMBRO is "shoulder," and HOMBURG is a kind of hat just as it is in English. Whole wheat bread has more iron, vitamins and dietary fiber than white bread. Why? It is a felony for a wife to open a husband's mail. Widow is the only female form in the English language that is shorter than its corresponding male term (widower). Wild Bill Hickok was killed playing poker, holding two pairs aces and eights, which has become known as 'Dead Man's Hand.' William Fox, the founder of 20th Century Fox, was bankrupt a few years after selling his studio, and served a prison sentence in Pennsylvania for bribing a judge. William Henry Harrison (1773-1841) was the first US president to die in office. At 32 days, he also had the shortest term in office. William Howard Taft had a bathtub that could hold four people installed in the white because he couldn't fit into the present one. William Howard Taft was the first President to own a car. William Penn purchased a pound of coffee in New York in 1683 for $4.68. William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of 29,066 different words. By way of comparison, the average person uses about 8,000 different words. William Shatner is credited for being the first person on TV to say "hell" as well as to have the first inter-racial kiss (with Nichelle Nichols), both in episodes of Star Trek. William Taft is only man to become President and then chief justice. Willow bark, which provides the salicylic acid from which aspirin was originally synthesized, has been used as a pain remedy ever since the Greeks discovered its therapeutic power nearly 2,500 years ago. Windmills always turn counter-clockwise except in one country. Wine grapes, oranges, figs and olives were first planted in North America by Father Junipero Sera in 1769. Wine is kept in tinted bottles because it will spoil if it's exposed to light. Wine will spoil if exposed to light, hence tinted bottles. Winston Churchill was born in a ladies room during a dance. Witchcraft was first legalized in the colony of Pennsylvania. With a 3 by 5 card you can make a paper ring that can go around 3 adults With the exception of Antarctica, all continents are wider in the north than in the south. Women blink nearly twice as much as men. Women burn fat more slowly than men, by a rate of about 50 calories a day. Women say that the part of a man's body that they admire the most is his buttocks. Women shoplift more often than men; the statistics are 4 to 1. Women wear engagement and wedding rings on the third finger of the left hand because an ancient belief held that a delicate nerve runs directly from that finger to the heart. Women who are housewives are, as a whole, more faithful than working women. Women who respond to sex surveys in magazines have had five times as many lovers as non-respondents. Women's hearts beat faster than men's. Wonder Woman was the world's first comic book superheroine. She was introduced in All Star Comics in December 1941 and created by psychologist William Moulton Marston. Woodbury Soap was the first product to use a picture of a nude woman in its advertisements. In 1936, a photo by Edward Steichen showed a rear full-length view of a woman sunbathing. Work on St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, began in 1506. Construction took over a century, reaching completion in 1612. Worker ants may live seven years and the queen may live as long as 15 years. Worldwide, the most common environmental allergy is dust. Worn or outdated US Flags are destroyed, preferably by burning. Would you believe that pigs are smarter than dogs? On the human intelligence scale, pigs are third removed from humans, while dogs are 13th removed, and only primates and dolphines are smarter than pigs. They are quick one time learners, and some learn by watching others. (I dont know how much of this is true, coming from a site called Pig's Peace Sanctuary Wrigley's gum was the first product to have a bar code on the packaging. Wrigley's promoted their new spearmint-flavored chewing gum in 1915 by mailing 4 sample sticks to each of the 1.5 million names listed in US telephone books. Writing in ancient Greece "hadnospacebetweenthewords." Wyoming was the first state to allow women to vote. X-ray technology has shown there are 3 different versions of the Mona Lisa under the visible one. Xylophones(Greek xylon,"wood"; phone,"sound") were actually developed in South East Asia in the 14th centuary Yellowstone is the world's 1st national park. It was dedicated in 1872. You are born with 300 bones, but when you get to be an adult you only have 206. You are more likely to be killed by a champagne cork than by a poisonous spider. You blink about 25,000 times a day. You breath 13 pints of air per minute. You burn more calories sleeping than watching television. You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching TV. You can lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs. You can not kill yourself by holding your breath. You can now buy a coffin which can be used as a wine rack, table, and / or bookcase before you are buried in it. You can only smell /20th as well as a dog. You can only tell the gender of a Macaw through an operation. They lack exterior genetials. You can see how hydrated you are by checking the color of your urine. If it's a dark yellow to yellowish-green, you are under-hydrated. If it's light yellow to clear, you're very well hydrated. You can see stars from the bottom of a well even in day light. You can sometimes tell the hobbies and race of a person by their skeleton. You can tell how a rabbit is feeling (emotion-wise) through the position of its ears. If the ears are standing tall, pointing forward, the rabbit is happy and curious. If the ears are laid completely flat on its back and are pointing backwards, the rabbit is more than likely pissed off or frightened. If one ear is halfway up and somewhat cocked towards you, and the other one is standing compeltely up, but facing away from you, then the rabbit is confused, and curious as to what the heck you're doing. You can tell the sex of a turtle by the sound it makes, A male grunts, A female hisses. You can test for a two way mirror by putting your fingernail on the surface, if there's space between the tip and the image, then its a normal mirror, if not, its two way. You can usually tell how good the picture of a TV will be by how black the screen is when the TV is off. The blacker, the better. You can walk from Boston to New York City in fewer than a million steps. You cannot sneeze with your eyes open. You can't kill yourself by holding your breath. You can't sneeze on the streets of Asheville, North Carolina. You could walk from New York to Boston in less than one million steps. You forget 80% of what you learn each day. You have enough red blood cells in your body to circle (the veins) the planet 2.5 times. You may legally participate in a duel in Paraguay if both participants are registered blood doners. You may not sell your oragns in Indiana to cover travel expenses. You need 120 drops of water to fill a teaspoon. You need approximately 2,000 berries to make one pound of coffee. You share your birthday with at least 9 million other people in the world. You share your birthday with at least nine million other people around the world. You sit on the biggest muscle in your body, the gluteus maximus a.k.a the butt. Each of the two cheeky muscles tips the scales at about two pounds (not including the overlying fat layer). The tiniest muscle, the stapedius of the middle ear, is just one-fifth of an inch long. You speak about 4,800 words per day. You will have to walk 80 kilometers for your legs to equal the amount of exercise your eyes get daily. You would need to travel at 6.95 miles per second to escape the Earth's gravitational pull. This is equivalent to traveling from New York to Philadelphia in about twenty seconds. Your body releases growth hormones when you sleep. Your brain will stop growing in size when you are about 15 years old. Your fingernails can turn yellow from wearing nail polish and from the sun. Your fingernails grow up to 7 times faster than your toenails. Your head can be shaved against your will for violating their islamic code. Your nose smells best when you are about 10 years old. Your nostrils take turns inhaling. Your right lung takes in more air than your left one does. Your skin weighs about 3.2kg Your stomach produces a new layer of mucus every two weeks so that it doesn't digest itself. You're born with 300 bones, but when you get to be an adult, you only have 206. (apparently they fuse together such as the parietal, occipital of the skull) thanx Christie You're more likely to be a target for mosquitoes if you consume bananas. You're more likely to get stung by a bee on a windy day that in any other weather. Zebras are members of the Equus genus. Zebras are not black with white stripes, but are actually white with black stripes, coz if any of you animal lovers happen to stare at it's butt, you'll notice that the black stripes end there. Zero point energy is a source of energy which is released when atoms stop moving, at -273 Celcius. Zipporah was the wife of Moses.	i don't know
Winner of 5, what is the only nation who has sent a team to every World Cup?	FIFA World Cup Winners List and History: These Two Continents Have Dominated Tournament : Sports : Latin Post Share This Tweet This Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and one of the oldest. Played in nearly every country on Earth, soccer is easily the most played athletic event globally. But with popularity and skill comes competition. Similar to the Olympics, the FIFA World Cup is held once every four years. This year's FIFA World Cup will be played in Brazil. Historically, Brazil has been the best soccer country in the world with five FIFA titles. When we look at past winners it reveals an alarming geographical trend, only two continents have won the FIFA World Cup. As a matter of fact, only two continents have even made it to the finals every year. Those continents are South America and Europe. Advertisement In Africa and Asia, soccer is the most popular sport. With not a single African or Asian country even making a FIFA World Cup final in the 80 year tournament history, this is unbelievable fact. In past decades, many riots have taken place in Africa after disappointing losses to South American countries. As far as North America, that is no surprise. American football, baseball and basketball are the most popular sports, and Mexico is by far the best North American soccer country. In 1986, Mexico was the host country for the FIFA World Cup but was unable to qualify for the finals after losing to West Germany. Eight different nations have won the 19 FIFA World Cup Finals: Brazil- 5 England- 1 Spain- 1 Not a lot of disparity and balance when it comes to soccer and success. European and South American countries absolutely dominate the world on the soccer field as you can see above. It's amazing that, with over 200 countries in the world, just eight have won the most popular tournament in the world. South America and Europe have had their clashes and rivalries on the field in the past. Advertisement Currently as a whole, Europe has the edge 10-9 in FIFA World Cup titles. Europe's most successful country is Italy with four championships. South America holds the bragging rights to the single best soccer nation, Brazil. Brazil has not only won five World Cups, but they have are 2-0 against Italy in the finals. Coincidentally, all five of Brazil's championships have come against European countries. The 2014 FIFA World Cup promises to be an all-time great one with history on the line.	Brazil
What's missing: Gold, Sword, Juno, Utah?	Football World Cup winners list \| FIFA soccer WC champion teams, history Football World Cup winners list Published on Jun 20, 2014 Take a close look at the greatest football teams on earth: the FIFA World Cup champions. The World Cup, also known as the Mundial or Copa do Mundo, has been held 19 times since it inaugural tournament in 1930. It has been won by eight different teams, with Brazil having the most World Cup titles with five, followed by Italy with four, and West Germany with three. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each while England, France, and Spain have one title. Below is a year-by-year account of all the World Cup champion teams. 1930 FIFA World Cup Final score: Uruguay 4-2 Argentina Host country: Uruguay The 1930 World Cup was staged in Uruguay and it was the host country that won the championship. In the final match, the Uruguayans saw themselves trailing behind Argentina by 2-1 but managed to turn things around in the second half by scoring three goals. Uruguay became the first World Cup winner with a 4-2 score. 1934 FIFA World Cup Final score: Italy 2-1 Czechoslovakia (Extra time) Host country: Italy The 1934 World Cup was once again won by the host country and this time it was Italy that took the trophy. Playing against Czechoslovakia, Italy imposed a very tough defense but the visiting team breached the Italian line in the 70th to lead 1-0. Italy retaliated to make the game 1-1 before the end of regulation and bagged the win in overtime by a 2-1 tally. 1938 FIFA World Cup Final score: Italy 4-2 Hungary Host country: France Italy retained its crown in the 1938 World Cup in France. In the final match against Hungary, the Italians broke clear with a 3-1 score at halftime and finished the game 4-2. 1950 FIFA World Cup Final score: Uruguay 2-1 Brazil Host country: Brazil The World Cup was not staged again until 1950 because of the Second World War. Played in Brazil, this edition of the Mundial saw one of the biggest upsets in football history when the host country lost to the Uruguay football team. Brazil was highly favored to win in the final match with Uruguay, which was lowly rated after not qualifying in the two previous World Cups. The Brazilians scored two minutes into the second half and everything seemed to be going well for them. However, Uruguay tied on the 66th minute mark and scored anew on the 79th to steal the 1950 World Cup trophy. 1954 FIFA World Cup Final score: West Germany 3-2 Hungary Host country: Switzerland The 1954 World Cup saw another major upset: In the group stage, the Hungarians trashed West Germany 8-3 and was highly favored to win when the two teams met again in the final. Scoring two goals after only eight minutes, the Hungarian football team looked like they were on a smooth way to the Mundial trophy. However, West Germany equalized within the first half and, just five minutes before the end of regulation, broke away with another goal to win 3-2. 1958 FIFA World Cup Final score: Brazil 5-2 Sweden Host country: Sweden Host Sweden matched up against Brazil in the final of the 1958 World Cup. The Swedish football team opened the scoring but found themselves trailing by 2-1 at the end of the first half. Brazil played top-class football for the rest of the second half and finished the game 5-2. Brazil’s successful campaign was spurred by one of the greatest footballers in history , Pele, who played his first Mundial in this year. 1962 FIFA World Cup Final score: Brazil 3-1 Czechoslovakia Host country: Chile In the 1962 World Cup, Brazil faced Czechoslovakia in the final match without its goal-scoring genius, Pele, as he was injured in the first round. The Czechoslovakians struck the first goal but the Brazilians showed their offensive flare to emerge as victors with a 3-1 score. This was the second of five World Cup trophies in the Brazilian football team’s history. 1966 FIFA World Cup Final score: England 4-2 West Germany (Extra time) Host country: England England faced West Germany at the final of the 1966 World Cup. The Germans found the back of the net first but the English equalized by halftime, 1-1. In the second half, the English pulled away with a goal’s lead but West Germany scored before the end of regulation to take the game into overtime with a 2-2 score. Englishman Geoff Hurst, who had one goal in regulation, scored twice in overtime to make England World Cup winners and to become the only player ever to score a hat trick in a Mundial final. The 1966 victory is the only World Cup trophy in the English football team’s history as of present. 1970 FIFA World Cup Final score: Italy 3-1 West Germany Host country: Spain The 1982 World Cup title is the third of Italy. It was not an easy one, as the Italians barely survived elimination in the first round. The first half of the final game did not prove to be inspiring either, as Italy missed a penalty that would have opened the scoring. However, Italy managed to squeeze a goal on the 56th minute and followed it up with two more goals to lead 3-0. West Germany scored a goal in the 82nd minute to finish the game honorably, 3-1. 1986 FIFA World Cup Final score: Brazil 0-0 Italy (3-2 pen) Host country: United States The 1994 World Cup, held in the United States, is the fourth occasion that Brazil would rip the highest honor in football. In the final match, neither Brazil nor its opponent, Italy, scored in the regulation and extra periods so the game was forced into a penalty shootout. Both sides missed on their first attempt but Brazil converted its following shots while Italy suffered two more misses to lose 3-2 in the shootout. The biggest disappointment came to Italian football hero Roberto Baggio, who led his team throughout the tournament only to miss his chance from the penalty spot in the final game. 1998 FIFA World Cup Final score: France 3-0 Brazil Host country: France The 1998 World Cup trophy was competed between 32 teams and it was France that emerged triumphant. The French survived the quarter finals through a penalty shootout against Italy and defeated Croatia in the semis with a 2-1 score. They went on to the final to square up with Brazil. The final belonged to French football legend Zinedine Zidane who scored two goals in regulation to make victory imminent for the host country. His efforts were complemented by Emmanuel Petit, who added another goal in stoppage period. The match ended 3-0 for the first World Cup title in France’s football squad history. 2002 FIFA World Cup Final score: Brazil 2-0 Germany Host country: South Korea & Japan The 2002 World Cup was the first to be held in Asia and saw Brazil become the winner once again. Ronaldo scored both of Brazil’s goals to surge pass Germany 2-0 in the final match. The brilliant striker finished as 2002 top scorer but it was the football goalkeeping legend Oliver Kahn of Germany who bagged the award for the tournament’s best player, the Golden Ball. (This World Cup, with Korea and Japan as hosts, is the first to be hosted by two nations.) 2006 FIFA World Cup	i don't know
Considered the father of the US Navy, what Revolutionary War hero is famous for his "I have not yet begun to fight!" quote?	Father of the U.S. Navy Father of the U.S. Navy American Civil War Store: Books, DVDs, etc. Father of the U.S. Navy The importance of the sea as a highway, a source of food or a battlefield, if necessary, was well understood by the American colonists. When the Revolution came, it was a natural impulse, therefore, that many men in numerous locations would play prominent roles in the founding of a national navy. Thus, the Navy recognizes no one individual as "Father" to the exclusion of all others. As it was the Continental Congress, convoked in Philadelphia, that created the Navy in their resolution of 13 October 1775, the members of Congress must collectively receive credit for the creation of the Continental Navy, the forerunner of the United States Navy. The various attempts to credit individual naval officers with this act are misguided, for those officers received their commissions from the very body that created the Navy in the first place. None of this, of course, detracts from the great contributions to our struggle at sea for independence made by General Washington, John Barry, John Paul Jones, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and others. Source: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER, WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060 Recommended Reading : John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy. Description: Evan Thomas’s John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy grounds itself on the facts of Jones’s life and accomplishments to bolster his place among the pantheon of Revolutionary heroes while also working to deflate the myths that have circulated about his name. Jones, we learn, was confronted throughout his life with controversy and was crippled by ambition. But Thomas lauds Jones for early innovations as an American self-made man who rose from Scottish servitude. Continued below… Jones, despite his too brisk manner, was a true success, if not genius, as a naval captain. Early in the Revolutionary War, he captured a shipload of winter uniforms destined for General Burgoyne’s army in Canada , which instead warmed General Washington’s troops as they swept across the Delaware to defeat British at Princeton and Trenton . Later, Jones helped formulate the Navy’s plan of psychological warfare on British citizens. And Jones’s strategy to cut off the British fleet via the French Navy was arguably the most decisive strategic decision of the War. In the end, Thomas makes a good case for a renewed appreciated for Jones’s role in the broader revolution, citing his many connections to the Founding Fathers and his contributions to the broader war effort. While it may be that the John Paul Jones who proclaimed "I have not yet begun to fight" never existed, the real man behind the textbook legend is every bit as compelling a figure in Thomas’s hands. This temperate biography situates Jones in what will likely prove durable fashion among portraits of Adams, Franklin : Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy. From Publishers Weekly: Starred Review. Toll, a former financial analyst and political speechwriter, makes an auspicious debut with this rousing, exhaustively researched history of the founding of the U.S. Navy. The author chronicles the late 18th- and early 19th-century process of building a fleet that could project American power beyond her shores. The ragtag Continental Navy created during the Revolution was promptly dismantled after the war, and it wasn't until 1794—in the face of threats to U.S. of North Africa —that Congress authorized the construction of six frigates and laid the foundation for a permanent navy. Continued below… A cabinet-level Department of the Navy followed in 1798. The fledgling navy quickly proved its worth in the Quasi War against France in the Caribbean, the Tripolitan War with Tripoli and the War of 1812 against the English. In holding its own against the British, the U.S. fleet broke the British navy's "sacred spell of invincibility," sparked a "new enthusiasm for naval power" in the U.S. and marked the maturation of the American navy. Toll provides perspective by seamlessly incorporating the era's political and diplomatic history into his superlative single-volume narrative—a must-read for fans of naval history and the early American Recommended Reading : George Washington's Secret Navy (Hardcover). Description: In July 1775, in his first inspection of the American encampment on the outskirts of Boston, the Continental Army's newly arrived commander-in-chief noted its haphazard design and shabby construction--clearly the work of men unprepared to face the world's most powerful fighting force. George Washington had inherited not only an army of woefully untrained and ill-equipped soldiers, but a daunting military prospect as well. To the east he could see the enemy's heavily fortified positions on Bunker Hill and a formidable naval presence on the river beyond. British-occupied Boston was defended by impressive redoubts that would easily repel any American assault, and Boston Harbor bristled with the masts of merchant ships delivering food, clothing, arms, ammunition, and other necessities to the British. Washington knew that the king's troops had all the arms and gunpowder they could want, whereas his own army lacked enough powder for even one hour of major combat. The Americans were in danger of losing a war before it had truly begun. Continued below… Despite his complete lack of naval experience, Washington recognized that harassing British merchant ships was his only means of carrying the fight to the enemy and sustaining an otherwise unsustainable stalemate. But he also knew that many in Congress still hoped for reconciliation with England , and in that climate Congressional approval for naval action was out of the question. So, without notifying Congress and with no real authority to do so, the general began arming small merchant schooners and sending them to sea to hunt down British transports “in the Service of the ministerial Army.” In George Washington's Secret Navy, award-winning author James L. Nelson tells the fascinating tale of how America 's first commander-in-chief launched America 's first navy. Nelson introduces us to another side of a general known for his unprecedented respect for civilian authority. Here we meet a man whose singular act of independence helped keep the Revolution alive in 1775. "James Nelson is not the first historian to reveal this little-known albeit incredibly important aspect of our Revolution, but no one has done it more thoroughly or with greater literary grace." --William M. Fowler, author of Empires at War Recommended Reading : If By Sea: The Forging of the American Navy-From the Revolution to the War of 1812. From Publishers Weekly: Daughan brings a long academic career and solid command of his sources to this provocative history of the origins of the U.S. Navy. Conventional wisdom has the navy beginning in the 1790s. Daughan instead traces its roots to the Revolution. The fleet established by the Continental Congress had a relatively undistinguished career, but Daughan demonstrates that the Americans gained technical experience, produced talented officers, trained seamen and developed a basic understanding of how a navy should be employed. Continued below… The question then was whether a navy would concentrate too much authority in the central government and risk embroiling the new country in foreign quarrels. By contrast, a coastal defense force of small ships threatened nobody, foreign or domestic. Daughan traces the debate through four administrations, smoothly integrating political with external influences like the Quasi-War with France : John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (Bluejacket Books). Description: America 's greatest naval historian, Samuel Eliot Morison, writes about America 's greatest naval hero in this Pulitzer Prize-winning biography. The Scottish-born John Paul Jones struck several severe blows to English morale during the American Revolution, as he fearlessly ravaged the king's ships within sight of British shores. With tactical brilliance and almost reckless courage, Jones eagerly attacked larger foes and soundly beat them. During one famous engagement, his opposing commander called out and offered Jones the opportunity to surrender. Jones's immortal response: "I have not yet begun to fight!" This marvelous book is a fitting tribute to a controversial yet romantic figure, who now lies buried at the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis Warrior (Hardcover). Description: This fresh look at America ’s first sea warrior avoids both the hero worship of the past and the recent, inaccurate deconstructionist views of John Paul Jones’s astonishing life. The author goes beyond a narrow naval context to establish Jones as a key player in the American Revolution, something not done by previous biographers, and explains what drove him to his achievements. At the same time, Admiral Joseph Callo fully examines Jones’s dramatic military achievements—including his improbable victory off Flamborough Head in the Continental ship Bonhomme Richard—but in the context of the times rather than as stand-alone events. Continued below… The book also looks at some interesting but lesser-known aspects of Jones’s naval career, including his relationships with such civilian leaders as Benjamin Franklin. How Jones handled those often-difficult dealings, Callo maintains, contributed to the nation’s concept of civilian control of the military. Suggesting that Jones might well be the first U.S. apostle of sea power, the author also focuses on the fact that Jones was the first serving American naval officer who emphasized the role naval power would play in the rise of the United States as a global power. Another neglected aspect of Jones’s career that gets attention and analysis is his brief tour in the Russian navy, a revealing chapter of his life that has been under-reported in the two hundred years since Jones’s death. Rather than looking at Jones in a rearview mirror, Callo illuminates how this unique naval hero is linked to the nation’s present and future. As a result, he gives us a sea saga that tells much about our own lives and times. About the Author: Rear Admiral Joseph Callo, USNR (Ret.), Naval History magazine’s 1998 Author of the Year, has written three books about Admiral Lord Nelson, including Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson in His Own Words and Nelson in the Caribbean: The Hero Emerges, was the U.S. editor for Who’s Who in Naval History, and regularly writes on maritime subjects for magazines and newspapers.	John Paul Jones
Named for it's proximity to the local NBA team, what is the name of the WNBA team in Phoenix?	American Heroes: John Paul Jones, Father of the American Navy \| US Patriot Tactical Blog American Heroes: John Paul Jones, Father of the American Navy http://blog.uspatriottactical.com/wp-content/uploads/JPJ-Header.jpg http://blog.uspatriottactical.com/wp-content/uploads/JPJ-Header.jpg http://blog.uspatriottactical.com/wp-content/uploads/JPJ-Header.jpg This is the man known as The Father of the American Navy; need I say more? Of course I will. This is the man who once said “I wish to have no connection with any ship that does not sail fast, for I intend to go in harm’s way,” and he meant it. His love of the water and ships began at an early age, and by the age of 12 he was pretty much a permanent fixture working as a sailor. He came to America at the age of 26 and secured his first command mission as captain of the Providence, which was a 21-gun sloop and led to his taking over 16 ships in 6 weeks. Jones proved his mettle fast and was known for being maybe a little mean, but his surly nature and possible Napoleon complex – historians place his height around 5’5” – paid off. Portrait of John Paul Jones by George Bagby Matthews It was, after all, his tendency towards being mean (read: aggressive) that appears to have landed him in the Colonies to begin with. Back in 1773, he was a Scotsman in command of the Betsy after spending years working his way up through the ranks on a slave-trading vessel, the aptly named John. It was on the Betsy that a particular sailor instigated a mutiny, and that particular sailor apparently believed challenging Jones was his ticket to fame and riches (or something). Watching as the sailor fomented a mutiny, Jones did what any captain faced with an uprising would do – he drew his sword. In response, the trouble-making sailor snagged a hunk of wood and came at Jones swinging. After successfully blocking his mutinous attacker’s assault a few times, Jones ended up stabbing him in self-defense. And that’s when it got weird. It was Jones who gave the tale of self-defense, and though that was probably true, it doesn’t entirely explain what happened next. The sailor Jones ran through with his trusty sword died, and in response, Jones immediately took off. He headed for the Colonies incognito, apparently intending to reinvent himself. Historians speculate the death was grounds for fleeing because the dead sailor had been a Tobagoan – a local to the island they’d made port at – and it’s likely the citizenry took the death rather personally. Either way, their loss was our gain, and the future Father of the American Navy made his way to American soil. Jones later referred to the near-mutiny as “the Great Misfortune of My Life” but also said it at least got him on his way to his “favorite country” – yes, he’d longed for America for some time, apparently. “I can take no delight in the effusion of human blood, but if this war should continue, I wish to have the most active part in it.” John Paul Jones There was a brief window of time where Jones seemed to have thought he’d simply retire from naval service of any kind. Of course, we all know that didn’t happen (and thank goodness for small favors). Until his arrival in America, he’d been simply John Paul; it was after his arrival to our shores he added “Jones” to his name. Our Original Navy American Hero arrived in the Colonies right as tensions between America and England came to a head, and after a brief pause, Jones offered his skills to the Navy. Jones said he had long since studied and enjoyed “the art of war by sea” and admitted he had a deeply rooted love of liberty. The Brits, he felt, had “violated rights of mankind,” and Jones, apparently an idealist and romantic by many accounts, was always game for a good fight. Continental Ship Alfred (1775-1778) Painting in oils by W. Nowland Van Powell, depicting Lieutenant John Paul Jones raising the “Grand Union” flag as Alfred was placed in commission at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 3 December 1775. Commanded by Captain Dudley Saltonstall, Alfred was flagship of Commodore Esek Hopkins’ Continental Navy flotilla during the remainder of 1775 and the first four months of 1776. Courtesy of the U.S. Navy Art Collection, Washington, D.C. Donation of the Memphis Council, U.S. Navy League, 1776[sic]. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. John Paul Jones was the first man ever to hoist a United States Naval Ensign on a United States ship. That ship was the 30-gun Alfred, and on the Alfred Jones served as second in command. For months Jones used the Alfred to sail up and down the East Coast, but not on a pleasure cruise. No, Jones’ idea of a good time was sacking and plundering British vessels that were attempting to get supplies to the Redcoats. Thanks to his efforts, countless important supplies ended up in American hands rather than British. Of course, his efforts also succeeded in annoying the Brits to no end, but Jones wasn’t worried about that. After all, he had always been a bit of an outlaw, and he had badassery to spare. Later, as the captain of the USS Bonhomme Richard, Jones took his most famous stand against the attacking Brits. The British naval fleet was significantly larger than ours, and it was men like Jones who made it possible for us to not only persevere but triumph at sea. It was on September 23, 1779, Jones and his ship faced off with a fleet of 40 British merchantmen, who were, of course, being escorted by the Serapis, a 44-gun frigate, and the Countess of Scarborough, a 28-gun frigate. Jones had a much smaller squadron, but believed he and his U.S. warships were more than capable of winning the day, and he ordered an attack. It was the battle between the Bonhomme Richard and the Serapis that became legendary; the two ships battled abreast one another, with the Serapis quickly destroying several of Jones’ main cannons and effectively crippling his ship. In no time, Jones and his men were forced to abandon the guns on the lower deck and parts of the ship even caught fire as devastating holes were blown into the ship’s hull. Finally, another mighty blow from the Serapis knocked the Bonhomme Richard’s mast off, and Captain Pearson of the Serapis called across – yes, that’s how close they were, he simply leaned over and asked – if Jones was surrendering. That is when John Paul Jones delivered the line he is best known for: “Surrender? I have not yet begun to fight!” Now he was mad, because Jones then rammed the other ship with his own clearly mangled one and ordered his men to lash the ships together. His men kept up the musket fire and fought wildly, and despite a British attempt to board the Bonhomme Richard, it was Jones and his men who boarded the Serapis, forced her surrender, and declared victory. Jones knew a fight wasn’t over when he still had breath in his body, and fight he did. “…without a respectable Navy, alas America!” John Paul Jones Jones hoists rattlesnake flag on the Alfred John Paul Jones was known for many things, including his strategic thinking. It was Jones who understood the importance of taking the enemy by surprise – something not seen as “gentlemanly” at the time. He was also known for his foresight in suggesting the Navy promote based on merit rather than on what boiled down to nothing better than nepotism. And let’s not forget his talent for modifying his ships for greater speed: Jones knew when to remove guns or add lead ballast, when to cut sails into new shapes, and even understood the value of having the crew thoroughly scrape the bottoms of his ships. Although he may have possessed some less-than-desirable traits, John Paul Jones was the Original American Navy Hero. Without him, the direction of the Revolutionary War at sea may well have gone quite differently, and the Navy at large probably would have gone in some random direction. Men like Jones personified the tenacious spirit and ferocious fight Americans came to be known for, and one can only hope Americans today will remember his drive and follow suit. As Jones knew, the world is constantly changing, and Americans must adapt and wade into fights with both fists raised. Bloody and bruised we may be, perhaps, but not defeated; do like John Paul Jones and refuse to surrender. “It seems to be a law of nature, inflexible and inexorable, that those who will not risk cannot win.” John Paul Jones	i don't know
Born June 11, 1880, Jeanette Rankin, the first woman elected to Congress, represented which Northwestern state?	Jeannette Rankin born - Jun 11, 1880 - HISTORY.com Jeannette Rankin born Publisher A+E Networks Jeannette Pickering Rankin, the first woman ever elected to Congress, is born on a ranch near Missoula, Montana Territory. Rankin was a social worker in the states of Montana and Washington before joining the women’s suffrage movement in 1910. Working with various suffrage groups, she campaigned for the women’s vote on a national level and in 1914 was instrumental in the passage of suffrage legislation in Montana. Two years later, she successfully ran for Congress in Montana on a progressive Republican platform calling for total women’s suffrage, legislation protecting children, and U.S. neutrality in the European war. Following her election as a representative, Rankin’s entrance into Congress was delayed for a month as congressmen discussed whether a woman should be admitted into the House of Representatives. Finally, on April 2, 1917, she was introduced in Congress as its first female member. The same day, President Woodrow Wilson addressed a joint session of Congress and urged a declaration of war against Germany. On April 4, the Senate voted for war by a wide majority, and on April 6 the vote went to the House. Citing public opinion in Montana and her own pacifist beliefs, Jeannette Rankin was one of only 50 representatives who voted against the American declaration of war. For the remainder of her first term in Congress, she sponsored legislation to aid women and children and advocated the passage of a federal suffrage amendment. In 1918, Rankin unsuccessfully ran for a Senate seat, and in 1919 she left Congress to become an important figure in a number of suffrage and pacifist organizations. In 1940, with the U.S. entrance into another world war imminent, she was again elected as a pacifist representative from Montana and, after assuming office, argued vehemently against President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s war preparations. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and the next day, at Roosevelt’s urging, Congress passed a formal declaration of war against Japan. Representative Rankin cast the sole dissenting vote. This action created a furor, and Rankin declined to seek reelection. After leaving office in 1943, Rankin continued to be an important spokesperson for pacifism and social reform. In 1967, she organized the Jeannette Rankin Brigade, an organization that staged a number of highly publicized protests against the Vietnam War. She died in 1973 at the age of 92. Related Videos	Montana
For a point each, name the state(s) bordering Maine	Jeannette Rankin - Factbites Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin was the first woman to serve in the U.S. Congress ó and one of the first women in the world to be elected to a major legislative body ó at a time when women could not even vote in most states in the United States. Rankin was born near Missoula, Montana , on June 11, 1880 , the eldest of seven children. Rankin returned to the national debate in the 1960s when, alarmed by the hostilities in Indochina, she urged women to organize in protest. www.edwardsly.com /rankin.htm (1123 words) Jeannette Rankin - Picture - MSN Encarta The first woman to serve in the Congress of the United States, Jeannette Rankin represented the state of Montana as a Republican for two nonconsecutive terms (1917–1919 and 1940–1942). Favoring the U.S. foreign policy of isolationism, Rankin opposed the declaration of war against Germany during World War I (1914–1918) and was the only congressional member to vote against war with Japan after the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. In addition to her congressional career, Rankin championed feminist causes, performed social work , and at the age of 87, led a 5000-woman march on Capitol Hill in 1968 to protest the Vietnam War . encarta.msn.com /media_461526514/Jeannette_Rankin.html (101 words) Jeanette Rankin Rankin, who campaigned for universal suffrage, prohibition, child welfare reform, an end to child labour and staying out of the First World War, became the first woman to be elected to the House of Representatives . Rankin maintained this position and in December, 1941, was the only member of Congress to vote against the declaration of war on Japan. Rankin was also active in the campaign against the Vietnam War and on 15th May, 1968, at the age of 87, led a women's demonstration against the war in Washington. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USArankin.htm (459 words) Georgia Women of Achievement: 2005 Inductee JEANNETTE PICKERING RANKIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) Jeannette lost her bid for election to the Senate in 1918 and moved to Watkinsville, a small community where she felt comfortable and could strengthen her platform of peace. Jeannette strongly believed that everyone should be exposed to pacifism, regardless of their level of education, and through these organizations she was able to reach many people across the country. Jeannette left a portion of her Georgia estate to assist “mature unemployed women workers.” The Jeannette Rankin Foundation was chartered in 1976 with the purpose of helping low-income women over the age of 35 return to college. www.gawomen.org /honorees/long/rankinj_long.htm (533 words) Jeanette Rankin - MSN Encarta Jeannette Rankin (1880-1973), American legislator, born near Missoula, Montana , and educated at the University of Montana and at the School of Philanthropy, New York City. She attained prominence as a leader of the woman suffrage movement in Washington and Montana and in 1917 became the first woman member of the U.S. House of Representatives , where she served until 1919 as a representative of Montana . Serving again in the House, in 1941 she was the only member of Congress to oppose the declaration of war against Japan; Rankin was thus the only House member to vote against both wars. encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551822/Jeannette_Rankin.html (197 words) Jeannette Pickering Rankin Jeannette Rankin was born on June 11, 1880 in Missoula, Montana . Rankin used her fame and notoriety in this "famous first" position to work for peace, women's rights, against child labor, and to write a weekly newspaper column. Elected with a small plurality, Jeannette Rankin arrived in Washington in January as one of six women in the House and two in the Senate. www.csufresno.edu /peacegarden/nominees/rankin.htm (600 words) Jeanette Rankin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) Jeanette Rankin (1880-1973) was born near Missoula, Montana , attended the public schools there, and graduated from the University of Montana at Missoula. Rankin, who had not previously identified herself as a pacifist , announced that she could not vote for war and in joining the fifty-six other Members who voted against the war resolution embarked on the cause that would be at the center of her life until her death more than a half century later. She briefly reentered public life in the late 1960s when a coalition of women organized themselves as the Jeannette Rankin Brigade and marched on Washington in protest of the war in Vietnam. www.salsa.net /peace/faces/rankin.html (356 words) The Jeannette Rankin Story by Stephen Bender Jeannette Rankin was not only the first, but to the present day, perhaps the most principled and certainly most courageous woman ever to be elected to Congress ; and before the dawn of national women's suffrage at that. Needless to say, this fact did not particularly endear the eastern wing of the movement to the average hard-drinkin' Western man. On this question, Jeannette tended to soft pedal her support for prohibition, appealing instead in her speeches to miners and loggers to the tradition of the self-reliant western woman . Like the great Randolph Bourne, Jeannette said later in a formal statement "that we were asked to vote for a commercial war [that] none of the idealistic hopes would be carried out, and I was aware of the falseness of much of the propaganda. www.lewrockwell.com /bender/bender7.html (3615 words) Jeannette Rankin and her two 'no' votes According to them, Miss Jeannette Rankin is of the most modest type personally, and if one will not talk suffrage or some other problem in which she is interested, she will not talk of it herself. Miss Jeannette Rankin of Montana , the first woman elected to the House of Representatives , and Miss Emma Wold of Oregon, technical adviser to the American delegation at The Hague Conference on the Codification of International Law two years ago, left Washington at noon today on an automobile speaking tour in the interest of peace. After an absence of twenty-two years from the political arena, Miss Jeannette Rankin of Montana , a Republican , the first woman to be elected to Congress , achieved a "comeback" in yesterday's returns which makes her the single addition to the feminine contingent amongst the lawmakers in the national capital. www.struat.com /justin/jeannetterankin.html (5784 words) Votes, not Violets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) The Jeannette Rankin Brigade, the first large group of women to protest the Vietnam War , marched from Union Station to the U.S. Capitol on January 15, 1968, the opening day of the ninetieth Congress . Rankin was born on a ranch at Grant Creek in 1880 , when Montana still was a territory and wide open with possibility for people like her parents, John Rankin and Olive Pickering, who came to this frontier from Canada and New England. Rankin, who died in 1973 , never received the Nobel Peace Prize, and her historic "no" votes didn't achieve in her lifetime what she'd hoped for-the abolition of war as a means of settling international disputes. www2.umt.edu /comm/s99/votes.html (1184 words) Jeannette Rankin served two terms, separated by more than twenty years, in the House of Representatives during a lengthy career devoted more to contemporary reform movements than to institutional politics. Jeannette Pickering Rankin was born on a ranch near Missoula, Montana , on June 11, 1880 . Rankin devoted the remainder of her term to legislation related to her earlier reform efforts. www.usroots.org /~genranch/montana/rank.htm (831 words) Jeannette Rankin Put Professions Ethics Into Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) Jeannette Rankin, 1880-1973, the first woman elected to either chamber of Congress , held to her pacifist beliefs throughout her life. Rankin had run for public office to effect social reform that would assist women and children whose plight she had witnessed first-hand some years before when she discovered the settlement house movement on a trip to San Francisco. Rankins longtime peace efforts attracted the most positive attention at the end of her long life. www.naswdc.org /profession/centennial/rankin.htm (359 words) Daily Celebrations ~ Jeanette Rankin, Win a War ~ May 14 ~ Ideas to motivate, educate, and inspire Courageous pacifist and suffragist Jeannette Pickering Rankin (1880-1973) was born in Missoula, Montana . Inspired by her early hero social reformer Jane Addams and the support of suffragists, Rankin was the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress in 1916 and the only member to vote against declaring war on Japan in 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor. She re-entered public life in January 1968 when at the age of 87 she led the Jeanette Rankin Brigade of over 5,000 women in a Washington demonstration against what she called "the ruthless slaughter" of the Vietnam War . www.dailycelebrations.com /051400.htm (270 words) Rankin She was a leading advocate for both woman suffrage and world peace and was instrumented in securing the right for Montana women to vote. Rankin most famous-her lone vote against U.S. entry into World War II-they turn to her youngest years in Missoula, Montana . Jeannette once said: "Wouldn't it be too bad if we left this world and hadn't done all we could for peace?" She herself had nothing to regret. www.digisys.net /users/obrien/Rankin.html (168 words) Rankin, Jeannette - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) She voted against the declaration of war on Germany in 1917 and in 1941 cast the only vote in the House against entering the war. A member of various antiwar organizations, she led (1968) the Jeannette Rankin Brigade, a peace group, to Washington to protest the Vietnam War . Women Take to the Streets: The Jeanette Rankin Brigade and Their Use of Feminine Style in Protest Against the War in Southeast Asia. www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-rankin-j.html (294 words)	i don't know
May 10, 1975 saw Sony release what, which later lost in the first modern format war against its rival from JVC?	The History of Format Wars and How Sony Finally Won... For Now :: Monthly :: Features :: Paste The History of Format Wars and How Sony Finally Won... For Now Share Tweet Text Media format wars are about as old as recorded sound. The latter half of the 19th century saw the invention of the microphone, and shortly after that came inventions to record the signals generated from sound; Thomas Edison with the wax cylinder and Emile Berliner with his discs. This all took place decades before Sony appeared. Still, to understand why Sony struggled to win the format wars to come, we must first see understand why an innovation giant like Thomas Edison failed. Both camps had aggressive marketing campaigns, advancements in technology, and signed exclusive contracts with music artists. But discs ruled recorded sound more than any other format in the 20th century due to the low price of media. Mass production put gramophones in living rooms, and Thomas Edison’s wax cylinder became history. Skipping ahead a bit, Sony came to be an electronics shop in Japan just following the second World War. Over their initial few decades they became the first in Japan to create a tape recorder, and their high quality and portable transistor radios expanded their market globally. Through seven decades they’ve led the industry in improving audio/video fidelity, portability, and immersion. Yet not every innovation was a success. Even more strangely, it would take decades and many new media formats before Sony could claim its win. By taking a look at the biggest media format wars, we can watch and figure out how Sony finally won the Format Wars. Betamax vs. VHS When you mention “Format War”, most will remember the battle between Sony’s Betamax videotapes and JVC’s VHS. Like the audio battle mentioned above, both sides of this war had aggressive marketing campaigns. While both technologies had their pros and cons, the fight over which format was “better” expanded beyond their creators and came down to the device owners. In This Corner: Betamax Sony’s first Betamax machines appeared in the US and Japan in 1975. The common belief about Betamax is that the picture is vastly superior to that of VHS. While technically true, the first devices only recorded 60 minutes of high quality video. By the time VHS finished rolling out over the next two years, Sony released a tape with comparable recording time at the expense of some quality. Technical advantages still gave Betamax superior color, less cross-talk and a more stable image when shuttling forwards and backwards. Betamax’s visual superiority also came from the quality of the players themselves. Players and recorders were manufactured by Sony or by companies closely monitored by Sony. They wanted to create an industry standard format that would be prepared for future innovations while serving the premium home entertainment market of the time. In That Corner: VHS When JVC launched VHS recorders a couple years after the release of the Betamax, their format couldn’t compete with picture quality. Instead, their tapes held as much as twice as much time as a Betamax tape. Furthering the value, VHS videocassette recorders (VCRs) were far cheaper. The first ones appeared on the market for “as little as $999” (around four-thousand dollars today). JVC licensed manufacture of their technology to anyone and created a price war within their own format. Value was also found by consumers in the length of videotapes. While Sony progressively released new technology and tapes to extend playback time, JVC did the same and Betamax never really caught up. Who Won? The advent of home entertainment brought about new ways for people to consume TV and movies. It frightened the movie studios so much that they attempted to shut down sales of VCRs. The MPAA argued that jvc was selling a device whose primary purpose is to record movies off television broadcasts. They also claimed it would collapse the film industry. When JVC won, movies didn’t go away. Instead, decades of back-catalogue were dropped onto VHS and Betamax (but mostly VHS) and video rental stores began popping up everywhere. Whereas going to a movie was once a weekly or monthly event, one could now binge-watch several movies over a weekend. That excess was best served by cheaper players and longer playing tapes, so Betamax lost. The last machine was manufactured in 2015, and the last VHS recorder will roll off the assembly line this month. JVC’s VHS format won this round, but Sony would not forget… VHS-C vs. Video8 By the mid-80s, Sony was behind VHS in the home entertainment market and losing ground quickly. When they introduced Video8 camcorders to the market, VHS-C compact tapes had already been around for a few years. Even so, Sony wasn’t prepared to lose again. In This Corner: VHS-C Not content to leave recording in the living room, people wanted to make their own movies. The generation before made home movies on 8mm film that needed to developed, processed, then played back on a projector with no sound. When JVC allowed consumers to create their own home movies complete with audio, they made a 45-minute compact yet compatible tape format to VHS. Using an adaptor, a VHS-C tape could be put into your VCR and played on your television screen within seconds of recording. With this technology in hand, parents started lining the aisles of school recitals recording choir performances. Vacations were taped and played back at length. Amature filmmakers could cut their teeth on a portable format and give rise to a new generation of independent movie directors. In That Corner: Video8 Out of the gate, Video8 beat VHS-C in one key property; tape length. A standard tape could record two hours of video and audio; almost three times that of VHS-C. Video quality was comparable between the two, but since Sony wasn’t concerned with backwards compatibility they changed how audio was recorded leading to superior quality. Convenience and comfort was another way the smaller Video8 tapes excelled. A Sony camcorder could fit in the palm of your hand, while VHS-C and other formats were bulky and often needed a shoulder or tripod to get a clean, stable shot. Who Won? Well, both really. The competition between the two drove advancements in technology. Sony still made premium camcorders, but always priced a few models low to compete. Tape length was less of a factor as the cost of media came down to the point where consumers bought multipacks of tapes to have them on hand. Video8 gave way to Hi8 with better video and audio fidelity, as VHS-C gave way to S-VHS-C for the same reasons. Alternative formats challenged them, but market-share was largely split between Video8 and VHS-C. By the year 2000 digital video formats like Digital8 and DV began to replace their older, analogue counterparts. Sony still needed a clear victory. Super Audio CD vs. DVD-A At the turn of the century, Compact Discs (CDs) completely dominated music sales. Audiophiles appreciated the clean audio but longed for the fidelity of analogue sound. Digital audio reproduction on CDs barely matches the limit of human perception, so two competing formats attempted to dominate the premium audio market. In This Corner: Super Audio CD Sony steps up again. This time partnering with Compact Disc patent-holder Phillips. CDs have all their data written on the bottom of the disc. Super Audio CD (SACD) used a second layer deeper in the disc to store additional data. Against Sony’s usual trend, they created a format that could be backwards compatible. Most SACDs are manufactured in such a way that they will play in any standard CD player, but high-end entertainment systems could read that additional data and add surround sound, higher frequency range and longer playback. In That Corner: DVD-Audio Created parallel to the DVD-Video specification, DVD-Audio (DVD-A) was proposed as a consumer-level media format for sophisticated audio. Developed by the DVD Forum group of media manufacturers (of which Sony was a founding member), DVD-A supported digital audio up to 24-bits, up to 192 kHz, surround sound and longer playback than audio CDs. Though the discs weren’t compatible with older CD players, they did have tracks built in making them playable on any standard set-top DVD-Video player. It was assumed that upcoming DVD-Video as a dominant home video format would give DVD-Audio a way into home entertainment systems and popularize the format. Who Won? In this case, nobody won. Even though one was backwards compatible and the other was future-proof, there just wasn’t enough of a market to take high-fidelity digital audio into the mainstream market. Some blame the simultaneous appearance of Peer-to-peer networks like Napster, or the rise of digital music sales a few years later. Maybe it was just because Sony had their hands in both pots. HD-DVD vs. Blu-ray Disc DVD-Video, on the other hand, quickly dominated the home video market. Less than ten years after the format debuted, mass-produced VHS movies ceased to exist. There were some attempts to dethrone DVD but few technologies ever made a dent. Even so, a new media format was needed once HDTVs started to appear in living rooms. So once again, Sony got involved. In This Corner: HD-DVD Toshiba was the primary company behind HD-DVD, which is best described as DVD-Video 2.0. The same video and audio compression can be found on HD-DVD that exist on DVD-Video, though a few features were added. Many of the programming and interface bugs are fixed. There’s support for higher quality compression, more audio channels, more languages, internet connectivity and even interactive applications using Java. Discs store more than three times as much data, but are exactly the same dimensions as DVDs (and CDs). Similar to Super Audio CDs, the disc supports stamping a backwards compatible DVD-Video layer on one side of the disc and HD-DVD on the other. This allowed consumers to play the movie on new players or old. Even the behind-the-scenes manufacturing process was backwards compatible. Factories that had invested millions of dollars in DVD stamping machines needed only a few upgrades to be able to start producing HD-DVDs. In That Corner: Blu-ray Disc Once again, Sony enters the fray. From a software standpoint, Blu-ray is very similar to HD-DVD. They both support the same video and audio compression, numerous audio channels and languages, internet connectivity, and Java applications. Aside from dimensions, the disc technology was not very similar to DVD discs, so manufacturers needed to buy all new equipment. Blu-ray was designed to be future-proof and can today can store more data than ten DVDs. They are considered the premium format for 4K home entertainment, but this battle was won long before UHDTV graced our living rooms. Who Won? Sony wasn’t ready to do anything less than decisively win this format war. Like Thomas Edison’s wax cylinders, Sony signed exclusive content deals with 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Pictures, and Sony’s own Columbia Pictures. Blockbusters like Spider-Man were only available in HD on Blu-ray. Toshiba also signed major studios to exclusive deals. As a result, market adoption of HD stalled. Consumers weren’t ready to commit to one format or the other if they couldn’t get all the movies they wanted. No one wanted to invest in a 21st century equivalent of Betamax. Some believed that a hybrid player would eventually come out, but Sony had other plans. While both HD-DVD and Blu-ray players were still priced more than $800, Sony put a Blu-ray drive in their new, third-generation PlayStation console. Blu-ray allowed for much larger games than the Xbox 360 could offer with DVD media. More importantly, at US$499 the PlayStation 3 undercut every other player (including other Blu-ray players) by hundreds of dollars. Sony lost money on sales of the PlayStation 3; by some estimates more than $300 per unit. However, getting Blu-ray players into living rooms vastly changed the production of home entertainment. One by one, film studios moved to Blu-ray. Warner Brothers, Universal Pictures, and finally Paramount Pictures all announced they would stop producing HD-DVDs. Sony Wins… For Now Thomas Edison created brilliant inventions and was an exceptional (if sometimes dirty) businessman, but even he couldn’t always win media format wars. After two decades of fighting, Edison’s company began to manufacture the competing disc-based systems. Following four decades of failures and not-quite-successes, Sony finally dominated a format war. Once again they had a technically superior format, but that’s not what won them the day. They employed cutthroat exclusive content deals like Edison, but that didn’t work either. In the end it came down to cost. When the movie studios initially only saw the neck-in-neck player sales between HD-DVD and Blu-ray. When they added in the 1.8 million money-losing PS3s, it was clear that Blu-ray was in more living rooms. They became the consumers choice early in the war by producing the cheapest players, even though they were losing hundreds of dollars for every unit sold. Their change in strategy secured dominance over the long term. Content has become separated from physical media and gone online. There are many battles still to be fought and the battlefield is more diverse than ever. Every media format war had its two main combatants accompanied by several smaller, wildly unsuccessful formats (who remembers Philips’ Video 2000?). Meanwhile, a look at downloadable video gives us iTunes vs. Google Play vs. UltraViolet vs. etc. as players. Digital music streaming gives us options like Spotify vs. Tidal vs. Pandora vs. etc. The market may come to accept multiple streaming and download formats coexisting as we saw with camcorder formats. Or, one may become the dominant choice for the vast majority of movie and music lovers. Whatever happens, two things are certain: First, it’s likely that the cheapest solution will win. Second, Sony will be involved. Tags	Betamax
Which instrument can separate two liquids by spinning them at high speed?	Twin Cities TV Chronology During World War II, television was put on hold, but started its comeback in 1946. That year, televisions cost as much as $400, but about 43,000 were sold nationwide. 1946 RCA 630TS 1947 On April 19, 1947, Joe Beck opened the Twin City Television Lab, designed to train personnel in the skills needed in the new television industry. Located in the Lyceum Theatre Building at 85 Eleventh Street South in Minneapolis, the complex occupied over 11,000 square feet of studios, classrooms, and offices. Mel Jass played a major role in designing and managing the Lab. Unfortunately, the Lab closed in the fall of 1950. One reason was an FCC freeze on new stations that lasted three and a half years. Beck Studios, Inc., had submitted an application to broadcast a commercial station on Channel 7, but it was denied. Another reason was that young men - potential broadcasters - were being drafted for the Korean War. The worst reason was that Joe Beck was in a horrific traffic accident on May 27, 1949, that killed his wife and put him in the hospital for five months. Joe Beck told his experiences in an article called "Pioneering in Television in the Twin Cities," published in the Fall 1979 issue of Minnesota History (the journal of the Minnesota Historical Society). On December 7, 1947, 8:00 pm, Jack Horner was the first person to appear live on TV in the Twin Cities when he hosted a special program on KSTP-TV, Channel 5. The show lasted twenty-five minutes as Jack introduced film highlights of the Army-Navy football game, did commentary on the latest Gopher-Wisconsin game, and showed a kinescope of the marriage ceremony between Prince Philip and the future Queen of England, Elizabeth. 1948 KSTP-TV was the first television station in Minnesota, signing on the air April 27, 1948, from the Prom Ballroom. It was the first NBC affiliate not owned by the network. The transmitter, located at the executive offices at 3415 University Avenue, had a 571 foot tower and an effective radiated power of 24,700 watts. That day was also the television premiere of the Sunset Valley Barn Dance with David Stone . The Barn Dance had been on KSTP AM radio since the fall of 1940. It became one of the most popular shows on radio and television for years to come. April 27 was also the premiere of the first movie shown on Twin Cities television, Knight of the Plains, starring Fred Scott. The next day, Jimmy Valentine , who did everything from news and weather to children's shows during nearly forty years with Channel 5, interviewed people about their hobbies in the area's first TV talk show. There were about 2,500 TV sets in the metropolitan area at the time. In its early days, local news was broadcast only once a week. The KSTP Tele-Foto News was broadcast on Mondays. By August 3, 1948, there were more than 6,000 televisions operating in the Twin Cities, according to the Radio Manufacturers' Association. On September 30, 1948, the FCC put a freeze on new TV station applications that lasted until April 1952. Thirty-two television stations in the U.S. were scheduled to use RCA transmitters , including two in Minnesota: WTCN and KSTP. Channel 1 was deleted and assigned to land mobile use. 1949 WTCN-TV began broadcasting on Channel 4 on July 1, 1949. In addition to live local programming, WTCN-TV carried network programming via kinescope films. Its primary affiliation was with ABC, but also broadcast shows from CBS and DuMont. The cast of Play or Pay Don Anderson John Gallos Toby Prin Jeanne Arland Peterson Bill Metchnek Pianist Toby Prin hosted many local shows over the years, starting almost immediately after WTCN-TV went on the air, then continuing with WCCO-TV. By December of 1949 there were 60,000 television sets in the Twin Cities. published as the TV Times . Dave Moore In July, after a short stint at a Battle Creek, Michigan, radio station, Dave Moore returned home to join WTCN-TV Channel 4. At the age of 26, Moore began to enjoy an unparalleled Twin Cities broadcast career. On September 30 coaxial cable joined Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and thirteen other cities to national television networks, opening a new world to Twin Cities television viewers. The Twin Cities hookup was actually a combination of coaxial cable and radio relay towers. They were linked to Des Moines, Iowa, by coaxial cable and from Des Moines to Chicago by radio relay towers. WTCN-TV Channel 4 connected to ABC's network feed via the new cable. KSTP-TV was the exclusive NBC outlet in the Twin Cities, while WTCN-TV carried ABC, CBS, and DuMont programming (Mpls Tribune, 10/1/1950). On October 3, 1950, KSTP-TV was the first in the U.S. with a regularly scheduled daily newscast at 10:00 pm Today's Headlines was hosted by Bill Ingram . Local film coverage was done by Dick Hance, while Kenn Barry directed the show. In 1950 there were 88,700 TV sets in the Twin Cities, ranking 14th in the country. 1951 Mel Jass By 1951 the television day ran from 8:00 a.m. till 1:00 a.m. Mel Jass hosted many TV shows during his 30-plus-year career. Although he may have appeared earlier, he first showed up in the TV magazines in December 1951, when he hosted Show People on Channel 4. In September 1952 he followed with the first Mel Jass Show, also on Channel 4. Then came Mel's Almanac, a new Mel Jass Show, and on and on. Many people remember him as the host of Channel 11's 1:00 pm Matinee Movie, which ran until 1979. In 1951 a strike closed Minneapolis schools, leaving 30,000 kids idle. In the breach, WTCN-TV Channel 4 aired two-hour Video School programs. 1952 Bob Ryan began hosting KSTP’s 6:00 pm News Picture, becoming one of the most popular and trusted broadcasters in the history of Twin Cities news. Bob Ryan On August 5 the Minneapolis Tribune reported that an application for a television station had been "filed with the FCC by the Meredith Engineering Company of Des Moines, Iowa. The company is owned by Meredith Publishing Company, publishers of Better Homes and Gardens and Successful Farming. The company owns stations WHEN, WOW-TV and KPHO-TV. The application for Minneapolis is for channel 11, with a transmitter on the Foshay Tower and a plant to cost about $732,000." On August 15, 1952, WTCN-TV's parent company divested itself of WTCN Radio and bought WCCO Radio from CBS. On August 17 the call letters changed to WCCO-TV, and the primary network affiliation changed to CBS. Some ABC and DuMont programs were also carried. The merger between WTCN-TV and WCCO Radio formed Midwest Radio and Television, Inc. During its first week of operation, WCCO-TV presented about 35 hours of programming. The letters WCCO stand for Washburn Crosby Company, predecessor to General Mills, and the original owners of what is now WCCO-AM. On September 5, 1952, the TV Times (see 1950) became the TV Forecast. And on April 3, 1953 the Forecast became the TV Guide. 1953 On January 7 KSTP-TV became the first television station in Minnesota to increase its power to 100,000 watts. "Residents in Duluth and Brainerd, Minnesota, and Fargo, North Dakota, notified the station that quality of reception was much improved." (Mpls. Star - 1/8/53) In February Senators Edward J. Thye and Hubert H. Humphrey had the honor of pressing the key in Washington, D.C., to signal WCCO-TV’s increase in power to 100,000 watts. WCCO-TV became the fourth station in the United States to operate with maximum power permitted under the Federal Communications Commission rule. As the station grew in popularity and sophistication, Studio II was added in April to accommodate the station’s needs. There were no elevators, so all props for this studio had to be carried up the stairs. At 5:30 pm, Friday, April 17, 1953, Sherm Booen's World of Aviation replaced Stations of The Cross on WCCO-TV Channel 4. A Korean War hero and major in the Marine Corps Reserve, Sherm was an experienced broadcaster and airplane pilot. So, it was only natural that he would host a locally produced show about flying. The program bounced around from Friday evenings to Saturday afternoons until October 23, 1955, when it landed on Sunday afternoon. There it stayed until Sherm retired in 1982, making it the longest-running show in WCCO-TV's history. Sherm Booen Stuart A. Lindman On September 1, 1953, the WTCN-TV call letters reappeared as Channel 11, an ABC affiliate. WMIN Radio announcer Stuart A. Lindman signed the station on the air. At first the channel was shared with WMIN-TV. The stations articulated their programs on a cooperative basis, sharing time and transmission facilities, but maintained two different studios; WTCN-TV studios were located on the third and part of the second floor of the Calhoun Beach Hotel, while the WMIN-TV studios were in the Hamm Building in Saint Paul. WMIN-TV's general manager was Larry Bentson. Daryl Laub won a Garry Moore look-alike contest. The first videotaped TV commercial was made for Kellogg's Cornflakes. Chick McCuen on the 'CCO set American Bandstand premiered in the Twin Cities on August 5, 1957, on Channel 11. The first song played was "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On" by Jerry Lee Lewis. In the early days, it could be seen daily at 4:00 pm. From October through December 1957, there was also a prime time version, airing on Mondays at 6:30. From February 1958 to September 1960, the prime time Dick Clark Saturday Night Beechnut Show aired with the same format as Bandstand. Bandstand started as a local show in Philadelphia in 1952. Dick Clark began hosting in 1956. In 1963 it went to once a week on Saturdays. In 1964 it moved to Los Angeles. It ran until 1989. August 22 thru August 27: Truth or Consequences came to Southdale, courtesy of NBC and KSTP-TV. In five days, more than 20,000 people crowded into the Twin Cities' first super shopping mall. Southdale Shopping Center opened on October 8, 1956. KSTP brings Truth or Consequences to Southdale, August 22, 1957 September 15: KTCA Channel 2 held a two-hour kickoff event at the St. Paul Town and Country Club. September 16: America’s 26th public TV station, KTCA Channel 2 went on the air at 1:30 pm. WTCN-TV Channel 11 was bought by Time, Inc. Mel Jass was hired to anchor the 10 PM News, with Stu Lindman doing the weather and Frank Buetel on sports. In 1957 National Telefilm Associates (NTA) acquired control of KEYD Channel 9 by paying $650,000 for 75 percent interest. On December 2, 1957, Loews, Inc., (an arm of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) purchased 25 percent interest in Channel 9. By the time of the sale, the call letters had already changed to KMGM (TV Guide lists Channel 9 as KMGM on September 8, 1956). 1958 Loews sold its interest in KMGM Channel 9 on February 10, 1958. The station was renamed KMSP, derived from the abbreviation of the Twin Cities Airport: MSP. KMSP-TV featured Minneapolis Wrestling , starring Verne Gagne . Gagne won a Big Ten wrestling championship in 1944. After two years in the Marines, he was a defensive end for the Gophers – and “perhaps the greatest wrestler in school history.” Gagne made his pro debut on May 10, 1949. In 1960 he began producing All Star Wrestling , a one-hour program for the newly formed American Wrestling Alliance. Thanks to his promotional and business expertise, the show became wildly popular, as evidenced by the local hit song "The Crusher" bellowed out by the Novas (from Edina ) in 1965. All Star Wrestling was eventually carried by 120 stations nationwide, nationally syndicated for 30 years, and even picked up by ESPN. In the fall of 1958 WCCO-TV installed a weather radar system on the top of the Foshay Tower in downtown Minneapolis. It was the first system of its kind in the Twin Cities, and one of only about a dozen in use by radio or television stations in the country at that time. The system operated in the microwave C-band at 5400 MHz with a power output of 100kW. The system had a range of 150 miles, and with a trained operator at the controls, it could detect rain or snow formations to within one half mile. 1959 Bill Carlson , who began his broadcasting career producing on-air programs at WCCO Radio, started working part-time on-air at WCCO-TV in 1959. WCCO-TV became the first station in the Northwest to be equipped with the Ampex Videotape Recorder. This machine could record and play TV shows on magnetic tape, prompting CBS to feed news film to WCCO-TV during non-network hours. The machine cost $50,000 and a part-time employee was hired just to operate it. This videotape capability changed the industry and had a profound effect on the newsroom. KMSP Channel 9 brought in Dave Lee and his puppet Pete to host their 6 pm weeknight kids' show LooneyTuners Club. They stayed till they moved over to Channel 11 in 1962. Alan Lotsberg, Mary Davies, & John Gallos Commodore Cappy, starring John Gallos , debuted on Channel 4 in the fall of 1959. The show evolved into Clancy the Keystone Cop, and on September 3, 1963, it was Clancy the Cop. Clancy had a sidekick detective, Willie Ketchum (Allan Lotsberg). Gallos had been with WCCO-TV since 1950. The show aired until March 25, 1977. Soupy Sales also debuted on Twin Cities TV in 1959. Kids and adults alike watched him on Channel 11 on Saturdays at noon. On November 9, 1959, Twentieth Century-Fox purchased KMSP-TV from National Theaters for $4.1 million. 1960 In June 1960 the second iteration of the TV Times began publication. It is unknown when it stopped. At the height of the live children's shows, fueled by the onslaught of boomer children, we find that Axel went up against Casey in the late afternoon. On August 4, 1960, WTCN-TV Channel 11 offered to switch channels with KTCA-TV and was rebuffed. Channel 11 wanted the better technical signal of Channel 2. KTCA-TV rejected the deal even though WTCN-TV offered a cash incentive. 1961 On April 16, 1961, WTCN-TV lost its ABC affiliation to KMSP-TV and became an independent; KMSP-TV became the area’s ABC affiliate, an arrangement that would last until 1979 (see TV Times for Feb. 11, 1961). In May of 1961 Channel 11 aired Lucky 11 Dance Time emceed by Brad Johnson . KSTP-TV became the country’s first all-color station. 1962 The April 1962 Minneapolis newspaper strike led to a nightly show on KTCA Channel 2 featuring the newspaper’s staff. This show was done Monday through Friday at 5:30 pm featuring management of the station reading news, comics, sports scores, etc. On July 23, 1962, WCCO-TV participated in the first live international TV broadcast via the Telstar satellite. WCCO-TV’s mobile units provided the feed for all three networks, ABC, CBS, and DuMont, for a special program from the Black Hills showing Mount Rushmore to the world. Dave Moore hosted and performed on The Bedtime Nooz, a late Saturday night satirical review of the day’s news. The show is still remembered by many as a forerunner to Saturday Night Live. 1962 also saw Dave Lee and Pete move over to Channel 11 at 4:00 pm from Channel 9, where they had been since 1959. The new show was called Popeye and Pete , featuring cartoons, goodie bags of candy for the kids, and puppets Pete the Penguin (who liked to pull ponytails) and Omar the Alligator. The crew liked to staple Omar's mouth shut as a joke on Dave. 1963 In November 1966 WCCO-TV went to all color. WTCN-TV acquired an all-color film chain. 1967 In January 1967 KMSP-TV, Channel 9, went to all color. On April 11, 1967, KTCA-TV and KTCI-TV were the first educational stations in the country to broadcast live in color. In 1967 two local TV magazines were started. The TV Digest ran until at least 1973. And the third iteration of the TV Times came out in April 1967. This third Times was a bit questionable; it had almost no content, and was distributed primarily in motels. 1968 WCCO TV's The Scene Tonight evening newscast began in January of 1968 with: ( l-r) Hal Scott, Skip Loescher, Al Austin, Dave Moore, Bud Kraehling (not shown), and George Rice. 1969 Mark Rosen joined the WCCO-TV staff as a part-time sports writer/reporter while attending high school. He then joined the sports staff full time while he studied at the University of Minnesota. Mark also hosts his own weekly sports magazine show, Rosen’s Sports Sunday. He has been featured in Minneapolis-St. Paul Magazine, the Twin Cities Reader, and City Pages as the Number One Sportscaster in Minnesota. Mark Rosen 1970 Bob Ryan and John MacDougall served as the first dual-anchor television news team in the Upper Midwest on KSTP-TV's Twin News Tonight. In 1970 WTCN-TV went to all color. On May 19, to save money, KTCI-TV went off the air for the summer. 1972 Metromedia made a deal for WTCN-TV Channel 11 in 1971 but they didn't actually take over from Chris-Craft until June 22, 1972. 1974 WTCN-TV moved from the Calhoun Beach Hotel to their newly built studios in Golden Valley. "The grand opening of the WTCN-Metromedia broadcast showcase took place September 16,1974, with special guests Merv Griffin and Governor Wendell Anderson. The six million dollar facility was billed as 'the most modern and fully equipped broadcasting complex in the Midwest,' with 60,000 square feet overall, 7,500 square feet of studio space, eleven color cameras, five video tape units with computerized editing, total on-air computerization and automation, and a collection of contemporary art work." (courtesy J. R. Lonto) 1975 The Betamax home VCR was introduced by Sony in 1975. VHS was introduced by JVC the following year. VHS eventually won, but it was a long battle. 1976 When KSTP-TV hired Steve Edelman and Sharon Anderson in 1976 to co-host Twin Cities Today, little did they know that it would lead to marriage. After four years of the successful live morning show, Steve and Sharon left the Twin Cities to co-host the nationally syndicated World of People. In 1982 they returned to the Twin Cities to launch Good Company, a daily afternoon hour that went on to become the highest-rated local talk show in the country. In 1985 their son David was born, an event that many think was shared on the air. Neither their wedding nor the birth of their son actually aired, though many remember seeing it. Good Company ended its 12-year run in 1994. Steve and Sharon Edelman 1978 On August 29, 1978, ABC announced that it would move its affiliation from KMSP-TV to KSTP-TV. The switch was effective on March 5, 1979. Don Shelby joined WCCO-TV as weekend newscast anchor and investigative reporter. He anchored the 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm news from 1985 until he retired on November 22, 2010. 1979 A huge realignment of network affiliations took place on March 5, 1979. KSTP-TV became an ABC affiliate, WTCN-TV became an NBC affiliate, and KMSP-TV, Channel 9 went independent. Cable TV came to St. Louis Park on September 14, 1979, after two unsuccessful attempts. Bloomington, Fridley, and Apple Valley were wired in 1974. Northern Cablevision was the provider; in 1981 it was located at 3516 Beltline Blvd. Twenty new channels were available at first, available in stages by section of the city. The monthly charge was $7.95. Don Shelby 1981 United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB) was founded by Stanley S. Hubbard , who is widely considered to be the father of modern satellite broadcasting. Hubbard spent most of the 1980s raising awareness and money to launch a digital satellite television service. In the 1990s, he teamed up with RCA/Thomson Consumer Electronics and Hughes Electronics Corporation to come up with a practical digital satellite service capable of 175 channels. Hughes offered programming from most other cable television channels under the banner of DirecTV. DirecTV acquired USSB in 1998. 1982 Three new independents began UHF broadcasting: (1) WFBT signed on September 13, 1982. The call letters stood for (W) Family Bible Television. The station was on Channel 29 and featured a morning show with Roger Awsumb in Breakfast With Casey. The station was sold in 1984 and changed to KITN. In 1988 it became the local Fox affiliate and changed the call letters to WFTC (We're Fox Twin Cities). In 2002 WFTC became a UPN station and became known as UPN29. (2) On September 22 KTMA Channel 23 signed on as a scrambled pay-per-view UHF channel called Spectrum. The call sign stood for "K-Twin Metro Area." Although the pay-per-view feature lasted only two years, the KTMA designation endured through several owners until the station was purchased by Lakeland Group Broadcasting in November of 1991. On March 2, 1992, KLGT replaced KTMA on Channel 23. The most significant contribution made by KTMA had to have been the introduction of the original Mystery Science Theater 3000 in November of 1988. In 1995 KLGT became one of the original members of the WB Network. Following the sale of the station to Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG) in 1998, the call letters changed again to KMWB ("Minnesota's WB"). From Wikipedia: "On January 24, 2006, it was announced that The WB and UPN networks would merge into The CW Television Network . It was very likely that KMWB-TV would become the new network's Twin Cities affiliate, as News Corporation, parent company of Fox, announced that all of its current UPN affiliates, including WFTC in the Twin Cities, would affiliate with My Network TV when both networks launched. Although Sinclair's later group deal with My Network TV involving several other stations around the country provided some doubt, on May 2, 2006, KMWB was confirmed as the Minneapolis-Saint Paul affiliate for The CW Television Network." (CW became WUCW on June 19, 2006.) (3) KXLI (XLI is 41 in roman numerals) went on the air on November 24, 1982. It was initially called "K-41." "TV Heaven 41" did not begin until April 1988 and the station abruptly went off the air in December 1988, in spite of the promotional blitz surrounding TV Heaven. It went back on the air in September 1990 and had several different formats including two short-lived revivals of TV Heaven and a simulcast of KTMA-23. In the mid-1990s it was purchased by Lowell "Bud" Paxon. They changed their call letters to KPXM in 1998. They joined the PAX network (now ION Television ) later that same year. 1983 WCCO-TV moved from the old Radio City Theater at 50 S. 9th street into the new building at 90 South Eleventh Street on the Nicollet Mall. The building was designed by the award-winning architectural firm Hardy, Holzman, Pfeiffer Associates of New York to resemble a TV tower. The building was constructed from red variegated sandstone quarried in Mankato, as well as copper that was mined and crafted in Minnesota. The inside of the building is approximately 200,000 square feet and contains mahogany and ebony wood from the Philippines that was found stored in an abandoned building. WCCO-TV remains the only station located in downtown Minneapolis In April 1983 Metromedia sold WTCN-TV Channel 11 to Gannett Broadcasting Group for $75 million. On September 19 Gannett unveiled a brand-new look with Paul Magers, Diana Pierce , and meteorologist Paul Douglas. Paul Magers and Diana Pierce remained a team for the next 20 years, bringing the station's news operation from a distant third, behind KSTP-TV and WCCO-TV, to number one. Back row: Amy Powell, Joan Steffend, Randy Shaver, Andria Shaine, Kevin MacDowell, Dennis Feltgen, Steve Carroll, Jeff Passolt, John Bachman, Sally Patrick Front row: Tom Ryther, Diana Pierce, Paul Magers, Kirsten Lindquist, Paul Douglas 1984 KSTP developed CONUS, the world's first satellite news-gathering capability, thereby becoming the first station in the world to have live daily satellite feeds in local news broadcasts. The original CONUS truck is on display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. In April WFBT (Channel 29) was renamed KITN. 1985 On July 4, 1985, WTCN-TV changed its call letters to WUSA, but there was a conflict with a station in Washington, DC, so on June 11, 1986, the station became KARE. In September, KTMA-TV ended its affiliation with Spectrum, unscrambled its signal, and began regular broadcast programming. 1986 In 1986, KMSP-TV became the local affiliate for the new Fox network, but lost it in 1988. WUSA became KARE 11 on June 11. On July 18, 1986, KARE-TV broadcast a live shot of a tornado over Fridley for an entire newscast. The live video showed some of the most candid shots of a tornado ever captured. 1988 November marked the beginning of locally produced Mystery Science Theater 3000 1992 On March 2, KLGT replaced KTMA on Channel 23. Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) purchased WCCO-TV and also acquired WCCO-AM, KCCO-TV (Alexandria), KCCW-TV (Walker), Midwest Sports Channel (MSC) and WLTE-FM, WFRV-TV (Greenbay, WI) 1994 KITN became WFTC on October 1. KVBM, Channel 45, started as an affiliate of the Home Shopping Network. It would become KSTC in 2000. 1995 In January, KLGT became affiliated with Warner Brothers, and KMSP became affiliated with United Paramount. KMSP-TV Channel 9 became a charter UPN (United Paramount Network) station on January 16, 1995. The station was sold to Chris Craft, which traded it for the Fox affiliation in 2002. 1996 WCCO-TV added a new component to the rapidly changing media market launching an official web site, www.wcco.com . 1999 The first digital broadcast in the region was sent out at 7:30 pm on Channel 16 2000 On September 11, KVBM, Channel 45, became KSTC. The station was owned an operated by Hubbard Broadcasting, which also owned KSTP. The station has no network affiliation, although it provides back-up service to KSTP during certain situations. 2002 KMSP became a Fox affiliate. 2003 On October 15, Channel 45's KSTC-HD became the first commercial TV station in the Twin Cities to broadcast high definition programming full time. It was designated Channel 45.2. MAJOR STATION THUMBNAIL HISTORIES Channel 2 KTCA (Channel 2) began broadcasting as the first non-commercial public television station in the state on September 16, 1957 from what was known as the Minnesota Statehood Centennial Memorial Building for Education Television, at 1640 Como Avenue in Saint Paul, the building which now houses another Twin Cities commercial television station, WUCW, channel 23. KTCA's first program was Exploring Science. A second station, KTCI (channel 17), was launched on May 4, 1965. Channel 17 was originally owned by the Tedesco Brothers in the early 1950s to be commercial station WCOW-TV, but never made it to air. In 1967 KTCA became the first educational television station in the United States to broadcast in color, then in 1977, it changed its corporate name to the current Twin Cities Public Television. On September 16, 1999, the stations began their first digital television broadcasts, which by then were originating from their current building at 172 4th Street East in downtown Saint Paul. In 2000, KTCA and KTCI were re-branded tpt2 and tpt17, paving the way for the larger family of digital broadcast services to come. In August, 2003, TPT became the first broadcaster in Minnesota to launch a channel, tptHD, fully devoted to high-definition programming, and on September 16, 2005 the organization launched a full time digital channel, tptMN, devoted entirely to local and regional programs. Channel 4 The first station to occupy the Channel 4 position on the TV dial was the original WTCN -TV which began broadcasting July 1, 1949 from the Radio City Theater in downtown Minneapolis. The WTCN call letters go back to 1934, when the Minneapolis Tribune and the St. Paul Pioneer Press bought radio station WRHM. The new call letters stood for Twin Cities Newspapers. (Other variations are Twin Cities of the North or World and Twin Cities News.) The newspapers sold WTCN Radio in 1952, purchased WCCO Radio and Television, and merged the two companies into Midwest Radio and Television, Inc. On August 17, 1952, the TV station changed its call letters to WCCO-TV to match the company's WCCO Radio. The call letters come from the Washburn Crosby Company (now General Mills), an early owner of the radio station. WCCO-TV has always been a CBS affiliate. On October 8, 1954, Axel and His Dog was the first live local show broadcast in color. Also in 1954, WCCO produced the show Country Holiday, which was the first commercially sponsored color broadcast to originate in the Twin Cities. The station went to all color in 1966. The station moved to its new building, at 90 S. 11th Street, Minneapolis in 1983. The station was owned in one form or another by the Minneapolis Star and Tribune until they were purchased by CBS in 1992. Hubbard Broadcasting was started as KSTP, Inc. It later became, and continues to this day to be, Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc. In 1938, Stanley E. Hubbard bought the first television set commercially available from RCA, and he also bought the first television camera ever sold by RCA. The first telecast in Minnesota was a close circuit telecast to six TV sets in the old Radisson Hotel in 1939, and it featured an American Legion parade which was staged for the broadcast. The Twin Cities' first over-the-air telecast took place on December 7, 1947; a 25-minute program hosted by Jack Horner . KSTP was the first TV station in Minnesota to broadcast regularly scheduled programs, permanently signing on the air April 27, 1948. The 571 foot tower was located at the executive offices at 3415 University Avenue, "bridging the Minneapolis Saint Paul line, and sending a signal in a radius of sixty miles." The transmitter had a "visual output of 5,000 watts with effective radiated power of 24,700 watts and aural output of 3,000 watts with effective radiated power of 17,300 watts at a frequency of 76 to 82 megacycles." (from A Report on KSTP Television dated August 1948 and KSTP Rate Card #1 dated June 1, 1948) KSTP TV became the first NBC affiliate not owned by the network - its contract with NBC was signed on March 17, 1948, and was touted as the "first station affiliation contract in the history of television." October 3, 1950 was the date of KSTP's first regularly scheduled daily newscast at 10 pm. It was the first regularly scheduled evening newscast in the nation. On January 7th, 1953, KSTP became the first station in Minnesota to increase its power to 100,000 watts. On December 10, 1953, KSTP broadcast the first network color telecast in the Twin Cities, the Dragnet Christmas episode. On January 1, 1954, NBC and KSTP broadcast the Tournament of Roses Parade in color. In 1955, KSTP began broadcasting NBC network programs in color. In 1961, KSTP TV became America's first independent all-color television station, and the first station to have color film processing so that news could be brought to viewers in color in less than an hour after the event had occurred. On March 5, 1979, KSTP became the new ABC affiliate. In 1981 Stanley S. Hubbard founded United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB), and is widely considered the father of modern satellite broadcasting. In 1984 KSTP developed CONUS, the world's first satellite news-gathering capability, thereby becoming the first station in the world to have live daily satellite feeds in local news broadcasts. The original CONUS truck is on display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. In the 1990s Hubbard teamed up with RCA/Thomson Consumer Electronics and Hughes Electronics Corporation to come up with a practical digital satellite service capable of 175 channels. DirecTV acquired USSB in 1998. The station has always been known as KSTP, has always been on Channel 5, and has always been owned by Hubbard Broadcasting.	i don't know
What former U.S. president, and Nobel Peace Prize winner, is known for his staunch support of Habitat for Humanity?	Jimmy Carter - Nobel Lecture Jimmy Carter The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter - Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture, Oslo, December 10, 2002 Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter delivers his Nobel Lecture after receiving the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize in the Oslo City Hall, Oslo, Norway. Copyright© Pressens Bild AB 2002, S-112 88 Stockholm, Sweden, telephone: +46 (0)8 738 38 00 Photo: EPA Scanpix Norway POOL/Bjoern Sigurdson Your Majesties, Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is with a deep sense of gratitude that I accept this prize. I am grateful to my wife Rosalynn, to my colleagues at The Carter Center, and to many others who continue to seek an end to violence and suffering throughout the world. The scope and character of our Center's activities are perhaps unique, but in many other ways they are typical of the work being done by many hundreds of nongovernmental organizations that strive for human rights and peace. Most Nobel Laureates have carried out our work in safety, but there are others who have acted with great personal courage. None has provided more vivid reminders of the dangers of peacemaking than two of my friends, Anwar Sadat and Yitzak Rabin , who gave their lives for the cause of peace in the Middle East. Like these two heroes, my first chosen career was in the military, as a submarine officer. My shipmates and I realized that we had to be ready to fight if combat was forced upon us, and we were prepared to give our lives to defend our nation and its principles. At the same time, we always prayed fervently that our readiness would ensure that there would be no war. Later, as President and as Commander-in-Chief of our armed forces, I was one of those who bore the sobering responsibility of maintaining global stability during the height of the Cold War, as the world's two superpowers confronted each other. Both sides understood that an unresolved political altercation or a serious misjudgment could lead to a nuclear holocaust. In Washington and in Moscow, we knew that we would have less than a half hour to respond after we learned that intercontinental missiles had been launched against us. There had to be a constant and delicate balancing of our great military strength with aggressive diplomacy, always seeking to build friendships with other nations, large and small, that shared a common cause. In those days, the nuclear and conventional armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union were almost equal, but democracy ultimately prevailed because of commitments to freedom and human rights, not only by people in my country and those of our allies, but in the former Soviet empire as well. As president, I extended my public support and encouragement to Andrei Sakharov , who, although denied the right to attend the ceremony, was honored here for his personal commitments to these same ideals. The world has changed greatly since I left the White House. Now there is only one superpower, with unprecedented military and economic strength. The coming budget for American armaments will be greater than those of the next fifteen nations combined, and there are troops from the United States in many countries throughout the world. Our gross national economy exceeds that of the three countries that follow us, and our nation's voice most often prevails as decisions are made concerning trade, humanitarian assistance, and the allocation of global wealth. This dominant status is unlikely to change in our lifetimes. Great American power and responsibility are not unprecedented, and have been used with restraint and great benefit in the past. We have not assumed that super strength guarantees super wisdom, and we have consistently reached out to the international community to ensure that our own power and influence are tempered by the best common judgment. Within our country, ultimate decisions are made through democratic means, which tend to moderate radical or ill-advised proposals. Constrained and inspired by historic constitutional principles, our nation has endeavored for more than two hundred years to follow the now almost universal ideals of freedom, human rights, and justice for all. Our president, Woodrow Wilson, was honored here for promoting the League of Nations, whose two basic concepts were profoundly important: "collective security" and "self-determination." Now they are embedded in international law. Violations of these premises during the last half-century have been tragic failures, as was vividly demonstrated when the Soviet Union attempted to conquer Afghanistan and when Iraq invaded Kuwait. After the second world war, American Secretary of State Cordell Hull received this prize for his role in founding the United Nations . His successor, General George C. Marshall, was recognized because of his efforts to help rebuild Europe, without excluding the vanquished nations of Italy and Germany. This was a historic example of respecting human rights as the international level. Ladies and gentlemen: Twelve years ago, President Mikhail Gorbachev received your recognition for his preeminent role in ending the Cold War that had lasted fifty years. But instead of entering a millennium of peace, the world is now, in many ways, a more dangerous place. The greater ease of travel and communication has not been matched by equal understanding and mutual respect. There is a plethora of civil wars, unrestrained by rules of the Geneva Convention, within which an overwhelming portion of the casualties are unarmed civilians who have no ability to defend themselves. And recent appalling acts of terrorism have reminded us that no nations, even superpowers, are invulnerable. It is clear that global challenges must be met with an emphasis on peace, in harmony with others, with strong alliances and international consensus. Imperfect as it may be, there is no doubt that this can best be done through the United Nations, which Ralph Bunche described here in this same forum as exhibiting a "fortunate flexibility" - not merely to preserve peace but also to make change, even radical change, without violence. He went on to say: "To suggest that war can prevent war is a base play on words and a despicable form of warmongering. The objective of any who sincerely believe in peace clearly must be to exhaust every honorable recourse in the effort to save the peace. The world has had ample evidence that war begets only conditions that beget further war." We must remember that today there are at least eight nuclear powers on earth, and three of them are threatening to their neighbors in areas of great international tension. For powerful countries to adopt a principle of preventive war may well set an example that can have catastrophic consequences. If we accept the premise that the United Nations is the best avenue for the maintenance of peace, then the carefully considered decisions of the United Nations Security Council must be enforced. All too often, the alternative has proven to be uncontrollable violence and expanding spheres of hostility. For more than half a century, following the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, the Middle East conflict has been a source of worldwide tension. At Camp David in 1978 and in Oslo in 1993, Israelis, Egyptians, and Palestinians have endorsed the only reasonable prescription for peace: United Nations Resolution 242. It condemns the acquisition of territory by force, calls for withdrawal of Israel from the occupied territories, and provides for Israelis to live securely and in harmony with their neighbors. There is no other mandate whose implementation could more profoundly improve international relationships. Perhaps of more immediate concern is the necessity for Iraq to comply fully with the unanimous decision of the Security Council that it eliminate all weapons of mass destruction and permit unimpeded access by inspectors to confirm that this commitment has been honored. The world insists that this be done. I thought often during my years in the White House of an admonition that we received in our small school in Plains, Georgia, from a beloved teacher, Miss Julia Coleman. She often said: "We must adjust to changing times and still hold to unchanging principles." When I was a young boy, this same teacher also introduced me to Leo Tolstoy's novel, "War and Peace." She interpreted that powerful narrative as a reminder that the simple human attributes of goodness and truth can overcome great power. She also taught us that an individual is not swept along on a tide of inevitability but can influence even the greatest human events. These premises have been proven by the lives of many heroes, some of whose names were little known outside their own regions until they became Nobel laureates: Albert John Lutuli , Norman Borlaug , Desmond Tutu , Elie Wiesel , Aung San Suu Kyi , Jody Williams and even Albert Schweitzer and Mother Teresa . All of these and others have proven that even without government power - and often in opposition to it - individuals can enhance human rights and wage peace, actively and effectively. The Nobel prize also profoundly magnified the inspiring global influence of Martin Luther King, Jr. , the greatest leader that my native state has ever produced. On a personal note, it is unlikely that my political career beyond Georgia would have been possible without the changes brought about by the civil rights movement in the American south and throughout our nation. On the steps of our memorial to Abraham Lincoln, Dr. King said: "I have a dream that on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood." The scourge of racism has not been vanquished, either in the red hills of our state or around the world. And yet we see ever more frequent manifestations of his dream of racial healing. In a symbolic but very genuine way, at least involving two Georgians, it is coming true in Oslo today. I am not here as a public official, but as a citizen of a troubled world who finds hope in a growing consensus that the generally accepted goals of society are peace, freedom, human rights, environmental quality, the alleviation of suffering, and the rule of law. During the past decades, the international community, usually under the auspices of the United Nations, has struggled to negotiate global standards that can help us achieve these essential goals. They include: the abolition of land mines and chemical weapons; an end to the testing, proliferation, and further deployment of nuclear warheads; constraints on global warming; prohibition of the death penalty, at least for children; and an international criminal court to deter and to punish war crimes and genocide. Those agreements already adopted must be fully implemented, and others should be pursued aggressively. We must also strive to correct the injustice of economic sanctions that seek to penalize abusive leaders but all too often inflict punishment on those who are already suffering from the abuse. The unchanging principles of life predate modern times. I worship Jesus Christ, whom we Christians consider to be the Prince of Peace. As a Jew, he taught us to cross religious boundaries, in service and in love. He repeatedly reached out and embraced Roman conquerors, other Gentiles, and even the more despised Samaritans. Despite theological differences, all great religions share common commitments that define our ideal secular relationships. I am convinced that Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and others can embrace each other in a common effort to alleviate human suffering and to espouse peace. But the present era is a challenging and disturbing time for those whose lives are shaped by religious faith based on kindness toward each other. We have been reminded that cruel and inhuman acts can be derived from distorted theological beliefs, as suicide bombers take the lives of innocent human beings, draped falsely in the cloak of God's will. With horrible brutality, neighbors have massacred neighbors in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In order for us human beings to commit ourselves personally to the inhumanity of war, we find it necessary first to dehumanize our opponents, which is in itself a violation of the beliefs of all religions. Once we characterize our adversaries as beyond the scope of God's mercy and grace, their lives lose all value. We deny personal responsibility when we plant landmines and, days or years later, a stranger to us - often a child – is crippled or killed. From a great distance, we launch bombs or missiles with almost total impunity, and never want to know the number or identity of the victims. At the beginning of this new millennium I was asked to discuss, here in Oslo, the greatest challenge that the world faces. Among all the possible choices, I decided that the most serious and universal problem is the growing chasm between the richest and poorest people on earth. Citizens of the ten wealthiest countries are now seventy-five times richer than those who live in the ten poorest ones, and the separation is increasing every year, not only between nations but also within them. The results of this disparity are root causes of most of the world's unresolved problems, including starvation, illiteracy, environmental degradation, violent conflict, and unnecessary illnesses that range from Guinea worm to HIV/AIDS. Most work of The Carter Center is in remote villages in the poorest nations of Africa, and there I have witnessed the capacity of destitute people to persevere under heartbreaking conditions. I have come to admire their judgment and wisdom, their courage and faith, and their awesome accomplishments when given a chance to use their innate abilities. But tragically, in the industrialized world there is a terrible absence of understanding or concern about those who are enduring lives of despair and hopelessness. We have not yet made the commitment to share with others an appreciable part of our excessive wealth. This is a potentially rewarding burden that we should all be willing to assume. Ladies and gentlemen: War may sometimes be a necessary evil. But no matter how necessary, it is always an evil, never a good. We will not learn how to live together in peace by killing each other's children. The bond of our common humanity is stronger than the divisiveness of our fears and prejudices. God gives us the capacity for choice. We can choose to alleviate suffering. We can choose to work together for peace. We can make these changes - and we must. Thank you.	Jimmy Carter
Which actor provided the voice for Darth Vader and "This is CNN"?	The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 Jimmy Carter Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Peace Prize 2002 was awarded to Jimmy Carter "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Peace Prize 2002". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/>	i don't know
An analgesic drug is used as what?	What is an Analgesic? (with pictures) What is an Analgesic? Last Modified Date: 13 January 2017 Copyright Protected: 10 most extreme places on Earth Analgesia is the relief of pain, and an analgesic is something designed to relieve pain, usually in some drug used to combat swelling or aches. There has long been a quest for substances or treatments that will help make pain recede. Ancient analgesics included things like the leaves and bark of willow trees, which had a substance called salicin. Salicin derivatives ultimately became one of the common pain relievers called aspirin . Sometimes people describe an analgesic as a drug only designed to mask pain but not to address its cause. This is an inaccurate definition. There are certain drugs that do relieve pain without curing or alleviating its source, such as many opiate pain relievers and over the counter drugs like acetaminophen . Other medications can address the root cause of pain; anti-inflammatory medications may reduce swelling that causes discomfort and they don’t simply mask the pain or make people notice it less. There are numerous types of analgesics and myriad drug delivery methods. Types of drugs include opiates, such as codeine and hydrocodone and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ). Other medications have been found to be effective analgesics, even if this wasn’t their original intent in designing them. Some tricyclic anti-depressants may be useful in the treatment of chronic pain , and some anti-convulsants have also shown benefit in this respect. Drug delivery methods vary, from the simple business of taking an over the counter pill or suppository , to using skin patches that help drugs reach the blood stream faster or to injecting drugs intravenously. Depending upon the type of pain treated and its severity one of these methods may be preferred over another. Alternately several methods may be used together to produce the most analgesic effect. Due to the many different kinds of medications that have analgesic properties, it’s difficult to talk about side effects or potential benefits as a whole. All medications and the majority of medical treatments have side effects. Even putting an ice pack on the skin may cause it to ache or feel tingly. It’s easier to consider medications by group. Here it can be said that NSAIDs may cause excess bleeding and are inappropriate for some people, and medicines like acetaminophen has been linked to liver damage when overused. Opiates tend to have high addiction rates and care must be taken to prescribe only what is needed, and they also tend to create constipation . Certain analgesics like morphine may decrease respiration and need be to used very carefully with proper respiratory support for ill or injured patients. For people who are prescribed an analgesic, or who purchase an over the counter one, it’s important to use no more than is recommended by a physician or on packaging labels. Side effects may increase when medications are used outside of recommended dosage and some can prove dangerous. They are nevertheless useful, and when taken as recommended, many help promote greater comfort. Ad	Analgesic
In English, what is the name for the dot that appears over the lower case letters i and j?	Analgesics \| Analgesics for Arthritis Pain Drugs in this category relieve arthritis pain. Advertisement Advertisement # Analgesics are drugs that can relieve pain, but not inflammation, in people with arthritis and other chronic conditions. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is available without a prescription. Opioid analgesics are available only with a prescription. Though opioids are often very effective against pain, they also carry a greater risk of side effects, such as dizziness or drowsiness, than acetaminophen. Some products combine acetaminophen with an opioid analgesic for added relief. Certain analgesics are taken as needed, and others must be taken at regular intervals to control pain.	i don't know

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