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Outside of what New Mexico town was a supposed crashed UFO discovered on June 14, 1947, which the Gov't swears was a weather balloon?	UFOs - the Soviet Connection Flying Saucers Era On August 20, 1953, Moscow announced the explosion of the first Soviet H bomb. Three weeks earlier, the Korean War had ended in stalemate with 30,000 dead American troops. Back home, anti-Communist sentiment had never been higher and McCarthyism was at its peak. With suspicion rife that the Reds had tunneled their way into the very machinery of government and public life, it was not hard for ordinary people to be convinced by conspiracy theories about aliens. Rumors, initiated by the saucer faithful, began to intensify that the government and the military knew more about UFOs than they were prepared to admit. The public was hungry for anything that looked remotely like inside information on the subject of flying saucers, and some fanatics and charlatans, no doubt seeing the commercial possibilities, were happy to oblige ï¿½ even if it meant peddling fake photos and stories that were manufactured from beginning to end. In addition, there was a subtle shift of public attitude in some quarters toward UFOs in the mid- to late-'fifties, a change of sentiment augured and perhaps partly inspired by the film The Day the Earth Stood Still. What if the aliens were not, after all, malevolent? What if they were actually here to warn us ï¿½ capitalists and communists alike ï¿½ of the dangers of meddling with forces over which we had no control? Central to the claim of early saucer contactees, like Adamski, was that the UFO inhabitants were both benign and wiser than ourselves. Far from wanting to take over our planet, they wished to help us, to forewarn us of what might happen unless we could defuse the nuclear time-bomb that had been set ticking. So, although the contactees may have been myth-mongering on a grand scale, they were also reflecting a mood of the times. They voiced what many people badly wanted to believe: first that flying saucers existed, and second that the creatures inside them offered a solution to the most pressing problem facing the world in the 1950s ï¿½ the very real and imminent possibility of nuclear devastation. Project Sign The first official investigation, carried out by the U.S. Air Force, into reports of "flying disks." Project Sign (officially known as Special Project HT-304) was established on Dec. 30, 1947, in response to the massive wave of sightings that year and following recommendations by Lieutenant-General Nathan F. Twining, the head of Air Materiel Command (AMC). It was staffed by members of AMC's Technical Intelligence Division, based at Wright Field (now Wright-Patterson AFB), Dayton, Ohio, and began work on January. 22, 1948. At the outset, the consensus among Sign researchers seems to have been that the flying disks (UFOs) were real and were most likely advanced Soviet aircraft, possibly developed from German prototypes captured at the end of World War II. During the 368 days of Sign's existence, however, opinion shifted to the extent that in a secret document entitled, Estimate of the Situation, which reached U.S.A.F. Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenburg in early October 1948, it was suggested that the extraterrestrial hypothesis offered the best solution to the mystery of the flying disks. Vandenburg rejected this conclusion, the document was declassified a few months later, and all copies of it were ordered burned. When the destruction order became public knowledge, in the mid-1950s, it served to inflame a growing belief that the government was orchestrating a cover-up as to the true nature of UFOs. Subsequent denials by the Air Force that the Estimate document had ever existed only further exacerbated the situation. Following Vandenburg's rejection of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, supporters of this view at Sign were gradually reassigned to other duties until skeptics became the majority. In its final report, Project Sign expressed itself guardedly on the extraterrestrial issue: It is hard to believe that any technically accomplished race would come here, flaunt its ability in mysterious ways and then simply go away ... Only one motive can be assigned; that the spacemen are "feeling out" our defenses without wanting to be belligerent. If so, they must have been satisfied long ago that we can't catch them... Although visits from outer space are believed to be possible, they are believed to be very improbable. In particular, the actions attributed to the "flying objects" reported during 1947 and 1948 seem inconsistent with the requirements for space travel On February 11, 1949, Project Sign gave way to its successor, Project Grudge. Project Grudge The second investigation into the problem of "flying disks" (or UFOs as they were soon to become known) carried out by the US Air Force, following the year-long Project Sign. Unlike its predecessor, Grudge was dismissive of the extraterrestrial hypothesis and sought instead to explain away sightings in terms of natural phenomena (such as the planet Venus) or illusions. To this end, it appointed an astronomical consultant, J. Allen Hynek. However, Grudge's attempts to demystify all the claimed aerial activity had the opposite effect to that intended. Supporters of the extraterrestrial hypothesis began to ask why, if the Air Force regarded UFOs as easily explicable, it had shown so much interest in them? In 1950, Donald Keyhoe began making accusations of a cover-up. Ironically, at the end of the same year, Grudge had been wound down to such an extent that the investigation team consisted of a single junior officer. The Air Force's interest in UFOs was briefly revived by a new wave of sightings in 1951-2, following which Grudge gave way to Project Blue Book. J. Allen Hynek made a statement he would regret the rest of his life. He declared that a sighting made by Frank Mannor on March 16.1966 in Dexter, Michigan was probably "swamp gas." The comment made Hynek an instant celebrity. It did not, however, calm the calls for answers to the mystery, or for Hynekï¿½s head. In fact, it made the calls for an investigation louder Project Blue Book The last, and by far the longest, of three studies conducted by the US Air Force into the phenomenon of unidentified flying objects. It was preceded by Project Sign (1948) and Project Grudge (1948-1952). Initially headed by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, Project Blue Book was launched in March 1952 following a wave of sightings, including one by an Air Force pilot over Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in September 1951. Over the next 17 years, Blue Book sifted through thousands of reports, but as the Air Force's interest in the phenomenon waned so did the number of staff working on the project. This often led to potentially interesting cases being inadequately researched and given facile explanations, with the result that proponents of the extraterrestrial hypothesis could claim that there was a cover-up in official circles. Meanwhile, Blue Book's astronomical consultant, J. Allen Hynek became increasingly convinced that a genuine and potentially important phenomenon lay behind some of the unresolved UFO reports. Following a wave of sightings in 1965 and a renewal of public interest, the Air Force set up the Ad Hoc Committee to review Project Blue Book in the fall of that year. The Committee recommended that research on the problem be strengthened by involving universities. In March 1966, sightings of UFOs in Michigan by more than 100 witnesses, and the failure of Blue Book to come up with a credible explanation, prompted the House Armed Services Committee to hold an open hearing on UFOs, out of which came a decision to implement the Ad Hoc Committee's recommendation. A tender was put out to academic institutions to sift through the annals of Project Blue Book and come up with some definitive conclusions. Eventually, the contract went to the University of Colorado under the supervision of Edward Condon. In January 1969, the Condon Report appeared and concluded that any further official UFO investigations would be unjustified. As a result, Project Blue Book was canceled. On January 3, 1952, Brig. Gen. William M. Garland, Assistant for the Production of Intelligence, wrote a memorandum for General Samford with the title ï¿½(SECRET) Contemplated Action to Determine the Nature and Origin of the Phenomena Connected with the Reports of Unusual Flying Objects.ï¿½ This memorandum begins as follows: 1. The continued reports of unusual flying objects requires positive action to determine the nature and origin of the phenomena. The action taken thus far has been designed to track down and evaluate reports from casual observers throughout the country. Thus far, this action has produced results of doubtful value and the inconsistencies inherent in the nature of the reports has given neither positive nor negative proof of the claims. 2. It is logical to relate the reported sightings to the known development of aircraft, jet propulsion, rockets and range extension capabilities in Germany and the U.S.S.R. In this connection, it is to be noted that certain developments by the Germans, particularly the Horton wing, jet propulsion, and refuelling, combined with their extensive employment of V-1 and V-2 weapons during World War II, lend credence to the possibility that the flying objects may be of German and Russian origin. The developments mentioned above were contemplated and operational between 1941 and 1944 and subsequently fell into the hands of the Soviets at the end of the war. There is evidence that the Germans were working on these projects as far back as 1931 to 1938. Therefore, it may be assumed that the Germans had at least a 7 to 10 year lead over the United States in the development of rockets, jet engines and aircraft of the Horten-wing design. The Air Corps developed refuelling experimentally as early as 1928, but did not develop operational capability until 1948. 3. In view of the above facts and the persistent reports of unusual flying objects over parts of the United States, particularly the east and west coast and in the vicinity of the atomic energy production and testing facilities it is apparent that positive action must be taken to determine the nature of the objects and, if possible, their origin. Since it is a known fact that the Soviets did not detonate an atomic bomb prior to 1949, it is believed possible that the Soviets may have developed the German aircraft designs at an accelerated rate in order to have a suitable carrier for the delivery of weapons of mass destruction. In other words, the Soviet may have a carrier without the weapons required while we have relatively superior weapons with relatively inferior carriers available. If the Soviets should get the carrier and the weapon, combined with adequate defensive aircraft, they might surpass us technologically for a sufficient period of time to permit them to execute a decisive air campaign against the United States and her allies. The basic philosophy of the Soviets has been to surpass the western powers technologically and the Germans may have given them the opportunity. 4. In view of the facts outlined above it is considered mandatory that the Air Force take positive action at once to definitely determine the nature and, if possible, the origin of the reported unusual flying objects. The following action is now contemplated: a) require ATIC to provide at least three teams to be matched up with an equal number of teams from ADC (Air Defense Command) for the purpose of taking radar scope photographs and visual photographs of the phenomena b) select sites for these teams based on concentrations of already reported sightings over the United States (these areas are, generally, the Seattle area, the Albuquerque area and the New York-Philadelphia area) and c) take the initial steps in this project during early January, 1952. Flying Saucers and the CIA In 1942 US President Roosevelt received a note about a sudden air-raid warning: on February 25 many flying objects appeared in the sky over Los Angeles, air defence forces decided that these were Japanese aircrafts and started shooting at them, but missed all the targets. In 1947 the US press registered more than 850 (!) cases of UFO observations mentioning. Americans started accusing the Soviet Union of testing its new aircrafts over the US territory. The Soviet Vice Consulate had to make a statement that "the USSR respects the sovereignty of all the states, and no way would it use other counties territory as a testing ground. The Soviet Union has more than enough of its own territory for conducting scientific research. (March 1952) Here we see Stalin alongside a space-suited alien. The issue of the magazine has the headline, "Flying saucers: Russia's secret weapon?" The story is "He fell among thieves" by Milton Lesser. This has the promotional line, "When this Martian crashed the Iron Curtain ï¿½ He fell among thieves." The incidence of UFO sightings in the US in the 1950s was unbelievably high and this story puts forward a reason: Russia had captured a Martian who had helped them build flying saucers, and these were now being used to spy on the US. The exchange of information between aliens and humans, the scientist claims, has led to the development of what he referred to as the "weapon of the aliens," the plasma beam. The space age weaponry was incorporated into the Soviet version of SDI. Dr. Avramenko also confirmed for us that the Russians knew UFOs were from somewhere else as early as 1959. The Americans knew that too, he said, because both sides had the same type of satellite defense warning systems. Dr. Avramenko shared with us a couple of other startling pronouncements: during the Vietnam War, he said, a massive UFO flew over Hanoi. Although every major weapon in that city had its sights set on the craft, it didn't budge. Dr. Avramenko also slipped up and told us the only craft which can approach the speed of UFOs is the American "Aurora" which is being flown in Nevada. When the look of amazement registered on our faces, Avramenko quickly back-tracked and said his information was based solely on articles in the popular press. Another of our meetings put us across the table from the Ministry of Defense official who is in charge of the current study. By agreement, we are not yet able to make his name public, but we can give the name of the study, "Thread-3." One illuminating section of those papers contains details of UFO sightings by Soviet cosmonauts. Unlike American astronauts' reluctance to talk about the subject, Soviet references to UFOs were reported from the very beginning, with Yuri Gagarin himself. In the documents, Gagarin is quoted as saying UFOs are real, they fly at incredible speeds and that he would tell more about what he had seen in orbit - provided he be given permission to do so. The documents also provide information on American space encounters, including several references to things seen on the Moon by our astronauts, and how that information was removed from NASA's public files. What do the Russians know about the most celebrated of all UFO crashes, the July 1947 report of a crashed disc outside Roswell, New Mexico? Our next interview made it seem apparent that, even in the 40s, the Russians weren't buying the weather balloon explanation of Roswell being proffered to the American people at the time by the US military. The interview was with Valeriy Burdakov, a man who, to my knowledge, has never granted an interview to a Western journalist. In the 1950s, Burdakov was a scientist at the prestigious Moscow Aviation Institute, birthplace of the Soviet space program. Burdakov's interest in UFOs led to lectures on the subject, lectures which came to the attention of Sergei Korolyov, the dean of Soviet rocketry and the founder of the Russian space program. But Korolyov did not admonish the younger Burdakov; instead he confided in him. As the now-60-something Burdakov relates, Joseph Stalin invited Korolyov to a meeting in 1948. The dictator brought Korolyov to a room where, spread out on a table, were piles of material and information collected during a top secret study. Some of the information was gleaned from reports of Soviet operatives in place in New Mexico at the time of the alleged crash. Stalin was anxious to know, what did Korolyov make of this reported crash of a UFO near Roswell? "Korolyov told Stalin the phenomenon was real," said Burdakov. "He told him the UFOs were not dangerous to our country, but they were not manufactured in the United States, or any other country. Stalin thanked him and told him his opinion was shared by a number of other specialists." Burdakov says he has no doubts about the extent of the American government's involvement in the UFO phenomenon. Several branches of the American military, he says, are involved in active research and study. "We know that the United States Air Force possesses plenty of material," says Burdakov. "The U.S. Navy has a big amount of material as well. We know that special orders have been given to keep all materials secret. When curious people ask for the materials they are told they're not there, that they've been destroyed." In 1993, a slick new UFO magazine called AURA-Z appeared in Moscow. Continuing the trend of tying now-dead space heroes to UFO studies, the magazine featured two separate interviews with contemporary experts concerning the role played by Sergey Korolev, the founder of the Soviet missile and space programs. It didn't bother the magazine at all that the two stories were utterly inconsistent. In one article, rocket expert Valery Burdakov presented a detailed account of how back in 1947 Stalin had ordered Korolev to assess Soviet intelligence reports on the Roswell, New Mexico, UFO crash. Korolev had reported back that the UFOs were real but not dangerous, the article "revealed." Yet just seven pages earlier, another expert named Lev Chulkov had written: "As early as the beginning of the 1950s, Stalin ordered Korolev to study the phenomenon of UFOs, but Korolev managed to avoid fulfilling this task." Of course, both claims can't be true. Besides, Burdakov was a recently rehabilitated political prisoner in 1947 and was thus hardly the type of trusted expert that Stalin would have consulted. ~James Oberg, an internationally recognized expert on the Soviet space program. Ron Varlamov of the Moscow Technology Institute believes evidence abounds. We met with Dr. Varlamov at his small apartment outside Moscow for an in- depth interview. Dr Varlamov has travelled to a number of reported UFO landing sites in Russia, including 10 in the direct vicinity of Moscow, to conduct a variety of tests on physical and chemical changes in the soil and the environment. Among his voluminous findings; identical quartz timepieces, one placed inside a landing site, the other just outside, record time at two different speeds. The quartz timepiece inside the landing circle speeds up. Dr Varlamov has also discovered that inside the reported landing site circles the land is all but sterile, yielding just a few individual samples of single-celled animals per cubic centimeter of soil. Just outside the circles, tens of thousands of single cell animals flourish in every cubic centimeter. Amongst his other fascinating findings: evidence of what is knows as "angel hair", a type of by-product of UFO exhaust. Varlamov has obtained a sample to analyze the content. Dr. Varlamov also claims at least six attempts have been made to make pre-arranged contact with alien intelligence. Some of these contacts, he claims, were successful. Varlamov's findings are supported by a government biologist and close colleague. His name is Yuri Simakov. Another of Dr Simakov's discoveries comes from two reported landing sites in Siberia. Simakov found microscopic worms in the soil. Nothing too unusual there, except these worms are particular to Mexico, and don't occur naturally anywhere in the former Soviet Union. There are obviously many fundamental repercussions arising from the content of this article. If we take it at face value, then: 1. Both the former Soviet Union and the American governments (and presumably others) have been aware of the existence of extra-terrestrial life for many years and have orchestrated a cynical cover-up. 2. Contact has been established with extra-terrestrial life forms. 3. Advanced technology has been obtained from these life forms. 4. They have the ability to engage ICBM's and possibly other nuclear weapons systems. 5. U.S. astronauts did encounter extra-terrestrial craft and there was a significant sighting made on the moon, all of which have again been cynically covered-up. 6. The U.S. Air Force and Navy do possess "material" from extra-terrestrial craft. 7. Extra-terrestrial life forms have the ability to "distort" time, as we know it. Stalinï¿½s Ancient Alien Rocket Michael Hesemannï¿½s recent findings about Soviet UFO research have emerged because these secrets are no longer closely guarded by a paranoid totalitarian culture (1). The collapse of the Soviet system has allowed the Generals to freely discuss their work on the UFO question, and the remarkable data the Russians collected about this enigma. There is a consensus of opinion among those Russian officers interviewed by Hesemann and his colleagues that UFOs are real, and not of this Earth. The Russians are far more candid about this than we would have expected. In fact, their stark message about UFO reality can sometimes read like a sensationalist tabloid headline. Only, theyï¿½re serious people with a serious message. Is it our Western cultural bias that causes us to struggle with the image of 3-star Russian generals openly and seriously discussing the extra-terrestrial origins of UFOs? On 19th November 2002, Pravda, that old bastion of communist propaganda, published an article about Stalinï¿½s deep interest in flying saucers, and the many military and scientific bodies set up by the Soviets to secretly investigate the phenomenon. Incredibly, Pravda also described an alleged retrieval of an alien artefact during archaeological digs in Kiev, near the Tchaikovsky Conservatory. After all, this is the word of Pravda, the voice of Russia. I first read about this in ï¿½The Editorï¿½, a weekly global news summary published by The Guardian newspaper. Entitled ï¿½Stalin was a UFO Obsessiveï¿½, it covered the Pravda story thus: The US government might have spent more than half a century trying to convince suspicious conspiracy theorists that no UFO ever crashed at Roswell, New Mexico, but one man never believed the story. That man, according to Pravda (Nov 19), was Joseph Stalin. The Soviet dictator apparently thought the US was covering up with its story of a weather balloon crashing, so he ordered senior scientists to investigate. "In order to assess the situation, the scientists recommended that Stalin organise special investigations of similar phenomena. As a result, a number of programmes to study UFOs were launched in the USSRï¿½" Until the end of the 90s, there were seven research institutes and about 10 secret military departments of the [former] Soviet defence ministry that studies UFO phenomena.ï¿½ In fact, suggests Pravda, one UFO-related discovery ï¿½ the remains of an ancient alien rocket ï¿½ provided vital technical knowledge for the Soviet space programme. The paper, once home to endless accounts of Communist party congresses, did not offer any evidence to back this assertion. (2) On first inspection, the historical accuracy of this account published by the Guardian seemed dubious, in that Stalin was dead long before the Roswell incident later came under public scrutiny. The story had indeed been allegedly covered up in 1947 with the weather balloon in General Rameyï¿½s office, but the story didnï¿½t get properly aired until Stanton Friedmanï¿½s initial investigation in the 1970s. In between, the Roswell incident had been long forgotten. So if Stalin had heard of the Roswell incident, Soviet Intelligence must have picked up the initial story in the summer of 1947 when it was published widely in the American press (Stalin died in March 1953). And they must have given it a lot more thought than the Americans themselves did. Other quotes from Pravda about extensive investigations into UFOs by the Soviet Union have been borne out by Hesemann and others. So, was Stalin really knowledgeable about Roswell, when the rest of the world had accepted the cover story? In his 1998 book The Soviet UFO Files Paul Stonehill, the director of the Russian Ufology Center, confirms Stalinï¿½s intense interest in UFOs (3). Stalin had appointed several eminent Russian scientists to study the phenomenon and report back to him personally. Among them was Sergei Korolyov, who was summoned to the Kremlin by Stalin in 1947 to study a mass of foreign newspapers and books. His conclusion, mirrored by similar investigations by other prominent Soviet scientists sequestered by Stalin, was that UFOs were not foreign weapons presenting an immediate threat, but that the phenomenon was real and did need investigating. Stonehill notes that investigations by Dr Richard Haines revealed that the Soviet archives contain no documents about Stalinï¿½s UFO files. Nevertheless, evidence suggests he had a personal interest in the phenomenon and ordered some of the best scientific minds in Russia to assess the situation on his behalf. So Stonehillï¿½s account of Stalinï¿½s interest in UFOs corroborates the Guardian and Pravda, and suggests that the lack of official documentary evidence in Stalinï¿½s Soviet archives from 1947 has helped the USAF to continue their denial of a UFO crash retrieval at Roswell. Are the Russians helping the Americans to keep a lid on Roswell? The Guardian story indicates that Pravda itself has no such inclination. Martin Cosnette, of ï¿½Cosmic Conspiraciesï¿½ helped me to obtain a copy of the Pravda article, translated by Maria Gousseva. The Pravda article does indeed claim that Stalin was aware of Roswell, and that the Soviet leadership was not as easily duped as the American public regarding General Rameyï¿½s weather balloon. It goes further, claiming that Stalin personally controlled a secret scientific project to back-engineer an ancient space rocket discovered by archeologists under the city of Kiev in 1948. Discoveries made by those scientists, who included Korolyov, were later made use of by the Soviet space programme in an attempt to win the Space Race. And apart from the Moon landings, they did just that. This incredible account relies heavily on the testimony of the ï¿½famous Soviet archaeologist and artist and journalist Sukhoveyevï¿½ who tells of the experiences of his father, Khvoika, an archaeologist who was summoned to Kiev to study the retrieved object. Khvoika described to his son the discovery of a ï¿½small, silver deviceï¿½ that appeared to be a space rocket that had originated from an ancient civilisation. The Soviets rapidly took control of the situation: When workers demolished ruins in 1948, they came across the mentioned mysterious object. The find was dug up, cut into pieces, and loaded onto trucks. The parts were taken to a secret testing area in the Moscow region. The father of the journalist was sent there as well as an expert in ancient languages; he was to translate the inscriptions inside the space ship. It was the Sanscrit language, which is now a dead language. (4) Research carried out on this device, and the information contained within it, eventually helped the Soviet space programme, says Pravda. But a different description of the ancient device, and its controversial contents, is offered by Paul Stonehill: A Soviet archeological expedition was engaged in excavations in Kiev, at a site on Reitarskaya Street. They made a discovery that was to be kept secret by the Soviet Union for 40 years. Those involved in the discovery are fearful even today to reveal their names. One of them reluctantly talked to a Kiev newspaper in 1993. He said that the archeologists found a burial vault at a depth of 16 feet that contained a massive chest. Inside the chest the archeologists found 500 books, written in Arabic, Greek, Sanskrit and Slavic languages. The books contained drawings: constructions of orbital stations, hangars for spaceships, and scenes from something like Star Wars. The books also contained the original manuscript, Slovo o polku Igoreve, about the exploits of ancient Prince Ivor, written by chronicler Pyotr Borislavovich. The MVD (secret police) arrived within hours, placed the findings in three covered trucks, and took them away. The archeologists were warned to keep silent about the whole episode. They did, until 1993 when a report appeared in Dzhentry newspaper (Issue #5) in Vladivostok. (3) The implication of this account is that the chest belonged to a Russian who had collected many wonderful ancient manuscripts and books, who had hidden them for safe keeping in a vault below the streets of Kiev. This is in contrast with the Pravda account of the discovery of an actual device, presumed to be an ancient space rocket. In fact, neither of these accounts directly implicates UFOs as responsible for the origin of this mysterious object. The connection with UFOs is implied through association in Pravdaï¿½s article. However, the object is consistently referred to as an artefact of an ancient civilisation on this planet that was capable of space exploration. This is, of course, also absolutely incredulous, requiring one to connect this account with ancient astronaut theories, or Atlantis myths. One suspects that Pravda has succumbed to a certain amount of exaggeration, possibly reflecting an evolution of this story since it first entered the public domain in 1993, and that the device was indeed a ï¿½treasure chestï¿½ of remarkable texts and manuscripts rather than an actual ancient space rocket. But nevertheless, did those secrets include ancient science sufficiently advanced to aid the Soviet space programme? Pravda seems to think so. In which case the implications for our knowledge of our own origins are profound. References A. Lloyd ï¿½The Unofficial Reviewï¿½ UFO Magazine p13-4 November/December 2002 ï¿½Stalin was a UFO Obsessiveï¿½ The Editor (p15), The Guardian 23rd November 2002 P. Stonehill ï¿½The Soviet UFO Filesï¿½ Ch2, Bramley Books 1998 ï¿½Stalinï¿½s UFOsï¿½ Pravda.RU, http://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/11/19/39641.html ,19th November 2002, translated by Maria Gousseva \|	Roswell
The terms curds and whey are associated with making what?	Area 51 » DarkGovernment DarkGovernment Area 51 Area 51 Less than 100 miles from Las Vegas, Nevada is the most famous secret military installation on the planet. Rumors swirl around this base, much like the mysterious aircraft that twist and turn in the skies overhead. Although it’s known by many names, most people call it by the Atomic Energy Commission’s (AEC) designation: Area 51. Area 51 is surrounded by warning signs like this one. There are several theories about how Area 51 got its name. The most popular is that the facility borders the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The AEC used the NTS as testing grounds for nuclear bombs. The NTS is mapped as a grid of squares that are numbered from one to 30 (with a few omissions). Area 51, while not part of this grid, borders Area 15. Many say the site got the name Area 51 by transposing the 1 and 5 of its neighbor. Another popular theory is that the number 51 was chosen because it was not likely to be used as part of the NTS system in the future (in case the NTS expanded later on). The first documented use of the name Area 51 comes from a film made by the company Lockheed Martin. There are also declassified documents from the 1960s and 1970s that refer to a facility called Area 51. Today, officials refer to the facility as an operating location near Groom Lake when speaking to the public — all official names for the site appear to be classified. What’s In A Name? Area 51 is known by many names. Kelly Johnson, who was responsible for the facility’s construction, named it Paradise Ranch (he was being sarcastic). Other names for the base include The Ranch, Watertown Strip, The Box, Red Square, The Farm, Groom Lake, Dreamland and the romantic name Air Force Flight Test Center, Detachment 3. The name alone inspires thoughts of government conspiracies, secret “black” aircraft and alien technologies. Facts, myths and legends weave together in such a way that it can become difficult to separate reality from fiction. What exactly goes on in this installation? Why did the government alternatively acknowledge and deny its existence until the 1990s? Why is the airspace over it so restricted that even military aircraft are forbidden from flying through it? And, what does it have to do with Roswell, New Mexico? Each question seems to have a million different answers. Some answers are plausible, while others stretch credulity so far that if someone said it out loud, you might feel the urge to back away from them slowly. In this article, we’ll look at the facts as far as anyone outside of the facility can determine them and examine the more popular theories about Area 51. Where is Area 51? Area 51’s coordinates are 37Â°14’36.52″N, 115Â°48’41.16″W. You can get a great view of it using Google Earth. Just type “Area 51” into the “Fly To” field and the map does the rest. For decades, the base remained hidden from almost everyone, but in 1988 a Soviet satellite photographed the base. Several publications acquired the photos and published them. The secrecy of the base is still of paramount importance, but as far as satellite coverage is concerned, the cat is out of the bag. A satellite view of Area 51 A dry lake bed called Groom Lake borders the base. To the west is the NTS. The closest town is Rachel, Nevada, which is 25 miles north of the base. The base itself occupies only a fraction of the more than 90,000 acres it sits on. It consists of a hangar, a guard shack, a few radar antennas, some housing facilities, a mess hall, offices, runways and shelters. The shelters are “scoot and hide” buildings, designed so aircraft can quickly move under cover when satellites pass overhead. Some allege that what you can see on the surface is only a tiny part of the actual facility. They believe that the surface buildings rest on top of a labyrinthine underground base. A few claim the underground facility has up to 40 levels and that it is attached via underground railways to other sites in Los Alamos, White Sands and Los Angeles. Skeptics are quick to point out that such a massive construction project would require an enormous labor force, the removal of tons of earth that would have to go somewhere and the need for a huge amount of concrete and other construction material. The lack of evidence convinces skeptics that, for the most part, what you see is what you get. Believers, on the other hand, dismiss the skeptics’ doubts. So what goes on at this base? According to the Air Force, the facility’s purpose is for “the testing of technologies and systems training for operations critical to the effectiveness of U.S. military forces and the security of the United States.” All specifics regarding the facility and the projects housed there are classified. What is known is the Air Force, the CIA and Lockheed have used the base as a staging ground for test flights of experimental, secret aircraft, also known as black aircraft. The base served as the development and testing facility for cutting edge aircraft technology from the U-2 spy plane to the F-117A Stealth Fighter. In the next section, we’ll look at the known security measures at Area 51.Area 51 Security and Secrecy To say access to the base is limited is an understatement. The base and its activities are highly classified. The remote location helps keep the activities figuratively under the radar, as does the proximity to the NTS. After several land seizures, the base is surrounded by thousands of acres of empty desert landscape. The Air Force has withdrawn lands from public use to help keep the base hidden from snooping eyes. For many years, observers could hike to elevated vantage points like White Sides Peak or Freedom Ridge, but the Air Force seized those lands as well. Today, the only way you’ll catch a glimpse of the base in person (assuming you aren’t working there) is to take the strenuous hike to the top of Tikaboo Peak, which is 26 miles from the facility. For many years, mapmakers wouldn’t include the facility on any maps. It fell within the borders of Nellis Air Force Range, but the road leading to the facility was never shown. Today, the location of the base is general knowledge, but for many years officials went to great lengths to obscure its location. A map of the Area 51 facility Everyone who works at Area 51, whether military or civilian, must sign an oath agreeing to keep everything a secret. Buildings at the site lack windows, preventing people from seeing anything not related to their own duties at the base. By some reports, different teams would work on similar projects at the same time, but their supervisors would keep each team ignorant of the other team’s project. When testing a secret aircraft, officials ordered all uninvolved employees to stay inside until the test flight was over and the aircraft returned to its hangar. Top Secret Most of us think of classified information in terms of security clearance levels. Countless films and television programs show government employees who can’t access the information they need because they don’t have the right clearance. While it’s true that there are levels of security classification, it’s not true that the system is simply a vertical series of security classifications. Even if you have top secret security clearance, you can’t necessarily access everything at the top secret level (or even lower levels). This is because information and projects are compartmentalized. In other words, if you are cleared for top secret information in a project on stealth technology, it doesn’t necessarily mean you can access information in a project about proton laser beams. Security clearance is issued on a need-to-know basis, and if you don’t need to know what the engineers in the laser department are doing to complete your work on stealth technology, you can bet you won’t be able to find out about it. Getting to Area 51 Most commuters to Area 51 travel on unmarked Boeing 737s or 727s. Planes depart from the McCarran International Airport in LasVegas (located right across the street from the Luxor Hotel and Casino). Defense contractor EG&G owns the terminal. Each plane uses the word “Janet” followed by three digits as a call sign to the airport’s control tower. The airspace above Area 51 is known as R-4808 and is restricted to all commercial and military flights not originating from the base itself (except the Janet commuters, of course). Area 51 is believed to be part of either Edwards Air Force Base in California or the Nellis Air Force Range in Nevada, even though pilots from those bases are forbidden to fly in Area 51’s airspace. In fact, pilots who fly into one of the buffer zones surrounding R-4808 reportedly face punishment from their commanders, though it’s reported as fairly lenient. Whenever a pilot flies through a buffer zone, the training exercise immediately ends and the pilot is ordered back to base. Knowingly flying into R-4808 is a much more serious offense, and pilots can face a court martial, dishonorable discharge and time in prison as a result. The military classifies Area 51 as a Military Operating Area (MOA). The borders of Area 51 are not fenced, but are marked with orange poles and warning signs. The signs tell you that photography isn’t allowed and that trespassing on the property will result in a fine. The signs also offer this sobering note: Security is authorized to use deadly force on people who insist on trespassing. Rumors circulate among conspiracy theorists over how many unfortunate truth seekers have died as a result of tromping around the grounds of Area 51, though most believe that trespassers are dealt with in a much less violent manner. Pairs of men who don’t appear to be in the military patrol the perimeter. These guards are likely civilians hired from firms like Wackenhut or EG&G. Observers call them “cammo (sic) dudes,” because they often wear desert camouflage. The cammo dudes usually drive around in four-wheel-drive vehicles, keeping an eye on anyone near the borders of Area 51. Supposedly, their instructions are to avoid contact with intruders, if possible, and act merely as both an observer and deterrent. If someone seems suspicious, the cammo dudes will call in the local sheriff to deal with him. Once in a while, the cammo dudes have confronted trespassers, allegedly seizing any film or other recording devices and intimidating the trespassers. Sometimes, helicopters provide additional support. There are rumors that the helicopter pilots occasionally use illegal tactics like hovering very low over trespassers to harass them. The infamous “cammo dudes” Other security measures include sensors planted around the perimeter of the base. These sensors detect movement, and some believe they can even discern the difference between an animal and a human being. Since Area 51 is effectively a wildlife preserve, it was important to create warning devices that could not easily be tripped by a passing animal. One theory held by observers is that the sensors can detect the scent of the passing creature (the sensors detect an ammonia signature). While that has yet to be substantiated, it’s certain that there are buried sensors all around Area 51. One Rachel resident named Chuck Clark discovered several of the sensors, and at one point the Air Force accused him of interfering with signal devices and ordered him to either return a missing sensor or pay a fine — Clark reportedly complied. In the next section, we’ll look at why all the secrecy and security measures are necessary as we examine some of the aircraft tested at Area 51. Area 51 Aircraft Lockheed’s U-2 Dragon Lady spy plane Area 51 owes its very existence to secret aircraft projects. The original purpose for Area 51 was a testing facility for Lockheed’s U-2 spy plane. Lockheed put Kelly Johnson in charge of establishing a base of operations for testing and training facilities. Here are some of the known and suspected projects at Area 51.The U-2 Spy Plane is a confirmed Area 51 project. Lockheed worked with the CIA to develop a plane that could fly at a high altitude and spy on other nations. The U-2 could fly at altitudes of 70,000 feet and was effective in reconnaissance missions for several years. During the development of the U-2, the CIA and Lockheed realized they would soon need more advanced aircraft because the Soviet Union’s missile technology was rapidly catching up. In 1960, the USSR shot down a U-2, confirming this concern. Engineers designed a plane–called the Suntan–to be a successor to the U-2. It could fly at speeds up to mach 2.5 (almost 2,000 miles per hour). The Suntan used liquid hydrogen for fuel, which was its ultimate downfall. Engineers decided that it would be too expensive to create a fuel infrastructure to support the Suntan’s flights, and the government canceled the project. The SR-71 Blackbird The A-12 , which was later known as the SR-71 “Blackbird,”became the actual successor to the U-2. The A-12 was a prototype model that gradually evolved into the SR-71. These planes could fly up to mach 3 (2,300 miles per hour) and could fly at altitudes of 90,000 feet.Tacit Blue and Have Blue were the first successful attempts at creating stealth aircraft. Tacit Blue had an odd, whale-like shape, inspiring onlookers to call it “Shamu.” It was designed to fly low over battle operations as a reconnaissance vehicle. Have Blue was a prototype for the F117-A Stealth Fighter. Have Blue first arrived at Area 51 in 1977. The Stealth Fighter remained a secret until the Air Force officially unveiled it to the public in 1990. The Bird of Prey takes its name from a class of ships in Star Trek. The plane is a bomber with stealth technology. The design looks very strange, and some say that it is very unstable at low speeds due to the odd wing design. Tacit Blue, aka “Shamu” One rumored project at Area 51, the TR3A Black Manta, could be a potential successor to the Stealth Fighter, or it may be one of many kinds of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Currently, there is a lot of interest in UAVs because they provide the military with methods of gathering information without endangering the lives of pilots or soldiers. Area 51 Projects The Aurora is another project that has been associated with Area 51. Now believed to be a canceled project, the Aurora was supposedly a replacement for the SR-71. It was supposed to be a hypersonic reconnaissance jet capable of attaining speeds up to mach 6 (4,600 miles per hour). The project may have failed completely, or it may turn out that the Aurora is another kind of UAV and not a jet at all. The Brilliant Buzzard or Mothership is another rumored project at Area 51. This large jet would carry a smaller vehicle, perhaps a UAV. The smaller vehicle is designed to launch from the larger jet while in midair. The MiG-21 is one of several Soviet aircraft allegedly tested at Area 51. Soviet aircraft also played a large role at Area 51. These planes came from the Soviet Union and were either captured or otherwise acquired. The Air Force and CIA used these aircraft in training exercises and war games. The use of Soviet aircraft in Area 51’s airspace inspired its nickname of the Red Square. What new projects could be underway at Area 51 today? Apart from the continued focus on UAV technology, secret project theorists suggest a few possibilities. One is a transport aircraft with stealth technology designed to move troops in and out of conflict areas without being detected. Many see a need for a vehicle with effective and stealthy vertical take off and lift (VTOL) capabilities. (The V-22 Osprey has this capability, but critics say the vehicle is not effective at meeting military objectives.) Another likely research project is a stealth helicopter. Though some people say stealth helicopters already exist and are in use, they haven’t been revealed to the public. Some theorists see a need for a stealth plane that is designed specifically to neutralize ground targets. To date, most stealth aircraft are either surveillance vehicles or designed for air-to-air combat. There is also a need for aircraft that can rapidly deploy to any location worldwide in as short a time as possible. Projects like the rumored Aurora plane and other hypersonic vehicles fall into this category. Other rumored research projects range from cloaking technology to proton beams to anti-gravity devices. Of course, these projects are only the tip of the rumored iceberg. Area 51 is arguably better known for its connection with aliens and UFOs than with any of these aircraft. In the next section, we’ll take a look at the rumors and theories linking Area 51 with visitors from outer space. Area 51 and Aliens Some believe that an alien spacecraft crashed in Roswell, New Mexico, and that the government shipped the wreckage and a body to Area 51 for examination and study. A few go even further, claiming the facility has underground levels and tunnels connecting it to other secret sites, and that it contains warehouses full of alien technology and even living alien specimens. Some theorize that the aliens are actually the ones running the show and that their goal is to create a human-alien hybrid (the aliens seem to have lost the ability to reproduce on their own). Stories cast the aliens in roles from benevolent visitors to evil overlords who subsist on a paste made from ground-up human bits. Air Force representatives have publicly denied that aliens have anything at all to do with Area 51, but that seems to have only strengthened conspiracy theorists’ wilder suggestions. Highway 375, the Extraterrestrial Highway in Nevada June 24, 1947, was the day the term flying saucer entered the American vocabulary. That was the day Kenneth Arnold reported sighting a UFO while piloting his private plane over Washington state. He said the object flew like a saucer would if you skipped it across the water, and the flying saucer was born. On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release written by General William “Butch” Blanchard, stating they had recovered the remains of an unidentified flying object. The Army quickly retracted the statement, but not before it ran in several papers. According to the Army, it was not a flying disc at all, but a weather balloon. Years later, declassified documents said that the object recovered at Roswell was actually a balloon created for a surveillance program called Project Mogul. The weather balloon story was a cover for this secret project. Of course, UFO believers say that the spy balloon story is also a cover, and that the Army really did recover an alien craft.Reverse Engineering at Area 51 In 1987, a man named Robert Lazar shocked the world when he went on television claiming to have been part of an operation that worked on alien technology. Robert Lazar said that the government has possession of at least nine alien spacecraft at a base called S-4, which is not far from Groom Lake. The facility even had posters showing a UFO levitating several feet above the ground with the caption “They’re Here!” EG&G hired him to help reverse engineer the technology in the alien craft for use in U.S. military vehicles and power production. He discovered a rusty, heavy substance he called “Element 115” that powered the alien spacecraft. Skeptics have thoroughly investigated as many of Lazar’s statements as they can, and many of them appear to be false. For example, Lazar says he holds Masters degrees from CalTech and MIT, but there’s no evidence he ever attended either university. Lazar says this is because the government is actively trying to erase his existence to discredit him. Skeptics believe Lazar is merely fabricating the entire story, and point out that it’s a monumental task to erase someone’s identity — they would have to remove Lazar’s name in everything from official documents to school yearbooks. Even so, Lazar’s statements inspired an explosion of interest in UFOs and Area 51. Roswell Does Not Equal Area 51 While Area 51 and Roswell are often mentioned in the same breath, the two locations are pretty far from each other. Roswell is in New Mexico and, according to Google Maps, is 891 miles away from Area 51. The trip would take you more than 15 hours to get there by car, and by most reports it’s not a very exciting drive. One popular claim among Lazar’s believers is that much of our current technology is the result of using reverse engineering on alien spacecraft. Everything from radios to superconductors falls into this category. They argue that people on their own couldn’t possibly have developed these technologies so rapidly without an alien model. Some claim that pilots at Area 51 are using alien technology against aliens themselves, shooting them down so that other military crews can scavenge the parts. In the next section, we’ll look at even more stories of aliens, government cover-ups and elaborate conspiracies involving Area 51.The Plot Thickens at Area 51 Public domain image An artist’s concept of an alien One claim common to Lazar’s statements and other UFO enthusiasts’ theories is a secret organization known as MJ-12, sometimes called Majestic or Majic 12. This group originally included a dozen extremely powerful individuals like President Harry S. Truman, the heads of organizations like the CIA and powerful businessmen. Many documents reported to be from this group have surfaced, mostly as discoveries of UFOlogist William L. Moore, including papers bearing Presidential signatures. Skeptics scrutinized these documents and uncovered many signs that they are fakes, including proof that signatures were copied from other official documents and pasted onto the MJ-12 papers. Conspiracy theorists denounce the skeptics as either being fooled or actually employed by the government. Other theorists say the MJ-12 documents are fakes, but were official fakes made by the government to throw people off track. Most believers fall into one of several groups, and often each group will accuse the others of actively promoting disinformation to hide the truth.The most extreme theories about aliens at Area 51 state that not only are aliens here on Earth, they’re running the show. Stories circulate about extraterrestrial biological entities (EBEs) forcing the government into agreements that always turn out bad for the rest of us. According to them, the government has agreed to allow aliens to abduct people at will, experiment on helpless citizens and even grind people up into a paste that is later smeared onto EBEs as a source of nutrition. Other theorists say that the aliens are here to use humans to create a hybrid creature, and that the aliens themselves are no longer able to reproduce on their own. Some offer hope with reports of shootouts between government forces and aliens, resulting in the return of our government to power. Of course, almost all of these theorists suggest the government is acting in wicked and irresponsible ways with the citizens of the United States emerging as the ultimate victims. Conspiracy Cover-Ups Not all conspiracy theories concerning Area 51 involve little green (or gray) men. Some revolve around a shadowy organization (or group of organizations) dedicated to bringing about the New World Order (note: this does not refer to the awesome group of WCW wrestlers). UFOs and reverse engineering stories are just tactics these organizations use to distract the public from its real goal — world domination. In UFO enthusiast lore, Hangar 18 is the name of the building that houses a captured alien spacecraft and even an extraterrestrial being. The location of Hangar 18 is up for debate among believers. Some have claimed the hangar at Area 51 is Hangar 18. A film titled “Area 51: The Alien Interview” shows an alleged alien in captivity, though skeptics raised doubts of its authenticity. Rick Baker, a special effects expert with many years of experience, stated categorically that he believed the alien to be nothing more than a puppet. Seeing UFOs at Area 51 The black mailbox (now white) Because the airspace around and above Area 51 is used for test flights and training missions, it is quite possible (and even probable) that you’ll see aircraft flying overhead. Sometimes that aircraft might be exotic, perhaps even unidentifiable to the untrained eye. Even familiar aircraft might fool you into thinking you’ve seen something not of this Earth. Skeptics point out that many reported UFO sightings coincide conveniently with the scheduled daily arrival of the Janet flights to the base. Many of the formerly classified projects at Area 51 really do look to be otherworldly. UAVs in particular seem strange, as they don’t require a cockpit or doors. In addition, many training exercises use bright flares to draw off missile fire or even just to distract onlookers while secret aircraft go through maneuvers.A popular spot to watch for UFOs is the Black Mailbox on Nevada Highway 375. The mailbox belongs to a local rancher and became famous when Lazar said it was the location he’d bring people to in order to watch scheduled test flights of alien spacecraft. Today, the mailbox has been repainted white and the rancher has said many times that he doesn’t believe any of the craft flying overhead are alien in origin. The Truth Is Out There Area 51 is the most well-known secret facility ever created. It’s been an important setting for numerous novels, films, television shows, video games and music. The base (or a spoof of it) has appeared in episodes of Futurama, The Simpsons, Kim Possible, Stargate and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. There is an Area 51 arcade game as well as an unrelated (but identically titled) game designed for consoles like the Xbox. The base shows up in other video games too, like Duke Nukem3D, Destroy All Humans, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Rollercoaster Tycoon 3 and even World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade. There are rumors that the next Indiana Jones film will have something to do with the facility. Daniel O’Brien once wrote a rock musical about Area 51, and you can find references to the base in several rock songs like Megadeth’s “Hangar 18.” Out of all the different entertainment pieces featuring Area 51, two stand out as being particularly important. The X-Files and Independence Day both helped catapult Area 51 into the public consciousness, and both followed UFOlogists’ theories about the real purpose of the base. In the next section, we’ll look at some of the controversy surrounding Area 51. Controversy at Area 51 Workers at Area 51 have had to endure difficult conditions since the earliest days of the facility. In the 1950s, when the focus of the base was testing the U-2 spy plane, the CIA had to cease operations and evacuate the facility due to nearby nuclear testing on the neighboring Nevada test site. Sometimes the AEC would announce tests ahead of schedule to allow nearby residents time to evacuate if they felt it was necessary, but other times the tests would remain unannounced. The results from these tests could be seen from towns 100 miles away. People in Las Vegas would often organize trips to nearby peaks and picnic in view of mushroom clouds. In 1957, one such test called HOOD was part of an overall program called Operation Plumbob, which was designed to see if damaged nuclear bombs emitted harmful levels of radioactivity. The AEC detonated a 74-kiloton nuclear device 1,500 feet over Area 9 of the NTS. This was the most powerful airburst ever detonated over the continental United States. The AEC did not announce the test ahead of time, though they did tell Area 51 to evacuate beforehand. The resulting blast caused some minor damage at Area 51 – mostly some broken windows and doors. Radiation was a much bigger concern, and, in fact, the soil in Area 51 has absorbed a lot of radiation over years of nuclear tests. The AEC versus the CIA The AEC and officials at Area 51 butted heads several times over scheduling. The CIA and Kelly Johnson at Area 51 argued that the interruptions caused by evacuating the base were interfering with the development of the U-2 and A-12 projects. Area 51’s proximity to the NTS was both a blessing and a curse. It helped protect the base from snoops, but it also endangered everyone who worked there. Cleaning Up Area 51 In 1980, the government authorized a program to remove irradiated soil from around Groom Lake. Satellite photos confirm that crews removed massive amounts of dirt from the area. Surrounding cities reported increases in cancer rates and many have sued the government (with varying degrees of success), claiming the tests caused them to get sick. Another hazard at Area 51 involved the disposal of classified technology and vehicles. In the 1980s, crews at Area 51 dug large, open pits and dumped toxic materials into them. They burned the materials using jet fuel and suffered exposure to chemicals and fumes. According to a lawsuit filed against several government officials, the workers requested safety equipment such as breathing masks, but were denied due to budgetary concerns. When they asked if they might bring their own equipment, their superiors told them that for security reasons they could not bring outside equipment into the base. Several civilian employees became sick from the exposure — two eventually died. Helen Frost, the widow of Area 51 employee Robert Frost, and several Groom Lake employees worked with attorney Jonathan Turley to file the lawsuit. One interesting item from the lawsuit that has since caused a big stir in Area 51 circles is the submission of an unclassified security manual into evidence. Turley argued that the manual not only proved the base existed, it also proved the government was aware of the dangers of handling hazardous waste and acted with negligence toward the employees at Area 51. The government retroactively classified the security manual, and Judge Philip Pro didn’t allow it as evidence. You can still find the manual on the Internet. Some claim the manual to be a fake, though if this is the case it raises a question — why would the government declare a fake document to be classified information? President Clinton signed an Executive Order exempting Area 51 from environmental regulation in September, 1995. This order is the most formal acknowledgement of the existence of Area 51 by the government. The order referred to Area 51 as “the Air Force’s operating location near Groom Lake, Nevada.” Judge Pro eventually dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that investigation into the claims constituted a breach of national security. Turley argued that this set a dangerous precedent in that the government could now hide crimes through the excuse of national security. The policy relieves the government of accountability to the people it represents. Further litigation may follow, particularly now that a similar unclassified safety manual has been pulled from a Web site for Robins Air Force Base in Georgia. The document clearly indicates the dangers of inhaling hazardous fumes, instructing emergency responders to use extreme caution and use proper safety equipment. The Web site has since removed the document with the explanation that the person who posted it did so in error. Some worry that emergency responders will now lack vital information when they go into dangerous situations. Today, Area 51 allows the EPA to inspect the facility to ensure it meets environmental requirements. However, all reports are classified and can’t be published. Many argue that without publication of the results, the facility remains unaccountable. Clinton’s Executive Order permits the reports to remain sealed, despite the fact that the law requires all such reports be made available to the public. The President must renew the order each year, and so far that has been the case. In the next section, we’ll look at the town of Rachel, Nevada, which has received more than its share of attention as the closest town to Area 51. Living in the Shadow of Area 51 You might think that living close to a place like Area 51 could make you a little strange. A visit to Rachel, Nevada might just change your suspicion to certainty. The town is populated by less than 100 people, most of whom have a strong sense of independence and more than a touch of eccentricity. According to former Rachel part-time resident Glenn Campbell, Rachel’s documented history began on March 22, 1978 at 5:45 p.m. Not many towns can narrow down their origins so precisely. Campbell points out that on that date, power companies first supplied the Sand Springs Valley with electricity. Before this momentous occasion, only a few hardy farmers and a mining company occupied the valley. In the 1970s, small numbers of people with a pioneering spirit and desire to live their lives free of interference began to settle the valley. One of those families was the Joneses, who became famous in their small community upon the birth of Rachel Jones, the first child born in the valley. The loose community felt the birth marked an important event in the town’s history, and so they named the town Rachel. The Joneses didn’t stick around much longer, and sadly a few years later Rachel passed away from a respiratory ailment. Photo courtesy of Cooper The Little A ‘Le’ Inn in Rachel, Nevada The town has a gas station (currently closed, the closest open gas station is 60 miles away), a bar called the Little A’Le’Inn (a collection of mobile homes organized into a motel) and the Rachel Senior Center Thrift Store. The Thrift Store is the subject of a mysterious process where clothing comes from the Tonopah Thrift Shop 100 miles away. Rachel’s store sends unsold clothing to thrift stores in Las Vegas, which in turn send unsold clothes to the Tonopah Thrift Shop. Believers are convinced this cycle will continue until either the Tonopah Thrift Shop or Rachel’s store closes.Rachel is home to several interesting characters, many of whom have pet theories about Area 51. A few work for the Air Force, though that’s about as much information as you’ll get from them. Pat and Joe Travis run the Little A’Le’Inn and have made a business out of selling t-shirts and videos about government conspiracies and aliens. Still, most of the people in Rachel will tell you they don’t think the UFOs are anything other than flares, UAVs or military aircraft on training missions. Glenn Campbell established the Area 51 Research Center. He would often go to a lookout spot he named Freedom Ridge where he could legally view the facility from several miles away. Campbell wrote a newsletter called the Desert Rat, keeping people up to date on activities at the base. He campaigned against what he considered to be excessive government secrecy, arguing that the government was creating an environment of mistrust with the public. He also created a Web site that linked to dozens of news stories and timelines about the base. Although he no longer updates the site, it’s still available for you to explore. Campbell has since moved on from his focus on the secret base and no longer lives in Rachel. The residents of Rachel seem to treat interest in their community with bemused patience. To them, sonic booms in the middle of the night and bright light shows are all normal, every day events. Just about everyone in the valley has had to replace a window cracked by a sonic boom or held a piece of airplane wreckage (Area 51’s history includes several spectacular crashes). In the next section, we’ll look at a timeline for Area 51 from its founding to the present.A Brief History of Area 51 During World War II, the Army Air Corps (precursor to our modern Air Force) built several runways in Nevada, including a pair of small runways at Groom Lake. They named the spot the Army Air Corps Gunnery School. After the 1940s, the runways were abandoned. In the early 1950s, the CIA entered a partnership with Lockheed to develop high altitude aircraft to use in surveillance missions. Kelly Johnson of Lockheed helmed the project. He formed a department of engineers and test pilots that eventually took on the name Skunk Works. The Skunk Works department was famous for being very secretive and nearly fanatical in the pursuit of their goals. The CIA and Johnson both knew that secrecy was critical to their success, and so Johnson needed to find a location to develop and test secret aircraft. He wanted a location that was remote enough to avoid notice, yet still close enough to a major city so that supplying the facility would not be a monumental task. The site would need to be easily accessible by aircraft and out of the way of commercial and military flight paths. It would also need space to house a sizeable force of military and civilian employees. In 1955, he traveled to Nevada with test pilot Tony LeVier and CIA representative Osmond Ritland to find a good place to use as a base of operations for test flights. Ritland trained at the Gunnery School and told Johnson about it. Johnson decided the location was ideal for their operations. Four months later, crews completed the initial construction. U-2 test flights began and President Eisenhower signed an Executive Order restricting the airspace over Groom Lake. The CIA, the Atomic Energy Commission and Lockheed oversaw base operations. Eventually, control of the base would pass to the Department of Energy and the Air Force. A Time Line of Events at Area 51 The following is a time line beginning soon after Area 51’s construction: 1957 – The AEC distributes “Background Information on Nevada Nuclear Tests” to the press. The booklet describes a small base at Groom Lake called the Watertown Project. The booklet claimed the facility was part of a project to study weather. 1961 – The restricted airspace expands upwards, but not outwards — it measures five by nine nautical miles in size, but extends up to space and is designated R-4808. A year later, the Department of the Air Force expands the space again, but this time the perimeter grows to 22 by 20 nautical miles. This forms the “Groom Box,” or just “the Box,” as it is known today. No flights, whether commercial or military, are allowed in the restricted space (except the test flights from the base itself). 1962 – The first A-12 arrives at Groom Lake. The first test flight takes place two months after the aircraft’s arrival to the base. CIA pilots arrive at the base nearly a year later to begin flight training. 1967 – The first Mig 21, a Soviet aircraft, arrives at Groom Lake. Officials name the testing program of Mig aircraft “Have Donut.” Some pilots begin to call the restricted air space above Groom Lake “Red Square.” The F117-A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter 1977 – Years before the public became aware of the Stealth Fighter, the first F117 prototype arrives at Area 51. It’s called the “Have Blue.” That same year, the United States Geological Survey takes an aerial photo of the base. The photo appears in numerous publications and is available until 1994, when the government withdraws it from release. 1982 – The first flight of the vehicle known as “Tacit Blue” takes place at Groom Lake. Like the F-117A, Tacit Blue is a stealth vehicle. 1984 – The base petitions for an additional 89,000 acres of land to increase the size of restricted space around the facility. Guards had previously discouraged the public from entering this area before it was officially withdrawn, raising concern and criticism from locals and tourists. The request is ratified by Congress three years later. 1988 – A Soviet satellite photographs Area 51. “Popular Science” runs the photograph, giving most U.S. citizens their first chance to glimpse the secret base. That same year, Robert Frost, a civilian employee at Area 51, dies. An autopsy shows that his body contained high levels of dangerous chemicals like dioxin, trichloroethylene and dibenzofuran. His widow, Helen, files a lawsuit against several government officials, claiming her husband died as a result of exposure to dangerous chemicals. 1989 – Robert Lazar appears on television and claims to have worked on reverse engineering alien technology at a site not far from Groom Lake. 1995 – Area 51 acquires two locations popular with tourists and curious locals. Freedom Ridge and White Sides Peak. President Clinton signs an executive order exempting Area 51 from legislation and investigation in order to preserve national security. 1996 – Nevada names Route 375, formerly known as the “loneliest highway in America,” the “Extraterrestrial Highway.” Skeptics around the world groan in unison. 1997 – Area 51 is declassified, though all operations at the facility are still kept secret. 2007 – It appears that crews are building a new hangar, much larger than the existing hangar. One Web site claims the hangar’s size to be 200 by 500 feet and 100 feet tall [ad]	i don't know
Name the 2012 movie from the IMDB plot summary: 'Transplanted to Mars, a Civil War vet discovers a lush planet inhabited by 12-foot tall barbarians. Finding himself a prisoner of these creatures, he escapes, only to encounter a princess who is in desperate need of a savior.'	John Carter (2012) - Plot Summary - IMDb John Carter (2012) Plot Summary Showing all 5 plot summaries John Carter, a Civil War veteran, who in 1868 was trying to live a normal life, is "asked" by the Army to join, but he refuses so he is locked up. He escapes, and is pursued. Eventually they run into some Indians, and there's a gunfight. Carter seeks refuge in a cave. While there, he encounters someone who is holding some kind of medallion. When Carter touches it, he finds himself in a place where he can leap incredible heights, among other things. He later encounters beings he has never seen before. He meets a woman who helps him to discover that he is on Mars, and he learns there's some kind of unrest going on. - Written by [email protected] Edgar Rice Burroughs, who is the nephew of the rebel widower veteran of the Civil War and gold hunter John Carter, has to attend the funeral of his uncle after his sudden death. He receives from John Carter's attorney his diary and weird instructions to be followed, and Edgar immediately starts reading the journal. In 1868, the Colonel Powell tries to force John Carter to join the army to fight against the Apache and arrests him. However, John Carter escapes and Powell chases him. They are attacked by the Apache and they hide in a cave. They are surprised by a Thern and John Carter kills him, and the alien's medallion transports John Carter to Mars. John has the ability to jump high and has his strength increased due to the gravity of Mars. However, he is captured by the Tharks and becomes their prisoner. He learns that Mars, called Barsoon, has been at war for thousands of years between the Helium and Zodanga, and this war is destructing the planet. The evil leader of Zodanga, Sab Than, has received a powerful weapon from the Thern Matai Shang. However, Sab Than proposes peace if he marries the Helium Princess Dejah Thoris. However, John Carter and Dejah Thoris fall in love with each other, and he decides to help the Helium people against the Zodanga people. But Matai Shang sends John Carter back to Earth and his last chance to return to Mars depends on his dear nephew's attitude. - Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Captain John Carter was a great warrior when he fought for his cause, the Confederate States of America, during the Civil War. He was really disappointed when the Confederates lost the war to the Union, but what hurt him most of all was the death of his family (a wife and a daughter) by an ungrateful Union troop. From both the Confederates defeat and, more to the point, the death of his family, he decides not to give a damn about anything worthwhile on the planet and to only look out for himself. Three years later, in 1868, when trying to live a normal live by claiming gold for himself, he ran away for safety when encountered by the Apache Indians in the Arizona territory. He hid in a cave, where he found mystic cave drawings and gold. While in there, he was surprised by an appearance of a Thern and John kills him. The alien's medallion transports John Carter to Barsoom (a.k.a. Mars). He was then taken prisoner by another alien race, known as Tharks. He soon escapes and is caught in a great war fought between the red-skinned humans of Helium and Zodanga. Throughout the course of the film, John Carter has to learn the importance of the cause the people of Helium are fighting for and to put away his selfishness and fight for the ones he loves and for the freedom of Barsoom. This is how John Carter of Earth became John Carter of Mars. - Written by Spencer Higham Civil War vet John Carter is transplanted to Mars, where he discovers a lush, wildly diverse planet whose main inhabitants are 12-foot tall green barbarians. Finding himself a prisoner of these creatures, he escapes, only to encounter Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium, who is in desperate need of a savior.	John Carter
What local beverage company, which moved its' headquarters here in 2000, manufactures an energy drink called WhoopAss?	John Carter (2012) - DVD PLANET STORE DVD PLANET STORE Home / Shop / Products / John Carter (2012) John Carter (2012) Rs. 95 Plot: Civil War vet John Carter is transplanted to Mars, where he discovers a lush, wildly diverse planet whose main inhabitants are 12-foot tall green barbarians. Finding himself a prisoner of these creatures, he escapes, only to encounter Dejah Thoris, Princess of Helium, who is in desperate need of a savior. Alternate Plot Summary: John Carter, a Civil War veteran who in 1868 was trying to live a normal life, is "asked" by the Army to join. But he refuses so he is locked up. He escapes and is pursued. Eventually they run into some Indians and there's a gunfight. Carter seeks refuge in a cave. While there he encounters someone who is holding some kind of medallion. When Carter touches it, he finds himself in a place where he can leap incredible heights, among other things. He later encounters beings he has never seen before. Later he meets a woman who helps him to discover that he is on Mars. And he learns there's some kind of unrest going on. Tagline: Lost in Our World. Found in Another. Genres: Action, Adventure, Fantasy, Science Fiction Spoken Language(s): English Genre: Action, Adventure, Fantasy Released: 09 Mar 2012 Plot: John Carter, a Civil War veteran who in 1868 was trying to live a normal life, is "asked" by the Army to join. But he refuses so he is locked up. He escapes and is pursued. Eventually they run into some Indians and there's a gunfight. Carter seeks refuge in a cave. While there he encounters someone who is holding some kind of medallion. When Carter touches it, he finds himself in a place where he can leap incredible heights, among other things. He later encounters beings he has never seen before. Later he meets a woman who helps him to discover that he is on Mars. And he learns there's some kind of unrest going on. Additional Information	i don't know
Saturday is also known as Bloomsday, so called because it's the day in which what author set the events of his novel Ulysses?	James Joyce \| Irish author \| Britannica.com Irish author Alternative Title: James Augustine Aloysius Joyce James Joyce Johann Wolfgang von Goethe James Joyce, in full James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born Feb. 2, 1882, Dublin , Ire.—died Jan. 13, 1941, Zürich , Switz.), Irish novelist noted for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods in such large works of fiction as Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939). Early life Joyce, the eldest of 10 children in his family to survive infancy, was sent at age six to Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school that has been described as “the Eton of Ireland.” But his father was not the man to stay affluent for long; he drank, neglected his affairs, and borrowed money from his office, and his family sank deeper and deeper into poverty, the children becoming accustomed to conditions of increasing sordidness. Joyce did not return to Clongowes in 1891; instead he stayed at home for the next two years and tried to educate himself, asking his mother to check his work. In April 1893 he and his brother Stanislaus were admitted, without fees, to Belvedere College, a Jesuit grammar school in Dublin. Joyce did well there academically and was twice elected president of the Marian Society, a position virtually that of head boy. He left, however, under a cloud, as it was thought (correctly) that he had lost his Roman Catholic faith. Irish literature: Joyce He entered University College, Dublin, which was then staffed by Jesuit priests. There he studied languages and reserved his energies for extracurricular activities, reading widely—particularly in books not recommended by the Jesuits—and taking an active part in the college’s Literary and Historical Society. Greatly admiring Henrik Ibsen , he learned Dano-Norwegian to read the original and had an article, Ibsen’s New Drama—a review of the play When We Dead Awaken—published in the London Fortnightly Review in 1900 just after his 18th birthday. This early success confirmed Joyce in his resolution to become a writer and persuaded his family, friends, and teachers that the resolution was justified. In October 1901 he published an essay , “ The Day of the Rabblement, ” attacking the Irish Literary Theatre (later the Dublin Abbey Theatre) for catering to popular taste. Joyce was leading a dissolute life at this time but worked sufficiently hard to pass his final examinations, matriculating with “second-class honours in Latin” and obtaining the degree of B.A. on Oct. 31, 1902. Never did he relax his efforts to master the art of writing. He wrote verses and experimented with short prose passages that he called “epiphanies,” a word that Joyce used to describe his accounts of moments when the real truth about some person or object was revealed. To support himself while writing, he decided to become a doctor, but, after attending a few lectures in Dublin, he borrowed what money he could and went to Paris , where he abandoned the idea of medical studies, wrote some book reviews, and studied in the Sainte-Geneviève Library. Britannica Stories ” and “ After the Race, ” had appeared under the pseudonym Stephen Dedalus before the editor decided that Joyce’s work was not suitable for his readers. Meanwhile Joyce had met a girl named Nora Barnacle, with whom he fell in love on June 16, the day that he chose as what is known as “Bloomsday” (the day of his novel Ulysses). Eventually he persuaded her to leave Ireland with him, although he refused, on principle, to go through a ceremony of marriage. Early travels and works British Culture and Politics Joyce and Nora left Dublin together in October 1904. Joyce obtained a position in the Berlitz School, Pola , Austria-Hungary , working in his spare time at his novel and short stories. In 1905 they moved to Trieste , where James’s brother Stanislaus joined them and where their children, George and Lucia, were born. In 1906–07, for eight months, he worked at a bank in Rome, disliking almost everything he saw. Ireland seemed pleasant by contrast; he wrote to Stanislaus that he had not given credit in his stories to the Irish virtue of hospitality and began to plan a new story, “ The Dead . ” The early stories were meant, he said, to show the stultifying inertia and social conformity from which Dublin suffered, but they are written with a vividness that arises from his success in making every word and every detail significant. His studies in European literature had interested him in both the Symbolists and the Realists; his work began to show a synthesis of these two rival movements. He decided that Stephen Hero lacked artistic control and form and rewrote it as “a work in five chapters” under a title— A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man —intended to direct attention to its focus upon the central figure. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies In 1909 he visited Ireland twice to try to publish Dubliners and set up a chain of Irish cinemas. Neither effort succeeded, and he was distressed when a former friend told him that he had shared Nora’s affections in the summer of 1904. Another old friend proved this to be a lie. Joyce always felt that he had been betrayed, however, and the theme of betrayal runs through much of his later writings. When Italy declared war in 1915 Stanislaus was interned, but James and his family were allowed to go to Zürich. At first, while he gave private lessons in English and worked on the early chapters of Ulysses—which he had first thought of as another short story about a “Mr. Hunter”—his financial difficulties were great. He was helped by a large grant from Edith Rockefeller McCormick and finally by a series of grants from Harriet Shaw Weaver, editor of the Egoist magazine, which by 1930 had amounted to more than £23,000. Her generosity resulted partly from her admiration for his work and partly from her sympathy with his difficulties, for, as well as poverty, he had to contend with eye diseases that never really left him. From February 1917 until 1930 he endured a series of 25 operations for iritis, glaucoma, and cataracts, sometimes being for short intervals totally blind. Despite this he kept up his spirits and continued working, some of his most joyful passages being composed when his health was at its worst. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Unable to find an English printer willing to set up A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man for book publication, Weaver published it herself, having the sheets printed in the United States , where it was also published, on Dec. 29, 1916, by B.W. Huebsch, in advance of the English Egoist Press edition. Encouraged by the acclaim given to this, in March 1918, the American Little Review began to publish episodes from Ulysses, continuing until the work was banned in December 1920. An autobiographical novel, A Portrait of the Artist traces the intellectual and emotional development of a young man named Stephen Dedalus and ends with his decision to leave Dublin for Paris to devote his life to art. The last words of Stephen prior to his departure are thought to express the author’s feelings upon the same occasion in his own life: “Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of my experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.” Ulysses After World War I Joyce returned for a few months to Trieste, and then—at the invitation of Ezra Pound—in July 1920 he went to Paris. His novel Ulysses was published there on Feb. 2, 1922, by Sylvia Beach , proprietor of a bookshop called “Shakespeare and Company” Ulysses is constructed as a modern parallel to Homer’s Odyssey. All of the action of the novel takes place in Dublin on a single day (June 16, 1904). The three central characters—Stephen Dedalus (the hero of Joyce’s earlier Portrait of the Artist), Leopold Bloom , a Jewish advertising canvasser, and his wife, Molly Bloom—are intended to be modern counterparts of Telemachus , Ulysses, and Penelope . By the use of interior monologue Joyce reveals the innermost thoughts and feelings of these characters as they live hour by hour, passing from a public bath to a funeral, library, maternity hospital, and brothel. The main strength of Ulysses lies in its depth of character portrayal and its breadth of humour. Yet the book is most famous for its use of a variant of the interior monologue known as the “ stream-of-consciousness ” technique. Joyce claimed to have taken this technique from a forgotten French writer, Édouard Dujardin (1861–1949), who had used interior monologues in his novel Les Lauriers sont coupés (1888; We’ll to the Woods No More), but many critics have pointed out that it is at least as old as the novel, though no one before Joyce had used it so continuously. Joyce’s major innovation was to carry the interior monologue one step further by rendering, for the first time in literature, the myriad flow of impressions, half thoughts, associations, lapses and hesitations, incidental worries, and sudden impulses that form part of the individual’s conscious awareness along with the trend of his rational thoughts. This stream-of-consciousness technique proved widely influential in much 20th-century fiction. Trending Topics Eyjafjallajökull volcano Sometimes the abundant technical and stylistic devices in Ulysses become too prominent, particularly in the much-praised “Oxen of the Sun” chapter (Episode 14), in which the language goes through every stage in the development of English prose from Anglo-Saxon to the present day to symbolize the growth of a fetus in the womb. The execution is brilliant, but the process itself seems ill-advised. More often the effect is to add intensity and depth, as, for example, in the “Aeolus” chapter (Episode 7) set in a newspaper office, with rhetoric as the theme. Joyce inserted into it hundreds of rhetorical figures and many references to winds—something “blows up” instead of happening, people “raise the wind” when they are getting money—and the reader becomes aware of an unusual liveliness in the very texture of the prose. The famous last chapter of the novel, in which we follow the stream of consciousness of Molly Bloom as she lies in bed, gains much of its effect from being written in eight huge unpunctuated paragraphs. Ulysses, which was already well known because of the censorship troubles, became immediately famous upon publication. Joyce had prepared for its critical reception by having a lecture given by Valery Larbaud , who pointed out the Homeric correspondences in it and that “each episode deals with a particular art or science, contains a particular symbol, represents a special organ of the human body, has its particular colour . . . proper technique, and takes place at a particular time.” Joyce never published this scheme; indeed, he even deleted the chapter titles in the book as printed. It may be that this scheme was more useful to Joyce when he was writing than it is to the reader. Finnegans Wake In Paris Joyce worked on Finnegans Wake, the title of which was kept secret, the novel being known simply as “Work in Progress” until it was published in its entirety in May 1939. In addition to his chronic eye troubles, Joyce suffered great and prolonged anxiety over his daughter’s mental health. What had seemed her slight eccentricity grew into unmistakable and sometimes violent mental disorder that Joyce tried by every possible means to cure, but it became necessary finally to place her in a mental hospital near Paris. In 1931 he and Nora visited London, where they were married, his scruples on this point having yielded to his daughter’s complaints. James Joyce, photograph by Gisèle Freund, 1939. Gisèle Freund Meanwhile he wrote and rewrote sections of Finnegans Wake; often a passage was revised more than a dozen times before he was satisfied. Basically the book is, in one sense, the story of a publican in Chapelizod, near Dublin, his wife, and their three children; but Mr. Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker (often designated by variations on his initials, HCE, one form of which is “Here Comes Everybody”), Mrs. Anna Livia Plurabelle , Kevin, Jerry, and Isabel are every family of mankind, the archetypal family about whom all humanity is dreaming. The 18th-century Italian Giambattista Vico provides the basic theory that history is cyclic; to demonstrate this the book begins with the end of a sentence left unfinished on the last page. It is thousands of dreams in one. Languages merge: Anna Livia has “vlossyhair”—włosy being Polish for “hair”; “a bad of wind” blows, bâd being Turkish for “wind.” Characters from literature and history appear and merge and disappear as “the intermisunderstanding minds of the anticollaborators” dream on. On another level, the protagonists are the city of Dublin and the River Liffey—which flows enchantingly through the pages, “leaning with the sloothering slide of her, giddygaddy, grannyma, gossipaceous Anna Livia”—standing as representatives of the history of Ireland and, by extension, of all human history. And throughout the book Joyce himself is present, joking, mocking his critics, defending his theories, remembering his father, enjoying himself. After the fall of France in World War II (1940), Joyce took his family back to Zürich, where he died, still disappointed with the reception given to his last book. Assessment James Joyce’s subtle yet frank portrayal of human nature, coupled with his mastery of language and brilliant development of new literary forms, made him one of the most commanding influences on novelists of the 20th century. Ulysses has come to be accepted as a major masterpiece, two of its characters, Leopold Bloom and his wife, Molly, being portrayed with a fullness and warmth of humanity unsurpassed in fiction. Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is also remarkable for the intimacy of the reader’s contact with the central figure and contains some astonishingly vivid passages. The 15 short stories collected in Dubliners mainly focused upon Dublin life’s sordidness, but “ The Dead ” is one of the world’s great short stories. Critical opinion remains divided over Joyce’s last work, Finnegans Wake, a universal dream about an Irish family, composed in a multilingual style on many levels and aiming at a multiplicity of meanings; but, although seemingly unintelligible at first reading, the book is full of poetry and wit, containing passages of great beauty. Joyce’s other works—some verse (Chamber Music, 1907; Pomes Penyeach, 1927; Collected Poems, 1936) and a play, Exiles (1918)—though competently written, added little to his international stature.	James Joyce
What Latin phrase, which translates as “from the latter”, is taken to mean “based upon actual observation or upon experimental data”?	Worldwide events; zarb e jamhoor newspaper; 180 issue; 15 21 jun, 2014 by Worldwide Events WWE - issuu issuu Issuu on Google+ Day of National Salvation Azerbaijan - Jun 15 Azerbaijan is a country near the intersection of Asia and Europe. This country has its borders on the verge of Russia in the north, Armenia in the west, Iran to the South, and the Caspian Sea eastwards. The majority of the people are Shiite Muslims and ethnic Azeri. The country follows secularism as a policy, and its love for peace is demonstrated by the membership in various organizations such as GUAM, Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the United Nations. It is also a part of the NATO Partnership for Peace program. One of the most important days in the calendar of this country is National Salvation Day celebrated every year on June 15. HUNGARY Culture is the driving force of Central European cooperation Prime Minister unveiled statue of István Tisza History National Salvation Day is celebrated to commemorate both the end of a civil war that went on within the country and the return of democracy to the people. The military coup was conducted by Surat Huseynov’s military on June 4 in Ganja and demanded resignation of Parliament Speaker Isa Gambar and Prime Minister Panah Huseyn. This led Azerbaijan to anarchy. These rebels then seized power in Ganja and moved towards Baku. To stop this insurgence and to battle against these anarchists, Heydar Aliyev was invited to Baku. He accepted the invitation, and once he arrived, he was elected unanimously as speaker and head of state. He held talks with the revolting group of the army when he reached Baku. The talks went on smoothly, and he reported the turn of events and the demands of the rebellion in the parliament. The members of the rebellion agreed to the demands, and hence the threat of the civil war that hung upon the country was lifted. To mark this day of lifting the specter of war, every year on June 15, National Salvation Day is celebrated. It is on this day when Heydar Aliyev was elected as the chairman of the parliament and subsequently as the president. This holiday was made official by an act of parliament in 1997. Celebrations The defense wing and the veterans of the military take part in the ceremonial parade that takes place every year. The president presides over this parade accepting the salute from the various wings or parts of his defense force. Like any other important day, this is also a public holiday with the majority of commercial establishments closing. The president also addresses the nation on this day emphasizing the need for national unity and security. These celebrations are also extended to the television, which broadcasts live the speech of the president to the civilians. There are also celebrations in the form of a fireworks display at night. National Flag Day Denmark - Jun 15 The national flag of Denmark or Dannebrog is red with a white Scandinavian cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side. On the Danish flag, the cross design, which represents Christianity, was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries; Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, as well as the Scottish archipelagos of Shetland and Orkney. During the Danish-Norwegian personal union, Dannebrog ("Danish cloth") was also the flag of Norway and continued to be, with slight modifications, until Norway adopted its current flag in 1821. Dannebrog is the oldest state flag in the world still in use by an independent nation. Origin The legend states the origin of the flag to the Battle of Lyndanisse, also known as the Battle of Valdemar (Danish: "Volmerslaget"), near Lyndanisse (Tallinn) in Estonia, on June 15, 1219. The battle was going badly, and defeat seemed imminent. But then, right when the Danes were about to give up, the flag fell from heaven. Grasping the flag before it could ever touch the ground, the king took it in his hand, and proudly waved it in front of his discouraged troops, giving them hope, and leading them to victory. No historical record supports this legend. The first record of the legend dates from more than 300 years after the campaign, and the first record connects the legend to a much smaller battle, though still in Estonia; the battle of Fellin (Viljandi) in 1208. Though no historical support exists for the flag story in the Fellin battle either, it is not difficult to understand how a small and unknown place is replaced with the much grander battle of Reval (Tallinn) from the Estonia campaign of King Valdemar II. This story originates from two written sources from the early 16th century. The first is found in Christiern Pedersen's "Danske Krønike", which is a sequel to Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, written 1520 – 23. It is not mentioned in connection to the campaign of King Valdemar II in Estonia, but in connection with a campaign in Russia. He also mentions that this flag, falling from the sky during the Russian campaign of King Valdemar II, is the very same flag that King Eric of Pomerania took with him when he left the country in 1440 after being deposed as King. The second source is the writing of the Franciscan monk Petrus Olai (Peder Olsen) of Roskilde, from 1527. This record describes a battle in 1208 near a place called "Felin" during the Estonia campaign of King Valdemar II. The Danes were all but defeated when a lamb-skin banner depicting a white cross falls from the sky and miraculously leads to a Danish victory. In another record by Petrus Olai called "Danmarks Tolv Herligheder" (Twelve Splendours of Denmark), in splendour number nine, the same story is re-told almost to the word; however, a paragraph has been inserted correcting the year to 1219. Whether or not these records describe a truly old oral story in existence at that time, or a 16th century invented story, is not currently determined. Some historians believe that the story by Petrus Olai refers to a source from the first half of the 15th century, making this the oldest reference to the falling flag. It is believed that the name of the capital of Estonia, Tallinn, came into existence after the battle. It is derived from "Taani linn", meaning "Danish town" in Estonian. Other theories of the origin of the flag Caspar Paludan-Müller: The Danish historian Caspar Paludan-Müller in 1873 in his book "Sagnet om den himmelfaldne Danebrogsfane" put forth the theory that it is a banner sent by the Popeto the Danish King to use in his crusades in the Baltic countries. Other kings and lords certainly received such banners. One would imagine, though, that if this story were true, some kind of record ought to exist of the event, and presumably Danish historians would not have failed to mention it in some way. Being granted a banner by the Pope would have been a great Dannebrog falling from the sky during the Battle of Lynhonour, but despite the many letters of the popes relating to danisse, June 15, 1219. Painted by Christian August Lorentzen the crusades, none of them in 1809. Original located at Statens Museum for Kunst, Denmentions granting a banner to a mark King of Denmark. On the other hand, the letter in question might simply have been lost. Johan Støckel: A similar theory was suggested by Danish explorer, adventurer and Captain Johan Støckel in the early 20th century. He suggested that it was not a papal banner to the King but a papal banner to the Churchly legate in the North, more specifically to archbishop Andreas Sunesøn, which he – without the knowledge of the King – brought with him on the King's crusade in the Baltic countries, in an effort to make the army take on a Christian symbol (over the king's symbol) and thereby strengthen the power of the church. It is unlikely that the very fair and loyal archbishop would do such a thing behind the king's back. Moreover, it is unlikely that the pope would send such a banner, given the fact that they already had one, namely the banner of the Knights Hospitaller (Danish: "Johanitterne"). Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen: A theory brought forth by the Danish historian Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen in 1875 in his book "Danebroges Oprindelse" is that the Danish flag is the banner of the Knights Hospitaller. He notes that the order came to Denmark in the latter half of the 12th century and during the next centuries spread to major cities, like Odense, Viborg, Horsens, Ribe and their headquarters in Slagelse, so by the time of theBaltic crusade, the symbol was already a known symbol in Denmark. Furthermore he claims that Bishop Theoderich, already co-initiator of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Livonia, had the idea of starting a similar order in Estonia; and that he was the original instigator of the inquiry from Bishop Albert of Buxhoeveden to KingValdemar II in 1218, that set the whole Danish participation in the Baltic crusades in motion. In the contemporary writing of the priest Henry of Livonia from Riga it is said that Bishop Theoderich was killed during the 1219 battle, when the enemy stormed his tent, thinking it was the King's tent. Adolf Ditlev Jørgensen explains that it was Bishop Theoderich who carried the flag, planted outside his tent; thus as an already well-known symbol of the Knights Hospitaller in Livonia, the enemy thought this was the King's symbol and mistakenly stormed Bishop Theoderich tent. He claims that the origin of the legend of the falling flag comes from this confusion in the battle. L. P. Fabricius: The Danish church-historian L. P. Fabricius proposed yet another theory, explained in his study of 1934, titled "Sagnet om Dannebrog og de ældste Forbindelser med Estland". He ascribes the origin to the 1208 Battle of Fellin, not the Battle of Lyndanisse in 1219, based on the earliest source available about the story. He says in this theory that it might have been Archbishop Andreas Sunesøn's personal ecclesiastical banner or perhaps even the flag of Archbishop Absalon, based on his tireless efforts to expand Christianity to the Baltic countries. Under his initiative and supervision several smaller crusades had already been conducted in Estonia. The banner would then already be known in Estonia. He repeats the story about the flag being planted in front of Bishop Theodorik's tent, which the enemy mistakenly attacks believing it to be the tent of the King. All these theories centre on two battles in Estonia, Fellin (1208) or Lyndanisse (1219), and thus try to explain the origin in relation to the tale brought forth over 300 years after the event. Fabricius and Helga Bruhn: A much different theory is briefly discussed by Fabricius and elaborated more by Helga Bruhn in her book "Dannebrog" from 1949. She claims that it is neither the battle nor the banner that is central to the tale, but rather the cross in the sky. Similar tales of appearances in the sky at critical moments, particularly of crosses, can be found all over Europe. Bruhn mentions a battle (also mentioned by Fabricius) taking place on September 10, 1217 between Christian knights and Moorwarriors on the Iberian Peninsula near the castle Alcazar, where it is said that a golden cross on white appeared in the sky, to bring victory to the Christians. Likewise an almost identical Swedish tale from the 18th century about a yellow cross on blue appearing in 1157 during a Swedish battle in Finland. Probably a later invention to counter the legendary origins of the Danish flags, but nevertheless of the same nature. The English flag, the Saint George's Cross is also claimed to have appeared in the sky during a critical battle, in this case in Jerusalem during the crusades. The similarities to the legends is obvious. In Spain, the colours of the Pope appears in the sky, in Finland the Swedish colours. In Estonia it is the Danish colours, and in Jerusalem the English The Danish flag from the front page of Christiern Pedersen’s version of colours. Basically, these are all variations of the same legend. Since King Valdemar II was married to the Portuguese princess, Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, 1514. Berengaria, it is not unthinkable that the origin of the story, if not the flag, was the Spanish tale or a similar tale, which again might have been inspired by an even older legend. Photo: Gyula Bartos (Online 12 Jun) Culture is the lifeblood of Central European cooperation and in the absence of culture politics and economies cannot succeed – Minister for Human Resources Zoltán Balog said on Wednesday in Fertőd, western Hungary. On behalf of Hungary, Minister Balog is hosting Czech, Polish and Slovak representatives at the annual gathering of the Visegrád Four cultural policy leaders in the Esterházy Palace in Fertőd on June 11-12. On the first day of the meeting, participants attended a concert of the National Philharmonic Orchestra in the Palace’s Marionette Theatre. In his opening speech, Mr. Balog said that the future of Europe demands that in the 21st century the continent must again have a “special centre”, where nations – despite their language barriers – understand one another better than in any other region and can formulate their common interests. Mr. Balog said that despite common historical and political roots and similar economic interests, it was difficult to say whether the region has a common cultural identity. The Fertőd meeting was a good opportunity to define those Czech, Hungarian, Polish and Slovak national elements that could constitute the basis of a common cultural identity, the Minister said, adding that “we must find what unites and what separates us, and also enter into dialogue on the latter”. He said these nations can only successfully represent their joint European interests through a common cultural language. Mr. Balog said the hall that would provide the setting for the evening concert was originally built as a marionette theatre and later hosted opera performances, but Photo: Károly Árvai in the 1950s, 60s and 70s was used as a stable. It was restored to its concert hall purpose in 2013 and since then it has also hosted a government session. It can take a long time to repair past mistakes, but 25 years after the regime change this has now happened, he said. After the concert, Minister Balog told journalist that culture must be an integral part of the EU2020 strategy. He said poverty and disadvantaged status should not prevent people’s access to culture and EU funds should also ensure that. Before the concert, the Visegrad award for preserving and safeguarding Central European spirituality was presented to the National Philharmonic Orchestra. The Orchestra played compositions by Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. (Online 10 Jun) On Monday Prime Minister Viktor Orbán expressed hope that a re-erected statue of former Hungarian prime minister István Tisza could be the "symbol of a new era of nation-building". István Tisza served as Hungary’s prime minister between 1903 and 1905, and from 1913 to 1917. He was assassinated in October 1918. Speaking at the inauguration of the statue on Kossuth Square, Prime Minister Orbán stated that the re-erection marked the beginning of the new era for which the Government had been working hard since 2010. In the last four years, Hungary's honour has been restored and the foundation laid on which it again makes sense to speak about a Hungarian future in 21st-century Europe, he said. Tisza saw that political parties on the side of labour did not necessarily have to be communist or socialist, they could be national, too, he pointed out. Tisza saw the solidarity shared between different members of the nation, a solidarity that was capable of bridging differences between classes, he added. The Prime Minister noted that Tisza had initially opposed World War I even while everybody around him supported it. He was one of the few who saw that the short-term alternative to the monarchy was anarchy, which would lead to the breakup of Hungary, he highlighted. Present at the inauguration were Speaker László Kövér, former prime minister Péter Boross, church officials, ministers, MPs and members of the Tisza family. Minister of Human Resources introduces new Ministers of State Hungary condemns Karachi airport attack (Online 12 Jun) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary was shocked to learn about the attack of 8th June, by ten heavily armed at the gunmen Karachi Jinnah International Airport, for which the Pakistani Taliban claimed responsibility and which claimed the lives of innocent numerous victims. The Ministry condemns the attack in the strongest terms, just like all acts of terrorism. The attack was perpetratred in a time when the Pakistani Government is making huge efforts to try to direct the conflicts to the path of neThe gotiations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade expresses its deepest condolences to the relatives of the victims. Hungary confirms its support to the endeavours of the Government of Pakistan in the fight against terrorism, for the sake of stability and development. Ec onom y a nd s c ie nc e c a n joint ly c ont r ibut e t o c ount r y ’s s uc c e s s (Online 13 Jun) The joint efforts of the economy and science can make a significant contribution to a country’s success – this is clearly shown by the example of Austria, which Hungary aims to emulate, Hungarian Minister for Human Resources Zoltán Balog said on Thursday in Vienna after a meeting with Austrian Federal Minister for Economy, Family and Youth Reinhold Mitterlehner. Mr. Balog said science, research and innovation should all serve the economy. Austria has recognised this, and has accordingly established a dual education system in which theoretical and practical training go hand in hand. He said that the two countries will set up a student exchange programme the Buthrough dapest-based Andrássy Gyula German Speaking University. Minister Balog also praised Austrian achievements within the fields of inclusion and equal opportuni- ties, pointing out that socially disadvantaged people are given preferential access to vocational training. As a result, in Austria under ten percent of students end their vocational studies without receiving a diploma, whereas in Hungary this ratio is 30 percent overall and 50 percent among the socially disadvanScholarship taged. programmes have a significant role to play in the inclusion of the disadvantaged, Minister Balog said. Photo: László Beliczay (Online 12 Jun) Minister of Human Resources, Zoltán Balog, introduced his Ministry’s new Ministers of State on 10 June. They are the following: Deputy Minister and Parliamentary State Secretary Bence Rétvári, and Ministers of State Györgyi Lengyel (administrative affairs), Judit Czunyiné Bertalan (public education), István Simicskó (sports), Miklós Soltész (church affairs), Péter Hoppál (culture) Katalin Novákné Veres (youth and family affairs) Károly Czibere (social affairs and inclusion) and Gábor Zombor (health). The candidate for Minister of State for higher education would be introduced within the next few weeks, Mr. Balog said, adding that his new colleague would be arriving from one of the most successful and wellknown international technology companies and that Prime Minister Viktor Orbán is personally conducting the related negotiations. Mr. Balog also said that EU-funded development projects would also be overseen by a separate State Secretariat in future, and while the search for the ideal candidate is ongoing, the position will temporarily be filled by Deputy State Secretary Tamás Köpeczi-Bócz. The Minister also said that the past four years have confirmed that the Ministry could function well in its present form, adding that the Ministry’s Christian-Democratic nature is of particular importance to him and the areas under the Ministry’s supervision are well-suited to enable valuebased governance. The candidates also introduced themselves after the Minister had given a short overview of what he expected from his new colleagues. Bence Rétvári said he would focus work on families, because by helping families the state assures the long-term survival of the nation. Györgyi Lengyel – reaffirmed in her position after the elections – said her area of responsibility is the “nerve centre” of the Ministry and she will continue to make sure that the Ministry functions as single unit. Gábor Zombor considers his biggest challenge to be finding the right balance between the explosive development of medical technology and the sector’s limited resources. Judit Czunyiné Bertalan believes that the framework of public education has found a proper definition in the past few years and her work will be delineated accordingly. Károly Czibere will focus on improving basic home care services and completing the work of developing career path blueprints for social employees. Péter Hoppál said Hungarian “high culture” must be made more accessible both in Hungary and abroad and the Government must cooperate with major cultural institutions to achieve this goal. Miklós Soltész said that the relationship with Hungary’s nationalities – an area under his supervision – also has an impact on how neighbouring countries treat their Hungarian minorities. Katalin Novákné Veres said her priority will be to reverse the country’s unfavourable demographic trends, thereby assuring a better distribution of public burdens. István Simicskó said the Government considers sports a strategic area with the task of “raising a healthy nation”. The Government announced a few days ago that a few Ministries will be relocated in regional cities, and journalists asked Minister Balog whether there are any plans to also move his Ministry. The Minister said he was not aware that such plans existed. Earliest recorded use of the flag: Danish literature of the 13th and 14th centuries remains quiet about the national flag. Whether the flag has its origins in a divine sign, a banner of a military order, an ecclesiastical banner, or perhaps something entirely different, Danish literature is no help before the early 15th century. However, several coins, seals and images exist, both foreign and domestic, from the 13th to 15th centuries and even earlier, showing flags similar to Dannebrog. In the 19th and early 20th century, these images were used by many Danish historians, with a good flair of nationalism, trying to date the origins of the flag to 1219. However, if one examines the few existing foreign sources about Denmark from the 13th to 15th centuries, it is apparent that, at least from foreign point of view; the national symbol of Denmark was not a red-and-white banner but the royal coat of arms (three blue lions on a golden shield.) This coat of arms remains in use to this day. An obvious place to look for documentation is in the Estonian city of Tallinn, the site of the legendary battle. In Tallinn, a coat-of-arms resembling the flag is found on several buildings and can be traced back to the middle of the 15th century where it appears in the coat-of-arms of the "Die Grosse Gilde", a sort of merchant consortium which greatly influenced the city's development. The symbol later became the coat-of-arms of the city. Efforts to trace it from Estonia back to Denmark have, however, been in vain. The national Coat of Arms of Estonia, three blue lions on a golden shield, is almost identical to the Coat of Arms of Denmark, and its origin can be traced directly back to King Valdemar II and Danish rule in Estonia 1219-1346. Laws and flag variations Denmark does not have a specified flag law, but various regulations and rules spread out over many documents, from King Christian IV's time till today, can be found. Superstitions: A part of the Danish culture, states that Dannebrog is not allowed to touch the ground because it came from heaven. Another part states that Dannebrog is not allowed to be hoist at night, because it is said to salute the Devil. National flag: The size and shape of the coufhordie flag ("Koffardiflaget") for merchant ships is given in the regulation of June 11, 1748, which says: A red flag with a white cross with no split end. The white cross must be 1/7 of the flags height. The two first fields must be square in form and the two outer fields must be 6/4 lengths of those. The proportions are thus: 3:1:3 vertically and 3:1:4.5 horizontally. This definition are the absolute proportions for the Danish national flag to this day, for both the civil version of the flag ("Stutflaget"), as well as the merchant flag ("Handelsflaget"). Both flags are identical. A somewhat curious regulation came in 1758 concerning Danish ships sailing in theMediterranean. These had to carry the King's cypher logo in the center of the flag, to distinguish them from Maltese ships, due to the similarity of the flag of the Order of St. John (also known as the Knights Hospitaller). To the best of knowledge, this regulation has never been revoked, however it is probably no longer done. According to the regulation of June 11, 1748 the colour was simply red, which is common known today as "Dannebrog rød" ("Dannebrog red"). The only available red fabric dye in 1748 was made of madder root, which can be processed to produce a brilliant red dye (used historically for British soldiers' jackets). The private company, Dansk Standard, regulation number 359 of 2005, defines the red colour of the flag as Pantone 186c. No official nuance definition of "Dannebrog rød" exists. During the next about 150 years nobody paid much attention to actually abide fully to the proportions of the flag given in the 1748 regulation, not even the government. As late as 1892 it was stated in a series of regulations that the correct lengths of the two last fields in the flag were 6/4. Some interested in the matter made inquires into the issue and concluded that the 6/4 length would make the flag look blunt. Any new flag would also quickly become unlawful, due to wear and tear. They also noted that the flag currently used had lengths, of the last two fields, anywhere between 7/4 to 13/6. So in May 1893 a new regulation to all chiefs of police, stated that the police should not intervene, if the two last fields in the flag were longer than 6/4 as long as these did not exceed 7/4, and provided that this was the only rule violated. This regulation is still in effect today and thus the legal proportions of the National flag is today anywhere between 3:1:3 width / 3:1:4.5 length and 3:1:3 width / 3:1:5.25 length. That some confusion still exists in this matter can be seen from the regulation of May 4, 1927, which once again states that Danish merchant ships have to fly flags according to the regulation of 1748. Splitflag and Orlogs flag: The Splitflag and Orlogsflag have similar shapes but different sizes and hues. Legally, they are two different flags. The Splitflag is a Danish flag ending in a swallow-tail, it isDannebrog red, and is used on land. The Orlogsflag is an elongated Splitflag with a deeper red colour and is only used on sea. The Orlogsflag with no markings, may only be used by the Royal Danish Navy. There are though a few exceptions to this. A few institutions have been allowed to fly the cleanOrlogsflag. Same flag with markings has been approved for a few dozen companies and institutions over the years. Furthermore, the Orlogsflag is only described as such if it has no additional markings. Any swallow-tail flag, no matter the color, is called a Splitflag provided it bears additional markings. The first regulation regarding the Splitflag dates from March 27, 1630, in which King Christian IV orders that Norwegian Defensionskibe(armed merchants ships) may only use the Splitflag if they are in Danish war service. In 1685 an order, distributed to a number of cities in Slesvig, states that all ships must carry the Danish flag, and in 1690 all merchant ships are forbidden to use the Splitflag, with the exception of ships sailing in the East Indies, West Indies and at the coast of Africa. In 1741 it is confirmed that the regulation of 1690 is still very much in effect; that merchant ships may not use the Splitflag. At the same time the Danish East India Company is allowed to fly the Splitflag when past the equator. It is obvious that some confusion must have existed regarding the Splitflag. In 1696 the Admiralty presented the King with a proposal for a standard regulating both size and shape of the Splitflag. In the same year a royal resolution defines the proportions of the Splitflag, which in this resolution is called Kongeflaget (the King's flag), as follows: The cross must be 1/7 of the flags height. The two first fields must be square in form with the sides three times the cross width. The two outer fields are rectangular and 1½ the length of the square fields. The tails are the length of the flag. Gov e r nm e nt t o c le a r up life s e nt e nc e wit hout pa r ole is s ue (Online 12 Jun) The issue of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole will be cleared up by the Government „in some form” by the end of this year, Minister of Justice László Trócsányi said on public television on 8 June 2014. Minister Trócsányi said on M1 television that a recent ruling by the European Court of Human Rights Youth Day on 16 June in South Africa commemorates the start of the Soweto riots of 1976, initially sparked by a government edict that Afrikaans be used as medium of instruction for certain subjects in black schools. The iconic picture of Hector Peterson, a black schoolchild shot by the police, brought home to many people within and outside of South Africa the brutality of the Apartheid government. Day of the African Child International - Jun 16 The International Day of the African Child has been celebrated on June 16every year since 1991, when it was first initiated by the Organisation of African Unity. It honors those who participated in the Soweto Uprising in 1976 on that day. It also raises awareness of the continuing need for improvement of the education provided to African children. In Soweto, South Africa, on June 16, 1976, about ten thousand black school children marched in a column more than half a mile long, protesting the poor quality of their education and demanding their right to be taught in their own language. Hundreds of young students were shot, the most famous of which being Hector Peterson. More than a hundred people were killed in the protests of the following two weeks, and more than a thousand were injured. Blooms Day International - Jun 16 Bloomsday is a commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writerJames Joyce during which the events of his novel Ulysses (which is set on 16 June 1904) are relived. It is observed annually on 16 June in Dublin and elsewhere. Joyce chose the date as it was the date of his first outing with his wife-to-be, Nora Barnacle; they walked to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. The name derives from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses. The English portmanteau word Bloomsday is usually used in Irish as well, though some purist publications, including the Irish Wikipedia, call it Lá Bloom . First Bloomsday Celebration Bloomsday (a term Joyce himself did not employ) was invented in 1954, on the 50th anniversary of the events in the novel, when John Ryan (artist, critic, publican and founder of Envoy magazine) and the novelist Flann O'Brien organised what was to be a daylong pilgrimage along the Ulysses route. They were joined by Patrick Kavanagh, Anthony Cronin, Tom Joyce (a dentist who, as Joyce's cousin, represented the family interest) and AJ Leventhal (Registrar of Trinity College, Dublin). Ryan had engaged two horse drawn cabs, of the old-fashioned kind, which in Ulysses Mr. Bloom and his friends drive to poor Paddy Dignam's funeral. The party were assigned roles from the novel. They planned to travel round the city through the day, visiting in turn the scenes of the novel, ending at night in what had once been the brothel quarter of the city, the area which Joyce had called Nighttown. The pilgrimage was abandoned halfway through, when the weary Lestrygonians succumbed to inebriation and rancour at the Bailey pub in the city centre, which Ryan then owned, and at which, in 1967, he installed the door to No. 7 Eccles Street (Leopold Bloom’s front door), having rescued it from demolition . A Bloomsday record of 1954, informally filmed by John Ryan, follows this pilgrimage. Bloomsday activities Dublin: The day involves a range of cultural activities including Ulysses readings and dramatisations,pub crawls and other events, much of it hosted by the James Joyce Centre in North Great George's Street. Enthusiasts often dress in Edwardian costume to celebrate Bloomsday, and retrace Bloom's route around Dublin via landmarks such as Davy Byrne's pub. Hard-core devotees have even been known to hold marathon readings of the entire novel, some lasting up to 36 hours. A five-month-long festival (ReJoyce Dublin 2004) took place in Dublin between 1 April and 31 August 2004. On the Sunday in 2004 before the 100th "anniversary" of the fictional events described in the book, 10,000 people in Dublin were treated to a free, open-air, full Irish breakfast on O'Connell Street consisting of sausages, rashers, toast,beans, and black and white puddings. "Every year hundreds of Dubliners dress as characters from the book ... as if to assert their willingness to become one with the text. It is quite impossible to imagine any other masterpiece of modernism having quite such an effect on the life of a city." On Bloomsday 1982, the centenary year of Joyce's birth, Irish state broadcaster, RTÉ, transmitted a continuous 30hour dramatic performance of the entire text of Ulysses on radio. Hungary: Bloomsday has also been celebrated since 1994 in the Hungarian town of Szombathely, the fictional birthplace of Leopold Bloom's father, Virág Rudolf, an emigrant Hungarian Jew. The event is usually centered around the Iseum, the remnants of an Isis temple fromRoman times, and the Blum-mansion, commemorated to Joyce since 1997, at 40–41 Fő street, which used to be the property of an actual Jewish family called Blum. Hungarian author László Najmányi in his 2007 novel, The Mystery of the Blum-mansion (A Blum-ház rejtélye) describes the results of his research on the connection between Joyce and the Blum family. United States: The Rosenbach Museum & Library in Philadelphia is the home of the handwritten manuscript of Ulysses and celebrates Bloomsday with a street festival including readings, Irish music, and traditional Irish cuisine provided by local Irish-themed pubs. New York City has several events on Bloomsday including formal readings at Symphony Space and informal readings and music at the downtown Ulysses' Folk House pub. The Syracuse James Joyce Club holds an annual Bloomsday celebration at Johnston's BallyBay Pub in Syracuse, New York, at which large portions of the book are either read aloud, or presented as dramatizations by costumed performers. The club awards scholarships and other prizes to students who have written essays on Joyce or fiction pertaining to his work. The city is home to Syracuse University, whose press has published or reprinted several volumes of Joyce studies. Italy: There have been many Bloomsday events in Trieste, where the first part ofUlysses was written. The Joyce Museum Trieste, opened on 16 June 2004, collects works by and about James Joyce, including secondary sources, with a special emphasis on his period in Trieste. Since 2005 Bloomsday has been celebrated every year in Genoa, with a reading of Ulysses in Italian by volunteers (students, actors, teachers, scholars), starting at 0900 and finishing in the early hours of 17 June; the readings take place in 18 different places in the old town centre, one for each chapter of the novel, and these places are selected for their resemblance to the original settings. Thus for example chapter 1 is read in a medieval tower, chapter 2 in a classroom of the Faculty of Languages, chapter 3 in a bookshop on the waterfront, chapter 9 in the University Library, and chapter 12 ("Cyclops") in an old pub. The Genoa Bloomsday is organized by the Faculty of Languages and the International Genoa Poetry Festival. Australia: In Sydney, Australia, Bloomsday is hosted by the John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies UNSW in association with the National Irish Association Sydney and the Consulate General of Ireland, Sydney. Global: On Bloomsday 2011, @11ysses was the stage for an experimental day-long tweading of Ulysses. Starting at 0800 (Dublin time) on Thursday 16 June 2011, the aim was to explore what would happen if Ulysses was recast 140 characters at a time. It was hoped that the event would become the first of a series. Literary references In 2004 Vintage Publishers issued Yes I said yes I will yes: A Celebration of James Joyce, Ulysses, and 100 Years of Bloomsday. It is one of the few monographs that details the increasing popularity of Bloomsday. The book's title comes from the novel's famous last lines. In 1956, Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath were married by special licence of the Archbishop of Canterbury at St George the Martyr Church, Holborn, on 16 June, in honour of Bloomsday. Seamus Sweeney's short story "Bloomsday 3004" is a description of a future in which Bloomsday continues to be celebrated, however its origins are completely forgotten and it is now a quasi-religious folk ritual. Pat Conroy's 2009 novel South of Broad has numerous references to Bloomsday. Leopold Bloom King is the narrator. The book's first chapter describes the events of 16 June 1969 in Leo's story. In the novel by Enrique Vila-Matas Dublinesca (2010), part of the action takes place in Dublin for the Bloomsday. The book's main protagonist, Riba, a retired Spanish editor, moves to this city with several writer friends to officiate a "funeral" for the Gutenberg era. Popular cultural references Jefferson Airplane's 1967 album After Bathing at Baxter's contains the track, "Rejoyce", inspired by Joyce's Ulysses. In Mel Brooks' 1968 film The Producers, Gene Wilder's character is called Leo Bloom, an homage to Joyce's character. In the musical2005 version, in the evening scene at the Bethesda Fountain in Central Park, Leo asks, "When will it be Bloom's day?". However, in the earlier scene in which Bloom first meets Max Bialystock, the office wall calendar shows that the current day is 16 June, indicating that it is, in fact, Bloomsday. Punk band Minutemen have a song on their 1984 Double Nickels on the Dime album entitled "16 June". Richard Linklater references Ulysses in two of his films. Once in 1991's Slacker, where a character reads an excerpt from Ulysses after convincing his friends to dump a tent and a typewriter in a river as a response to a prior lover's infidelity. And again in 1995's Before Sunrise, where the events take place on 16 June. In 2009 an episode of the cartoon The Simpsons, "In the Name of the Grandfather", featured the family's trip to Dublin and Lisa'sreference to Bloomsday. U2's 2009 song "Breathe" refers to events taking place on a fictitious 16 June. Bunker Hill Day U.S. - Jun 17 The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after the adjacent Bunker Hill, which was peripherally involved in the battle and was the original objective of both colonial and British troops, and is occasionally referred to as the "Battle of Breed's Hill." On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British generals were planning to send troops out from the city to occupy the unoccupied hills surrounding the city. In response to this intelligence, 1,200 colonial troops under the command of William Prescott stealthily occupied Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill, constructed an earthen redoubt on Breed's Hill, and built lightly fortified lines across most of the Charlestown Peninsula. When the British were alerted to the presence of the new position the next day, they mounted an attack against them. After two assaults on the colonial lines were repulsed with significant British casualties, the British finally captured the positions on the third assault, after the defenders in the redoubt ran out of ammunition. The colonial forces retreated to Cambridge over Bunker Hill, suffering their most significant losses on Bunker Hill. While the result was a victory for the British, they suffered heavy losses: over 800 wounded and 226 killed, including a notably large number of officers. The battle is seen as an example of a Pyrrhic victory, because the immediate gain (the capture of Bunker Hill) was modest and did not significantly change the state of the siege, while the cost (the loss of nearly a third of the deployed forces) was high. Meanwhile, colonial forces were able to retreat and regroup in good order having suffered few casualties. Furthermore, the battle demonstrated that relatively inexperienced colonial forces were willing and able to stand up to regular army troops in a pitched battle. World Day to Combat Desertification & Drought Worldwide - Jun 17 The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is a United Nations observance each June 17. Its purpose is to highlight ways to prevent desertification and recover from drought. Each annual celebration has a different theme. This day was proclaimed on January 30, 1995 by the United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/49/115. life imprisonment without parole. Minister Trócsányi said he was certain that life imprisonment without the possibility of parole would remain part of Hungary’s penal system. There will be separate regulations on the issue, although that is not the most pressing matter at hand, he added. National Day Iceland - J u n 1 7 Royal Standard: The current version of the royal standard was introduced on 16 November 1972 when theQueen adopted a new version of her personal coat of arms. The royal standard is the flag of Denmark with a swallow-tail and charged with the monarch’s coat of arms set in a white square. The centre square is 32 parts in a flag with the ratio 56:107. Youth Day South Africa - Jun 16 against life sentences without the possibility of parole in Hungary was „onesided”. The Court failed to consider that Hungary’s Fundamental Law has a system of pardons as well as exercising a “strict penal policy”, he explained. The Court in Strasbourg ruled against Hungary earlier in May in a non-final decision involving the case of National Day (Icelandic: Icelandic Þjóðhátíðardagurinn, the day of the nation's celebration) is an annual holiday in Iceland which commemorates the foundation of The Republic of Iceland on 17 June 1944 and its independence from Danish rule. The date was chosen to coincide with the birthday of Jón Sigurðsson, a major figure of Icelandic culture and the leader of the 20th century Icelandic independence movement. History The formation of the republic was based on a clause in the 1918 Act of Union with Denmark, which allowed for a revision in 1943, as well as the results of the1944 plebiscite. German occupation of Denmark meant that the revision could not take place, and thus some Icelandic politicians demanded that Icelanders should wait until after the war. The British and U.S governments, which occupied Iceland at the time, also delayed the declaration by asking the Icelandic parliament to wait until after 1943. Although saddened by the results of the plebiscite, King Christian X sent a letter on 17 June 1944 congratulating Icelanders on forming a Republic. Abolishing the monarchy resulted in little change to the Icelandic constitution, "The King" was merely substituted for "The President". However the people of Iceland celebrated the end of the long struggle for total independence and praised Jón Sigurðsson for his early independence movement and Sveinn Björnsson, who became the first president of Iceland. Celebrations Today, Icelanders celebrate this holiday on a national scale. The celebration traditionally takes the form of a parade through each urban area with a brass band at the fore. Riders on Icelandic horses often precede the brass band and flag bearers from the Icelandic scout movement traditionally follow the brass band. After the parade several speeches are held out in the open, including one from Fjallkonan (the woman of the mountain), clad in Skautbúningur, who recites a poem. She represents the fierce spirit of the Icelandic nation and of Icelandic nature; this is in many ways an inheritance from the period of romanticism that reigned when the first steps toward independence were taken. After speeches and other official ties are over, a less formal celebration takes place with musicians entertaining the crowd, candy being devoured by children in huge quantities, and gas-filled balloons escaping their owners and flying to the sky. It is also somewhat traditional to expect rain on this day, particularly in the Southwest of Iceland. Artigas Day Uruguay - J u n 1 9 José Gervasio Artigas Arnal (June 19, 1764 – September 23, 1850) is a national hero of Uruguay, sometimes called "the father of Uruguayan nationhood". Biography Early life: Artigas was born in Montevideo on June 19, 1764. His grandparents were from Zaragosa, Buenos Aires and Tenerife (Canary Islands), his grandparents fought in the War of the Spanish Succession and moved to the Americas to escape from poverty, settling in Buenos Aires in 1716. Artigas was the son of Martín José Artigas and Francisca Antonia Arnal, who came from a wealthy family. His parents enrolled him in the Colegio de San Bernardino, to pursue religious studies, but Artigas refused to submit to the school's strict discipline. Before he left the school, he developed a strong friendship with Fernando Otorgues, who would work with him in later years. At the age of 12, he moved to the countryside and worked on his family's farms. His contact with the customs and perspectives of gauchos made a great impression on him. Once he had come of age, he distanced himself from his parents and became involved in cattle smuggling. This made him a wanted man among the owners of haciendas and with the government in Montevideo. A reward was put out for his death. Things changed with the opening of the Anglo-Spanish War, and the threat of a British attack upon the viceroyalty. The viceroy Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú negotiated a pardon with his family, on the condition that he joined the Corps of Blandengues with a hundred men, to form a battalion. Thus, he began his military career in 1797, at age 33, with the rank of lieutenant. The attack finally came in 1806, when William Beresford invaded Buenos Aires, in the first British invasions of the Río de la Plata. Although Artigas's unit was tasked with patrolling the frontier with Brazil, he requested to take part in the military expedition that Santiago de Liniers launched from Montevideo to drive the British out of Buenos Aires. His request was granted, and the British were defeated. After the liberation of Buenos Aires, he was tasked with returning to Montevideo and informing the governor Pascual Ruiz Huidobro of the result of the battle. A second British attack aimed to capture Montevideo, which was captured in theBattle of Montevideo. Artigas was taken prisoner, but he managed to escape and returned to the countryside. He organized groups of gauchos and began a guerrilla war against the invaders. The British tried to capture Buenos Aires a second time, but were defeated by the local armies, and returned Montevideo to Spanish control as part of the terms of capitulation. Artigas was promoted to captain in 1809. Oriental revolution: The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the outbreak of the Peninsular War in Spain, along with the capture of King Ferdinand VII, generated political turbulence all across the Spanish Empire. The absence of the king from the throne (replaced by the French Joseph Bonaparte) and the new ideas of the Enlightenment sparked the Spanish American wars of independence, between patriots (who wanted to establish republics or constitutional monarchies) and royalists (who wanted to keep an absolute monarchy). Artigas, who thought that the gauchos were not treated well, supported the new ideas. Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy in 1810, during the May Revolution, replacing him with the Primera Junta. Mariano Moreno, secretary of war, wrote at the Operations plan that Artigas would be a decisive ally against the royalists in Montevideo, and called him for an interview. However, by the time Artigas arrived in Buenos Aires, Moreno had already left the government. He was still welcomed, but received little help. He was promoted to colonel and received some weapons, money and 150 men, very little to organize a rebellion at the Banda Oriental. This was the last time Artigas saw the city of Buenos Aires. Spain declared Buenos Aires a rogue city, and appointed Montevideo as the new capital, with Francisco Javier de Elío as the new viceroy. The city had financial problems, and the measures taken by Elío to maintain the royalist armies were highly unpopular in the countryside. This allowed Artigas to channel the popular discontent against the colonial authorities. A hundred men met near the Asencio stream and made the cry of Asencio, a pronunciamiento against the viceroy. They captured many villages in the Banda Oriental, such as Mercedes, Santo Domingo, Colla, Maldonado, Paso del Rey, Santa Teresa and San José. They also capturedGualeguay, Gualeguaychú and Arroyo de la China, at the west of the Uruguay river. Elío sent some soldiers to kill Artigas, who failed. Then, he sent Manuel Villagrán, a relative of Artigas, to offer him the pardon and appoint him general and military leader of the Banda Oriental if he gave up the rebellion. Artigas considered the offer an insult, and sent Villagrán prisoner to Buenos Aires. Montevideo was soon surrounded by Artigas's forces. A Montevidean army tried to stop the patriots at the Battle of Las Piedras, but they were defeated, and the city was put to siege. José Rondeau, commanding forces from Buenos Aires, joined the siege. Artigas wanted to attack the city right away, but Rondeau thought that there would be less loss of lives by establishing a blockade and waiting for the city to surrender. However, the besiegers did not consider the naval forces of Montevideo, who kept the city supplied and enabled them to endure the blockade. On the verge of defeat, Elío allied himself with Brazilian forces, requesting their intervention in the conflict. Dom Diogo de Sousa entered into the Banda Oriental, leading an army of five thousand men. This added to the defeat of Manuel Belgrano at the Paraguay campaign, the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the First Upper Peru campaign and the Monte- La Mañana de Asencio, portrait videan naval blockade of Buenos Aires. Fearing a complete defeat, by Carlos María Herrera about Buenos Aires signed a truce with Elío, recognizing him as the ruler of the Banda Oriental and half of Entre Ríos. Artigas felt the truce to be the cry of Asencio. treasonous. He broke relations with the city, and lifted the blockade over Montevideo. Artigas left the Banda Oriental and moved to Salto Chico, in Entre Ríos. All his supporters moved with him. This massive departure is known as the Oriental exodus. The Supreme Director Gervasio Antonio de Posadas offered a reward of $6.000 for the capture of Artigas, dead or alive. The only consequence of this action was increased resentment of the orientals towards Buenos Aires. Several royalist leaders, such as Vigodet or Pezuela, sought an alliance with Artigas against Buenos Aires, but he rejected them: "I may not be sold, nor I want more reward for my efforts to see my nation free of the Spanish power". Despite the deep disputes, Artigas was still eager to return to good terms with Buenos Aires, but only if the city accepted a national organization based on federalist principles. Posadas sent two more armies to capture and execute Artigas, but they mutinied and joined the orientals. When the Artiguist influence expanded to Corrientes, Posadas sought to negotiate by accepting the autonomy of the provinces. Artigas accepted the terms, but clarified that such autonomy must not be understood as national independence. He did not want to secede the Banda Oriental from the United provinces, but to organize them as a confederation. Posadas, who supported the authority of Buenos Aires as the head of a centralized state, delayed the approval of the treaty. Buenos Aires renewed the military actions against Montevideo. This time, the naval skills of William Brown helped to overcome the strength of the Montevidean navy, leading to the final defeat of the royalist stronghold. Carlos María de Alvear led the capture of Montevideo, and lured Artigas there by promising that he would turn over the city to the Oriental patriots. Alvear attacked them without warning at Las Piedras, but Artigas managed to escape from the trap. Liga Federal: In 1814, Artigas organized the Liga de los Pueblos Libres (League of the Free Peoples), of which he was declared Protector. In the following year, he liberated Montevideo from the control of the "Unitarians" from Buenos Aires. In 1815, Artigas attended the Proto-congress of the Independence of Argentina, held in Arrollo de la China (today known as Concepción del Uruguay). It was at this congress that the provinces of the Oriental Province (today the country of Uruguay), Córdoba, Corrientes,Entre Ríos, Misiones and Santa Fe declared themselves independent from Spain and formed the Liga Federal ("Federal League"). The Liga Federal invited other provinces of the former Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata to join them under a federal system. In this congress, Artigas ratified the use of the flag created by Manuel Belgrano (which would later become the flag of the Argentine Republic), but added a diagonal festoon in red, the color of federalism in Argentina at that time. Luso Brazilian invasion: The continued growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened the governments in Buenos Aires (because of its federalism) and Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in August 1816, Portugal invaded the Eastern Province (with tacit complicity from Buenos Aires), with the intention of destroying Artigas and his revolution. The Portuguese forces, led by Carlos Frederico Lecor, captured Artigas and his deputies and occupied Montevideo on 20 January 1817, but the struggle continued for three years in the countryside. Infuriated by Buenos Aires's passivity, Artigas declared war on Buenos Aires while he was losing to the Portuguese. His subordinates, members of the Federal League -- Francisco Ramírez, governor of Entre Ríos, and Estanislao López, governor of Santa Fe— managed to defeat the centralism of Buenos Aires. But hope for a new nation was short-lived; both commanders entered agreements with Buenos Aires that went against the principles of Artigas. They rebelled against him and left him to be crushed by the Portuguese. Without resources and men, Artigas withdrew to Paraguay in September 1820. In Paraguay, Dr. Francia, the dictator, banished him to Candelaria. He then disappeared from the political life of the region. (B. Nahum). After a long exile, he died in Paraguay in 1850, at age 86. It is said that Artigas, feeling himself to be near death, asked for a horse and died in the saddle, as a gaucho. His remains were buried and then re-interned at the Panteón Nacional in 1855. On the 19th of June, 1977, his remains were transferred to the Artigas Mausoleum in the centre of the Plaza Independencia. Ideals Artigas was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism. In his thought is visible the influence of Catholic clerics, such as his secretary José Benito Monterroso. Labour Day - J u n 1 9 Tr i n i d a d & To b a g o In Trinidad and Tobago, Labour Day is celebrated every June 19. This holiday was proposed in 1973 to be commemorated on the anniversary of the 1937 Butler labour riots. Emancipation Day (Texas) U.S. - Jun 19 In Texas, Emancipation Day is celebrated on June 19. It commemorates the announcement in Texas of the abolition of slavery made on that day in 1865. It is commonly known as Juneteenth. Since the late 20th century, this date has gained recognition beyond Texas, and has been proposed for a national Emancipation Day. Juneteenth (Milwaukee, Wisconsin & Texas) U.S. - Jun 19 Juneteenth, also known as Freedom Day or Emancipation Day, is a holiday in the United States honoring African American heritage by commemorating the announcement of the abolition of slavery in the U.S. State of Texas in 1865. Celebrated on June 19, the term is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth, and is recognized as a state holiday or state holiday observance in 41 states of the United States. Observation The state of Texas is widely considered the first U.S. state to begin Juneteenth celebrations with informal observances taking place for over a century; it has been an official state holiday since 1890. It is considered a "partial staffing holiday", meaning that state offices do not close, but some employees will be using a floating holiday to take the day off. Schools are not closed, but most public schools in Texas are already into summer vacation by June 19th. Its observance has spread to many other states, with a few celebrations even taking place in other countries. As of June 2011, 41 states and the District of Columbia have recognized Juneteenth as either a state holiday or state holiday observance; these are Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. History Though Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, with an effective date of January 1, 1863, it had minimal immediate effect on most slaves’ day-to-day lives, particularly in the Confederate States of America. Texas, as a part of the Confederacy, was resistant to the Emancipation Proclamation, and though slavery was very prevalent in East Texas, it was not as common in the Western areas of Texas, particularly the Hill Country, where most German-Americans were opposed to the practice. Juneteenth commemorates June 18 and 19, 1865. June 18 is the day Union General Gordon Granger and 2,000 federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, to take possession of the state and enforce the emancipation of its slaves. On June 19, 1865, legend has it while standing on the balcony of Galveston’s Ashton Villa, Granger read the contents of “General Order No. 3”: The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere. That day has since become known as Juneteenth, a name coming from a portmanteau of the words June and teenth like nineteenthand other numbers ending with -teenth. Former slaves in Galveston rejoiced in the streets with jubilant celebrations. Juneteenth celebrations began in Texas the following year. Across many parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land specifically for their communities and increasingly large Juneteenth gatherings — including Houston’s Emancipation Park, Mexia’s Booker T. Washington Park, and Emancipation Park in Austin. Martyr's Day Eritrea - Jun 20 Following its defeat of Ethiopian government forces in 1991 to establish nationalindependence, Eritrea instituted an official holiday to pay tribute to those who diedfor the country's liberation. The struggle, which lasted from 1961 to 1991,claimedthe lives of an estimated 65,000 freedom fighters and tens of thousands of civilians. Many Eritreans observe Martyrs' Day by filing into mass mourning processions thatconclude at the "Martyrs' Graveyards" located throughout the country. On the eve ofMartyrs' Day in 1997, the government expanded the national tribute by opening theNational Martyrs' Park, situated in a forest and wildlife preserve outside the capitalcity, Asmara. Individuals arrive to pay their respects to the dead by finding namesengraved on the National Martyrs' Monument and walking through museums thatdepict the 30-year struggle for independence. World Refugee Day Worldwide - Jun 20 World Refugee Day, observed June 20 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the situation of refugees throughout the world. History On 4 December 2000, the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 55/76 decided that, from 2001, 20 June would be celebrated as World Refugee Day. In this resolution, the General Assembly noted that 2001 marked the 50th anniversary of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. African Refugee Day had been formally celebrated in several countries prior to 2000. The UN noted that the Organization of African Unity (OAU) had agreed to have International Refugee Day coincide with Africa Refugee Day on 20 June. In the Roman Catholic Church, the World Day of Migrants and Refugees is celebrated in January each year, having been instituted in 1914 by Pope Pius X. Celebrations From June 18 to 20 the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) commemorates World Refugee Day in Washington, DC, in order to draw the public's attention to the millions of refugees worldwide who are forced to flee their homes. Each year, UNHCR selects a theme and coordinates events across the globe. National Day Greenland - Jun 21 World Refugee Day, observed June 20 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the situation of refugees throughout the world. History The area now known as Greenland was taken into Norwegian control in the 13th century, and then passed to Denmark through a union of the countries in 1380. Though little was done with Greenland initially, Denmark eventually asserted its sovereignty over the land in the 18th and 19th centuries. Though Norway tried to reclaim parts of eastern Greenland in 1933, the area remained fully under Danish control. On May 1, 1979, Greenland was legally granted home rule by Denmark’s national parliament. Unhappy with the European Economic Community’s regulations and bans on commercial fishing and products made from seals, Greenland left the international organization. In late November of 2008, 75 percent of voters approved a referendum for greater autonomy, and on June 21, 2009 the referendum went into effect making Greenland responsible for its own future. While not true independence, the government of Greenland has called the referendum a major step in the direction towards independence. Celebrations National Day celebrations are marked by a variety of programs in every settlement in Greenland. The celebrations include morning songs, speeches, hoisting the national flag, and the act of “kaffemik”, a social gathering around a cup of coffee. Apart from this there are a number of programs for entertainment like music and dance and several cultural events which portray the culture and tradition of Greenland. The national channel broadcasts news from all the towns as to how the celebrations are taking shape. White Nights Festival Russia - Jun 21 The White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, Russia is an annual international arts festival during the season of the midnight sun. The White Nights Festival consists of a series of classical ballet, opera and music events and includes performances by Russian dancers, singers, musicians and actors, as well as famous international guest stars. The Scarlet Sails celebration is the culmination of the White Nights season, the largest public event anywhere in Russia with the annual estimated attendance about one million people, most of whom are students from thousands of schools and colleges, both local and international. Organised by the Saint Petersburg City Administration, the festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July. However, some performances connected to the festival take place before and after the official dates. Numerous night-time cultural festivals, White Night festivals, have been inspired by this, in French they are called Nuit Blanche. National Aboriginal Day Canada - Jun 21 National Aboriginal Day is a day recognizing and celebrating the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year by then Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc, to be celebrated on June 21 annually. Most provincial jurisdictions, however, do not recognise it as a statutory holiday. Overview The day of recognition came about after a series of calls for such a celebration. In 1982, the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations) called for the creation of a National Aboriginal Solidarity Day to be celebrated on June 21. Slightly more than a decade later in 1995, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples recommended that a National First Peoples Day be designated. Also in that same year, a national conference of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people chaired by Elijah Harper, titled The Sacred Assembly, called for a national holiday to celebrate the contributions of Aboriginal peoples to Canada. June 21 often coincides with the summer solstice. National Aboriginal Day is now part of a series of Celebrate Canada days, beginning with National Aboriginal Day, and followed by St-Jean Baptiste Day on June 24, Canadian Multiculturalism Day on June 27, and concluding with Canada Day on July 1. National Music Day France - Jun 21 The Fête de la Musique, also known as World Music Day, is a music festival taking place on June 21. History The idea was first broached in 1976 by American musician Joel Cohen, then employed by the national French radio station France Musique. Cohen proposed an all-night music celebration at the moment of the summer solstice. The idea was taken up by French Music and Dance director Maurice Fleuret for Minister of Culture Jack Lang in 1981 and first took place in 1982 in Paris. Its purpose is to promote music in two ways: Amateur and professional musicians are encouraged to perform in the streets. The slogan Faites de la musique (Make music), ahomophone of Fête de la Musique, is used to promote this goal. Many free concerts are organized, making all genres of music accessible to the public. Two of the caveats to being sanctioned by the official Fête de la Musique organization in Paris are that all concerts must be free to the public, and all performers donate their time for free. In 2011, the festival utilized online booking site Gigmaven to organize its performers. Despite there being a large tolerance about the performance of music by the general public of amateurs in public areas after usual hours, the noise restrictions still apply, and can cause some establishments to be forbidden to open and broadcast music out of their doors without prior authorization. So the prefectures of police in France can still forbid them to install any audio hardware in the street. All pages: Worldwide events; zarb e jamhoor newspaper; 180 issue; 15 21 jun, 2014 Worldwide Events WWE Follow publisher Unfollow publisher Be the first to know about new publications.	i don't know
Not that OJ did it, but who was murdered along side Nicole Brown Simpson on June 12, 1994?	Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman murdered - Jun 12, 1994 - HISTORY.com Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman murdered Share this: Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman murdered Author Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman murdered URL Publisher A+E Networks Nicole Brown Simpson, famous football player O.J. Simpson’s ex-wife, and her friend Ron Goldman are brutally stabbed to death outside Nicole’s home in Brentwood, California, in what quickly becomes one of the most highly publicized trials of the century. With overwhelming evidence against him, including a prior record of domestic violence towards Brown, O.J. Simpson became the chief suspect. Although he had agreed to turn himself in, Simpson escaped with friend A.C. Cowlings in his white Ford Bronco on June 17. He was carrying his passport, a disguise, and $8,750 in cash. Simpson’s car was spotted that afternoon, but he refused to surrender immediately. Threatening to kill himself, he led police in a low-speed chase through the freeways of Los Angeles as the entire nation watched on television. Eventually, Simpson gave himself up at his home in Brentwood. The evidence against Simpson was extensive: His blood was found at the murder scene; blood, hair, and fibers from Brown and Goldman were found in Simpson’s car and at his home; one of his gloves was also found in Brown’s home, the other outside his own house; and bloody shoeprints found at the scene matched those of shoes owned by Simpson. However, Simpson’s so-called “Dream Team” of defense lawyers, including Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey, claimed before a national television audience that Simpson had been framed by racist police officers such as Detective Mark Fuhrman. After deliberating for three hours, the jury acquitted Simpson. He vowed to find the “real killers,” but has yet to turn up any new leads. In a civil trial brought about by the families of the victims, Simpson was found responsible for causing Goldman’s death and committing battery against Brown in February 1997, and was ordered to pay a total of $33.5 million, little of which he has paid. In 2007, Simpson ran into legal problems once again when he was arrested for breaking into a Las Vegas hotel room and taking sports memorabilia, which he claimed had been stolen from him, at gunpoint. On October 3, 2008, he was found guilty of 12 charges related to the incident, including armed robbery and kidnapping, and sentenced to 33 years in prison. Related Videos	Ronald Goldman
Which musical term means to gradually get louder?	Coroner lays out detailed theories of killings 10/18/96 - 07:43 PM ET - Click reload often for latest version ONE YEAR LATER: June 12, 1995, marked one year since Nicole Brown, center, and Ronald Goldman, right, were slain. O.J. Simpson, left, has been in jail since June 17, 1994 (AP). Coroner lays out detailed theories of killings The final moments in the lives of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman a year ago, according to prosecutors, went something like this: In a surprise, nighttime attack on the front steps of her condominium, Ms. Simpson was knocked unconscious against a post or handrails by a strong assailant and stabbed in the neck and head with a 6-inch knife. As she lay in a pool of her own blood, the attacker would have had time to turn attention to Goldman. He was grabbed by the larger assailant, who used the same knife to weaken Goldman with two careful slashes across the neck. Goldman, still able to offer some resistance but trapped in a small gated-in area, was stabbed in the head, heart and lung. The attacker then could have returned to finish off Ms. Simpson. This is the scenario of the June 12, 1994, murders as presented during testimony from Dr. Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran, the county coroner. The defense insists O.J. Simpson is innocent and theorizes that multiple murder weapons and multiple killers were at work. Lakshmanan set forth a theory with incredible detail, from the size and shape of the knife to the possible order of many blows and slashes: THE KNOCKOUT Ms. Simpson was wearing a short black dress, black panties and no shoes. The absence of semen in her panties suggested that she hadn't been raped or had consensual sex before her murder. She had not taken any drugs, and only a small amount of alcohol was in her system, probably the result of two glasses of wine with dinner. Early in the attack, the assailant delivered a nasty blow to Ms. Simpson's head, as evidenced by a bruise, nearly an inch in size, on the right side of her head. For the reddish-brown color to appear, Ms. Simpson's heart would have had to be pumping for a minute or more. Her head had to have been struck by something smooth, round and hard, such as the handle end of a knife or a metal handrail or metal post, like those at the crime scene. The coroner ruled out the rough, stucco wall because the wound didn't have any scratches. The blow was so strong that it left an injury on the surface of her brain. "Can you give us some indication as to the degree of force that's required?" prosecutor Brian Kelberg asked. "Well, like a knockout punch," the coroner replied. THE FIRST STABBINGS Close to the time of the head blow, the assailant stabbed Ms. Simpson three times in the left side of the neck and nicked her once. The bleeding from the wounds again shows that Ms. Simpson's heart was beating when they were delivered. The coroner also was able to narrow down the kind of weapon used by looking at the size and configuration of the cuts. "My opinion is that they were all three (stabs) caused by a single-edged knife, and that is each of the wounds have a blunt end and a sharp end," he said. The cuts may not have been severe enough to have killed Ms. Simpson, but they would have caused extensive bleeding and could have explained the blood on steps above her body. Although Lakshmanan couldn't say which came first - the head blow or the neck wounds - he suggested that Ms. Simpson was somehow restrained, either by being dazed or by being held, when the assailant cut her neck. "They (wounds) are localized to one area of the neck, which would signify that there was some limitation of movement," he said. The nature of the wounds suggested that if the assailant were using the right hand, the attacker would have been face to face with Ms. Simpson. If using the left hand, the attack would have come from behind. THE GOLDMAN MURDER Goldman arrived to return a pair of glasses Ms. Simpson's mother had left at the restaurant where Goldman worked and the Browns dined that night. Goldman was wearing jeans and a shirt. He had no signs of alcohol or drugs in his system. The murder could have taken a minute or less. "We all heat our coffee cups in the microwave oven, and we all know that a minute takes a long time," the coroner told jurors. The killer started by stabbing Goldman twice across the neck with parallel, non-lethal cuts that were carefully made when Goldman likely was being restrained from behind. "You can see this type of injury when somebody is immobilized, and you are threatening to do bodily harm to them," the coroner said as he demonstrated the act on Kelberg. The cuts came before the fatal slashes elsewhere in the body because of evidence of bleeding, indicating that the heart was still beating. With Goldman pinned in a gated-in area, about 6 feet by 4 feet, the assailant could have worked with savage efficiency. The next wounds likely were the stabs to the head behind the left ear, vicious, twisting cuts shaped by Goldman's efforts to get away. "The head (could have been) pulled away at the time this plunge took place, which would cause this ripping of the skin by the knife as it's being withdrawn from the body," Lakshmanan said. Those wounds could have been fatal if left untreated. But there were more. The next ones likely came from knife lunges to the heart and one lung - fatal wounds that would cause a quick death. RETURN TO NICOLE The attacker probably pinned Ms. Simpson to the ground, as evidenced by a mottled bruise on her lower back that could be caused by the shoe sole of a heavy person. Simpson weighs 210 pounds. Ms. Simpson's head then was pulled back, perhaps by her blond hair, as the attacker slashed her throat from left to right. The neck position at the point of the cut can be determined by the fact that no blood flowed into her windpipe. The cut was vicious. The knife sliced through both carotid arteries - which provide blood to the brain - nearly cut through one jugular vein and left the second jugular vein dangling by a thread. The cut was clean. "That means there was no resistance whatsoever when that wound was being inflicted," Lakshmanan explained to jurors, using autopsy photos to illustrate his point. The wound was angled from the left side of her neck and up toward the right ear, suggesting the attacker was right-handed or at least using the right hand to hold the knife. Simpson is right-handed. "'The injury you are discussing injured nearly all the four major blood vessels there," the coroner said. "And this would lead to sometimes immediate death or death within a very few minutes." By The Associated Press	i don't know
Ruby, C, and Fortran are all examples of what?	Using C and C++ with Fortran Department of Mathematics - University of Utah Using C and C++ with Fortran Last update: Sat Nov 17 16:46:27 2001 Comments, and reports of errata or bugs, are welcome via e-mail to the author, Nelson H. F. Beebe <[email protected]>. In your report, please supply the full document URL, and the title and Last update time stamp recorded near the top of the document. Table of contents Recursion Background Because of the large existing body of software, particularly numerical software, written in Fortran, it is desirable to call Fortran routines from other languages, notably, C and C++. The ISO Fortran committee has tried to work with the ISO C and C++ committees to standardize the interlanguage calling interface, but the latter committees have been unwilling to do so, on the grounds that it would open the door to demands for interfaces to myriad other languages. Thus, there is currently no international protocol for communication between computer programming languages, and one is unlikely to be developed. In practice, this means that interlanguage communication is only possible if supported by operating systems and compilers. The architecture of DEC VAX (Open)VMS, for example, carefully defined a language-neutral calling sequence, allowing any pair of languages to communicate on that system. On IBM PC DOS, calling conventions are up to each compiler, so in general, code compiled by separate compilers cannot be mixed, even if it was in the same source language. Because the UNIX operating system and run-time libraries were historically written in C (though some now use C++), there is de facto standardization of calling sequences across all languages on a single UNIX platform to that used for C. Despite this promise, there are many other issues that limit the degree of success of mixed-language programming, as the following sections document. Alternatives to mixed-language programming For maximal portability, a better approach is to stick with a single programming language. It may not be desirable, or feasible, to translate code in another language to the target language. LAPACK, for example, has about 660,000 lines of Fortran code: at a commercial code production rate of 1000 lines per month per programmer, that represents more than fifty person-years of programming time. Fortunately, as long as Fortran source code is available, the excellent f2c translator provides a way to convert it to C or C++. f2c does a good job of translating most of Fortran, but its weakness is the handling of I/O statements: they are translated to calls to a run-time library which is then required each time the program is linked. There is a commercial translator made by Cobalt Blue, Inc. which translates Fortran I/O statements to native C I/O statements, making the code easier to maintain, and more C-like. Language translation is acceptable when the translated code is stable, as is the case for most major numerical libraries in Fortran. However, it is definitely not desirable for code that is still under development: either you will end up maintaining the same program in two languages, with at least double the work, and unavoidable, if unintentional, differences as the code evolves, or you will have to work with repeatedly translated code that is decidedly less clear than code written by a competent programmer. There are three important issues when languages are mixed: interrupt and trap handling, I/O, and management of dynamically-allocated heap memory. In general, when you mix languages, the code in one of them needs to be entirely free of interrupt handling, I/O, and dynamic memory allocation. Fortran data types Fortran (1954--) was the first practical high-level language. It was designed primarily for numerical programming, and several years before a good understanding was developed in computer science of how to define programming languages in terms of rigorous language grammars. Thus, Fortran has numerous syntactical quirks, and a limited selection of data types. Originally, Fortran had only the data types INTEGER, LOGICAL, REAL, and COMPLEX, plus untyped word-aligned character strings known as Hollerith data (e.g., 11HHELLO,WORLD). The latter is named after Herman Hollerith (1860--1929), the inventor of the punched card machines used for processing the 1890 U.S. Census data, and one of the founders of the company which eventually became IBM [actually, the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752--1834), was driven by punched cards too, but the cards were large and wooden, instead of made of thin cardboard]. For an interesting biography, see Geoffrey D. Austrian, ``Herman Hollerith --- Forgotten Giant of Information Processing, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-05146-8. Shortly thereafter, Fortran got the DOUBLE PRECISION type, since that was widely implemented in hardware by the early 1960s. When IBM System/360 was introduced in April 1964, it was one of the first byte-addressable computers, and IBM Fortran compilers were extended to recognize byte-length modifiers: COMPLEX8, COMPLEX16, INTEGER2, INTEGER4, LOGICAL1, LOGICAL2, LOGICAL4, REAL4, and REAL8. In 1967, when the first IBM System/360 model with quadruple-precision hardware was introduced, IBM Fortran was extended again to handle REAL16 and COMPLEX32 data types. Later, other vendors added BYTE and POINTER types, and even oddities like Harris Computers' INTEGER3, INTEGER6, and REAL6. The byte-length modifiers reflect particular underlying machine architectures, notably, 32-bit words with 8-bit bytes. IBM's market share was large, and competitors soon added support in their Fortran compilers for those modifiers, even if it did not match their architectures, which might not even by byte-addressable, or have word sizes that are multiples of 8 bits. They simply mapped the byte-length data types to the closest size available on their machines. However, although the ANSI/ISO Fortran 77 Standard added a CHARACTERn data type to the language (a considerable improvement over typeless Hollerith constants), it did not recognize any of these extended types. ANSI/ISO Fortran 90 and Fortran 95 define POINTER, but continue to ignore byte-length modifiers, instead introducing a new syntax to accomplish much the same thing. Variables of these types can be scalars, or arrays of up-to-three dimensions (up-to-seven in Fortran 66 and later), but there are no record structure data types, although Fortran COMMON blocks are often used to group related data to simulate record structures. C/C++ data types C (1969--) and C++ (1982/1986--) have a rich array of data types, from integer bit fields of arbitrary size (up to the number of bits in a memory word), to enum integer types, to integers of implementation-dependent-size ( char, short, int, long, and, optionally, long long ), optionally qualified by signed or unsigned modifiers, to floating-point ( float, double, and optionally, long double ), to pointers to functions and data. Variables of these types can be scalars, or arrays of any number of dimensions. The C/C++ struct and union types, and the C++ class type, can be used to group data of different types for use as a single variable, which in turn can be either a scalar or an array. Boolean and complex types are notably absent from C, although C adopts the convention for Boolean values that numeric zero means false, and numeric nonzero means true. The more recent ISO language standards that define C++98 and C99 have bool, true, and false. Support for complex numeric types has been introduced to C++98 via classes, operator overloading, and templates. C99 has both complex and double complex, and optionally, long double complex, float _imaginary, double _imaginary, and long double _imaginary. For mixed-language programming in C/C++ and Fortran, only the minimal intersection of their many data types can be relied on: int == INTEGER, double == DOUBLE PRECISION. No other data types can be expected to be exchanged without serious compromise of portability. Unfortunately, the Fortran LAPACK library uses CHARACTERn data types in argument lists; we shall see below that this poses a huge problem for portable C and C++ code. Array storage-order differences Fortran stores arrays in row order, with the first subscript increasing most rapidly. C and C++ store arrays in column order with the last subscript increasing most rapidly. Despite arguments to the contrary, there is really no reason to favor either storage convention: rows and columns are equally important concepts. Since two-dimensional arrays (matrices) are prevalent in most Fortran numerical libraries, the C/C++ user must be keenly aware of this difference. One solution is to wrap array-transposition code (an O(N^2) process) around calls to Fortran routines. Another is to program the C/C++ matrix code with reversed index order. A third, and often better, approach is to access the C/C++ matrix data through a C preprocessor macro, or C++ class access functions, to hide the index differences, and avoid unnecessary data movement. Thus, you could write #define A(i,j) a[j][i] and then use A(i,j) throughout your C code. The differing array storage order has, however, a serious performance impact, because almost all modern machines have fast cache memory. Access to a memory location results in the hardware loading multiple consecutive memory locations (typically, 8 to 256 bytes) into cache, so that the next access to that data, which is likely to be the next array element, can be resolved from the cache, which can be many times faster. For a detailed discussion of this, see the document High-Performance Matrix Multiplication. The best advice is thus to choose the array storage order that reflects the most common use of the data, and to order the array indexing loops accordingly. Array indexing differences Fortran array indexing starts at one, while C/C++ indexing starts at zero. An N-by-N matrix is declared in Fortran as typename A(N,N), and indexed from 1 to N, while a corresponding C/C++ array is declared as typename a[N][N], but indexed from 0 to N-1. This feature of C/C++ is a frequent source of off-by-one errors, and when you mix C/C++ code with Fortran, you are even more likely to be confused. If most of the matrix data access is in the Fortran code, then it may be best to write the C/C++ code as if the arrays were Fortran arrays: #define B(i,j) b[j-1][i-1] void foo(void) { ... for (j = 1; j <= N; ++j) { for (i = 1; i <= N; ++i) { ... B(i,j) ... } } } Even though C/C++ programmers frown on this practice, it may be the best way to avoid indexing errors in mixed-language programming. The access macro, B, is after all just a kind of data abstraction, so it is certainly in the spirit of C++. Function return types Fortran has SUBROUTINE, which does not return a value, and must be invoked by a CALL statement, and FUNCTION, which returns a scalar value, and must be invoked by function-like notation in an expression. While some Fortran implementations permit a FUNCTION to be referenced by a CALL statement, it is decidedly nonportable to do so, and is a violation of all national and international standards for Fortran. Fortran functions can return only scalar values, not arrays. C and C++ have only functions, but those `functions' may or may not return a value. Good programming practice declares non-value-returning functions to be of type void, and value-returning ones to be of any non- void scalar type. C/C++ functions can return only scalar values, not arrays, but they can return struct and (for C++) class values. Unfortunately, returning composite objects that occupy more than a single register, or an adjacent register pair, is fraught with peril. Older C and C++ compilers did not support this at all, and newer ones may do it differently than Fortran compilers do: thus, you should not expect to use Fortran functions that return types such as COMPLEX or COMPLEX16. Write a SUBROUTINE interface to your Fortran function instead, and then invoke it as a void function from C or C++. The Fortran view of files Fortran files are of two fundamental types: FORMATTED (text) and UNFORMATTED (binary). Binary files are compact, fast to read and write, and mostly incomprehensible to humans. They also avoid data conversion and accuracy loss, since data is stored in such files with exactly the same bit patterns as in memory. Text file properties are the opposite of these, but text files have the advantage of being highly portable, and readable (and editable) by humans. Data in Fortran files is divided into records, which are recognizable objects in the language and run-time libraries, and are logically the smallest objects in files that the language recognizes. For text files, line boundaries mark records, and such files are generally trivial to process with any programming language or text software tool. For Fortran binary files, special markers (usually 4 to 12 bytes in length) must be recorded in the files to mark the start and end of records, where a `record' corresponds to the data that is in the I/O list of a Fortran READ or WRITE statement. For sequential files, such records may have widely-different lengths, and zero-length records are legal. A Fortran binary READ (unit) statement with no I/O list can be used to skip forward over records, and a BACKSPACE statement may be used to skip backward over records. The presence of record markers in Fortran binary files makes it impossible to use standard Fortran to write binary files that can be processed by other software, even by other Fortran implementations on the same system. Such files must be viewed as distinctly unportable, and many Fortran implementations do not even document precisely how records are identified in binary files, making it very difficult to process them with other languages. Both text and binary file types may be accessed sequentially or randomly, although with random access, the records must be of uniform length, and in older Fortran implementations, and even on some current operating systems, the number of records must be known and declared at file-open time. Standard Fortran does not define any way to read or write data at the byte level. The C/C++ view of files In C and C++, on the other hand, a file is viewed as an unstructured stream of zero or more bytes, and the C fgetc() and fputc() functions can access a byte at a time. Any additional required file structure must be supplied by the user's program itself. This low-level view of files as unstructured byte streams makes it simple in C and C++ to write files that have any desired structure, since the user has complete control over exactly what bytes are read or written. Nothing is added or subtracted by the run-time library, with the sole exception of text files on systems that do not use a simple ASCII LF character to delimit lines. On such systems, the C \n (newline) character may be mapped to something else on output ( CR on Apple Macintosh, CR LF on IBM PC DOS, Microsoft Windows, and several historic now-retired operating systems, or possibly a length field recorded at the start of the record (common practice in VAX VMS and old PDP-11 text files)). However, even on those systems, the file can be opened in binary mode, suppressing all such translations, and giving the user complete control over the data stream. Mixed-language file processing You should thus expect only to be able to share file data between Fortran and C programs with text files, and even there, you need to avoid the use of the Fortran D exponent letter: use the Ew.d Fortran FORMAT item, not Dw.d. Fortran 77 permits the exponent field to contain leading blanks, and some Fortran implementations output numbers in the form 0.12E 1 instead of 0.12E+01. Fortran 90 and 95 outlawed leading blanks in the exponent field, and none of the many Fortran compilers on UNIX systems that I tested output blanks there. The default field width allocated for the exponent field is only two digits, but in IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic, used by virtually all computers on the market by 2000, a double-precision exponent can require three digits, and a quadruple-precision one, four digits. When three digits are required, the exponent letter is dropped, producing values like 0.12+306. Embedded blanks and dropped exponent letters make such numbers illegal input for virtually all other programming languages. Fortunately, there is a solution: use the Ew.dEd Fortran FORMAT item, with the exponent width set to 3 for double-precision data, and 4 for quadruple-precision data. You should also use the 1P scale factor, to avoid a leading zero: 1PE12.5E3 produces numbers like 1.2345E+123. Just remember that 1P also affects subsequently-processed Fw.d items, so they need to be prefixed by 0P to turn off the scaling. The exponent-width FORMAT item modifier was introduced in Fortran 77, which was widely supported by the mid 1980s. However, older Fortran code will not have used it, so you should update all floating-point FORMAT items to ensure that the program's output will be readable from other programming languages. In the other direction, you must avoid using any nondecimal numeric data, or length suffixes ( l, L, f, F, ...), or unsigned numeric data types, in files expected to be read by Fortran programs. The Fortran legacy of 80-column punched cards and 132-column band printers means that Fortran text files tend to have values that occupy fixed numbers of columns, possibly without intervening space (e.g., 123 can be read as 123, or 12 and 3, or 1 and 23, or 1 and 2 and 3, depending on the input FORMAT items). More modern languages tend to view text files as sequences of objects of possibly varying width with some suitable separator (often space or comma or newline) between items. It is possible, though painful, in C or C++ to read and write text files with fixed-length fields, but you can avoid the problem entirely by ensuring that your Fortran output leaves at least one space between fields. There is no C or C++ equivalent of Fortran list-directed I/O (READ (unit,) io-list, WRITE (unit,) io-list), or of Fortran NAMELIST I/O (READ (unit,namelist-name), WRITE (unit,namelist-name)). Avoid those Fortran features if you expect to process such files with programs written in other programming languages. Fortran data that is too wide for the available FORMAT width is output as asterisks. In C and C++, the field width is merely silently expanded to hold the data. Both of these practices pose problems if the output is to be read by another computer program. You should therefore choose output formats carefully, to ensure adequate field widths for all possible data values. Language memory management Most programs in C and C++ make heavy use of dynamically allocated memory, in C through the malloc() / free() family, and in C++ through the new operator (the C memory allocators are available in C++, but strongly deprecated). However, neither language garbage collects memory that is allocated, but no longer in use. Such memory leaks plague most long-running programs written in these languages. As noted above , the Fortran POINTER data type is uncommon, and even where available, is a poor substitute for C's much more powerful dynamic memory management. The absence of dynamic memory support prior to the Fortran 90 standard means that most older Fortran routines are burdened with additional array arguments that provide scratch space. Most large Fortran programs start with a main program that reads in one or more variables defining problem sizes, then computes offsets into one or more large working arrays, cross sections of which are then passed to functions and subroutines as scratch space. Clearly, C and C++ callers can do this too, or they can use their own dynamic memory allocation support to allocate the scratch arrays immediately before the call to the Fortran routine, and then free them immediately on return from the Fortran routine. Argument addressing In Fortran, all routine arguments, without exception, are passed by address. This means that within a FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE, assignment to an argument variable will change its value in the calling program. The exact behavior depends on whether arguments are handled by direct reference, or by copying into local variables on routine entry, and copying back on exit. Code like this CALL FOO(3) III = 3 PRINT ,III ... SUBROUTINE FOO(L) L = 50 END will print 3 on some systems, and 50 on others, with surprising effects in the rest of the program from instances of 3 in the source code having been silently changed to 50. Fortran offers no way to avoid such problems: arguments passed to other routines are always subject to modification in the called routines! In C and C++, scalar objects are passed by value, and array objects by address of the first (index zero) element. In C, C++, and Fortran, arguments that are themselves routine names are passed by address. If we rewrite the above Fortran sample in C foo(3); iii = 3; printf("%d\n", iii); ... void foo(int l) { l = 50; } the program will always print 3, since function foo(l) has no access to the original location of its argument. The change to the argument is entirely local to the function foo(l). In summary then, a Fortran argument list of the form (A,B,C) must always be declared in C and C++ in the form (typename a, typename b, typename c), and used in the form (&a, &b, &c). In C, a global function name is represented by an identical external name used by the linker: % cat foo.c void foo() {} % cc -c foo.c && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 00000000 T foo [The nm utility dumps the external symbol table of an object file; grep selects the output lines that contain the string ' T ', marking a function definition.] In C++, a global function name is mangled in a compiler-dependent way to include representations of the function value and argument types. Together with mandatory function prototypes, it is this name mangling that ensures that, except for varyadic functions like printf(), it is impossible to call a C++ function with incorrect argument types or argument count, something that is very easy to do in C, with dire consequences at run time. For example, on GNU/Linux on Intel x86, the GNU C++ compiler produces this: % cat foo.cc void foo (void) {} void dbl (double d) {} double fdbl (double d) {return 0;} float fflt (float f) {return 0;} int intg (int a, int b) {return 0;} bool fbool (bool a) {return (true); } % g++ -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 0000000c T dbl__Fd 00000048 T fbool__Fb 00000018 T fdbl__Fd 00000028 T fflt__Ff 00000000 T foo__Fv 00000038 T intg__Fii The Portland Group C++ compiler produces different external symbols in some cases, making it difficult to mix object code from these two compilers: % pgCC -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 00000020 T dbl__Fd 00000060 T fbool__Fb 00000030 T fdbl__Fd 00000040 T fflt__Ff 00000010 T foo__Fv 00000050 T intg__FiT1 On Sun Solaris, the GNU C++ compiler produces the same symbol names as shown above, but the native C++ compiler produces very different ones, making it completely impossible to mix object code from these two compilers: %% CC -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 0000000000000038 T __1cDdbl6Fd_v_ 0000000000000010 T __1cDfoo6F_v_ 0000000000000070 T __1cEfdbl6Fd_d_ 00000000000000c8 T __1cEfflt6Ff_f_ 0000000000000108 T __1cEintg6Fii_i_ 0000000000000140 T __1cFfbool6Fb_b_ In order for a C function to be called from C++, it must be declared with new syntax known to C++, but not to C. System header files therefore tend to have code like this extract from Sun Solaris <stdio.h>: #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif ... extern int getchar(void); ... #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif The preprocessor symbol __cplusplus is defined by C++ compilers, but not by C compilers. Thus, the C++ compiler sees the bracketing extern "C" {...}, but the C compiler does not. Both languages can then use the C library functions. All C and C++ implementations produce external symbols as shown above. However, Fortran implementations on UNIX systems have exhibited at least three different external symbol conventions: The world's first Fortran 77 compiler, produced in 1976 by Stu Feldman at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, where C and UNIX were both developed, appended an underscore on Fortran external names. Thus, Fortran SUBROUTINE foo is known as foo_() in C (and in C++ as well, provided that it is declared as extern "C" void foo_(void)). f77 compilers in Berkeley UNIX, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all follow this practice, as do f2c, GNU g77, and Fortran 77, 90, and 95 compilers from Compaq/DEC, the Portland Group, SGI, and Sun. The trailing underscore distinguishes Fortran code, which is important because of its call-by-address calling convention. This made it possible to provide Fortran equivalents of much of the C run-time library: programs in both languages could use putchar(c), but different functions would actually be called in the two languages. UNIX Fortran compilers from Hewlett-Packard and IBM, alas, chose to make Fortran external names the same: SUBROUTINE foo is foo() in C. This has two problems: C library functions are no longer available to Fortran code under the same familiar names, and the naming is different from that used by most other UNIX systems. The f77 compilers from the now-defunct Ardent, Stellar, and their merged company, Stardent, converted Fortran external names to uppercase, so Fortran SUBROUTINE foo was known as FOO() in C. These variations are a headache for interlanguage calling. The PLOT79 <p79.h> header file contains code like this: / CONS(a,b) should return ab, the concatenation of its arguments / #if __STDC__ \|\| __APOGEE__ #define CONS(a,b) a##b #else #define CONS(a,b) a//b #endif #ifdef ardent #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) ucname #endif #ifdef _IBMR2 #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) lcname #endif #ifdef __hp9000s800 #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) lcname #endif #ifndef FORTRAN #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) CONS(lcname,_) #endif The CONS() function is needed to support old-style Kernighan & Ritchie C, as well as 1989 Standard C. Function definitions like this then provide Fortran-callable primitive functions implemented in C: int FORTRAN(p79col,P79COL)() { ... } CHARACTERn arguments We have left one of the nastiest interlanguage calling issues to last, but it is now time to reveal the horrid story of the Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data type. The details are complex and lengthy, but their understanding is necessary if we are to be able to pass this data type between code written in Fortran and in other programming languages. The Hollerith constants described above provided limited character string support in Fortran from 1954 until Fortran 77 appeared (late, on April 3, 1978). The need to count characters, and the lack of a standard data type to represent routine arguments of Hollerith type, were substantial inconveniences. However, the following sample of legacy Fortran code is still usable, almost 50 years after Fortran was invented! % cat hhello.f CALL S(12HHello, world, 12) END SUBROUTINE S(MSG,N) INTEGER K, N, M INTEGER MSG(1) M = (N + 3) / 4 WRITE (6,'(20A4)') (MSG(K), K = 1,M) END % f95 hhello.f && ./a.out Hello, world This is a remarkable testment to software portability and longevity, and is also a record unmatched by any other programming language: A good programmable editor, like emacs, can eliminate the drudgery of character counting during Hollerith string input. Careful hiding of the machine-dependent constants needed to map character (byte) counts to word counts, and the programming discipline to represent such data as Fortran INTEGER arrays, makes substantial character processing in Fortran feasible. The entire PLOT79 graphics system, consisting of more than 493,000 lines of code, uses Hollerith strings, with a convenient set of character primitives to make Hollerith string processing simple, and highly portable. Nevertheless, by the mid 1960s, Fortran compilers were being extended to allow Hollerith strings to be represented as quoted strings, with the convention of doubling embedded quotes: thus, 7HO'Neill could be written as 'O''Neill' on many systems. Lowercase letters became available once the uppercase-only keypunch was retired, in the 1970s. When Hollerith strings were passed as routine arguments, they still had to be received in the guise of one of the standard Fortran data types. The only portable type turned out to be INTEGER. A BYTE type would have been most convenient, but only a few Fortran compilers implemented it, and none of the Fortran compilers on word-addressable architectures had it. LOGICAL was unsuitable because numeric operations are not permitted on such data, and LOGICAL1 was not universally treated as a single-byte type. Floating-point types risked bit scrambling and concomitant data destruction, since some architectures renormalized floating-point data in load and store operations. Until the C programming language became widely available in the mid to late 1980s, there was only one choice of programming language for writing portable software, and that language was Fortran. No contending language even came remotely close in popularity, or amount of code written. [Certainly a lot of Cobol [1960--] code exists, but Cobol was less portable, incredibly verbose, and completely devoid of support for floating-point arithmetic, so it was entirely ignored outside the business community.] Thus, already by the mid 1960s, there was interest in supporting a quoted character string data type in Fortran. Although Fortran was the first programming language to be standardized, in 1966, the American Standards Association (ASA) rules were that ASA Standards should encode common existing practice, not create new ones. It was not until the second standardization effort, with Fortran 77, that the now American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Fortran committee ventured to create new language features: the block IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE ... END IF statement, and the CHARACTERn data type. Unfortunately, committee work usually involves many compromises, and the result was less desirable than might have been produced under a single visionary architect, such as happened with John McCarthy's LISP, Dennis Ritchie's C, Dennis Ritchie's and Ken Thompson's UNIX, and Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula, Modula-2, and Oberon. The block IF statement was a big improvement over Fortran's early arithmetic and logical IF statements, but was not accompanied by its obvious companions of CASE, WHILE, and UNTIL statements, or by internal procedures. All of these existed as clean prior art in the SFTRAN3 preprocessor developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA, and used for writing interplanetary spacecraft flight control software in the 1970s, as well as for writing most of the PLOT79 system. The Fortran 77 (and Fortran 90 and Fortran 95) CHARACTERn data type is almost a total design botch, with more than a dozen deadly sins: Only fixed-length strings are provided, even though character processing deals with words of varying length. There is no empty string: that is like having integers without a zero! You cannot start with an empty string and gradually append things to it, unless you are willing to permit trailing blanks to be insignificant. Assignment of a longer string to a shorter string silently, and undetectably, truncates the target string, even though the data loss may be fatal for subsequent processing. Assignment of a shorter string to a longer string silently pads the target on the right with blanks. Although a substring facility is provided, it foolishly cannot be applied to string constants! There is no FORMAT item support for centered or left-adjusted output in character fields: they are always output flush-right according to FORMAT item Aw. CHARACTERn functions can only return strings of a length fixed at compile time. An inadequate set of string intrinsic functions is provided: CHAR(n) (to convert an ordinal character number to a character); ICHAR(n) (to convert a character to its ordinal character number); INDEX() (to search for the first occurrence of a substring in a string); LENGTH() (to return the count of characters in the argument); lexical comparison functions LGE(), LGT(), LLE(), and LLT() (to compare strings in the ASCII collating sequence). There are no primitives for reverse searching, for letter-case conversion, for comparisons ignoring letter case in the native and ASCII character sets, for translation, for subset and regular-expression matching, or for tokenizing. While these can all be written portably in Fortran 77, in practice, their omission from the language definition means that they are rarely used, or that users keep reinventing them with different names and implementations. There is no provision for representing unprintable characters by escape sequences, as is possible in C, C++, and many other modern programming languages. To represent the C string "Hello\tWorld\n", the Fortran 77 programmer has to write 'Hello' // char(9) // 'world' // char(10), thereby embedding knowledge of one particular character set (ASCII in this example), and destroying readability and portability. [In practice, one should invent symbolic names for the nonprintable characters, and put those definitions as PARAMETER statements in an INCLUDE file. Fortran 77 does not have an INCLUDE statement, although all UNIX compilers, and most others, provide it.] It is illegal to assign a source string to a target string if they overlap. For routine arguments, this requirement is untestable in Fortran, which lacks pointers and an ADDRESSOF() function. Thus, the trivial assignment S = T must be written as a loop with a temporary variable: CHARACTER() S, T CHARACTER TMP INTEGER I ... DO 10 I = 1, LENGTH(T) TMP = T(I:I) S(I:I) = TMP 10 CONTINUE CHARACTERn data cannot reside in a COMMON block with data of any other type. CHARACTERn data cannot overlay data of other types, either through the EQUIVALENCE statement, or via subroutine or function argument associations. Lastly, Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data are unlike any other Fortran data type: they carry their length around invisibly. For no other Fortran data type is it possible to inquire what its current size is, neither of scalars, nor of arrays: there is no analogue of the C/C++ sizeof() operator. The inadequate Fortran 77 intrinsic function support means that serious string processing still requires a more powerful string library, such as the library developed for the Fortran 77 version of PLOT79. The last two points in particular have serious ramifications for interlanguage calling. The requirement that a string know its own length means that CHARACTERn variables have to be passed differently from any other data type, since both an address of the first character, and the length, must be passed. Stu Feldman's original UNIX f77 compiler handled this problem properly. That compiler supplies one additional argument, the string length, for each CHARACTERn argument, but those extra arguments are all placed at the end of the argument list. Thus, these (extended) Fortran 66, Fortran 77, and C89 examples are compatible: CALL FOO(123, 'Hello', 3.14, 'World') ... SUBROUTINE FOO(A, B, C, D) INTEGER A INTEGER B(1) REAL C INTEGER D(1) ... END SUBROUTINE FOO(A, B, C, D) INTEGER A CHARACTER() B REAL C CHARACTER D() ... END void foo_(int a, char b, float c, char d, int _len_b, int _len_d) { } Notice how clean Feldman's solution is. It works for both old Fortran with quoted strings, but without a CHARACTERn data type, as well as for the new Fortran 77 data type. It even works for Hollerith strings, provided the programmer either passes the additional length arguments, or does not need the lengths in the called routine. It does not require the obnoxious restrictions on argument association and COMMON blocks imposed by the Fortran 77 Standard. This is about as perfect as possible, given the requirements of the Fortran 77 Standard, and continues to support the vast body of ancient, medieval, and modern Fortran code without requiring any changes to that code. The many UNIX compilers noted above that follow Feldman's trailing-underscore-on-Fortran-external-name mapping also use Feldman's design for CHARACTERn arguments. Sadly, several other conventions have been encountered in other Fortran compilers, notably, those from Hewlett-Packard and IBM. IBM's conventions differ, depending on the operating system: Pass the string length arguments as additional arguments by address, but immediately following the string argument, instead of at the end of the argument list. Pass the string length arguments as additional arguments by value, but immediately following the string argument, instead of at the end of the argument list. Pass the address of a record structure that includes at least the string address, and the string length. Pass the address of a record structure that includes at least the string address, and the string length, and pass the string length as an additional argument as well. For example, for the Hewlett-Packard HP 9000/800 in HP-UX 8.x, PLOT79's <p79.h> file has this code fragment: #if __hp9000s500 / The HP 9000/800 passes the lengths by value immediately following each CHARACTER argument. / typedef int FINT; typedef struct { int max_length; char curlenword; int first_byte; int length; char address; } FCHAR; #define CH(x,n) ((x->address)[n])/ n-th character of x / #define FLEN(x) (x->length) / declared length of CHARACTER string / #define FLENARG(x) CONS(x,_len) / declared length of CHARACTER string / #endif / __hp9000s500 / and a primitive in C that uses it looks like this: void #if __hp9000s800 && (HPUX == 8) FORTRAN(p79chm,P79CHM)(filename, FLENARG(filename), mode) #else FORTRAN(p79chm,P79CHM)(filename,mode,FLENARG(filename)) #endif FCHAR filename; FINT mode; int FLENARG(filename); { char p; p = p79ftc(&CH(filename,0),FLEN(filename)); if (p) { (void)chmod(p,INTVAL(mode)); (void)free(p); } } The test for version 8 of the HP-UX operating system is necessary, because in later versions, the string length was moved to the end of the visible argument list. Because the string might be passed as either a structure, or a pointer to its first character, references to it have to be wrapped in the CH() macro, which has a system-dependent definition. As I promised at the start of this section, the story of the Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data type is indeed horrid, complex, and long. Most C/C++ programmers should simply avoid using Fortran code that requires character string arguments, or should write portable wrappers in Fortran that are themselves devoid of such arguments, or should translate the Fortran code to C, either automatically, or if it is not large, by hand. COMMON blocks Fortran provides for shared global memory via COMMON blocks. These are named, or anonymous (so-called `blank' COMMON), areas of memory in which one or more variables are stored. The only things known to the linker about these memory areas are their names, and their lengths. There is no information whatever about their contents, either their local variable names, or their data types. In the past, computer memory was very expensive, and very limited, so it was common for old Fortran programs to economize on memory use by putting lots of variables in COMMON blocks, not for sharing, but simply for reuse of memory, and each routine normally declared a different list of variables for each such block. Today, memory is much cheaper, and reasonably plentiful for many applications, so modern practice is to make each use of a particular COMMON block identical, typically by placing its definition in a header file that is incorporated in the source code at compile time by a nonstandard (but widely implemented) INCLUDE statement. This modern use of COMMON provides for maintenance of state across calls, and for information hiding. A few libraries, notably, PORT and PLOT79, make heavy use of COMMON blocks for such reasons: none of these blocks are ever expected to be examined or modified by end-user code. Variables in COMMON blocks can be initialized in either of two ways: by direct assignment at runtime, usually early on, or by DATA statements in a BLOCK DATA routine. Standard Fortran has these restrictions, although there are compilers that silently relax some or all of them: A named COMMON block may be initialized with DATA statements in only a single BLOCK DATA routine. It is illegal to initialize blank COMMON variables with DATA statements. It is illegal to initialize COMMON variables with DATA statements inside a SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION. Although a BLOCK DATA routine can be named, there is little significance to the name, since such a routine cannot be called (it has no executable code, not even a return instruction). This is an unfortunate design flaw in Fortran, since it means that such routines can never be resolved from a load library; they must always be explicitly loaded at link time. For that reason, libraries that employ COMMON blocks cannot use BLOCK DATA routines; they must use run-time initialization by assignment instead. Unfortunately, that has the defect that unless the initializing routine is explicitly called, execution may proceed with random garbage in the COMMON variables. In most other programming languages, including C and C++, there is no equivalent of Fortran COMMON blocks, although named global data may be supported. Let us see how Fortran makes COMMON block names and BLOCK DATA routine names available to the linker (this experiment was run on a Sun Solaris 2.7 system): % cat common.f REAL A,B,C COMMON / / A,B,C INTEGER U,V,W COMMON /UVWCB/ U,V,W DOUBLE PRECISION X,Y,Z COMMON /XYZCB/ X,Y,Z A = 1.0 B = 2.0 C = 3.0 WRITE (6,'(3(F6.3, 5X))') A,B,C WRITE (6,'(3(I6, 5X))') U,V,W WRITE (6,'(1P3E11.3E3)') X,Y,Z END ************************************* BLOCK DATA BDXYZ DOUBLE PRECISION X,Y,Z COMMON /XYZCB/ X,Y,Z DATA X,Y,Z / 1.1111111111111111D+100, X 2.2222222222222222D+200, X 3.3333333333333333D+300 / END ************************************** BLOCK DATA INTEGER U,V,W COMMON /UVWCB/ U,V,W DATA U,V,W / 123456, 234567, 345678 / END % f77 -c common.f && f77 common.o && ./a.out && nm common.o \| grep ' [CDT] ' common.f: MAIN: BLOCK DATA bdxyz: BLOCK DATA: 1.000 2.000 3.000 123456 234567 345678 1.111E+100 2.222E+200 3.333E+300 0000000000000010 T MAIN_ 00000000000001e0 T _BLKDT__ 000000000000000c C _BLNK__ 00000000000001b8 T bdxyz_ 0000000000000208 T main 0000000000000000 D uvwcb_ 0000000000000010 D xyzcb_ [The nm utility dumps the external symbol table of an object file, and grep selects the output lines that contain the strings ' C ', ' D ', or ' T ', marking a COMMON block, a BLOCK DATA routine, or a SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION definition.] Evidently, this compiler produces external names for COMMON blocks the same way that it does for SUBROUTINE and FUNCTION units. However, it assigns the name _BLKDT__ to the unnamed BLOCK DATA routine. Experiments with other compilers showed that the GNU Fortran compiler, g77, assigns the name _BLOCK_DATA__ to the unnamed routine. Other compilers tested used names like .BLOCKDATA., blk@data_, data$common_, common$DATA, or .blockdata._. Two compilers assigned no name at all. All compilers tested named the named COMMON block using the same conventions as for other external names. However, the unnamed blank COMMON was variously called _BLNK__ on most systems, and #BLNK_COM on IBM AIX. Most computer architectures require data to be aligned at memory addresses that are multiples of their length. On many, failure to do so causes a fatal run-time errors. On some, a run-time fixup is made, slowing execution. On a few, there is no such alignment requirement, or performance impact. Since a Fortran COMMON block specifies the memory layout of the variables in the block, it is important to order the variables by order of decreasing size of their data types: COMPLEX32; REAL16 and COMPLEX16; COMPLEX8, REAL8, and DOUBLE PRECISION; REAL, INTEGER, and LOGICAL; INTEGER2 and LOGICAL2; BYTE, INTEGER1, and LOGICAL1. The external name variation on BLOCK DATA and blank COMMON strongly discourages attempts to reference them from C and C++ programs. For named COMMON, however, you can create struct definitions like these (using the FORTRAN() macro defined above to hide the external name mapping) to reference the COMMON blocks defined in the sample file above: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include "common.h" / for FORTRAN() macro / #define C_xyzcb FORTRAN(xyzcb,XYZCB) #define C_uvwcb FORTRAN(uvwcb,UVWCB) extern struct { int u; int v; int w; } C_uvwcb; extern struct { double x; double y; double z; } C_xyzcb; int main() { (void)printf("%6d %6d %6d\n", C_uvwcb.u, C_uvwcb.v, C_uvwcb.w); (void)printf("%11.3le%11.3le%11.3le\n", C_xyzcb.x, C_xyzcb.y, C_xyzcb.z); return (EXIT_SUCCESS); } Run-time array dimensions Fortran has a convenient feature that allows arrays to be passed to routines and used there without having to know at compile time what their dimensions are: INTEGER NA, NB, NC PARAMETER (NA = 3, NB = 4, NC = 17) REAL X(NA,NB,NC) ... CALL SOLVE(X, NA, NB, NC, MA, MB, MC) ... SUBROUTINE SOLVE(Y, MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC, KYA, KYB, KYC) INTEGER KYA, KYB, KYC, MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC, REAL Y(MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC) INTEGER I, J, K ... DO 30 K = 1, KYC DO 20 J = 1, KYB DO 10 I = 1, KYA ... Y(I,J,K) ... 10 CONTINUE 20 CONTINUE 30 CONTINUE END Notice that two sets of dimensions are typically passed: the current working dimensions, and the maximum dimensions. This language feature is used very heavily in numeric libraries in Fortran. Because the last dimension is not required for array address computations (Y(I,J,K) is found at addressof(Y(1,1,1)) + (I - 1) + (J - 1)MAXYA + (K-1)MAXYAMAXYB), old Fortran code often omitted a dimension argument for that dimension, and used the constant 1 in its place in the declaration (Y(MAXYA, MAXYB, 1) in the above example). One problem with this old practice is that if the compiler wants to do array bounds checking, it does not know whether that dimension is really 1, or some larger, but unknown, value. For that reason, Fortran 77 introduced the possibility of replacing the unit dimension by an asterisk, meaning unspecified. Subscript checking can then be done for all but the last dimension. The older EISPACK and LINPACK libraries use 1 for trailing dimensions, while the newer LAPACK library uses asterisk. In C and C++, arrays are treated as equivalent to a pointer to the first element, and as in Fortran, they carry no hidden information about their true dimensions. However, unlike Fortran, C and C++ historically did not provide for run-time dimensioning. This is a major inconvenience for numerical work, but its lack was not felt in the operating system and software tool applications that C was originally designed for. Once again, the C preprocessor can come to the rescue: #define Y(i,j,k) ((i)maxybmaxyc + (j)maxyc + (k)) / assuming C/C++ storage order */ void solve(float y[][][], int maxya, int maxyb, int maxyc, int kya, int kyb, int kyc) { ... Y(i,j,k) ... } It is very easy to get the addressing wrong, particularly as the number of dimensions increases, so it is highly desirable to encapsulate such definitions in shared header files that can be debugged once and for all. The GNU C and C++ compilers, gcc and g++, added support for run-time array dimensions sometime in the 1990s. Based on that experience, the 1999 ISO C Standard finally introduced support similar to that which Fortran has enjoyed since 1954, calling it the new ``variable-length array'' feature. At the time of writing in late 2001, none of the vendor-provided C and C++ compilers available to this author on 16 different UNIX platforms have this feature, unless they are derived from the GNU compilers. However, once compilers for this language level become widely available, it will be possible to rewrite the above example as: void solve2(int maxya, int maxyb, int maxyc, int kya, int kyb, int kyc, float y[maxya][maxyb][maxyc]) { ... y[i][j][k] ... } Notice the different order of arguments: the C99 variable-length array feature requires that all dimensions be declared in the argument list before they are used as dimensions. This restriction has never been part of Fortran, and since the common Fortran practice is to follow array arguments with their dimensions, it remains a barrier for multilanguage code documentation and translation. The new feature is not part of the 1998 ISO C++ Standard, so once it is used in C programs, they will no longer be compilable by C++ compilers. Recursion Most programming languages defined since the early 1970s support recursion: the ability of a routine to call itself, either directly or indirectly. Efficient implementation of recursion generally requires a memory data structure known as a stack, and most computer architectures designed since the 1970s provide fast hardware support for stacks. The routine calling convention on the machines of the 1950s for which Fortran was originally developed stored the return address in the called routine, completely preventing recursion. Despite the existence of hardware support for recursion, its provision by almost all programming languages designed after Fortran and Cobol, and its widespread use in theoretical computer science, and algorithm and data structure design, the ASA, ANSI, and ISO Fortran committees were reluctant to admit to its existence. It was not until the ISO Fortran 90 Standard that Fortran officially got support for recursion, and then only in a rather crippled form, requiring explicit declaration of all routines that will make recursive calls. None of the major numerical libraries that we have discussed until now use the Fortran 90 RECURSIVE attribute on routine declarations, so C and C++ programmers must be very careful to avoid using these libraries in such a way that recursion through a Fortran routine could occur. In most cases, there is no possibility of such recursion, because the Fortran library routine is called, does its work, and returns. However, some libraries have routines that receive a user-defined function that they in turn call. Numerical quadrature routines commonly do this. If that function ever calls the same Fortran library routine, failure is virtually certain. This can happen, for example, in a multidimensional quadrature.	computer programming languages
What is the name of the cheetah that serves as the spokesperson for Cheetos snacks?	Using C and C++ with Fortran Department of Mathematics - University of Utah Using C and C++ with Fortran Last update: Sat Nov 17 16:46:27 2001 Comments, and reports of errata or bugs, are welcome via e-mail to the author, Nelson H. F. Beebe <[email protected]>. In your report, please supply the full document URL, and the title and Last update time stamp recorded near the top of the document. Table of contents Recursion Background Because of the large existing body of software, particularly numerical software, written in Fortran, it is desirable to call Fortran routines from other languages, notably, C and C++. The ISO Fortran committee has tried to work with the ISO C and C++ committees to standardize the interlanguage calling interface, but the latter committees have been unwilling to do so, on the grounds that it would open the door to demands for interfaces to myriad other languages. Thus, there is currently no international protocol for communication between computer programming languages, and one is unlikely to be developed. In practice, this means that interlanguage communication is only possible if supported by operating systems and compilers. The architecture of DEC VAX (Open)VMS, for example, carefully defined a language-neutral calling sequence, allowing any pair of languages to communicate on that system. On IBM PC DOS, calling conventions are up to each compiler, so in general, code compiled by separate compilers cannot be mixed, even if it was in the same source language. Because the UNIX operating system and run-time libraries were historically written in C (though some now use C++), there is de facto standardization of calling sequences across all languages on a single UNIX platform to that used for C. Despite this promise, there are many other issues that limit the degree of success of mixed-language programming, as the following sections document. Alternatives to mixed-language programming For maximal portability, a better approach is to stick with a single programming language. It may not be desirable, or feasible, to translate code in another language to the target language. LAPACK, for example, has about 660,000 lines of Fortran code: at a commercial code production rate of 1000 lines per month per programmer, that represents more than fifty person-years of programming time. Fortunately, as long as Fortran source code is available, the excellent f2c translator provides a way to convert it to C or C++. f2c does a good job of translating most of Fortran, but its weakness is the handling of I/O statements: they are translated to calls to a run-time library which is then required each time the program is linked. There is a commercial translator made by Cobalt Blue, Inc. which translates Fortran I/O statements to native C I/O statements, making the code easier to maintain, and more C-like. Language translation is acceptable when the translated code is stable, as is the case for most major numerical libraries in Fortran. However, it is definitely not desirable for code that is still under development: either you will end up maintaining the same program in two languages, with at least double the work, and unavoidable, if unintentional, differences as the code evolves, or you will have to work with repeatedly translated code that is decidedly less clear than code written by a competent programmer. There are three important issues when languages are mixed: interrupt and trap handling, I/O, and management of dynamically-allocated heap memory. In general, when you mix languages, the code in one of them needs to be entirely free of interrupt handling, I/O, and dynamic memory allocation. Fortran data types Fortran (1954--) was the first practical high-level language. It was designed primarily for numerical programming, and several years before a good understanding was developed in computer science of how to define programming languages in terms of rigorous language grammars. Thus, Fortran has numerous syntactical quirks, and a limited selection of data types. Originally, Fortran had only the data types INTEGER, LOGICAL, REAL, and COMPLEX, plus untyped word-aligned character strings known as Hollerith data (e.g., 11HHELLO,WORLD). The latter is named after Herman Hollerith (1860--1929), the inventor of the punched card machines used for processing the 1890 U.S. Census data, and one of the founders of the company which eventually became IBM [actually, the Jacquard loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752--1834), was driven by punched cards too, but the cards were large and wooden, instead of made of thin cardboard]. For an interesting biography, see Geoffrey D. Austrian, ``Herman Hollerith --- Forgotten Giant of Information Processing, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-05146-8. Shortly thereafter, Fortran got the DOUBLE PRECISION type, since that was widely implemented in hardware by the early 1960s. When IBM System/360 was introduced in April 1964, it was one of the first byte-addressable computers, and IBM Fortran compilers were extended to recognize byte-length modifiers: COMPLEX8, COMPLEX16, INTEGER2, INTEGER4, LOGICAL1, LOGICAL2, LOGICAL4, REAL4, and REAL8. In 1967, when the first IBM System/360 model with quadruple-precision hardware was introduced, IBM Fortran was extended again to handle REAL16 and COMPLEX32 data types. Later, other vendors added BYTE and POINTER types, and even oddities like Harris Computers' INTEGER3, INTEGER6, and REAL6. The byte-length modifiers reflect particular underlying machine architectures, notably, 32-bit words with 8-bit bytes. IBM's market share was large, and competitors soon added support in their Fortran compilers for those modifiers, even if it did not match their architectures, which might not even by byte-addressable, or have word sizes that are multiples of 8 bits. They simply mapped the byte-length data types to the closest size available on their machines. However, although the ANSI/ISO Fortran 77 Standard added a CHARACTERn data type to the language (a considerable improvement over typeless Hollerith constants), it did not recognize any of these extended types. ANSI/ISO Fortran 90 and Fortran 95 define POINTER, but continue to ignore byte-length modifiers, instead introducing a new syntax to accomplish much the same thing. Variables of these types can be scalars, or arrays of up-to-three dimensions (up-to-seven in Fortran 66 and later), but there are no record structure data types, although Fortran COMMON blocks are often used to group related data to simulate record structures. C/C++ data types C (1969--) and C++ (1982/1986--) have a rich array of data types, from integer bit fields of arbitrary size (up to the number of bits in a memory word), to enum integer types, to integers of implementation-dependent-size ( char, short, int, long, and, optionally, long long ), optionally qualified by signed or unsigned modifiers, to floating-point ( float, double, and optionally, long double ), to pointers to functions and data. Variables of these types can be scalars, or arrays of any number of dimensions. The C/C++ struct and union types, and the C++ class type, can be used to group data of different types for use as a single variable, which in turn can be either a scalar or an array. Boolean and complex types are notably absent from C, although C adopts the convention for Boolean values that numeric zero means false, and numeric nonzero means true. The more recent ISO language standards that define C++98 and C99 have bool, true, and false. Support for complex numeric types has been introduced to C++98 via classes, operator overloading, and templates. C99 has both complex and double complex, and optionally, long double complex, float _imaginary, double _imaginary, and long double _imaginary. For mixed-language programming in C/C++ and Fortran, only the minimal intersection of their many data types can be relied on: int == INTEGER, double == DOUBLE PRECISION. No other data types can be expected to be exchanged without serious compromise of portability. Unfortunately, the Fortran LAPACK library uses CHARACTERn data types in argument lists; we shall see below that this poses a huge problem for portable C and C++ code. Array storage-order differences Fortran stores arrays in row order, with the first subscript increasing most rapidly. C and C++ store arrays in column order with the last subscript increasing most rapidly. Despite arguments to the contrary, there is really no reason to favor either storage convention: rows and columns are equally important concepts. Since two-dimensional arrays (matrices) are prevalent in most Fortran numerical libraries, the C/C++ user must be keenly aware of this difference. One solution is to wrap array-transposition code (an O(N^2) process) around calls to Fortran routines. Another is to program the C/C++ matrix code with reversed index order. A third, and often better, approach is to access the C/C++ matrix data through a C preprocessor macro, or C++ class access functions, to hide the index differences, and avoid unnecessary data movement. Thus, you could write #define A(i,j) a[j][i] and then use A(i,j) throughout your C code. The differing array storage order has, however, a serious performance impact, because almost all modern machines have fast cache memory. Access to a memory location results in the hardware loading multiple consecutive memory locations (typically, 8 to 256 bytes) into cache, so that the next access to that data, which is likely to be the next array element, can be resolved from the cache, which can be many times faster. For a detailed discussion of this, see the document High-Performance Matrix Multiplication. The best advice is thus to choose the array storage order that reflects the most common use of the data, and to order the array indexing loops accordingly. Array indexing differences Fortran array indexing starts at one, while C/C++ indexing starts at zero. An N-by-N matrix is declared in Fortran as typename A(N,N), and indexed from 1 to N, while a corresponding C/C++ array is declared as typename a[N][N], but indexed from 0 to N-1. This feature of C/C++ is a frequent source of off-by-one errors, and when you mix C/C++ code with Fortran, you are even more likely to be confused. If most of the matrix data access is in the Fortran code, then it may be best to write the C/C++ code as if the arrays were Fortran arrays: #define B(i,j) b[j-1][i-1] void foo(void) { ... for (j = 1; j <= N; ++j) { for (i = 1; i <= N; ++i) { ... B(i,j) ... } } } Even though C/C++ programmers frown on this practice, it may be the best way to avoid indexing errors in mixed-language programming. The access macro, B, is after all just a kind of data abstraction, so it is certainly in the spirit of C++. Function return types Fortran has SUBROUTINE, which does not return a value, and must be invoked by a CALL statement, and FUNCTION, which returns a scalar value, and must be invoked by function-like notation in an expression. While some Fortran implementations permit a FUNCTION to be referenced by a CALL statement, it is decidedly nonportable to do so, and is a violation of all national and international standards for Fortran. Fortran functions can return only scalar values, not arrays. C and C++ have only functions, but those `functions' may or may not return a value. Good programming practice declares non-value-returning functions to be of type void, and value-returning ones to be of any non- void scalar type. C/C++ functions can return only scalar values, not arrays, but they can return struct and (for C++) class values. Unfortunately, returning composite objects that occupy more than a single register, or an adjacent register pair, is fraught with peril. Older C and C++ compilers did not support this at all, and newer ones may do it differently than Fortran compilers do: thus, you should not expect to use Fortran functions that return types such as COMPLEX or COMPLEX16. Write a SUBROUTINE interface to your Fortran function instead, and then invoke it as a void function from C or C++. The Fortran view of files Fortran files are of two fundamental types: FORMATTED (text) and UNFORMATTED (binary). Binary files are compact, fast to read and write, and mostly incomprehensible to humans. They also avoid data conversion and accuracy loss, since data is stored in such files with exactly the same bit patterns as in memory. Text file properties are the opposite of these, but text files have the advantage of being highly portable, and readable (and editable) by humans. Data in Fortran files is divided into records, which are recognizable objects in the language and run-time libraries, and are logically the smallest objects in files that the language recognizes. For text files, line boundaries mark records, and such files are generally trivial to process with any programming language or text software tool. For Fortran binary files, special markers (usually 4 to 12 bytes in length) must be recorded in the files to mark the start and end of records, where a `record' corresponds to the data that is in the I/O list of a Fortran READ or WRITE statement. For sequential files, such records may have widely-different lengths, and zero-length records are legal. A Fortran binary READ (unit) statement with no I/O list can be used to skip forward over records, and a BACKSPACE statement may be used to skip backward over records. The presence of record markers in Fortran binary files makes it impossible to use standard Fortran to write binary files that can be processed by other software, even by other Fortran implementations on the same system. Such files must be viewed as distinctly unportable, and many Fortran implementations do not even document precisely how records are identified in binary files, making it very difficult to process them with other languages. Both text and binary file types may be accessed sequentially or randomly, although with random access, the records must be of uniform length, and in older Fortran implementations, and even on some current operating systems, the number of records must be known and declared at file-open time. Standard Fortran does not define any way to read or write data at the byte level. The C/C++ view of files In C and C++, on the other hand, a file is viewed as an unstructured stream of zero or more bytes, and the C fgetc() and fputc() functions can access a byte at a time. Any additional required file structure must be supplied by the user's program itself. This low-level view of files as unstructured byte streams makes it simple in C and C++ to write files that have any desired structure, since the user has complete control over exactly what bytes are read or written. Nothing is added or subtracted by the run-time library, with the sole exception of text files on systems that do not use a simple ASCII LF character to delimit lines. On such systems, the C \n (newline) character may be mapped to something else on output ( CR on Apple Macintosh, CR LF on IBM PC DOS, Microsoft Windows, and several historic now-retired operating systems, or possibly a length field recorded at the start of the record (common practice in VAX VMS and old PDP-11 text files)). However, even on those systems, the file can be opened in binary mode, suppressing all such translations, and giving the user complete control over the data stream. Mixed-language file processing You should thus expect only to be able to share file data between Fortran and C programs with text files, and even there, you need to avoid the use of the Fortran D exponent letter: use the Ew.d Fortran FORMAT item, not Dw.d. Fortran 77 permits the exponent field to contain leading blanks, and some Fortran implementations output numbers in the form 0.12E 1 instead of 0.12E+01. Fortran 90 and 95 outlawed leading blanks in the exponent field, and none of the many Fortran compilers on UNIX systems that I tested output blanks there. The default field width allocated for the exponent field is only two digits, but in IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic, used by virtually all computers on the market by 2000, a double-precision exponent can require three digits, and a quadruple-precision one, four digits. When three digits are required, the exponent letter is dropped, producing values like 0.12+306. Embedded blanks and dropped exponent letters make such numbers illegal input for virtually all other programming languages. Fortunately, there is a solution: use the Ew.dEd Fortran FORMAT item, with the exponent width set to 3 for double-precision data, and 4 for quadruple-precision data. You should also use the 1P scale factor, to avoid a leading zero: 1PE12.5E3 produces numbers like 1.2345E+123. Just remember that 1P also affects subsequently-processed Fw.d items, so they need to be prefixed by 0P to turn off the scaling. The exponent-width FORMAT item modifier was introduced in Fortran 77, which was widely supported by the mid 1980s. However, older Fortran code will not have used it, so you should update all floating-point FORMAT items to ensure that the program's output will be readable from other programming languages. In the other direction, you must avoid using any nondecimal numeric data, or length suffixes ( l, L, f, F, ...), or unsigned numeric data types, in files expected to be read by Fortran programs. The Fortran legacy of 80-column punched cards and 132-column band printers means that Fortran text files tend to have values that occupy fixed numbers of columns, possibly without intervening space (e.g., 123 can be read as 123, or 12 and 3, or 1 and 23, or 1 and 2 and 3, depending on the input FORMAT items). More modern languages tend to view text files as sequences of objects of possibly varying width with some suitable separator (often space or comma or newline) between items. It is possible, though painful, in C or C++ to read and write text files with fixed-length fields, but you can avoid the problem entirely by ensuring that your Fortran output leaves at least one space between fields. There is no C or C++ equivalent of Fortran list-directed I/O (READ (unit,) io-list, WRITE (unit,) io-list), or of Fortran NAMELIST I/O (READ (unit,namelist-name), WRITE (unit,namelist-name)). Avoid those Fortran features if you expect to process such files with programs written in other programming languages. Fortran data that is too wide for the available FORMAT width is output as asterisks. In C and C++, the field width is merely silently expanded to hold the data. Both of these practices pose problems if the output is to be read by another computer program. You should therefore choose output formats carefully, to ensure adequate field widths for all possible data values. Language memory management Most programs in C and C++ make heavy use of dynamically allocated memory, in C through the malloc() / free() family, and in C++ through the new operator (the C memory allocators are available in C++, but strongly deprecated). However, neither language garbage collects memory that is allocated, but no longer in use. Such memory leaks plague most long-running programs written in these languages. As noted above , the Fortran POINTER data type is uncommon, and even where available, is a poor substitute for C's much more powerful dynamic memory management. The absence of dynamic memory support prior to the Fortran 90 standard means that most older Fortran routines are burdened with additional array arguments that provide scratch space. Most large Fortran programs start with a main program that reads in one or more variables defining problem sizes, then computes offsets into one or more large working arrays, cross sections of which are then passed to functions and subroutines as scratch space. Clearly, C and C++ callers can do this too, or they can use their own dynamic memory allocation support to allocate the scratch arrays immediately before the call to the Fortran routine, and then free them immediately on return from the Fortran routine. Argument addressing In Fortran, all routine arguments, without exception, are passed by address. This means that within a FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE, assignment to an argument variable will change its value in the calling program. The exact behavior depends on whether arguments are handled by direct reference, or by copying into local variables on routine entry, and copying back on exit. Code like this CALL FOO(3) III = 3 PRINT ,III ... SUBROUTINE FOO(L) L = 50 END will print 3 on some systems, and 50 on others, with surprising effects in the rest of the program from instances of 3 in the source code having been silently changed to 50. Fortran offers no way to avoid such problems: arguments passed to other routines are always subject to modification in the called routines! In C and C++, scalar objects are passed by value, and array objects by address of the first (index zero) element. In C, C++, and Fortran, arguments that are themselves routine names are passed by address. If we rewrite the above Fortran sample in C foo(3); iii = 3; printf("%d\n", iii); ... void foo(int l) { l = 50; } the program will always print 3, since function foo(l) has no access to the original location of its argument. The change to the argument is entirely local to the function foo(l). In summary then, a Fortran argument list of the form (A,B,C) must always be declared in C and C++ in the form (typename a, typename b, typename c), and used in the form (&a, &b, &c). In C, a global function name is represented by an identical external name used by the linker: % cat foo.c void foo() {} % cc -c foo.c && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 00000000 T foo [The nm utility dumps the external symbol table of an object file; grep selects the output lines that contain the string ' T ', marking a function definition.] In C++, a global function name is mangled in a compiler-dependent way to include representations of the function value and argument types. Together with mandatory function prototypes, it is this name mangling that ensures that, except for varyadic functions like printf(), it is impossible to call a C++ function with incorrect argument types or argument count, something that is very easy to do in C, with dire consequences at run time. For example, on GNU/Linux on Intel x86, the GNU C++ compiler produces this: % cat foo.cc void foo (void) {} void dbl (double d) {} double fdbl (double d) {return 0;} float fflt (float f) {return 0;} int intg (int a, int b) {return 0;} bool fbool (bool a) {return (true); } % g++ -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 0000000c T dbl__Fd 00000048 T fbool__Fb 00000018 T fdbl__Fd 00000028 T fflt__Ff 00000000 T foo__Fv 00000038 T intg__Fii The Portland Group C++ compiler produces different external symbols in some cases, making it difficult to mix object code from these two compilers: % pgCC -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 00000020 T dbl__Fd 00000060 T fbool__Fb 00000030 T fdbl__Fd 00000040 T fflt__Ff 00000010 T foo__Fv 00000050 T intg__FiT1 On Sun Solaris, the GNU C++ compiler produces the same symbol names as shown above, but the native C++ compiler produces very different ones, making it completely impossible to mix object code from these two compilers: %% CC -c foo.cc && nm foo.o \| grep ' T ' 0000000000000038 T __1cDdbl6Fd_v_ 0000000000000010 T __1cDfoo6F_v_ 0000000000000070 T __1cEfdbl6Fd_d_ 00000000000000c8 T __1cEfflt6Ff_f_ 0000000000000108 T __1cEintg6Fii_i_ 0000000000000140 T __1cFfbool6Fb_b_ In order for a C function to be called from C++, it must be declared with new syntax known to C++, but not to C. System header files therefore tend to have code like this extract from Sun Solaris <stdio.h>: #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif ... extern int getchar(void); ... #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif The preprocessor symbol __cplusplus is defined by C++ compilers, but not by C compilers. Thus, the C++ compiler sees the bracketing extern "C" {...}, but the C compiler does not. Both languages can then use the C library functions. All C and C++ implementations produce external symbols as shown above. However, Fortran implementations on UNIX systems have exhibited at least three different external symbol conventions: The world's first Fortran 77 compiler, produced in 1976 by Stu Feldman at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ, where C and UNIX were both developed, appended an underscore on Fortran external names. Thus, Fortran SUBROUTINE foo is known as foo_() in C (and in C++ as well, provided that it is declared as extern "C" void foo_(void)). f77 compilers in Berkeley UNIX, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all follow this practice, as do f2c, GNU g77, and Fortran 77, 90, and 95 compilers from Compaq/DEC, the Portland Group, SGI, and Sun. The trailing underscore distinguishes Fortran code, which is important because of its call-by-address calling convention. This made it possible to provide Fortran equivalents of much of the C run-time library: programs in both languages could use putchar(c), but different functions would actually be called in the two languages. UNIX Fortran compilers from Hewlett-Packard and IBM, alas, chose to make Fortran external names the same: SUBROUTINE foo is foo() in C. This has two problems: C library functions are no longer available to Fortran code under the same familiar names, and the naming is different from that used by most other UNIX systems. The f77 compilers from the now-defunct Ardent, Stellar, and their merged company, Stardent, converted Fortran external names to uppercase, so Fortran SUBROUTINE foo was known as FOO() in C. These variations are a headache for interlanguage calling. The PLOT79 <p79.h> header file contains code like this: / CONS(a,b) should return ab, the concatenation of its arguments / #if __STDC__ \|\| __APOGEE__ #define CONS(a,b) a##b #else #define CONS(a,b) a//b #endif #ifdef ardent #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) ucname #endif #ifdef _IBMR2 #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) lcname #endif #ifdef __hp9000s800 #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) lcname #endif #ifndef FORTRAN #define FORTRAN(lcname,ucname) CONS(lcname,_) #endif The CONS() function is needed to support old-style Kernighan & Ritchie C, as well as 1989 Standard C. Function definitions like this then provide Fortran-callable primitive functions implemented in C: int FORTRAN(p79col,P79COL)() { ... } CHARACTERn arguments We have left one of the nastiest interlanguage calling issues to last, but it is now time to reveal the horrid story of the Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data type. The details are complex and lengthy, but their understanding is necessary if we are to be able to pass this data type between code written in Fortran and in other programming languages. The Hollerith constants described above provided limited character string support in Fortran from 1954 until Fortran 77 appeared (late, on April 3, 1978). The need to count characters, and the lack of a standard data type to represent routine arguments of Hollerith type, were substantial inconveniences. However, the following sample of legacy Fortran code is still usable, almost 50 years after Fortran was invented! % cat hhello.f CALL S(12HHello, world, 12) END SUBROUTINE S(MSG,N) INTEGER K, N, M INTEGER MSG(1) M = (N + 3) / 4 WRITE (6,'(20A4)') (MSG(K), K = 1,M) END % f95 hhello.f && ./a.out Hello, world This is a remarkable testment to software portability and longevity, and is also a record unmatched by any other programming language: A good programmable editor, like emacs, can eliminate the drudgery of character counting during Hollerith string input. Careful hiding of the machine-dependent constants needed to map character (byte) counts to word counts, and the programming discipline to represent such data as Fortran INTEGER arrays, makes substantial character processing in Fortran feasible. The entire PLOT79 graphics system, consisting of more than 493,000 lines of code, uses Hollerith strings, with a convenient set of character primitives to make Hollerith string processing simple, and highly portable. Nevertheless, by the mid 1960s, Fortran compilers were being extended to allow Hollerith strings to be represented as quoted strings, with the convention of doubling embedded quotes: thus, 7HO'Neill could be written as 'O''Neill' on many systems. Lowercase letters became available once the uppercase-only keypunch was retired, in the 1970s. When Hollerith strings were passed as routine arguments, they still had to be received in the guise of one of the standard Fortran data types. The only portable type turned out to be INTEGER. A BYTE type would have been most convenient, but only a few Fortran compilers implemented it, and none of the Fortran compilers on word-addressable architectures had it. LOGICAL was unsuitable because numeric operations are not permitted on such data, and LOGICAL1 was not universally treated as a single-byte type. Floating-point types risked bit scrambling and concomitant data destruction, since some architectures renormalized floating-point data in load and store operations. Until the C programming language became widely available in the mid to late 1980s, there was only one choice of programming language for writing portable software, and that language was Fortran. No contending language even came remotely close in popularity, or amount of code written. [Certainly a lot of Cobol [1960--] code exists, but Cobol was less portable, incredibly verbose, and completely devoid of support for floating-point arithmetic, so it was entirely ignored outside the business community.] Thus, already by the mid 1960s, there was interest in supporting a quoted character string data type in Fortran. Although Fortran was the first programming language to be standardized, in 1966, the American Standards Association (ASA) rules were that ASA Standards should encode common existing practice, not create new ones. It was not until the second standardization effort, with Fortran 77, that the now American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Fortran committee ventured to create new language features: the block IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE IF (expr) THEN ... ELSE ... END IF statement, and the CHARACTERn data type. Unfortunately, committee work usually involves many compromises, and the result was less desirable than might have been produced under a single visionary architect, such as happened with John McCarthy's LISP, Dennis Ritchie's C, Dennis Ritchie's and Ken Thompson's UNIX, and Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula, Modula-2, and Oberon. The block IF statement was a big improvement over Fortran's early arithmetic and logical IF statements, but was not accompanied by its obvious companions of CASE, WHILE, and UNTIL statements, or by internal procedures. All of these existed as clean prior art in the SFTRAN3 preprocessor developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA, and used for writing interplanetary spacecraft flight control software in the 1970s, as well as for writing most of the PLOT79 system. The Fortran 77 (and Fortran 90 and Fortran 95) CHARACTERn data type is almost a total design botch, with more than a dozen deadly sins: Only fixed-length strings are provided, even though character processing deals with words of varying length. There is no empty string: that is like having integers without a zero! You cannot start with an empty string and gradually append things to it, unless you are willing to permit trailing blanks to be insignificant. Assignment of a longer string to a shorter string silently, and undetectably, truncates the target string, even though the data loss may be fatal for subsequent processing. Assignment of a shorter string to a longer string silently pads the target on the right with blanks. Although a substring facility is provided, it foolishly cannot be applied to string constants! There is no FORMAT item support for centered or left-adjusted output in character fields: they are always output flush-right according to FORMAT item Aw. CHARACTERn functions can only return strings of a length fixed at compile time. An inadequate set of string intrinsic functions is provided: CHAR(n) (to convert an ordinal character number to a character); ICHAR(n) (to convert a character to its ordinal character number); INDEX() (to search for the first occurrence of a substring in a string); LENGTH() (to return the count of characters in the argument); lexical comparison functions LGE(), LGT(), LLE(), and LLT() (to compare strings in the ASCII collating sequence). There are no primitives for reverse searching, for letter-case conversion, for comparisons ignoring letter case in the native and ASCII character sets, for translation, for subset and regular-expression matching, or for tokenizing. While these can all be written portably in Fortran 77, in practice, their omission from the language definition means that they are rarely used, or that users keep reinventing them with different names and implementations. There is no provision for representing unprintable characters by escape sequences, as is possible in C, C++, and many other modern programming languages. To represent the C string "Hello\tWorld\n", the Fortran 77 programmer has to write 'Hello' // char(9) // 'world' // char(10), thereby embedding knowledge of one particular character set (ASCII in this example), and destroying readability and portability. [In practice, one should invent symbolic names for the nonprintable characters, and put those definitions as PARAMETER statements in an INCLUDE file. Fortran 77 does not have an INCLUDE statement, although all UNIX compilers, and most others, provide it.] It is illegal to assign a source string to a target string if they overlap. For routine arguments, this requirement is untestable in Fortran, which lacks pointers and an ADDRESSOF() function. Thus, the trivial assignment S = T must be written as a loop with a temporary variable: CHARACTER() S, T CHARACTER TMP INTEGER I ... DO 10 I = 1, LENGTH(T) TMP = T(I:I) S(I:I) = TMP 10 CONTINUE CHARACTERn data cannot reside in a COMMON block with data of any other type. CHARACTERn data cannot overlay data of other types, either through the EQUIVALENCE statement, or via subroutine or function argument associations. Lastly, Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data are unlike any other Fortran data type: they carry their length around invisibly. For no other Fortran data type is it possible to inquire what its current size is, neither of scalars, nor of arrays: there is no analogue of the C/C++ sizeof() operator. The inadequate Fortran 77 intrinsic function support means that serious string processing still requires a more powerful string library, such as the library developed for the Fortran 77 version of PLOT79. The last two points in particular have serious ramifications for interlanguage calling. The requirement that a string know its own length means that CHARACTERn variables have to be passed differently from any other data type, since both an address of the first character, and the length, must be passed. Stu Feldman's original UNIX f77 compiler handled this problem properly. That compiler supplies one additional argument, the string length, for each CHARACTERn argument, but those extra arguments are all placed at the end of the argument list. Thus, these (extended) Fortran 66, Fortran 77, and C89 examples are compatible: CALL FOO(123, 'Hello', 3.14, 'World') ... SUBROUTINE FOO(A, B, C, D) INTEGER A INTEGER B(1) REAL C INTEGER D(1) ... END SUBROUTINE FOO(A, B, C, D) INTEGER A CHARACTER() B REAL C CHARACTER D() ... END void foo_(int a, char b, float c, char d, int _len_b, int _len_d) { } Notice how clean Feldman's solution is. It works for both old Fortran with quoted strings, but without a CHARACTERn data type, as well as for the new Fortran 77 data type. It even works for Hollerith strings, provided the programmer either passes the additional length arguments, or does not need the lengths in the called routine. It does not require the obnoxious restrictions on argument association and COMMON blocks imposed by the Fortran 77 Standard. This is about as perfect as possible, given the requirements of the Fortran 77 Standard, and continues to support the vast body of ancient, medieval, and modern Fortran code without requiring any changes to that code. The many UNIX compilers noted above that follow Feldman's trailing-underscore-on-Fortran-external-name mapping also use Feldman's design for CHARACTERn arguments. Sadly, several other conventions have been encountered in other Fortran compilers, notably, those from Hewlett-Packard and IBM. IBM's conventions differ, depending on the operating system: Pass the string length arguments as additional arguments by address, but immediately following the string argument, instead of at the end of the argument list. Pass the string length arguments as additional arguments by value, but immediately following the string argument, instead of at the end of the argument list. Pass the address of a record structure that includes at least the string address, and the string length. Pass the address of a record structure that includes at least the string address, and the string length, and pass the string length as an additional argument as well. For example, for the Hewlett-Packard HP 9000/800 in HP-UX 8.x, PLOT79's <p79.h> file has this code fragment: #if __hp9000s500 / The HP 9000/800 passes the lengths by value immediately following each CHARACTER argument. / typedef int FINT; typedef struct { int max_length; char curlenword; int first_byte; int length; char address; } FCHAR; #define CH(x,n) ((x->address)[n])/ n-th character of x / #define FLEN(x) (x->length) / declared length of CHARACTER string / #define FLENARG(x) CONS(x,_len) / declared length of CHARACTER string / #endif / __hp9000s500 / and a primitive in C that uses it looks like this: void #if __hp9000s800 && (HPUX == 8) FORTRAN(p79chm,P79CHM)(filename, FLENARG(filename), mode) #else FORTRAN(p79chm,P79CHM)(filename,mode,FLENARG(filename)) #endif FCHAR filename; FINT mode; int FLENARG(filename); { char p; p = p79ftc(&CH(filename,0),FLEN(filename)); if (p) { (void)chmod(p,INTVAL(mode)); (void)free(p); } } The test for version 8 of the HP-UX operating system is necessary, because in later versions, the string length was moved to the end of the visible argument list. Because the string might be passed as either a structure, or a pointer to its first character, references to it have to be wrapped in the CH() macro, which has a system-dependent definition. As I promised at the start of this section, the story of the Fortran 77 CHARACTERn data type is indeed horrid, complex, and long. Most C/C++ programmers should simply avoid using Fortran code that requires character string arguments, or should write portable wrappers in Fortran that are themselves devoid of such arguments, or should translate the Fortran code to C, either automatically, or if it is not large, by hand. COMMON blocks Fortran provides for shared global memory via COMMON blocks. These are named, or anonymous (so-called `blank' COMMON), areas of memory in which one or more variables are stored. The only things known to the linker about these memory areas are their names, and their lengths. There is no information whatever about their contents, either their local variable names, or their data types. In the past, computer memory was very expensive, and very limited, so it was common for old Fortran programs to economize on memory use by putting lots of variables in COMMON blocks, not for sharing, but simply for reuse of memory, and each routine normally declared a different list of variables for each such block. Today, memory is much cheaper, and reasonably plentiful for many applications, so modern practice is to make each use of a particular COMMON block identical, typically by placing its definition in a header file that is incorporated in the source code at compile time by a nonstandard (but widely implemented) INCLUDE statement. This modern use of COMMON provides for maintenance of state across calls, and for information hiding. A few libraries, notably, PORT and PLOT79, make heavy use of COMMON blocks for such reasons: none of these blocks are ever expected to be examined or modified by end-user code. Variables in COMMON blocks can be initialized in either of two ways: by direct assignment at runtime, usually early on, or by DATA statements in a BLOCK DATA routine. Standard Fortran has these restrictions, although there are compilers that silently relax some or all of them: A named COMMON block may be initialized with DATA statements in only a single BLOCK DATA routine. It is illegal to initialize blank COMMON variables with DATA statements. It is illegal to initialize COMMON variables with DATA statements inside a SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION. Although a BLOCK DATA routine can be named, there is little significance to the name, since such a routine cannot be called (it has no executable code, not even a return instruction). This is an unfortunate design flaw in Fortran, since it means that such routines can never be resolved from a load library; they must always be explicitly loaded at link time. For that reason, libraries that employ COMMON blocks cannot use BLOCK DATA routines; they must use run-time initialization by assignment instead. Unfortunately, that has the defect that unless the initializing routine is explicitly called, execution may proceed with random garbage in the COMMON variables. In most other programming languages, including C and C++, there is no equivalent of Fortran COMMON blocks, although named global data may be supported. Let us see how Fortran makes COMMON block names and BLOCK DATA routine names available to the linker (this experiment was run on a Sun Solaris 2.7 system): % cat common.f REAL A,B,C COMMON / / A,B,C INTEGER U,V,W COMMON /UVWCB/ U,V,W DOUBLE PRECISION X,Y,Z COMMON /XYZCB/ X,Y,Z A = 1.0 B = 2.0 C = 3.0 WRITE (6,'(3(F6.3, 5X))') A,B,C WRITE (6,'(3(I6, 5X))') U,V,W WRITE (6,'(1P3E11.3E3)') X,Y,Z END ************************************* BLOCK DATA BDXYZ DOUBLE PRECISION X,Y,Z COMMON /XYZCB/ X,Y,Z DATA X,Y,Z / 1.1111111111111111D+100, X 2.2222222222222222D+200, X 3.3333333333333333D+300 / END ************************************** BLOCK DATA INTEGER U,V,W COMMON /UVWCB/ U,V,W DATA U,V,W / 123456, 234567, 345678 / END % f77 -c common.f && f77 common.o && ./a.out && nm common.o \| grep ' [CDT] ' common.f: MAIN: BLOCK DATA bdxyz: BLOCK DATA: 1.000 2.000 3.000 123456 234567 345678 1.111E+100 2.222E+200 3.333E+300 0000000000000010 T MAIN_ 00000000000001e0 T _BLKDT__ 000000000000000c C _BLNK__ 00000000000001b8 T bdxyz_ 0000000000000208 T main 0000000000000000 D uvwcb_ 0000000000000010 D xyzcb_ [The nm utility dumps the external symbol table of an object file, and grep selects the output lines that contain the strings ' C ', ' D ', or ' T ', marking a COMMON block, a BLOCK DATA routine, or a SUBROUTINE or FUNCTION definition.] Evidently, this compiler produces external names for COMMON blocks the same way that it does for SUBROUTINE and FUNCTION units. However, it assigns the name _BLKDT__ to the unnamed BLOCK DATA routine. Experiments with other compilers showed that the GNU Fortran compiler, g77, assigns the name _BLOCK_DATA__ to the unnamed routine. Other compilers tested used names like .BLOCKDATA., blk@data_, data$common_, common$DATA, or .blockdata._. Two compilers assigned no name at all. All compilers tested named the named COMMON block using the same conventions as for other external names. However, the unnamed blank COMMON was variously called _BLNK__ on most systems, and #BLNK_COM on IBM AIX. Most computer architectures require data to be aligned at memory addresses that are multiples of their length. On many, failure to do so causes a fatal run-time errors. On some, a run-time fixup is made, slowing execution. On a few, there is no such alignment requirement, or performance impact. Since a Fortran COMMON block specifies the memory layout of the variables in the block, it is important to order the variables by order of decreasing size of their data types: COMPLEX32; REAL16 and COMPLEX16; COMPLEX8, REAL8, and DOUBLE PRECISION; REAL, INTEGER, and LOGICAL; INTEGER2 and LOGICAL2; BYTE, INTEGER1, and LOGICAL1. The external name variation on BLOCK DATA and blank COMMON strongly discourages attempts to reference them from C and C++ programs. For named COMMON, however, you can create struct definitions like these (using the FORTRAN() macro defined above to hide the external name mapping) to reference the COMMON blocks defined in the sample file above: #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include "common.h" / for FORTRAN() macro / #define C_xyzcb FORTRAN(xyzcb,XYZCB) #define C_uvwcb FORTRAN(uvwcb,UVWCB) extern struct { int u; int v; int w; } C_uvwcb; extern struct { double x; double y; double z; } C_xyzcb; int main() { (void)printf("%6d %6d %6d\n", C_uvwcb.u, C_uvwcb.v, C_uvwcb.w); (void)printf("%11.3le%11.3le%11.3le\n", C_xyzcb.x, C_xyzcb.y, C_xyzcb.z); return (EXIT_SUCCESS); } Run-time array dimensions Fortran has a convenient feature that allows arrays to be passed to routines and used there without having to know at compile time what their dimensions are: INTEGER NA, NB, NC PARAMETER (NA = 3, NB = 4, NC = 17) REAL X(NA,NB,NC) ... CALL SOLVE(X, NA, NB, NC, MA, MB, MC) ... SUBROUTINE SOLVE(Y, MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC, KYA, KYB, KYC) INTEGER KYA, KYB, KYC, MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC, REAL Y(MAXYA, MAXYB, MAXYC) INTEGER I, J, K ... DO 30 K = 1, KYC DO 20 J = 1, KYB DO 10 I = 1, KYA ... Y(I,J,K) ... 10 CONTINUE 20 CONTINUE 30 CONTINUE END Notice that two sets of dimensions are typically passed: the current working dimensions, and the maximum dimensions. This language feature is used very heavily in numeric libraries in Fortran. Because the last dimension is not required for array address computations (Y(I,J,K) is found at addressof(Y(1,1,1)) + (I - 1) + (J - 1)MAXYA + (K-1)MAXYAMAXYB), old Fortran code often omitted a dimension argument for that dimension, and used the constant 1 in its place in the declaration (Y(MAXYA, MAXYB, 1) in the above example). One problem with this old practice is that if the compiler wants to do array bounds checking, it does not know whether that dimension is really 1, or some larger, but unknown, value. For that reason, Fortran 77 introduced the possibility of replacing the unit dimension by an asterisk, meaning unspecified. Subscript checking can then be done for all but the last dimension. The older EISPACK and LINPACK libraries use 1 for trailing dimensions, while the newer LAPACK library uses asterisk. In C and C++, arrays are treated as equivalent to a pointer to the first element, and as in Fortran, they carry no hidden information about their true dimensions. However, unlike Fortran, C and C++ historically did not provide for run-time dimensioning. This is a major inconvenience for numerical work, but its lack was not felt in the operating system and software tool applications that C was originally designed for. Once again, the C preprocessor can come to the rescue: #define Y(i,j,k) ((i)maxybmaxyc + (j)maxyc + (k)) / assuming C/C++ storage order */ void solve(float y[][][], int maxya, int maxyb, int maxyc, int kya, int kyb, int kyc) { ... Y(i,j,k) ... } It is very easy to get the addressing wrong, particularly as the number of dimensions increases, so it is highly desirable to encapsulate such definitions in shared header files that can be debugged once and for all. The GNU C and C++ compilers, gcc and g++, added support for run-time array dimensions sometime in the 1990s. Based on that experience, the 1999 ISO C Standard finally introduced support similar to that which Fortran has enjoyed since 1954, calling it the new ``variable-length array'' feature. At the time of writing in late 2001, none of the vendor-provided C and C++ compilers available to this author on 16 different UNIX platforms have this feature, unless they are derived from the GNU compilers. However, once compilers for this language level become widely available, it will be possible to rewrite the above example as: void solve2(int maxya, int maxyb, int maxyc, int kya, int kyb, int kyc, float y[maxya][maxyb][maxyc]) { ... y[i][j][k] ... } Notice the different order of arguments: the C99 variable-length array feature requires that all dimensions be declared in the argument list before they are used as dimensions. This restriction has never been part of Fortran, and since the common Fortran practice is to follow array arguments with their dimensions, it remains a barrier for multilanguage code documentation and translation. The new feature is not part of the 1998 ISO C++ Standard, so once it is used in C programs, they will no longer be compilable by C++ compilers. Recursion Most programming languages defined since the early 1970s support recursion: the ability of a routine to call itself, either directly or indirectly. Efficient implementation of recursion generally requires a memory data structure known as a stack, and most computer architectures designed since the 1970s provide fast hardware support for stacks. The routine calling convention on the machines of the 1950s for which Fortran was originally developed stored the return address in the called routine, completely preventing recursion. Despite the existence of hardware support for recursion, its provision by almost all programming languages designed after Fortran and Cobol, and its widespread use in theoretical computer science, and algorithm and data structure design, the ASA, ANSI, and ISO Fortran committees were reluctant to admit to its existence. It was not until the ISO Fortran 90 Standard that Fortran officially got support for recursion, and then only in a rather crippled form, requiring explicit declaration of all routines that will make recursive calls. None of the major numerical libraries that we have discussed until now use the Fortran 90 RECURSIVE attribute on routine declarations, so C and C++ programmers must be very careful to avoid using these libraries in such a way that recursion through a Fortran routine could occur. In most cases, there is no possibility of such recursion, because the Fortran library routine is called, does its work, and returns. However, some libraries have routines that receive a user-defined function that they in turn call. Numerical quadrature routines commonly do this. If that function ever calls the same Fortran library routine, failure is virtually certain. This can happen, for example, in a multidimensional quadrature.	i don't know
Which airline's in-flight magazine is called Sky?	World's 12 best airline magazines \| CNN Travel World’s 12 best airline magazines for 2012 World’s 12 best airline magazines for 2012 Between the puke bag and the duty-free brochure, in-flight magazines are a glossy guarantee in every seat-back pocket. But which are worth the read? By Zach Dundas 29 July, 2012 If you fly, you know them. Maybe you even love them. In-flight magazines can be notorious for stodgy stories, bad puns and breathless travel fluff, never mind the sudoku that's been half filled in already. These days, though, at least a few of these print-media warhorses are trying to raise their game. Earlier this year, we pored over issues of as many airline mags as we could get our hands on to build the ultimate airborne reading list. Our top dozen for 2012: 12. Ryanair Magazine (Ireland) Well, we just met, Ryanair seductress, but if you insist. Basics: From delightfully cheesy covers (that girl in the pink dress really wants you to drink that wine) to antic “two-minute” city guides, the Irish cheap-flight empire knows its audience of travel-mad hedonists. Perfect reader: A maturing lager lad with a decade-old soccer tattoo. He’s graduated to pricey cocktails and museums, but still channels his Viking ancestors come stag time in Tallinn. Words: Words? Oh, right. No pseudo-literary features here. Ryanair speaks in the voice of a wised-up pal with a pint in hand. Look: Meet Ornella, a Ryanair cabin crew member featured on a two-page spread, in her skivvies. She’s got her right thumb strategically hooked in her underpants, in fact. It’s for charity. Gold star: Need to know the best hotel in Kaunas? Ryanair has your back. Black mark: Journalism? Eh, don’t bother. Verdict: A little dumb, a little demented, but lots of fun. 11. Go (AirTran, United States) The joys of travel ... and Photoshop. Basics: In-flight magazine of the Orlando/Atlanta-based budget carrier operated by Southwest Airlines, Go keeps going with its well-designed, not-much-nonsense approach. Perfect reader: A road warrior from Marietta, Georgia, on his way to a B-tier convention in Kansas City. He wishes he were headed for an eco-spa in Tulum. Words: Go serves up smart travel info, with a little typical in-flight hype. That spa in Tulum provides the “ultimate decadence,” of course. But a recent issue also includes a witty guide to Vegas on US$25 a day and lots of precise tips. Look: Graphic mini-stories in the magazine’s opening section dissect a staggering number of destinations, products and events. Gold star: Every mag does “by the numbers” stories, but Go’s city stats pages make eye-catching intros to AirTran destinations. It’s never been colder than 5 C in Key West? Weird. Cool. Book the ticket. Black mark: Chunky “business” features are forehead-to-tabletop obvious. Cloud computing. Heard of it? Verdict: At its best, Go makes flying cheap seem quite fun. 10/9. Tie: Holland Herald (KLM, Netherlands) and Lufthansa Magazin (Germany) This duo is too sensible to fight over rankings in random Internet listicles. Call it a draw. Basics: These northern European titles are deadlocked at good but not great. Perfect reader: A smart EU bureaucrat who just took her Ambien (Holland Herald); the love child of Angela Merkel and David Hasselhoff (Magazin). Words: Herald stands out with some highbrow moves, like the recent “Work” issue’s interview with pop philosopher Alain de Botton, but often settles for travel cliché. Chengdu’s food scene is both “dazzling” and “idyllic”; Vienna, “fit for an emperor.” Magazin’ssubject mix is agreeably goofy and somehow very German -- the nation’s best table tennis player; a middle-aged hotel kingpin displaying his hirsute chest; big, nerdy sections on aircraft. Look: Great photos in the Herald, while Magazin aims for hip retro-minimalism (someone’s been reading Monocle). Gold star: Both offer solid service in bright, informative tones. Black mark: Herald’s layout is a hodgepodge, and Magazin mostly looks as bland as its name. Verdict: Two magazines that get the job done without being too exciting. Like their home countries? We didn’t say that. 8. Qantas The Australian Way(Australia) Yes, they really put salt on the cover. Don't worry if you missed the joke -- there are plenty more attempts inside. Basics: Big, glossy, bold, brassy Perfect reader: Every polite yet rambunctious Australian you’ve ever met. Words: The focus is almost exclusively on luxe travel, which the magazine delivers with hearty self-confidence, imparting both its smartest tips (how to find the hidden glories the Mexican state of Chihuahua) and dumbest jokes (that same story’s sub-head: “Small dog, big destination”). Look: The overall design could use renovation, but sprawling photos of amazing Down Under landscapes are an unbeatable trump card. Gold star: The voluminous travel content is packed with actionable info. Black mark: Cheese. They can’t resist a headline pun (golf feature: “Fairways to Heaven;” coastal destination profile: “Life’s a Beach”). Final verdict: Like a chatty, informed seatmate who’s had a cocktail or two. 7. Smile(Cebu Pacific, Philippines) If only we looked this fresh a week into our Vietnam trip. Basics: What? Who? We didn’t see this chipper little underdog coming either, but Smile’s youthful (and authentically Filipino) charm won us over. Perfect reader: A fresh-faced backpacker as excited about checking out Kalibo by tricycle as s/he is about navigating the markets of Saigon. Words: No great prose, but zest for adventure prevails. In a recent issue, a phrase-based Vietnam guide, a two-woman Southeast Asia travelogue and an alluring snapshot of Cebuano cuisine all had us reaching for our passports. Look: Nothing special, but frequent portraits of ordinary people having a good time echo the magazine’s spontaneous, low-key voice. Gold star: Capsule guides to every city on the airline’s network include slang and breakfast tips from locals. Black mark: The layout smacks of a U.S. teen magazine. Final verdict: Smile proves in-flights don’t need to pretend to be Esquire or The Economist -- just to capture the spirit of the places they serve. Delta? Air Canada? Air New Zealand? Click to the next page to see which airline carries the top in-flight magazine. 6. Voyager (British Midland International, United Kingdom) We had this one ranked 10th. But something about those piercing blue eyes wouldn't allow us to keep Voyager down. Basics: A brainy-for-in-flight effort from one of Britain’s second-tier airlines. Perfect reader: He wears a tweed jacket, semi-ironically. So does she. Words: A smart and cosmopolitan mix of stories, with a strong emphasis on culture. A recent issue included interviews with Ewan McGregor and hot London chefs, and in-depth looks at Marrakech and Casablanca. Look: Colorful, original, sharply presented photos. Gold star: The short stories up front are unusually compelling -- looks at current books, art and video games that would be at home in Wired. Black mark: That Marrakech travelogue almost got Voyager completely disqualified with reference to a “not in Kansas moment.” And a guide to Irish pubs in Moscow? Is this 1996? Final verdict: Voyager is a pleasure to read and look at, but needs to police the clichés to crack our top five. 5. Indwe (SA Express, South Africa) They love South Africa more than anyone. And they're ready to prove it. Basics: Like Smile, this relative unknown charmed us by imparting a sense of real life in its home territory. Perfect reader: A first-time visitor in South Africa, ready to fall in love with the country. Words: Patriotism resounds. A recent issue featured insightful-feeling stories on Soweto, Namibia’s Skeleton Coast and South Africa’s signature textile. Look: Vivid photographs jump out of bland layouts. Gold star: Any in-flight that runs a feature on climate change deserves a high-five for some journalistic courage. Black mark: The personality profiles are a little too local to resonate outside the market. Who are these people? Final verdict: Nothing fancy, but proves that vivacious writing and photography can carry the day. 4. Sky (Delta, United States) Definitely up on fashion. And oblique Björk references. Basics: Like a proficient American football team, Sky mostly sticks to blocking-and-tackling basics, but occasionally unleashes an entertaining long bomb. Perfect reader: She’s on a two-leg transcontinental trip and finished off her Vanity Fair on the first flight. Words: Travel clunkers aside (“Singapore is changing, and changing quickly…”), Sky mostlydodges in-flight cliché in favor of mature, informative prose. Look: A layout style cribbed from a decade-old copy of Maxim jams photos, graphics and text amid junky-looking ads. Gold star: Culturally aware and -- by in-flight standards -- ambitious features. The March 2012 issue focused on film provides spunky, timely interviews with the "Mad Men" costume designer and "Hunger Games" star and cover subject Jennifer Lawrence. Black mark: After midway, the mag becomes a jumble of Spanish translations, staid business articles and on-board purchase menus. Final verdict: Sky isn’t going to get many readers to carry it off the plane, but it knows what’s going on and, at its best, figures readers do, too. 3. KiaOra (Air New Zealand) New Zealand: still setting impossibly high standards for scenic beauty. Basics: Fun, energetic, colorful with an element of cheek. Perfect reader: The kind of passenger a lesser in-flight would be tempted to describe as a “culture vulture.” Words: The story selection is essentially an up-market lifestyle catalog. Nothing meaty, but cheerful and breezy. Look: Too many stale stock photos. The more original shots, however, can be witty and striking. Gold star: KiaOra hits its stride in its deep sections about fashion, culture, design and food. Black mark: The magazine’s design doesn’t live up to its own go-go aspirations. Stuck between generations, it’s sometimes cool, sometimes clunky. Final verdict: Like NZ itself, KiaOra is small, but fun and, often as not, very impressive. 2. Open Skies (Emirates, United Arab Emirates) Um ... it gets better inside. Basics: Savvy, graphic, editorially ambitious and giving every impression of oozing cash, this very Brit-inflected mag wings around most of the competition. Perfect reader: Speaks in a perfect but placeless accent: part-London, part-New York, part-Dubai luxury high-rise. Has not had a fixed address in years. Words: Nick Hornby on soccer? Check. Reviews of US$1,200 hotel rooms? Check. Financial Times columnists? Check. Hipster-brainy book reviews? Re-purposed New Yorker features? Check. Open Skies gets what it wants. Look: Completely eschewing traditional cover lines, the art-mag-style covers are a little show-offy and often obscure (we get it, Open Skies: you’re different). Then again, bold, modernist layouts really are different. Recent issues carried photo essays on Russia’s space program and London’s underworld. Gold star: Rare among in-flights, this magazine isn’t afraid to show swaggering personality with a few raffish touches of attitude and genuine intellect. Well played, old boy. Black mark: What, you say your magazine is based in the desert somewhere? Could have fooled us -- Open Skies seems determined to ignore its Emirates' home. And, really, those covers need a massive overhaul. Final verdict: Not every in-flight serves the same readership, but we wish they all had Open Skies’s self-confidence and smarts. 1. En Route (Air Canada) Whatever this is supposed to mean, we love it. And wouldn't mind sharing a chairlift with it. Basics: An almost ridiculously tricked-out version of the in-flight concept, Air Canada’s mag is oversized, beautifully designed, generally well written and essentially snickering at the competition. Perfect reader: Someone predisposed to considering Canada the smartest, nicest, best-run country on earth (i.e., probably an American or Brit). Words: Departing from the typical in-flight “general interest” formula, En Route is about travel. Period. Just about every story is about where to go, how to get there and what to eat or drink on arrival. And everything is in both English and French. Sacre something! Look: Just about every other mag on this list could learn something from En Route’s classy, of-the-moment design and fantastic original photography. Gold star: Balances breezy globalism (the issues we reviewed visited Bellingham, Washington, the Black Forest, Patagonia and seemingly everywhere else), and that Canadian thing (stories about the Northwest Territories, beer-drinking hockey players). Black mark: The sales jobs for Air Canada vacation packages that take over about two-thirds of the way through are a letdown. Final verdict: Styles and subjects could differ, but this is basically what an in-flight could (and should) be. Article first published May 2012, updated December 2012 Tags:	Delta
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The trial on campaign finance violations of what former Presidential candidate and North Carolina senator ended in a mistrial last week?	Edwards gets acquittal on one count, mistrial on others - CNN.com Edwards gets acquittal on one count, mistrial on others By the CNN Wire Staff Updated 10:16 PM ET, Thu May 31, 2012 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. JUST WATCHED Edwards: "I did a lot that was wrong' 04:39 Story highlights Edwards says he's "grateful for all my children," including "my precious Quinn" Jurors acquited Edwards of one count and deadlocked on five more Prosecutors had alleged he used campaign funds to conceal his mistress Defense attorneys argued that Edwards was guilty of nothing but being a bad husband Two-time Democratic presidential hopeful John Edwards took responsibility for "my sins," including an affair that resulted in a "precious" daughter, after his federal corruption case ended in an acquittal and mistrial Thursday. Prosecutors had accused the onetime North Carolina senator of using nearly $1 million in illegal campaign contributions to keep his pregnant mistress under wraps as he ran for president in 2008. But after more than 50 hours of deliberations over nine days, jurors cleared him of one of six counts and deadlocked on the rest. Emerging from the courthouse with his parents and daughter Cate at his side, he said that while he never believed he committed a crime, "I did an awful, awful lot that was wrong, and there is no one else responsible for my sins." "None of the people who came to court and testified are responsible. Nobody working for the government is responsible," he said. "I am responsible, and if I want to find the person who should be held accountable for my sins, honestly, I don't have to go any further than the mirror." Opinion: Edwards jury got it exactly right He thanked his family for supporting him, adding that "I'm grateful for all my children" -- including Cate, who sat through the trial with him, 12-year-old Jack, 14-year-old Emma and the 4-year-old girl from his affair, whom he called "my precious Quinn, who I love more than any of you can ever imagine." Edwards had denied that he was the girl's father for more than a year, saying the affair was over before his onetime mistress, Rielle Hunter, became pregnant. Once a cheater always a cheater? Jurors emerged Thursday afternoon to announce they had reached a decision on the one count, but none of the others. U.S. District Judge Catherine Eagles ordered them back into the jury room to continue deliberating, but declared a mistrial after they returned less than an hour later to announce the deadlock. The result leaves prosecutors to decide whether to re-try Edwards. There was no immediate comment from the Justice Department, which prosecuted the case. Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – U.S. Sen. John Edwards, center, and other senators discuss President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial on February 3, 1999. More than a year later, Vice President Al Gore reportedly put Edwards on his "short list" as a running mate on the 2000 Democratic presidential ticket (before picking Joe Lieberman). Hide Caption 1 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Sen. Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts and Edwards at a news briefing in Kennedy's office in 2001. Hide Caption 2 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – In 2004, Democratic vice presidential candidate Edwards speaks in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Hide Caption 3 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Sen. John Kerry, the 2004 Democratic presidential candidate, greets his running mate, Edwards, at the Democratic National Convention in Boston. Hide Caption 4 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards appears on "The Tonight Show With Jay Leno" in October 2004. Hide Caption 5 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – A month later, the candidate for vice president speaks at an Election Night campaign rally in Boston. Hide Caption 6 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards' wife, Elizabeth, meets with children after a town-hall gathering in Iowa in 2007. She passed away in 2010 from breast cancer after separating from Edwards. Hide Caption 7 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – In September 2007, Edwards attends a Democratic presidential debate in Hanover, New Hampshire. Hide Caption 8 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – During his "poverty tour," Democratic presidential candidate Edwards toured eight states. Here he speaks in Pittsburgh in July 2007. Hide Caption 9 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination in Waterloo, Iowa, in December 2007. Hide Caption 10 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Speaking to Iowans during a New Year's Day 2008 campaign event, Edwards tries to earn votes for the upcoming Iowa caucuses. Hide Caption 11 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards greets supporters in New Hampshire in January 2008. Hide Caption 12 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Presidential hopefuls Hillary Clinton, Edwards and Barack Obama point to supporters and family members in the audience after a debate in New Hampshire in January 2008. Hide Caption 13 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Days before South Carolina's 2008 Democratic primary, Edwards speaks to the press in Bennettsville. Hide Caption 14 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards, who bowed out of the presidential race, speaks to the media with his family -- Cate, left, Emma Claire, Jack and his wife, Elizabeth -- in New Orleans in late January 2008. Hide Caption 15 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards endorsed Barack Obama after Hillary Clinton won the West Viriginia primary. Hide Caption 16 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Rielle Hunter, Edwards' former mistress, holds their daughter, Frances Quinn Hunter, in August 2009. Prosecutors accused Edwards of using nearly $1 million in illegal campaign contributions to keep his pregnant mistress under wraps as he ran for president in 2008. Defense attorneys argued the donations could not be considered campaign contributions. They said Edwards was guilty of being a bad husband but had committed no crime. Hide Caption 17 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Former Edwards aide Andrew Young and his wife, Cheri, listen during a 2010 hearing in North Carolina. Defense attorneys argued that Young used the money for his own gain and to pay for Hunter's medical expenses to hide the affair from Edwards' wife. Hide Caption 18 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards and two of his children, Emma Claire and Jack, leave the funeral service for Elizabeth Edwards, who died at 61 after a six-year battle with breast cancer in December 2010. Hide Caption 19 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards' mug shot was released after the former presidential candidate pleaded not guilty in June 2011 to charges of accepting illegal campaign contributions, falsifying documents and conspiracy. Hide Caption 20 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards enters a Greensboro, North Carolina, courthouse for his federal corruption trial with daughter Cate on May 21, 2012. Hide Caption 21 of 22 Photos: Photos: The rise and fall of John Edwards The rise and fall of John Edwards – Edwards addresses the media after his acquittal and mistrial, with his daughter Cate and his parents Wallace and Bobbie Edwards at his side, outside the Greensboro courthouse on Thursday, May 31, 2012. After nine days of deliberation, a jury acquitted Edwards on one count but deadlocked on five other counts in his corruption trial. It's unclear what the Justice Department will do next, but Edwards says his years of service aren't over. Hide Caption	John Edwards
Convection, conduction, and radiation are three of the ways what type of energy can be transferred?	Federal charges dropped against John Edwards Federal charges dropped against John Edwards Michael Biesecker, Associated Press Tweet Share FILE - In a Thursday, May 31, 2012 file photo, former presidential candidate John Edwards speaks outside a federal courthouse as his daughter, Cate Edwards, left, and father Wallace Edwards, listen after his campaign finance fraud case ended in a mistrial, in Greensboro, N.C. Federal prosecutors on Wednesday, June 13, 2012 dropped all charges against Edwards after his corruption trial ended last month in a deadlocked jury. (AP Photo/Chuck Burton, File) More RALEIGH, N.C. (AP) -- A relieved John Edwards said after his mistrial on campaign corruption charges that he believed good things were still in store for him, though image makers and his friends agree that does not include politics. The ex-presidential candidate who turned 59 this week will no longer have to face that future with federal charges hanging over his head after prosecutors on Wednesday dropped their campaign fraud case against him. After a six-week trial in North Carolina, jurors acquitted Edwards May 31 on one count of accepting illegal campaign contributions and deadlocked on five other felony counts. The judge declared a mistrial. The U.S. Justice Department said in a court order that it will not seek to retry Edwards on the five unresolved counts, leaving some to say the charges shouldn't have been brought in the first place. Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer, who oversees the agency's criminal division, said prosecutors knew the case, like all campaign finance cases, would be challenging. But he said it is "our duty to bring hard cases" when warranted. "Last month, the government put forward its best case against Mr. Edwards, and I am proud of the skilled and professional way in which our prosecutors .... conducted this trial," he said, adding that he respected the jury's judgment and decided not to seek a retrial "in the interest of justice." Edwards left his response to the dismissal up to his attorneys, Abbe Lowell, Allison Van Laningham and Alan W. Duncan. They said in a joint statement that they are pleased with the government's decision not to seek a second trial they believe would have had the same outcome. "While John has repeatedly admitted to his sins, he has also consistently asserted, as we demonstrated at the trial, that he did not violate any campaign law nor even imagined that any campaign laws could apply," they said. "We are very glad that, after living under this cloud for over three years, John and his family can have their lives back and enjoy the peace they deserve." Prosecutors accused Edwards of masterminding a scheme to use about $1 million in secret payments from two wealthy political donors to hide his pregnant mistress, Rielle Hunter, as he sought the White House in 2008. He would have faced up to 30 years in prison and $1.5 million in fines if convicted of all charges. Neither he nor Hunter took the stand. At trial, the case against Edwards rested largely on the testimony of his former right-hand man, Andrew Young, who initially claimed paternity of his boss' baby and deposited most of the money at issue in the case into his family's personal accounts. But upon cross examination, Edwards' lawyers used inconsistencies from Young's past statements to undermine his credibility and used bank records to show the aide and his wife siphoned off much of the money to help build their $1.6 million dream home. The trial exposed a sordid sex scandal that unfolded while Edwards' wife, Elizabeth, was dying of cancer, including the most intimate details of his affair with Hunter. But despite recounting the salacious details of his family tragedy, legal experts said the government failed to prove Edwards knowingly violated campaign finance law. Several jurors said a clear majority within the group after deliberating nine days wanted to acquit Edwards on all charges. "It was a weak case," Curtis Driggers, a juror from Ellerbe, told The Associated Press last week. "It was all on Andrew Young and he didn't carry much weight with me. If they don't have any more factual information than what they presented, I don't think any other jury would reach a different decision." Bruce Reinhart, a criminal defense attorney who was a federal prosecutor for 19 years, said the prosecution's theory in this case was "aggressive." "I think they were trying to plow new ground, but I can't say they were wrong to bring the case," said Reinhart, who spent eight years in the Justice Department's public integrity section, which prosecuted Edwards. "Sometimes you have to bring tough cases, and tough cases are hard to win." From the start, though, Edwards' lawyers painted the prosecution as politically motivated and several campaign finance experts said that even if he had known about the money flowing to his mistress, he wasn't violating the law. Read More Melanie Sloan, the executive director for the campaign watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, said the ex-North Carolina senator never should have been charged. No federal candidate had ever before been tried over payments from a third party that flowed to the politician's mistress. "It was a colossal waste of time and taxpayer money," Sloan said. "Now maybe the Justice Department can get back to prosecuting people who actually broke the law." Edwards denied doing anything illegal in his statement after the mistrial but acknowledged he had done much that was wrong. "There is no one else responsible for my sins," Edwards said, before expressing hope for his future. "I don't think God's through with me. I really believe he thinks there's still some good things I can do." Likely not in politics, though, with image experts advising he should stay out of the public eye. "I think John Edwards has no political future. Nada, zip," said Emory University political science professor Merle Black soon after the mistrial. Experts say he should stay out of the public eye for a time and concentrate on his family, something he said in his statement that he would like to do. He has one grown daughter, 30-year-old Cate, a teenage daughter, Emma Claire, and his youngest son, Jack. His son, Wade, died in a car accident in 1996. He also indicated he spends time with the daughter, now 4, whom he fathered with Hunter. He called Francis Quinn Hunter "precious." After two years of public denials, Edwards announced he was the father of Hunter's baby in January 2010. The girl lives with her mother in Charlotte. Cate Edwards reacted to Wednesday's decision through her Twitter account. She sat behind her father in the courtroom nearly every day of his lengthy trial. "Big sigh of relief," Cate Edwards tweeted. "Ready to move forward with life." ___	i don't know
What is the name of the chief muscle used in breathing, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?	Breathe Strong Perform Bettter - Anatomy and physiology of muscles involved in breathing Anatomy and physiology of muscles involved in breathing This is an excerpt from Breathe Strong, Perform Better by Alison McConnell. Breathing Pump Muscles The breathing pump muscles are a complex arrangement that form a semirigid bellows around the lungs. Essentially, all muscles that attach to the rib cage have the potential to generate a breathing action, but the principal muscles are shown in figure 1.7. Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity are inspiratory muscles and induce inhalation, while those that compress the thoracic cavity are expiratory and induce exhalation. These muscles possess exactly the same basic structure as all other skeletal muscles, and they work in concert to expand or compress the thoracic cavity. Inspiratory Muscles The principal muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm, a domed sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm attaches to the lower ribs, as well as to the lumbar vertebrae of the spine. When the diaphragm contracts, the dome flattens, moving downward into the abdominal cavity like a piston (think of a syringe barrel). This movement increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a negative pressure that is proportional to the extent of its movement, and thus, to the force of contraction. Diaphragm contraction also induces the lower ribs to move upward and forward, which also increases thoracic volume. The ribs move outward because the central tendon of the diaphragm (at the crown of the dome) pushes down onto the liver and stomach, which act like a fulcrum. This has the effect of raising the edges of the diaphragm, which are connected to the rib margins, forcing them upward and outward. When the diaphragm moves downward into the abdominal compartment, it also raises intraabdominal pressure and assists the abdominal muscles in stabilizing the spine. The muscles of the rib cage are known as the intercostal muscles because they are located in the space between adjacent ribs. Each space contains a layer of inspiratory and a layer of expiratory muscle fibers. The inspiratory intercostal muscles form the outer layer, and they slope downward and forward; contraction causes the ribs to move upward and outward, similar to the raising of a bucket handle. Contraction of these muscles also serves to stabilize the rib cage, making it more rigid, as well as bringing about twisting movements. The stiffening of the rib cage enables it to oppose the tendency to collapse slightly under the influence of the negative pressure generated by the movement of the diaphragm. Without this action, the rib cage would distort, and the action of the diaphragm would be less mechanically efficient, thus wasting energy. Intercostal muscle contraction also brings about stiffening of the rib cage during lifting, pushing, and pulling movements, which makes the intercostal muscles an important contributor to these movements. Some muscles in the neck region also have an inspiratory action. The scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles (also known as sternomastoid) are attached to the top of the sternum, upper two ribs, and clavicle at one end; at the other end, they are attached to the cervical vertebrae and mastoid process. When these muscles contract, they lift the top of the chest, but the scalene muscles are also involved in flexion of the neck. Expiratory Muscles The principal muscles of expiration are those that form the muscular corset of the abdominal wall. The most well known and visible of these (at least in male models!) is the rectus abdominis (or “six pack”); the other three muscles are less visible but arguably more functionally important to sports—the transversus abdominis and the internal and external oblique muscles. When these muscles contract, they pull the lower rib margins downward, and they compress the abdominal compartment, raising its internal pressure. The pressure increase tends to push the diaphragm upward into the thoracic cavity, inducing an increase in pressure and expiration. However, these muscles only come into play as breathing muscles during exercise or during forced breathing maneuvers; resting exhalation is a passive process brought about by the recoil of the lungs and rib cage at the end of inspiration (due to stored elastic energy). The four abdominal muscles involved in breathing also have important functions as postural muscles, in rotating and flexing the trunk, and when coughing, speaking (or singing), and playing wind instruments. The compression and stiffening of the abdominal wall generated by contraction of the abdominal muscles also optimize the position of the diaphragm at the onset of inspiration. This also enhances spinal stability and postural control. The rib cage also contains muscles with an expiratory action. These are the internal intercostal muscles, which slope backward; contraction causes the ribs to move downward and inward, similar to the lowering of a bucket handle. Both internal and external intercostal muscles are also involved in flexing and twisting the trunk.	Diaphragm
How many lines are there in a limerick?	Diaphragm is a large skeletal muscle that separates the - BIO - 160 View Full Document Diaphragm- is a large skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It is the main structure in respiration. Bronchiole- the bronchi branches off into smaller tubes that end up in the pulmonary alveolus Pharynx- Is a tube at the back of the nasal cavity and the mouth. It contains a passageway for both food and air. Epiglottis- is a flap of elastic cartilage that acts as switch between the trachea and the esophagus This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document Larynx- is also called the voice box, is a short section of the airway that produces sounds when air is forced past the vocal cords. Rib muscles - the muscles between the ribs in the chest 2. Explain the function of the ribs and diaphragm in the breathing process. Breathing is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs. When you inhale , your chest expands as muscles contract to move the ribs up and out. At the same time, your diaphragm flattens and pushes down on the abdomen. Muscles in the abdomen wall then relax, proving room for the flattened diaphragm. When the diaphragm flattens and the ribs are lifted up and out, the volume of the lungs increases. The increased volume reduces the air pressure in the lungs. By this point, the pressure in the lungs is lower than the pressure outside so the air then moves inside the lungs. When you exhale , the reverse movements take place. The diaphragm and rib muscles relax and the elastic tissues in the lungs recoil and deflate the lungs. The volume decreases and the air pressure inside the cavity become greater than the outside. This pressure forces the air out. 3. Explain how breathing rate is controlled The rate of breathing is controlled by the brain and brain stem, which monitor the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. When activity increase the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is high and it stimulate nerve cells in the brain. Then the brain stem stimulates the diaphragm to increase the breathing rate and depth. The same process occurs when the carbon concentration is lower and stimulates slower breathing. A person can override the respiratory control center by holding their breath. 4. Describe what happens between the alveoli and the capillaries. Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood capillaries occur in the lungs. Oxygen that is being transported moves through the blood stream and carbon dioxide that is to eliminated from body goes to the alveoli. When air moves in the lungs, the oxygen crosses the alveolar membranes and the capillary walls and dissolves in the blood. Carbon moves in the opposite direction crossing the capillary walls first then the alveolar membranes entering the alveoli. Air that moves into the alveoli This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Photosynthesis Energy Transformations ATP is the energy molecule used in all living photosynthesis_powerpoint	i don't know
A current member of the staff at Stanford, who became the first American woman in space on June 18, 1983?	June 18, 1983: Sally Ride, the First American Woman Into Space \| WIRED June 18, 1983: Sally Ride, the First American Woman Into Space subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. Author: Tony Long. Tony Long Date of Publication: 06.18.12. Time of Publication: 6:30 am. 6:30 am June 18, 1983: Sally Ride, the First American Woman Into Space Image: Wikimedia 1983: Sally Ride becomes the first American woman to travel into space. Ride, who hoped to become a professional tennis player before deciding she wasn’t good enough, became a physicist instead and joined NASA in 1978 as part of the first astronaut class to accept women. After the usual training, Ride joined ground control for the second and third space shuttle missions, serving as communications liaison between the shuttle crews and mission control. She was also involved in developing the robot arm used aboard the shuttle craft to deploy and retrieve satellites. Ride’s turn to go into space came at the shuttle program’s seventh mission, as a crew member aboard Challenger . She was aboard Challenger for her second flight as well, an eight-day mission in 1984. In all, Ride logged around 345 hours in space. While it was a milestone for the U.S. space program, the Soviet Union’s Valentina Tereshkova preceded Ride into space by almost exactly 20 years. On June 16, 1963, the former textile worker went aloft aboard Vostok VI Ride was training for her third mission when Challenger blew up in January 1986, killing everyone on board. With all training suspended in the wake of the accident, Ride was appointed to the presidential commission charged with investigating the causes of Challenger’ s demise. She retired from NASA in 1987 to return to Stanford University, her alma mater. She later joined the faculty at UC San Diego as a physics professor. Since leaving NASA, Ride has remained active in the academic side of space exploration, taking a special interest in attracting more women to the sciences in general, and the space program in particular. (Sources: NASA, Lucidcafe.com) This article first appeared on Wired.com June 18, 2007. See Also:	Sally Ride
Esther Lederer spent 47 years writing a newspaper advice column under what pseudonym, competing with her twin sister Abigail Van Buren?	Sally Ride, First American Woman In Space, Is Dead \| WKAR Sally Ride, First American Woman In Space, Is Dead By editor • Jul 23, 2012 Related Programs: Ride and her crewmates rocketed into space aboard Challenger at 7:33 a.m. Eastern Time on June 18, 1983. Ride later described the launch as "exhilarating, terrifying and overwhelming all at the same time." NASA Some of NASA's first female astronaut candidates take a break from training in Florida in 1978. From left: Sally Ride, Judith Resnik, Anna Fisher, Kathryn Sullivan and Rhea Seddon NASA Ride floats near Challenger's hatch. NASA Ride inside the control room during a simulation of a shuttle flight in 1981. NASA Astronaut Sally K. Ride, STS-7 mission specialist, communicates with ground controllers from the mid-deck of the earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Challenger in June 1983. AP / Originally published on July 23, 2012 7:42 pm In 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. She blasted off aboard Challenger, culminating a long journey that started in 1977 when the Ph.D. candidate answered an ad seeking astronauts for NASA missions. In a lecture she gave at Berkeley , Ride said she saw the ad on Page 3 of the student newspaper. "The moment I saw that ad, I knew that's what I wanted to do," she said. Ride died today in La Jolla, Calif., after a 17-month battle with pancreatic cancer, her company said on its website . She was 61. According to her official biography, by the time Ride decided to apply to become an astronaut, she had already received degrees in physics and English and was on her way to a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University. According to her NASA biography , Ride went back into space in October of 1984. She was assigned to another mission after that, but it was scrapped after the shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986. Steve Inskeep spoke to Ride after the Columbia disaster in 2003. She said despite the tragedies humans would continue their exploration. "Studying whether there's life on Mars or studying how the universe began, there's something magical about pushing back the frontiers of knowledge," she said. "That's something that is almost part of being human and I'm certain that will continue." Ride served on the presidential commission investigating the Challenger accident. After a stint as a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego, Ride founded Sally Ride Science. As NASA puts it, the company allowed her to "pursue her long-time passion of motivating girls and young women to pursue careers in science, math and technology." Ride was born in Encino, Calif., on May 26, 1951. Karen O'Connor, who chronicled her early life in Sally Ride and the New Astronauts, described her as a "tomboy," racing her father for the sports section of the newspaper when she was 5 years old. Becoming an astronaut had a bit to do with luck. The same year she started job hunting, NASA opened up its space program to women. "Sally Ride broke barriers with grace and professionalism – and literally changed the face of America's space program," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said in a statement. "The nation has lost one of its finest leaders, teachers and explorers. Our thoughts and prayers are with Sally's family and the many she inspired. She will be missed, but her star will always shine brightly." In an interview with NASA celebrating the 25th anniversary of her flight, Ride described the awesomeness of space. "When the space shuttle's engines cut off, and you're finally in space, in orbit, weightless ... I remember unstrapping from my seat, floating over to the window, and that's when I got my first view of Earth. Just a spectacular view, and a chance to see our planet as a planet," she said. "I could see coral reefs off the coast of Australia. A huge storm swirling in the ocean. I could see an enormous dust storm building over northern Africa ... just unbelievable sights." Ride is survived by Tam O'Shaughnessy, her partner of 27 years, her mother, Joyce; her sister, Bear; her niece, Caitlin; and her nephew, Whitney. Update at 7:08 p.m. ET. Inspiring Young Women: All Things Considered's Audie Cornish just spoke to Capt. Bob Crippen, the crew commander on Ride's historic mission. He said that among great women, Ride emerged as one of the best. She didn't seem like the type to go after breaking barriers, he said, but she did. "[She] proved that young women could do anything they wanted to do," Crippen said. We'll add audio of the full conversation at the top of this post in a little bit. Update at 6:25 p.m. ET. The First Woman: In its obituary , NASA quotes Ride remembering that first flight. She said everyone knew as soon as she was selected for the crew that she would be the first American woman in space. She said there were "huge expectations" with that role, so she was taken to the office of then-NASA Flight Director Chris Kraft. "He wanted to have a chat with me and make sure I knew what I was getting into before I went on the crew. I was so dazzled to be on the crew and go into space I remembered very little of what he said," Ride said. Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. Transcript AUDIE CORNISH, HOST: Finally, this hour, we remember Sally Ride, the first American woman in space. She died today at age 61 after a long battle with pancreatic cancer. On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride made history, blasting into space on the Challenger shuttle. UNIDENTIFIED MAN: ...eight, seven, six - we go for main engine start. We have main engine start and the ignition and lift off. Lift off of STS-7 and America's first woman astronaut. And the shuttle has pulled the power. CORNISH: Captain Bob Crippen was her crew commander on that flight. Bob Crippen, welcome to the program. CAPTAIN BOB CRIPPEN: Thank you. CORNISH: First, I want to offer my condolences. And if you could tell us a little bit about Sally Ride. I know she was a member of the first class of astronauts to accept women in 1978. Did she talk to you about what that was like? CRIPPEN: Well, we had six women that were selected in 1978 to join the astronaut office, and Sally was one of the best on that group, although they were all great. I had a chance to work with her for several years, until I have a chance to command a flight and I thought she'd be the perfect person to go fly with me. CORNISH: Did you ever get the sense that she felt like she was breaking barriers? CRIPPEN: Sally was not the kind of person that, I guess, would seem to go breaking barriers, but she obviously did. She broke through a lot of glass ceilings with that first shuttle flight and proved that young women could do anything they wanted to. And I was very proud of her. After she left NASA, she continued to go out and inspire young women to get - become interested in science and engineering, and that's something they tend to shy away from. But she was certainly a role model that - I believe she inspired a lot of young women. CORNISH: And, of course, Sally Ride, by the time she went into space, she'd already earned a Ph.D. in physics. Tell us a little bit more about her personality. CRIPPEN: Well, she was very personal, easy to get along with, fun to be with, and she fits right in with the crew. And she'd work like anybody would and molded well with the crew, which was important to me, that's one of the reasons I've selected her. Because when you go fly in space with a small group, it's important that everybody can work well together, and Sally certainly fit that model. CORNISH: I've heard that. Obviously, astronauts spend a lot of time together. And I've also heard that sort of different personalities between astronauts who may be are rooted in being pilots versus those rooted in the sciences. What were some of the, I guess, personality traits that made her a good partner up in space? CRIPPEN: Well, she could work with the team. That was the main thing. She didn't try to stand out; she tried to blend in. And that was what was important to me. CORNISH: Bob Crippen, thank you so much for speaking with us. CRIPPEN: It's my pleasure. Thank you. CORNISH: That's Captain Bob Crippen. He spoke to us about Sally Ride. The astronaut died today at age 61. (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)	i don't know
Those tabbed for King County jury duty either report to the King County Courthouse on 3rd Ave or the Maleng Regional Justice center in what Seattle suburb?	Full Text of All Articles The Berkeley Daily Planet By David Scharfenberg Daily Planet staff Tuesday December 11, 2001 Several dozen student and community activists converged on the UC Berkeley campus and the surrounding area Monday to call for an end to U.S. military involvement in Afghanistan and to advocate for the protection of human rights at home and abroad. Protesters made use of fliers, paper airplanes and âguerrilla theaterâ to demand that the United States stop the bombing overseas and halt efforts to interrogate young men of Middle-Eastern descent living in this country. Activists, who engaged in a variety of actions scattered across the campus, were met with a mixed response. Some students supported their efforts, others opposed them, and most said they were too busy preparing for finals this week to pay much attention. âWeâre so bogged down with studying,â said sophomore Michelle Marrow. âWe donât have the time to look at politics.â The protests went smoothly, for the most part, but activists negotiated with campus police for an hour in the morning to set up a mock refugee camp in front of Moffitt Undergraduate Library. The camp highlighted the conditions faced by Afghan civilians who have fled their homes since the war broke out. UC Berkeley Police Capt. Bill Cooper said the police did not want protesters to block access to the library, particularly in the midst of finals week. He said officers worked with protesters to set up their camp at a reasonable distance from the buildingâs entrance. âIt was largely to strike a balance between free speech and trying to maintain an educational environment,â Cooper said, describing the aims of the university police. But protesters said they never intended to disrupt the flow of traffic and accused police of threatening arrest and targeting activists for their views. âThe sheer intimidation and use of police powers has a chilling effect on student speech,â said Snehal Shingavi, a graduate student at UC Berkeley, and member of the Berkeley Stop the War Coalition, which organized the day of protest. Cooper said the antiwar sentiment of the protest had nothing to do with police involvement. Dr. Ameena Ahmed of the California Department of Public Health, who took part in the refugee camp protest, said the U.S. bombing campaign is exacerbating a humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan. Ahmed said displaced Afghans, who already totaled close to 5 million before the war, according to the UN High Commission on Refugees, are dying from starvation and curable diseases. Ahmed cited UNICEF statistics demonstrating that one in four Afghan children die before age 5 from preventable diseases. Protesters were also active in front of the Hearst Memorial Gymnasium, where they charged the American military with terrorism, and called on the university to shut down its ROTC program. Another group of activists dropped yellow fliers, folded into paper airplanes, from the top of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Student Union onto Sproul Plaza. The fliers cited news articles focusing on the similar, yellow coloration of U.S. bombs and food packets. The quoted segments discussed the death of young children who could not delineate between food packets and unexploded bombs. Another group of students performed a skit at six local cafes, including the Free Speech Movement Cafe and Bearâs Lair on the university campus. The sketch protested the U.S. Justice Departmentâs request that some 5,000 Middle Eastern men with expired visas grant interviews with government authorities, and provide any information they might have on the Sep. 11 terrorist attacks. âI see this as basically racial profiling,â said Annie Klein, a junior at UC Berkeley who took part in the skit. âPeople are being singled out for their racial background and ethnicity.â Some students appreciated the protestersâ efforts. âI donât care how much of itâs distorted, itâs just important that someone cares,â said Philipp Blume, a graduate student. âAny alternative to what we hear on television is welcome.â Others were less supportive. Andy Barkett, a senior at UC Berkeley, said he had not seen any of Mondayâs protest activity, but was annoyed by previous anti-war activism on campus. âThey were missing the point,â Barkett said. âEveryone thinks war is bad. I think war is bad. But I thought they were being much too critical of a very measured, reasonable approach that the government is taking.â Mondayâs protests came on the 53rd anniversary of the United Nationâs Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and were part of a series of anti-war actions taken by activists at dozens of west coast colleges yesterday, according to Berkeley protesters. Guy Poole Editor: Next month - on 17 January 2002 - the University of California Regents are expected to certify the Final Environmental Impact Report for the Northeast Quadrant Science and Safety Projects, arguably the largest construction initiative ever attempted by UC Berkeley. That meeting takes place in Los Angeles. You may already know that: (1) NEQSS is truly colossal in scale. Its seven project elements will add some 360,000 gross square feet (over eight acres!) of space to Central Campus and environs. (2) NEQSS has received very little public scrutiny. Verbal public comments (at the scoping session on 26 February 2001 and the Draft EIR Hearing on 9 July 2001) total less than two hours. (3) During construction, NEQSS projects will adversely impact pedestrian and traffic safety along many Berkeley corridors. The Draft EIR mentions a worst-case scenario of 45 construction-related trucks per hour. (4) Following construction, NEQSS projects will exacerbate congestion on campus and nearby. In addition to 544 new jobs in the Northeast Quadrant, 895 staff and faculty members will shift into NEQSS buildings from elsewhere on campus. An estimated 234 more households will be competing for scarce housing. (5) NEQSS projects, especially the Stanley Hall Replacement Building, will bring additional hazardous and radioactive materials into an area adjacent to the Hayward Fault. (6) NEQSS planning resembles a runaway train which is racing ahead caboose first. It also lacks several critical ârailcarsâ â a transportation plan for the area, input from UCBâs New Century Plan, a Long Range Development Plan Update which considers âTidal Wave IIâ enrollments, and cumulative impacts as noted in Lawrence Berkeley National Labâs 2002 Long Range Development Plan EIR. The Berkeley City Council has scheduled a closed session to consider whether to initiate litigation challenging the anticipated approval by the UC Regents of NEQSS and the accompanying Amendment to the 1990 Long Range Development Plan. The meeting will be held on today at 4:30 p.m. on the sixth floor of the Civic Center Building at 2180 Milvia. The Brown Act requires that the meeting be preceded by a ten-minute period for public comments. Later, at its 7 p.m. regular meeting in the Council Chambers, the City Council will consider whether to ask that Chancellor Berdahl, Vice Chancellor Denton, and the UC Regents redraft and recirculate the NEQSS EIR. As usual, 30 minutes will be allotted for the Comments from the Public lottery, probably beginning by 7:30 p.m. Jim Sharp Music 924 Gilman Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; Dec. 21: Kepi, Bonfire Madigan, Kevin Seconds; Dec. 22: The Lab Rats, Onetime Angels, A great Divide, Last Great Liar, Gabrielâs Ratchet; Dec. 23: 5 p.m., Over My Dead Body, Panic, Breaker Breaker, Some Still Believe; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 Annaâs Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 20: Jazz Singersâ Collective; Dec. 21: Anna and Percy Scott on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 22: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 23: Jazz Singer Ed Reed; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; Dec. 16: 3-8 p.m., Beverly Stovall Benefit, Jimmy McCracklin, JJ Malone, Jimi Mamou, Johnny Talbott. $10. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec. 12: Stacey Earle & Mark Stuart; Dec. 13: Kevin Burke; Dec. 14: Dale Miller; Dec. 15: Robin Flower & Libby McLaren; Jan. 6: Allette Brooks. All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Julia Morgan Theatre Dec. 23: 7:30 p.m., an evening of Irish music and dance with Todd Denman and friends. $10, $5 children; Dec. 31: 8 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Gala Concert, Program of classical favorites of the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra; Jan 11: 8 p.m. San Francisco Chamber Orchestra, sizzling program of classical party music; Jan. 12: 8:p.m., âClub Dance,â Teens come together to express their individual personalities and gifts as dancers. $10, Students and Seniors $6, Children ages 5 and under $6. Julia Morgan Theatre, 2640 College Ave., 845-8542, www.juliamorgan.org. Jupiter Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; Dec. 20: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 21: Crater; Dec. 22: Post Junk Trio; Dec. 27: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 29: Berkeley Jazz School Presents: Kirk Tamura Trio; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; Dec. 22: Kaz Sasaki Duo, Blackberry Ginger, 2520 Durant; Dec. 23: Almadecor, Annâs Kitchen, 2498 Telegraph Ave.; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; Jan.17: 7:30 p.m., Allette Brooks. 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687, [email protected]. TUVA Space Dec. 16: 8 p.m., A concert of new compositions for string trio by young composers from Berkeley High School. $0 to $20. 3192 Adeline, [email protected]. First Congregational Church of Berkeley Dec. 15: 2 p.m., âAll-Brahms piano recital,â Yu-Ting Chen performs. Free; Jan. 6: 3 p.m., Stephen Genz in his West Coast debut; 2345 Channing Way, 527-8175, www.geocities.com/ mostlybrahms. âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Dec. 15: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 16: 1 & 5 p.m., celtic music, dance and storry telling. $15-$30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 893-9853 www.calrevels.org. âWAVE,â Womenâs Antique Vocal Ensemble Dec.14: 7:30 p.m., concert of Christmas music. $10, Students $5. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 1940 Virginia St., 848-9132. Berkeley Symphony Orchestra Dec. 18: 8 p.m., under the direction of Maestro Kent Nagano, plus the world premiere of Ichiro Nodairaâs âKodamaâ written for and featuring Mari and Momo Kodama. $21 - $45. Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley, 841-2800, [email protected]. The Oakland Interfaith Youth Gospel Choirâs 5th Annual Christmas Concert Dec. 22: 7 p.m., âThe Reason Why We Singâ The Regents Theater, Holy Names College, 3500 Mountain Blvd., Oakland, 839-4361, www.oigc.org. Theater âA Midsummer Nightâs Dreamâ Dec. 14: 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 15: 7:30 p.m.; California Shakespeare Festival Student Company, presents a comedy with romance. Free. Rehearsal Hall, 701 Heintz St. 548-3422 X114. [email protected]. âBrave Broodâ Through Dec. 16: Robert OâHara directs Robert OâHaraâs searing tale of money, desperation, and the fight for survival. $20. Transparent Theater, 1901 Ashby Ave. 883-0305 www.transparenttheater.org âBlack Nativityâ Through Dec. 16th: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. 2:30 p.m., 8 p.m., Sun. 5:30 p.m.; The birth of Jesus unfolds in this drama written by Langston Hughes. Directed and produced by Betty Gadling. $15 adults, $8 seniors and students, $5 children over 5. Allen Temple Baptist Church, 8501 International Blvd., Oakland 569-9418 www.allen-temple.org âThe Christmas Revelsâ Through Dec. 16: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. - Sun. 1 p.m., 5 p.m. ; A cast of adults and children present a celebration of the winter solstice that combines dance, drama, ritual, and song. $15 - $30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 510-893-9853 www.calrevels.org âMuch Ado About Nothingâ Through Jan. 8: Check theater for specific dates and times. Shakespeareâs classic romantic comedy chronicles a handful of soldiers returning from a winning battle to be greeted by a gaggle of giddy maidens. Directed by Brian Kulick. $10 - $54. Berkeley Repertory Theatre, 2025 Addison St. 647-2949 www.berkeleyrep.org âMurder Dressed in Satinâ by Victor Lawhorn, ongoing. A mystery-comedy dinner show at The Madison about a murder at the home of Satin Moray, a club owner and self-proclaimed socialite with a scarlet past. Dinner is included in the price of the theater ticket. $47.50 Lake Merritt Hotel, 1800 Madison St., Oakland. 239-2252 www.acteva.com/go/havefun Exhibits âBerkeley Creationsâ Dec. 15: 11 a.m. - 4 p.m., A group exhibit. Artist-at-Play Studio and Gallery, 1649 Hopkins St., 528-0494. âThe Paintings of Bethany Anne Ayers and Sculpture of Alexander Chevesâ Through Dec. 15: Tues. - Sat. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Ardency Gallery, 709 roadway, Oakland. 836-0831 [email protected] âThe Whole Worldâs Watching: Peace and Social Justice Movements of the 1960s and 1970sâ Through Dec. 16: A documentary photo exhibition which examines the rich history of the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Wed. - Sun., noon - 5 p.m. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St., Live Oak Park. Free. 644-6893 âVeiled and Revealedâ Through Dec. 23: Human beings, costumed in native dress are captured by visual artists in a seven-person exhibit. Sat. Dec. 8, 15, and 23, 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Free. Simultaneously showing at ART-A-FACT, 1109 Addison St., and Metaversal Lightcraft, 1708 University Ave. 848-1985 âImages of Innocence and Beautyâ Dec. 19 through Jan. 8: An exhibit featuring Kathleen Flanniganâs drawing and furniture - boxes, tables, and mirrors, all embellished with images of the beauty and innocence of the natural world. Addison Street Windows, 2018 Addison St. âMatrix 195â Through Jan. 13: German artist, Thomas Scheibitzâs, first solo museum exhibition in the United States showcases semi-abstract representations of everyday objects and landscapes. Wed., Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $3-$6. Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu Ardency Gallery, Mark J. Leavitt, âAnalogous Biology: Balance and Use,â Dec. 20 through Jan. 19; Tue. - Sat., 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., 709 Broadway, Oakland. 836-0831, www.artolio.com. GTU Exhibit: âHolocaust Seriesâ by Cleve Gray Through Jan. 25: Comprised of 21 works on paper that constitute âa catharsis... for all of humanity.â Mon. - Thurs. 8:30 a.m. - 9:45 p.m., Fri. 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sat. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sun. noon - 7 p.m.; Free. Flora Lamson Hewlett Library, Graduate Theological Union, 2400 Ridge Rd. 649-2541 www.gtu.edu Pro Arts: âJuried Annual 2001-02â Dec. 19 through Feb. 2: An exhibition of painting, sculpture, mixed media, photography and more by Bay Area and regional artists. Pro Arts, 461 Ninth St., www.proartsgallery.org. âEnduring Wisdom: Artwork and Stories by Homeless and Formerly Homeless Seniorsâ Through Feb. 15: 18 homeless and formerly homeless elders reveal how they learned and applied wisdom that is timeless. Mon. - Fri. and Sundays 11 a.m. - 2 p.m. Reception and presentation by the elders Thurs. Nov. 15, 4 p.m. - 6 p.m. Free. St. Maryâs Center, 635 22nd St., Oakland, 893-4723 x222 âAnsel Adams in the University of California Collectionsâ Dec. 12 through Mar. 10: A selection of photographs and memorabilia presenting a different perspective on Adamâs career as one of the leading figures in American photography. Wed, Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $4- $6. University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808, www.bampfa.berkeley.edu âThe Art History Museum of Berkeleyâ Masterworks by Guy Colwell Faithful copies of several artists from the pasts, including Titianâs âThe Venus of Urbino,â Cezanneâs âStill Life,â Picassoâs âWoman at a Mirror,â and Botticelliâs âPrimaveraâ Ongoing. Call ahead for hours. Atelier 9 2028 Ninth St. 841-4210 or visit www.atelier9.com â Oakland Museum of California, 10th & Oak Streets. 238-3402 Readings Coffee With A Beat - Word Beat reading series Dec. 15: Norm Milstein, Barbara Minton; Dec. 22: Debra Grace Khattab, Jesy Goldhammer; Dec. 29: Steve Arntson, Michelle Erickson, Clare Lewis; All readings are free and begin at 7 p.m., 458 Perkins, Oakland, 526-5985, www.angelfire.com/poetry/wordbeat. Easy Going Travel Shop & Bookstore Dec. 11: 7:30 p.m., Lisa Bach, editor of âHer Fork in the Roadâ, a collection of stories blending food and travel, and a panel of contributors to the anthology, present an evening of readings and discussions. Free. 1385 Shattuck Ave. 843-3533 âRhythm & Muse Open Micâ Dec. 15: 7 p.m., Featuring poets Lara Dale and Mary-Marcia Casoly. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St. 527-9753 âWorld Ground Poetryâ Dec.19: 7-9 p.m., Featuring Abdul Kenyatta & Paradise Freejahlove Supreme; World Ground Cafe, 3726 Mac Arthur Blvd., 482-2933, www.worldgrounds.com/events.html . Tours Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Fridays 9:30 - 11:45 a.m. or by appointment. Call ahead to make reservations. Free. University of California, Berkeley. 486-4387 Golden Gate Live Steamers Grizzly Peak Boulevard and Lomas Cantadas Drive at the south end of Tilden Regional Park Small locomotives, meticulously scaled to size. Trains run Sun., 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Rides: Sun., noon to 3 p.m., weather permitting. 486-0623 Museums Habitot Childrenâs Museum âBack to the Farmâ An interactive exhibit gives children the chance to wiggle through tunnels, look into a mirrored fish pond, don farm animal costumes, ride on a John Deere tractor and more. âRecycling Centerâ Lets the kids crank the conveyor belt to sort cans, plastic bottles and newspaper bundles into dumpster bins; $4 adults; $6 children age 7 and under; $3 for each additional child age 7 and under. Mon. and Wed., 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.; Tues. and Fri., 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Thur., 9:30 a.m. to 7 p.m.; Sat., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sun., 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2065 Kittredge St. 647-1111 or www.habitot.org Oakland Museum of California âKwanzaa Community Celebrationâ Dec. 30: 12-4 p.m.,Nia Kwanzaa is an African American holiday that honors black family history; Through Jan. 13: Grand Lyricist: The Art of Elmer Bischoff, featuring paintings and works on paper that trace the evolution of Bischoffâs career. $6 adults, $4 seniors and students, free for children under 5. Wed. - Sat. 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Sun. noon - 5 p.m., 10th St., Oakland, 888-625-6873/ www.museumca.org UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Lobby, Valley Life Sciences Building, UC Berkeley âTyrannosaurus Rex,â ongoing. A 20 foot by 40 foot replica of the fearsome dinosaur made from casts of bones of the most complete T. Rex skeleton yet excavated. When unearthed in Montana, the bones were all lying in place with only a small piece of the tailbone missing. âPteranodonâ A suspended skeleton of a flying reptile with a wingspan of 22-23 feet. The Pteranodon lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Free. Mon. through Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sat. and Sun., 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. 642-1821 UC Berkeley Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology will close its exhibition galleries for renovation. It will reopen in early 2002. University of California Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive has reopened after its summerlong seismic retrofit. âMartin Puryear: Sculpture of the 1990sâ through Jan. 13; âThe Dream of the Audience: Theresa Hak Kyung Cha (1951 - 1982)â through Dec. 16; âFace of Buddha: Sculpture from India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asiaâ ongoing rotation through 2003; âMatrix 194: Jessica Bronson, Heaps, layers, and curlsâ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; âMatrix 192: Ceal Floyer 37â4ââ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; Wed., Fri., Sat., Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m., PFA Theater, 2575 Bancroft Way; Museum Galleries 2626 Bancroft Way; 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu Lawrence Hall of Science Dec. 26: 1 p.m., Professor Smartâs Fun with Physics Show; Dec. 27: 1 p.m., Slapstick with Derique; Dec. 28: 1 p.m., Rhythmix; Dec. 29: 1 p.m., Magic with Jay Alexander; Dec. 30: 1 p.m., Music and Storytelling with Dennis Hysom; Dec. 31: 1 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Party, special daytime holiday party for kids; Dec. 26 through 31: Free Energy Star compact fluorescent light bulb; Through Jan. 26: Scream Machines: The Science of Roller Coasters; âWithin the Human Brain,â ongoing. Visitors test their cranial nerves, play skeeball, master mazes, match musical tones and construct stories inside a simulated ârat cageâ of learning experiments. âSaturday Night Stargazing,â First and third Saturdays each month. 8 - 10 p.m., LHS plaza; Open daily, 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., $7 for adults; $5 for children 5-18; $3 for children 3-4. Centennial Drive, UC Berkeley, 642-5132, www.lawrencehallofscience.org. 642-5132. Holt Planetarium Programs are recommended for age 8 and up; children under age 6 will not be admitted. $2 in addition to regular museum admission. âConstellations Tonightâ Ongoing. Using a simple star map, learn to identify the most prominent constellations for the season in the planetarium sky. Daily, 3:30 p.m. $7 general; $5 seniors, students, disabled, and youths age 7 to 18; $3 children age 3 to 5 ; free children age 2 and younger. Daily 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Centennial Drive, UC Berkeley 642-5132 or www.lhs.berkeley.edu Send arts events two weeks in advance to [email protected], 2076 University, Berkeley 94704 or fax to 841-5694. By John Geluardi Daily Planet staff Tuesday December 11, 2001 The City Council will have to step gingerly through a thicket of potential lawsuits tonight as it considers regulating the location of wireless communication antennae, which make cell phone use possible. âThis is a very thorny issue because everybody wants to use a cell phone but nobody wants an antenna in their neighborhood,â said Mayor Shirley Dean. âWhatever action we take on this itâs going to be a really, really interesting maneuver.â The council will choose among three proposals to amend the cityâs Zoning Ordinance. The proposals seek to regulate the placement of wireless antennae throughout the city. One recommendation comes from Planning and Development staff, another is from the Planning Commission and a third was written by a group of residents. The council adopted a 45-day urgency moratorium on new antennae last December, pending revision of the cityâs Zoning Ordinance, a provision which regulates the type of activities allowed in certain parts of the city. The moratorium was extended for six months in January and for another five after it expired in June. No further extensions are allowed on the moratorium, and if the council does not approve a recommendation, the previous zoning ordinance, which allowed placement of antennae in neighborhoods, will prevail as of Jan. 1,the council will have to adopt one of the recommendations by the end of the year or the previous zoning ordinance, which allowed placement of antennae in neighborhoods, will prevail as of Jan. 1, according to a Planning Department report. The residents who banded together to fight the placement of the antennae in residential neighborhoods, near schools and day care centers, say the equipment emits harmful radioactive radio frequencies. Telecommunications companies such as Nextel and Sprint Wireless Communications have sent a steady stream of attorneys to City Council and Planning Commission meetings to argue that an amended ordinance that is too restrictive will violate the Telecommunications Act of 1996 thereby making the city vulnerable to lawsuits. In addition telecommunications companies have hired a variety of specialists who claim the wireless emissions are thousands of times below federal limits and are not at all harmful. According to Dean, the attorneys representing the telecommunication companies have said the only recommendation that they will accept is the one from the Department of Planning and Development, which is the least restrictive. âThey have said that if the City Council approves any other amendment besides the staff amendment, they will sue,â Dean said. The major difference between the Planning Commission and planning department recommendations is that the telecommunications companies have to verify to the Zoning Adjustment Board that selected antennae sites, citywide, are critical to providing cell phone reception in targeted areas, according to Vivian Kahn, a city planning consultant. Kahn says in her report that if telecommunications companies want to place the antennae in industrial neighborhoods in west Berkeley, they should not have to go through the ZAB; as long as they are not visible, they should be approved by planning department staff without the ZABâs oversight. Planning Commissioner Gene Poschman called the proposal âunfair.â âThis is a matter of equal treatment,â Poschman said. âWe canât just say to the telecommunications companies âhey put anything you want in west Berkeleyâ like itâs a dumping ground. We have to treat each of the cityâs neighborhoods with respect.â The citizens groupâs proposal is the most restrictive. Among other restrictions, it calls for a 200-foot buffer between any antennae location and schools, day care centers and residences. Attorney Erica Etelson, who is a member of the citizens group, said a buffer zone around schools and homes is not unprecedented. âThe city of Pleasanton requires a 300-foot buffer between schools, senior centers and parks,â she said. âAnd the city of Barrington, Mass. requires a 1,500-foot buffer around schools and 750 feet around residences.â But a telecommunications attorney, who did not want to be identified, said if the City Council approved the citizensâ amendment there would surely be a lawsuit. âIf you map that plan out, there is not one place in Berkeley where an antenna could be placed, which would absolutely be a violation of the Telecommunications Act,â the attorney said. The council will consult with the city attorney during an executive session meeting prior to considering the various recommendations. Tuesday December 11, 2001 Editor: One good way to think about the Arab-Israeli crisis is to examine what would likely happen if Israel met certain requests to immediately pull out of the Palestinian territories. Recently, hours after Israeli troops pulled out of the West Bank city of Jenin, a Palestinian gunman opened fire at a crowded Israeli bus station right outside Jenin, killing three. Palestinian terror has raged against Israel long before the occupation in 1967 and anyone who expects a surge of good will from terrorists in response to an Israeli evacuation needs a good reality check. Some anti-Israel advocates proclaim that Israelâs military actions are equivalent to the very Arab terrorism performed against it. Sorry to raise the truth, but vehement and arbitrary murder is grossly more heinous and cowardly than that which tries to use restraint, and when Palestinians celebrate in the street for every savage murder of Israelis, it is not the same thing. Amnesty International reports the miserable conditions in the territories but does not report that Palestinian police use Israeli supplied weapons to commit terrorism, that civilians and kids act as round the clock militants, and that terrorists and martyrs are the idolized heroes to much, but not all, of the population. I would rather not believe these unbelievable circumstances if it wasnât for the irrefutable proof everywhere. To be sure, you can go to the Hamas website and click the red button labeled âGlory Cornerâ to receive an extensive listing of Israeli death by terrorism from 1988-1994 which should now include blowing up of 28 Israelis. Then you can ponder how after Israel assassinated the Hamas militant, Mahmoud Abu Hanoud on Nov. 23, 50,000 Palestinians gathered at his funeral to mourn his death and pledge revenge against Israel. Abu Hanoud, who coordinated many suicide bombings which murdered scores of Israelis including 19 teenagers at a nightclub in July and 15 friends and family at a pizza parlor in August, was among the men released by Yasser Arafat this May after he rejected the biggest peace plan ever proposed to him. The UC berkeley group Students for Justice in Palestine, despite the apparent complexities of ending the occupation, have openly adopted a campaign that succeeds at nothing but defamation. At the groupâs recent protest, they defined themselves and their intentions to disgrace Israel, incite hate, emulate hypocrisy, and hinder peace. Statement and signs such as âstop Israeli genocideâ, âethnic cleansingâ, and âterrorismâ are not just clearly inaccurate but also emit a cruel insensitivity to the ethnic group they accuse. To wrongly equate Israel to the exact forms of oppression that Jews have systematically suffered from is to completely diminish its history and abuse its name. More Jewish people were âcleansedâ off the Earth in the Nazi Holocaust alone than there are Jews in Israel today and to equate them with Nazis is something shallow and demented. I donât intend to convince SJP and Stop the War Coalition advocates because it is not my aim to run around in circles with people who reject the legitimacy of the state of Israel and the roots and aspirations of Zionism. Their efforts to rationalize terrorism, to refuse recognition of Palestinian and Arab faults, to claim that they fight against oppression while ignoring many Middle Eastern countries that breed terrorism and oppress their own people suggests to me that they are not interested in dialogue and that they live in some alternate universe. By John Geluardi Daily Planet staff Tuesday December 11, 2001 Among the issues the City Council will consider tonight are councilmembersâ recommendations for amendments to three elements of the Draft General Plan. The council agreed last Tuesday to approve the Housing, Land Use and Transportation elements by Dec. 18 and consider the six remaining elements early next year. In order to meet the deadline, each councilmember agreed to submit recommendations for changes to the three elements by last Friday. Those recommendations will be discussed tonight, and then the council will begin a final round of voting to amend the draft plan. Once approved, the revised General Plan will guide the cityâs Zoning Ordinance and public policy on a variety of issues including development, environmental management and open space. Expansion of winter shelter The Housing Department is requesting the City Council approve $36,000 to increase the number of beds at the Joint Winter Shelter at the Oakland Army Base. There are currently 100 beds at the shelter, split 50-50 for Berkeley and Oakland use. If approved, the extra funding will add 25 beds for Berkeleyâs homeless. The increased funding is a response to the Berkeley Homeless Unionâs request to use the former jail at 2171 McKinley Ave. as a temporary shelter. A Housing Department report suggests it would be more practical to increase the capacity of the winter shelter because it is already in use and includes showers, individual case workers and two meals a day. Extension of police substation lease The council will likely approve the extension of the Traffic Bureau Substation lease at 3140 Martin Luther King Jr. Way. The substation has been operating at the location for 10 years. The police department is asking the council for $262,000 to extend the lease through April. According to a police department report, the Traffic Bureau is outgrowing the substation and is looking for a new location in south Berkeley. Creek Czar The council will consider a recommendation from Mayor Shirley Dean and Councilmember Linda Maio seeking funds for the city to hire a creeks and watershed coordinator. The coordinator duties would include pursuing grants for creek restoration and the forming of a creeks Task Force that will make recommendations on creek daylighting efforts, creek maintenance and other watershed issues. The recommendation calls for $85,000 in the short term. Regulating other worlds The Mayor has asked the council to approve a study of regulating the psychic and extrasensory consulting business in Berkeley. According to the Mayorâs report, her office has been âcontactedâ by longtime practitioner of psychic consulting who is concerned that âunscrupulous personsâ who falsely claim psychic abilities are establishing extrasensory consulting businesses in Berkeley. According to the recommendation businesses that falsely claim psychic abilities often prey on âelderly, sick, lonely and disabled persons.â The recommendation suggests such business be required to have a Berkeley Business License and their proprietors be subjected to criminal background checks. Closed session council meeting A special City Council meeting will be held at 4:30 p.m. during which council will discuss the appointment of an assistant city manager for transportation. Little is known about the candidate other than he is a British citizen and was most recently held a high position in Torontoâs Transportation Planning Department. The council will also conduct labor negotiations with Unit A Fire Management employees as well as conference with the city attorney on matters related to existing litigation and anticipated litigation on the universityâs Northeast Quadrant Science and Safety Project and the 1990 Long Range development plan. The meeting will be held in the Sixth Floor Conference Room at 2180 Milvia Street. Berkeley Redevelopment Agency The Berkeley Redevelopment Agency, which consists of Mayor Shirley Dean, Vice Mayor Maudelle Shirek and the seven City Councilmembers, will hold special meeting at 6:30 p.m. prior to the City Councilâs regular meeting. The agency will discuss a loan to the City Retiree Medical Trust Fund in the amount of $600,000 to renovate the Savo Island Redevelopment project, which contains 57 units of housing located in three square blocks near the downtown area. The City Council meeting will be held tonight at 2134 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way at 7 p.m. in the City Council Chambers. The meeting will also be broadcast live on the KPFA Radio, 89.3 and Cable B-TV, Channel 25 Tuesday December 11, 2001 Editor: I am writing to express my support for the work of the Coalition for Small Schools. Although my older daughter is a ninth grader in Common Ground (which she chose because of her interest in ecology), I had not formed an opinion on the question of transforming Berkeley High as a whole into small schools until I watched the School Board meeting last night on BTV. The presentation of the Coalition impressed me as thoughtful, well-researched, and persuasive. I was dismayed that some members of the board seemed to dismiss the presentation as an expression of âpassionâ to be weighed against other expressions of passion. I trust that the small schools proposal will be judged on its merits and weighed against other researched and reasoned proposals, if there are any, for achieving equity and excellence at Berkeley High. Although small schools will not in and of themselves solve the myriad problems of Berkeley High, this movement seems to me to offer our best hope for systemic change that will allow us to move in the direction of providing an excellent education for all of our children. In my experience of living 18 years in Berkeley, half of them as the mother of children in BUSD schools, such a collaborative effort of parents and teachers reaching across differences of race, socio-economic status, and educational advantage is unique. I would be proud to be part of such a movement, and I tremble to think what will happen if the dream of transformation is deferred yet again. For what it is worth, I have seen the view from the front of the bus. I am white, highly-educated, and middle-class. My children are high achievers and have benefited from the ability of my husband and me to act as effective advocates for their educational needs. They will probably be fine, academically at least, even if BUSD misses this chance to make our schools into places where all children can get a good education. But Berkeley will not be fine. It will not be the kind of place where my children will want to settle and send their children to school. Tuesday December 11, 2001 Editor: The Bush administrationâs grab for unchecked executive power is threatening to turn our nation into a police state. It began with the nonsensical notion that suspicion of terrorism (a charge that requires no proof) is sufficient to secretly and without due process detain and try non-citizen legal residents of the United States. Thatâs not just illogical, unfair, and un-American â itâs an incredibly bad idea. Do we want to sink to the moral level of the non-democratic governments that we routinely criticize for abuse of human rights? Do we want to be subject to capricious detention and secret trial when we travel abroad? The silence of the American public suggests that many have tacitly agreed to trade the basic rights of non-citizens for an illusion of security. But given our history of home-grown terrorism â e.g., Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, Unabomber Theodore Kaczynski â can we be sure that all the recent tragedies, particularly the anthrax attacks, are the work of foreigners? Since Attorney General John Ashcroft has stopped just short of charging his critics in the U.S. Senate with sedition, Congress now more than ever needs our support to do the right thing. The world and history will judge us for our efforts to preserve American ideals of justice and fair play in these difficult times. Daily Planet staff Tuesday December 11, 2001 A magnitude 2.6 âmicro earthquakeâ that apparently did little more than rattle a few Berkeley windows at 2:54 a.m. Monday was preceded by two even smaller quakes, one measuring a magnitude of .9 at 2:44 a.m. and another measuring 2.3 at 2:42 a.m., according to the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. The epicenter lay on the Hayward fault, three miles east-southeast of the cityâs center and thought to be four miles deep. Hal Macbeth, USGS duty seismologist, said there are at least 10 Northern California quakes every day rated at magnitudes of less than 3. People generally do not know about them, he said. The three quakes are âpretty normal activity,â he added, noting they were unrelated to a larger-magnitude 3.6 quake reported in The Geysers, about 27 miles north of Santa Rosa. City spokesperson Stephanie Lopez said no damage was reported in Berkeley as a result of the quake. The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 OAKLAND â Video games offer little racial and gender diversity, and most contain some level of violence, even those developed for the youngest gamers, a childrenâs research group said Monday. Children Now said it studied the top 10 best-selling games for a variety of game systems, including Sony PlayStation and PlayStation 2, Nintendoâs Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance, along with games made for computers. Based on those games, the report said nearly all the game heroes are white males, with women representing just 16 percent of human characters. It said women generally were portrayed as bystanders or secondary characters. Eighty-six percent of black women were portrayed as victims of violence and there were no Hispanic female characters, it said. The study also said that 89 percent of games contained some violent content, half of which resulted in damage to game characters. And Children Now said 79 percent of games rated E, for ages six and up, contained violence. The study said few of the games studied had features that appealed to girls, such as controllable female characters, the ability to create something and cooperative play. âResearch shows that girls prefer different video game features than boys,â said Katharine E. Heintz-Knowles, a former professor of communications studies at the University of Washington at Seattle who conducted the study for Children Now. âBeing comfortable with and enjoying video games and computers may help girls develop an interest in careers in technology, a field in which women are significantly underrepresented.â The organization suggested that parents do more than simply read the rating when selecting games for children. Instead, Children Now suggested parents should read the box description of the game, rent games before buying them and talk to other parents about suitable games. Children Now is an independent, nonpartisan research and action organization. âââ By David Martin The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 SOUTHERN AFGHAN-ISTAN â An American who fought with the Taliban was gaunt and dehydrated but in good condition Sunday as he recovered from a gunshot wound to his leg, a Marines spokesman said at the southern Afghan base where the man is being held. John Walker, 20, of Fairfax, Calif., was found holed up with Taliban fighters after northern alliance forces quelled a bloody prison uprising near the northern Afghan city of Mazar-e-Sharif. U.S. authorities took control of him and flew him to the base. Capt. Stewart Upton described Walkerâs condition as good and said he is being given intravenous fluids. Citing the Geneva Conventions, Upton said Walker is not allowed to talk to reporters or photographers, but is allowed visits by the international Red Cross. Walkerâs presence has angered many Marines, and senior commanders say privately they will be pleased if his stay is short. âAnyone who would work with the Taliban are horrible people,â said Sgt. Erik Knox, 37, of Chicago. A senior military legal adviser, speaking on condition of anonymity, said Marine commanders want Walker off the base as soon as possible and are just waiting for Washington to decide what to do with him. Air Force Gen. Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said Sunday that Walker has been providing useful information. He said no final decision has been made on what to do with him. âHeâs been pretty close to the action, and he has provided from the Afghan perspective some useful information,â Myers said on âFox News Sunday.â âI think the evidence is pretty strong that he was right in the middle of it.â Vice President Dick Cheney, speaking on NBCâs âMeet the Press,â said: âSomebody will have to make a decision whether he needs to be brought to trial, what the charge might be.â The Defense Department has classified his status as a âbattlefield detainee.â In San Francisco, James Brosnahan, a lawyer for Walkerâs parents, declined comment. Marines also worked Sunday to build a detention center for prisoners of war just outside the walls of their desert camp. Marines spokesman Capt. David Romley said the camp will house any battlefield detainees or prisoners of war â or even civilians â that U.S. military officials want to hold in Afghanistan. Any other detainees would have the same rights as Walker, Romley said. At the site where the detention center was being built, a watch tower overlooks a pen with a nine-foot wall of earth. Barbed wire lies on the ground, presumably to string around the perimeter. The Justice Department has said Americans who have fought for the Taliban or al-Qaida could face treason, murder, conspiracy or other charges. Walkerâs parents have described him as an introvert and pacifist who converted to Islam when he was 16. He studied in Yemen and Pakistan, but his parents lost contact with him about six months ago. Through their attorney, Frank Lindh and Marilyn Walker, said Friday they are âdesperately worriedâ about their son. They also said the government had not given them any word about his their sonâs condition or whereabouts. Meanwhile, the Marines continued to dig fighting holes around their base, which they man 24 hours a day despite temperatures that drop below freezing at night. âMy mother is very proud of what Iâm doing, but also scared to death,â said Lance Cpl. Phillip Constantine, 20, of New Baeden, Ill. âSo far itâs going very smooth.â Lance Cpl. Carlos Romero, 23, of Long Beach., missed the birth of his daughter two months ago. But he said it was for a good cause. âFor us, when they say go, we go,â he said. âWe always expect to be in the thick of things.â By Arlene Levinson The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 Just as Americans opened their wallets for Sept. 11 victims, charity officials say some are now giving to help civilian Afghans who have been uprooted by the war on the Taliban. Precisely how much money is being donated is virtually impossible to say, though itâs likely in the tens of millions. Dozens of charities operate overseas and are aiding the Afghans, but many donors give to those humanitarian groups without specifying where the money should go. Some personal checks, however, come with the note âfor Afghanistan,â or in response to directed appeals or news reports. In perhaps the best-publicized Afghan charity drive, children nationwide have donated $1.5 million in response to President Bushâs request that they each give a dollar for Afghan youngsters. Young people also collected about $4 million in the 51st annual trick-or-treat Halloween drive for UNICEF. The money was earmarked for Afghanistan, where the effects of drought and civil war were felt for years before this latest crisis. But not everyone agrees the Afghans deserve help. âWe did get two or three hate calls, from people who said âWhy are you taking food out of the mouths of firefightersâ children?ââ said Jeff Meer, executive director of USA for UNHCR (the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees). Still, an appeal from the group has raised about $1.6 million in donations so far, a response Meer rates âvery strong.â âThe only other circumstance when we raised money faster for a refugee crisis was for Kosovo,â he said. In that case, Meerâs group raised more than $3 million to help the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Albanians fleeing a Serb terror campaign. Millions of Afghanistanâs roughly 25 million people have fled from their homes. The United Nations estimates 3.5 million now live in refugee camps in Pakistan and Iran, and up to 200,000 in Tajikistan, Meer said. In addition, an estimated 1.5 million Afghans have been displaced but remain in their ravaged country. With winter coming, agencies say they need money for emergency basics like tents, plastic ground covers, blankets, jackets, stoves for heating and cooking, kitchen tools, medicine and food. Janet Harris, at the International Rescue Committee in New York, said she felt relieved when President Bush assured the world that the United States was waging war on terrorists and those who harbor them, not the Afghan people. She also knows the impact when the news media focus on Afghansâ plight. âI can tell by ... whatâs on the front page, what our checks the next day will be,â Harris said. âThose are the days someone may not write on their check âOnly in Afghanistan,â (but) I know why theyâre doing it.â The IRC hopes to raise $17.8 million to provide Afghans with necessities for immediate and long-term survival, from soap and sox, to seeds, wells and water tanks. Harris says that giving to her agency is up compared with last year. In October-November 2000, the IRC raised $2.5 million, she said. The same two months this year brought about $6.5 million â including $2 million from a single donor. While the total Afghan donations come nowhere close to the $1.4 billion the Chronicle of Philanthropy estimates have gone to Sept. 11 causes, many Americans seem to be remembering Afghans â at least to some degree â when they give. For instance, workers at the And 1 basketball shoe and apparel company in Paoli, Pa., organized a fund-raising effort for attacks victims that netted $300,000, much more than expected. An employee committee sent some money to attacks victims, some to local charities, and about $50,000 to Afghans in need. Jay Gilbert, co-founder and chief executive officer of And 1, said workers wanted âto make sure people there knew we cared, not only about our own, but about them.â ââââ By Brian Bergstein The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 SAN JOSE â Shares of Hewlett-Packard Co. and Compaq Computer Corp. both fell Monday, their first day of trading after HPâs largest shareholder said it would vote against the proposed $24.6 billion acquisition of Compaq. HP and Compaq have vowed to press ahead with the deal despite the opposition of Hewlett and Packard family interests with 18 percent of HP stock. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, which holds 10.4 percent of HP shares, said Friday its interests would be better served without the deal. The foundationâs president and chief executive, former Los Angeles Times publisher Richard T. Schlosberg III, said Monday the charitable organization would not play an active role in opposing the Compaq acquisition. In contrast, HP board member Walter B. Hewlett is preparing for a proxy fight over the deal, filing several critical reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Schlosberg said the 12 trustees on the Packard Foundationâs board were unanimous in opposing the merger, after a âdeliberative and careful process.â Three daughters of HP co-founder David Packard and two of their husbands are on the board, as are Schlosberg, former HP chief executive Lew Platt and former HP chief operating officer Dean Morton. Packardâs only son, David W. Packard, had already come out against the merger. HP shares fell 52 cents, or 2 percent, to $23.00 in trading on the New York Stock Exchange, where Compaq shares were off $1.62, or 14 percent, to $9.70. HP and Compaq say they will continue to talk up the benefits of the deal in hopes of ultimately winning shareholder support. If either company were to back out, it would owe the other $675 million. HP spokeswoman Rebeca Robboy played down the importance of the familiesâ opposition. She said investors are likely to look at the transaction differently than the Packardsâ charitable foundation did. âThey have to take a conservative, short-term approach, and we understand and respect their requirements, but a high-tech company competing in a rapidly changing environment has different requirements,â she said. Joel Wagonfeld of Banc of America Securities determined that for the deal to win approval now, two-thirds of HPâs institutional investors would have to vote yes, a prospect he considers unlikely. âAlthough we believe the merger could have been a viable long-term option at one point, we think both companies should now focus on mending customer relationships rather than risking further damage by fighting this uphill battle,â Wagonfeld wrote in a research note. Perhaps the most influential undecided constituency left is Institutional Shareholder Services, a Maryland-based advisory firm that in some cases casts votes for shareholders. For example, Barclays Global Investors, which owns more than 3 percent of HPâs stock, is deferring to ISS because Barclaysâ chief executive, Patricia Dunn, is on HPâs board. The ISS report is not expected until late January at the earliest, because its analysts will wait for HP and Compaq to file their final proxy statement and set a date for a shareholder vote. ISS also has not yet met with HP management or opponents such as Walter Hewlett, said Ram Kumar, the ISS assistant director for U.S. research. âââ By Michael Liedtke The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Calpine Corp.âs shares plunged 17 percent Monday amid investor fears the rapidly expanding power generator is headed down the same perilous path that ruined one of its biggest business partners, bankrupt Enron Corp. The fallout from Enronâs stunning collapse last month has hurt the stocks of most major power wholesalers, reflecting worries that its collapse will ripple through the entire power industry. Calpine had been a focal point of Wall Streetâs concerns because the San Jose-based company collected $1.3 billion â 23 percent of its total revenue â from Enron through the first nine months of the year. But the fears took on a new dimension over the weekend with the publication of a New York Times article that asserted Calpineâs financial statements have become as befuddling as Enron. The comparison unnerved investors because Calpine â like Enron in its heyday â has put together a run of robust earnings that made it one Wall Streetâs hottest stocks earlier this year as the company pursued its goal of becoming the nationâs largest power producer. While pointing out the differences between the two companies, the New York Times wrote, âCalpine is looking more like Enron by the day.â Calpine on Monday labeled the Times article âinaccurate and misleading,â but the companyâs reassurance didnât soothe investors still licking their wounds from the Enron debacle that wiped out nearly $70 billion in shareholder wealth. Calpineâs shares fell $3.58, or 17 percent, to $17.79 Monday during trading on the New York Stock Exchange. The stock peaked at $58.04 in March when electricity prices in California and the rest of the nation were still rising. The steep decline in energy prices over the summer didnât put a serious dent in Calpineâs growth in the third quarter, though. The company earned $320.8 million in the three months ended Sept. 30, more than doubling its profit from the prior year. Calpineâs energy trading division has helped the company shore up its earnings even as it receives less money for the electricity generated at the roughly 50 power plants that it runs around the country. Because a trading arm depends on complex financial contracts known as derivatives, the earnings from the operations are notoriously difficult to decipher, acknowledged industry analyst Ronald Barone of UBS Warburg. But that complexity doesnât mean Calpine is engaging in the same type of dubious accounting that contributed to Enronâs demise, Barone said. One of the biggest differences between Calpine and Enron is the basic structure of the two businesses. Calpine is âasset heavyâ with about 80 percent of its earnings coming from its power plants, Barone said. Enron, in contrast, is âasset lightâ with three-fourths of its earnings coming from byzantine energy trading and investment partnerships, Barone estimated. Calpine shares at least one trait with Enron: the company is unlikely to meet the earnings goals recently laid out by management. Calpine promised Wall Street annual earnings increases of 30 percent, but Barone and other analysts believe the companyâs profit will grow at about half that rate. âââ The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 SAN JOSE â JDS Uniphase Corp., a leading maker of optical networking components, reaffirmed its gloomy second-quarter sales outlook Monday and predicted more bad news to come. As the company said in October, sales for the three months ending Dec. 29 are expected to be 10 percent to 15 percent below the $329 million reported in its fiscal first quarter. Analysts were expecting second quarter sales of $286.4 million, or a 12.9 percent drop from the first quarter numbers, according to a survey by Thomson Financial/First Call. Last year, JDSU reported second-quarter revenues of $925 million. The company also said it expects to bottom out in the third quarter with sales up to 15 percent below the second quarter. It predicts a modest initial recovery. JDS Uniphase, which is based in San Jose and Ottawa, was hit hard by the economic downturn as demand for communications equipment withered. It was at the time expanding through acquisitions. In the past fiscal year, which ended June 30, the company lost more than $55 billion, mostly the result of writedowns related to companies it acquired. Itâs believed to be the largest annual loss ever in U.S. corporate history. The company also sliced its work force to about 13,000, down from 29,000 earlier this year. Shares of JDS Uniphase closed down 58 cents, or more than 5.5 percent, to $9.95 in Monday trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market. âââ By David Kravets The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 PASADENA â A flood of legal briefs to the nationâs largest federal appeals court predicts the trashing of some deeply held American ideals no matter the caseâs outcome. Balancing the right to an abortion against free speech, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals is reconsidering its March ruling backing a Web site where abortion providers appear to be targeted for death and torment. A decision supporting free speech in the closely watched case, being heard by 11 of the circuitâs judges on Tuesday in Pasadena could tread on the rights of doctors and those seeking abortions, and foster a climate of violence targeting abortion providers, some say. Others fear the outcome could dramatically curtail constitutionally protected rights of speech â even for those merely gathering and disseminating public information. In March, a three-judge panel of the 9th Circuit threw out a $109 million verdict against some anti-abortion activists, ruling that the First Amendment protects a Web site that publishes personal information about abortion doctors in a section it calls the âNuremberg Files.â The defendants see themselves as political protesters collecting data on doctors in hopes of one day putting them on trial just as Nazi war criminals were at Nuremberg. But a federal judge and a Portland, Ore., jury found in 1999 that the Web site and some Most Wanted-style posters the activists created were âtrue threats to killâ because the abortion doctors were being tormented and three of them murdered. Once killed, their names appear crossed off on the Web site. Despite the gloom-and-doom predictions, the controversial speech that has caused abortion providers to use disguises, bodyguards and bulletproof vests most likely will continue unabated no matter what the appellate court rules. Neal Horsley, the Carrollton, Ga., man who runs the âNuremberg Files,â said he will keep publishing personal dossiers about abortion doctors and information about their âcrimes against humanity.â âThis court case wonât shut me up,â Horsley said. âThey can do whatever they want. I ainât going to stop.â The only way of stopping him, he said, is arresting him. Authorities have not brought a case against him, although the FBI has warned abortion doctors that their names appear on the Web site. Dozens of Internet service providers have dropped his site, but he has constantly shifted to new providers, some of them overseas and immune from a potential order from a U.S. judge to shut down. The Web site is closely watched by anti-abortion activists â including FBI fugitive Clayton Lee Waagner, who came to Horsleyâs house on Nov. 23. Waagner said he was going to kill dozens of abortion doctors and that he was responsible for recently sending hundreds of anthrax threats to medical clinics. âI think he came to me because I could get the word out,â said Horsley, who tipped off the FBI to the visit. Waagner was arrested last week in Cincinnati. Ironically, Horsley isnât even named in the lawsuit. The defendants are a dozen individuals and anti-abortion groups who allegedly gave Horsley the personal information about abortion providers that appears online. An Oregon chapter of Planned Parenthood and a number of abortion doctors sued under a 1994 federal law that makes it illegal to incite violence against abortion doctors. Only as the case was headed for trial in 1999 did the doctors figure out Horsley was running the Web site. Adding him to the lawsuit would have caused substantial delays, attorneys close to the case said. On the Web site, Internet surfers can click an icon âto see the list of baby butcherers and a few of the people who have been killed.â The site notes whether the doctors are âworkingâ âwoundedâ or a âfatality.â The name of Eleanor Smeal, the president of the Feminist Majority Foundation, which counsels independent abortion clinics, appears on the site under âa list of miscellaneous spouses & other blood flunkies.â âTheyâre trying to intimidate pro-choice leaders,â Smeal said. In siding with the anti-abortionists, the three-judge appellate panel ruled in March that they could be held liable for monetary damages only if their material authorized or directly threatened violence. âIf defendants threatened to commit violent acts, by working alone or with others, then their (works) could properly support the verdict,â Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski wrote. âBut if their (works) merely encouraged unrelated terrorists, then their words are protected by the First Amendment.â Don Treshman, a defendant in the case from Baltimore who said he has been arrested 200 times for blockading abortion clinics, applauded the original ruling. âWe now retain the free speech right to call abortion what it is: cold-blooded murder of a baby in the womb,â he said. Treshman and the others argued that their Most Wanted posters and Web site dossiers are protected speech because they merely list doctors and clinics â and are not a threat. Susan Popik, a San Francisco lawyer who filed a brief on behalf of more than a dozen abortion and womanâs groups, said the judges may view things differently after Sept. 11. âI do think people right now are more sensitive to threatening conduct and perhaps at some deep unconscious level the court will view this kind of conduct more seriously,â Popik said The trial judge, U.S. District Judge Robert Jones, had instructed the jury to consider the history of violence in the anti-abortion movement, including the slayings of three doctors after their names appeared on the lists. One was Dr. Barnett Slepian, who was killed by a sniper in 1998 at his home near Buffalo, N.Y. Slepianâs name was crossed out on the Web site later that same day. Doctors on the list testified that they lived in constant fear and instructed their children to crouch in the bathtub if they heard gunfire. After the juryâs verdict in 1999, Judge Jones called the Web site and the wanted posters âblatant and illegal communication of true threats to kill.â Sen. Charles E. Schumer, D-N.Y., who sponsored a bill that Congress approved in 1994 prohibiting violence or threats of violence at abortion clinics, said if the 9th Circuitâs decision overturning Jones stands, âwe will see a renewed effort to intimidate, threaten and harm women and doctors in an effort to shut down clinics.â They include Michael Bray of Bowie, Md., author of a book that justifies killing doctors to stop abortions. Bray went to prison from 1985 to 1989 for his role in arson attacks and bombings of seven clinics. Another is Cathy Ramey of Portland, an editor at Life Advocate magazine and author of âIn Defense of Others,â which defends people who refuse to condemn the killing of abortion providers. The case is Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists, 99-35405. By Kim Gamel The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 OSLO, Norway â Saying âhumanity is indivisible,â U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for global cooperation in fighting poverty, ignorance and disease as he and the United Nations accepted the centennial Nobel Peace Prize on Monday. Annan said the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks in the United States showed that the world is divided less by borders than by the gap between the fortunate and the dispossessed. He said the cost of ignoring human dignity, fundamental freedoms, security, food and education was steep. âToday, no walls can separate humanitarian or human rights crises in one part of the world from national security crises in another,â he said. âWhat begins with the failure to uphold the dignity of one life, all too often ends with a calamity for entire nations.â The chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presented the $950,000 prize, which includes diplomas and gold medals, to Annan and the president of the U.N. General Assembly, South Korean Foreign Minister Han Seung-soo, representing the world body. Annan has given âthe U.N. an external prestige and an internal moraleâ hardly before seen since the world bodyâs founding in 1945, chairman Gunnar Berge said. In honor of the 100th anniversary of the first prize, more than 20 peace laureates from previous years, including East Timorese freedom fighter Jose Ramos-Horta and South Africaâs Desmond Tutu, joined them on the stage for the 90-minute ceremony at Oslo City Hall, amid tight security. Norwayâs royal family and other dignitaries also attended, and a torchlight parade and a banquet were planned in the evening. A week of centennial festivities, including a three-day symposium attended by the Dalai Lama and 27 other peace laureates, was to culminate Tuesday with a concert by Paul McCartney and other stars. Annan looked back on the last century, which suffered two World Wars and brutal civil conflicts, and said it was important to confront new security threats that âmake no distinction between races, nations or regions.â âWe have entered the third millennium through a gate of fire,â he said. âIf today, after the horror of 11 September, we see better, and we see further â we will realize that humanity is indivisible. Quoting from the Quran, Confucius and the Bible, Annan said all major faiths recognize the values of tolerance. Annan outlined three priorities for the United Nations as eradicating poverty, preventing conflict and promoting democracy. âWe must focus, as never before, on improving the conditions of individual men and women,â he said. Annan, a 63-year-old Ghanaian, and the United Nations will share the prize equally for their efforts to achieve peace and security in the world, the Norwegian Nobel Committee said in announcing the award on Oct. 12. The awards in literature, medicine, physics, chemistry and economics were to be presented later Monday in Stockholm, Sweden, where some 160 laureates from those categories were gathered. About 3,000 Norwegian schoolchildren greeted Annan before the ceremony began. Annan, on a stage with Norwayâs Crown Princess Mette-Marit, lit a peace torch. Annan became secretary-general of the 189-member United Nations in 1997 and has won high marks for focusing the global spotlight on poverty, human rights abuses, conflicts in Africa, the Balkans and the Middle East, and the AIDS epidemic. He also has faced criticism for trying to negotiate with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and for standing by as U.N. peacekeepers were kidnapped in Sierra Leone. Annan joined the United Nations in 1962 as an administrator with the World Health Organization in Geneva. He was the first leader to be elected from the ranks of U.N. staff and was unanimously reappointed to a second-five year term in June, six months before his first term expires on Dec. 31. At least 13 U.N. agencies and people connected to the world body have won the prize before, but it had never gone to the organization itself. In 1961, U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold was awarded the prize posthumously after his death in a plane crash on a peace mission to Congo. The Nobel Prizes are always presented on Dec. 10, marking the date their benefactor, Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, died in 1896. Last yearâs peace prize went to South Korean President Kim Dae-jung. âââ By John Geluardi, Daily Planet staff Monday December 10, 2001 On a chilly December evening, Manuel Oliver, 68, his small frame encased in layers of warm clothing, turns the dials of his small electric stove to âhighâ and waits anxiously for the burners to glow a warm red. Finally the burners begin to heat. Oliver can tell because one of the burners begins to smoke as a remnant from a recently cooked meal burns off. Oliverâs small studio in the Harriet Tubman House, a low-income seniors residence, fills with smoke as he rubs his hands together over the burner. âThe oven doesnât work but if the burners are on full they heat the place up a little,â said Oliver. Heat is important for Oliver because he suffers from bronchitis. âWhen it gets too cold, I have to go to the hospital,â he said. Oliver and 20 other seniors, many with serious medical conditions, held a press conference Friday to demand the owners of the 92-unit Harriet Tubman House repair an inadequate heating system they say is threatening their health and well-being. The press conference, during which the seniors waived placards and wore Christmas hats, was attended by several state housing advocates and Councilmember Kriss Worthington, who organized the event. Monday December 10, 2001 Editor: I am writing to join European and Middle Eastern leaders in their opposition to any future U.S. military action against Iraq. President Bush has intimated that he will âpunishâ Iraq for rejecting calls for international weapons inspection â and off cials within the administration are known to be urging strikes against Iraq. Yet military action against Iraq will almost certainly backfire: as recent history tragically unde scores, there is no such thing as a âsurgical air strikeâ against select enemies. Innocent civilians are inevitably killed â by the hundreds. If we bomb Iraq, we will certainly horrify and alienate U.S. allies in the Middle East at a time when we need their cooperation more than ever. And of course we can all too easily imagine what the long term consequences of such attacks might be in the hearts and minds of our enemies. The war on terrorism will not be won by the continued bombing of destitute populations by a wealthy, powerful U.S. A number of World Trade Center victims â understanding all too well the human cost of âcollateral damageâ â have begun to articulate this fact in an urgent call for the cessation of violence; one wishes Bush and his advisers would stop and listen. Staff Monday December 10, 2001 924 Gilman Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; Dec. 21: Kepi, Bonfire Madigan, Kevin Seconds; Dec. 22: The Lab Rats, Onetime Angels, A great Divide, Last Great Liar, Gabrielâs Ratchet; Dec. 23: 5 p.m., Over My Dead Body, Panic, Breaker Breaker, Some Still Believe; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 Annaâs Dec. 10: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 20: Jazz Singersâ Collective; Dec. 21: Anna and Percy Scott on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 22: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 23: Jazz Singer Ed Reed; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Cal Performances Dec. 19: Berkeley Symphony, $21 - $45; Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley Campus, Bancroft Way at Telegraph, 642-0212 [email protected] Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; Dec. 16: 3-8 p.m., Beverly Stovall Benefit, Jimmy McCracklin, JJ Malone, Jimi Mamou, Johnny Talbott. $10. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec. 10: John Wesley Harding, David Lewis & Sheila Nichols; Dec. 12: Stacey Earle & Mark Stuart; Dec. 13: Kevin Burke; Dec. 14: Dale Miller; Dec. 15: Robin Flower & Libby McLaren; Jan. 6: Allette Brooks. All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Julia Morgan Theatre Dec. 23: 7:30 p.m., an evening of Irish music and dance with Todd Denman and friends. $10, $5 children; Dec. 31: 8 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Gala Concert, Program of classical favorites of the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra; Jan. 12: 8:p.m., âClub Dance,â Teens come together to express their individual personalities and gifts as dancers. $10, Students and Seniors $6, Children ages 5 and under $6. Julia Morgan Theatre, 2640 College Ave., 845-8542, www.juliamorgan.org. Jupiter Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; Dec. 20: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 21: Crater; Dec. 22: Post Junk Trio; Dec. 27: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 29: Berkeley Jazz School Presents: Kirk Tamura Trio; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; Dec. 22: Kaz Sasaki Duo, Blackberry Ginger, 2520 Durant; Dec. 23: Almadecor, Annâs Kitchen, 2498 Telegraph Ave.; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; Jan.17: 7:30 p.m., Allette Brooks. 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687, [email protected]. First Congregational Church of Berkeley Dec. 15: 2 p.m., âAll-Brahms piano recital,â Yu-Ting Chen performs. Free; Jan. 6: 3 p.m., Stephen Genz in his West Coast debut; 2345 Channing Way, 527-8175, www.geocities.com/mostlybrahms. âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Dec. 15: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 16: 1 & 5 p.m., celtic music, dance and storry telling. $15-$30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 893-9853 www.calrevels.org. âWAVE,â Womenâs Antique Vocal Ensemble Dec.14: 7:30 p.m., concert of Christmas music. $10, Students $5. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 1940 Virginia St., 848-9132. âA Midsummer Nightâs Dreamâ Dec. 14: 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 15: 7:30 p.m.; California Shakespeare Festival Student Company, presents a comedy with romance. Free. Rehearsal Hall, 701 Heintz St. 548-3422 X114. [email protected]. âBrave Broodâ Through Dec. 16: Robert OâHara directs Robert OâHaraâs searing tale of money, desperation, and the fight for survival. $20. Transparent Theater, 1901 Ashby Ave. 883-0305 www.transparenttheater.org âBlack Nativityâ Through Dec. 16th: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. 2:30 p.m., 8 p.m., Sun. 5:30 p.m.; The birth of Jesus unfolds in this drama written by Langston Hughes. Directed and produced by Betty Gadling. $15 adults, $8 seniors and students, $5 children over 5. Allen Temple Baptist Church, 8501 International Blvd., Oakland 569-9418 www.allen-temple.org Cal loses third straight as St. Maryâs takes over in gameâs final minutes The California womenâs basketball team battled hard but lost to Bay Area rival St. Maryâs, 53-50, Saturday night at Haas Pavilion. The Golden Bearsâ record falls to 4-3 with their third straight loss, while the Gaels record improves to 4-3. Freshman point guard Kristin Iwanaga had given the Bears an eight-point lead when she hit a three-point shot to make the score 45-37 with 6:40 remaining. But a 16-5 run clinched the game for St. Maryâs. Cal last led at 50-48. But point guard Corrie Mizusawa gave the Gaels the lead for good with a 3-pointer from the right baseline, to make the score 51-50 with 1:25 left. Cal had a chance to tie the game with 0.4 seconds left. Coach Caren Horstmeyer called a timeout and inserted 3-point specialist Janet Franey. But the Bears could not cleanly handle the inbounds pass and did not get a shot off as time expired. âTheir experience took over down the stretch,â Horstmeyer said of the Gaels. âCorrie Mizusawa hit a big shot. She hadnât really hit anything all day.â Cal guard LaTasha OâKeith, who hit 3-for-3 from 3-point land and 2-for-2 from the free throw line, scored a career-high 15 points in the loss. Freshman forward Leigh Gregory added 13 points for the Bears. Cal held Jerkisha Dosty, the WCCâs third-leading scorer at 15.8 points per game, to just 8 points. But her twin sister, Jermisha Dosty, led the visitors with 14. Mizusawa finished with 7 points and a game-high 9 assists but also had a game-high 7 turnovers. Forward Amber White tied her career high with 6 assists. St. Maryâs became the first opponent this season to outrebound Cal, at 46-35. Jermisha Dosty led the Gaels with 9 boards. Ami Forney paced the Bears with 10 rebounds. âEvery game we played, weâve out-rebounded our opponents, and they out-rebounded us by 11. That was a big, big, big factor in the game,â Horstmeyer said. âWe average 28 free throws in the game. By taking only nine, that shows we werenât aggressive. We needed to be more aggressive from an offensive perspective.â In the first half, both teams struggled to score in stretches and the game stood tied at 11-11 with 9:25 to play. The Gaels then went on a 13-3 run to grab their biggest lead of the game at 24-14. Cal chipped in to Saint Maryâs 27-19 halftime lead by utilizing a full-court press through most of the second half. The Bears took the lead for the first time at 37-36 on a Gregory basket with 11:41 left in the game and led for the next nine minutes. âWe need to find some offense,â said Horstmeyer. âOur defense is keeping people under 55 points per game. Defensively, weâre playing extremely well. We need to find some ways to put points on the board. We were able to pressure Saint Maryâs in the full-court. That brought us back into the game. The problem was the last five or six minutes we struggled to score, so that we couldnât press.â The Bears now take a break for finals. They next play on Dec. 21 in the Pac-10 opener at Arizona followed by a Dec. 23 game at Arizona State. Cal returns to Haas Pavilion for a Dec. 28 game with USC. By Hank Sims, Daily Planet staff Monday December 10, 2001 OAKLAND â âItâs nice to be home,â said 9th District Rep. Barbara Lee, as she entered a town hall meeting to a standing ovation. Around 300 Lee constituents showed up for the Congresswomanâs meeting Saturday morning. While many came to talk about specific pieces of legislation, the majority simply wanted to show their support for Leeâs contrary position on the war in Afghanistan and related matters. The theme of the meeting, which was held at the Ronald Dellums Federal Building in Oakland, was security and safety in the wake of Sept. 11. Many representatives from local city and county governments â as well as the state Office of Emergency Services and the FBI â were on hand to discuss the East Bayâs level of preparedness for terrorist attacks and natural disasters. Lee said that the local governments in her district have been exemplary in their response to the crisis. âI am very proud and pleased about the way our county has come together,â she said. â[Local agencies] have been Editor: As we all know from recent extensive press coverage, thousands of Americans have been tragically killed over the past few months by cars. Therefore, if you should happen to see a car while strolling through downtown Berkeley, it is important during this time of crisis to adhere to the following special safety guidelines: â¢If the car is moving, do not approach it. Cars sometimes change direction suddenly for no apparent reason, striking nearby people or other objects. Run quickly into a building or other recessed area which is too small for the car to enter. When the car is no longer in view, proceed to your destination with caution. â¢If the car is not moving, quickly surround the car with dumpsters and other heavy objects to prevent it from escaping. Place large signs in the area saying âWarning: Car in Vicinity. Keep Away.â â¢In addition to your eyes, keep your nose and ears open. Moving cars can readily be detected by the distinctive odors and odd noises that they produce. â¢Especially avoid dented cars, âsportsâ cars, and all those overly tall station wagons. â¢Try to âbreathe aroundâ the carbon monoxide. â¢As soon as possible, notify the local quality of life authorities for permanent removal of the car. While some may consider the above guidelines to be overly cautious or restrictive, our future depends on your compliance and cooperation. Thank you. By David Scharfenberg, Daily Planet staff Monday December 10, 2001 Construction of the new âMilvia buildingsâ on the Berkeley High School campus is running two months behind schedule, school officials said, pushing back the expected completion date to June 2003. Meanwhile, community activists are asking for development of a campus master plan and a greater voice in deciding the fate of open space adjacent to the construction site. The space became available this summer when the Berkeley Board of Education asked Arntz Builders, contractor for the Milvia project, to tear down the high schoolâs B Building damaged in a fire last year. Lew Jones, manager of facilities planning for the school district, said the delays resulted from the unexpected discovery of several underground obstacles to construction at the site, which once housed a PG&E facility, and more recently featured a school cafeteria and heating plant. The obstacles, Jones said, were an old PG&E storage tank, the foundations of school district and PG&E buildings, and an old PG&E switch, or âdistribution point.â Jones, and project manager Bob Arntz of Arntz Builders, said the delays are normal for a project of this size. Bruce Wicinas, father of two students at BHS, and a member of the Citizensâ Construction Advisory Committee, agreed. âBased on where the delay came from, thatâs actually not bad,â Wicinas said, referring to the two-month hold-up. âThereâs no reason to believe the rest of the project will be like this.â Jones said the delays have not led to any significant changes to the projectâs $36 million budget, although the district has dipped into some of its contingency funds, built into the budget, since construction began in February. When the two buildings are complete, the northern facility will include a student Editor: Thank you for such an illuminating article on the Planning Department. A good start to examining how Berkeley municipal government works â or doesnât. A serious difficulty with hiring and retaining employees? I think Mr. Rhoades may raise an important point: just how competitive is the employment package offered by the city? To the extent that there is a serious discrepancy with surrounding jurisdictions, that could contribute significantly to a morale problem. One might also ask how the numbers employed in Berkeleyâs planning department compare with those in other, similarly sized jurisdictions. Yet, I think Mr. Rhoades put his finger on the pulse of a far more subtle and crucial problem, and perhaps wisely left the reader to judge: the complexity of Berkeleyâs codes. In my 18-month experience with navigating the cityâs processes and ordinances, they are unnecessarily complex, procedurally opaque, provide for poor internal flow between responsible boards, commissions, and offices, and impose remarkable barriers to meaningful citizen in-put. If I were to offer a single suggestion to begin to repair the planning departmentâs problems, it would be to establish a commitment to consistency between plans and ordinances. Then use this commitment to reduce the remarkably high degree of discretion in Berkeleyâs ordinances and procedures. Discretion, verging on the arbitrary, pervades every turning in the planning department to the point that there are few rules and no basis on which either a citizen or a developer (let alone staff) can base a reasonable expectation. No wonder the poor developers go nuts trying to propose a project in Berkeley! No one can tell them what they are actually allowed to build because so much of it is subject to discretionary decision by a host of bodies. Worse, the poor citizen can never get a straight answer about the maximum appropriate dimensions to a proposed project, for the same reason â exacerbated by that fact that the developer winds up shooting for maximum envelope (or beyond) in the hopes of being left with something adequately feasible. The present framework sets developers and concerned citizens on a collision course. Most of the zoning districts have maximum heights that arenât maximums, but may be exceeded by use permits, and further exceeded with variances. Only five of the eighteen zoning districts with a residential component actually have an established maximum residential density, the rest are either limitless or to be determined, project-by-project, on the basis of âsurrogate factorsâ that are nowhere defined. Historic failure to establish a municipal vision with goals clearly supported by a community consensus is one reason for this problem. Ignoring the plans that have been developed by broad-based community effort is another reason. The University Avenue Strategic Plan languishes unimplemented five years after its adoption. The West Berkeley Plan was poorly implemented with respect to development on San Pablo Avenue. The present General Plan appears headed for piece-meal destruction after nearly three years of broad-based development with wide public in-put. Yet, even when the General Plan, in whatever form, is adopted, the absence of the cityâs commitment to consistency between its plans and ordinances (a privilege of being a Charter City), means that it has no obligation to implement the promises to which it pledges itself when adopting a plan. Berkeley could correct this by imposing that obligation upon itself. Establishing a commitment to consistency, to implementing that which it adopts as its guidance, would begin to introduce a discipline and symmetry that would reduce the alleged need for so much low-level discretion â a discretion unavoidable in the absence of clear directive, policy, or a Plan that is honored. Juggling all that discretion requires time: time to gather information, analyze, consider, and recommend. That creates a burden of work from which planning cannot otherwise escape and, with an increasing work load, cannot adequately perform. It places staffers in a position demanding a degree of even-handed integrity that not a few of Berkeleyâs citizens have come to wonder might be over-taxed. That citizen commissions and boards play a role in the exercise of discretion offers no real solution. The individuals that compose them may or may not demonstrate sensitivity to the complexity of the issues, substantive knowledge of them, or appreciation for due public process. They are given minimal orientation and, in many instances, even less support by an over-worked staff. But faithful stewardship is hobbled by the inconsistency and complexity of the cityâs practices. Berkeleyâs ordinances are needlessly complex. Commitment to consistency of ordinances with plans would begin the process of whittling away arbitrary and inconsistent decision-making processes, stream-lining procedure, and clarifying the rules of the game. And through it all, we might re-establish the professional pride of the planning department and the publicâs confidence in the work it performs. Howie Muir By Karen Gaudette, Associated Press Writer Monday December 10, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Family and friends gathered Sunday in the Santa Cruz mountains to remember 7-year-old Xiana Fairchild, abducted on her way to school two years ago. The private prayer service was held in Los Gatos near the site where construction workers found pieces of a human skull in January. DNA tests confirmed the remains belonged to Xiana, deflating the hopes of hundreds of people who had searched for her around the former Navy town of Vallejo, about 35 miles northeast of San Francisco. The killer still has not been arrested, and police have no suspects. But those who loved Xiana are using her name to do good. A toy drive was held Sunday to benefit needy children. A candlelight vigil was also planned and attendees were to retrace Xianaâs last known steps. âSheâs just constantly on my mind,â said Stephanie Kahalekulu, Xianaâs great-aunt who raised the girl from infancy. âI think thereâs still a bit of disbelief.â The need to find her nieceâs killer was so keen, Kahalekulu sold her belongings and moved her family from Colorado to California last summer to help in the search. Vallejo too continues to remember Xiana. âAs you know, it ended badly, and that was certainly unfortunate,â said Mark Mazzaferro, the cityâs spokesman. But âa lot of people learned that number one, Vallejo cares, because this community really came together and worked hard to find this little girl.â Childrenâs books and a corner of the kidsâ area at a city library bear Xianaâs name. Volunteers assist other area families looking for their missing children. âItâs knowledge you never, ever want to have,â Kahalekulu said. âBut then when you find a family, you see a family, their child disappears, they have no clue, no clue what to do and thatâs exactly where you were two years ago and you canât just sit there knowing what you know.â The giggling, gap-toothed Xiana lives on in the videotapes her great-aunt watches over and over. Strangers still approach Kahalekulu in supermarket parking lots to tell her theyâre sorry for her familyâs loss. âWherever I go,â she said, âsomebody will come up and theyâre still saying, âIâm really sorry about what happened, and weâre still praying for justice for her.ââ Xianaâs mother and her boyfriend, Antoinette Robinson and Robert Turnbough, also have drawn police scrutiny, though no charges have been filed and both deny involvement. Xiana disappeared six months after Robinson reclaimed her in June 1999, against the wishes of other relatives. Turnbough initially told police heâd dropped Xiana off at the bus stop that day, then later said she left the house by herself. Curtis Dean Anderson, who is serving a 251-year prison sentence for kidnapping and sexually assaulting another young Vallejo girl, is under a âcloud of suspicion,â said Sgt. Mark Eastus of the Santa Clara County Sheriffâs Department. But Andersonâs past declarations that he killed Xiana have been unproven. By Jeff Wilson, Associated Press Writer Monday December 10, 2001 FILLMORE â An Italian dinner house is doing brisk business on the showroom floor at William L. Morris Chevrolet, where car shoppers are tempted with chicken parmigiana as they kick the tires of new cars. Squinting in candlelight to examine window sticker prices, guests find gleaming chrome is a dazzling appetizer. âWhat a great idea! This is so cute,â Judy Watkins, 53, an Italian chef who lives in Cathedral City and recently visited Chef Francoâs. The idea of a showroom/Italian restaurant combination was hatched by 71-year-old dealership owner Chappy Morris Sr., who now regrets naming it Chef Francoâs. âI should have called it The Dealership,â Morris said. The chicken parmigiana is $7.95 and nothing on the menu costs more than $15.95 â thatâs the fully loaded veal parmigiana. And, of course, thereâs bow-tie pasta. Itâs the ultimate Italo-automotive dining experience. Prospective buyers can open the door of a $25,000 Monte Carlo and be treated to the comingled fragrance of leather and garlic. At 5 p.m. daily, the showroom lights are dimmed and piano music kicks through speakers as guests are ushered to tables covered with red-checkered cloths and flickering candles. Chef Franco Onorato also does his thing, chatting up the chardonnay and marinara. âIn Southern California, itâs a natural. People here love their cars,â Onorato said of the food-and-auto marriage. Morris and Onorato believe the showroom/restaurant combo is unique. âI donât know of any other, do you?â Morris said. âPeople are buying cars while theyâre eating.â When the downtown dealership was wrecked in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Morris drew up plans for a grand new facility a block away on Highway 126 and included a full professional kitchen. The idea was to serve breakfast and lunch while customers waited for car servicing â Mr. Goodlunch was the working name. Enter Onorato. He was left jobless with the closing of Santa Paulaâs Glen Tavern Inn and showed up at Morrisâ doorstep proposing a nighttime Italian bistro. âThis guy shows up,â Morris recalled. âHe was from Italy and he bought his first car in America from us. He wanted to open a restaurant here and I said Iâd hire him. I thought I could turn him into a car salesman.â âI said, âNow Franco, I donât have a dining room,ââ Morris said. âWe put some tables on the showroom floor. I apologized to people and they said, âWhat for? We like looking at the cars.ââ The result was unexpected. People come from as far away as Huntington Beach. âThe thing that is funny about it is the food is very good,â Morris said. By Michael Liedtke, AP Business Writer Monday December 10, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â ExciteAtHome made plenty of dumb decisions on its way to the dot-com graveyard, but what ultimately killed the company may have been its greatest accomplishment â the high-speed cable network that provided fast Internet connections to more than 4 million North American customers. The serviceâs explosive growth, marked by a 12-fold increase in subscribers since 1999, proved that providing high-speed Internet connections to peopleâs homes could be a viable business. As the service gained more popularity, the cable giants that helped launch ExciteAtHome in 1996 and continued to sign up most of the subscribers began to see the potential value of running their own independent networks. âCable companies are notoriously conservative, risk-averse companies, so they decided to create this separate company that would take all the risks,â said Mark Kersey, a broadband analyst for ARS Inc., a research firm in La Jolla, Calif. âOnce they saw that this could really work, they decided that they probably really didnât need ExciteAtHome any more.â The cable companies say ExciteAtHomeâs financial collapse gave them little choice but to build their own networks to protect their customers and the franchises they had built during the last five years. ExciteAtHomeâs three biggest cable partners â AT&T, Cox Communications and Comcast â accounted for 2.2 million of the serviceâs 4.16 million subscribers as of Sept. 30. Nearly 90 percent, or 3.69 million customers, had cable modems in their homes. ExciteAtHome accounted for about 40 percent of all households and businesses with broadband, âalways onâ Internet access. AT&T already has switched most of its 850,000 AtHome subscribers to its own high-speed cable network. Cox and Comcast plan to switch most of their customers to other networks by Feb. 28, when ExciteAtHome plans to shut down permanently. Many ExciteAtHome investors, including both bondholders and shareholders, are convinced that the companyâs cable partners conspired to drive the business into bankruptcy so they could get out of restrictive contracts and build their own independent networks more quickly. AT&T, which owned 23 percent of ExciteAtHome and controlled its board until October, is central to these conspiracy theories. âIf ExciteAtHome hadnât been run by a board that wanted it to go out of business, the company would still be alive today. AT&T completely violated its fiduciary duty,â said Bob Garrity, an ExciteAtHome shareholder and one of the companyâs first employees. AT&T regards these allegations âabsolutely baseless,â said AT&T spokeswoman June Rochford. She declined further comment, citing threatened lawsuits against AT&T by both ExciteAtHome bondholders and shareholders embittered by the billions that they stand to lose in ExciteAtHomeâs bankruptcy. AT&Tâs defenders argue that it also had an incentive to keep ExciteAtHome alive. AT&T invested about $4 billion in ExciteAtHome, including $2.8 billion in stock paid to Cox and Comcast early this year to cement its controlling position. That leverage also put AT&T in a position to drive ExciteAtHome out of business if it desired, bondholders and shareholders argue. Under this theory, ExciteAtHomeâs death spiral accelerated in September 2000 when George Bell announced his decision to step down as chief executive. Bell remained as a lame-duck leader until April, when ExciteAtHome hired Patti Hart â an executive AT&T helped recruit. Bell now runs a college savings plan called Upromise, whose partners include AT&T. âThere was a long stretch where the board was basically running the company,â said Frank Thomas, a Heathrow, Fla. money manager on the executive committee of a shareholder group planning to sue AT&T. Even AT&T critics acknowledge ExciteAtHome probably would not have been in such bad shape if not for the $6.7 billion merger that melded the cable network with the Web portal, Excite.com. The 1999 marriage, which AT&T fiercely opposed, increased AtHomeâs exposure to online advertising â a market that has been slumping badly for more than a year. As the Internet economy unraveled, ExciteAtHomeâs losses piled up â $8.9 billion since the start of 2000. The hemorrhaging made it difficult for ExciteAtHome to raise more cash from anyone other than its cable partners. Yet even as ExciteAtHome suffered financially, it added 486,000 new subscribers in the three months leading up to ExciteAtHomeâs bankruptcy at the end of September â a 13.2 percent increase that fell slightly below the industrywide average increase of 14.2 percent, according to ARS. Meantime, the cable companies kept the bulk of the $40 to $50 monthly subscriptions paid by most AtHome customers. ExciteAtHome â which got just $12 a month per subscriber â was losing as much as $6 million per week under this arrangement. The success of the cable network also pressured regional phone companies to ramp up their own high-speed Internet services through digital subscriber lines, or DSLs â which in turn worsened ExciteAtHomeâs financial misery. To lure customers, the phone companies slashed DSL prices or offered free service for a few months, prompting similar offers from the cable companies. And when the cable companies waived fees, ExciteAtHome didnât get paid either, exacerbating the companyâs financial crisis. Meanwhile, technological advances and a glut of cheap parts assured the cable companies that they could build their own networks for much less than the billions ExciteAtHome had spent on its own. AT&T declined to divulge how much it spent on its network. The company had hoped to buy the AtHome cable network for $307 million before withdrawing its offer last week. Cox estimates that it will spend $100 million to $150 million on its network. If not for AtHomeâs inroads, many industry experts believe high-speed access still wouldnât be possible for the roughly 10 million households and businesses that use cable modems, DSLs and wireless connections to get online. âThey were the catalyst for broadband in homes,â said Jack Harrington, a former AT&T executive who is now a venture capitalist at Advanced Technology Partners in Palo Alto. âFive years from now, when cable modems are in 20 million homes, people can look back and thank ExciteAtHome.â The Associated Press Monday December 10, 2001 LOS ANGELES â Criticism is mounting among school officials over a new test designed to track students who are not fluent in English â one-fifth of the stateâs public school population. Officials say the California English Language Development Test is poorly designed and too time-consuming to score. âIt is a well-intentioned test that is just so cumbersome and expensive as to be ridiculous,â said Wayne Johnson, president of the California Teachers Association, who last month wrote a letter to the State Board of Education calling for the program to be revised. In addition to its use in tracking students who lack English fluency, the test is administered to new students from homes where the primary language spoken is not English. About 2 million students in the state took the test this year. The results will be used in tracking and placing students and determining certain kinds of funding. The testâs critics cite problems ranging from awkward instructions and layout to the length of time it takes for the tests to be scored. For the oral section of the test, the exam booklet opens with one page facing the student and the other the tester. As the student listens to a recording and answers questions on one side, the tester marks the answers on the adjacent page. The unusual design distracts and intimidates students, said people who have administered the tests. And although the tests were given between May 14 and Oct. 31, districts have yet to receive any scores back from the state. Paul Warren, the stateâs deputy superintendent of accountability, said the bulk of the tests reached the state closer to Oct. 31, creating a backlog. But even districts that finished their tests early have not received results, making it difficult for them to place students and apply for funds that depend on test results. CTB/McGraw-Hill, the publisher of the test, said all the scores will be ready on or before Feb. 28 â more than halfway through the school year â but could not say how much of the work had been completed so far. Districts had the option of scoring the tests themselves, but many said they did not have the resources to do so. Critics point out that the state spent more than $15 million on the test this year, not including include the estimated $20 to $30 per test spent by the districts. They say schools shouldnât have to expend even more resources to get timely scores. âWe rushed and we spent a lot of money,â said Darci Knight, language acquisition coordinator for the Pleasant Valley School District in Camarillo, which administered 600 tests by June. âAnd, of course, we got no results.â One problem with scoring is that, unlike most standardized tests, the test does not come with a separate answer sheet. Even the legislator who sponsored the bill requiring the statewide English testing says sheâs grown concerned. The level of âdissatisfaction with the CELDT is troubling, to say the least,â state Sen. Martha Escutia, D-Whittier, said in an October letter to California Superintendent of Public Instruction Delaine Eastin. âIn fact, I am gravely concerned that the problems they raise and the resulting aversion for the test â if not addressed swiftly and fully â will undermine the successâ of the exam. State education officials say they are studying ways to improve the test, including having the districts produce the official scores so they donât have to wait for final results from the publisher. âWe always have bumps and scrapes through the first administration of a test,â Warren said, âand this is one.â The Associated Press Monday December 10, 2001 SANTA CRUZ â A homeless encampment known as Camp Paradise, which fought off city officialsâ requests to leave over the past year, finally cleared out after a rainstorm caused the San Lorenzo River to spill into their Eden. Four inches of rain fell last week, causing the river to rise and sweep Camp Paradise away. But its residents promise to rebuild. âWeâre going to set up Camp Paradise 2,â said camp founder Larry Templeton, 41. âWe donât know exactly where, but itâs going to be right here in Santa Cruz. Itâll work just like the first one, but we ainât going to be close to the river this time.â The residents of Camp Paradise â whose numbers fluctuated from 20 to 50 adults and children â managed a community kitchen, an office, a koi pond, a bicycle repair shop, a generator for power, a garden and dozens of tents for sleeping. But the idea of allowing the homeless to camp in the cityâs parks and greenbelt areas doesnât go over well with everyone. Critics say marijuana was freely used and even grown at the camp. And when the floodwaters receded this past week, city crews were forced to cart away tons of sodden debris, amounting to about 80 cubic yards of waste. Santa Cruz officials also provided $6,000 in motel vouchers to camp members after the flood came. Homeless advocates say Camp Paradise was a well-managed, clean-and-sober refuge for former addicts. They say campers cleaned accumulated garbage from the riverbank and kept the area tidy. In June, city official gave campers a month to move along. But that deadline, and others that followed, passed with no consequences. Police ticketed campers, only to see some citations dismissed in court, and penalties waived on four of the citations that were upheld. Some city officials agreed that Camp Paradise received special treatment, but they chalked it up to the fact that the camp was well-managed. Council members are now considering changes to Santa Cruzâs homeless services, including setting up a homeless campground in one of the cityâs greenbelt areas or on land selected for a new city park. Critics warn, however, that previous attempts to create legal camping for the homeless in Santa Cruz, including a tent city and car-camping zones, have failed. âThe minute you allow people to squat on public land, itâs a free-for-all, itâs a nightmare,â said Deputy Police Chief Jeff Locke. By Matthew Fordahl, Associated Press Writer Monday December 10, 2001 Silicon Valley pioneerâs organization makes one of biggest donations in history SAN JOSE â In one of the largest gifts ever to an environmental group, a foundation set up by Silicon Valley pioneer Gordon Moore has pledged $261 million over 10 years to Conservation International. The grants, announced Sunday, will help researchers identify and protect biodiversity hot spots â areas that cover 1.4 percent of the Earth but are home to more than 60 percent of its terrestrial species. Moore, who co-founded Intel Corp. in 1968, said his interest in the environment stems from the changes he noticed while returning to favorite vacation spots in Mexico over the years. âPlaces like Cabo San Lucas have become high-rise hotels and golf courses â not at all like it used to be,â he told The Associated Press. âJust seeing how fast the changes were got me interested in the problem.â The grants mark the second major gift from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation in just over a month. In late October, the foundation announced a 10-year, $600 million donation to the California Institute of Technology. The gift to Washington-based Conservation International will help fund a global initiative based on the theory that conservationists can be most effective by targeting imperiled areas of the greatest biodiversity. The money will help the group, which was founded in 1987, set up field stations in several at-risk areas, said Peter Seligmann, Conservation Internationalâs chief executive. The grants also will help forge alliances with other conservation groups and fund emergency actions. Seligmann hopes to use the money to leverage a total of $6 billion from private and public sources. âWe have always played a defensive game in conservation,â he said. âWeâve always been in just little battles. Now we think weâve got enough resources to fight a war.â The David and Lucile Packard Foundation also has given sizable gifts to protect the environment. They include a $50 million grant in 2000 to the Peninsula Open Space Trust to protect the San Mateo coast and a total of $180 million to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute from 1992-1998. The William Penn Foundation gave a $26.6 million grant to the Fairmount Park Commission in Philadelphia in 1996 for restoration of city parks and to expand environmental education and stewardship opportunities, according to the Foundation Center, a New York-based nonprofit. Moore, who serves as chairman Conservation Internationalâs board of executives, said he was drawn to the group because of its systematic, scientific approach to conservation. âI find this very attractive rather than a completely emotional one,â Moore said. âYou want to find out whatâs there before you decide where you want to focus your effort.â In 1998, he and his wife contributed $35 million to set up Conservation Internationalâs Center for Applied Biodiversity Science in Washington. The success of the latest grants will be measured by conservation outcomes, such as the number of extinctions prevented and habitats saved, Seligmann said. One of the biggest challenges will be persuading local politicians and business leaders of the importance of saving their ecological treasures and the money they can generate through tourism and research among others. âThose revenues continue forever as opposed to the 10 years it takes to log a place entirely,â Seligmann said. Moore served as chief executive of Intel from 1979 until 1987 and retired from its board in May. He is best known for âMooreâs Law,â his 1965 prediction on the future performance and pricing of semiconductors. He and his wife created the foundation in November 2000, funding it with half their Intel holdings. âIâve got more than I need,â he said. âMy family wonât starve to death and the government wants a very good portion if you do it that way.â By Hank Sims, Daily Planet staff Saturday December 08, 2001 When architect Kava Massih took his drawings for a new downtown hotel to the Zoning Adjustments Board a few months ago, the board he encountered was quite different than the board he expected. Faces he had never seen before peered back at him from across the divide. Old, familiar faces were missing. Massih was surprised when some of the strangers began criticizing the design of his project, though it had already passed through the Design Review Committee with flying colors. When the ZAB concluded its review by giving Massih the thumbs-down on his motel, he was more than a little peeved, especially since the massive Library Gardens project received near-universal approbation that same night. âThis motel is like an idiotic little zit compared to that,â he said at the time. Massihâs strange experience was perhaps the result to the little-understood but, in Berkeley, near-universal practice of substitute commissioners. If a regular member of the ZAB, or any other city commission, cannot make a regular meeting, he or she may request a âtemporary leave of absence,â which may last for only one day. City councilmembers then appoint another citizen to temporarily take the regular commissionerâs spot. Massih went back to the drawing board and redesigned the hotel. He brought the project back to the ZAB on a night that two regular members â who, he had reason to suspect, would favor the project â were present. The project passed with little controversy. Yesterday, Massih shrugged off the episode, saying that sometimes it just comes down to luck. He said, in his experience, the practice is fairly unique to Berkeley and had its drawbacks. âThe substitutes usually donât know as much as the permanent members,â he said. âTheyâre not always the best person you want to comment on your project, because theyâre not as informed. They donât know the code as well. They become much more emotional.â However, Massih said, even a substitute is better than an empty chair. âYou just want everyone there, so you have the best chances of getting the votes you need,â he said. Patrick Kennedy, a local developer, explained. âSubstitutes are better than no-shows, because if you donât have a quorum on the board, you canât get anything done,â he said. Kennedy added that the quantity of time Berkeley demands of its commissioners probably means that they earn an occasional break. âRegular commissioners should be knighted, or something, for the amount of time they give,â he said. Carrie Olson, a member of both the Design Review Committee and the Landmarks Preservation Commission, has substituted for others and has had someone sit in for her. Currently, she is taking Gene Poschmanâs place on the Planning Commission while he convalesces from a recent hip operation. âIt serves the public better to have nine votes,â she said. âDevelopers want there to be enough board members there to vote on their project.â Olson said she always has confidence in the people who may take her position for a night. âI never discuss ahead of time what theyâre going to hear, and they donât always vote the way Iâd vote,â she said. âBut itâs important for the applicant that thereâs someone there.â Olson noted that substitute commissioners must be familiar with the matters they will hear. If one has had a public hearing, the substitute must have atttended it or listened to a recoreded version. Like regular commissioners, substitutes must swear their allegiance to Constitutions of the United States and California, and defend them against all enemies. Come shop while kids visit with Santa for free. Fine arts, crafts, clothing and gift booths in a magical and colorful scene. 644-2032, www.lightcraft.org. So Lovely! So Lively! Solano! 12 - 6 p.m. Solano Ave. Berkeley and Albany More than 50 street performers -- jazz bands, carolers, talking trees, & toy soldiers during the holiday season along Solano Ave. www.solanoave.org Berkeley Artisans Holiday Open Studios A Self-Guided Tour 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Various locations 100 artists & craftspeople open their studios to the public. For a map and locations, www.berkeleyartisans.com, or 845-2612. Concert for the September 11th Fund 7:30 p.m. Congregation Beth El 2301 Vine St. An evening of music, joy and community spirit. Adama band, with Achi Ben Shalom. All proceeds support the victims of the September 11th attacks. $18. 848-3988. Bring your menorah--Everyone welcome. 486-2744, [email protected]. Dunsmuir Historic Estate Holiday Season 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. 2960 Peralta Oaks Court, Oakland Volunteers have transformed the 50-acre estate and the 1899 mansion into a holiday event. 925-275-9595, www.dunsmuir.org. So Lovely! So Lively! Solano! 12 - 6 p.m. Solano Ave. Berkeley and Albany More than 50 street performers -- jazz bands, carolers, talking trees, & toy soldiers during the holiday season along Solano Ave. www.solanoave.org "Foundations: A Course in Theology" First Congregational Church of Berkeley 2345 Channing Way Taught by Jennifer DeWeerth, Assistant Dean and Registrar at Pacific School of Religion. 849-8239, www.psr.edu. Berkeley Artisans Holiday Open Studios A Self-Guided Tour 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Various locations 100 artists & craftspeople open their studios to the public. For a map and locations, www.berkeleyartisans.com, or 845-2612. Come shop while kids visit with Santa for free. Fine arts, crafts, clothing and gift booths in a magical and colorful scene. 644-2032, www.lightcraft.org. So Lovely! So Lively! Solano! 12 - 6 p.m. Solano Ave. Berkeley and Albany More than 50 street performers -- jazz bands, carolers, talking trees, & toy soldiers during the holiday season along Solano Ave. www.solanoave.org Berkeley Farmersâ Market Holiday Crafts Fair 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Martin Luther King, JR. Civic Center Park Fair will include organic produce, handcrafted gifts, live choral music, massages, and hot apple cider. 548-3333, www.ecologycenter.org Magic School Bus Video Festival 10:30 a.m. - 1:30 p.m. Lawrence Hall of Science Centennial Drive, above UC Berkeley Campus Ms. Frizzle takes her skeptical class from outer space to inside a dogâs noise in seven different video adventures. Free popcorn and free magic school bus gift. $3 - $7. 642-5132, www.lawrencehallofscience.org Cal Sailing Club Berkeley Marina The Cal Sailing Club, a nonprofit sailing and windsurfing cooperative, give free rides on a first come, first served basis on the first full weekend of each month. Wear warm clothes and bring a change of clothes in case you get wet. Children must be at least five years old and must be accompanies by an adult. Visit www.cal-sailing.org August 4 & 5, September 1 & 2, October 6 & 7, November 3 & 4, and December 1&2 Susan Cerny Saturday December 08, 2001 The house in the 1992 photograph was built around 1876 for Joseph Clapp, a farmer who arrived in Berkeley in the mid-1870s from Norwood, Mass. According to the 1878 Thompson and West Historic Atlas, Clapp and his wife, Mary, owned about 15 acres bordered by what is now Berkeley Way and Delaware Street, Shattuck Avenue and Milvia Street. When the Berkeley branch line of the Southern Pacific Railroad was extended to Vine Street in 1878, Joseph Clapp was among the many farmers who subdivided their land into building lots. In 1880 Clapp opened a real estate office on the corner of Milvia Street and Hearst Avenue. The Joseph Clapp Cottage is popularly known as Morning Glory House because it was once covered with morning glory vines. It is one of the few surviving Gothic Revival Victorians in Berkeley and is clad in vertical board-and-batten siding and features steeply-pitched intersecting gabled roofs. Its style is similar to those popularized by the book âThe Architecture of Country Housesâ by Andrew Jackson Downing in 1850. It was designated a City of Berkeley Landmark in 1977. The Sanborn Map of 1894 shows the footprints of buildings that were standing at that time in Joseph Clappâs subdivision, and today 11 houses are still standing there. While the Clapp cottage remains the only house on its block, there is a row of eight, pre-1894 houses on the north side of the 2000 block of Hearst Avenue in close-to-original condition. Behind 2034 Hearst there is the recently discovered base of a windmill tower, bringing the number of known windmill structure remnants in Berkeley to five. Susan Cerny is author of âBerkeley Landmarksâ and writes Berkeley Observed in conjunction with the Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association. Yolanda Huang Yolanda Huang, Yolanda Huang, Saturday December 08, 2001 The Daily Planet received a copy of these comments read to the Board of Education at a recent meeting: Good evening, My name is Yolanda Huang and I am the chair of the statutory committee formed by Measure BB to provide citizen oversight and planning, aptly named the Citizens Advisory Committee. I am here to tonight, because I am confused, and I hope that the board will educate me. Two years ago, with funding from BSEP, this board hired ABM Consultants to review the districtâs maintenance department and provide recommendations. Those recommendations were formulated into a business plan, which this board declined to follow. We were told, the new Superintendent has a better plan. And so Iâm confused because at the Dec. 5 board meeting, this board approved hiring ABM to manage the maintenance department and provide consultant upon request. I like ABM. ABM is one of the best firms in the area. Their review was thorough. I liked their recommendations and thought them sound. But, you didnât like their recommendations. Iâm confused as to why you are hiring them to run the maintenance department, at a hefty fee of $10,000 per month. Iâm also confused as to this better plan being implemented. When we proposed the business plan adopted by this board in May and later rejected, we used solid, qualified consultants (primarily ABM), and industry standards. In this better plan, I donât know what the standards are being applied. Iâve been told that Paramount Unified, our new Superintendentâs former school district has great maintenance, and Iâve requested three times in the past â and this is the fourth time Iâm requesting information on Paramountâs staffing levels, square footage, organizational chart. Itâs wonderful that Paramount had clean schools, mowed lawns and clipped hedges. But so does Oakland. Why arenât we adopting Oaklandâs system? What are the standards by which decisions are being based? Please enlighten me. Iâm not an expert on maintenance. Iâm just a householder. I know that I maintain a household with a mowed lawn, trimmed bushes, and a well maintained building. My bathroom does not smell. My kitchen is tidy. As a householder, I know that it is worker bees that do the maintaining. This last week, the drain in the boys bathroom at Willard, had been plugged and the bathroom could not be properly cleaned. The wretched smell of the bathroom was seeping into the hallway, and disturbing the students in the classroom next door. So, Willard, hired a non-district worker bee, a plumber, who unstopped the drain and the bathroom was finally cleaned. One week last month, I walked into the principalâs office at Willard. Curiously, one wall was painted yellow. The next week, I walked in again, and a second wall had been painted yellow. I was told, this is a work in progress. Apparently, Willardâs principal, a single mother, with a third grader at Emerson, had been using what little spare time she had, to come in on weekends to paint her walls. With these torrential rains, the old leak in the principalâs office also came back. And to preserve the dÃ©cor of her room, the principal at Willard has brought in plants instead of buckets, and rotates them, so that all plants can all be equally watered. Iâm sure I speak for many people, who would be happy to retire from maintenance if only Berkeley Unified had some more worker bees. Could you please tell us, when we will get worker bees? By Sari Friedman, Special to the Daily Planet Saturday December 08, 2001 The town of Berkeleyâs got quite a rep. In âThe Whole Worldâs Watching: Peace and Social Justice Movements of the 1960s and 1970s,â produced by the Berkeley Arts Center, a brilliant and brilliantly disturbing collection of photographs and essays by mostly local writers and photographers document the many movements for social justice that coalesced and grew strong in Berkeley and elsewhere in California. The list of organizations that arose here during the unique social unrest, energy, and excitement of the 1960s and 1970s reads like a Whoâs Who for the New Left. The amazing synergy of time and place proved fertile for the Free Speech Movement, the Black Panther Party, the struggle for Native American Rights, Civil Rights, Gay Rights, Homeless Rights, Farm Worker Rights, Disability Rights, the Womenâs Movement, the Environmental movement, Vietnam War protests and many more movements devoted to social justice. âThe Whole Worldâs Watchingâ is an important book. Without it, one might not realize how much our individual expectations and cultural values have changed as a result of the events and participants in the struggles during those two decades. For example, prior to 1970, womenâs issues were routinely trivialized or ignored by the press and by radio stations, such as KPFA. One might not even believe that before this time, racist slurs (such as âthe communistic little kikeâ) were routinely delivered in speeches on the floor of the House of Representatives. (That particular slur was delivered during the Holocaust, in 1944, courtesy of Rep. John Rankin of Mississippi.) Probing and informative essays illuminate exactly how various institutional practices have been changed. Ruth Rosenâs âThe Feminist Revolution in the Bay Area,â for example, points out how activists altered legally and socially accepted practices, such as employers routinely paying women less than men for the same work, banks routinely denying women loans, etc. Before 1970 it was widely accepted that no woman was considered competent to anchor the news, work in the police force, sit on the Supreme Court, etc. Each of these essays showcases how a movement subtly or violently took action to promote the ideals of mutual co-existence and increased tolerance and support for those who had been previously victimized. The photojournalism in this book is just as informative and moving as are the essays. Helen Nestor shows the power of the UC Berkeley institution in her off-center, wide-angle view of Sproul Hall. Included in this book are arresting glimpses of angst and passion and rage and joy such as Stephen Shames photo of a protestor throwing tear gas back at police, and Jeffrey Blankfortâs "We Want Justice." Michelle Vignesâ "At the Induction Center" is like a shaken fist. Equally moving are Cathy Cadeâs "TWA Stewardesses on Strike" (cable car drivers, who were in the same union, joined them on the picket line), and her "Bunnies in front of the Playboy Club in San Francisco." Richard Misrachâs "3 Girls and "Nacio Jan Brownâs "High school Students" left me breathless. The fifty richly evocative duotone photos in The Whole Worldâs Watching are incredibly powerful, rich, and sensually luscious. One gets a feel for the feverish intellectual and spiritual questing of the cultural revolutionaries whose efforts led to the America we know today. The emotional intensity of the various opposing forces is, for example, illuminated clearly in a poster which showcases the words of William Mandell, said when addressing the House Un-American Activities Committee in San Francisco in 1960: "If you think for one minute I am going to cooperate with this collection of Judases, of men who sit here in violation of the Constitution, if you think I will cooperate with you in any way, you are insane." While The Whole Worldâs Watching documents demonstrations from decades back, the passions brought forth in this period are timeless. Working toward manifesting the utopian ideals of social justice and mutual respect is incredibly difficultâ¦. and not just in Berkeley. Guy Poole Saturday December 08, 2001 924 Gilman Dec. 8: Scurvy Dogs, Nigel Peppercock, Shut The Fuck Up, Offering To The Sun, Voetsek; Dec. 9: Poison The Well, Unearth, Sworn Enemy, Spark Lights The Friction; Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; Dec. 21: Kepi, Bonfire Madigan, Kevin Seconds; Dec. 22: The Lab Rats, Onetime Angels, A great Divide, Last Great Liar, Gabrielâs Ratchet; Dec. 23: 5 p.m., Over My Dead Body, Panic, Breaker Breaker, Some Still Believe; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 ACME Observatory Contemporary Performance Series Dec. 9: 8 p.m., The Toids; $0 - $20, TUVA Space, 3192 Adeline. 649-8744, http://sfsound.org /acme.html. Annaâs Dec. 8: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory, Bill Bell at the piano; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 9: Choro Time; Dec. 10: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 20: Jazz Singersâ Collective; Dec. 21: Anna and Percy Scott on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 22: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 23: Jazz Singer Ed Reed; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Cal Performances Dec. 19: Berkeley Symphony, $21 - $45; Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley Campus, Bancroft Way at Telegraph, 642-0212 [email protected] Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; Dec. 16: 3-8 p.m., Beverly Stovall Benefit, Jimmy McCracklin, JJ Malone, Jimi Mamou, Johnny Talbott. $10. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec 8: Rebecca Riots; Dec. 9: Patrick Landeza; Dec. 10: John Wesley Harding, David Lewis & Sheila Nichols; Dec. 12: Stacey Earle & Mark Stuart; Dec. 13: Kevin Burke; Dec. 14: Dale Miller; Dec. 15: Robin Flower & Libby McLaren; Jan. 6: Allette Brooks. All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Jazzschool/La Note Dec. 9: 4:30 p.m., Rhiannon with Bowl Full of Sound, $6 - $12, reservations recommended. 2377 Shattuck Ave. 845-5373 www.jazzschool.com Julia Morgan Theatre Dec. 23: 7:30 p.m., an evening of Irish music and dance with Todd Denman and friends. $10, $5 children; Dec. 31: 8 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Gala Concert, Program of classical favorites of the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra; Jan. 12: 8:p.m., âClub Dance,â Teens come together to express their individual personalities and gifts as dancers. $10, Students and Seniors $6, Children ages 5 and under $6. Julia Morgan Theatre, 2640 College Ave., 845-8542, www.juliamorgan.org. Jupiter Dec. 8: Harvey Wainapel Quartet; Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; Dec. 20: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 21: Crater; Dec. 22: Post Junk Trio; Dec. 27: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 29: Berkeley Jazz School Presents: Kirk Tamura Trio; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 8: 9:30 p.m., Dr. Locoâs Rocking JalapeÃ±o Band, $10; Dec. 9: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; Dec. 9: 7:30 p.m., Trio Altamira Reunion Concert, $12-$14; Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 8: Jonah Minton Quartet, Julieâs Healthy Cafe, 2562 Bancroft; Dec. 9: Hebro, Blakes, 2367 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; Dec. 22: Kaz Sasaki Duo, Blackberry Ginger, 2520 Durant; Dec. 23: Almadecor, Annâs Kitchen, 2498 Telegraph Ave.; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; Jan.17: 7:30 p.m., Allette Brooks. 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687, [email protected]. First Congregational Church of Berkeley Dec. 15: 2 p.m., âAll-Brahms piano recital,â Yu-Ting Chen performs. Free; Jan. 6: 3 p.m., Stephen Genz in his West Coast debut; 2345 Channing Way, 527-8175, www.geocities.com/ mostlybrahms. âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 8: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 9: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Dec. 15: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 16: 1 & 5 p.m., celtic music, dance and storry telling. $15-$30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 893-9853 www.calrevels.org. âGuitar, Woodwinds, Drumsâ Dec. 8: 8 p.m., The Bill Horvitz Band, Ben Goldbergâs What Music. Tuva Space, 3192 Adeline St. âWAVE,â Womenâs Antique Vocal Ensemble, Dec.14: 7:30 p.m., concert of Christmas music. $10, Students $5. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 1940 Virginia St., 848-9132. Theater âA Midsummer Nightâs Dreamâ Dec. 14: 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 15: 7:30 p.m.; California Shakespeare Festival Student Company, presents a comedy with romance. Free. Rehearsal Hall, 701 Heintz St. 548-3422 X114. [email protected]. âSeventy Scenes of Halloweenâ Dec. 7: 8 p.m.; Dec. 8: 8 p.m., 10:30 p.m.; Dec. 9: 7 p.m.; BareStage Productions, UC Berkeleyâs original student theater company, presents a macbre farce written by Jeffrey M. Jones and directed by Desdemona Chiang. $8. UC Berkeley, Choral Rehearsal Hall. 682-3880, [email protected]. âThe Last Smoker in Berkeleyâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 9: 8 p.m.; A comic tale of an addict making her last stand against nicotine and her neighbors. Written and performed by Sara DeWitt. $10. Speakeasy Teatre, 2016 7th St. Berkeley City Ballet Presents 28th Annual âNutcrackerâ Dec. 8 & Dec. 9: 2 p.m.; A full-length production of the holiday classic with a cast of over 50 dancers. $18; $14 children under 12. Berkeley Community Theater, 1930 Allston Way, 841-8921, www.ticketweb.com. âBrave Broodâ Through Dec. 16: Robert OâHara directs Robert OâHaraâs searing tale of money, desperation, and the fight for survival. $20. Transparent Theater, 1901 Ashby Ave. 883-0305 www.transparenttheater.org âBlack Nativityâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 16th: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. 2:30 p.m., 8 p.m., Sun. 5:30 p.m.; The birth of Jesus unfolds in this drama written by Langston Hughes. Directed and produced by Betty Gadling. $15 adults, $8 seniors and students, $5 children over 5. Allen Temple Baptist Church, 8501 International Blvd., Oakland 569-9418 www.allen-temple.org âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 16: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. - Sun. 1 p.m., 5 p.m. ; A cast of adults and children present a celebration of the winter solstice that combines dance, drama, ritual, and song. $15 - $30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 510-893-9853 www.calrevels.org âMuch Ado About Nothingâ Through Jan. 8: Check theater for specific dates and times. Shakespeareâs classic romantic comedy chronicles a handful of soldiers returning from a winning battle to be greeted by a gaggle of giddy maidens. Directed by Brian Kulick. $10 - $54. Berkeley Repertory Theatre, 2025 Addison St. 647-2949 www.berkeleyrep.org âMurder Dressed in Satinâ by Victor Lawhorn, ongoing. A mystery-comedy dinner show at The Madison about a murder at the home of Satin Moray, a club owner and self-proclaimed socialite with a scarlet past. Dinner is included in the price of the theater ticket. $47.50 Lake Merritt Hotel, 1800 Madison St., Oakland. 239-2252 www.acteva.com/go/havefun Films Pacific Film Archive Theater Dec. 6: 7 p.m., Bizarre, Bizarre; 8:50 p.m., The Green Man; Dec. 7: 7 p.m., Smiles of a Summer Night; 9:05 p.m., Cluny Brown; Bancroft Way, 642-1124 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu âShouting Silentâ Dec. 8: 2:30 p.m. reception, 3:30 p.m. film showing. The film by Xoliswa Sithole explores the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic as seen through the eyes of the filmmaker, an adult orphan who lost her mother to HIV/AIDS in 1996. Health Education Center, 400 Hawthorne St., Oakland Exhibits âFurniture Artâ Through Dec. 7: An exhibit of metal and wood furniture that revisits furniture not only as art but as craft. 12 p.m. - 6 p.m. The Current Gallery at the Crucible, 1036 Ashby Ave. 843-5511 www.thecrucible.org âBerkeley Creationsâ Dec. 8 & Dec. 15: 11 a.m. - 4 p.m., A group exhibit. Artist-at-Play Studio and Gallery, 1649 Hopkins St., 528-0494. âThe Paintings of Bethany Anne Ayers and Sculpture of Alexander Chevesâ Through Dec. 15: Tues. - Sat. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Ardency Gallery, 709 roadway, Oakland. 836-0831 [email protected] âThe Whole Worldâs Watching: Peace and Social Justice Movements of the 1960s and 1970sâ Through Dec. 16: A documentary photo exhibition which examines the rich history of the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Wed. - Sun., noon - 5 p.m. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St., Live Oak Park. Free. 644-6893 âVeiled and Revealedâ Through Dec. 23: Human beings, costumed in native dress are captured by visual artists in a seven-person exhibit. Sat. Dec. 8, 15, and 23, 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Free. Simultaneously showing at ART-A-FACT, 1109 Addison St., and Metaversal Lightcraft, 1708 University Ave. 848-1985 âImages of Innocence and Beautyâ Dec. 19 through Jan. 8: An exhibit featuring Kathleen Flanniganâs drawing and furniture - boxes, tables, and mirrors, all embellished with images of the beauty and innocence of the natural world. Addison Street Windows, 2018 Addison St. âMatrix 195â Through Jan. 13: German artist, Thomas Scheibitzâs, first solo museum exhibition in the United States showcases semi-abstract representations of everyday objects and landscapes. Wed., Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $3-$6. Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu GTU Exhibit: âHolocaust Seriesâ by Cleve Gray Through Jan. 25: Comprised of 21 works on paper that constitute âa catharsis... for all of humanity.â Mon. - Thurs. 8:30 a.m. - 9:45 p.m., Fri. 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sat. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sun. noon - 7 p.m.; Free. Flora Lamson Hewlett Library, Graduate Theological Union, 2400 Ridge Rd. 649-2541 www.gtu.edu Pro Arts: âJuried Annual 2001-02â Dec. 19 through Feb. 2: An exhibition of painting, sculpture, mixed media, photography and more by Bay Area and regional artists. Pro Arts, 461 Ninth St., www.proartsgallery.org. âEnduring Wisdom: Artwork and Stories by Homeless and Formerly Homeless Seniorsâ Through Feb. 15: 18 homeless and formerly homeless elders reveal how they learned and applied wisdom that is timeless. Mon. - Fri. and Sundays 11 a.m. - 2 p.m. Reception and presentation by the elders Thurs. Nov. 15, 4 p.m. - 6 p.m. Free. St. Maryâs Center, 635 22nd St., Oakland, 893-4723 x222 âAnsel Adams in the University of California Collectionsâ Dec. 12 through Mar. 10: A selection of photographs and memorabilia presenting a different perspective on Adamâs career as one of the leading figures in American photography. Wed, Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $4- $6. University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808, www.bampfa.berkeley.edu âThe Art History Museum of Berkeleyâ Masterworks by Guy Colwell Faithful copies of several artists from the pasts, including Titianâs âThe Venus of Urbino,â Cezanneâs âStill Life,â Picassoâs âWoman at a Mirror,â and Botticelliâs âPrimaveraâ Ongoing. Call ahead for hours. Atelier 9 2028 Ninth St. 841-4210 or visit www.atelier9.com Readings Coffee With A Beat - Word Beat reading series Dec. 8: Jeanne Powell, Kelly Kraatz; Dec. 15: Norm Milstein, Barbara Minton; Dec. 22: Debra Grace Khattab, Jesy Goldhammer; Dec. 29: Steve Arntson, Michelle Erickson, Clare Lewis; All readings are free and begin at 7 p.m., 458 Perkins, Oakland, 526-5985, www.angelfire.com/poetry/wordbeat. The Humanist Fellowship Hall Dec. 5: 7 p.m., âOur Wings Are Pregnant Seesawsâ a play by H. D. Moe. A reading performance by the theatre workshop. 390 27th St., Oakland, 528-8713 Easy Going Travel Shop & BookstoreDec. 11: 7:30 p.m., Lisa Bach, editor of âHer Fork in the Roadâ, a collection of stories blending food and travel, and a panel of contributors to the anthology, present an evening of readings and discussions. Free. 1385 Shattuck Ave. 843-3533 âRhythm & Muse Open Micâ Dec. 15: 7 p.m., Featuring poets Lara Dale and Mary-Marcia Casoly. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St. 527-9753 Tours Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Fridays 9:30 - 11:45 a.m. or by appointment. Call ahead to make reservations. Free. University of California, Berkeley. 486-4387 Golden Gate Live Steamers Grizzly Peak Boulevard and Lomas Cantadas Drive at the south end of Tilden Regional Park Small locomotives, meticulously scaled to size. Trains run Sun., 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Rides: Sun., noon to 3 p.m., weather permitting. 486-0623 Museums Habitot Childrenâs Museum âBack to the Farmâ An interactive exhibit gives children the chance to wiggle through tunnels, look into a mirrored fish pond, don farm animal costumes, ride on a John Deere tractor and more. âRecycling Centerâ Lets the kids crank the conveyor belt to sort cans, plastic bottles and newspaper bundles into dumpster bins; $4 adults; $6 children age 7 and under; $3 for each additional child age 7 and under. Mon. and Wed., 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.; Tues. and Fri., 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Thur., 9:30 a.m. to 7 p.m.; Sat., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sun., 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2065 Kittredge St. 647-1111 or www.habitot.org Oakland Museum of California Dec. 8 & 9: 32nd Annual Bay Area Fungus Fair, the world of the mushroom will be explored in exhibits, lectures, slide shows, cooking demos, etc.. Through Jan. 13: Grand Lyricist: The Art of Elmer Bischoff, featuring paintings and works on paper that trace the evolution of Bischoffâs career. $6 adults, $4 seniors and students, free for children under 5. Wed. - Sat. 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Sun. noon - 5 p.m., 10th St., Oakland, 888-625-6873/ www.museumca.org UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Lobby, Valley Life Sciences Building, UC Berkeley âTyrannosaurus Rex,â ongoing. A 20 foot by 40 foot replica of the fearsome dinosaur made from casts of bones of the most complete T. Rex skeleton yet excavated. When unearthed in Montana, the bones were all lying in place with only a small piece of the tailbone missing. âPteranodonâ A suspended skeleton of a flying reptile with a wingspan of 22-23 feet. The Pteranodon lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Free. Mon. through Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sat. and Sun., 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. 642-1821 UC Berkeley Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology will close its exhibition galleries for renovation. It will reopen in early 2002. University of California Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive has reopened after its summerlong seismic retrofit. âMartin Puryear: Sculpture of the 1990sâ through Jan. 13; âThe Dream of the Audience: Theresa Hak Kyung Cha (1951 - 1982)â through Dec. 16; âFace of Buddha: Sculpture from India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asiaâ ongoing rotation through 2003; âMatrix 194: Jessica Bronson, Heaps, layers, and curlsâ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; âMatrix 192: Ceal Floyer 37â4ââ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; Wed., Fri., Sat., Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m., PFA Theater, 2575 Bancroft Way; Museum Galleries 2626 Bancroft Way; 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu Lawrence Hall of Science Through Jan. 26: Scream Machines: The Science of Roller Coasters; âWithin the Human Brain,â ongoing. Visitors test their cranial nerves, play skeeball, master mazes, match musical tones and construct stories inside a simulated ârat cageâ of learning experiments. âSaturday Night Stargazing,â First and third Saturdays each month. 8 - 10 p.m., LHS plaza. Saturdays 12:30 - 3:30 p.m. $7 for adults; $5 for children 5-18; $3 for children 3-4. 642-5132 Holt Planetarium Programs are recommended for age 8 and up; children under age 6 will not be admitted. $2 in addition to regular museum admission. âConstellations Tonightâ Ongoing. Using a simple star map, learn to identify the most prominent constellations for the season in the planetarium sky. Daily, 3:30 p.m. $7 general; $5 seniors, students, disabled, and youths age 7 to 18; $3 children age 3 to 5 ; free children age 2 and younger. Daily 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Centennial Drive, UC Berkeley 642-5132 or www.lhs.berkeley.edu Send arts events two weeks in advance to [email protected], 2076 University, Berkeley 94704 or fax to 841-5694. By Jared Green, Daily Planet Staff Saturday December 08, 2001 Mooreâs 23 leads Panthers to second win over BHS this week Hooking up for the second time this week, the Berkeley and St. Maryâs boysâ basketball teams produced a sequel that looked strikingly similar to the original. Berkeley held a slim lead at halftime, but the more experienced Panthers went on a second-half run to beat the young âJackets, 66-59. Fridayâs game, held in the consolation bracket of the Chris Vonture Spartan Classic at De La Salle in Concord, left both teams feeling unsatisfied. St. Maryâs didnât play very well in victory, while the âJackets showed little improvement over Thursdayâs ugly loss to St. Joseph. âWeâre just not playing very well right now,â St. Maryâs head coach Jose Caraballo said. âWeâre not doing the things we normally do.â One bright spot for the Panthers was senior Chase Moore, who scored a game-high 23 points after struggling offensively on Thursday. Moore came out fast, scoring 11 in the first quarter, then hit several big shots down the stretch when Berkeley got close in the final period. âI just tried to step it up today and score a little more,â Moore said. âWith (point guard) DeShawn (Freeman) out, we need someone to score some points.â âThatâs how Chase is supposed to play,â Caraballo said. âHeâs not doing anything unusual for him.â Freemanâs absence, which will last until next month, is clearly wearing on senior guard John Sharper, who has taken over the point. Sharper hasnât had a good offensive effort in the Panthersâ first three games, and was shut out in the first half of Fridayâs game before scoring 12 points in the second. But center Simon Knight came through against Berkeley, scoring 14 points on 6-of-8 shooting from the floor. Knight was awful from the line, however, making just 2-of-9 free-throws. Sharper contributed in other ways, tallying 5 rebounds, 4 steals and 4 assists. Berkeley had their own offensive struggles to worry about. For the third game in a row, the âJackets looked disjointed on the offensive end, committing unforced turnovers and taking foolish shots. They shot just 37 percent from the field and were just 14-of-25 from the free-throw line. But head coach Mike Gragnani didnât blame his players for the teamâs struggles. âI think whatâs happening right now is my own fault,â Gragani said. âI have to do a better job in practice explaining the situations where weâre having turnovers.â Typical of the âJackets was guard Dontae Hall. The 5-foot-10 junior hit his first three shots in the first quarter to give Berkeley a 10-6 lead. But Hall would miss his next nine shots as St. Maryâs went ahead, and he finished with 12 points. Hall also managed to grab 7 rebounds despite being the shortest player on the court, but was unable to convert several offensive boards into scores. Guard Lee Franklin helped Berkeley get the lead back in the second quarter, scoring two quick baskets to give them a 20-19 edge, and Daryl Perkins hit a 3-pointer late in the period to keep a 30-28 lead into halftime. But the âJackets went ice-cold in the second half, scoring just 5 points through the next 10 minutes, missing three wide-open layups during that time. Sharper gave St. Maryâs the lead back with a 3-pointer to start the second half, and the Panthers never looked back. Although the âJackets were down just 42-35 at the end of the third quarter, a 12-point St. Maryâs run quickly put the game out of reach as the Panthers took a 52-35 lead. Sharper, struggling with his normally dependable outside shot, started driving to the hoop, and converted 6 free throws in the final period on his way to 12 points. In fact, four of the St. Maryâs starters (Moore, Knight, Sharper and guard Terrence Boyd) combined to score all but 5 of the teamâs points. Caraballo was unhappy with the play of his reserves, who allowed Berkeley to cut the St. Maryâs lead to 9 points with two minutes left in the game, forcing him to put his starters back in to insure the victory. âI wasnât happy that Berkeley came back when I put the subs in,â Caraballo said. âThere canât be a letdown when we go to our bench.â St. Maryâs will face the winner of the Serra-Jesse Bethel matchup today at 4 p.m. for the consolation championship, while Berkeley will face the loser at 2:15 p.m. By John Geluardi, Daily Planet staff Saturday December 08, 2001 The Alameda County District Attorneyâs Office has charged the owner of Jetco Motors, which burned down 17 months ago, with eight felonies related to the transportation and disposal of hazardous debris. Frank Ghayaz, also known as Faranarz Tabatabaighahyaz, was arrested Aug. 9 after a hired hauling company was observed dumping fire-damaged toxic waste at the West Contra Costa Sanitary Landfill in Richmond. One day after his arrest, Ghayaz was released on $40,000 bail. The District Attorney filed the eight felony counts on Nov. 16. Ghayaz is scheduled to appear in court Dec. 18. Ghayaz did not return phone calls to the Planet on Friday, but his attorney, William Cole of the Oakland law offices Krech and Cole, said Ghayaz will plead not guilty on all eight counts. Alameda County Deputy District Attorney Michael OâConnor said Ghayaz, if convicted, could face up to three years in prison and a $100,000 fine for each count. Jetco Transmission, located at 2120 Fifth St., was destroyed by at five-alarm fire in May 2000. Shortly after the fire, the cityâs Toxic Waste Division determined the fire-damaged debris, which included car batteries and engine parts, contained hazardous materials. Ghayaz also owns the Jetco Motors Garage at 2120 Fifth St. According to Toxics Management Supervisor Nabil Al-Hadithy, Ghayaz was told the debris would have to be disposed of according to state environmental law, which Al-Hadithy said is âvery expensive.â âHazardous waste is regulated from âcradle to grave,ââ he said. âEvery aspect of waste is documented, regulated and accounted for so it doesnât end up causing damage to the environment.â Despite a quarantine on the burned-out transmission shop, inspectors from the Consumer and Environmental Protection Division of the Alameda County District Attorneyâs Office witnessed a hauling company, allegedly hired by Ghayaz, transport the hazardous debris to the West Contra Costa Sanitary Landfill, according to OâConnor. OâConnor said there was no health risk to the neighbors of the transmission shop because the debris had been properly contained and enclosed. But the landfill, which is located next to the San Francisco Bay, is not licensed to handle hazardous materials. âDisposing of the materials at the landfill meant that the toxic metals would eventually work their way into the Bay where it would (present) a hazard to aquatic life,â OâConnor said. Saturday December 08, 2001 Editor: Thank you for Tuesdayâs âBerkeley Liteâ. I appreciate news presented with a sense of humor â what a gift to be informed and to be able to smile simultaneously. You are going to spoil me; for future articles I will demand more humor so that I can belly laugh while learning. But back to the serious matter of the difficulty of buying underwear in Berkeley. I hate it when our city officials, in this case the mayor, bashes Berkeley for being Berkeley. It seems to me that Berkeley residents, and for that matter, people from Walnut Creek, as well as all over the world, come to Berkeley for many reasons. They come for the university and its faculty and students, for the eccentricities of our political culture, for Chez Panisse, for Codyâs, Black Oaks and for all the other wonderful stores and artists scattered over various parts of Berkeley. Another, tiny, Berkeley gem, the Juice Bar Collective is where I recently hosted two women parliamentarians from Japan who came to Berkeley and Oakland expressly to personally thank Representative Barbara Lee and the Berkeley City Council members (Breland, Miao, Shirek, Spring, and Worthington) who introduced and voted for the âanti-war measure.â We thought that we would splurge, but it was Saturday lunch and Venezia and Chez Panisse Upstairs were closed. So the four of us bought lunch at the Juice Bar Collective and ate our shepherdâs pie and other goodies on the sidewalk outside of the Juice Bar. My guests were ecstatic with the quality of the food and the utter simplicity and folksiness and I was thrilled by my cleverness at bringing them there. And oh yes, for appetizers we started with just-out-of-the-oven breads, and olives at the Cheese Board Collective, another Berkeley treasure. Our international visitors stayed at the Shattuck Hotel (for three nights) and bought gifts (underwear?) at Rossâ across from their hotel, then to Walgreens for multiple vitamins to bring back to Tokyo. They were charmed and delighted by Berkeley and it was fun for me to see the virtues (retail and conscience) of Berkeley through their eyes. I donât believe that a trip to Walnut Creek would have left (yes) the experience, left an impression of a community, that had creative people doing Nobel quality work as well as having bakers producing bread that is better than Parisâ. They want to come back. And some of us, would like to have them come back, not only for what they will spend in Berkeley but for their company. The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LONDON â George Harrisonâs 1971 hit, âMy Sweet Lord,â is reportedly going to be rereleased as a tribute to the former Beatle, who died last week. The British news agency Press Association on Friday quoted an unidentified source at EMI Records as saying the company plans to reissue the track and donate the proceeds to an undetermined charity. No date has been set for the release, Press Association said. Representatives from EMI did not return calls from The Associated Press seeking comment. âMy Sweet Lordâ was the first No. 1 song for any of the Beatles following their breakup. The song, from Harrisonâs biggest album, âAll Things Must Pass,â was one of the most successful releases of his career. It includes references to the Hare Krishna faith and a section of their mantra. Harrison was a devotee of Hare Krishna for much of his life. The hit later drew Harrison into a lawsuit, which he lost, by the copyright owner of âHeâs So Fine,â a track by the Chiffons. Harrison died Nov. 29 at the age 58 from cancer. David Scharfenberg, Daily Planet staff Saturday December 08, 2001 Saturday December 08, 2001 Editor: Well what do you know, the indomitable âAmerican Wayâ which we are defending in blazing glory across the globe, has forced the American Medical Association to consider paying âdying, would-be donors and their families for vital organs.â Isnât this a bit of an ethical oxymoron? Here we are, blowing a country to smithereens to dislodge a despotic enemy. Kidneys, hearts, lungsâ¦you name it are being splattered all over Afghanistan to protect our âliberty,â yet we canât seem to invoke that âlibertyâ to come together as a country and provide our own population of 78,000 seriously ill residents with transplants that could save their lives. Is this what our freedom is all about? Apparently, it is. While 15 people die daily waiting for transplants, most of us ignore this need, as we do much of the more unpleasant realities that taint the ever more fragile American Dream. Meanwhile, 2001 has set new records for Suvâsâ¦both in size and sales. Idiotic âreality showsâ dominate commercial television. The disparity between rich and poor goes on, unabated. Do we really have to âbuyâ everything to prove our allegiance to the principles of freedom, including organs that have no use whatsoever to anyone but to sanctify our indifference to others? Editor: The Downtown Berkeley Association (DBA) supports a balanced approach to public transit and parking. For the business community, the Transportation Element is one of the most significant elements of the General Plan. Access to the district by customers, visitors, and workers is critical for business vitality, and the ability to attract and retain employees. Unfortunately, the Transportation Element as it is now written is not balanced. While we applaud language to increase the use of public transit, we cannot support a moratorium on the consideration of any new parking. Past studies in 1990 and 2000 have already shown that the Downtown needs at least 540-915 new parking spaces. The DBA respectfully requests that the City Council recognize that some people need to drive. The health, vitality, and future of the downtown arts, civic, and business communities require that the city understand that the automobile is part of the equation. It cannot be ignored or wished away. It would be permanently damaging to the long-term well being of the many popular downtown destinations if the existing parking supply were reduced; rather it is likely that new parking must be created as many of the arts and cultural activities take place after dark when public transit is infrequent and unappealing to many people. We hope that the adopted General Plan policies include a commitment to maintain the existing parking supply in the downtown at current levels so that there is no net loss of parking; a pledge to conduct an immediate study of visitor and shopper parking needs and supply, and act on the findings and recommendations of that parking study; and remove the language in Policy T-35 that prohibits the city from spending any city funds on efforts to increase the number of parking spaces in the Downtown for the next two years. The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 EAST PALO ALTO â A SamTrans bus driver was still missing early Friday after finishing his route two days earlier and failing to return with the bus. The driver, whose name was not released, was last seen Wednesday after dropping off passengers in East Palo Alto. Late Thursday the bus was discovered abandoned in San Francisco. The small, 14-person coach serves the Redi-Wheels program for disabled passengers. The driver was due to return the bus to San Carlos after his shift. Despite the mystery, San Carlos police Cmdr. Rich Cinfio says his department has found no evidence of foul play. By Matthew Fordahl, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SAN JOSE â For years, anonymous e-mail has been a choice tool for whistle-blowers, human rights activists and undercover sources looking to protect themselves while imparting vital information. Anonymous online communication could just as easily be used by terrorists to plot attacks or send threats. Yet little has changed since Sept. 11 for users and operators of Internet-based anonymous e-mail servers, which launder messages by deleting identifying information, rendering them virtually untraceable. Now there are indications the servers have increased in number. While no evidence has been released linking such services to any criminal or terrorist conspiracy, experts fear governments could crack down on anonymous remailers â or at least subject them to greater scrutiny. Law enforcement generally despises technology that leaves such cold trails, said Mark Rasch, former head of the Department of Justiceâs computer crimes unit and current vice president of cyberlaw at Predictive Systems. So far, U.S. and European authorities battling terrorism and cybercrime have apparently focused their surveillance elsewhere. The FBI declined to comment on what strategy, if any, it has for dealing with remailers. âThereâs a lot more concern about border security and banking records,â said Mike Godwin, a policy fellow at the Center for Democracy and Technology. Thatâs just fine with the people who operate remailers. They donât do it for money, but rather share a common ideal of protecting online privacy. Len Sassaman, an e-mail security consultant who runs a remailer as a hobby, thinks any attempts to crack down would lead to more cropping up around the world. In fact, the number of remailers overall doubled to about 50 after the passage of security laws as media reports raised awareness of threats to privacy, he said. âMore people are interested in taking steps to protect that,â said Sassaman, who once had his e-mail published online after someone hacked into his Internet service provider. Some degree of e-mail anonymity can be achieved using a Microsoft Hotmail or Yahoo Mail account with a pseudonym. Encryption hides a messageâs contents but not itâs origin or destination. Thatâs why people seeking nearly airtight anonymity like to send encrypted messages via remailers. Anonymous remailers today tend to work in teams, with a single message automatically passing through several. That reflects lessons learned in the case of Julf Hensingius. In 1993, the Finn developed an anonymous e-mail system that stripped off the identification of an e-mailâs sender before forwarding it to the addressee. Anon.penet.fi was especially popular among devotees of Usenet newsgroups, text-based bulletin boards that preceded the World Wide Web. A major flaw was revealed in 1995, however, when the Church of Scientology learned of a user who used Anon.penet.fi to post internal church documents â and contacted police. Because the single remailer relied on a database to match the senderâs Internet address with the message, the courts simply ordered Hensingius to reveal the identity of the sender. He shut down the service in 1996. âThat prompted a bunch of programmers to rethink how they wanted to do remailers,â said Sassaman. Now, messages are bounced from machine to machine. In order to find the original sender, authorities would have to work through an entire chain of remailers, many likely located in different countries. But the development did not stop there. Programmer Lance Cottrell created the Mixmaster system to further confuse the trail by programming random delays from machine to machine. That makes it impossible to watch the system in order to identify a sender by monitoring when messages arrive and leave. Moreover, messages are encrypted multiple times, each wrapped inside the other like a matryoshka, or nested Russian doll. The whole message is then broken into packets of equal size. Logs are not kept. It leaves virtually no trail to follow for authorities. âNormally, theyâre going to subpoena the last remailer in the chain. Thatâs the only one they can see,â said Cottrell, now chief executive of Anonymizer.com. âThereâs just no path to work backward to the original sender.â Such complexity does not come easy. Software, downloaded for free, must be used by both the receiver and the sender so the messages are encrypted before being sent. And if one computer in the chain goes down, messages just disappear. Attempts to commercialize remailer technology have not been successful. In October, the easiest to use, Zero-Knowledge Systemsâ Freedom Network, was shut down, due to lack of demand. Law enforcers have at least one way of unmasking users of anonymous remailers, said Richard Smith, formerly chief technology officer at the Privacy Foundation. Authorities could ask an Internet provider to list users who have sent data to an anonymous remailer. Then, using the FBIâs âMagic Lanternâ or other intrusive eavesdropping programs, officials could secretly record a userâs every keystroke. âAs theyâre typing in their secret messages, they get reported before they get encrypted,â Smith said. âThatâs the weakness of any encryption system â when the message is being typed or being read. The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SACRAMENTO â Labor unions and an attorneysâ group are pushing an initiative that would raise benefits for California workers who suffer job-related injuries. The measure, intended for the November 2002 ballot, would raise benefits to the national average for workers injured after Jan. 1, 2003, and adjust benefits each year after that for the cost of living. Maximum temporary disability benefits, for example, would jump initially from $490 to $651 a week. Supporters say that California now ranks 49th out of 50 states in the amount of benefits paid to most injured workers. âMany workers are living in poverty because they have not had a benefit increase in over 10 years,â said Art Pulaski, executive secretary-treasurer of the California Labor Federation. âThey deserve a raise.â For the last three years, Gov. Gray Davis has vetoed bills that would have raised injured workersâ benefits, saying they didnât include enough cost-saving changes in the workersâ compensation system. Davis said recently that he hoped to work out a compromise he could sign next year. His press secretary, Steve Maviglio, said Davis hopes âto sign into law added benefits as a result of negotiations that we hope will resume in the next legislative session.â But critics said they canât wait for the governor, normally an ally of labor. âAfter this third veto we can only conclude that the administration lacks either the political will or the political competence to solve this issue,â said Daniel Curtin, director of the California Conference of Carpenters. Proponents of the initiative need to collect signatures of at least 419,260 registered voters to put the measure on the ballot. The proposal is sponsored by Gnesa Duncan, whose husband was seriously injured in a Tosco refinery fire in 1999. Besides the labor federation and the carpentersâ union, the measureâs supporters include the California Correctional Peace Officers Association, United Farm Workers and the California Applicants Attorneys Association, whose members represent injured workers. By Cadonna M. Peyton, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LOS ANGELES â âAre you (Osama) bin Laden?â Two men accused Surinder Singh Sidhu of being the hated al-Qaida leader before beating him with metal poles. Sidhu, 47, was preparing to close his Northridge liquor store late Monday night when they entered. He said he tried to explain that he was a Sikh and had no association the accused terrorist. But for six minutes, they continued their assault. âAll the time, they kept hitting me on my head,â he said Friday at a news conference. The Los Angeles Police are calling the assault a hate crime, one of more than 100 logged since Sept. 11. Hundreds more that have been reported nationwide â most targeting Arab-Americans, Muslims, Afghan-Americans, Sikhs, Asians and others mistaken for Arabs or Muslims. âIt was obvious that they were attacking him not because they wanted anything from him but because of what he looked like,â Devonshire Division Capt. Joe Curreri said. âThey obviously had hate in their minds when they walked into the store. They obviously had hate in their minds before they walked into the store because they had metal pipes with them.â Sidhu, who wears a turban and has a long peppered beard â customary of Sikh dress â managed to get away after pushing a shelf over on top of his attackers, causing them to fall on the floor, drop their weapons and run. No arrests have been made. He was hospitalized for several hours with head injuries. Kirtan-Singh Khalsa, spokesman for the Khalsa Council, an international council for Sikh affairs, said the crime was regrettable but not surprising, noting attacks had increased since Sept. 11. More than 200 have been reported nationwide, he said. âWeâre deeply concerned by this event. But we are not shocked,â Khalsa said. âSikhs are accustomed to ridicule because of the wearing of turbans.â Ironically, he said Sidhuâs injuries could have been more serious if it werenât for the head garment. Khalsa called the two suspects âknuckleheadsâ who were unable to deal with their own anger. But he encouraged people of all races to stick together while dealing with this national tragedy. âThese attacks that weâve experienced collectively, we must respond to collectively,â he said. On Friday, Sidhu was wearing a turban made with American flag fabric which he says he has been wearing since Sept. 11 as a symbol of his love for the country. Although he is hurt by the incident, he said he is not bitter. âI feel bad but not angry,â he said. âMost of the people are nice. Itâs never happened before. We just have to educate the people on who we are.â According to Khalsa, there are approximately 23 million Sikhs worldwide, 500,000 in the United States and 125,000 in California. They have been farming in the state for more than 100 years. By Brian Melley, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 MODESTO â Rep. Gary Condit, dogged by scandal since the May disappearance of a Washington, D.C., intern, said Friday he will seek re-election to Congress. Condit kept his plans silent until 4:15 p.m. Friday, when he arrived at the Stanislaus County courthouse to file papers for re-election. Friday was the deadline for congressional candidates to enter the 2002 campaign. âIt was a very difficult decision for me,â Condit said. âIt took some time to think about and Iâve represented the (Central) valley for a long time and Iâve done a good job for the people of the valley.â Looking weary but flashing his trademark smile, Condit arrived with his son Chad and daughter Cadee to run the toughest race of his congressional career, which started in 1989. He starts with a Democratic primary race against his longtime protege, Assemblyman Dennis Cardoza of Atwater, a former Condit aide who once hired Chad Condit as his legislative chief of staff. âI expected him to try and run for re-election,â Cardoza said. âHe probably sees this as one way he can redeem himself some way.â Once virtually unbeatable, Conditâs hold was shaken in May, when Modesto resident Chandra Levy, an intern for the Bureau of Prisons in Washington, went missing. As the weeks passed, questions mounted about their relationship and Condit became a staple of supermarket tabloids and cable TV talk shows. Eventually Condit, 53 and married, acknowledged a romantic relationship with Levy, according to a police source. But he kept silent publicly for more than three months, finally giving a series of poorly received print and broadcast interviews in which he said he had âvery closeâ relations with Levy but denied any involvement in her disappearance. Chandra Levyâs mother, Susan, and brother, Adam, said they had no comment on Conditâs decision Friday. During the summer, Conditâs negative reviews led his son to say his father shouldnât run again, a position he reversed Friday. âHe should run,â Chad Condit said. âHeâs right to run.â Condit immediately faced questions about Levy Friday, which he deflected, saying the media would have to decide if his campaign would focus on the issues. âYou guys will have to decide if youâre going to be fair to me or not and whether thatâs your main issue,â Condit said. âIâm going to dwell on my record and what Iâve done for the valley and what Iâm going to do for the future.â If early reactions to his decision are a gauge, that future may end in March. âI think itâs a good time for him to back out,â said Susan Davis, a Democrat from Turlock whoâs voted for Condit often but wonât this time. Condit should have been more candid about Levy, said Republican Modesto Councilman Armour Smith, a former supporter who said he wonât vote for him again. âHe made us all wait. Weâre still waiting. Is he ever going to come clean?â The politician whose career first started with election in 1972 to the Ceres city council, gave little indication of his future until earlier this week, when he sent a letter to his constituents. The letter praised President Bushâs war on terrorism, reminded them of his role on the House Intelligence Committee and informed them of his meetings with local security officials to discuss terrorism concerns. That was another part of the unusual air of mystery that surrounded Conditâs intentions, with congressional colleagues saying he had not shared his plans with them. The once popular Condit has been ostracized by his own party. Prominent Democrats, including California Democratic Party Chairman Art Torres, are backing Cardoza. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee said Friday it will remain neutral in the primary race. âHold on to your hat,â said state Sen. Dick Monteith of Modesto, an erstwhile Condit ally who is seeking the Republican nomination for the seat. It will be apparent quickly whether the race between Condit and Cardoza veers from the issues to Levy, Monteith said. On Friday, Condit said it was anyoneâs right to run for office and that he and Cardoza are friendly. Cardoza disputed that Friday. âThereâs no question thereâs tension between us,â Cardoza said. âYou know, any time you have someone who is being challenged, they take offense to that. But no one gives us divine right to the seats we hold as elected officials. If heâs upset with me for running, thatâs the way it goes.â Those tensions, said California Republican Party spokesman Rob Stutzman, mean âa rather brutal primary between the two of them.â Still, Stutzman said, the district is so Democratic that it would take a brutal campaign for the Republicans to win the seat. Condit, who had more than $315,000 in his campaign treasury at the end of the last reporting period in June, has not raised any money since then, Cadee Condit said. Cardoza is considered one of the Legislatureâs most successful fund-raisers. Condit submitted 1,500 voter signatures with his campaign papers to accompany the 1,939 valid signatures he submitted earlier. A candidate must have 3,000 valid signatures to qualify for the ballot or pay a filing fee. Condit will pay the fee if he doesnât have enough valid signatures. Adding to Conditâs woes, California Democrats dramatically reconfigured his district in agriculture-rich central California as part of the once-a-decade redrawing of electoral boundaries that follows the Census. ââââ Associated Press Writers Mark Sherman in Washington and Don Thompson and Jim Wasserman in Sacramento contributed to this report. By Leon Drouin Keith, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LONG BEACH â State Fish and Game commissioners on Friday rejected a request by environmentalists and biologists to make the California tiger salamander an endangered species candidate, saying they needed more information. The Center for Biological Diversity, which had petitioned to list the species, said it would sue to get the commission to follow the recommendation of state Department of Fish and Game staff to list the species. âThe commission ignored expert biologists, scientists for Fish and Game and lawyers for Fish and Game, and instead relied on a scientist-for-hire, who doesnât study the species, and a lawyer misstating the legal standard,â said Brendan Cummings of the center. The salamanderâs Santa Barbara County population is a federally endangered species. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service found that extending the listing to its entire range to be âwarranted, but precludedâ because other species have a higher priority. Candidacy would have set up a 12-month process to determine whether to permanently list the salamander, which is found in Californiaâs San Francisco Bay area, Central Valley and along the central coast. Fish and Game staff recommended the candidate listing, saying development has greatly encroached the salamanderâs habitat. The grasslands that might support salamanders have shrunk from 9 million acres historically to about 3.7 million acres, said Sandra Morey, chief of Fish and Gameâs habitat conservation branch. The California Farm Bureau Federation, the Wine Institute and other wine grape groups opposed the designation because even as a candidate the species would have been protected as if it were an endangered species. Grape growers fear the designation could prevent vineyard development. Developers also have expressed concerns that it could inhibit home building. Commissioners Mike Crisman and Michael Flores voted to reject the petition while Commissioner Sam Schuchat voted to accept. Neither Fish and Game staff, nor the three university biologists who supported the listing, could offer more precise population estimated for the species that Crisman and Flores said they needed. âIâd like to see what numbers are out there,â said Flores, who added that he thought environmentalists failed to make the case that the salamanderâs habitat was in peril. âIt looked to me like there was quite a bit out there,â he said. Wine Institute lawyer Robert Uram said environmentalists failed to meet the standard justifying a listing. âUnless the petition has information on population, in my view, it is simply not lawful,â he said. By Christina Almeida, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 Actor Martin Sheen and four others guilty LOS ANGELES â A federal judge on Friday convicted five anti-missile protesters of trespassing at Vandenberg Air Force Base during an October 2000 demonstration protesting the militarization of space. The convictions were the last in a series of nine non-jury trials that began in federal court Thursday with Bruce Gagnon, the demonstrationâs coordinator. He was convicted and sentenced to two years probation and a $1,000 fine. Seven protesters were convicted and two acquitted. Charges against five people were dismissed before the trials began and two entered guilty pleas. The demonstration was part of an international day of protest organized by Gainesville, Florida-based Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear in Space. Film and television star Martin Sheen, who was among those taking part, pleaded guilty in June. Four others pleaded guilty earlier this week. Sheen and the others were arrested as they tried to deliver a letter to Vandenbergâs commander explaining their opposition to space-based weapons. âWhile they have a constitutional right to voice their opinions, what they donât understand is that the military is there to protect those rights and they continued to defy, in the face of authority, the law,â Capt. Michael T. Christy, special assistant U.S. attorney, said outside of court. Those convicted were upbeat as they left court, saying they planned to appeal. âThe important thing is the struggle against âStar Wars,ââ said Bill Simpich, who represented himself and his fellow defendants. âVandenberg Air Force Base, like other government institutions, are engaged in trying to squelch legal, nonviolent protest.â Simpich was convicted and sentenced to one year probation and a $200 fine. Vandenberg, located on the central California coast, is the site of intercontinental ballistic missile tests and also the launch site for several missiles that have been used as targets in testing the so-called Star Wars missile defense system. By Alexa Haussler, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SACRAMENTO â Rep. Gary Condit ended months of speculation over his political future Friday by declaring he will seek re-election, while his son abandoned his plans to jump into politics. Friday was the final day for California congressional, statewide and legislative candidates to decide whether they want their names on the March 5 ballot. The most closely watched races involved the father-son duo, and the answers came Friday afternoon when Democrat Gary Condit declared his candidacy for re-election and the younger Condit abandoned his bid for the state Senate. Secretary of State Bill Jones also ended guessing Friday by formally declaring his candidacy for governor. Jones filed the necessary papers in Fresno, his hometown, after speculation that money shortages would cause him to drop out. Jones will face Los Angeles businessman Bill Simon and former Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan in the Republican primary. The winner will take on Democratic Gov. Gray Davis in November. Meanwhile, primary battles took shape in two newly created California congressional seats, which were formed when the Legislature and governor redrew the stateâs districts this summer. The new districts and major candidates include: â The newly created, Republican-friendly 21st Congressional District in Tulare and Fresno counties: A Republican primary battle among Assemblyman Mike Briggs, former Fresno mayor Jim Patterson and Devin Nunes, a Tulare County dairy farmer. â The 39th Congressional District in southeast Los Angeles County: Linda Sanchez, a Democrat and sister of Orange County Democratic Rep. Loretta Sanchez, and Assemblywoman Sally Havice, D-Cerritos, will face off. In other congressional news, former state Assemblywoman Audie Bock, a Democrat and former Green Party member, announced Friday that she will not challenge Democratic Rep. Barbara Lee of Oakland for the 9th Congressional District seat in 2002. In October, Bock said she would challenge Lee, the only member of Congress to oppose a resolution that granted President Bush authority to use force against terrorists. Bock said she now will back the campaign of Kevin Greene, a local Democratic activist. The candidates for other statewide races include: â State Sen. Republican Bruce McPherson is the key Republican vying to challenge Democrat Cruz Bustamante for lieutenant governor. McPhersonâs 27-year-old son, Hunter, was fatally shot two blocks from his San Francisco home during a Nov. 17 robbery attempt. â Secretary of state is an open seat. Former Secretary of State March Fong Eu, a Democrat who held the position for nearly two decades before term limits, wants to reclaim the job. Also running are Michela Alioto, the 1998 Democratic nominee for the post, and Assemblyman Kevin Shelley, a San Francisco Democrat. Former Assemblyman Keith Olberg, a Republican from Victorville, is considered the strongest GOP primary contender. â The race for controller will include state Sen. Tom McClintock, a Northridge Republican, and Board of Equalization member Dean Andal, a Republican of Stockton. Democrats Steve Westly, a former Silicon Valley executive with eBay Inc. and a newcomer to politics, and Board of Equalization member Johan Klehs also are running. â Democratic Treasurer Phil Angelides will be challenged by Phillip Conlon, a Republican and former member of the Public Utilities Commission appointed by former Gov. Pete Wilson. â State Senator Dick Ackerman, R-Fullerton, is the only Republican who will challenge Democratic Attorney General Bill Lockyer. â There will be a three-way Democratic primary for the open seat of insurance commissioner. Assemblyman Tom Calderon of Montebello; former state insurance commissioner John Garamendi of Walnut Grove; and former state assemblyman Tom Umberg of Orange County, all Democrats, all are running. Republicans Wes Bannister, of Orange County, and Gary Mendoza, of Los Angeles, also are facing off for the seat. By Chelsea J. Carter, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LOS ANGELES â Two Pakistani men picked up for questioning following the Sept. 11 attacks were charged Friday by federal prosecutors with falsely representing their legal status a day after an immigration judge granted them permission to leave the country. The two men â Salman Hyder and Ahmed Atta â appeared in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles to answer charges they lied about their legal status on employment forms, said attorney Carrye Washington. The charges were unsealed in court and the hearing was continued until Tuesday. The court appearance came a day after federal officials removed the two men from a federal detention center in Lancaster without the knowledge of their attorney. âThey took them last night. They are facing some type of federal charges. They havenât told us anything,â she told The Associated Press. A third man, Soloman Hamid Khan, appeared with the two in court. Khan, who also faces charges of lying about his legal status, was reported to be a friend of Hyder and Atta, said attorney Guillermo Suarez, who is working with Washington on the case. Washington and Suarez said they learned about Fridayâs hearing after listening to a radio report about the case, she said. The actions were an âambush,â Washington said, adding that federal officials knew they were taking her clients while they were in court negotiating an agreement for the two to leave. An immigration judge granted voluntary departure Thursday to the two men rather then have them face a deportation hearing. However, during the hearing, the Immigration and Naturalization Service reserved the right to appeal the ruling. âThe government is alleging that there is more here than meets the eye,â Suarez said. Telephone calls to the U.S. attorneyâs office in Los Angeles were not immediately returned. Atta and Hyder, both 19, have been questioned at least five times by the FBI since they were picked up in October at their Fountain Valley apartment. Washington said the two were only charged with minor visa violations. Investigators appeared to focus on Atta, a Pakistani born in Saudi Arabia, who left the United States on Sept. 6 to renew his Saudi Arabian visa and passport, Washington said. He returned Sept. 18. Hyder said he has only been questioned about Attaâs whereabouts. The FBI last questioned the two on Oct. 25. Hyder and Atta had been held at the Mira Loma Detention Center in Lancaster since Oct. 8 until they were moved to a Los Angeles detention center, said Washington, an attorney with the National Immigration Project. The two men were detained by FBI and immigration officials after authorities received an anonymous tip accusing Atta of involvement with al-Qaida, the terrorist network considered responsible for the attacks. The men admit violating the student visas that allowed them to study computer information systems at Irvine Valley College. People with student visas must maintain full-time enrollment and are not allowed to accept off-campus employment without written permission from the INS. Both believe an angry neighbor called the tip in to authorities. By Justin Pritchard, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â The parents of the California man found holed up with Taliban troops in Afghanistan said Friday that, nearly a week after his capture, the U.S. government has not given them any word about his condition or whereabouts. Through their attorney, Frank Lindh and Marilyn Walker said they are âdesperately worriedâ about 20-year-old John Phillip Walker Lindh, who gave his name as Abdul Hamid after being taken into custody by U.S. forces following a bloody prison uprising in Mazar-e-Sharif. The attorney for the parents, James Brosnahan, told The Associated Press on Friday he had sent a fax to the Department of Defense requesting to know Walkerâs whereabouts. Brosnahan said he also spoke to someone at the State Department in charge of determining the location of American detainees abroad. Neither agency would confirm Walkerâs location, Brosnahan said. âThus far, Johnâs parents have received no official word as to Johnâs physical health, mental state or even his whereabouts,â Brosnahan said in a written statement. âThey are anxious to know how John is doing. We have renewed our previous request to the government to know what Johnâs condition is and to visit him without delay.â Federal officials first said they were not sure if Walker was an American, and have limited their comments as to whether he should be prosecuted or let free. âWe appreciate the fact that the government is being deliberate and several high officials have said that they do not know enough about the situation yet, but the parents really want to see their son,â Brosnahan said. Walkerâs parents have described him as an introvert and a pacifist who converted to Islam when he was 16 and living in Fairfax, Calif. He studied Arabic in Yemen and the Koran in Pakistan before going incommunicado about six months ago, his parents have said. Meanwhile, a videotape has surfaced that apparently shows a CIA officer interrogating Walker shortly before the agent was killed in the prison uprising. Johnny âMikeâ Spann questioned Walker on Nov. 25 in the northern Afghanistan fortress of Kala Jangi, according to a Newsweek magazine report. Newsweek said the videotape showed Spann and another CIA agent, known only as Dave, talking with Walker. The magazine said the videotape indicated Dave spoke menacingly to Walker while Spann tried to break his resistance by explaining that the terror attacks on the United States on Sept. 11 had also taken the lives of many Muslims. âThey (the hijackers) killed other Muslims. There were several hundred other Muslims killed in the bombing. Are you going to talk to us?â Spann asked. Walker did not respond. Shortly after the interrogation, other prisoners emerged from parts of the fortress and launched the uprising in which Spann was killed. The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 RENO, Nev. â FBI agents and Reno police arrested a California man and a 16-year-old youth Friday wanted as suspects in the robbery and murder last week of the owner of a 99-cent store in Rubidoux, Calif. Anthony Eugene Brown, 28, Riverside, Calif., and the 16-year-old male from Lancaster, Calif., were arrested without incident about 12:30 p.m. Friday at a hotel near Renoâs downtown casino district, Reno Deputy Police Chief Jim Weston said. They were booked into the Washoe County Jail and were being held on no-bail warrants charging them with murder. The FBI notified Reno police earlier Friday that the two suspects wanted for a robbery murder in Riverside County, Calif., were believed to be in the Reno area. Reno officers spotted the suspectsâ vehicle parked at the Horseshoe Hotel, Weston said. They are wanted in the death of Jamaloddin Douroudi, 46, Rubidoux, Calif. He was found dead at his store Nov. 29. He was handcuffed, shot and stabbed to death after his store was robbed of $20,000, Riverside County sheriffâs officials said. Authorities in Riverside earlier identified Brown as a suspect. His mother, Joyce Belvin, 52, told The (Riverside) Press-Enterprise last week that her son was innocent. âIâve spoken with Anthony and he tells me he didnât do it,â she told the newspaper. âI have to believe in my heart heâs innocent.â The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LAS VEGAS â University of Nevada regents on Friday voted to raise grade point requirements for entrance to the stateâs two universities. Current eighth-graders will be the first Nevada students required to meet an increased standard of 2.75 in 2006. The current grade point requirement is 2.5. In 2010, the required high school GPA could increase to 3.0 if university system studies show the 2.75 requirement didnât discourage Nevadans and a diverse group of high school graduates from attending UNLV or the University of Nevada, Reno. Regent Tom Kirkpatrick opposed the increase, saying Nevada taxpayers favor more open admission policies and arenât interested in creating what he called elite research universities. The proposal before regents was a scaled-back plan that originally called for a 2.75 high school GPA requirement for fall 2003 and a 3.0 requirement for fall 2005. Also Friday, the regents agreed to continue their discussion on raising student fees. They will meet again Jan. 16 during a special meeting in Las Vegas. UNR President John Lilley recommended the higher student fees to cover loans for UNRâs controversial Fire Science Academy near Carlin. Lilley proposed using fees now allocated to a new library project plus an emergency surcharge fee of $2 per credit-hour in the 2003 fiscal year to help the academy. He also asked regents to retain $2 in 2004 and $3 in 2005 from regular per student fees to assist the academy, designed to train professional firefighters. Revenue from the fee increases would be used to redeem $31 million in revenue bonds for the academyâs purchase and to cover academy deficits and start-up costs through an $8.5 million bank loan. But Lilley said the 2003 Legislature will be asked to help with the debt service â nearly $2.8 million a year â and if lawmakers come through, UNR would stop collecting credit-hour fees dedicated to the academy. A complex settlement of lawsuits between UNR and other parties will allow the academy to reopen in May. The loan payoff was agreed to as part of the settlement. On Thursday, regents voted to give UNLV President Carol Harter a raise from $186,924 to $201,000 â a boost of 7.5 percent. The $14,000 in cost-of-living and merit increases puts Harterâs annual salary slightly above that of Lilley, who makes $199,000 a year. The board also approved raises for three other campus presidents in the University and Community College System of Nevada: Rita Huneycutt, Truckee Meadows Community College, from $137,101 to $145,767; Carol Lucey, Western Nevada Community College, from $130,000 to $139,360, and Stephen Wells of the Desert Research Institute, from $172,000 to $183,040 a year. Richard Moore, founding president of the proposed Nevada State College at Henderson, got a $7,000 cost-of-living increase to boost his annual salary to $182,000. Ron Remington, president of the Community College of Southern Nevada, didnât get an increase because his salary increased substantially when he left his presidency at Elkoâs Great Basin College earlier this year for the $160,000-a-year southern Nevada post. Regents also approved a $25 million revenue bond issue to help start a new dental school at UNLV. The money will be used to buy three buildings, totaling 187,000 square feet, that will house the dental school and two biotechnical research facilities. UNLV officials said they will repay the bonds over 30 years with revenue from Medicaid customers, capital improvement funding and student fees. By Jay Mes Song, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 PEARL HARBOR, Hawaii â With the nation in the throes of another war started by a sneak attack, Americans marked Fridayâs 60th anniversary of Pearl Harbor with appeals to their countrymen to fight terrorism with the same valor shown by the World War II generation. âAs we come this time, we are at war again, our homeland attacked,â Adm. Vern Clark, chief of naval operations, said at a ceremony for Pearl Harbor survivors at the site of the sunken USS Arizona. âItâs our turn. It is time for us to rededicate our lives to the cause of freedom.â Ceremonies honoring the thousands killed on Dec. 7, 1941, stretched from Hawaii to New York, just a few miles from the smoking rubble of the World Trade Center. Veterans paraded in New Orleans, paused for a playing of taps in St. Louis and recalled the grim details with high school students in Sun City, Fla. Japanese-Americans folded more than 2,000 paper cranes in San Francisco to symbolize solidarity with Muslim-Americans who may be persecuted because of the nationâs fledgling war on terrorism. President Bush called for resolve in the new war. âJust as we were 60 years ago in a time of war, this great nation will be patient, will be determined and we will be relentless in the pursuit of freedom,â Bush said in Norfolk, Va., from the flight deck of the USS Enterprise, which helped launch the first strikes against Afghanistan in October. The observances carried special meaning this year because of the Sept. 11 attacks that killed even more Americans in New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania, than died at Pearl Harbor. The death toll at Pearl Harbor was 2,390, nearly all of them members of the military. The Sept. 11 toll stands at around 3,500. âThe World Trade Center and the Pentagon are our modern-day Pearl Harbor,â said Capt. Leroy Gilbert, chaplain of the Coast Guard. Many of the Pearl Harbor veterans are in their 80s, and some of those who gathered in Hawaii said they believed this will be the last time they see the battle site or each other. âThis is special because so many of our people are aging so fast,â said Ralph Lindenmeyer, 81, of San Diego, who was at nearby Ford Island during the attack that plunged the United States into World War II. âTears come to my eyes when I think about all the fires, deaths and the destruction on a Sunday morning when we were getting ready for church.â At the memorial, a line of sailors in dress whites greeted each of 21 USS Arizona survivors with a white-glove salute. With a blast from the horn of a passing Navy destroyer and a missing-man flyover by F-15s, the ceremonies began at 7:55 a.m., the same minute the first Japanese bombs began falling. From wreaths for the five service branches and various veterans groups, sailors pulled flowers, and representatives tossed them into the water over the sunken Arizona, where more than 900 men are entombed. Repeatedly, Dec. 7 and Sept. 11 were tied together. About 600 New Yorkers â police, firefighters and their families â were in Honolulu for the anniversary as guests of the state and local businesses. Joseph Pfeifer, a battalion chief with the New York Fire Department, told those gathered at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific that he was struck by the symbolism of New Yorkers tossing flowers into the water touched by oil still leaking from the USS Arizona. âThe oil and the flowers came in contact,â he said. âSymbolically, the two events came together.â In Fredericksburg, Texas, former President Bush, a Navy pilot during World War II, told veterans that they serve as an inspiration for America as the nation leads a global war against terrorism. âWinning this latest war will not be easy, but here we reflect on the ordinary faces of men and women who stepped from anonymity to immortality,â he said. âToday, as 60 years ago, we are equal to the tasks before us.â At the USS Intrepid in New York City, Pearl Harbor veteran Julius Plaat, 82, said the attacks on the trade center and the Pentagon underscored the Pearl Harbor Survivors Association motto â âRemember Pearl Harbor, keep America alert.â âWe were warned before Sept. 11,â he said. âThe terrorists put a bomb in a vehicle and blew up that area down by the World Trade Center eight years ago. Was that enough warning?â âââ By John K. Wiley, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SPOKANE, Wash. â The nationâs mining industry can expect a more favorable working climate, Bush administration officials told a receptive audience at the Northwest Mining Associationâs annual convention Friday. After eight years of what was seen as hostility toward their industry from the Clinton administration, delegates to the trade association are feeling a definite thaw in relations, NWMA executive Laura Skaer said. âItâs so refreshing to invite people from the administration and have them comeâ to the annual sessions, Skaer said. Each of the three Bush administration officials attending Fridayâs session on legislation and regulatory affairs pledged to work closely with industry to soften disputed regulations approved in the closing days of the previous administration. But many of the environmental rules will stay, they said. The Agriculture Department, for example, wants to reinvigorate mineral exploration on national forests while promoting enlightened environmental stewardship, said Mark Rey, undersecretary of agriculture for natural resources and environment. The department wants to identify deposits of strategic and economic importance on national forests, Rey said â but miners must do their âbest workâ or face government litigation. Fred Ferguson, an associate solicitor with the Department of the Interior, said Interior Secretary Gale Norton thinks it is time to reform the nationâs mining laws. In a recent letter to Congress, Norton urged lawmakers to make updating of the Mining Law of 1872 a priority in the next session. Norton called for permanent authorization of the $100 mining claim fee, revision of the patenting system for mining claims, authorization of civil administrative penalties, authorization of a production payment system and expansion of the statesâ role in managing the mining program, Ferguson said. âShe sees it as a historic opportunity to resolve long-standing issues,â she said. Fergusonâs boss, Solicitor William G. Meyers, had been scheduled to attend, but was helping prepare Nortonâs defense for a contempt-of-court trial that begins Monday over mismanagement of the nationâs Indian trust funds. Regulations that have made mineral exploration difficult on public lands are being reviewed under a Bush administration, Ferguson said. The so-called 3809 regulations modifying the Surface Mining Law already have been adjusted to address concerns of the mining industry, Ferguson said. But regulations to ensure protection of the environment were maintained. âSecretary Norton believes the reclamation of mined lands must be paid for by mine operators, not by the taxpayers,â Ferguson said. She said disputed regulations on bonding remain in place, but other liability provisions were removed. David Lauriski, assistant secretary of labor for mine safety and health, said some of the safest mines in the world are found in the United States, but called for a ânational stand downâ by mining companies to review their safety practices. There have been 29 fatalities in U.S mines so far this year, compared to 46 last year. âââ By Jeff Barnard, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 GRANTS PASS, Ore. â With no clear signals whether the Bush administration would make it easier to build ski areas on federal land, Jeld-Wen Inc. has formally given up its $4 million effort to develop Pelican Butte ski resort on the Winema National Forest. The forest published notice in the Federal Register last week of Jeld-Wenâs decision not to renew its application for a special use permit for the $37 million project outside Klamath Falls. Jeld-Wen is a leading manufacturer of doors and windows and a major resort developer through its Eagle Crest Inc. subsidiary. Chances for Pelican Butte appeared dim last January after President Clinton prohibited development on millions of acres of national forests. Plans for the project included nine lifts and 54 ski runs. When President Bush took over the White House and began looking at ways to change Clintonâs roadless policy, the ski resort appeared to have a chance. But âit really never happened,â said Kurt Schmidt, environmental coordinator on the project for Jeld-Wen. âTime drug on. ... We just said we had no other options than to withdraw our application.â Opponents, including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, had argued that the ski area threatened springs and creeks flowing into the Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge on Upper Klamath Lake, as well as birds and fish protected by the Endangered Species Act. Northern spotted owls and bald eagles nest in the area and shortnosed suckers and Lost River suckers live in the lake. The project also faced difficulties under the Northwest Forest Plan, developed to protect fish and wildlife on national forests in Oregon and Washington. The ski industry has been flat nationwide, and Roseburg Forest Products is developing its own $35 million golf and ski resort midway between Redding, Calif., and Reno, Nev. That project faces fewer hurdles because it on private land, and is closer to the lucrative San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles markets. By Katherine Pfleger, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 WASHINGTON â The Senate could consider a proposal from Sen. Ron Wyden, D-Ore., as early as next week to provide $175 million in aid for the drought-stricken Klamath region. The measure is part of a Democratic amendment package to the $170 billion farm bill, Wydenâs office said Friday. The funding would be doled out over four years starting after October 2002. Specifically, $30 million will go to the regionâs four tribes â the Klamath, Yurok, Hoopa and Karuk. Wydenâs legislation would also establish an interagency task force, headed by the Agriculture Department, to specify how the funding is used and to create a draft five-year plan about how to fix the regionâs water issues. Sen. Gordon Smith, R-Ore., and other parties have not signed off on Wydenâs proposal yet. Smithâs spokesman Chris Matthews said the Oregon and California senatorsâ offices are still working with the stakeholders to come up with a provision âthat is acceptable to everyone.â Six or seven years out of every decade, the Klamath Basin on the California-Oregon border doesnât have enough water for its wildlife, farmers and ranchers. The regionâs interest groups, as well as lawmakers and government agencies, have been grappling for solutions after this yearâs particularly dry summer heated tensions in the region. Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle, D-S.D., wants to have the farm bill ready for President Bushâs signature by yearâs end, but prospects are dimming that lawmakers can work out their differences on a variety of issues. The Senate started debate on the bill Wednesday and put off votes until next week. The Republican-controlled House passed a different version of the farm bill earlier this fall. For Klamath, âSenator Wyden sees this as one of the last trains leaving the station,â his spokeswoman Lisa Wade Raasch said. By Katrina Hull, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 GOSHEN, Ind. â The suicidal factory worker who gunned down a co-worker and wounded six others was involved in a âlove triangleâ at work, co-workers and police said Friday. Robert Wissman, 36, was having a problem with a male employee over a female co-worker, Police Chief Terry Schollian said. Neither employee was among those wounded, but police refused to release other details. After telling his boss he had not slept in three days, Wissman was asked to leave the Nu-Wood Decorative Millwork factory Thursday. He came back twice, the second time with a gun. Wissman fired 16 rounds, wounding other employees and killing manager Greg Oswald before taking his own life, police said. Workers described a scene of horror, saying Wissman fired haphazardly and did not aim at co-workers standing just a few feet away. âIt was just chaos â people screaming and running, shots being fired,â Rutledge said. Misty Rushing said she sought cover under a desk in a small office when the shooting began. âI just saw him standing there with a shotgun, and I hit the floor,â she told The Indianapolis Star. âYou couldnât hear anyone screaming. He was just firing. He was just loading and unloading, loading and unloading.â Nu-Wood production manager Ed Rutledge said Wissman was involved in a âlove triangleâ and had been âacting funnyâ in the week before the shootings. âI could see it in his eyes. There was something going on in his head,â said Rutledge, 41. Wissman was a registered gun dealer who ran a business from his home, though he mostly focused on gun repairs, said Chris Sadowski of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms in Columbus, Ohio. âHe was a very low volume dealer. He sold very few weapons during the course of his business,â Sadowski said. Wissman filed for bankruptcy protection in 1998, according to court records. Oswald had three children and a stepson. His former wife, Missy Oswald, told The Goshen News that Oswald was a âgreat father.â âHe was always there for his children,â she said. Lyn Brubaker, 31, who used to live above Wissman, said he was kind and talked frequently to her husband. She said he kept a large boa constrictor in his closet and lived with his mother. He was also interested in hunting, fishing and guns. âHe didnât seem obsessed about it,â Brubaker said. Elkhart County Sheriffâs Capt. Julie Dijkstra said Wissman had apparently just been fired or was about to be fired before he left the simulated-wood products factory. He was found dead from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound with a shotgun under his body. Of the wounded, a 27-year-old man was listed in critical condition Friday and a 52-year-old man was in serious condition. Two others remained hospitalized. Authorities were investigating reports that managers had warned employees to be on the lookout for Wissman. Sheriffâs deputies said they could not confirm whether managers may also have warned authorities. Michael Cardoza, who wore a patch over his left eye where he had been shot, said management and police should have reacted differently. âMy feeling is if they got threatened, they should have shut down,â he said. âââ The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 JACKSONVILLE, Fla. â Eighteen more people have been indicted on conspiracy charges in the $20 million scam of McDonaldâs promotional games bringing the total to 51, the U.S. attorneyâs office said Friday. Many of the indictments are for the theft and distribution of high-value game pieces from Monopoly, Who Wants to be a Millionaire and other games. âItâs not over yet, either,â said Steve Cole, spokesman for the U.S. attorneyâs office. The 18 suspects are accused of conspiracy to commit mail fraud, which carries a maximum sentence of five years in prison, a $250,000 fine and restitution. Prosecutors allege that as far back as the late 1980s, Jerome Jacobson, director of security for Simon Marketing Inc., embezzled more than $20 million worth of high-value winning McDonaldâs game pieces from his employer. The indictment also alleges he then distributed the winning game pieces to individuals who personally redeemed the game or recruited others to redeem the pieces for prizes, some valued at as much as $1 million. By Simon Avery, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 LOS ANGELES â Once a model of good management, the LA Dodgers lost more money than any other team in Major League Baseball last season, according to financial information released by team owners. Much of the leagueâs financial data is hidden by a confidentiality agreement among the owners. But new numbers released by owners Thursday indicate the Dodgers lost $68.9 million on revenue of $143.6 million during the 2001 season. If the figure is accurate, it amounts to 20 percent of the leagueâs total 2001 losses of $344.7 million, and represents more money than the total payrolls of 14 of the other 29 teams. Representatives of the Dodgers directed calls to Bob Starkey, an outside financial consultant, who did not immediately return calls. The news of the overall major league losses caused owners to call once again for a cap on playersâ salaries, even as it was reported that the New York Yankees were offering free agent Jason Giambi a seven-year deal for about $120 million. However, Steve Fehr, a players union representative, said the financial data released was incomplete and open to interpretation. During Congressional hearings Thursday examining Major League Baseballâs antitrust exemption, some members of the House Judiciary Committee expressed frustration at the incomplete financial picture given by the owners, which didnât include such information as their own salaries and fees. What is clear from the numbers is that the Dodgers lost more money than any other team, despite drawing 3 million fans, and that the team spent $4 of every $5 it made on player salaries. Since News Corp. purchased the team in 1998, the Dodgers have improved revenue dramatically, to a reported $143 million this year â eighth best in the league. But payroll expenses have risen even more. At $116 million, the Dodgerâs payroll is second only to the $118 million spent by the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. âWhen a team spends that amount of money, youâd expect them to benefit from going to the playoffs,â said Jeffrey Phillips, a sports specialist and senior vice president at the investment banking firm Houlihan, Lokey, Howard and Zukin. The World Series generated a total of $29 million to be split by the New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks this year. Thatâs money the Dodgers never got close to, Phillips said. The Dodgers also generated broadcast rights worth only $27.3 million. While larger than that produced by most other teams, the amount falls short of the Yankeesâ $56.8 million and the $31 million of the Chicago White Sox. David Carter, principal of the Sports Business Group, a marketing and consulting firm in Los Angeles, said the Dodgersâ high payroll includes millions of dollars of deferred salaries. Players who have retired, or have been injured or cut, are still drawing salaries even though they no longer play for the team. The situation hurts the teamâs ability to put more talent on the field, he said. The Dodgers are also hamstrung by the second oldest stadium in the National League, which doesnât allow the same revenue generating opportunities as newer ones with state-of-the-art luxury boxes, Carter said. In addition, the Dodger brand has been hurt by Foxâs purchase of the team from Peter OâMalley. Many fans balked at a media corporation buying the family owned team. âThe overall reverence of the team is no longer as strong,â Carter said. By Justin Bachman, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 ATLANTA â EarthLink Inc. said Friday it has agreed to buy the assets of bankrupt OmniSky Corp. for $5 million, making the wireless services provider the latest to fold under the pressure of heavy debt and a scant customer base. The deal calls for EarthLink to purchase the San Francisco-based OmniSkyâs 32,000 subscriber accounts, its application platform and other infrastructure needed to continue OmniSkyâs existing service. The purchase is subject to approval by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in San Francisco, where OmniSky plans to file for Chapter 11 protection next week. OmniSky, which began seeking a buyer in October, still could be sold to a higher bidder. OmniSkyâs demise is the latest in a string of wireless providers that have flopped financially. On Thursday, Westboro, Mass.-based Arch Wireless filed for bankruptcy protection, hampered by $2 billion in debt. The same day, New York-based YadaYada Inc. announced that it had ended service. YadaYada was launched in October 2000, backed by several prominent investors including former General Electric chief executive Jack Welch and former vice presidential candidate Jack Kemp. The OmniSky deal will help Atlanta-based EarthLink expand its offerings for non-PC Internet customers, said Lance Weatherby, executive vice president of the companyâs âEarthLink Everywhereâ initiative. âI look at their company and I say, âWow, theyâve got a great product,ââ Weatherby said. âThey have a bit of a scale problem. They didnât get big enough, fast enough to turn a profit. And at EarthLink, we have scale.â EarthLink has about 4.8 million subscribers. The company believes wireless access will represent about $100 million in annual revenue by 2003, Weatherby said, declining to disclose how many new subscribers EarthLink plans to have next year. The OmniSky service will be marketed as EarthLink. OmniSky lost $33.9 million on revenue of $5.4 million in the second quarter, and asked the Securities and Exchange Commission for permission to delay its third-quarter report pending its reorganization. The company laid off 100 employees in October. Shares of EarthLink fell 85 cents to close at $13.80 in trading Friday on the Nasdaq Stock Market. âââ By Brian Bergstein, The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â The Packard familyâs charitable foundation plans to vote its 10.4 percent stake in Hewlett-Packard Co. against the $25 billion acquisition of Compaq Computer Corp., a severe blow for the deal and HP leader Carly Fiorina. The decision means that Hewlett and Packard family interests with about 18 percent of HP shares are lined up against the deal, which will require the majority of votes cast to win approval. More importantly, analysts believe many shareholders on the fence will be heavily influenced by the Hewlett and Packard families. âI donât know how they dig out from underneath this,â said analyst Rob Enderle of the Giga Information Group. âI think for all practical purposes, the merger is dead.â Foundation chairman Susan Packard Orr, a daughter of HP co-founder David Packard, said in a statement Friday that âafter thorough study and analysis the board has preliminarily decided, on balance, that the best interests of the foundation would be better served by Hewlett-Packard not proceeding with the proposed transaction.â The foundation is the single largest HP shareholder. HP spokeswoman Rebeca Robboy said the company was disappointed but still firmly committed to the deal. She said HP would keep stressing the dealâs potential benefits to the public in hopes of persuading the Hewlett and Packard heirs to change their minds. âWe continue to believe that this merger is the one best way to deliver the earnings growth our shareowners expect and our employees deserve,â she said. The news pleased HP investors. HP shares rose 19 cents to $23.52 on the New York Stock Exchange before the announcement, and added $1.63 to reach $25.15 in after-hours trading. Compaq gained 21 cents to $11.32 in regular trading, then dropped $1.31 to $10.01 after hours. The $6.4 billion Packard Foundation, based in the suburb of Los Altos, has the vast majority of its holdings in HP stock. Its trustees include three daughters of HP co-founder David Packard, plus former HP chief executive Lew Platt and former chief operating officer Dean Morton. The foundation does not include Packardâs only son, David W. Packard, who had already announced his opposition to the deal along with HP board member and heir Walter B. Hewlett last month. Hewlett has been gearing up for a proxy fight over the merger by filing several critical reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Walter Hewlett said Friday he has been meeting with other HP shareholders and has found âsizable and widespread opposition to this transaction.â âAll signals have been negative for this transaction,â he said in a statement. Fiorina met with the Packard Foundationâs board this week to lobby for the support of the trustees, who also sought counsel from outside advisers. Palo Alto-based HP and Houston-based Compaq believe they could form a behemoth to rival IBM, with increased ability to define high-tech industry standards. Executives say Compaq would double HPâs services business, add heft to its lineup of computer servers and improve the cost structure of its struggling personal-computer division. Critics say Compaq, which is losing money, would too strongly dilute HPâs profitable printing business and increase its exposure to low-margin personal computers and high-tech support. Even some analysts and investors who see merits to the deal believe the complex integration of Compaq and HP is too risky to attempt. Other opponents have accused Fiorina of losing sight of the companyâs core principles, the fabled âHP Way.â David Packard in particular has said he was distressed by managementâs plans to cut 15,000 jobs after the deal closes. âThis clearly sets the tone for some fairly bitter battling,â said Martin Reynolds, a research fellow at Gartner Dataquest. âIt puts the HP board on the spot in investing in a campaign (for votes). Itâs going to be tough to convince people.â Earlier Friday, the HP executive overseeing the complex combination said HP can affirm its traditional principles and improve its future prospects with the deal. Webb McKinney, a 32-year HP veteran, said the HP Way has always held that change is essential for the company, and he added that debate over it is nothing new. When HP stopped providing free doughnuts for employees in the 1980s, many people complained it was the end of the HP Way, he said. âThere are a lot of misrepresentations about Carly and the HP Way,â McKinney said in an interview. âA lot of people come to HP on a quest for finding out what the HP Way is, like thereâs a tablet somewhere. The corporate objectives change every few years. Itâs always been an evolution. ... We will continue to change with or without the merger.â He declined to speculate how HP would be affected if the Compaq deal were to fall through, saying management expects shareholder approval despite opposition from the heirs. Although HP and Compaq must continue to operate as competitors and separate organizations until the deal gets shareholder and regulatory approval, McKinney and Compaqâs chief financial officer, Jeff Clarke, speak daily and meet regularly to plan the integration. âââ The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SACRAMENTO â The state has paid the first installment on the $955 million it owes the managers of Californiaâs power grid for electricity bought between Jan. 17 and July 31. The Independent System Operator received a $404 million payment Thursday that covers power bought by the ISO for the state Department of Water Resources in February, said Stephanie McCorkle, an ISO spokeswoman. Since January, the water department has bought electricity for the customers of three California utilities. High prices plunged Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric Co. into financial trouble. The water department bought some of its electricity through the ISO, and billions of dollars more directly from power sellers and generators. It has not been reimbursed for most of those purchases. âNow that cash is flowing,â power companies that sell to California have growing confidence they will be paid, McCorkle said Friday. Dear Tom and Ray: I have a 1996 Oldsmobile 88 with 66,000 miles on it. At about 50,000 miles, the "check engine" light came on and stayed on until I took it to the dealer. $58 later, they told me the problem was a loose gas cap. They turned out the light, but it came on again about 5,000 miles later. Not wanting to be their cash cow, I ignored it, and it went out on its own a week or two later. Last week, it came on again for a few days and then went off. I hate to make these $58 trips, but am I damaging anything by ignoring this âon and offâ problem? â Morry RAY: Well, you might be damaging the environment, Morry, if not your car. TOM: The "check engine" light comes on when one of the car's electronic sensors detects a problem. And most of the sensors are related to the car's pollution-control system. RAY: There are a few âcheck engineâ problems that could cause expensive damage if you don't fix them, but many are non-emergency items and can be taken care of at your earliest convenience. TOM: For $58, your mechanic âscannedâ your car (read the stored trouble codes in the computer) and found that the pressure sensor in the gas tank was indicating low pressure. The reason this is a problem is because it indicates that gasoline vapors are escaping. And a loose gas cap could cause that. RAY: Needless to say, seeping gasoline vapors are bad for the environment -- and bad for anybody who happens to be lighting up a Tiparillo near the back end of your car. TOM: So here's what I'd do next, Morry. I'd take another shot at the gas cap. Maybe it's loose because it has a bad seal. So get a new one. It costs $10 if you buy one. Less if you steal one. And it's worth a try. RAY: If the light continues to come on, then you need to scrape up another 58 bucks and have your car scanned again. The "check engine" light could be coming on for a completely different reason this time. And you won't know that unless you plug it into the computer and scan it. TOM: If it's still pointing to a pressure problem in the gas tank, then it's probably a leak in your evaporative emissions system. And your mechanic will have to address that. Good luck, Morry. Terminal help Dear Tom and Ray: In the 1950s and '60s, I spent a fair amount of time in Ford V-8s with my friend Herb Johnson. When one of these Fords wouldn't start because of a low battery combined with a Minnesota winter morning, Herb would fetch a 50-cent piece from his pocket, reach under the dash and touch it across two terminals on something. This would cause the engine to start. Which terminals were involved? Why did this work? I always wondered, but I had too much pride to ask. I secretly hoped that he thought I knew how to do the same thing. -- John TOM: You know, every woman reading this column today is shaking her head right now in sad recognition. You've been wondering for 50 years because you were too damn proud to ask. RAY: So let this be a lesson to the young men in our audience today. Never keep quiet in the face of unknown phenomena. Show some courage. If you see something you don't understand, don't keep quiet. Immediately accuse your friend of ruining the thing. That way, he'll be forced to explain to you what he's doing, while you maintain your all-important male dignity. TOM: I don't think old Herb was doing much of anything, John. He was basically hot-wiring the car. In the '50s and into the early '60s, most ignition switches were on the dashboard. If you reached behind the dash, you could touch the exposed wires of the ignition switch. And if you knew what you were doing, you could identify the solenoid wire and the hot wire, and could bridge them to engage the starter. You'd still need the key in the "run" position for the car to actually start, but I assume Herb had the key. RAY: Why he reached behind the lock and jumped the wires instead of turning the key to the "crank" position, I don't know. It doesn't make any sense to me, and I can't think of any advantage it offers. TOM: Maybe his key would get stuck in the cold weather and wouldn't turn to the crank position? RAY: Maybe this gimmick was an old myth his father had passed down to him, and he was too proud to ask his father why he did it? TOM: Or maybe he just wanted to impress his friend, who he knew would be too cool to ask what the hell he was doing? RAY: If that was his goal, it worked, John. Ask next time, will you? * Dear Tom and Ray: We recently bought a used 1997 Toyota Avalon, which we love, but we are concerned about one minor problem. When you first start the car and for about the first five minutes of driving, the turn signal will not work at all. After that, it works perfectly. I can replace the flasher relay myself if that is all it needs, but I don't want to spend $45 on the part to find out that it isn't the problem. I also don't want to pay my dealer $50 to tell me it's my flasher relay. Since sticking my arm out the window won't sit well with my wife in January, could you tell me if you've run across this problem before? -- Ray TOM: Yes. And it's usually the flasher relay. RAY: I'd take the chance and buy one, Ray. It should solve the problem. By the way, that'll be $80. You did read the fine print at the bottom of our column, didn't you? * By John Geluardi, Daily Planet staff Friday December 07, 2001 The City Council decided Tuesday to approve three sections of the Draft General Plan by Dec. 18. Despite the protests from some councilmembers, who said there was not enough time to properly consider more than two elements of the nine-element document, the council voted 5-4 to approve three before the end of the year. Moderates on the council â Mayor Shirley Dean and councilmembers Polly Armstrong, Betty Olds and Miriam Hawley â proposed a recommendation that originated with the planning department staff calling for limiting the discussion this year to the housing and land use sections of the plan, which will guide Berkeleyâs development for the next 20 years. But after listening to numerous comments from the public and hearing two planning commissioners ask for speedy approval of the draft plan, progressive councilmembers prevailed and added the transportation element to the list. The council is required by the state to approve only the housing element by the end of the year. In addition, the council unanimously approved four amendments to the draft housing section of the plan. They included some alterations to the language of a policy to urge the University of California Regents to build more student housing and a policy to review annually the rate of new housing developed in Berkeley. Councilmembers also agreed they would submit other proposed amendments to the plan in writing by noon today. They will be considered at next Tuesdayâs council meeting. Explaining why she wanted to include the transportation element discussion with housing and land use, Councilmember Linda Maio argued that the policies of the three sections are closely linked. Approving those parts of the plan together means the document will more likely remain internally consistent, she said. However, Senior Planner Andrew Thomas had some concerns about the council amending various elements of the draft plan. During a presentation prior to the vote Thomas warned that amending individual sections of a draft plan could unintentionally create competing policies, which would render the document illegal by state standards. Among the proposed amendments is one by Maio to amend the housing element in a way that would put affordable housing and open space on an equal footing as preferred uses for the Santa Fe Right of Way. Formerly accommodating railroad tracks, the Santa Fe Right of Way is a narrow undeveloped strip that stretches 14 blocks across west Berkeley from Russell Street to Virginia Street. Dean said she has âserious concernsâ about the amendment, noting that the draft plan makes no mention of the Public Parks and Open Space Preservation Ordinance, also known as Measure L, approved by voters in 1986. The ordinance doesnât allow development on designated open space without voter approval. âThere is no mention of Measure L in the draft plan and that really dismays me,â Dean said. But Maio said Dean is either shrewdly misrepresenting Measure L or misunderstands it. âThatâs either a red herring or thereâs no basis for it,â Maio said. âWe shouldnât be pitting affordable housing advocates against open space advocates. A real leader would be forming a coalition to put affordable housing, bicycle paths and urban gardens in the Santa Fe.â Maio added that thereâs no need for housing advocates and open space advocates to disagree about because much of the narrowly shaped property doesnât lend itself to affordable housing development. Deputy City Attorney Zach Cowan said Measure L would not address development on the right-of-way because the council never designated the city-owned land as open space. During the discussion on whether to include the transportation element in the approval process this year, former AC Transit board member Miriam Hawley, argued that several issues in the transportation element needed further discussion, such as the controversial two-year moratorium on parking studies downtown, the use of out-of-date bus ridership statistics and a poor explanation of a proposed shuttle system. âThereâs a lot in here that the council still needs to talk about,â she said. âI would feel more comfortable if we didnât rush on this, especially given the controversy over the parking moratorium.â During the City Councilâs public hearing on the draft plan, more than 50 people, mostly downtown business owners and people who work in the downtown area, called the moratorium, designed to promote public transportation, unfair and imprudent. Dean said the approval process was being rushed. âI donât understand why we have to be jammed on the transportation element,â she said. âThe Planning Commission has had the plan for three years and weâve had it for only three months.â Some of the other issues the council is expected to consider next Tuesday are the inclusion of the cityâs 1997 Transit First Policy into the draft plan, height limits along transit corridors and affordable housing density bonuses. Thomas said the council shouldnât worry too much if each of the draft planâs 600 policies are not reviewed before the document is approved. âThe beauty of this document is that itâs designed for flexibility,â he said. âThereâs a built-in annual review and the council can make multiple amendments up to four times a year.â â Compiled by Guy Poole Friday December 07, 2001 Friday December 07, 2001 In Thursdayâs Daily Planet, the letter âAmendment would create open spaceâ was mistakenly attributed to Peter Lydon. In fact, the letter was written by David Eifler. Lydonâs letter follows. By Wanda Sabir, Special to the Daily Planet Friday December 07, 2001 Itâs Nutcracker season â that time of year when the classically timeless story is performed throughout in the Bay Area in many different forms. It doesnât matter that itâs Russian in origin, or that companies have taken creative liberties with the setting, period or choreography since the San Francisco Ballet introduced this work to Americans years ago. Everyone loves the Nutcracker story. Itâs sort of like Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz. Families love the Stahlbaum family, the kids: Fritz, Louise, Marie and the other characters. âItâs a holiday story, with a lot of fantasy, colors, and music,â said Denise Brown, a fourth-grade teacher at LeConte Elementary School. âPeople might not want to go the movies, they might want something special, so it provides that extra fun experience,â says Elizabeth Godfrey, the artistic director at the Berkeley City Ballet. Even with all the various versions of the Nutcracker ballet, people often attend more than one performance. There is the Dance-a-long Nutcracker, Dance Brigadeâs Revolutionary Nutcracker Sweetie, Mark Morrisâ âThe Hard Nut,â Oakland Ballet, San Francisco Ballet and the Berkeley Ballet Theatre, which produces a more contemporary performance. Berkeley City Ballet has a much larger production of the Nutcracker than the Berkeley Ballet Theatre, however, BBT is housed at the Julia Morgan Theatre so it has a longer run than BCB, which doesnât have a large theatre space at their studios at 1800 Dwight Way. This 28-year-old company was honored last month by the city. In fact, November was Berkeley Ballet Company month. BCBâs Nutcracker performs Saturday, Dec. 8 and Sunday, Dec. 9. Both performances are at 2 p.m. at the Berkeley Community Theatre on the Berkeley High campus (510) 841-8913, or www.berkeleycityballet.org. The company then moves on to Ohlone College in Fremont the following week, Dec. 15-16, for four shows, 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. each day. The sixth season of Mark Morris Dance Groupâs âThe Hard Nutâ also opens this weekend, and continues through next week. Bells will ring and holiday magic will fill the air at Zellerbach Hall on Friday, Dec. 7 until Sunday, Dec.16. Morrisâ work always has a certain lyricism and playfulness inherent in every gesture, turn, leap and bow no matter what the theme. Dance is married to music, and a happy couple they are no matter the occasion, no matter how wicked the evil Rat Queen who has disfigured the young Princess Pirlipat, just one of the many stories within the E.T.A. Hoffmannâs âThe Nutcracker and the Mouseking.â Cal Performances director, Robert Cole, conducts members of the Berkeley Symphony Orchestra and the UC Berkeley Womenâs Chorale in Tchaikovskyâs complete Nutcracker ballet score. Tickets are $28.00, $38.00 and $52.00. Morris said that the music is the genesis behind everything he does. “Music is what I like the best,” he said. “And because of that, I make up dances. I probably wouldn’t do it otherwise. Every dance I do is because of a piece of music I love and I decide it would make a good dance.” What do you like most about the Hard Nut, and Berkeley audiences? “The party is great and the dancing is looking great this year. I like the Flower number (a waltz) and the Snow number (dancing snowflakes.) It’s a big project to put together. A lot of people are involved -- 35 dancers, (plus) musicians and stage crew. It’s pretty frenzied but we did it very smoothly at the rehearsal, but it’s kind of exhausting. We do it each year (because) it seems to be a lot of people’s favorite work. I like the scale of it, and it’s very lively.” Productions like Morris’ Hard Nut and the BCB Nutcracker production bring people of all ages and backgrounds together to share a great theatrical experience. What’s unique about BCB is the fact that many Berkeley Public School students and alumni dance each year, like Denise Brown’s daughter Sarah Real (12) and Associate Artistic Director, Andrea Gaudet, a Berkeley High School alumnus. “Because we come here (a lot) our audiences are very much aware of what’s going on,” Morris says. “The more people know the more they can get out of it, so it’s a relationship that has been built up over the years. And it’s also a big mix of people you know. Which is wonderful – we a lot of kids who come, and then there’s a school here, music types and San Franciscans. It’s kind of great.” When asked why he thought the Nutcracker was such a perennial favorite Morris admitted that he wasn’t sure, especially since overseas, ‘Nutcracker fever” is nothing compared to the US, however, he admitted that the Nutcracker’s a ritual that doesn’t seem to be going anywhere too soon, even if the Hard Nut will take a short hiatus next year. “My show isn’t exclusively for kids at all, but it’s a good way to get young people to start watching the theatre, because it’s fun, it’s good and you know what’s going to happen.” Morris says that he grew up listening to music, dancing and singing and that he believes that all “kids dance,” but that “he continued because early on he knew that was what he wanted to do, that he enjoyed watching dance to live music.” He says that initially when he first conceived the Hard Nut, he choreographed with specific company members in mind, however that has changed over the past 12 years of this production, however, “a few people are in the same parts they were back then. Morris keeps his vision fresh he says by remaining interested. “I love what I do, and if I didn’t love to do it. I wish I would be smart enough to quit. I’m not exhausted of this at all, new projects, listening to music and traveling, performing. It’s a great job.” Nutcracker magic’s in the air this weekend, so why not sprinkle a little on? Friday December 07, 2001 924 Gilman Dec. 7: Har Mar Superstar, The Pattern, The Blast Rocks, Your Enemiesâ Friends, Hate Mail Express; Dec. 8: Scurvy Dogs, Nigel Peppercock, Shut The Fuck Up, Offering To The Sun, Voetsek; Dec. 9: Poison The Well, Unearth, Sworn Enemy, Spark Lights The Friction; Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; Dec. 21: Kepi, Bonfire Madigan, Kevin Seconds; Dec. 22: The Lab Rats, Onetime Angels, A great Divide, Last Great Liar, Gabrielâs Ratchet; Dec. 23: 5 p.m., Over My Dead Body, Panic, Breaker Breaker, Some Still Believe; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 ACME Observatory Contemporary Performance Series Dec. 9: 8 p.m., The Toids; $0 - $20, TUVA Space, 3192 Adeline. 649-8744, http://sfsound.org/acme. html. Annaâs Dec. 7: Anna and Ellen Hoffman on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 8: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory, Bill Bell at the piano; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 9: Choro Time; Dec. 10: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 20: Jazz Singersâ Collective; Dec. 21: Anna and Percy Scott on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 22: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 23: Jazz Singer Ed Reed; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Cal Performances Dec. 19: Berkeley Symphony, $21 - $45; Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley Campus, Bancroft Way at Telegraph, 642-0212 [email protected] Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; Dec. 16: 3-8 p.m., Beverly Stovall Benefit, Jimmy McCracklin, JJ Malone, Jimi Mamou, Johnny Talbott. $10. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec. 6: Ray Bonneville; Dec. 7 & 8: Rebecca Riots; Dec. 9: Patrick Landeza; Dec. 10: John Wesley Harding, David Lewis & Sheila Nichols; Dec. 12: Stacey Earle & Mark Stuart; Dec. 13: Kevin Burke; Dec. 14: Dale Miller; Dec. 15: Robin Flower & Libby McLaren; Jan. 6: Allette Brooks. All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Jazzschool/La Note Dec. 9: 4:30 p.m., Rhiannon with Bowl Full of Sound, $6 - $12, reservations recommended. 2377 Shattuck Ave. 845-5373 www.jazzschool.com Julia Morgan Theatre Dec. 23: 7:30 p.m., an evening of Irish music and dance with Todd Denman and friends. $10, $5 children; Dec. 31: 8 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Gala Concert, Program of classical favorites of the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra; Jan. 12: 8:p.m., âClub Dance,â Teens come together to express their individual personalities and gifts as dancers. $10, Students and Seniors $6, Children ages 5 and under $6. Julia Morgan Theatre, 2640 College Ave., 845-8542, www.juliamorgan.org. Jupiter Dec. 6: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 7: AVI Bortnick Group; Dec. 8: Harvey Wainapel Quartet; Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; Dec. 20: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 21: Crater; Dec. 22: Post Junk Trio; Dec. 27: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 29: Berkeley Jazz School Presents: Kirk Tamura Trio; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 7: 8:30 p.m., John Calloway & Diaspora, $12; Dec. 8: 9:30 p.m., Dr. Locoâs Rocking JalapeÃ±o Band, $10; Dec. 9: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; Dec. 9: 7:30 p.m., Trio Altamira Reunion Concert, $12-$14; Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 8: Jonah Minton Quartet, Julieâs Healthy Cafe, 2562 Bancroft; Dec. 9: Hebro, Blakes, 2367 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; Dec. 22: Kaz Sasaki Duo, Blackberry Ginger, 2520 Durant; Dec. 23: Almadecor, Annâs Kitchen, 2498 Telegraph Ave.; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; Jan.17: 7:30 p.m., Allette Brooks. 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687, [email protected]. First Congregational Church of Berkeley Dec. 15: 2 p.m., âAll-Brahms piano recital,â Yu-Ting Chen performs. Free; Jan. 6: 3 p.m., Stephen Genz in his West Coast debut; 2345 Channing Way, 527-8175, www.geocities.com/mostlybrahms. âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 7: 8 p.m., Dec. 8: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 9: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Dec. 15: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 16: 1 & 5 p.m., celtic music, dance and storry telling. $15-$30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 893-9853 www.calrevels.org. âGuitar, Woodwinds, Drumsâ Dec. 8: 8 p.m., The Bill Horvitz Band, Ben Goldbergâs What Music. Tuva Space, 3192 Adeline St. âWAVE,â Womenâs Antique Vocal Ensemble, Dec.14: 7:30 p.m., concert of Christmas music. $10, Students $5. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 1940 Virginia St., 848-9132. Theater âA Midsummer Nightâs Dreamâ Dec. 14: 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 15: 7:30 p.m.; California Shakespeare Festival Student Company, presents a comedy with romance. Free. Rehearsal Hall, 701 Heintz St. 548-3422 X114. [email protected]. âSeventy Scenes of Halloweenâ Dec. 7: 8 p.m.; Dec. 8: 8 p.m., 10:30 p.m.; Dec. 9: 7 p.m.; BareStage Productions, UC Berkeleyâs original student theater company, presents a macbre farce written by Jeffrey M. Jones and directed by Desdemona Chiang. $8. UC Berkeley, Choral Rehearsal Hall. 682-3880, [email protected]. âThe Last Smoker in Berkeleyâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 9: 8 p.m.; A comic tale of an addict making her last stand against nicotine and her neighbors. Written and performed by Sara DeWitt. $10. Speakeasy Teatre, 2016 7th St. Berkeley City Ballet Presents 28th Annual âNutcrackerâ Dec. 8 & Dec. 9: 2 p.m.; A full-length production of the holiday classic with a cast of over 50 dancers. $18; $14 children under 12. Berkeley Community Theater, 1930 Allston Way, 841-8921, www.ticketweb.com. âBrave Broodâ Through Dec. 16: Robert OâHara directs Robert OâHaraâs searing tale of money, desperation, and the fight for survival. $20. Transparent Theater, 1901 Ashby Ave. 883-0305 www.transparenttheater.org âBlack Nativityâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 16th: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. 2:30 p.m., 8 p.m., Sun. 5:30 p.m.; The birth of Jesus unfolds in this drama written by Langston Hughes. Directed and produced by Betty Gadling. $15 adults, $8 seniors and students, $5 children over 5. Allen Temple Baptist Church, 8501 International Blvd., Oakland 569-9418 www.allen-temple.org âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 16: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. - Sun. 1 p.m., 5 p.m. ; A cast of adults and children present a celebration of the winter solstice that combines dance, drama, ritual, and song. $15 - $30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 510-893-9853 www.calrevels.org âMuch Ado About Nothingâ Through Jan. 8: Check theater for specific dates and times. Shakespeareâs classic romantic comedy chronicles a handful of soldiers returning from a winning battle to be greeted by a gaggle of giddy maidens. Directed by Brian Kulick. $10 - $54. Berkeley Repertory Theatre, 2025 Addison St. 647-2949 www.berkeleyrep.org âMurder Dressed in Satinâ by Victor Lawhorn, ongoing. A mystery-comedy dinner show at The Madison about a murder at the home of Satin Moray, a club owner and self-proclaimed socialite with a scarlet past. Dinner is included in the price of the theater ticket. $47.50 Lake Merritt Hotel, 1800 Madison St., Oakland. 239-2252 www.acteva.com/go/havefun Films Pacific Film Archive Theater Dec. 6: 7 p.m., Bizarre, Bizarre; 8:50 p.m., The Green Man; Dec. 7: 7 p.m., Smiles of a Summer Night; 9:05 p.m., Cluny Brown; Bancroft Way, 642-1124 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu âShouting Silentâ Dec. 8: 2:30 p.m. reception, 3:30 p.m. film showing. The film by Xoliswa Sithole explores the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic as seen through the eyes of the filmmaker, an adult orphan who lost her mother to HIV/AIDS in 1996. Health Education Center, 400 Hawthorne St., Oakland Exhibits âFurniture Artâ Through Dec. 7: An exhibit of metal and wood furniture that revisits furniture not only as art but as craft. 12 p.m. - 6 p.m. The Current Gallery at the Crucible, 1036 Ashby Ave. 843-5511 www.thecrucible.org âBerkeley Creationsâ Dec. 8 & Dec. 15: 11 a.m. - 4 p.m., A group exhibit. Artist-at-Play Studio and Gallery, 1649 Hopkins St., 528-0494. âThe Paintings of Bethany Anne Ayers and Sculpture of Alexander Chevesâ Through Dec. 15: Tues. - Sat. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Ardency Gallery, 709 roadway, Oakland. 836-0831 [email protected] âThe Whole Worldâs Watching: Peace and Social Justice Movements of the 1960s and 1970sâ Through Dec. 16: A documentary photo exhibition which examines the rich history of the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Wed. - Sun., noon - 5 p.m. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St., Live Oak Park. Free. 644-6893 âVeiled and Revealedâ Through Dec. 23: Human beings, costumed in native dress are captured by visual artists in a seven-person exhibit. Sat. Dec. 8, 15, and 23, 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Free. Simultaneously showing at ART-A-FACT, 1109 Addison St., and Metaversal Lightcraft, 1708 University Ave. 848-1985 âImages of Innocence and Beautyâ Dec. 19 through Jan. 8: An exhibit featuring Kathleen Flanniganâs drawing and furniture - boxes, tables, and mirrors, all embellished with images of the beauty and innocence of the natural world. Addison Street Windows, 2018 Addison St. âMatrix 195â Through Jan. 13: German artist, Thomas Scheibitzâs, first solo museum exhibition in the United States showcases semi-abstract representations of everyday objects and landscapes. Wed., Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $3-$6. Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu GTU Exhibit: âHolocaust Seriesâ by Cleve Gray Through Jan. 25: Comprised of 21 works on paper that constitute âa catharsis... for all of humanity.â Mon. - Thurs. 8:30 a.m. - 9:45 p.m., Fri. 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sat. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sun. noon - 7 p.m.; Free. Flora Lamson Hewlett Library, Graduate Theological Union, 2400 Ridge Rd. 649-2541 www.gtu.edu Pro Arts: âJuried Annual 2001-02â Dec. 19 through Feb. 2: An exhibition of painting, sculpture, mixed media, photography and more by Bay Area and regional artists. Pro Arts, 461 Ninth St., www.proartsgallery.org. âEnduring Wisdom: Artwork and Stories by Homeless and Formerly Homeless Seniorsâ Through Feb. 15: 18 homeless and formerly homeless elders reveal how they learned and applied wisdom that is timeless. Mon. - Fri. and Sundays 11 a.m. - 2 p.m. Reception and presentation by the elders Thurs. Nov. 15, 4 p.m. - 6 p.m. Free. St. Maryâs Center, 635 22nd St., Oakland, 893-4723 x222 âAnsel Adams in the University of California Collectionsâ Dec. 12 through Mar. 10: A selection of photographs and memorabilia presenting a different perspective on Adamâs career as one of the leading figures in American photography. Wed, Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $4- $6. University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808, www.bampfa.berkeley.edu âThe Art History Museum of Berkeleyâ Masterworks by Guy Colwell Faithful copies of several artists from the pasts, including Titianâs âThe Venus of Urbino,â Cezanneâs âStill Life,â Picassoâs âWoman at a Mirror,â and Botticelliâs âPrimaveraâ Ongoing. Call ahead for hours. Atelier 9 2028 Ninth St. 841-4210 or visit www.atelier9.com Readings Coffee With A Beat - Word Beat reading series Dec. 8: Jeanne Powell, Kelly Kraatz; Dec. 15: Norm Milstein, Barbara Minton; Dec. 22: Debra Grace Khattab, Jesy Goldhammer; Dec. 29: Steve Arntson, Michelle Erickson, Clare Lewis; All readings are free and begin at 7 p.m., 458 Perkins, Oakland, 526-5985, www.angelfire.com/poetry/wordbeat. The Humanist Fellowship Hall Dec. 5: 7 p.m., âOur Wings Are Pregnant Seesawsâ a play by H. D. Moe. A reading performance by the theatre workshop. 390 27th St., Oakland, 528-8713 Easy Going Travel Shop & BookstoreDec. 11: 7:30 p.m., Lisa Bach, editor of âHer Fork in the Roadâ, a collection of stories blending food and travel, and a panel of contributors to the anthology, present an evening of readings and discussions. Free. 1385 Shattuck Ave. 843-3533 âRhythm & Muse Open Micâ Dec. 15: 7 p.m., Featuring poets Lara Dale and Mary-Marcia Casoly. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St. 527-9753 Tours Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Fridays 9:30 - 11:45 a.m. or by appointment. Call ahead to make reservations. Free. University of California, Berkeley. 486-4387 Golden Gate Live Steamers Grizzly Peak Boulevard and Lomas Cantadas Drive at the south end of Tilden Regional Park Small locomotives, meticulously scaled to size. Trains run Sun., 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Rides: Sun., noon to 3 p.m., weather permitting. 486-0623 Museums Habitot Childrenâs Museum âBack to the Farmâ An interactive exhibit gives children the chance to wiggle through tunnels, look into a mirrored fish pond, don farm animal costumes, ride on a John Deere tractor and more. âRecycling Centerâ Lets the kids crank the conveyor belt to sort cans, plastic bottles and newspaper bundles into dumpster bins; $4 adults; $6 children age 7 and under; $3 for each additional child age 7 and under. Mon. and Wed., 9:30 a.m. to 1 p.m.; Tues. and Fri., 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Thur., 9:30 a.m. to 7 p.m.; Sat., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sun., 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2065 Kittredge St. 647-1111 or www.habitot.org Oakland Museum of California Dec. 8 & 9: 32nd Annual Bay Area Fungus Fair, the world of the mushroom will be explored in exhibits, lectures, slide shows, cooking demos, etc.. Through Jan. 13: Grand Lyricist: The Art of Elmer Bischoff, featuring paintings and works on paper that trace the evolution of Bischoffâs career. $6 adults, $4 seniors and students, free for children under 5. Wed. - Sat. 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., Sun. noon - 5 p.m., 10th St., Oakland, 888-625-6873/ www.museumca.org UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Lobby, Valley Life Sciences Building, UC Berkeley âTyrannosaurus Rex,â ongoing. A 20 foot by 40 foot replica of the fearsome dinosaur made from casts of bones of the most complete T. Rex skeleton yet excavated. When unearthed in Montana, the bones were all lying in place with only a small piece of the tailbone missing. âPteranodonâ A suspended skeleton of a flying reptile with a wingspan of 22-23 feet. The Pteranodon lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Free. Mon. through Fri., 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Sat. and Sun., 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. 642-1821 UC Berkeley Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology will close its exhibition galleries for renovation. It will reopen in early 2002. University of California Berkeley Art Museum Pacific Film Archive has reopened after its summerlong seismic retrofit. âMartin Puryear: Sculpture of the 1990sâ through Jan. 13; âThe Dream of the Audience: Theresa Hak Kyung Cha (1951 - 1982)â through Dec. 16; âFace of Buddha: Sculpture from India, China, Japan, and Southeast Asiaâ ongoing rotation through 2003; âMatrix 194: Jessica Bronson, Heaps, layers, and curlsâ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; âMatrix 192: Ceal Floyer 37â4ââ Sept. 16 through Nov. 11; Wed., Fri., Sat., Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m., PFA Theater, 2575 Bancroft Way; Museum Galleries 2626 Bancroft Way; 642-0808 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu Lawrence Hall of Science Through Jan. 26: Scream Machines: The Science of Roller Coasters; âWithin the Human Brain,â ongoing. Visitors test their cranial nerves, play skeeball, master mazes, match musical tones and construct stories inside a simulated ârat cageâ of learning experiments. âSaturday Night Stargazing,â First and third Saturdays each month. 8 - 10 p.m., LHS plaza. Saturdays 12:30 - 3:30 p.m. $7 for adults; $5 for children 5-18; $3 for children 3-4. 642-5132 Holt Planetarium Programs are recommended for age 8 and up; children under age 6 will not be admitted. $2 in addition to regular museum admission. âConstellations Tonightâ Ongoing. Using a simple star map, learn to identify the most prominent constellations for the season in the planetarium sky. Daily, 3:30 p.m. $7 general; $5 seniors, students, disabled, and youths age 7 to 18; $3 children age 3 to 5 ; free children age 2 and younger. Daily 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Centennial Drive, UC Berkeley 642-5132 or www.lhs.berkeley.edu Send arts events two weeks in advance to [email protected], 2076 University, Berkeley 94704 or fax to 841-5694. By Jared Green, Daily Planet Staff Friday December 07, 2001 By Hank Sims, Daily Planet staff Friday December 07, 2001 Developers of the largest downtown housing project in recent memory have challenged a city law requiring new developments to include affordable housing. Library Gardens L.P., developers of the 176-unit Library Gardens project at 2020 Kittredge St., has appealed its own use permit â which the Zoning Adjustments Board awarded the company in October â to the City Council. The group, headed by local developer TransAction Companies, is asking the council to strike out those sections of its use permit, which, according to the cityâs inclusionary housing policy, require 20 percent of the units in the project to be rented at below-market rates. Lawyers for Library Gardens charge that the Costa-Hawkins Act, a measure passed by the California legislature in 1995, which placed strict limits on local rent control laws, also invalidates the inclusionary housing policy. The council will probably hear the appeal in January. If, as expected, the council denies the appeal, a lawsuit testing the legality of the cityâs law could follow. Local lawmakers said on Thursday that they were mystified by the developerâs appeal. The project had won widespread approval from councilmembers, the ZAB and local citizens. âThis really creates bad faith with the community,â said Councilmember Dona Spring. âTo try to sneak out of the affordable housing requirements, it really puts TransAction in a bad light.â Spring added that she doubted the appeal would pass muster at the City Council level. âThe council will be much tougher on this than ZAB was,â she said. ZAB member Dave Blake said it appears that Library Gardens intends to take the challenge to the judicial system. âMaybe this is some sort of stunt, but my impression that he thinks that heâs going to win this in the courts,â he said. âHe certainly wonât win at the council level.â Mark Rhoades, current planning manager, said Friday that a legal challenge would only delay Library Gardensâ construction. He said that the city would withhold a building permit for Library Gardens if there were a dispute over the conditions of the projectâs use permit. Building permits â which allow a builder to begin the physical construction on a project â are usually issued as a matter of course after the ZAB has approved a project. The laws implemented by the Costa-Hawkins Act state that â(n)notwithstanding any other provision of law, an owner of a residential real property may establish the initial and subsequent rental ratesâ for any unit built after Feb. 1, 1995. The cityâs inclusionary housing requirements mandate below-market rates for 20 percent of the units in new multi-family developments. While the two laws would appear to be in conflict, there are no legal precedents that state directly that the state law invalidates inclusionary housing policies. Linda Wheaton, a housing policy specialist with the California State Office of Housing and Community Development, said on Thursday that to her knowledge, no challenge of city inclusionary requirements had been successfully challenged on the basis of Costa-Hawkins. A developer did challenged the city of Santa Monicaâs requirements a few years ago, she said, but the case was settled out of court. Tad Read, Santa Monicaâs housing director, said on Thursday that the suit against his cityâs inclusionary requirements did mention Costa-Hawkins, but was primarily focused on the housing element of the cityâs general plan. As part of the settlement, Read said, the city re-wrote its housing element and loosened its inclusionary housing requirements. The Costa-Hawkins challenge was dropped. Councilmember Kriss Worthington declined to comment on the case on Thursday, but said that other local developers have previously raised the issue of the potential incompatibility between the local and state laws. He said that several months ago, developer Patrick Kennedy had written to the City Council to make the same point. Kennedy could not be reached for comment. John DeClercq, senior vice president of TransAction Companies, said that he could not comment on the appeal while it was pending. âItâs before the City Council, and weâll see what they want to do,â he said. Fred Lupke, a private citizen, has also appealed the Library Gardens project on the grounds that the projectâs number of potential occupants had been understated and that the potential impact of the project on the Central Library, which sits next door to the Library Gardens site, had not been researched. Friday December 07, 2001 Editor: Berkeleyâs updated General Plan, now before the City Council, bars the construction of downtown buildings taller than seven stories. That is a mistake that the council should reverse. The anti-height stipulation reflects the activism of a small coterie of preservation-minded citizens who follow matters before the Planning Commission very closely. The implication is that they represent the majority of the voters, but the electorate as a whole has thought very little about downtown density. Like the Bay Area as a whole, Berkeley suffers from a severe housing shortage. But with a thriving university and a downtown in better shape than in years, we are ready to make our downtown a major new apartment-based residential community as it continues to serve its present commercial and cultural functions. The district should be conceived on a generous scale, a carefully and integrally thought out mixed-use settlement, with innovations centered on distinguished architecture and a substantial amount of high quality apartment housing within walking distance of the University and the BART station. A more populated and increasingly auto-free downtown will protect traditional neighborhoods from growth pressures, while it gives them a more complete and livelier center for services and shopping, notably including the maturing Arts Center. It can ease prices by enlarging the housing supply substantially, including moderate income housing. If buildings can rise toward the height of the Wells Fargo building, there will be better latitude for design and much more space for street-level open greenness, as proposed by Richard Register. The nostalgic activists have missed the damage that regional sprawl out across the Carquinez Bridge and the Altamont Pass has done to the Bay Area, multiplying cars and gridlock throughout our region, including here at home. The âpreserversâ do not see that their politics rule out living near work and study for hundreds of people, and have helped drive up the price of housing to indefensible levels, making us a gentrified and âexclusiveâ place, to our embarrassment. That may benefit existing landlords, but is it fundamentally fair to people with a legitimate need to live here? Many of the current NIMBYs came to town years ago as graduate students and post-docs. They certainly would have felt ill-treated if, for lack of housing, they had had to put a young spouse and small children in Pinole and buy a wreck of a car to commute to campus or lab. The watchdogs of low height limits are also preventing more senior Berkleyans from moving to a comfortable and accessible apartment in a European style, reducing driving and management demands, while maintaining their social networks by living at the center of their lifelong community. The âpreserversâ are right that central Berkeley should not be developed helter skelter, but holding down building heights is a blunt instrument approach. Instead, Berkeley should have a hard look at its downtown, and think about doing some serious planning. The city should draw up a âspecific plan,â a detailed framework within which developers will work. Such a plan is a big effort, but among other uses, it would provide a meaningful setting for individual proposals, such as the parking study moratorium or the Mayorâs call for parking under Martin Luther King Park, now very awkward to deal with adequately, in large part because they are taken up piecemeal and in isolation. The Gaia Building, and Allston Oak Court give an idea of the civilized possibilities of living downtown. Future structures could make owned apartments available as well as rentals, and be more elegant than Gaia, which becomes externally bulky because it encloses an internal courtyard. New buildings could easily absorb the existing residents of downtown, plus lots of older Berkeleyans looking for a less hassled and car-dependent way of living, in addition to handling the huge backlog of housing-seekers. Rather than just clamping a low ceiling on downtown, letâs think some bigger thoughts about bigger opportunities. Peter Lydon By Joshua Cohen, Special to the Daily Planet Friday December 07, 2001 Ousseynou Kouyate sings quietly to himself, waiting for his performance to start. The venue is Keur Samba, a West African restaurant on Telegraph Avenue. Kouyate is part of tonightâs attraction, Djialy Kunda Kouyate â a Wolof (Senegalese) band recently brought in by owner Jegan Loum to play at the restaurant every Friday and Saturday night. Sitting at a table a few feet from Kouyate, it suddenly occurs to me that not one, but two identical voices seem to resonate from his singing lips. Immediately Iâm sorting through layers of sound amidst the restaurantâs din: Is Kouyate singing with the stereo? Or lip-synching? Then out of the corner of my eye, all becomes clear. Ousseynou Kouyate is a twin. From the back of the restaurant, Assane Kouyate had joined his brotherâs song. He now makes his way up the aisle to the stage. Though identical, the twins are distinguished by their traditional Senegalese outfits: Assaneâs is a regal, pale blue; Ousseynou wears a patterned orange shirt and matching hat. They are joined by a woman with a harp-like instrument â the 21-stringed kora â and a young man with an intricately decorated djembe drum. Percussionist Nbongo Mbaye comes in as they begin playing. His tiny tama â or talking drum â powerfully thumps and rumbles under his arm. With the kora holding a steady melody, the two drums interweave and take turns accenting the movements of the Kouyates, who twirl like mirroring kaleidoscope images. Balaphonist Karamba Diabate joins the group, reinforcing the koraâs melody while percussively pushing the tempo. The twinsâ rich voices soar, interchangeably singing high and low parts, backup and lead. With flurries of dance and drum, the song climaxes and stops on the dime of a single beat. One of the musicians yells out the Wolof exclamation âWow-wow!â meaning, emphatically, âYes!â In addition to providing live music, Keur Samba greets its guests with smiles, and the smell of curry and fried plantains. African beverages include: bissap (a mild, wine-colored juice), tamarind, ginger juice, and African beer and wine. Many dishes are curries prepared with lamb, chicken, or fish. For vegetarians only a few options exist, and, in the African tradition, few uncooked vegetables. Yet the dishes are still well rounded, balancing rich sauces with fluffy rice, potatoes, and sweet combinations of cabbage, raisins, eggplant, and onions. Since Keur Samba began hosting live shows several weeks ago, audiences have embraced the Kouyates and Djially Kunda Kouyate. The Kouyate twins moved to the Bay Area in 1998 after touring with the National Ballet of Senegal for six years. Their last name is one of the traditional family names of the West African musicians/storytellers/historians known as griots. Though they are of the Wolof ethnic group, born and raised in Dakar, the twins trace their roots to Mali, where Balla Fasseke Kouyate, who they identify as the first griot, served the legendary King Sundiata in the 13th century Mali Empire. Today, even in a big city like Dakar, the role of the griot is very much the same as it was 800 years ago: to âmake the party happen. Without a griot, your party is going to be very quiet,â says Assane. Griots also memorize vast quantities of information, including history, family heritage, and the deeds of ancestors, and relay them in the form of stories, songs, and plays. Assane explains that if someone forgets who his/her grandparents were, it is the twinsâ job to remind them. âWe make people happy in their hearts,â he says, âbecause we remind them very deeply of who they are.â Wow. Wow. Djialy Kunda Kouyate performs at Fridays and Saturdays at Keur Samba, 4905 Telegraph in Oakland from 8-10 p.m.. Call 654-2730. The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 Joe Shipp scored a career-high 24 points and led California to a 88-63 victory over Saint Louis on Thursday night. In the first meeting between the two teams at Cal in 30 years, Shipp led four players in double figures as Solomon Hughes added 16 points, Brian Wethers scored 13 and Jamal Sampson scored 10. âJoe Shipp, more than just with his scoring, did a great job on defense,â Cal head coach Ben Braun said. âHe showed you what he can do in those in between ranges.â Ben Braun won his 100th game as coach at Cal and the Bears won their 15th straight home game vs. a nonconference opponent. Cal (5-1) made 16 of its first 22 shots to start the second half en route to its most lopsided win of the season. Jason Edwin scored 14 and Marque Perry added 12 for the Billikens (2-5), who lost their third straight game. They hadnât lost by more than five in any game this season. The Bears closed the half with a 10-2 run, seven scored by Shipp, to take a 36-33 halftime lead. The Billikens had up to a six-point lead behind Edwin, who made 4-of-5 3-point attempts in scoring 14 first-half points. Cal broke the game open with a 20-5 run in the middle of the third quarter to go up 67-42. Shipp made 9 of 14 from the field and Hughes was 8-for-10 as the Bears shot a season-best .525 percent. Their previous high point total was 71. The Bears were coming off a 79-59 defeat at South Florida, their worst loss to a team outside the Pac-10 since dropping a 88-66 decision to Saint Louis on Nov. 29, 2000. The Billikens were coming off a 69-67 loss to second-ranked Missouri on Monday. Braun became the fourth coach to win 100 games at Cal. The others were Nibs Price, Pete Newell and Lou Campanelli. Braun, who took over in 1999, is 100-62 at Cal. âIâm proud of that. It means Iâve been staying around long enough,â Braun said. âMore than wins, my goal has been to make my teams winners, and we did that tonight. We gave a committed effort. I really feel good about that with this team.â By David Scharfenberg, Daily Planet staff Friday December 07, 2001 A few olive branches, and a lot of angry words were the offerings at a contentious Board of Education meeting Wednesday night, which featured a couple of overtures for collaboration and several sharp exchanges between board members and leaders of the small schools movement, or Coalition for Excellence and Equity in the Schools. âThe situation in our schools is not right,â said Katrina Scott George, a coalition leader and parent of a 10th grader at Berkeley High School. âItâs time for us to hold you, our board members, accountable.â Coalition leaders, including school board member Terry Doran, want to break BHS up into a series of small, autonomous schools. They have asked the board to approve a small schools policy they prepared by early next year and implement the model in the fall of 2003. Coalition members argue that small schools would work to narrow the âachievement gapâ between white and minority students, and improve teacher accountability. The remaining four school board members have embraced a more gradual approach. They want to maintain the structure of the larger, comprehensive high school, while allowing for the incremental addition of âschools within a school,â similar to the several mini-schools currently at BHS. They say this approach would maintain the strengths of the comprehensive school system now in place. Shirley Issel, the new board president, said the coalition overstepped its bounds by presenting its small schools policy. âYouâre asking us to forfeit our policy-making responsibilities,â Issel said. âI donât know how Iâm going to explain to the public how your group made this policy, but weâre to be held responsible for it.â âIt would seem to me that if you donât agree with us, you would take it up with the voters,â she continued. âYou are an extension of us,â responded Michael Miller, a parent and member of the coalition. âWe elected you. You bring our needs, our desires to this forum.â Later in the evening, Doran and Ted Schultz of the school board said it was reasonable for the coalition to present a policy to the board. But several members of the board, and Superintendent Michele Lawrence, said they were concerned about the coalitionâs call for a rapid move to a small schools model. Lawrence said she could not embrace the coalitionâs proposal until sheâd traveled to other districts making use of the small schools policy, and studied their finances, program quality, degree of parental involvement, and other qualities. âI will, in fact, be there to help move this thing forward,â Lawrence said. âBut youâve got to give me more time, thatâs all I ask.â Doran asked Lawrence to suggest how much time she might need, but the superintendent said it would be difficult to predict until she was in the thick of the research. âI donât want to make a promise I canât keep,â she said. Lawrence added that she has several other priorities, like maintenance, the budget and special education programs, that require her immediate attention and cannot be ignored. Schultz recommended the formation of a working committee, including coalition leaders and members of the board, that would visit other small schools, evaluate their strengths and weaknesses and hammer out a compromise. But Scott George rejected the idea of a working committee unless it had a definite timeline for producing results. âThis is not acceptable,â she said, arguing that BHS students need reform immediately. âChildren are going to jail now,â she said. âI know who got shot and who got suspended and who got pregnant. I cannot wait.â Kalima Rose, another coalition leader, said on Thursday that, earlier in the week, the superintendent offered small schools proponents the opportunity to take part in a working group like the one proposed by Schultz. âWe said that weâd be perfectly happy to take part,â she said, âbut it must have a commitment to a timeline and outcomes.â Otherwise, Rose said, the district could simply drag out the committee work, using it at as a tool to defer the implementation of small schools. Joaquin Rivera, new board vice president, said any committee must also include community members who are opposed to small schools. A small group of small schools opponents were in attendance at the meeting and voiced their concerns. Marcy Wong, a parent of a child in the school system raised fears that children would be âindoctrinatedâ in small, politically-focused schools, while Victoria Bonnell, a parent and sociology professor at UC Berkeley argued that large schools work better for some kids. Earlier in the evening, Bradley Johnson, president of the high schoolâs sophomore class, presented the results of a survey of 967 BHS students. Johnson said the survey was distributed in history classes, and found that 55 percent of the students âthink that small schools are better in providing education than large schools,â while 86 percent âfeel that there is more one on one contact with teachers in small schools.â The teacherâs union will be polling teachers next week. The poll will follow weeks of in-depth teacher interviews and focus groups conducted by the coalition. Editor: I am one of the subscribers to high-speed cable Internet service who found himself with a new e-mail address this weekend: nobody@home. Early Saturday morning, AT&T pulled the plug on @Home, leaving many Bay Area subscribers without access to the web or their e-mail. On Tuesday, an automated phone call from AT&T told me the new network was ready for me to log back on. I am back on-line now after being off for three days. AT&T has promised to credit customers with two days of service for each day they were down. Thatâs nice, but what about all that e-mail directed to our accounts with @Home. Our new domain is attbi.com. What will happen to all those messages sent to us through @Home? How will the rest of the world be able to reach us, especially those nice folks who want to tell how to get a free college degree on-line, access to Natural Viagra, or sure-fire ways to increase the size of a certain part of our anatomy? Not many of us are going to miss those or other spam messages that seem to love @Home subscribers, but I know people who have been using @Home as their primary e-mail address. Letters from friends and family members are also lost, and senders need to be informed of the domain change. How will AT&T compensate us for that loss? With such turmoil in the Internet provider business, it is no wonder that web-based e-mail has become so popular. Yes, it is great for those who have no personal access to the Internet, but can log on at public terminal such as at the library. It is also a form of insurance for people with Internet accounts who are not sure if their provider will be in business tomorrow. It is common for small Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to be bought by larger ones. An example is Berkeleyâs LanMinds. Their service was gobbled up several times before being gobbled up by the giant EarthLink. LanMinds was able to pull itself Jonah-style from this whale, but the Lanminds domain is still in the EarthLink belly. Subscribersâ new e-mail address is @lmi.net. That is a minor nuisance to the subscribers receiving bills from EarthLink for service that they did not want and did not order. We could also give in and just sign up with the Internet giants such as EarthLink, AOL, or Microsoft. Tell that to the people who prefer having the personal service a small ISP like LanMinds is able to provide. In the meantime, the Information Super Highway continues to be a rocky road. Berkeley â David Scharfenberg Friday December 07, 2001 Wednesday evening, the Board of Education unanimously named Shirley Issel its new president. Issel moved up from the post of vice president, replacing outgoing chief Terry Doran. The board named Joaquin Rivera its new vice president. The selection was based on the boardâs traditional method of allotting leadership slots based on the vote totals members received during the two previous elections of the general public, according to board member Ted Schultz. Issel said she would seek to keep the board focused on the major priorities it has set forth for the superintendent: the improvement of the districtâs data collection system, the implementation of a maintenance plan, improved evaluation of district employees, and leadership and accreditation at the high school. Friday December 07, 2001 Editor: Iâve been re-reading John F. Kennedyâs book, Profiles In Courage, and in the first paragraph he wrote: âThis is a book about the most admirable of human virtues â courage. âGrace under pressure,â Ernest Hemingway defined it. And these are the stories of the pressures experienced by eight United States Senators and the grace with which they endured them â the risks to their careers, the unpopularity of their courses, the defamation of their characters, and sometimes, but sadly only sometimes, the vindication of their reputations and their principles.â It may be â years from now, when tempers have cooled and fears have subsided â that Berkeley will appear in history as the single voice of conscience in a wounded and angry nation. It may be â years from now, when prolonged conflict has sapped our strength and optimism as a country â that the United States neglected wisdom in its haste for vengeance. No one knows what the future will bring, and so I am writing now to say that I admire the courage and compassion you showed in your resolution to stop the bombing of Afghanistan. Chris Oei Staff Friday December 07, 2001 As a public service, the Berkeley Daily Planet will list BERKELEY-BASED nonprofit agencies soliciting donations and/or volunteers. Please use the following format and e-mail by today to [email protected]. (address) 2333 Nonprofit Way, Berkeley, CA 9444444 (phone) 111-1111 (description - 15 words maximum) Janeâs Nonprofit remodels old houses for affordable housing. Needs cash donations and volunteers. (nonprofit number) xxii332 The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 MARIPOSA â Prosecutors want the triple-murder trial of Yosemite killer Cary Stayner held in Sacramento because it is convenient for witnesses and family members of the victims and defendant. Judge Thomas Hastings ordered the trial moved out of Mariposa Superior Court after a defense lawyer argued that extensive news coverage would make it impossible to find impartial jurors. Prosecutors did not object. Hastings will hold a Dec. 17 hearing to decide whether the case should be held in Los Angeles, Sacramento or Santa Clara, where he lives. Assistant District Attorney Kim Fletcher said in papers filed Monday that the state capital was closer to Mariposa County and it was where the FBI has kept most of the evidence against Stayner. Defense lawyer Marcia Morrissey of Santa Monica said she wants the trial held in Los Angeles. âThey really donât address, I think, the crucial issue, which is the ability to get a jury that hasnât been saturated with the case,â Morrissey said. âIn Los Angeles, the case hasnât gotten near the attention.â Fletcher argued that Los Angeles court officials only want to be considered as a last option and suggested Sacramento instead. Stayner, 40, faces a Feb. 25 trial on charges that he killed three tourists staying at the rustic Yosemite National Park lodge where he worked as a handyman. Carole Sund, 42, her daughter, Juli, 15, and friend Silvina Pelosso, 16, vanished in February 1999. Their bodies were found weeks later. Stayner admitted to the killings in a tape recorded confession that was played at an earlier hearing. Stayner is serving a federal life sentence for the July 1999 murder of Joie Armstrong, who led children on nature hikes in the park. He faces the death penalty if convicted in the tourist case. D.A.âs employee pleads innocent to assault charge SAN RAFAEL â A San Francisco prosecutor pleaded innocent Thursday to a charge of assault with a deadly weapon and attempting to make a criminal threat in connection with a Nov. 9 fight outside his San Rafael home and another incident last year. Floyd Andrews has worked in the San Francisco district attorneyâs office since 1983, specializing in fraud cases. He is accused of stabbing Martin Stanley, 37, of Fairfax, with a 3-inch pocket knife. Prosecutors also allege he tried to threaten another man last year. Andrews discovered Stanley urinating against the garage of the Andrews home in San Rafael and knifed Stanley to defend himself, said Andrewsâ attorney, Kenneth Quigley. Marin prosecutors, however, concluded that Andrews should be charged with assault with a deadly weapon with the intent of inflicting great bodily harm. Andrews has not been at work since the incident. His bail was increased from $25,000 to $120,000 and has been jailed until he could raise the additional money. Quigley said he expected his client to bail out sometime Thursday night. survivor says he tried to save lives OAKLEY â The lone survivor of boating accident that killed two Oakley teen-agers said Thursday he did everything he could to save their lives but the boys died in his arms. Kent Osborn, the father of Mark Osborn, 17, who perished along with Mike Vain, 15, had shoved off at dawn Sunday in their 15-foot aluminum boat on a duck hunting expedition. But within 15 minutes, high winds and choppy waves flooded the boat and all three were dumped into the frigid water near Big Break Marina. Kent Osborn said as the boat sank, the two boys donned life jackets and they all used duck decoys for buoyancy while trying to swim to shore. The two boys succumbed while Kent Osborn, 39, survived about 8 1/2 hours in the cold water, which rescue officers said was in the low 50s. Kent Osborn defended his decision to forge ahead with the hunting trip in bad weather. âWeâve been waiting since the start of duck season for this,â Kent Osborn told the Contra Costa Times. âThis is when duck hunters go out. You go out during the biggest storms you can find.â educator? SANTA JOSE â Santa Clara County District Attorney George Kennedy said he âmade a mistakeâ in prosecuting a Los Gatos educator for failing to report child abuse. Kennedy had charged Hillbrook School head Sarah Bayne for failing to report child abuse, a crime rarely prosecuted. The case was later dismissed but cost the Los Gatos private school and its insurance company more than $200,000 and threatened to destroy Bayneâs career âI wish I hadnât filed it,â Kennedy told the San Jose Mercury News. Bayne told the Mercury News that Kennedyâs statement was little comfort. âThey caused an unbelievable amount of pain and suffering,â she said. Prosecutors charged that in 1998 Bayne did not alert authorities when a teacher at the school told her that a third-grader had a red mark on his cheek. Bayne said she checked on the child and said she saw no mark. The children of three Santa Clara County prosecutors attended Hillbrook School at the time some accused Kennedy of having a conflict of interest in pursuing the case, a charge he denied. By Alexa Haussler, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SACRAMENTO â For weeks, Secretary of State Bill Jonesâ struggle to raise large amounts of money has led to speculation heâll drop out of the Republican race for governor. But with a Friday deadline approaching to stay in the race, and questions lingering about his financial wherewithal to afford a statewide campaign, Jonesâ aides insist heâs in the race to stay. âThose who believe that Secretary of State Jones will not get into the race are the same ones wishing that the volcano spewing ash is not going to explode, meaning itâs just wishful thinking,â said Sean Walsh, Jonesâ deputy campaign manager. Jones is one of three Republicans vying for the GOP nomination in the March 5 primary. The winner will take on Democratic Gov. Gray Davis in November. Friday is the deadline to officially declare candidacy for the March ballot. Although heâs the only Republican holding statewide office, Jones has not attracted the financial support believed essential to running in California. Jones also angered some national Republicans when he jumped ship from then-Texas Gov. George W. Bushâs campaign to that of Sen. John McCain of Arizona for the 2000 presidential primary in California. âIf he canât at this point have built up a pretty good campaign kitty, that suggests that his own party elite ... donât give him much of a chance,â said Gary Jacobson, a political science professor at the University of California, San Diego. Jones has raised about $2 million this year, including more than $500,000 in loans from corporations and individuals, according to campaign finance records. That compares to more than $4 million raised so far by former Los Angeles mayor Richard Riordan â who only has been collecting donations since July and who has millions in personal wealth to pour into his campaign. Bill Simon, a businessman from Los Angeles, has raised more than $3.8 million. And Simon, a wealthy businessman also considered able to finance his own campaign, already has lent $300,000 and contributed $286,331 out of his own pocket to his campaign. Davis has $31 million in his campaign account. Even some of Jonesâ financial backers and longtime friends fear he lacks the cash to mount a serious challenge. âLooking at Jonesâ prospects at this point, this late, thatâs not a very encouraging sight,â said David Provost, a political science professor at California State University, Fresno, and a friend of Jones. William Lyles, a Fresno businessman who lent the Jones campaign $100,000 in September, says Jonesâ âonly handicap is that heâs doesnât come from one of the big population areas.â Lyles exemplifies Jonesâ backbone of financial supporters. They are longtime friends who are influential in the Central Valley and agriculture communities and who feel shunned by politicians they see as focused on Los Angeles and the Bay area. Jonesâ aides believe that support, along with similar feelings among other key voters, will be enough. They say they will rely on appealing to conservative, faithful voters in smaller areas where advertising is cheaper. âWe will have enough money to get our message out to the Republican primary voter who will show up at the ballot box,â Walsh said. They also hope an anti-Los Angeles sentiment in other parts of the state will help. âTwenty million and 30 million of television buys cannot erase perceptions that have already been formed about bringing âbig-city Los Angelesâ to small cities throughout the state,â Walsh said. Indeed, strategists said, winning support in the fast-growing Central Valley is key to winning elections in California. But that alone may not be not enough. âYou have to have enough money to get your message across,â Provost said. âThese days television is the best way to do that and that means youâve got to spend an awful lot of money.â âââ By Maria-Belen Moran, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Hundreds of Mexican nationals have been lining up around the block outside their consulate to get identification cards after the city became the first in the nation to officially accept the consular IDs as legal documents. San Franciscoâs Board of Supervisors passed the resolution unanimously last month, and Mayor Willie Brown signed it Tuesday, prompting an immediate and enthusiastic response among Mexican immigrants. Each day since, theyâve lined up by the hundreds to get documented. The cards â which have a photograph, legal address, birthplace and signature â wonât help immigrants with the federal or state governments, but inside the city of San Francisco, they promise to make life easier in a number of ways. The plan was sponsored by Supervisor Gerardo Sandoval, a former public defender who saw a need for some type of ID card for non-citizens. He said police were picking up immigrants on minor offenses and sometimes holding them for days simply because they lacked proper identification. The card also reduces the hassle and expense of wiring money to family members in other countries. San Francisco-based Wells Fargo Bank accepts it, allowing non-citizens to set up bank accounts and distribute ATM cards to family members who can withdraw funds in Mexico without paying high fees. But it wonât help immigrants who arenât complying with Immigration and Naturalization Service rules, agency spokeswoman Sharon Rummery said. âAll the matricula consular does is identify you of a citizen of Mexico. Thatâs all you can expect from it,â she said. âIf youâre out of status and you get that youâre still out of status.â Mexican consulates in the U.S. have been issuing consular IDs for some 20 years. Whether to recognize these cards has been a decision made locally by police in cities across the United States. San Francisco is the first to make such recognition a matter of city law, said Consul General Georgina Lagos, Mexicoâs top representative in Northern California. âThe consular ID does not have any intrinsic benefit per se; the benefit it has is the recognition or validity authorities will give to it,â said Lagos, who worked for months to develop a screening process, including fingerprints, and a tough-to-fake card that satisfies San Francisco police. Other countriesâ consulates in San Francisco have shown interest in the cards, and Lagos said sheâs working with other cities and counties in Northern California to expand the idea. âBefore there was only an informal agreement between the consulate and the police or sheriffâs department. Now it no longer will be left at the authoritiesâ discretion,â said Lagos. Many of the immigrants in line Tuesday were confused about just what they would be able to do with the cards. Many, like Sotero Rosas, mistakenly thought it would help otherwise undocumented immigrants get California driversâ licenses or car insurance. âI am not really aware of the benefits but if they are saying it will be good I have nothing to lose,â said Rosas, who came to the San Francisco Bay area from Veracruz, Mexico, two years ago, and was wearing a neck collar after a car accident. Francisco Herrera, also from Veracruz, brought his wife and two children to the consulate for the same reasons. A construction worker who has lived in the Bay Area for six years, he said neither he nor his wife have proper U.S. documentation. Sandoval said itâs important for users to understand the card is only valid in San Francisco and is not a substitute for a driverâs license or a passport necessary to fly or cross borders. Some advocates of limiting immigration have expressed concern that San Franciscoâs new policy will encourage illegal immigration. Rick Oltman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform told the San Francisco Chronicle that police should arrest its bearers as illegal immigrants. But San Francisco police say they have no duty to enforce federal laws, and Lagos said itâs simply the consulateâs duty to protect its nationals, regardless of their legal status in the United States. Furthermore, the card has more security measures â and is more useful â than other forms of ID, she said. It not only helps illegal immigrants, but also people with valid visas. âThis is the credential the U.S. State Department gave me,â said Lagos showing her diplomatic credential âAs you can see it does not have a digital photo, it is too big to fit in my wallet, it is easy to forge and banks donât accept it.â Sandoval hopes San Francisco will serve as a model for other cities and possibly to Gov. Gray Davis whom he hopes will drop the proof of citizenship requirement necessary to get a California driverâs license. âWeâre looking at broader issues like NAFTA and the integration of two societies,â Sandoval said. âIn Europe, it would not make sense if a Spaniard went to France and the French would not accept his ID card.â By Christina Almeida, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 LOS ANGELES (AP) â A federal judge on Thursday convicted the first of 10 defendants facing trials on charges of trespassing at Vandenberg Air Force Base during an October 2000 protest against militarization of space. Bruce Gagnon, a protest coordinator, was sentenced to two years of probation, fined $1,000 and ordered to pay a $10 fee. âThis court takes the Constitution of this country very seriously,â U.S. Magistrate Judge Jeffrey Johnson said. âThe viability and effectiveness of civil disobedience does not provide justification for breaking the law.â The series of non-jury trials for 10 defendants began after another defendant pleaded guilty and charges against five others were dismissed by the judge at the request of Assistant U.S. Attorney Sharon McCaslin, who cited âevidentiaryâ reasons. Four other defendants pleaded guilty earlier this week. âWest Wingâ star Martin Sheen, who also took part in the demonstration, entered a guilty plea in June and was placed on three yearsâ probation and fined $500. Sheen and the others were arrested as they tried to deliver a letter to Vandenbergâs commander explaining their opposition to space-based weapons. The central coast base tests intercontinental ballistic missiles and has been the launch site for missiles used as targets in tests of a missile defense system. Before entering court, the activists told a news conference that a looming arms race in space justified their action during an Oct. 7, 2000, international day of protest organized by Gainesville, Fla.-based Global Network Against Weapons & Nuclear in Space. âOur feeling is that there must be an international debate to protect the heavens,â Gagnon said. âStar Wars will not only create a deadly new arms race in space but paying for it will drain the national treasury and require devastating cuts in education and health care.â The trials were expected to conclude on Monday. The trespassing charges carry a penalty of up to six months in jail and a $5,000 fine. Ruth Thomas Holbrook, a student at the University of California, Santa Cruz, was fined $100, sentenced to one year of probation and ordered to pay a $10 fee after pleading guilty Thursday. By Janis L. Magin, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 PEARL HARBOR, Hawaii â Kunio Iwashita, a Zero fighter pilot during World War II, says it was only on Sept. 11 â six decades after the attack on Pearl Harbor â that he realized how Americans must have felt back then. âI was very impressed with all the flags on buildings and cars, with the patriotism Americans showed after Sept. 11,â said Iwashita, who was visiting relatives in Boston that day. âI realized what a big, strong country America is. I had no idea about thatâ in 1941. Iwashita, who heads a group of Japanese World War II fighter pilots and himself flew against Americans in the Pacific, was among veterans from both sides gathered for Fridayâs 60th anniversary of the most infamous sneak attack of the 20th century. This year, the gathering takes place in the shadow of another war, triggered by a surprise attack that has been likened to Pearl Harbor. At a Pearl Harbor event on Wednesday, fellow veterans applauded as Iwashita embraced one of his former enemies, Jim Daniels, 86, of Kailua, Hawaii. They all shook hands and stood at attention as a bugler played taps at the close of a three-day seminar on war issues. Dozens of survivors will gather Friday for a Navy service aboard the USS Arizona Memorial, held each year at 7:50 a.m., the time the Dec. 7, 1941, attack began. Later in the morning, about 3,000 people â including an estimated 800 Pearl Harbor survivors â will attend a service at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. President Bush will mark the anniversary across the country with a speech aboard an aircraft carrier in Norfolk, Va. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor killed 2,390 Americans and plunged the United States into World War II. On that day of infamy, Douglas G. Phillips, 84, watched from the USS Ramsay on Dec. 7 as the torpedoed USS Utah capsized and sank. âThe whole world changed for us,â said Phillips, who is from Easton, Md. The world changed again for Americans after terrorists attacked New York and Washington on Sept. 11. And among this weekâs visitors to Pearl Harbor were people connected to that 21st-century day of infamy. Emergency workers from New York, here as guests of the state and merchants, met Pearl Harbor survivors at a reception on Monday. âTo me, it was like a dream come true,â said firefighter Bruce Vannosdall, 46, whose squadron lost six members at the World Trade Center and whose father fought in World War II. âItâs a total honor.â This anniversary is probably the last that will be attended by a large number of survivors, said Harry Butowsky, a historian for the National Park Service in Washington. âThey just took life and they lived it to its fullest,â Butowsky said. âThey had terrible memories, but they got over it. They didnât live their lives with hate.â Even today, Hank Freitas, who was on the USS Tangier, a seaplane tender tied up next to the USS Utah, gets emotional being near the scene of the attack. âI cry,â said Freitas, 80, of Walnut Creek, Calif. âI was out at Pearl Harbor yesterday and I cried from the time I got there to the time I left.â By Eugene Tong The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 FRAZIER PARK â Staff Sgt. Brian Cody Prosser dreamed of serving in the Special Forces. Long before he shipped out to Afghanistan, one friend said it seemed as if he âwanted to save the Middle East.â The 28-year-old Green Beret was one of three soldiers killed in Afghanistan when a bomb missed its Taliban target and landed about 100 yards from them. Twenty others were wounded in the worst âfriendly fireâ accident of the war. Prosserâs father, also named Brian, said Thursday his son âwas a hero in our house and I hope he is in yours too.â He did not criticize the military for the death of his son, who he said received the Bronze Star on Thursday. âFire is fire. It doesnât matter how it happens,â said Prosser, a paraplegic who uses a motorized wheelchair. âHe was the kind of guy that believed in what theyâre doing over there and what weâre going to continue to do, and he would have been upset if he was anywhere but where he was.â Friends who knew Prosser when he starred on the high school football team and worked at the local lumber store shared their memories of Prosser. âWhen he went into the Army that was his dream, to become an Army Ranger,â recalled Glenn Wilson, a former football buddy. Prosser also had a fascination with the Middle East. Family friend Dennis Penna often talked with Prosser about his tour of duty as a U.S. military adviser in Iran in the 1970s. âWhen he found out I served in Iran, (thatâs) all he wanted to talk about,â Penna said. âIt seemed like he wanted to save the Middle East.â Prosser grew up in Frazier Park, a tiny, bucolic mountain town about 50 miles north of Los Angeles with an old-fashioned main street that still appears anchored in the 1950s. His death left the town devastated but at the same time proud to have known him. Albert Allen, his football coach at Maricopa High School, recalled Prosser as a tough competitor who separated his shoulder several times while playing linebacker. Prosser would trot over to the sideline where his father â an assistant coach â would put his shoulder back in place. Prosser was captain of the team. After school, he worked at Alpine Lumber. âHe was quite a character,â said Jean Miller, the store manager. âHe had a sense of humor.â Jessica Quintana, 27, recalled riding the bus to high school with Prosser. âHe used to hang out with all the jocks in the back,â she said. âThey would raise a lot of hell for the bus driver, stuff like flicking pennies from the back to the front and making noise the bus driver couldnât find.â Cheri Sutherland often drove the bus. âI would have to stop and scold him, and he would just take it,â she said. âHe knew he would do it again, but it was never vindictive.â One of four brothers, Prosser joined the Army soon after graduating from high school. Jarudd Prosser said the family knew the risks involved, adding that as soon he learned his brother was shipping out for Afghanistan he made it a point to tell him how he felt about him. âIn a war, people die,â he said. âIt puts a lot of things in perspective. It really makes me think when you care about someone, you have to tell them that. When I heard he was going overseas, I left nothing unsaid.â Prosserâs wife Shawna, who lives in Clarksville, Tenn., said she was proud of her husband. âAlthough I am deeply saddened and will always miss him, I find some comfort knowing that he died doing what he loved â being part of the Special Forces,â she said at Fort Campbell, Ky., where her husband was stationed. Funeral plans were not yet completed. But the family reportedly hopes to bring Prosserâs body back to Frazier Park for a service before having him interred in Arlington National Cemetery outside Washington, D.C. The other soldiers killed Wednesday were identified as Master Sgt. Jefferson Donald Davis, 39, of Watauga, Tenn., and Sgt. 1st Class Daniel Petithory, 32, of Cheshire, Mass. All were members of the Armyâs 3rd Battalion, 5th Special Forces Group, stationed at Fort Campbell. Gov. Gray Davis issued a statement Wednesday night praising each of them. âThese men served their country valiantly,â he said. âThey made the supreme sacrifice for our freedoms.â By Lisa Snedeker, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 HENDERSON, Nev. â When the Bingo Palace opened off the Las Vegas Strip in 1977, the casino industry didnât give it much of a chance. But building away from the action led Station Casinos into a lucrative new market â neighborhood casinos. âAt the time everyone thought he was crazy for building off the Strip,â said President Lorenzo Fertitta, son of Stationâs founder Frank Fertitta Jr. Two years after it opened, the Bingo Palace became Palace Station, attracting local gamblers who didnât want to fight the crowds on Las Vegas Boulevard. Station Casinos Inc. had found its niche by offering bingo, buffets and later bowling. âWe, in a sense, created the locals market,â Fertitta said. Today, the Las Vegas-based company has grown into a locals gambling empire as it prepares to open its ninth hotel-casino in the area. Though Green Valley Ranch Station in nearby suburban Henderson is decidedly more upscale than its counterparts, company officials balk at calling the resort and spa a departure. Instead, they insist the $300 million property that will feature a Rande Gerber nightclub, a European day spa, a three-acre vineyard and well-known restaurants â Il Fornaio, BullShrimp and Border Grille â is a natural evolution. âWe want to mix a lot of different groups of people,â Fertitta said. âIf a guy in shorts and a T-shirt is sitting at a blackjack table with a guy in a suit, then weâve accomplished our goal.â Despite its fancy trappings, Green Valley Ranch will adhere to the same formula that has made Station Casinos nearly a $1 billion a year operation â providing easy access and value through food, entertainment and loose slots. âAll this has to be put in a box thatâs easy to get to,â Fertitta said. âYou need to be located by an interstate or a busy intersection and have ample parking.â Las Vegas Strip resorts have to build hotel rooms, but Station only has to build parking garages, Fertitta said, simplifying the formula for success. Station casinos also feature movie theaters, fast-food courts and even baby-sitting services to attract residents. Company officials predict that 80 percent of the new resortâs business will come from local residents, but they hope to attract the other 20 percent from the Strip because of Green Valley Ranchâs access to Interstate 215 and its airport proximity. âSome people donât want to stay in a big hotel with thousands of rooms,â Fertitta said. âThey want to hang out where the locals do.â Some industry experts believe Station Casinos is taking a risk and point to the recent failure of the bankrupt Las Vegas Regent, an upscale hotel-casino 10 miles from the Strip that hoped to attract affluent visitors as well as locals to its westside restaurants and casino. Others believe that the management teamâs experience will pay off. âItâs going to be interesting,â said Jason Ader, a gambling industry analyst for Bear Stearns Co. in New York. âI think if anyone can pull it off, it will be them. Station Casinos are really best at understanding local Las Vegas and customers that make up that market.â Ader said he thinks Green Valley Ranch will succeed because itâs easy to get to and easy to navigate once inside. âAnd itâs beautiful,â he said. âItâs the nicest product Iâve seen in the local market.â The Nevada Gaming Commission last month unanimously approved the Henderson resort, clearing the way for its Dec. 18 opening. âI think itâs a magnificent edifice and itâs an ideal location,â said Nevada Gaming Commissioner Augie Gurrola. The Station resort is only the second new hotel-casino scheduled to open this year in the Las Vegas valley, and both additions are in contrast with the huge hotels that have transformed the Strip in recent years. While the newest Strip megaresorts boast thousands of rooms, Green Valley Ranch will have 201 rooms and the off-Strip Palms hotel-casino has 455 rooms. The Palms, a small percentage of which also is owned by Stations and the Greenspuns, opened in November across from the Rio hotel-casino. Station owns 50 percent of Green Valley Ranch and will manage it; the Greenspun family, owners of the Las Vegas Sun newspaper, owns the other half. Station now accounts for about 7 percent of Nevadaâs gross gaming revenues, and less than 9 percent of Clark Countyâs. Once Green Valley Ranch opens, Station expects its Nevada share to rise by less than 1 percent, and its Clark County share to rise by 2 percent. The company reported net revenues of $991.7 million for fiscal 2000, and employs 11,000 workers. âWhen we opened Boulder Station in 1994, Wall Street didnât even blink,â said Glenn Christenson, Stationâs chief financial officer. In addition to Palace Station, the company owns and operates Boulder Station, Texas Station, Sunset Station and Santa Fe Station as well as the Fiesta, the Reserve and Wild Wild West hotel-casinos and has a 50 percent interest in Barleys Casino and Brewery in Henderson. It sold its Missouri riverboat casinos in Kansas City and St. Charles to Ameristar Casinos Inc. of Las Vegas for $475 million earlier this year. Station prides itself on being the only Las Vegas casino corporation that didnât lay off workers following the tourism slowdown after Sept. 11, Christenson said. Many of the companyâs customers are employed in the gambling industry, however, so the estimated 15,000 layoffs on the Strip had a ripple effect. But Christenson remains optimistic. âAs Strip occupancy and visitor volumes increase, so will rehiring (by Strip casinos),â he said. âMany of those (rehired employees) will be Station customers.â Ader said Station Casinos is well positioned for a Las Vegas recovery, which he predicts will come mid-2002. âWe are still long-term believers in the Station story, especially given the favorable long-term supply/demand dynamics in the market,â Ader wrote. âWe would recommend shares of Station for investors with a longer-term investment horizon.â By Gene Johnson, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SEATTLE â For most of his adult life, Gary Leon Ridgway walked a tightrope. He did all the normal things: held a steady job, got married and had a son. But for almost two decades, police viewed Gary Ridgway as a top suspect in the Green River serial killings. And he knew it. He was arrested in a 1982 prostitution sting. A year later, he was seen driving off with Marie Malvar, whose remains still have not been found. By 1987, 42 women were reported dead or missing, and investigators had questioned Ridgway at least six times. But Ridgway had passed a polygraph test, and even after tailing him and searching his home and his trucks, investigators could find no physical evidence linking him to the crimes. And so, at least nominally, Ridgway remained a free man. That changed last Friday. New DNA technology succeeded where old DNA tests failed, and authorities arrested the Auburn man, now 52, as he left his job at Kenworth Truck Co. in Renton. He was charged with aggravated murder Wednesday in the deaths of Marcia Chapman, Cynthia Hinds, Opal Mills and Carol Christensen â bodies No. 3, 4, 5 and 7 on a tentative list of 49 Green River victims found in western Washington and Oregon from 1982 to 1984. And suddenly, the mostly dormant investigation into nationâs worst unsolved serial killings case has new life. Detectives from San Diego, where Ridgway was stationed briefly while in the Navy, to British Columbia are taking another look as scores of unsolved killings of prostitutes, runaways and drug-addicts. âIâm hoping we can get to the point where he might be forced to ... sit down and have a heart-to-heart talk with us,â said King County Sheriff Dave Reichert. âThatâs our next prayer.â Authorities believe there may be a lot to tell, but they say they wonât let him plead guilty in return for assurances his life will be spared. That could reduce the likelihood he would confess to other killings. But King County Prosecutor Norm Maleng stands by that decision. Plea-bargaining with the death penalty, he says, might lead to a greater injustice: People convicted of one murder might be put to death simply because they have nothing else to confess to. Besides the four women he is charged with killing, Ridgway was seen with other victims shortly before they disappeared. Some prostitutes identified him as a suspect. At least two women, a prostitute and an ex-wife, reported he choked them. Some of the Green River victims were strangled; in as many as 35 cases, the cause of death could not be determined because the bodies were decomposed. Ridgway voluntarily spoke with investigators. He told them he had an addiction to prostitutes, and said he had relations with or recognized photos of many Green River victims. But thatâs as far as he went. And so, nothing happened. Police tailed him for a few weeks in October 1986, but saw him do nothing more incriminating than cruise the seedy stretches of Pacific Highway South and Rainier Avenue South, from where many victims vanished. They searched his house in 1987, but found no conclusive evidence. Ridgway had replaced the carpets a few months before. It was then that authorities made Ridgway chew on a piece of gauze, providing saliva that later linked his DNA to three victims. And, as time wore on, money ran out, eventually leaving just one investigator on the case. Some criminologists say itâs highly unlikely that, if Ridgway is the Green River Killer, he simply stopped killing. âThese people could change locations or, if theyâre sophisticated enough, even change their M.O. to a point that further homicides might not be connected, but theyâre not going to just stop,â said former FBI criminologist Robert K. Ressler. That has investigators wondering about dozens of other unsolved murders in western Washington and 48 women who have disappeared since 1983 from Vancouver, a 140-mile drive from Seattle. Meanwhile, investigators are looking closer at Ridgwayâs habits over the years â beyond the superficial picture of a husband, homeowner and conscientious employee. Prostitutes, girlfriends and an ex-wife told detectives he liked to have sex outdoors, sometimes along the banks of the Green River or in other areas where bodies were later found. One girlfriend said that on Christmas Eve 1981, a distraught Ridgway told her he had almost killed a woman; their conversation was interrupted, and he never mentioned it again. âIn many ways the work of this case, which began over 19 years ago, has only just begun,â Maleng said. By Brendan Riley, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 CARSON CITY, Nev. â The Nevada Supreme Court refused Thursday to reinstate a money-laundering case against Las Vegas golf course developer and professional gambler Billy Walters and three other men. The high court rejected arguments by the state attorney generalâs office that Clark County District Judge Mark Gibbons erred in tossing out a grand jury indictment in the case last year. It was the third such indictment to be rejected. In addition to Walters, the Supreme Court decision favors his security chief Jimmie Hanley, his computer chief Daniel Pray, and John Tognino of New York. Justices said the stateâs evidence showed that Waltersâ business had âconsiderable contact with an alleged bookmaker in New York,â and he and the other three men frequently transferred large sums in casino accounts. âWhile such circumstantial evidence allows an inference of money-laundering in connection with illegal gambling, the stateâs evidence ... is marginal,â the court said. The Supreme Court also criticized prosecutors for introducing prejudicial testimony about organized crime activity in New York. Justices said prosecutors told grand jurors that the four men were only charged with money-laundering, but âdid nothing to curtail the flood of immaterial testimony concerning organized crime families.â The unanimous decision upholds the lower courtâs ruling that prosecutors erred in letting New York City Police Detective Edward Galanek give grand jurors a rambling tutorial on organized crime operations in that city. The judge said there was no allegation that the Walters defendants were associated with organized crime, and itâs possible the testimony inflamed the grand jury that subsequently returned the indictment. Richard Wright, attorney for the four men, said prosecutors âtotally ignoredâ Nevada law on grand jury proceedings â laws that provide much better protections for defendants than federal law. Prosecutors contended the men were involved in a conspiracy with out-of-state bookmakers to place illegal bets and then transport the winnings back to Nevada. The attorney general said that Walters had a Las Vegas phone-room operation that made up to 12,000 calls a month out of state to illegal bookies. Investigators believed Walters had Hanley handle the cash sent back to Nevada on winning bets, and had Pray maintain the betting records. By Lisa Snedeker The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 LAS VEGAS â Fifty years after Frank Sinatraâs debut at the Desert Inn resort, the Chairman of the Board will be honored with his own day. Lt. Gov. Lorraine Hunt and Las Vegas Mayor Oscar Goodman announced Thursday that Sinatraâs birthday on Dec. 12 will be âSinatra Dayâ in Nevada in recognition of the iconâs influence in shaping Las Vegasâ image. Sinatra would have been 86. âIf anyone deserves his own day in Las Vegas, itâs Frank Sinatra, who epitomized all the best of Las Vegas style and cool,â Goodman said at a news conference. A new slot machine also was introduced by International Game Technology, âSinatra Slots.â The dollar machine pays a progressive jackpot of up to $500,000 and features sound bites of Sinatra singing some of his hits, including âFly Me to the Moonâ and âMy Kind of Town.â MGM Grand hotel-casino, one of the places the slot machine will debut, and IGT are sponsoring a free concert Dec. 11 starring Frank Sinatra Jr. âSinatra Dayâ will be recognized by Las Vegas Strip hotel-casinos, which will display âHappy Birthday Frankâ on their marquees, while the Bellagio fountains and the Fremont Street Experience will play musical tributes. As part of the tribute, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority is releasing a CD that features the never-before-released song, âItâs Time for You.â The song was used with permission of the Frank Sinatra Foundation in a series of TV ads launched by the authority after Sept. 11 to promote the city. âTo do the âItâs Time for Youâ campaign was a big decision. ... Do you move on from those images and start promoting Las Vegas?â said Tina Sinatra, Sinatraâs oldest daughter. âI wanted to make him part of this healing process,â she said through tears. âHe was a man that when times were tough, went to work.â By Mitch Tobin, Arizona Daily Star Friday December 07, 2001 TUCSON, Ariz. â With a landmark court victory in hand, a Southwest environmental group wants to raise $1 million so it can kick cattle off tens of thousands of acres of Arizona and New Mexico. On Nov. 21, the Santa Fe-based group Forest Guardians won a case before Arizonaâs Supreme Court that upended a decades-old policy of giving ranchers a monopoly on 8.3 million acres of state school trust land. The court said people with no intention of raising livestock could still bid on the 10-year grazing leases, which cover about 10 percent of the state. An Arizona Daily Star review of State Land Department records has found that 497 grazing leases in Pima County covering 205,068 acres will expire in 2002. Environmentalists say the decision will let them rest land that has been overgrazed to resemble âmoonscapesâ and end a subsidy for âcowboy socialistsâ that shortchanges the stateâs public school system. But the ruling outraged many local ranchers. They fear it could kill their businesses and promote housing development on ranches that have hosted livestock since Arizonaâs territorial days and grazing by other animals for eons longer. For the King family, the ruling means land theyâve ranched for four generations, since 1895, is up for grabs. In Altar Valley, 35 miles southwest of Tucson, the Kings run cattle on about 50,000 acres, most of it school trust land. âI donât believe Iâve abused this land, be it state land or our own private land. We care for it just the same,â Pat King said. âWeâve done lots of conservation work and weâre very proud of it.â Jim Chilton, another Altar Valley rancher, said opening up grazing leases to the free market could create confusion and âpit neighbor against neighborâ since state lands are often interspersed with private property in a checkerboard pattern. Of the 1.6 million acres of grazed land in Pima County, 51 percent is state trust, 27 percent is federal and 12 percent is private property, according to county figures. Many ranchers say the new rules are akin to turning owner-occupied homes into rental units with high turnover â the short-term tenants wonât be good stewards of the land. But grazing opponents counter that cattle pollute water sources, introduce exotic species and destroy habitat for endangered wildlife. Forest Guardiansâ Web site calls livestock grazing âby far the single most destructive activity on Southwestern public lands.â Ranchers respond that well-managed grazing actually improves range conditions. âThese plants have evolved over the last 100,000 or 200,000 years with grazing,â Chilton said. âWe have all kinds of evidence that horses, camel, bison, mammoth and other grazing animals have been on the land for eons.â For decades, ranchers have had a lock on the grazing leases, paying an average of 25 cents per acre annually, according to State Land Department officials. But in recent years, environmental groups tried bidding on those leases, sometimes offering five times as much money as ranchers did. Until last monthâs Supreme Court decision, those bids were rejected out of hand. Although the State Land Department still has some leeway in determining who is the âbestâ bidder, environmentalists say it will now have to prove why livestock is better for the land than a period of nongrazing. John Horning, conservation director for Forest Guardians, said his group is creating a list of targets by overlaying biological diversity data on top of maps that show which grazing leases are expiring. âWeâre looking at the 10 to 15 sites that are the ecological crown jewels of state trust lands,â said Horning. In the arid Southwest, that usually means areas with water. If Forest Guardians raises $1 million, it could control 50,000 to 100,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico, Horning said. The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 JUNEAU, Alaska â A Juneau man who was mauled by a grizzly bear Wednesday was reported in satisfactory condition after surgery at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Kenneth Horton, 52, was deer hunting on Admiralty Island, about 15 miles northwest of Juneau, when the attack occurred. Alaska State Troopers say Horton told them the entire incident lasted about three seconds. âHe was walking along and was suddenly within 10 feet of a sow and a cub. They made eye contact and she was on him â boom â like that. One bite to the head, one bite to the shoulder and she was gone,â trooper spokesman Greg Wilkinson said. The bear left deep lacerations and broke bones on the left side of Hortonâs face, Wilkinson said. Coast Guard officials said they received a cell phone call from Horton at about 1:40 p.m. Horton told them he had been attacked by a bear and was suffering from severe head, face and shoulder wounds. The Coast Guard and troopers dispatched boats to the area, but before they arrived, Horton was rescued by a flightseeing helicopter operated by Coastal Helicopters. The helicopter was passing overhead just after the incident occurred, Wilkinson said. Horton was treated at Bartlett Regional Hospital in Juneau, then flown to Seattle. âHeâs an extremely lucky individual to have received help as fast as he did. He was hurt pretty bad,â Wilkinson said. By Brian Bergstein, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SAN JOSE â Computer server maker Sun Microsystems Inc. said Thursday it is on track to meet sales targets this quarter but stopped short of giving specific guidance to Wall Street. Executives at the Palo Alto-based company said they still expect Sun to return to profitability in the quarter that ends in June. Orders in this second fiscal quarter, which ends Dec. 31, have been within forecasts, chief financial officer Mike Lehman said. âWe feel in good shape to go hit our internal expectations,â Lehman said. Analysts are expecting Sun to lose 4 cents per share this quarter, excluding one-time events, on $3.1 billion in revenue, according to Thomson Financial/First Call. Sun amassed $5.1 billion in revenue in the comparable quarter last year. Sunâs comments figured to be examined closely because investors have been looking for any signs that the worst of the recent downturn could be over for the technology industry. Sun shares fell 42 cents, nearly 3 percent, to $14.15 on the Nasdaq Stock Market before the quarterly outlook was released. The stock was down to $14.11 in after-hours trading. Sunâs president and chief operating officer, Ed Zander, acknowledged demand is lower than it could be because of âgray marketâ equipment being sold off by defunct technology companies. But he said Sun is benefiting somewhat from the uncertainty surrounding the planned merger of rivals Hewlett-Packard Co. and Compaq Computer Corp. âOur company is lot stronger than it was in December 2000,â Zander said. âI couldnât ask for a better lineup in products.â By Matthew Fordahl, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SAN JOSE â In another sign the semiconductor industry may be recovering, Intel Corp. and Advanced Micro Devices said Thursday their fourth-quarter revenues are expected to exceed earlier forecasts. Santa Clara-based Intel said revenue for the three months ending Dec. 29 will be between $6.7 billion and $6.9 billion, compared with the previous range of between $6.2 billion and $6.8 billion. Sunnyvale-based AMD also said sales would be up 10 percent or better compared with the third-quarterâs $765.9 million. The company earlier said it expected flat to single-digit growth. Both companies cited strength in microprocessors, the brains of all power computers. No per-share earnings estimates were released. In the third quarter, Intel reported revenue of $6.5 billion, down 25 percent from $8.7 billion in the same period a year ago. AMDâs revenue fell nearly 37 percent from a year ago. Intel earned $106 million, or 2 cents a share, in the third quarter, compared with $2.51 billion, or 41 cents a share, in the same time last year. Analysts are expecting profits of 10 cents a share in the fourth quarter, according to a survey by Thomson Financial/First Call. AMD, on the other hand, lost $186.9 million in the third quarter, or 54 cents a share, compared with a profit of $408.6 million, or $1.18 per share in the same period a year ago. For the current quarter, analysts expect a profit of 5 cents a share. Both companies have been fierce rivals and engaged in a price war over the summer to bolster market share. Intel also has accelerated the launch of its flagship Pentium 4 and the phasing out of the Pentium III on desktops, while AMD during the quarter rolled out the Athlon XP processors. AMDâs new processor does not run as fast as the Pentium but it costs less and in some cases offers better performance. In its statement, AMD said it expects to break its unit-sales record. âWe think theyâre seeing very good sales because of the price-performance advantage,â said Eric Rothdeutch, an analyst at Robertson Stephens. Rothdeutsch added he does not believe the stronger sales translate into strength for the personal computer market overall. âWe are still expecting worldwide PC sales to be down 8 percent year to year,â he said. During earlier conference calls, the companies said uncertainty following the Sept. 11 attacks would mute any seasonal bump in sales. It now appears the industry was not as hard hit as had been expected. Shares of Intel fell 45 cents to $34.16 in Thursday trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market. In after hours trading, they gained 74 cents. AMD shares closed up a penny to $16.25 on the New York Stock Exchange and gained another $1.25 in after-hours trading. By Michael Liedtke, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Once-hip retailer Gap Inc. remained an unfashionable place to shop in November, with comparable store sales plunging 25 percent from the same time last year â the steepest drop yet during the clothierâs 19-month slide. The miserable start to the holiday shopping season prompted Gap to warn that its fourth-quarter loss will be âconsiderably worseâ than its third-quarter loss of $48 million, or 6 cents per share, excluding tax charges. Wall Street had expected Gap to earn 8 cents per share in its final fiscal quarter, based on the consensus estimate of analysts polled by Thomson Financial/First Call. The Gapâs deepening troubles could be good news for consumers, though. The Gap will slash prices to clear its shelves of unsold merchandise during the next two months, management said in a conference call Thursday. The biggest sales will probably occur at the companyâs Old Navy chain, where comparable store sales during November fell by more than 30 percent. Though the Gapâs fortunes have been fading since its comparable store sales began falling in May 2000, Thursdayâs news stunned some analysts. âThese number mean the Gap has become a market share donor to other stores in the mall,â analyst Richard Jaffe of UBS Warburg. âI have never seen anything this bad in the 10 years that I have been following retailing.â Investors reacted surprisingly well to Gapâs continued sales losses. The companyâs shares surged 62 cents to close at $14.20 Thursday on the New York Stock Exchange. This year, the stock is down by 44 percent. Thursdayâs stock market gains reflect a belief that Gapâs management will correct its mistakes of the past two years and replenish stores with clothes that have more mass market appeal, analysts said. The turnaround will likely require the Gap to close stores during the next year and shrink the size of other locations, particularly at Old Navy, said analyst Jennifer Black of Wells Fargo Van Kaspar. âWe believe the company has begun to do a lot of soul searching and may finally be ready to take this big step,â Black wrote in a note to clients Thursday. To lower its expenses, earlier this year the San Francisco-based company fired hundreds of administrative workers, marking the first layoffs in its history. The Gapâs troubles began when management strayed from its traditional selection of stylish, casual clothes and emphasized edgier clothes with teen appeal. Besides alienating many of the Gapâs older customers, the change made the company more susceptible to fickle fashion tastes. Because the Gap makes most of its clothes offshore, the company usually canât change its fashion mix for at least six months, while smaller specialty merchants such as Wet Seal can shift gears in less than two months, said analyst Elizabeth Pierce of Wedbush Morgan Securities. Despite the Gapâs troubles, analysts believe the retailer can recapture the magic that once made it a trendsetter and made its stock a Wall Street darling during the last half of the 1990s. âThere is still tremendous equity in the Gap brand,â Pierce said. âConsumers are still coming into the stores to look. They just need to get back to the essence of Gap.â LOS ANGELES â Driven by low mortgage rates, the number of California households able to afford their own home grew to 34 percent in October, according to an industry study released Thursday. The 3 percent increase from the same period a year ago represents the biggest jump in more than a year in the Housing Affordability Index, released monthly by the California Association of Realtors. Even though more than one-third of California households can now afford to own a home, thatâs still far below the national average of 59 percent. The biggest factor in the affordability increase has been the Federal Reserveâs ongoing interest rate cuts, which have pushed down mortgage rates. âMortgage interest rates fell more than one percentage point in October compared to a year ago, which has helped offset an 8.5 percent increase in the median price of a single-family home in California,â Robert Bailey, president of CAR, said in a statement. The results from CAR reflect a wide range of California home prices region to region. San Francisco remained the most expense county in the state, where a family needed a minimum income of $130,375 in October to afford the median priced home of $515,060. Just 16 percent of households could afford to buy a house, although that number represents an improvement over last year, when only 11 percent of the population could buy. The most affordable area in the state in October was Kern County, where 62 percent of households could afford their own home. The median home price was $105,789. The greatest year-to-year regional improvement in October was in Santa Clara County, the heart of Silicon Valley, where affordability climbed 12 percentage points to 30 percent, as the median home price fell to $481,000 amid the tech downturn from $527,220 a year earlier. The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 NEW YORK â Hearst Corp. chief executive and president Frank A. Bennack Jr. will retire at the end of next May. Chief operating officer Victor F. Ganzi, 54, was tapped to replace him. Bennack, 68, has been with Hearst for more than 40 years, serving as executive vice president and chief operating officer of the corporation, and vice president and general manager of the Hearst Newspaper Group, before taking over as chief executive in January 1979. The company announced the change Wednesday. Bennack said he was confident he had picked a successor who âwill take the company to greater heights.â âWhile deciding on a personal change of this magnitude leaves me with decidedly mixed emotions after 23 years as a chief executive, I could not be more enthusiastic about the future prospects for the company under Vic Ganziâs leadership,â Bennack said. Since Bennack took over, Hearst has increased revenues sevenfold, acquiring 10 newspapers â including the Houston Chronicle and the San Francisco Chronicle â two trade publishing companies and five television stations, among other properties. Bennack was also instrumental in launching Hearst-Argyle Television Inc., one of the nationâs largest non-network owned television station groups of which Hearst is a majority shareholder. Bennack will remain active with the company, assuming the positions of chairman of the executive committee and vice chairman of the companyâs board of directors. Bennack, a native of San Antonio, serves a director on the board of J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., American Home Products Corp. and Polo Ralph Lauren Corp. Ganzi joined Hearst in 1990 as general counsel and vice president and has also served as chief financial and legal officer. Prior to Hearst, Ganzi was the managing partner at Rogers & Wells â now Clifford Chance Rogers & Wells â one of the worldâs largest law firms. The privately held Hearst, which employs about 20,000 people in 100 countries, owns 12 daily newspapers and also has interests in television, cable and radio. Its large magazine division publishes titles such as Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping. âââ The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 HARRISBURG, Pa. â About 800 former customers of an electricity supplier that served Pennsylvanians over the Internet before going out of business will receive refunds, the stateâs consumer advocate said Thursday. The company, Utility.com, will refund approximately $50,000 to the former customers, said Irwin Popowsky, the consumer advocate. Other refunds totaling about $70,000 were sent to nearly 1,000 former customers in May. The Emeryville, Calif.-based company was licensed to provide electric generation services in Pennsylvania, but informed its 30,000 customers in the state that it was going out of business in March. Popowsky filed a complaint with the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission seeking the refunds, noting that many former customers had overpaid for services. Customers qualifying for refunds include those who had signed up for âbudget billingâ programs with the online supplier, and had equal amounts of money deducted directly from bank accounts or credit cards each month. Utility.com customers were notified by e-mail that the company would no longer provide service, in part because of rising costs for wholesale electricity. Pennsylvania customers located in the PPL Corp., GPU Energy, Duquesne Light Co. and Allegheny Power service territories were automatically returned to their local utility, unless they selected another power company under the stateâs electric choice program. âââ The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 CAMBRIDGE, Mass. â Biotechnology company Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc. is acquiring South San Francisco, Calif.-based COR Therapeutics Inc. for $2 billion in stock, the company announced Thursday. Millenniumâs takeover of COR Therapeutics, which specializes in cardiovascular drugs, is the companyâs fourth in five years. The deal gives Millennium the heart drug Integrilin, the leading anti-platelet drug, which prevents platelets from blocking arteries. The Cambridge-based Millennium said it will pay $35 a share for COR, a 77 percent premium of the stockâs closing price Wednesday. COR shares jumped $9.85, or 49 percent, to $29.39 in trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market Thursday. Millennium shares were down $4.67, or 13 percent, at $30.78. The acquisition of COR, which has about 320 employees, creates a 1,800- employee company with a research and development staff of 1,200. Millennium chief executive officer Mark Levin said size is important in the biopharmaceutical industry, where it costs about $800 million to bring a drug to market, according to recent studies. âItâs not big to be big,â Levin said. âItâs big to be better.â Millenniumâs specialty is genomics, which involves the use of genes and proteins in drug development. Its focus is drugs for cancer, obesity and inflammation. âWeâve been looking at each other across the ballroom and we finally started to dance, and then got married,â said COR CEO Vaughn Kailian. Kailian said Millenniumâs genomics research, specialized medicine and oncology drugs would complement CORâs activities. âââ By Michael Mello, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 NEW BEDFORD, Mass. â The teen-ager accused of plotting a Columbine-style massacre at his school returned to his motherâs home Thursday, prompting a student protest and concern among his neighbors. About 75 students walked out of New Bedford High School in anger after a judge allowed 17-year-old Eric McKeehan to go home while awaiting trial. He must wear an electronic monitoring device. âIt seems a little mind-boggling,â said John Socorro, 57, a neighbor. âI feel unsafe around a young crazy kid like that.â Headmaster Joseph Oliver said the students who left school would be disciplined, though he planned to meet with them to discuss their concerns. McKeehan has been ordered to have no contact with witnesses in the case, and to stay away from the high school. Police have charged four other teen-agers with plotting to shoot students and faculty at the school. McKeehan has pleaded innocent to conspiracy to commit murder, conspiracy to commit assault and battery with a dangerous weapon and possession of ammunition. His attorney says the teens never seriously considered putting the plot into action. By Hank Sims Daily Planet staff Thursday December 06, 2001 There is a story that has been floating around the cityâs Planning and Development Department for some time. One day, the department hired an eager young planner fresh out of college. He spent his first day at work getting acquainted with his colleagues and learning about the issues of the day. He was so excited about his new job that, on his own time, he decided to attend that nightâs meeting of the Zoning Adjustments Board. He was never heard from again. If the young man ever really existed, his name and the date of his employment have been long forgotten. Carol Barrett, the director of planning and development, thinks the story is âprobably apocryphal.â It persists nonetheless, and it may be enjoying something of a resurgence lately. In the last few months, four members of the planning staff have either moved on to jobs elsewhere or announced their intention to retire. At the same time, the department has been trying for months â unsuccessfully â to fill an open position for an entry-level planning position. âFor the last eight years, this has been a fairly consistent theme in the Berkeley Planning Department,â said Mark Rhoades, director of current planning. Planners are charged with interpreting the cityâs building and zoning codes as they apply to proposed projects. They also help the Planning Commission draft new policies â such as the General Plan â and enforce building regulations. Usually, they have advanced degrees in urban design or urban planning before they begin their career, and they must be conversant in a number of different fields â law, architecture, and design, among others. Barrett, a planner with a national reputation who came to Berkeley from Austin, Texas only four months ago, has inherited a department verging on chaos because of understaffing. On Wednesday, she said that a good deal of the problem was due to an adversarial relationship that local commissions â the ZAB, the Planning Commission, the Design Review Committee and the Landmarks Preservation Commission â and local citizens have with the department. On top of this, according to Rhoades, the city doesnât pay its staff a competitive salary. âFrom what weâve seen in other citiesâ help-wanted ads, Berkeley seems to be on the low end of the planning pay scale,â he said. Currently, the cities of Dublin and Livermore are also looking for entry-level, âassistantâ planners. They are offering $600 and $1,100 per month more than Berkeley, respectively. Barrett said that the disparity severely limits the cityâs ability to recruit new planners. âIf the salaries arenât up there, people wonât even apply for the job,â she said. Rhoades said that in addition to being paid less, Berkeley planners are expected to do more. They must master a building and zoning code much more complex than those of other cities, and work in a much more politically charged atmosphere. Rhoades said he recently asked some of his senior staff members how long it takes an experienced planner to learn the details of Berkeleyâs code. The consensus was that it would take a year. âIt doesnât take half that long in other cities,â he said. âThe expectations for new planners are very high, compared to other jurisdictions.â But perhaps more importantly, Barrett said, staff members are forced to work in a âconfrontationalâ political environment. Commissioners and citizens tend to very publicly accuse staff of bias or incompetence, she said â when, in fact, the department is one of the most competent she has worked with. âThe salary issue is important, but if there are intrinsic rewards for doing a job, people will stay,â she said. âUnfortunately, we are more often viewed as obstacles to achieving what citizens think of as appropriate public policy.â She said that many members of local commissions seem to think that staff members have a hidden agenda, or a bias in favor of developers â a âcompletely unfairâ opinion that they do not hesitate to make public at meetings. âPlanners fully expect to work with boards and commissions, but they also expect respect,â she said. âWe hire very talented, competent professionals who expect that the role theyâll be playing is one of collaboration with boards and commissions.â Instead, she said, frustration and disrespect drive planners out of the city. Given the low rate of pay and the difficulty of the work, the net effect is that Berkeley operates as a sort of âboot campâ for Bay Area planners, with people gaining a great deal of valuable experience here then moving on to more rewarding â or better compensated â jobs. âPeople from other cities have told me, âIf you can work in Berkeley, you can work anywhere,ââ Barrett said. Carrie Olson, who has served on all four planning-related city commissions in the past two years, yesterday allowed that âperhaps we all need to go to mediation.â She maintained, though, that the process was bound to be messier in Berkeley than in other cities, given the intensely democratic nature of the cityâs development process. âCommissioners donât get along with each other a lot of the time,â she said. âThereâs a lot of snapping that goes on. Itâs not for the faint of heart.â However, she said, she values very highly the knowledge that planners, as professionals, bring to the table. âIâve always maintained a very friendly relationship with the Planning Department, because I need them,â she said. âWe all, as citizens, need them.â âIt shouldnât be a contentious process, it should be a collaborative process.â Jeri Ram, director of the Northern California chapter of the American Planning Association, said on Wednesday that she was not surprised that Berkeley was having a hard time filling its staff. âItâs hard to find planners generally now,â she said. âItâs a sellerâs market.â Ram said that Berkeleyâs reputation in the planning community was not necessarily a good one, for many of the reasons cited by Barrett. âIâve heard that a lot of people donât want to work in Berkeley because itâs very difficult,â she said. âIâve heard that citizens spit on you, and Iâve heard that itâs very difficult to get anything done.â âIf youâre not paying people well, and if theyâre not getting good feedback from people theyâre working with, they look for a job somewhere else. There are just tons of jobs available in California right now.â Barrett said, though, that she was confident that a few simple, personal changes could make a big difference. âThe city is under a number of financial challenges, so itâs more difficult to address the salary issue,â Barrett said. âBut the issue of how we treat each other can be addressed overnight.â Rhoades said that the chronic shortages of staff made no sense in a city like Berkeley, which is famed for its history, culture and intellectual capital. âBerkeley deserves to have the best and brightest people working here,â he said. By Nathan Fox Daily Planet Correspondent Thursday December 06, 2001 Sitting atop a 14-point lead with less than seven minutes to play Wednesday night versus the University of San Francisco, it appeared as if the Cal womenâs basketball team could relax and cruise to an easy victory. The problem is they tried to do just that, and the Dons had other plans. Sparked by second-half outbursts from senior guard Lindsay Huff and junior forward Lisa Whiteside, USF mounted a dramatic 19-2 rally to close the game and edge Cal by a final score of 55-52. âWhen you have a lead you need to put a team away,â Cal head coach Caren Horstmeyer said. âYou canât just count on winning the game. Our defense was very bad in the last five minutes.â After leading 24-19 at the half, Cal used a 10-point run to build a double-digit lead halfway through the second period. That lead was extended to 50-36 with 6:39 remaining before the 5-foot-9 Whiteside took matters into her own hands, scoring the next three baskets. She scored 8 of her 10 points in the second half. âWe knew we had to pick it up,â Whiteside said. âIt just clicked... we said that some way, somehow, weâre going to win this game.â Huff led the Dons with 11 points, scoring 8 in the second period. Cal wasted a big performance from center Ami Forney, who doubled all other scorers with 22 points on 9-of-11 shooting. âWe got tentative,â Forney said. âNobody wanted to shoot the ball.â Horstmeyer offered three keys to Calâs second-half meltdown. âTurnovers, turnovers, turnovers,â she said. Forward Leigh Gregory and point guard Kristin Iwanaga each coughed the ball up 6 times en route to a season-high 30 team turnovers, five more than the 25 which contributed to their first loss of the season on Sunday against Georgia. âI definitely credit (USFâs) guard pressure,â Horstmeyer said. âIâm glad we saw this now, because we really struggled to run an offense.â Calâs defense, leading the Pac-10 heading into the contest, surrendered 36 points in the second half after giving up only 19 points in the first. âUSF flat-out outplayed us in the last five minutes,â Horstmeyer said. âThey deserved the win.â Following last Sundayâs 72-to-68 victory over Washington, Wednesdayâs comeback marked the first time USF has beaten two Pac-10 teams in the same season since 1993-94. âIâm not sure we win this game if we donât beat Washington,â said USF head coach Mary Hile-Nepfel. Huff, who shot 4-for-8 from the floor with a pair of 3-pointers, echoed that sentiment, calling last Sundayâs victory âhuge... big for our confidence.â After opening its season 0-3, USF has now won three straight games to even its record. âYouâll earn respect over time,â Hile-Nepfel said. âRight now I could care less what other people think... we are building confidence and coming together as a team.â Compiled by Guy Poole Editor: Iâm writing to encourage you to endorse Ecocity Buildersâ Ecocity Amendment to the General Plan. There are some basic facts I believe we can all agree on: the environment is in danger â in large part due to our reliance on cars. Open space in the region is being consumed largely for suburban development. Housing is scarce and the population is growing. Lower income people are unable to find housing in Berkeley and our town is becoming more economically and racially homogenous. More jobs have been created in Berkeley in the past 15 years than housing for the people in those jobs. The Ecocity Amendment addresses the above issues in a way recognized by most urban planners as beneficial to both the communityâs economic vitality and the environment. The âradicalâ element of the amendment is its attempt to create, rather than merely preserve, open space while at the same time increasing housing. The only way this can be achieved is to increase density in key âhub areasâ such as downtown, San Pablo Avenue and University Avenue and the Ashby Avenue BART area. Replacing existing single-family homes with open space and daylighting creeks is a relatively novel idea in Berkeley (although it has been successfully done elsewhere). The key point is that it will be entirely voluntary, and people will sell their homes at market value to a âland bankâ to be funded by developers of higher density developments at the hubs. The neighbors of the homes to be replaced by open space and creeks should be delighted because their property values will increase as ânatural parksâ replace the single-family homes next door. Equally important, new housing will be created in commercial areas that will provide additional customers for local businesses. Yes, Berkeleyâs population will increase somewhat, but if designed in the manner suggested by Ecocity Builders it will create a more vibrant city, not one overrun by cars. Berkeley cannot continue to claim to be âa green cityâ and fail to address the genuine social need for additional housing - thatâs isolationism, not preservation. Many Ecocity Amendment opponents claim they want to keep Berkeley as it always has been. They fail to acknowledge that Berkeley has changed greatly and that they have remained silent as African Americans and other lower income people have been forced out of south and west Berkeley. Worse, many of the current detractors of the Ecocity Amendment have been extremely vocal in their opposition to new housing that would serve these displaced communities. The Ecocity Amendment to the General Plan provides an opportunity to present a clear vision for the future of Berkeley that addresses housing and environmental needs. For that reason, I strongly encourage you to become articulate advocates for the Ecocity Amendment. Staff Thursday December 06, 2001 924 Gilman Dec. 7: Har Mar Superstar, The Pattern, The Blast Rocks, Your Enemiesâ Friends, Hate Mail Express; Dec. 8: Scurvy Dogs, Nigel Peppercock, Shut The Fuck Up, Offering To The Sun, Voetsek; Dec. 9: Poison The Well, Unearth, Sworn Enemy, Spark Lights The Friction; Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; Dec. 21: Kepi, Bonfire Madigan, Kevin Seconds; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 6: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 ACME Observatory Contemporary Performance Series Dec. 9: 8 p.m., The Toids; $0 - $20, TUVA Space, 3192 Adeline. 649-8744, http://sfsound.org/acme.html. Annaâs Dec. 6: Graham Richards Jazz Quartet; Dec. 7: Anna and Ellen Hoffman on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 8: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory, Bill Bell at the piano; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 9: Choro Time; Dec. 10: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 20: Jazz Singersâ Collective; Dec. 21: Anna and Percy Scott on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 22: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 23: Jazz Singer Ed Reed; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Cal Performances Dec. 19: Berkeley Symphony, $21 - $45; Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley Campus, Bancroft Way at Telegraph, 642-0212 [email protected] Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; Dec. 16: 3-8 p.m., Beverly Stovall Benefit, Jimmy McCracklin, JJ Malone, Jimi Mamou, Johnny Talbott. $10. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec. 6: Ray Bonneville; Dec. 7 & 8: Rebecca Riots; Dec. 9: Patrick Landeza; Dec. 10: John Wesley Harding, David Lewis & Sheila Nichols; Dec. 12: Stacey Earle & Mark Stuart; Dec. 13: Kevin Burke; Dec. 14: Dale Miller; Dec. 15: Robin Flower & Libby McLaren; All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Jazzschool/La Note Dec. 9: 4:30 p.m., Rhiannon with Bowl Full of Sound, $6 - $12, reservations recommended. 2377 Shattuck Ave. 845-5373 www.jazzschool.com Julia Morgan Theatre Dec. 23: 7:30 p.m., an evening of Irish music and dance with Todd Denman and friends. $10, $5 children; Dec. 31: 8 p.m., New Yearâs Eve Gala Concert, Program of classical favorites of the San Francisco Chamber Orchestra; Jan. 12: 8:p.m., âClub Dance,â Teens come together to express their individual personalities and gifts as dancers. $10, Students and Seniors $6, Children ages 5 and under $6. Julia Morgan Theatre, 2640 College Ave., 845-8542, www.juliamorgan.org. Jupiter Dec. 6: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 7: AVI Bortnick Group; Dec. 8: Harvey Wainapel Quartet; Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; Dec. 20: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 21: Crater; Dec. 22: Post Junk Trio; Dec. 27: Joshi Marshal Project; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 7: 8:30 p.m., John Calloway & Diaspora, $12; Dec. 8: 9:30 p.m., Dr. Locoâs Rocking JalapeÃ±o Band, $10; Dec. 9: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; Dec. 9: 7:30 p.m., Trio Altamira Reunion Concert, $12-$14; Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 8: Jonah Minton Quartet, Julieâs Healthy Cafe, 2562 Bancroft; Dec. 9: Hebro, Blakes, 2367 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; Dec. 22: Kaz Sasaki Duo, Blackberry Ginger, 2520 Durant; Dec. 23: Almadecor, Annâs Kitchen, 2498 Telegraph Ave.; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; Jan.17: 7:30 p.m., Allette Brooks. 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687 [email protected]. First Congregational Church of Berkeley Dec. 15: 2 p.m., âAll-Brahms piano recital,â Yu-Ting Chen performs. Free; Jan. 6: 3 p.m., Stephen Genz in his West Coast debut; 2345 Channing Way, 527-8175, www.geocities.com/mostlybrahms. âThe Christmas Revelsâ Dec. 7: 8 p.m., Dec. 8: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 9: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Dec. 15: 1 & 5 p.m., Dec. 16: 1 & 5 p.m., celtic music, dance and storry telling. $15-$30. Scottish Rite Theater, 1547 Lakeside Dr., Oakland 893-9853 www.calrevels.org. âGuitar, Woodwinds, Drumsâ Dec. 8: 8 p.m., The Bill Horvitz Band, Ben Goldbergâs What Music. Tuva Space, 3192 Adeline St. âWAVE,â Womenâs Antique Vocal Ensemble Dec.14: 7:30 p.m., concert of Christmas music. $10, Students $5. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 1940 Virginia St., 848-9132. Send arts events two weeks in advance to [email protected], 2076 University, Berkeley 94704 or fax to 841-5694. By John Geluardi Daily Planet staff Thursday December 06, 2001 About 75 people celebrated the launching of the Eco Pass Program in Civic Center Wednesday. City officials hope the free AC Transit bus passes will lure some of Berkeleyâs 1,600 employees from their cars and ease downtown parking and traffic problems. In June, the City Council approved the Eco Pass, modeled after a similar program in Santa Clara County, where large employers, such as IBM, Walmart and Hewlett Packard provide transportation passes for their employees. Berkeley is the first city to provide passes for city workers. The program, approved on a one-year trial basis, will cost between $97,000 and $130,000. âThis is another step in untangling the cityâs transportation and traffic problems,â City Manager Weldon Rucker told the celebrants, who were snacking on coffee and cake. âIf we get more people to ride the bus to the downtown, it will be a tremendous relief to parking and traffic.â Among the city employees attending the celebration, which was moved inside the lobby of the Martin Luther King Jr. Civic Center because of a heavy morning rain, were AC Transit and city officials including Mayor Shirley Dean and councilmembers Linda Maio, Miriam Hawley and Kriss Worthington. The four were able to combine two competing proposals last June, which allowed the speedy adoption of the Eco Pass Program . âBy working together we were able to get this wonderful program approved,â Worthington said. Also in attendance were Planning Commission Chair Rob Wrenn, who first promoted the Eco Pass concept five years ago after reading a newspaper article about the Santa Clara County program. Mayor Shirley Dean reminded the attendees that the Eco Pass is largely modeled on the UC Berkeley transit program for students known as the Class Pass, which has been in operation for the last two years. âOur goal is to get an Eco Pass for everyone in Berkeley,â Dean said. âAnd if we get that done by next year we can come back and have an even bigger cake.â City officials said if the Eco Pass Program is successful, it will be used as a model for large local employers. âThe next employer to âget on the busâ should be the UC system,â said Wrenn, noting that UC Berkeley is the largest employer in the East Bay and if it provided passes for its employees the reduction in traffic and air pollution would be dramatic. âIf the city of Berkeley can do it, UC certainly can.â AC Transit Board Member Greg Harper, who represents Ward 2 - portions of east and south Berkeley, Emeryville and parts of Oakland â noted that Berkeley, the first city government to adopt a public employee transportation program, is once again on the cutting edge. He said Berkeley broke new ground 20 years ago when it first proposed a smoking ban in restaurants and again when it banned Styrofoam cups because of the materialâs negative impact on the environment. âPeople thought Berkeley was crazy but that thinking has entirely been reversed,â he said. âAnd here you are again reversing convention.â Rucker said the success of the program remains to be seen but he is hopeful the pass will increase employee ridership by 25 percent the first year. Maio asked the celebrants to raise their hands if they use public transportation â about five people did. She then asked how many among them will use the Eco Pass and about 40 people responded with raised hands. Housing Department employee Marianne Graham, with her newly issued Eco Pass dangling from a chain around her neck, said the pass will make it much easier to use AC Transit. âJust having the pass available at all times will make it easier to use,â she said. âThereâs no waiting in line to buy a monthly pass or worrying about having the right change.â Graham added the savings on parking, which costs an average of $12 per day, will be a further incentive. City payroll employee Leo Reyes lives in Pinole and said he takes BART to work five days a week and uses AC Transit about three times a week to run errands. âI never bring my car to work because there is no parking and the gridlock on Interstate 80 is terrible,â he said. âUsing public transportation helps me save money, time and the earth.â Hawley, who is a former AC Transit board member for Ward 1, said for the plan to be successful AC Transit will have to provide reliable service on the main transit corridors. âThey will have to make sure thereâs service where itâs needed,â she said. Hawley added that the city will have to do its part by making the streets bus-friendly. She said methods like signal prioritization, extra lanes for buses and eliminating double parking would help the bus service become frequent and reliable. Hawley said she is working to establish an official motto for the cityâs Eco Pass Program based on a bumper sticker she once had on her car: âRide the Damn Bus!â Thursday December 06, 2001 Editor: President Bush doesnât really want to bring Osama bin Laden to justice; he wants him to be lynched. That is what âWanted - Dead or Aliveâ means. Why does Bush refuse to make public the evidence that bin Laden was responsible for the attacks of September 11? Maybe he doesnât trust us? Or maybe there is no evidence? Meanwhile, in the poorest country on earth, bombs continue to fall and the inhabitants continue to die. And young people continue to volunteer, prepared to die for their faith or their country. How does the song go? âWhen will we ever learn?â Wouldnât it be better if they and we would volunteer to build a saner world? This one isnât very sane. David Scharfenberg Daily Planet staff Thursday December 06, 2001 OAKLAND â Doctors, activists and politicians called for a wholesale reform of Californiaâs child healthcare system at a state hearing Wednesday morning at Childrenâs Hospital, convened by Assemblymember Wilma Chan (D-Oakland) and Virginia Strom-Martin (D-Duncans Mills). Chan and Strom-Martin held the hearing as part of their work with the Select Committee on Childrenâs Readiness and Health. The legislative committee is examining the connection between childrenâs health and their ability to perform in school. The Oakland hearing was the last of four such meetings sponsored by the committee across the state. The other three hearings took place in Sacramento, Los Angeles and Salinas. The committee has already made a series of findings, according to a document distributed at the Oakland hearing. The committee has found, among other things, that a lack of access to proper health care is a leading cause of truancy and failure, that dental disease âhas reached epidemic proportions among school children,â affecting their ability to concentrate and learn, and that many school districts are waiving school entry physicals for children. The committee hopes to present a comprehensive package of legislation â part of it in January 2002, and part in January 2003 â aimed at improving childrenâs health and ability to perform in school. In an interview after the hearing, Chan, who chairs the committee, said she will push for inexpensive reforms after the holidays, citing the political realities of the stateâs current budgetary shortfall. âI think these things that are very costly will have a hard time passing,â she said. Chan added that she hopes to pass more expensive measures, like an expansion of childrenâs healthcare, in 2003, if the economy recovers. Speakers at Wednesdayâs hearing suggested several relatively inexpensive measures endorsed by Chan and Strom-Martin. Dr. Lucy S. Crain, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of California San Francisco noted that many managed care companies, unlike their fee-for-service predecessors, do not pay for a pre-natal visit to a pediatrician. These visits used to cover valuable ground, she said, everything from simple safety measures like car seats, to larger issues like adultsâ readiness for parenthood. âThere may be opportunities for counseling for parents that, in the long range, prevent child abuse and child neglect,â Crain said. âI think it would be good to restore that,â Chan said. âHMOs may not be happy,â she said, acknowledging the cost for managed care companies, âbut it wouldnât cost the state anything.â Chan said that she would also like to expand the required physical for young children entering California school systems to include a dental screening and a test for far-sightedness. Currently, the state requires no dental screening, and when it comes to vision, only requires a test for near-sightedness. Strom-Martin, who also acknowledged the difficulties of passing big-ticket items in the current climate, endorsed pre-natal visits to pediatricians, and a call for greater coordination among healthcare providers. Several of the speakers at the Wednesday hearing discussed the need for better cooperation among health care professionals. Dr. Rene Wachtel, a pediatrician at Childrenâs Hospital, said many health care organizations do not accept evaluations of children performed by other agencies, wasting time and resources. Wachtel called for a state task force that would identify the best ways to assess children and encourage cross-agency acceptance of evaluations. She also said there must be better mechanisms in place for cooperation between health care professionals and school staff. In addition to the long-term effort to improve childrenâs health care, Chan and Strom-Martin said they will fight to maintain health care and education funds that Gov. Gray Davis has suggested slashing to balance the budget. Strom-Martin focused, in particular, on a $38 million grant program, approved by the legislature last year, that would allow school systems statewide to increase community outreach on health care issues and provide health care at local schools. Thursday December 06, 2001 Editor: The impeachment of Bill Clinton showed clearly that to impeach a president all that counts is having the majority of votes in the House, however irrelevant the charges brought. Unfortunately, at present the House majority is of the Presidentâs own Republican party. Yet the looming peril to our civil liberties (an impeccable reason for impeachment) cries out for immediate action. We must have a representative in Congress with the courage to introduce a bill of impeachment charging George W. Bush with flagrant breach of his oath to âpreserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States,â citing his executive order establishing drumhead military âjusticeâ for his own selection of non-citizens - in contravention of Amendments Five and Six to the U.S. Constitution. Amendment Five includes a provision stating that âNo person (meaning no one within U.S. borders) shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces.â Amendment Six states that âIn all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial juryâ. It further states that the accused has the right âto be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have assistance of counsel for his defenseâ. Even if introduced by Rep. Barbara Lee, who alone had the ethical courage to refuse to vote carte blanche to Bush for his try to make two wrongs make a right, a bill to impeach our rogue âpresidentâ will probably fail. But, I hope she or some other House member will give it a try. For, by initiating a discussion on the floor of the house, a saving awakening may happen there. With the damning facts repeated before them, many more members of the Presidentâs party might well join the company of Republican Senator Arlen Spector, who, writing in the New York Times, decried Bushâs flouting of the Constitution and traditional legalities - in a dictatorial usurpation of power encouraged by the blind approbation of a frightened vengeful public that childishly iterates âbut we have to do something!â yet does not recall that the something done hastily in anger often causes greater pain and danger than what provoked it. Hank Sims Thursday December 06, 2001 Two Berkeley Police Department officers were injured early Wednesday morning when a suspect tried to evade a routine traffic stop, according to Lt. Cynthia Harris. At around 3:45 a.m., three officers were handling a traffic stop at Ninth Street and Bancroft Way when a van cruised by, slowly, Harris said. The driver of the van, whom one of the officers said he recognized from a previous case, stared at them. The officers ordered the driver to stop and approached the van. When one officer approached the driver, he allegedly attempted to roll up his window and made a sudden grab toward the passengerâs seat. The officer leaned into the window and grabbed the suspect. Another officer attempted to assist him. The driver then hit the accelerator, throwing one of the officers to the ground, Harris said. The other officer held on to the suspect for approximately 25 feet before being thrown. A high-speed chase, reaching speeds of 85 mph, ensued. The van was eventually stopped on E. 25th Street in Oakland, whereupon the driver and two previously unseen suspects in the back of the van fled on foot. One suspect, Deshawn Murphy of Richmond, was apprehended. The other two suspects, including the driver â who police believe is Montay Boseman of Berkeley â escaped. The officers were transported to Highland Hospital and treated for abrasions. Both were released by early Wednesday afternoon. Boseman is described as an African-American male, 21 years old, five feet seven inches tall, weighing 140 pounds. At the time, he was wearing a dark jacket with gold sleeves. Anyone with information on the suspectâs whereabouts is asked to call the Berkeley Police Department at 981-5733. A woman was robbed at gunpoint by four young men Tuesday night, according to Lt. Harris. The victim was walking near Shattuck Avenue and Haste Street at around 10 p.m. when she saw the men approaching. One suddenly pulled out a handgun and pointed it at her, while two others took her purse, Harris said. All four then fled on foot. The suspect with the gun is described as an African American man, 18-20 years old, around six feet two inches tall and about 200 pounds. He was wearing a black, puffy jacket and black pants. On Saturday, a man was hospitalized after trying to flee from the police, according to Lt. Harris. At around 12:15 p.m., officers were dispatched to 63rd and California streets after a report of drug activity in the neighborhood. Upon arriving, police spotted a man who matched the description of the suspect. After detaining him, they discovered the suspect had a number of traffic warrants outstanding. They placed him in handcuffs, at which point the suspect broke free, and, still handcuffed, attempted to flee. The officers gave chase, but given the wet weather, the suspect slipped and fell on the sidewalk. He suffered damage to his teeth, and was transported to Highland Hospital. Thursday December 06, 2001 Editor: Racial profiling needs to be stopped. Yesterday I heard two impassioned men discuss the pros and cons of racial profiling. The pro argument seemed to boil down to, if you know a certain ethnic group has committed a crime, itâs only right to stop other people from the same ethnic group and see if they know something about the crime or if theyâve committed a similar crime themselves. To me racial profiling is counter-productive. When law enforcement focuses their attention on one particular group, other groups can have a field day. Remember how we were sure the Oklahoma City bombers were not âAmericansâ and valuable time was wasted in that investigation? President Bush recently issued an executive order setting aside certain of our constitutional rights. Combine this with racial profiling and we may quickly surpass the wrongs we committed towards the Japanese during World War II. By Richard Pyle The Associated Press Thursday December 06, 2001 NEW YORK â Nearly 50 years after convicted Soviet spy Ethel Rosenberg was executed, her brother admits he lied under oath to save himself and says heâs unconcerned that his perjury may have sent her to the electric chair, along with her husband. âAs a spy who turned his family in ... I donât care,â David Greenglass says in a television interview being broadcast Wednesday. âI sleep very well.â The admission may shed new light on the case, one of the most infamous events of the Cold War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed in Sing Sing prison in June 1953, two years after a sensational trial on charges of conspiring to steal U.S. atomic secrets for the Soviet Union. They were the only people ever executed in the United States for Cold War espionage, and their conviction helped give fuel to Sen. Joseph McCarthyâs communist-hunting crusade. Greenglass, now 79, makes the disclosure of false testimony in âThe Brother,â a new book by veteran New York Times editor Sam Roberts, and in a taped interview being broadcast on CBSâs â60 Minutes II.â Greenglass, Ethelâs younger brother, admits in the book that he, too, was a spy who gave the Soviets information about atomic research and a detonator invented by another scientist. When the Rosenbergs came to trial, Greenglass was also under indictment and worried that he and his wife, Ruth, would be convicted. He says Roy Cohn, an assistant prosecutor and later an aide to McCarthy, encouraged him to lie. In court, Greenglass delivered what would be the most incriminating testimony against Ethel Rosenberg â that she transcribed his spy notes destined for Moscow on a portable Remington typewriter. Greenglassâ wife supported his testimony. But now, Greenglass tells author Roberts that he based his account entirely on his wifeâs recollection, not on his own. In the TV interview, he says, âI donât know who typed it, frankly, and to this day I canât remember that the typing took place. I had no memory of that at all â none whatsoever.â Roberts writes in his book, âHandwritten or typed, the notes contained little or nothing that was new. But from the prosecutionâs perspective, the Remington was as good as a smoking gun in Ethel Rosenbergâs hands.â In the TV interview, Greenglass is asked why the Rosenbergs went to their deaths rather than admit espionage. âOne word â stupidity,â Greenglass replies. Asked whether that makes Ethel responsible for her own death, he says, âYeah.â Greenglass admits he is sometimes haunted by the Rosenberg case, but adds, âMy wife says, âLook, weâre still alive.ââ Should he ever encounter the pairâs two sons, Greenglass says, he would tell them he was âsorry that your parents are dead,â but would not apologize for his part in their execution. âI had no idea they would give them the death sentence,â he tells â60 Minutes II.â In the book, subtitled âThe Untold Story of Atomic Spy David Greenglass and How He Sent His Sister Ethel Rosenberg to the Electric Chair,â Greenglass admits to further perjury in court and before a congressional committee â all aimed at gaining leniency for himself and keeping his wife out of prison. Sentenced to 15 years, Greenglass was released in 1960. He and his wife live in the New York area under assumed names. The Rosenberg case became a political cause celebre with anti-Semitic overtones. While some historians say evidence against Ethel Rosenberg was weak compared to that against her husband, the coupleâs refusal to admit spying for Moscow added to public fears of a nuclear showdown with the Soviets. âThis was a time when people were terrified,â Roberts said in an interview with The Associated Press. âThere was no way the Russians could have obtained the atomic bomb without stealing it from us.â Roberts said the late William Rogers, a deputy U.S. attorney general in 1951 and later President Nixonâs secretary of state, told him the government had expected Ethel Rosenberg to save herself by providing incriminating evidence against Julius. In the end, âshe called our bluff,â Rogers said. Some tidbits of Cold War espionage lore related by Roberts are almost comic. According to Roberts, Greenglass admitted sleeping through the first A-bomb test, using atomic implosion technology to make artificial diamonds, and being picked up while hitchhiking by Lt. Gen. Leslie Groves, head of the top-secret Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. By John Geluardi Daily Planet staff Wednesday December 05, 2001 A rumor that the National Endowment for the Arts has delayed a Berkeley Repertory Theatre grant request, possibly for political reasons, has sent a chill through the Bay Area arts community. The BRT made the grant application for $100,000 to produce âHomebody/Kabul,â by Pulitzer Prize winning playwright Tony Kushner. The play is about a British woman who becomes fascinated by Afghanistan and her discovery of the countryâs troubled history through an encounter with an Afghan man. Both the play and the grant request were written before the September 11 terrorist attacks. According to a New York Times story printed on Saturday, an undisclosed source within the NEA said the Berkeley Repâs application, along with one other application, was delayed for further examination just weeks before the NEA was to announce grant recipients. âIt will be very disappointing if we find the grant has been denied for political instead of artistic reasons,â said Berkeley Repertory Theatre Managing Director Susan Medak. âThis is an important play by probably the most important living playwright.â NEA Director of Communications Mark Weinberg said he could not comment on the status of the application and that NEA policy prohibits discussing applications until the grants have been announced. During the late 1980s, the NEA was at the center of a much publicized battle over the financing of controversial photographer Robert Maplethorpeâs artwork. âThere has not been a delay in anything,â Weinberg said. âAs a matter of long-standing policy, the NEA does not comment on applications except in the third week of December when the grant recipients are announced.â But Mayor Shirley Dean said there are unconfirmed rumors that a representative from the Bush Administration asked acting NEA Chairman Robert S. Martin to pull the BRTâs grant request, along with a $42,000 grant application from the Maine College of Art for an exhibition of visual artist William Pope, whose artwork often reflects controversial stands on race. Medak would neither confirm nor deny the rumors but said a combination of three factors were probably responsible for the grant being pulled. âOne, the play was written by Tony Kushner; two, it takes place in Afghanistan and three, the play is being staged in Berkeley,â she said. âItâs a lethal combination.â Kushner, who is also a gay activist, won the Pulitzer Prize for his 1992, two-part epic, âAngels in America.â The play, about the devastating impact of AIDS on New York, was critical of the Reagan Administration. Medak said that it will be difficult if the NEA application is denied but she would do her best to find a way to stage the play, which is scheduled to run from April 19 to June 9. Several city officials and the director of another local theater reacted strongly to the rumor that the playâs funding might be denied for political reasons. âI have offered to do anything I possibly can including calling the Community Affairs Office at the White House to lobby on behalf of the Rep,â Mayor Dean said. âThis is a very serious issue, weâre talking about a matter of free speech.â Councilmember Kriss Worthington agreed. âWe are not positive yet that censorship is the reason for delaying the application but it looks that way,â he said. âHow many questions of artistic merit could they have about a Pulitzer Prize winning playwright?â Patrick Dooley, the founder and artistic director of the Shotgun Players, said if the funding is denied, the United States is taking a step toward becoming more like the Taliban, which dynamited two 1,700-year-old sandstone Buddha statues last March. The statues â one was 165-feet tall â were carved into a sandstone cliff in the Hindu Kush mountains in central Afghanistan. âIf our government tries to silence an artistic voice of opposition, itâs a sign that our democracy is eroding and weâre becoming more like the governments this country likes to criticize,â he said. By Jared Green Daily Planet Staff Wednesday December 05, 2001 The St. Maryâs Panthers were facing a five-point deficit at halftime of Tuesdayâs game against Berkeley High, but there was no panic in the locker room, no doubting of whether they could come back to win the game. âMy kids have been in that position a lot, and they never think theyâre going to lose,â St. Maryâs head coach Jose Caraballo said. âWe just played our game in the second half.â The Panthers came out and used their defensive pressure to key a 17-9 third quarter advantage, then extended the lead to nine points in the fourth quarter on the way to a 58-49 win over their cross-town rivals. St. Maryâs returns eight players from last seasonâs Division IV state champion team, while Berkeley has just three returning players, none of whom started last season. St. Maryâs guard John Sharper led all scorers with 17 points, including 10 in the second half, while getting used to running the team as a point guard. Starter DeShawn Freeman is out until January with an injury, so Sharper will slide over from his shooting guard spot until Freemanâs return. Sharperâs shooting was a bit off on Tuesday, as he was just 6-for-19 from the field, but the senior had 7 assists and 3 steals in the game. He also scored 8 points during the Panthersâ dominating third quarter. âI was rushing it a little in the first half,â Sharper said. âI just had to let the game come to me.â St. Maryâs also got a strong effort on the boards from 6-foot-10 center Simon Knight and forward Chase Moore. Knight pulled down 10 rebounds, while Moore had 7. Moore also scored 11 points and played some point guard to take the pressure off of Sharper. Berkeley countered St. Maryâs experience with athleticism and energy. The young âJackets are still learning head coach Mike Gragnaniâs offensive and defensive systems, and several of them looked unsure of themselves in the second half. âThey made us play the way they wanted us to play, instead of how we want to play,â Gragnani said of the second half. âWe stopped attacking the basket and getting the ball inside.â On the inside is where Berkeley scored most of its points against St. Maryâs, as forward Damien Burns led the team with 14 points, hitting 6-of-7 from the field while pulling down 5 rebounds. Burns was the only âJacket to score in double figures, and Berkeley made just one 3-pointer in the game. Berkeley also failed to take advantage of a big advantage in trips to the free-throw line, making just 9-of-21 from the charity stripe. âWe have 80 percent guys who have never played in a big game before,â Gragnani said. âIt was a great experience for us playing in front of a big crowd, playing against a hometown rival. Hopefully weâll take some good things away from it.â Gragnani plans to play a big rotation this season, with as many as 12 players seeing significant time on the floor, including four sophomores. With all five starters from last year gone, Gragnani knows the team is searching for a leader. âWe have a lot of guys who can be successful, but itâs going to be a committee,â he said. âLast year we could depend on (departed point guard) Ryan Davis, but now we have to depend on the entire team.â Caraballo has the advantage of going to battle with familiar faces, but with Freeman watching in street clothes, St. Maryâs got some key contributions from players who didnât have a big role last year. Guard Terrence Boyd scored 7 points and played excellent defense, while sophomore Fred Hives took advantage of some playing time with five points and a key steal. NOTES: Berkeley prevailed in the junior varsity game, 67-57... Sharper said he is getting interest from Portland State and Yale among others. He said his backup plan is to be a walk-on at Cal. Compiled by Guy Poole Wednesday December 05, 2001 Editor: This is in response to your Associated Press story last week on the group of people calling themselves âAct Up/San Francisco â and their threats on San Francisco Chronicle employees. Many Daily Planet readers have called us asking what is really going on. Your readers should know that âAct up/San Franciscoâ has been disavowed and disowned by the Act Up Network comprised of chapters in Philadelphia, NY, DC, Paris, East Bay, Cleveland, Boston, LA and Survive AIDS (formerly Act UP/Golden Gate). We work closely with Doctors Without Borders, the hunger group Oxfam, Consumer Project on Technology (a Nader offshoot), South Africaâs Treatment Action Campaign, International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Group, and HealthGAP (Global Action Campaign), among others. We all believe that HIV is, at the very least, a major co-factor causing AIDS, and that AIDS is a global catastrophe. We also believe that all HIV infected individuals should have access to treatments currently available only in industrialized countries. âAct Up/SFâ has usurped our name, damaged our credibility and hurt many HIV infected people with their messianic misinformation campaign, âHIV does not cause AIDS, AIDS is over.â Their sheer hypocrisy is demonstrated by their $1.6 million annual business of selling medical marijuana to people with a âharmlessâ virus. If they argue that this is alternative treatment, why did they campaign to stop Federal funding to other treatments such as acupuncture, vitamins, and Chinese herbs? Their radical pretense is undermined by the fact that conservative Republican venture capitalist, Robert Leppo, underwrote the purchase of its building. While many nonprofits are feeling the dot.com pinch, âAct Up/SFâ thrives with its lucrative pot business and Republican backers. Even more than the flawed AIDS agencies they criticize, âAct Up/SFersâ are lining their pockets on peopleâs suffering. Their behavior towards the media, health departments and other AIDS activists is reprehensible. Itâs an easy route. If AIDS is over one need not campaign for needle exchange funding, condoms in schools, or better medical care. One need not challenge pharmaceutical companiesâ profits and patents to make treatments available to all who want them. âAct Up/SFâ would deny people in Africa the option of taking what they say are âtoxicâ treatments. Through the media and people theyâve come in contact with personally, âAct UP/SFâ has been successful in portraying political activism as loony cartoon caricature. A CIA disinformation campaign couldnât do a better job of alienating or disheartening people. Global catastrophes, such as the holocaust and AIDS, elicit different reactions from different people. Denial, guilt, misplaced anger, and sociopathic behavior are four reactions we see demonstrated by âAct UP/SF.â Check out www.healthgap.org, www.globaltreatmentaccess.org or Doctors Without Borders (www.msf.org) for truly credible responses to the global AIDS epidemic. ACT UP/ EAST BAY MUSIC 924 Gilman St. Dec. 7: Har Mar Superstar, The Pattern, The Blast Rocks, Your Enemiesâ Friends, Hate Mail Express; Dec. 8: Scurvy Dogs, Nigel Peppercock, Shut The Fuck Up, Offering To The Sun, Voetsek; Dec. 9: Poison The Well, Unearth, Sworn Enemy, Spark Lights The Friction; Dec. 14: Hot Water Music, American Steel, F-Minus, Trial By Fire; Dec. 15: Strung Out, Limp, The Frisk, The Deadlines, The Creeps; Dec. 16: 5 p.m., Good Riddance, Missing 23rd, Downway, Audio Crush; All shows start a 8 p.m. unless noted; Most are $5; 924 Gilman St. 525-9926 The Albatross Pub Dec. 5: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 6: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 11: Mad & Eddic Duran Jazz Duo; Dec. 13: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 15: Larry Stefl Jazz Quartet; Dec. 18: Panacea; Dec. 19: Whiskey Brothers; Dec. 20: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; Dec. 27: Keni âEl Lebrijanoâ; All shows start at 9 p.m., 1822 San Pablo Ave. 843-2473 ACME Observatory Contemporary Performance Series Dec. 9: 8 p.m., The Toids; $0 - $20, TUVA Space, 3192 Adeline. 649-8744, http://sfsound.org/acme.html. Annaâs Dec. 5: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 6: Graham Richards Jazz Quartet; Dec. 7: Anna and Ellen Hoffman on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 8: Jazz Singer Robin Gregory, Bill Bell at the piano; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 9: Choro Time; Dec. 10: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 11: Singersâ Open Mike #2; Dec. 12: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; Dec. 13: Rev. Rabia, The Blueswoman; Dec. 14: Anna and Mark Little on piano; 10 p.m., Bluesman Hideo Date; Dec. 15: Jazz Singers Vicki Burns and Felice York; 10 p.m., The Distones Jazz Sextet; Dec. 16: The Jazz Fourtet; Dec. 17: Renegade Sidemen w/ Calvin Keyes; Dec. 18: Tangria Jazz Trio; Dec. 19: Bob Schoen Jazz Quartet; All music starts 8 p.m. unless noted. 1801 University Ave., 849-2662. Cal Performances Dec. 19: Berkeley Symphony, $21 - $45; Zellerbach Hall, UC Berkeley Campus, Bancroft Way at Telegraph, 642-0212 [email protected] Eliâs Mile High Club Every Friday, 10 p.m. Funky Fridays Conscious Dance Party with KPFA DJs Splif Skankin and Funky Man. $10; 8 p.m. unless noted. 3629 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland. 655-6661 Freight & Salvage Coffee House Dec. 5: Avalon Blues: Peter Case, Dave Alvin and Bill Morrissey; Dec. 6: Ray Bonneville; Dec. 7 & 8: Rebecca Riots; All shows begin 8 p.m., 1111 Addison St. Call 548-1761 for prices or see www.freightandsalvage.org. Jazzschool/La Note Dec. 9: 4:30 p.m., Rhiannon with Bowl Full of Sound, $6 - $12, reservations recommended. 2377 Shattuck Ave. 845-5373 www.jazzschool.com Jupiter Dec. 5: J Dogs; Dec. 6: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 7: AVI Bortnick Group; Dec. 8: Harvey Wainapel Quartet; Dec. 12: Mushroom; Dec. 13: Joshi Marshal Project; Dec. 14: Broun Felliniâs; Dec. 15: Norah Jones and Jim Campilongo; Dec. 19: Spectraphonic; All shows are free and begin at 8 p.m. unless noted. 2181 Shattuck Ave., 843-7625, www.jupiterbeer.com. La PeÃ±a Dec. 7: 8:30 p.m., John Calloway & Diaspora, $12; Dec. 8: 9:30 p.m., Dr. Locoâs Rocking JalapeÃ±o Band, $10; Dec. 9: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; Dec. 9: 7:30 p.m., Trio Altamira Reunion Concert, $12-$14; Dec. 14: 8 p.m., Holly Near, $15-$17; Dec. 16: 5 p.m, Flamenca Community Juerga, Free; Dec. 16: 7 p.m, Modupue & UpSurge, $8; Dec. 23: 3:30 p.m, CafÃ© Domingo de Rumba, Free; La PeÃ±a, 3105 Shattuck Ave. 849-2568, www.lapena.org âMusic on Telegraphâ Dec. 8: Jonah Minton Quartet, Julieâs Healthy Cafe, 2562 Bancroft; Dec. 9: Hebro, Blakes, 2367 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 15: Thelonious On The Move, Bison Brewing, 2598 Telegraph Ave.; Dec. 16: Howard Kadis, Musical Offering Cafe, 2430 Bancroft; All shows 2 - 4 p.m., Free. Rose Street House Dec. 14 & 15: 7:30 p.m., Benefit Concert and Birthday Party, Shelly Doty and grassroots community of women singers and song writers; Dec. 25: 3 p.m., Annual âDykelah Escape-from-you-know-what-day Musical Extravaganza!â; 1839 Rose St. 594-4000 x687, [email protected]. âGuitar, Woodwinds, Drumsâ Dec. 8: 8 p.m., The Bill Horvitz Band, Ben Goldbergâs What Music. Tuva Space, 3192 Adeline St. THEATER âSeventy Scenes of Halloweenâ Dec. 7: 8 p.m.; Dec. 8: 8 p.m., 10:30 p.m.; Dec. 9: 7 p.m.; BareStage Productions, UC Berkeleyâs original student theater company, presents a macbre farce written by Jeffrey M. Jones and directed by Desdemona Chiang. $8. UC Berkeley, Choral Rehearsal Hall. 682-3880 âBrave Broodâ Through Dec. 16: Robert OâHara directs Robert OâHaraâs searing tale of money, desperation, and the fight for survival. $20. Transparent Theater, 1901 Ashby Ave. 883-0305 www.transparenttheater.org âBlack Nativityâ Dec. 7 through Dec. 16th: Fri. 8 p.m., Sat. 2:30 p.m., 8 p.m., Sun. 5:30 p.m. The birth of Jesus unfolds in this drama written by Langston Hughes. Directed and produced by Betty Gadling. $15 adults, $8 seniors and students, $5 children over 5. Allen Temple Baptist Church, 8501 International Blvd., Oakland 569-9418 www.allen-temple.org âMuch Ado About Nothingâ Through Jan. 8: Check theater for specific dates and times. Shakespeareâs classic romantic comedy chronicles a handful of soldiers returning from a winning battle to be greeted by a gaggle of giddy maidens. Directed by Brian Kulick. $10 - $54. Berkeley Repertory Theatre, 2025 Addison St. 647-2949 www.berkeleyrep.org âMurder Dressed in Satinâ by Victor Lawhorn, ongoing. A mystery-comedy dinner show at The Madison about a murder at the home of Satin Moray, a club owner and self-proclaimed socialite with a scarlet past. Dinner is included in the price of the theater ticket. $47.50 Lake Merritt Hotel, 1800 Madison St., Oakland. 239-2252 www.acteva.com/go/havefun FILMS Pacific Film Archive Theater Dec. 6: 7 p.m., Bizarre, Bizarre; 8:50 p.m., The Green Man; Dec. 7: 7 p.m., Smiles of a Summer Night; 9:05 p.m., Cluny Brown; Bancroft Way, 642-1124 www.bampfa.berkeley.edu EXHIBITS âFurniture Artâ Through Dec. 7: An exhibit of metal and wood furniture that revisits furniture not only as art but as craft. 12 p.m. - 6 p.m. The Current Gallery at the Crucible, 1036 Ashby Ave. 843-5511 www.thecrucible.org âBerkeley Creationsâ Dec. 8 & Dec. 15: 11 a.m. - 4 p.m., A group exhibit. Artist-at-Play Studio and Gallery, 1649 Hopkins St., 528-0494. âThe Paintings of Bethany Anne Ayers and Sculpture of Alexander Chevesâ Through Dec. 15: Tues. - Sat. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Ardency Gallery, 709 roadway, Oakland. 836-0831 [email protected] âThe Whole Worldâs Watching: Peace and Social Justice Movements of the 1960s and 1970sâ Through Dec. 16: A documentary photo exhibition which examines the rich history of the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Wed. - Sun., noon - 5 p.m. Berkeley Art Center, 1275 Walnut St., Live Oak Park. Free. 644-6893 âMatrix 195â Through Jan. 13: German artist, Thomas Scheibitzâs, first solo museum exhibition in the United States showcases semi-abstract representations of everyday objects and landscapes. Wed., Fri. - Sun. 11 a.m. - 5 p.m., Thur. 11 a.m. - 9 p.m. $3-$6. Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 2626 Bancroft Way, 642-0808 GTU Exhibit: âHolocaust Seriesâ by Cleve Gray Through Jan. 25: Comprised of 21 works on paper that constitute âa catharsis... for all of humanity.â Mon. - Thurs. 8:30 a.m. - 9:45 p.m., Fri. 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sat. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m., Sun. noon - 7 p.m.; Free. Flora Lamson Hewlett Library, Graduate Theological Union, 2400 Ridge Rd. 649-2541 www.gtu.edu âEnduring Wisdom: Artwork and Stories by Homeless and Formerly Homeless Seniorsâ Through Feb. 15: 18 homeless and formerly homeless elders reveal how they learned and applied wisdom that is timeless. Mon. - Fri. and Sundays 11 a.m. - 2 p.m. Reception and presentation by the elders Thurs. Nov. 15, 4 p.m. - 6 p.m. Free. St. Maryâs Center, 635 22nd St., Oakland, 893-4723 x222 David Scharfenberg Daily Planet staff Wednesday December 05, 2001 OAKLAND â About 20 activists, many from Berkeley, gathered outside the Federal Building Tuesday afternoon to protest an Oct. 9 ruling by the federal governmentâs Drug Enforcement Agency that declared all foods made with hemp illegal. The protest was part of a national âday of action,â with protests across the country, organized by Vote Hemp and Students for Sensible Drug Policy, a pair of advocacy groups. Activists labeled the DEA ruling âridiculous,â arguing that hemp, a portion of the cannabis plant that also produces marijuana, is safe, healthy, and contains only trace amounts of tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), the psychoactive chemical in marijuana that creates the drugâs high. âItâs really healthy, it tastes good, and it doesnât get you high,â said Rebecca Saltzman, 19, a UC Berkeley student and member of Students for Sensible Drug Policy. Activists said the ruling is crippling a growing, multi-million dollar hemp food industry that launched, in earnest, in 1998. Will Glaspy, spokesperson for the DEA, said the agency issued the ruling to clear up confusion around the legality of hemp food products. The misunderstanding is rooted in the definition of marijuana in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. On the one hand, the language exempts fibers, oils and cakes derived from cannabis â in other words, food products made from the âhempâ part of the plant â but on the other hand, the definition classifies, as a controlled substance, âany material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of...THC.â In its ruling, the DEA argued that Congress exempted certain food products because it believed they did not contain any THC. Now, the agency says, it is clear that food products with hemp include some amount of THC, and that the language in the Controlled Substances Act declaring any product with THC a controlled substance should win the day. Patrick Goggin, lawyer for the Hemp Industries Association, an industry group that is filing for an emergency stay of the DEA ruling in the Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco, finds fault with the DEAâs logic. Goggin argues that the Controlled Substance Act makes very clear exemptions for the use of hemp in food products, and that the new regulation is arbitrary, since the federal government allows for trace amounts of opiates in the poppy seeds on bagels and other foods. Goggin said he expects the court to rule on the emergency stay in the next couple of weeks. If the stay is granted, the court would temporarily suspend the DEA rule while it decides on the ruleâs legality. Yesterday, activists outside the Federal Building said the DEA ruling is simply a slap in the face of the larger movement to legalize marijuana. âHemp is used in food products that have no drug content,â said Don Duncan of Berkeley Patients Group, a local dispenser of medical marijuana. â(The ruling) seems to be making a misguided, symbolic gesture by banning it.â John Roulac, president and founder of Nutiva, a Sonoma County hemp food company that produces health bars and tortilla chips, said the DEA ruling has scared off several retailers and customers, leading to a roughly 35 percent decline in Nutiva sales. âOne day we were selling our products and the next day it was illegal,â said Roulac, who was in Washington, D.C. yesterday for a protest outside the DEAâs offices. Jolyn Warford, Regional Marketing Coordinator for Whole Foods, which maintains a natural foods store in Berkeley, said the company âwill be complying with the regulations put forth by the Drug Enforcement Agency.â Whole Foods will sell the remaining hemp food nutrition bars on its shelves, Warford said, falling in line with a 120-day âgrace periodâ for âdisposingâ of hemp food inventory allowed by the DEA. After that, she said, Whole Foods will stop stocking hemp food products. Officials at Wild Oats, another natural food chain with a store in Berkeley, could not be reached by the Daily Planetâs deadline. But, Larry Valle, grocery manager at the Berkeley Wild Oats, said he will continue stocking hemp food products until his home office tells him otherwise. Activists said hemp contains an optimum balance of essential fatty acids â a series of healthy fats â and is the second-highest source of vegetable protein on the market, trailing only soy. The DEAâs ruling does not effect hemp products like clothing and bird seed that are not consumed by humans. Wednesday December 05, 2001 Editor: The media always likes to highlight Berkeley as an unusual place, even to the point of ridicule. Alas, the world would be a dull place without satire, caricature and humor. Unfortunately, in a climate of constriction of basic civil liberties our mayorâs fixation on caricaturing her enemies presents a danger to our city. Berkeley could become a place where neighbors turn in neighbors to the thought police â the new FBI role. I doubt that many people would like to see that happen. Innuendo? Not. The mayor is a big part of the reason the nation thinks our fire chief ordered flags off fire trucks when he only asked that they be scaled down in size. Shirley Dean went on to suggest that Berkeley was likely to undergo an economic boycott resulting from the council vote urging the government to try to end the bombing quickly to avoid civilian casualties. Various investigative reports have found no evidence of a boycott yet as late as Nov. 2, Mayor Shirley Dean was quoted by the BBC as saying that the (apparently non existent) boycott had hurt Berkeley businesses. Then Dean repeatedly misquoted Councilmember Dona Spring as saying that the United States is a terrorist nation, even after being corrected. These quotes wound up all over the national press. Whether or not such a statement has any factual validity Spring never said it so itâs terrible to put Berkeley on the hot seat like that. Deanâs behavior turned Dona Spring and the city into a target. While the council majority tries to find the fine line of responsible criticism and debate, Dean has acted like an agent provocateur making their dissent appear wild and inappropriate. I am concerned that Shirley Dean is not representing Berkeley well in the media or on the national level. We need to join others in opposition to the Bush-Ashcroft attacks on Constitutional rights. While some cities like Portland and Corvalis, Ore. have said they will not cooperate with the roundup of legal Arab and Muslim men not specifically suspected of crimes, Berkeley has not spoken. Dean should urge Willie and Jerry Brown and Ron Gonzales to join us and follow suit. If our mayorâs politics do not include the defense of civil liberties then we are in for serious problems. If they do, the mayor should speak out against unlawful detention, military tribunals and the death penalty. We need council/mayoral unity on these basic issues, not phony âwedge issueâ politics. By Hank Sims Daily Planet staff Wednesday December 05, 2001 More and more Alameda County children are going hungry and more working people are unable to make ends meet, according to a report released Tuesday by the Alameda County Community Food Bank. According to the report â âHunger: The Faces and the Factsâ â 32 percent of the parents who receive Food Bank aid say that their children sometimes miss meals because they have no food or money. In 1997, only 9 percent of parents answered likewise. The sharp increase â over 240 percent in the last four years â could even be understated, according to Food Bank Executive Director Suzan Bateson. âWe think that number may be low,â she said. âParents may not admit that their children miss meals, because they might have a lot of shame about not being able to feed their children.â The number of working people who seek Food Bank aid has also risen since the 1997 study. In that year, 24 percent of food recipients came from a household in which at least one member had a job; this year, the figure was 37 percent. The new report, which was presented to the public at the Food Bank warehouse at the Oakland Army Base, is the result of months of effort by Food Bank staff and volunteers. Throughout the spring of 2001, researchers surveyed the 211 member agencies that receive Food Bank donations in bulk and distributes it to the needy. The researchers also directly interviewed 439 individuals who get Food Bank aid. Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown, Assemblymember Wilma Chan (D-Oakland), and representatives from the offices of Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-San Francisco) and Representative Pete Stark (D-Fremont) attended the presentation. Artensia Barry, a Berkeley resident who helped conduct the survey, receives food assistance from the Berkeley Food Pantry, one of organizations affiliated with the Food Bank. âThe report shows that there are a lot of things that we need to address, immediately,â she said on Friday. âNobody in government is really talking about this issue â they're financing the war, and forgetting about their backyard.â But according to Second Harvest, a nationwide food aid advocacy group, Congress may soon address one of the reportâs key recommendations. The report found that while 80 percent of Food Bank clients are eligible for food stamps, only 21 percent actually receive them. Bateson said on Tuesday that the food stamp program is underfunded and too difficult for many people, especially those with jobs, to use. Food stamp offices are only open between the hours of 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., she said, and the program requires recipients to come to the office for monthly evaluations. âPeople canât take time off from work to go do monthly reporting,â she said. âThatâs just one of the serious accessibility barriers to Food Stamp clients.â In addition, Bateson said, the new report shows that the food stamp allotment only provides 2.2 weeks worth of food for the average Alameda County family. The report recommends that federal nutrition programs such as the food stamp program be strengthened, and barriers to receiving food stamps be lowered. âA strengthened food stamp program could really help programs like ours,â said Bateson. Eleanor Thompson, senior policy associate with Second Harvest, said on Tuesday that it looks like many of those concerns will be addressed in the new Farm Bill of 2001. Specifically, she said, the Senate committee currently working on the bill is looking to greatly expand funding for the food stamp program. Numbers are not yet final, but some powerful senators are proposing up to $12 billion dollars for food stamps over the next ten years â an increase of over $8 billion over the last 10. Still, according to Bateson, the coming months look like they will be lean ones for food assistance in Alameda County. The recession has hit the Bay Area harder than most places in the United States, and the failure of one particular business was a great blow to the Food Bank. âBefore Webvan went out of business, they were giving us 1 million pounds of food a year,â she said. âThat was about one-twelfth of our total food donations.â The increased demand for services, Bateson said, the Food Bank will have to struggle to keep people fed through the winter. J.C. Orton, of Berkeleyâs âKnight on the Streetâ program, said Tuesday that attendance at his groupâs street soup kitchens is definitely up. âLast year, we had probably 100 people,â he said. âThis year, itâs 150, easy â and weâre just in the first weeks.â Wednesday December 05, 2001 Editor: While I have appreciated Ms. Alice LaPierreâs articles on solar power she failed to mention one extremely important change in PG&E regulations effective Jan. 1, 2001. From that point on net metering â the practice that allows consumer generators who supply power from solar panels, wind turbines or fuel cells to the grid to be compensated for the power they produce â has been compensated, not at the average price of electricity (12 cents per kWh), but at the rate determined by Time of Use. In PG&Eâs territory power is sold at two different rates. The peak rate is charged between noon and 6 p.m. Monday through Friday. Other hours are charged at off-peak rates. In summer peak rates are 32 cents a kilowatt hour and off peak rates are 8.5 cents a kilowatt hour. In winter rates are 12 cents and 8.8 cents respectively. What this means for consumer generators using solar, or other renewable resource generated, power is that excess power generated at summer peak rates can be used to pay for power used at lower off peak and winter rates. This savings depends, not on the absolute value of the rates, but on the ratio between peak and off peak rates. This ratio is not likely to change since it is based on several hundred million years of human evolution which have made us a species adapted to daylight hours. (This despite the best efforts of Taylorite personnel managers.) The main problem with solar power (which I have installed on my own home using the Alice-in Wonderland mechanism of refinancing my mortgage) is the upfront cost. Even though over a 20 or 30 year period these systems will pay for themselves (and reduce the load on the environment) the individual home owner or apartment owner often cannot afford to take this long range view. There is also the complication that solar power in particular depends on arbitrary factors like which way your roof faces. The obvious solution is a collective one. Why doesnât the Berkeley City Council or the Alameda Board of Supervisors consider the possibility of setting up a Coop or Municipal Utility District which, using funds raised by a bond measure, would buy the solar panels (or fuel cells, or wind turbines), contract to install them, and charge the property owners a pro-rated fee based on the average use of the participating members? This would get around the problem of the upfront costs since the public entity would still be around in 20 or 30 years even if the original participants were already pushing up daisies. It would also mean that individual home or apartment owners could participate even if the orientation of their roofs was not such as to make it economically feasible for the as individuals to install solar power. Daily Planet Wire Services Wednesday December 05, 2001 Students at Berkeley High during World War II busied themselves setting up Morse code clubs and selling enough war bonds to purchase two P-39 fighter planes. Across the Bay, Palo Alto High School students raised funds for a bomber with their schoolâs âLiâl Vikingâ mascot painted on the fuselage. During todayâs âwar on terrorism,â students in K-12 classrooms from Washington, D.C., to Washington state are collecting donations for Afghan children or for the firefighters in New York City. But a researcher at the UC Berkeleyâs Graduate School of Education predicts that, just as in World War II, the core curriculums in schools will see little change. âSchools are looking more to the long term,â said Charles Dorn, 34, a fellow in the Graduate School of Educationâs Center for the Integrated Study of Teaching and Learning. He is examining how teachers and students fared during World War II in the public secondary schools of Berkeley, Oakland, Palo Alto and Richmond. âThere are all sorts of changes to the peripheral programs, but in English class theyâre still reading âRomeo and Juliet,ââ Dorn said. âTheyâre not replacing literature with typing to prepare students for clerical work in defense industries. The schools themselves do not really alter their core programs in response to the war.â Richmond experienced dramatic wartime change as the Kaiser shipyards opened. School enrollment there swelled to 24,000 in 1945, the same population as the entire city just five years earlier. Richmond schools put into place four schedules every day in order to be able to educate all the students. One kindergarten class had 146 students. In Palo Alto, Dorn said, two vice principals were drafted. Oakland and Richmond faced an unprecedented influx of workers to shipyards and defense industries primarily from Oklahoma, Arkansas and the Deep South. The major pressures of the war forced some change in schools, such as a Cadet Corps at Berkeley High that replaced traditional physical education courses with military drills and marksmanship lessons. By October 1942, 60 percent of the secondary schools in California featured pre-flight aeronautics classes. Dorn has interviewed about a dozen people who were students and about six who were teachers during World War II. He acknowledged that many more oral histories are in order. Other resources he has tapped include statements about the war and about education at the time by educators, school commissioners, education schools and professors. Dorn said he also is interested in looking at how classes were taught locally in World War II and who taught them, considering the military build-up and flood of men into the military. There is some school district archival material, such as newsletters and school board minutes, to review, he said, but teachers tend around their retirement to clean out their garages, tossing out the accumulated material from their classroom days. School newspapers and yearbooks of the war days have been particularly helpful, Dorn said. âItâs fascinating to read what editorials students were writing at the time,â he said. Dorn said he believes that examining the influence of wartime events on public education during World War II âhelps illuminate whatâs occurring right now. Weâre starting to see similar things happen in schools in response to the attacks on September 11 such as the New York City Board of Education requiring the Pledge of Allegiance in city schools.â Likewise, he said, todayâs social studies teachers are likely to incorporate some lessons about war, terrorism and social change into their lesson plans. Dorn said the adjustments, however, âprobably will be temporary, and teachers will resist permanent change.â Teachers and school administrators may often be viewed as impervious to change and reform, Dorn said, but educators in wartime seem to cling to the concept of school as a foundation for consistency, stability and democratic traditions. âDuring World War II, public schools seemed to demonstrate a significant commitment to previously articulated democratic purposes,â Dorn said. âAlthough Americans debated the new role public education should take in a these debates, maintaining a sturdy dedication to fundamental democratic principles never fully realized in American society.â This constancy can be a reassurance during our current conflict, he said. By Matt Kelley Associated Press Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 WASHINGTON â The U.S. government will decide in good time what to do with an American believed to have been fighting alongside the Taliban, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said Tuesday. He declined to say whether he considered the man a traitor. âWe found a person who says heâs an American with an AK-47 in a prison with a bunch of al-Qaida and Taliban prisoners,â Rumsfeld told a press conference. âYou can be certain he will have all the rights he is due.â U.S. and allied Afghan forces are holding three former Taliban fighters who claim to be American citizens. One of them, an injured man who identified himself as John Walker, is receiving medical treatment from U.S. forces after emerging from a battle-scarred fortress in Mazar-e-Sharif. Walker, 20, who converted to Islam when he was 16, suffered grenade and bullet wounds, CNN reported. His parents identified him from video and photographs as John Philip Walker Lindh of Fairfax, Calif. Asked if he had considered what to do with the man, Rumsfeld said Walker is not the No. 1 priority right now. âWeâll get to that in good time,â Rumsfeld said. âI do know a bit about the various options and I have not landed on one at the moment,â he said. âIâve got lots of things that are front and center that weâre dealing with at the time.â Pentagon spokeswoman Victoria Clarke said earlier that American officials have been talking with Walker. Walkerâs father, Frank Lindh, said he has hired a lawyer and wants to visit his son, who had studied Arabic and Islam in Yemen and Pakistan. âWeâre anxious to hear from the government,â he said Tuesday on NBCâs âTodayâ show. On CNNâs âLarry King Liveâ program Monday night, Lindh said it appeared his son had been a combatant with the Taliban. âHeâs really not much more than a boy,â he said. Meanwhile, Clarke said the number of Marines at a base in southern Afghanistan has grown to 1,300. The troops have taken over an air base south of the last Taliban stronghold of Kandahar. Two other people who claim to be Americans are under the control of the northern alliance, a defense official said. The official knew few details about these two, whose identities have not been established and whose condition could not be determined. Asked about Walker, Rear Adm. John Stufflebeem, the deputy director of operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, could not say Monday whether Walker is considered a prisoner of war or whether he would be returned to the United States. âThe only thing that I can say about this individual is that this is somebody who claims to be an American citizen,â he said. âThat claim is being respected for the moment, until facts can be established.â The U.S. government could find it difficult to successfully bring charges against Americans fighting for the Taliban. A case against Walker âwould be a tricky thing to prosecute because the Constitution requires two eyewitnesses to the act of treason,â University of North Carolina law professor Eric Muller said. âI would think somebody in the Justice Department will have to take a very careful look at this.â Also, President Bushâs military tribunals are limited to foreign nationals, not U.S. citizens. Another possible avenue would be to charge American Taliban fighters with seditious conspiracy, which has a lower standard of proof. Thatâs one of the charges that radical Islamic cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman, who plotted to blow up New York City landmarks, was convicted on in 1995. One of Abdel-Rahmanâs sons was captured while fighting for the Taliban in Afghanistan. By Paul Davenport Associated Press Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 PHOENIX â Arizona avoided millions of dollars in prison costs through a voter-approved 1996 law that requires that some drug offenders be placed on probation and provided treatment rather than locked up, a new study concludes. The sponsors of a similar California law that took effect in July have applauded the results as a good example of what can be expected as the treatment initiative diverts thousands of drug offenders from the nationâs largest state prison system. âArizona has the most experience with a law that grants a right to treatment instead of jail, and the state continues to have positive results,â said Dave Fratello, who managed the campaign for Californiaâs Proposition 36, approved by voters in November 2000. Fratelloâs Campaign for New Drug Policies is encouraging similar initiatives in other states if Californiaâs effort succeeds. Arizona spent $1 million in 1999 to treat and supervise 390 inmates kept out of prison by the 1996 law, while it would have cost $7.7 million to imprison them, the study said. That called, called Proposition 102 on the November 2002 ballot, focused on diverting nonviolent drug offenders from the prison system into community treatment programs. The new study by the state Administrative Office of the Courts reviewed probation and treatment costs of 5,385 probationers who participated in the state-funded substance-use treatment program. Of them, 1,246, 23 percent, were sentenced to probation under Proposition 102. Only 390 of the 1,246 would have gone to prison without Proposition 102, because many violators already avoided prison sentences, the study showed. The study said 2,719 probationers had ended treatment as of June 30, 1999, 82 percent of whom complied with treatment requirements and 38 percent who did not. Passage of Proposition 102 meant the âvaluable toolâ of offering voluntary participation in treatment programs is not available to law enforcement officials trying to deal with offenders who refuse treatment, the report said. Proposition 102 requires treatment rather than time behind bars for those convicted for the first or second time of being under the influence of drugs or possessing drugs for personal use. The state Supreme Court recently ruled that the law also covers possession of drug paraphernalia for personal use. The initiative provides funding for treatment. Money not required for treatment of offenders sentenced under Proposition 102 is available for treatment of other offenders, and the study said the state spent $3.5 million for treatment on those offenders in 1999. The Associated Press Wednesday December 05, 2001 CARSON CITY, Nev. â A new Nevada law has enabled 57 people with serious illnesses to get licenses to use medical marijuana. Nine others have been licensed as caregivers. There was an initial flood of applications when the program started Oct. 1. But Cecile Crofoot of the Agriculture Department, which oversees the program, said applications have tapered off since then. Crofoot said she mails out about five information packets a day, adding that the program seems to be working smoothly. Her office has mailed out 687 packets to individuals, but only about 10 percent return applications. Crofoot thinks many drop the idea when they learn the program is controlled to prevent drug abusers from getting a card. âMost of the druggies give up,â she said. The Nevada law allows individuals suffering from specific chronic and debilitating diseases such as AIDS, cancer and glaucoma to register with the state. They get a registry card that exempts them from state prosecution for possession and use of small amounts of marijuana. Their names are confidential, as are the names of the doctors who signed letters qualifying them for the registry cards. Thereâs no guarantee the medical marijuana users wonât face federal prosecution, but Crofoot said federal drug agents have shown little interest in Nevadaâs program thus far. Nevada law lets medical marijuana users grow their own plants, with assistance from licensed caregivers â typically spouses or partners. The program is modeled after one operating for several years in Oregon. By Justin Pritchard Associated Press Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 FAIRFAX â Word that a handful of Americans had fought alongside the Taliban came as a particular shock in Fairfax: One of them apparently spent his teen-age years in this wooded, hilly town north of San Francisco. John Phillip Walker Lindh, 20, â who gave his name in Afghanistan as Abdul Hamid â was in the custody of U.S. forces after being discovered among captured Taliban troops and al-Qaida fighters. He was being treated for undisclosed injuries. His father, Frank Lindh, said Monday night on CNNâs âLarry King Liveâ that he last spoke to his son in May. He told his father he would head for a cooler region of Pakistan for the summer. âI had no indication or reason to be concerned that he would put himself in danger like this by going to Afghanistan,â Frank Lindh said. âUntil John disappeared on us, so to speak, on the first of May I had nothing to see there other than a kid, a boy really, who converted to a religion that I respect and seemed very healthy and good for him,â Lindh said Tuesday. Lindh said he was concerned about his sonâs welfare and had hired a lawyer to represent him. Walkerâs capture was made-to-order conversation Monday at the cafes in Fairfax. Neighbors wondered aloud whether Walker was an impressionable kid who lost his way or an ideologue who found it. âIf he was pointing a gun at any of my soldier friends, put him on trial,â said Russell Decker, 51, a local guitarist. âIf not, put him in a mental ward and bring him home.â Another local musician, Neil Lavin, saw Walkerâs path to Afghanistan as a spiritual quest. âI canât see him as being unpatriotic. This is where his journey led him,â said Lavin, 32. âI imagine he lost himself there. Or found himself.â Walker told Newsweek after his capture that he had entered Afghanistan to help the Taliban build a âpure Islamic state.â His parents said he had long been fascinated with Islam â he converted at 16 â and had a pacifistâs heart for social justice. There was no answer when a visitor knocked at Marilyn Walkerâs house Monday. Neither Marilyn Walker nor Frank Lindh returned messages left by The Associated Press. Lindh said on CNN that they were separated and in the midst of an âamicable divorce.â Marilyn Walker told Newsweek her son was raised Catholic but converted several years after moving from Silver Spring, Md. Walker transferred from an area high school after his first semester to Tamiscal High, an alternative school in nearby Larkspur. Tamiscal principal Marcie Miller said teachers called Walker âa gifted writer of poetry.â As a freshman and sophomore, his curriculum had a world arts and culture theme, including studies of Islam and the Middle East. Walker took the proficiency test and graduated early in 1998, said Laurie Samera, an assistant to the Tamalpais Union High School District superintendent. She said he asked that the name on his diploma be changed to Suleyman Al-Lindh. Walker reportedly was drawn to Islam after reading âThe Autobiography of Malcolm X.â In 1997, he began to study at the Islamic Center and Mosque of Mill Valley, where he met Abdulla Nana, a 23-year-old fellow Muslim who described Walker as a close friend. âHe is quiet and soft spoken and humble,â Nana told the San Francisco Chronicle. âI wouldnât have expected him to go and fight there.â Nana said Walker became devout enough that he always wore a traditional Muslim cloak. âAs a convert, he was an example of how to behave,â Nana said. âWe looked up to him because of his dedication to Islam.â His parents then paid for him to travel to Yemen to study Arabic. They lost track of him after he moved on to Pakistan, where he studied the Quran at a religious school. Marilyn Walker told Newsweek she wondered whether her son had been brainwashed by the Taliban. Some of his neighbors who meet each morning at the Koffee Klatch diner surmised the same. âHeâs just a kid. He donât know what heâs doing,â said Lou Vaccaro, 70. Bill Jones, a friend and former housemate of Walkerâs father, said Walker âhad no politics on his mind, only religion.â âI think itâs wrong to call him the âAmerican Talibanâ â as far as I am concerned he is the American victim of the Taliban. He was just a good kid who ended up in the wrong hands,â Jones said. Bob Sharpe, 56, a Vietnam veteran and writer, said he expected a lot of legal handwringing over what to do with Walker. âI think he needs to be arrested and interrogated,â Sharpe said. âAnd I think a lot depends on his attitude.â Andrew Cleverdon, 19, grew up across the street from Walker in Virginia. He said Walker didnât have any particular fascination with the military. âI would hate to be in his shoes right now,â Cleverdon said. âI was little shocked.â Walkerâs family is concerned for his safety and wants to greet him with open arms, his father said. âWe want to give him a big hug,â Lindh said, though he admonished his son for venturing into Afghanistan. âI would have not given him permission to go to Afghanistan.â The Associated Press Wednesday December 05, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â A new $2.6 billion eastern span for the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge received its last piece of financing Tuesday when the federal government provided $450 million, Gov. Gray Davis said. Construction of the new span, designed to withstand major earthquakes on the San Andreas and Hayward faults, will begin early next year. Caltrans plans to finish the modern single-tower suspension bridge in 2006. The current 65-year-old bridge will then be removed. Davis said the federal decision completes state funding for the bridge, which carries 280,000 vehicles a day. The $450 million is a loan to California from the U.S. Department of Transportation through its Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act. The remaining $2.15 billion comes from state gasoline taxes, toll bridge fees and revenue bonds. The bridgeâs eastern section was scheduled to be replaced after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. By Paul Elias Associated Press Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Despite calls from some of its member doctors, the American Medical Association on Tuesday declined to endorse smallpox vaccinations for all Americans. Instead of vaccinating the entire nation, the 538 delegates attending the AMAâs annual winter meeting voted overwhelmingly to continue planning and studying the repercussions of such a mass inoculation. âWe do not yet know that the bad guys have the smallpox virus,â said Dr. Ron Davis, a public health expert from Detroit and a member of the AMAâs 20-member board of trustees. âThere are huge, complex issues involved and due deliberation is needed.â Among the biggest concerns is that the vaccine itself could kill as many as 300 people and sicken thousands more if the entire U.S. population of 280 million people was vaccinated â a risk that Salt Lake City obstetrician and AMA board member John C. Nelson said is unwarranted. âThere is not a single reported case of smallpox anywhere in the world right now,â Nelson said. Thereâs even disagreement whether those already inoculated â nearly every American 32 or older â will need another vaccination to prevent a smallpox infection. âImmunity does last years,â Davis said. âBut it does weaken over time.â Also, babies younger than 1 and people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV â diagnosed and undiagnosed â couldnât withstand smallpox vaccinations, doctors said. The action Tuesday was in response to a proposal by Florida doctors that the AMA back nationwide vaccines despite those risks. âWe are at threat,â Dr. Bernd Wollschlaeger of North Miami Beach, Fla., said during debate of the issue on Sunday. Others urged the AMA to endorse voluntary vaccinations that would be left to the discretion of prescribing doctors. But Davis pointed out Tuesday that the United States has only 15.4 million doses of vaccine currently available. The federal government did recently agree to pay a total of $428 million to Baxter International Inc. and Acambis Plc. for 155 million doses of smallpox vaccine. But those new doses wonât be available for at least a year. Until then, Dr. Joy Maxey of Atlanta advocated inoculating doctors such as herself to protect against contracting the disease from patients. âWe should at least be offered that opportunity,â Maxey said Tuesday. The AMA sent Maxeyâs proposal to vaccine so-called âfront-line defendersâ such as doctors and paramedics to a committee for study. Smallpox vaccination stopped in the United States in 1972, and the disease was eradicated worldwide by 1980. Two smallpox virus samples remain â one in the United States and the other in Russia. Concerns about security at the Russian lab have existed and been exacerbated by the proliferation of anthrax cases. A smallpox epidemic would be much worse than an anthrax outbreak because it is contagious and deadly. Roughly 30 percent of those who contract smallpox die. âI think the doctors are as scared as anyone else,â Nelson said. Still, Nelson said detailed scientific studies and more discussion among doctors and federal health officials need to occur before determining what should be done. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will discuss the smallpox issue on Dec. 12-13. Last week, the CDC issued a 300-page report called the âInterim Smallpox Response Plan and Guidelines,â which recommends waiting until an outbreak occurs before beginning vaccination. Even then, the CDC report said a technique called âring vaccination,â where only healthy people around a smallpox victim receive the vaccine, has proven to be effective. By Simon Avery AP Business Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 LOS ANGELES â California will climb out of the recession with the rest of the country next spring but the pain caused by the current downturn will linger well into the year, according to a new economic forecast. Even as the economy begins to grow again and incomes start to rise in the second quarter of 2002, state economists predict the job market will tighten further and there could be some large-scale corporate bankruptcies during the year. The projections are detailed in the UCLA Anderson Forecast, a widely watched look-a-head on the economy to be released Wednesday. The report says the stateâs 5.7 percent unemployment rate will continue rising gradually and peak at 6.4 percent in early 2003. But the overall impact of this recession will be milder than its predecessor in the early 1990s, when the state unemployment rate hit nearly 10 percent. For Californians like Edwin Gomes, a 29-year-old resident of South Central Los Angeles looking for an apprentice plumber job, the forecast offers some hope that heâll eventually land a stable job but not enough to spur his spending. âYou still have to take care of your money because you donât really know whatâs going to happen,â he said. âYouâre not able to spend money on that fancy new coat or other luxury things.â Meanwhile, the forecast calls for personal income in California to increase only slightly this year, by 2.1 percent, dramatically off last yearâs 9.8 percent growth rate. Next year that figure could decline even further to 1.1 percent. But by 2003, when economists expect technology, tourism and international trade to be doing well again, personal income should grow by 5.6 percent. The September terrorist attacks have caused the most direct damage to the stateâs economy so far, mostly in the hotel industry. Continuing cancellations and postponements of touristsâ visits from affluent countries, especially Japan, threaten further harm in the short-term, said Tom Lieser, senior economist and author of the Anderson Forecast for California. Long-term, however, the impact of terrorism should ease and tourism â worth $75 billion a year to the California economy â should rebound. âPeople get kind of hardened to it after a while,â Lieser said. Regionally, San Francisco and Silicon Valley will continue to bear the lionâs share of this recession, which officially began last March. The San Francisco Bay area has been stung by over-inflated real estate prices and the near collapse of spending in the high-tech sector, where orders and shipments remain depressed and jobs are still disappearing. âItâs premature to assume that Silicon Valley has hit bottom, but it might not be too far away,â said Lieser. An improvement in tech prospects is key to any lasting recovery throughout the West, said Rob Valletta, senior economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. While the tech sector is showing some signs of stabilizing â including news from the Semiconductor Industry Association Monday that worldwide semiconductor sales rose 2.5 percent in October â strong growth of between 10 and 20 percent will be necessary before the sector becomes the economic driver it once was, Valletta said. That probably wonât occur until at least 2003, he said. Parts of Southern California, meanwhile, will likely escape the recession altogether due to their economic diversity. But as a whole, Southern California can expect things to get worse before they get better, economists warn. âIt is not immune to the national slowdown anymore,â Valletta said. Although the recession is expected to be mild by previous standards, the return to economic health will be slower and less dramatic than usual. âThere are a lot of things out there that are going to limit the strength of this recovery,â said Jack Kyser, chief economist for the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Prominent among them are inflated residential and commercial real estate markets in San Francisco and San Jose, which are only just starting to deflate, and companiesâ bloated inventories and excess investment in assets such as factories, he said. Over-investment and supply will likely cause several large-scale bankruptcies across the country in the next year, most likely in the retail and airline sectors, Kyser said. The state governmentâs worsening financial situation could also slow the rebound, as legislators are forced to make cuts to balance the budget. The failure of electricity deregulation is costing the government billions of dollars at a time when tax revenue has plummeted due to investorsâ losses in the stock market and declining sales tax receipts. California is expected to end fiscal 2001-02 with a deficit of $4.5 billion, according to the California Legislative Analysts Office. By Jennifer Coleman Associated Press Writer Wednesday December 05, 2001 SACRAMENTO â California power officials refused last week to help Enron Corp. line up power for their customers, citing credit concerns. âWe were worried about credit,â said Pete Garris, acting deputy director of the stateâs Department of Water Resources, at a Capitol briefing Tuesday. The turnaround marks how far the state has come since a year ago, when generators refused to sell energy to California utilities for the same reason, said Power Authority Chairman S. David Freeman. State power officials are preparing to cover up to 1,200 megawatts of energy that Enron supplies within California. Among Enronâs direct access customers are the University of California and California State University systems. Enron, which had revenues of $100.8 billion in 2000, filed for bankruptcy Sunday after a dizzying fall triggered by revelations of questionable partnerships, four years of overstated profits and then a failed merger with rival Dynegy. If Enron defaults on its direct access customers, state power officials will find a way to provide seamless electrical service to its customers, Garris said. DWR is prepared to supply the 800 to 1,200 megawatts of direct-access service to Enron customers. An Enron spokeswoman didnât immediately return a call seeking comment. Enron sold some customers on thinking they would get cheaper power, Freeman said, and now may not deliver it. The company has sent letters âtelling some customers they may not supply them.â In September, the Public Utilities Commission banned direct access, which lets customers bypass a utility and contract for power from an energy marketer, such as Enron. The PUCâs three-month delay in banning direct access let many customers defect from utilities and sign on with Enron and other providers. That meant fewer customers remained to pay off the debts the state built buying power at high wholesale rates and selling to customers, including those who later signed up for direct access, under capped rates. An Enron defaults, Freeman said, could send those customers back to the utilities, which would help the state pay that debt. UC spokesman Charles McFadden said the system was watching the Enron situation and officials were talking with the company âalmost constantly.â âWe have gotten a âdear customerâ letter from Enron,â he said. âWeâre not going to let the lights go out at UC.â Freeman said even increasing the CSU and UC price by one cent per kilowatt hour would add an additional $12 million to their bills each year. But McFadden said the universities had saved âtens of millions of dollars by having the direct-access contracts with Enron over past three plus years.â The state has been buying power for customers of three utilities since January. The utilities, Southern California Edison, Pacific Gas and Electric Co., and San Diego Gas & Electric Co., had amassed billions in debts due to high wholesale costs they couldnât pass on to customers. Some energy providers, fearful that they wouldnât be paid, refused to sell to California, or added credit premiums to the price for electricity, driving prices even higher. Enron, which has no power plants in California, has been a good customer for the California Independent System Operator, which operates much of the stateâs electrical grid, said spokesman Gregg Fishman. By Margie Mason The Associated Press Tuesday December 11, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Several weeks after the November election, the Coast Guard fished eight ballot-box lids out of San Francisco Bay and 240 uncounted ballots were found stuck in voting machines â the latest embarrassments in the cityâs sorry electoral history. San Francisco has had persistent vote-counting problems and has gone through five election directors in the past six years. And the most recent foul-ups have left politicians and citizens angry and demanding reform. âThis election department and the people in charge of it are making San Francisco the biggest laughingstock this side of Florida,â said Aaron Peskin, a member of the city Board of Supervisors. âHeads should roll!â City officials hope to avoid more trouble in Tuesdayâs runoff for city attorney â a relatively simple vote to count, since there are only two candidates. Still, state fraud investigators will be watching closely. But longer-term change may be on the way: In a little-noticed measure on Novemberâs ballot, voters overwhelmingly approved creation of a seven-member commission to run the elections department and to hire a director. The most controversial question voters faced on Nov. 6 was a measure to seize Pacific Gas & Electric Co.âs power lines and provide power directly to the public. It led on Election Day, but lost after all the absentee ballots were counted five days after the polls closed. Three weeks later â a few days after the lids were found floating in the bay â PG&Eâs lead narrowed again, to just 515 votes, after the uncounted ballots were discovered stuck in machines. Elections Director Tammy Haygood finally certified the election last week â the day after 400 blank ballots were discovered at a former poll workerâs house in yet another embarrassing episode. Confidence in the results had not been high from the start. On Election Night, some 5,500 absentee ballots were secretly moved to a loosely guarded room in an auditorium. Haygood said she had them moved because of anthrax fears. It was the absentee ballots that ultimately swung the vote in the favor of PG&E, whose parent company spent more than $1 million against the public power initiative. An investigation by Secretary of State Bill Jones found no evidence of criminal wrongdoing in the moving of the absentee ballots. Still, city supervisors continue to question the string of events. âItâs destroying voter confidence. I donât know if it can destroy it anymore,â said Supervisor Tony Hall, who went through a runoff and three recounts before winning his seat last year. âItâs the machine. The political machine thatâs been running this town for years.â In 1995, thousands of people received the wrong absentee ballots and may have voted incorrectly. In other elections, vote-counters had to dry wet ballots in a microwave, and the city was sued for not printing candidatesâ names on the ballots in Chinese. Haygood, who was hired despite having no previous election experience, said that the floating lids blew off a city pier in a stiff wind and that no ballots went with them. Haygood also said there was no tampering with the absentee ballots she moved on Election Night, but critics say they cannot be sure. âThere were no guards, only a private rent-a-guard at the door,â said Richard Shadoian, a member of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Elections. âWe were not allowed to stay as long as we wanted to. We were told that, âWillie ordered it movedâ and we were rushed out of there.â Haygood has denied any conspiracy and said Mayor Willie Brown wasnât told of her plans to move the ballots. Brown has sought to distance himself from the controversy, saying: âIâm not in charge of the election. Iâm not sure thereâs a lack of voter confidence as much as a lack of confidence in the press.â But last year he did reappoint City Administrator Bill Lee, who oversees the elections department and has hired the past five elections directors. Lee has been unapologetic in his few public comments since the election. He is considered an unmovable force because of his strong ties to the cityâs politically powerful Chinese-American community. The move to create a seven-member commission on elections could cut short the tenure of Haygood, who said she had no idea people would pay so much attention to the elections. âIf the day I was appointed I would have known the scrutiny the department was under,â she said, â I would have done things differently.â âââ By Matthew Fordahl, AP Technology Writer Monday December 10, 2001 SAN JOSE â For years, anonymous e-mail has been a choice tool for whistle-blowers, human rights activists and undercover sources looking to protect themselves while imparting vital information. Anonymous online communication could just as easily be used by terrorists to plot attacks or send threats. Yet little has changed since Sept. 11 for users and operators of Internet-based anonymous e-mail servers, which launder messages by deleting identifying information, rendering them virtually untraceable. Now there are indications the servers have increased in number. While no evidence has been released linking such services to any criminal or terrorist conspiracy, experts fear governments could crack down on anonymous remailers â or at least subject them to greater scrutiny. Law enforcement generally despises technology that leaves such cold trails, said Mark Rasch, former head of the Department of Justiceâs computer crimes unit and current vice president of cyberlaw at Predictive Systems. So far, U.S. and European authorities battling terrorism and cybercrime have apparently focused their surveillance elsewhere. The FBI declined to comment on what strategy, if any, it has for dealing with remailers. âThereâs a lot more concern about border security and banking records,â said Mike Godwin, a policy fellow at the Center for Democracy and Technology. Thatâs just fine with the people who operate remailers. They donât do it for money, but rather share a common ideal of protecting online privacy. Len Sassaman, an e-mail security consultant who runs a remailer as a hobby, thinks any attempts to crack down would lead to more cropping up around the world. In fact, the number of remailers overall doubled to about 50 after the passage of security laws as media reports raised awareness of threats to privacy, he said. âMore people are interested in taking steps to protect that,â said Sassaman, who once had his e-mail published online after someone hacked into his Internet service provider. Some degree of e-mail anonymity can be achieved using a Microsoft Hotmail or Yahoo Mail account with a pseudonym. Encryption hides a messageâs contents but not itâs origin or destination. Thatâs why people seeking nearly airtight anonymity like to send encrypted messages via remailers. Anonymous remailers today tend to work in teams, with a single message automatically passing through several. That reflects lessons learned in the case of Julf Hensingius. In 1993, the Finn developed an anonymous e-mail system that stripped off the identification of an e-mailâs sender before forwarding it to the addressee. Anon.penet.fi was especially popular among devotees of Usenet newsgroups, text-based bulletin boards that preceded the World Wide Web. A major flaw was revealed in 1995, however, when the Church of Scientology learned of a user who used Anon.penet.fi to post internal church documents â and contacted police. Because the single remailer relied on a database to match the senderâs Internet address with the message, the courts simply ordered Hensingius to reveal the identity of the sender. He shut down the service in 1996. âThat prompted a bunch of programmers to rethink how they wanted to do remailers,â said Sassaman. Now, messages are bounced from machine to machine. In order to find the original sender, authorities would have to work through an entire chain of remailers, many likely located in different countries. But the development did not stop there. Programmer Lance Cottrell created the Mixmaster system to further confuse the trail by programming random delays from machine to machine. That makes it impossible to watch the system in order to identify a sender by monitoring when messages arrive and leave. Moreover, messages are encrypted multiple times, each wrapped inside the other like a matryoshka, or nested Russian doll. The whole message is then broken into packets of equal size. Logs are not kept. It leaves virtually no trail to follow for authorities. âNormally, theyâre going to subpoena the last remailer in the chain. Thatâs the only one they can see,â said Cottrell, now chief executive of Anonymizer.com. âThereâs just no path to work backward to the original sender.â Such complexity does not come easy. Software, downloaded for free, must be used by both the receiver and the sender so the messages are encrypted before being sent. And if one computer in the chain goes down, messages just disappear. Attempts to commercialize remailer technology have not been successful. In October, the easiest to use, Zero-Knowledge Systemsâ Freedom Network, was shut down, due to lack of demand. Law enforcers have at least one way of unmasking users of anonymous remailers, said Richard Smith, formerly chief technology officer at the Privacy Foundation. Authorities could ask an Internet provider to list users who have sent data to an anonymous remailer. Then, using the FBIâs âMagic Lanternâ or other intrusive eavesdropping programs, officials could secretly record a userâs every keystroke. âAs theyâre typing in their secret messages, they get reported before they get encrypted,â Smith said. âThatâs the weakness of any encryption system â when the message is being typed or being read.â The Associated Press Saturday December 08, 2001 SAN DIEGO â An executive with an investment fund accused of bilking investors has agreed to forfeit nearly $47 million in cash and assets in an agreement with regulators. James L. Hillman reached the tentative agreement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as part of civil proceedings against PinnFund USA, officials said Thursday. âBasically, we get everything except some very limited stuff,â said Charles La Bella, a former federal prosecutor appointed by the court to recover PinnFund assets. âItâs a very good deal for us. The bottom line is it provides money more quickly for investors.â The settlement, which still must be approved by SEC officials in Washington D.C. and a federal judge in San Diego, is the largest to date against Pinnfund, the Carlsbad-based company accused of bilking 160 investors out of $330 million, according to the SEC. Hillman, who was president of the fund and its second-highest ranking executive, is cooperating with a separate criminal investigation into PinnFund and its chief executive officer, Michael Fanghella, said Hillmanâs lawyer, Pamela Naughton. Hillman agreed to turn over $15 million to $17 million in cash and to liquidate private investments valued at $8 million to $10 million. He will also turn over as much as $20 million in federal tax refunds he is seeking for taxes paid on commissions from PinnFund. In exchange, he will retain his home in Oakland, his retirement account, a 1993 Ford Explorer and a 1996 Volvo sedan. PinnFund allegedly promised investors 17 percent returns from investments it said would be used to fund mortgage loans for borrowers with poor credit. The SEC claims the money was never loaned, but used to fund Fanghellaâs lavish lifestyle, which included the purchase of a $1 million yacht, luxury cars, and expensive gifts for his ex-girlfriend, a former porn star. By Bruce Gerstman, Special to the Daily Planet Friday December 07, 2001 By Colleen Valles Associated Press Writer Thursday December 06, 2001 SAN FRANCISCO â Since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, Tom Souza has stopped traveling, and even driving, as much as he used to. The retired Los Angeles police officer restores Corvettes, and now orders the parts he needs from catalogs instead of going to stores. He also plans to do his holiday shopping by catalog. âIâve used them before, but now Iâm using them almost exclusively,â he said. âI feel more comfortable buying through the mail now.â Catalog retailers and some Wall Street analysts are pinning their hopes for solid holiday sales on shoppers like Souza, who have opted not to travel but to send gifts this season. âThe catalog retailers, as well as Internet retailers, are in a better position,â said Kristine Koerber, an analyst with WR Hambrecht & Co. âItâs going to be a lot easier to send your package across the country, especially if youâre not traveling across the country.â The change in buying patterns is one bright spot for an industry stung not just by the recession but by postal increases in January and July. In response, most companies had cut back on circulation of catalogs, focusing on current customers instead of seeking out new ones. Catalog companies that also have stores and Web sites are using cross-marketing tactics. Last year, 13 percent of all catalog company sales were made over the Internet, according to the Direct Marketing Association. And like their brick and mortar counterparts, catalog firms are offering deep discounts to attract shoppers. âThis is a very promotional holiday. There are a lot of free shipping and volume discounts,â said Amy Blankenship, a spokeswoman at the association. Some, like The Sharper Image, where catalog sales accounted for 23 percent of sales last year, are expanding their lower-priced offerings. After increases in business averaging 11 percent for each of the past five years, growth is expected to slow to 9 percent this year, totaling $120 billion in total sales. The last three months of year are critical, when the industry takes in 37 percent of the whole yearâs business. Home electronics, food items, pet supplies and basic clothing are the best-selling categories so far this holiday, she said. The luxury business is weak, she said. So far, early sales results for catalog companies have been âa little bit betterâ than were originally projected, according to Chris Merritt, principal at Kurt Salmon Associates, a retail consulting firm. âConsumers are buying, though they are looking for bargains,â he said. Landâs End, which reported one of its strongest quarterly performances early last month, is hoping that the fourth quarter will generate a small sales increase. So far, holiday sales are up 3 percent, according to Emily Leuthner, a company spokeswoman, though she declined to make any projections for the season. The company has increased its inventory on such basics as turtlenecks and outerwear, after running short last holiday season. The company has also been doing more TV advertising this holiday, taking advantage of lower advertising rates. Other companies arenât doing as well as Landâs End. âWhen you talk to different catalogers, everyoneâs got a different story,â said Richard Baum, an analyst with CreditSuisse First Boston. âSome of the general merchandise catalogers have struggled all year, like Federated or Spiegel or J.C. Penney. It just happens that Landsâ End is knocking the cover off the ball this year.â At The Spiegel Group, e-commerce continues to grow, but sales at its other retail channels â catalogs and its own stores, primarily under Eddie Bauer â are down, said spokeswoman Debbie Koopman. The Downers Grove, Ill.-based company projects that total holiday sales are expected to decline by 5 percent to 10 percent, despite more aggressive discounting from a year ago. âI would say we had planned pretty conservatively going into the holiday season, and especially after Sept. 11 that turned out to be the right move,â Koopman said. At its Eddie Bauer division, for example, the company reduced inventory by 10 percent. Koopman is closely watching sales over the next week, and said the company may have to discount even more if the environment warrants it. Volatility in sales is making the outlook for the catalog industry more confusing, according to Rich Donaldson, spokesman at L.L. Bean. Weâve seen such varied results not only from channel to channel, but from week to week,â said Donaldson. âOne week our retail stores are looking good, and mail order drops off, and other weeks, we see mail order look good, and in-store sales drop off.â Internet sales at the outdoor clothing company, based in Freeport, Maine, have been the strongest of its retail channels through the fall season, Donaldson said. By John Curran, The Associated Press Friday December 07, 2001 FREEHOLD, N.J. â History teacher Barbara Guenther hasnât missed a day of class in 37 years. Now, she is spending her days in a 9-by-9 jail cell, locked up along with scores of other striking teachers in a bitter lesson in civil disobedience. Among them is Arline Corbett, 57, a veteran teacher who jokingly says she is so law-abiding she still has the âdo not remove under penalty of lawâ tags on her old mattresses. Then there is physical education teacher Steve Antonucci, who was the toast of the town last weekend after coaching the Middletown Township High School South Tigers to a state football championship. Two days later, he was in jail, eating bologna sandwiches and standing for twice-a-day head counts with alleged killers, carjackers and petty crooks. âThis is the reward I get,â the 30-year-old coach told a judge before being led away in handcuffs like all the others. By the end of the day Thursday, 228 striking teachers in well-to-do Middletown Township had been jailed this week for violating a back-to-work order. They are the first New Jersey teachers to be locked up in 23 years, and some 500 more could follow. It is the biggest mass jailing of striking teachers since 1978, when 265 were locked up for 18 days in Bridgeport, Conn., according to National Education Association spokeswoman Darryl Figueroa. It is so busy at the courthouse that hearings have been assigned to three judges. The teachers, who make an average of $56,000 annually, are fighting a move to increase their health care premiums by up to $600 per person, per year. Currently, they pay $250. None of the districtâs 10,500 students has been in class since Nov. 28 and the two sides remain far apart. The Board of Education received a death threat this week in a message left by a caller. âItâs become a war,â Schools Superintendent Jack DeTalvo said. The teachers have been called before judges in alphabetical order â how else? â starting with the As on Monday, the Bs on Tuesday and moving into the Os, Ps, Qs and Rs by Thursday. Many have made impassioned, Patrick Henry-like speeches about willingness to suffer the consequences of their defiance, their love of the job, and their contempt for Board of Education leaders. âI try to teach my students this country is fair and just,â Guenther, 57, told Superior Court Judge Ira Kreizman this week, her voice breaking. âIn this process, the law is not fair and just. Sometimes, good people have to stand up to fight an unjust law, and thatâs what Iâm doing.â Judge Clarkson Fisher Jr., who imposed the back-to-work order, said he decided on the one-week jail terms because he was concerned fines would not get teachers back to work. âYou are holding the keys to the jail,â Fisher told one group of strikers. âAny time you want to come out, let me know and you are out.â Eight of those who were jailed were released on Thursday after pleading hardship and agreeing to return to work. At least three teachers Thursday resigned or retired rather than be sent to jail. High school literature teacher Jennifer Laughlin announced to the judge that she was resigning after five years. âIâm totally disheartened by the treatment by the board of education and the lack of support for teachers in our community,â Laughlin said after she left the courtroom. Dozens of others have avoided jail altogether by citing family responsibilities or medical problems â high blood pressure, single parenthood, an elderly parent in need of care. Fisher has been lenient but not always patient. Special education teacher Kate Cosgrove told Fisher in a long monologue how she bought classroom equipment with her own money, and never complained or filed a workerâs compensation claim. She was excused after telling the judge she had two young children to care for. As she walked out of the courtroom, Fisher said: âItâs a good thing there wasnât a back door at the Alamo.â Others have gone proudly, holding handcuffed wrists up in the air as they were escorted to sheriffâs department vans for the half-mile trip to the jail. Middletown Township, a bedroom community of 66,000 people about 45 miles from New York City, was one of New Jerseyâs hardest-hit towns in the World Trade Center attacks. Three dozen Middletown residents were among the victims Sept. 11. Add in the worsening economy and fallout from layoffs at nearby Lucent Technologies, and there appears to be little sympathy for what some residents consider money-hungry teachers. âWith everything that is going on in this world due to the tragic attacks of Sept. 11, canât anybody sit down and be thankful for what they have?â one resident wrote in an e-mail to the Board of Education.	Kent
The 1859 Pig War, which lasted until 1872, describes a conflict between the United States and Great Britain over what group of islands?	Everett Daily Herald, June 07, 2014 by Sound Publishing - issuu issuu The to-do list She’s the best of the best D-Day: The Historic Flight Foundation, 10719 Bernie Webber Drive, Mukilteo, commemorates the 70th anniversary of D-Day from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. today. Military vehicles will be displayed as well as period uniforms, art, radios and ‘40s-style fashion. Tickets are $10-$14, free for veterans and active-duty military. Trysten Melhart tops list for all-area softball, Artists’ sale: Schack Art Center’s artists’ garage sale is 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. today at the center, 2921 Hoyt Ave. More than 100 artists will offer seconds, old stock and art supplies. Page C1 Bike swap: A bike swap for kids is 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Sunday at Sharing Wheels Community Bike Shop, 2531 Broadway, Everett. Exchange your child’s old bike for a refurbished and larger bicycle. Small cost might apply. SATURDAY, 06.07.2014 ● 75¢ (HIGHER IN OUTLYING AREAS) Suspect wanted to be famous By Rikki King and Eric Stevick Herald Writers SEATTLE — A heavily armed Mountlake Terrace man accused in Thursday’s deadly shooting at Seattle Pacific University had a history of making violent threats against himself and others, once telling police he hoped a SWAT team would “make him famous.” Aaron Rey Ybarra, 26, allegedly planned a mass shooting Thursday on the Seattle private college campus and wanted to kill as many people as possible before taking his own life, according to the arrest report. Ybarra allegedly had a shotgun, a hunting knife and at least 50 rounds of ammunition on him when he was taken into custody, the arrest Next stop: The future report says. John Meis, an SPU student, is credited with subduing Ybarra with pepper spray, putting an end See SUSPECT, back page, this section School security gets a boost Districts across the state are receiving grants to help pay for equipment that ensures clear communication when there is an emergency. By Brenna Holland Herald Writer See SKILLS, Page A2 See SECURITY, Page A2 IAN TERRY / THE HERALD ACES High School graduate Tiffany Richardson, 18 (right), is congratulated by her neighbor, Jennifer Campbell, after receiving four scholarships during the school’s graduation ceremony Thursday in Everett. “It feels good,” Richardson said. “It’s more than I expected.” See more photos from local graduations at www.heraldnet.com/graduation. OSO MUDSLIDE ‘Ham’ radio operators’ skills put to use By Rikki King Herald Writer BRIER — It was Sunday, March 23 — the day after the Oso mudslide. Business . . . . .A8 Classified . . . . B1 Comics . . . . . .D2 Volunteers from the Emergency Services Coordinating Agency in Brier got the call. They were needed at the disaster, about 50 miles away. Some of the volunteers are Crossword . . .D2 Dear Abby. . . .D3 Good Life . . . .D1 Horoscope . . .D6 Lottery . . . . . .A2 Obituaries. . . .A6 trained to operate amateur or “ham” radio. Some do basic emergency response. Some do both. Those are the skills the volunteers brought to the slide, where Opinion. . . . .A11 Sports . . . . . . . C1 TV . . . . . . . . . .D4 THE BUZZ: A new Japanese robot can read your emotions. Especially when you’re kicking it. Page A2 Glorious 70/51, C6 DAILY they helped comfort people in shelters, catalog and organize recovered property, and keep things organized for the EVERETT — With school safety increasingly in the news, eight Snohomish County public districts are installing new systems to ensure classrooms and offices can communicate with law enforcement in times of emergency. A new law requires the state Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction to make grants available to districts to pay for the installation of digital tools for communication and surveillance. The districts had discretion as to what to buy, but all in Snohomish County have chosen a system offered by Framingham, Massachusetts-based Rave Mobile Safety. The Rave system consists of software for computers and smartphones as well as cameras and direct links to police departments and 911 call centers. OSPI is giving nearly $7 million to 80 school districts statewide after the Legislature in 2013 passed a bill requiring districts to implement “emergency response systems using evolving technology to expedite the response and arrival of law enforcement in the event of a threat or emergency at 6 VOL. 114, NO. 124 © 2014 THE DAILY HERALD CO. 9 A2 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald the buzz Vet ditches nursing home to go to D-Day Associated Press LONDON — An 89-year old World War II veteran who was reported missing from a nursing home in England has been found in Normandy after traveling to attend D-Day commemorations, police said Friday. Bernard Jordan was last seen at The Pines home in Hove, southern England, on Thursday morning. Staff called police when he did not return that evening. Sussex Police said GRACEWELL HEALTHCARE Bernard Jordan an 89-yearold veteran, holds a picture of himself as the mayor of Hove from 1995 to 1996. Friday that another veteran later called to say he and Jordan were at a hotel in Ouistreham, France. Officers also spoke to Jordan and determined he was fine. The force said Jordan left the home wearing his service medals and joined a group of veterans heading to France by bus. Chief Superintendent Nev Kemp tweeted: “Veteran reported missing by care home who said he can’t go to Normandy for D-Day remembrance. We’ve found him there!” The home denied it had banned Jordan, a Royal Navy veteran and former Security: Unified communication From Page A1 a school.” The Everett School District will use its grant of $800,000 to install the Rave system, establish other new security measures and train the staffs of 26 schools. Other school districts receiving the grants were Monroe ($41,880), Arlington ($34,992), Lakewood ($23,328), Snohomish ($66,096), Stanwood-Camano ($34,216) and Sultan ($15,552). All the districts Skills plan to have the new systems installed during the coming school year. Rave’s system allows first responders and law enforcement officers to have instant access to school maps, live communication with school personnel and real-time camera surveillance. In Everett, the Rave system will include “panic button” software on faculty phones and computers. Three law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the sprawling Everett still have aid >> Agencies money left to hand Learn more out, Page A3 From Page A1 command staff. There was little phone service in Darrington at first. “They really needed the ham radios out there,” said Dan Good, who recently left the agency to take a job with the Snohomish County Department of Emergency Management. The team set up in Arlington, Darrington and Everett, to create a backup communication network. Some of the group’s volunteers were assigned to the Arlington emergency shelter, to keep out those who showed up for the wrong reasons. The team worked closely with the American Red Cross. Many of them volunteer with both organizations. “We were out in the weather,” said volunteer Sally Page. “We operated from our cars or in some cases, handhelds (radios).” They also helped School District: the Everett Police Department, the Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office and the Mill Creek Police Department. Assistant Superintendent of Teaching and Learning Molly Ringo says the Rave Mobile Safety system makes it possible for them all to receive emergency information simultaneously. “One of the best outcomes of this grant application is how it brought together all of the law enforcement and emergency responders to work people who came to donate. Neighbors brought the contents of emptied closets and freshly cooked meals. Small children lugged plastic bags of donations. They escorted displaced families into the emergency shelters. The ham radio operators worked in shifts. They arrived early and stayed late. They’d leave home at 3 a.m. to get to Darrington. The volunteers helped stack donations and connect people with Federal Emergency Management Agency and other resources. They wore bright yellow vests. “We look fairly official. Some of the people just needed to talk,” said volunteer Tom Hawkins, 69, of Edmonds. People searching in the debris field would come back, covered in mud, and Hawkins knew that everyone was working together The Emergency Services Coordinating Agency, based in Brier, has dozens of volunteers, including ham radio operators, who provide services for charity events, such as bike rides and fundraiser walks, in addition to emergencypreparedness work and disaster response. The group serves 10 cities in south Snohomish County and north King County. Ham radio classes and licensing tests are available. More info: esca1.com, 425-776-3722 toward a common goal, he said. “Just how many people just came up and said, ‘Thank you for being here,’” he said. “That’s what made it worthwhile.” They used the radios to relay information, like what supplies were needed and how many PREVIEW PROPERTIES, INC mayor of Hove, from going to the commemorations. “In fact, staff at the home tried to get Mr. Jordan onto an accredited tour with the Royal British Legion but, due to the last-minute nature of the request, this was not possible,” chief executive Peter Curtis said in a statement. Police said in a statement that Jordan’s friends “are going to ensure he gets back to Hove safely over the next couple of days after the D-Day celebrations finish.” on one goal,” Ringo said. The Everett School District plans to retire an existing security camera system. Cameras will be located at exterior doors, in corridors, common spaces, parking lots, sports fields and student gathering places outside schools. They will not be in bathrooms, locker rooms or classrooms. Besides secondary and primary schools, Rave Mobile Safety serves 1,000 college campuses across the country. Brenna Holland: 425339-5350; bholland@ heraldnet.com. people were in each shelter at a given time. The radio signals bounced off the mountains surrounding Darrington. So they’d look for sweet spots, where the signals were clear, said volunteer Leo Notenboom, 56, of Woodinville. At one point, weeks after the slide, the team met with others who had responded to the disaster, to talk and to share their experiences. “It was like unloading gunny sacks,” said volunteer Bill Westlake, 71, of Edmonds. The group went around the room, letting each person talk. Everyone had done something different — something that mattered — for someone else. Good remembers helping a man who had lost his adult son in the slide. “This man had the clothes on his back, lost his son, looked very, very beaten,” Good said. “There was no other place I’d rather be in the world than here helping him and other people like that.” Rikki King: 425-3393449; rking@heraldnet. com. Future schlock Domo arigato, Mr. Roboto: A Japanese billionaire has introduced a robot named Pepper that its developers claim can read the emotions of people by recognizing expressions and tone of voice and displays affection by cooing and humming (Page A8). The bad news: The robots are still going to take over the world. The good news: The world will be a much calmer place. Fine the Fokkers: The Dutch aerospace company Fokker Technologies will have to forfeit $21 million for selling U.S.-made goods to Iran, Sudan and Burma in violation of trade sanctions. The company hid the sales by falsifying work orders to make it appear the parts were being purchased by countries not under sanction. The original Fokker company made and sold planes to the German army during World War I (Page A9). Goes to show you: You just never know when some Fokker is going to go behind your back and defy you. A few scratches; I’ll give you $3: PBS says its “Antiques Roadshow” series, which features experts appraising antiques, will no longer appraise ivory tusks in order to discourage the slaughter of elephants (Page D4). Although they’re not worth much, experts will continue to appraise vinyl LPs of Fleetwood Mac’s 1979 album, “Tusk.” —Jon Bauer, Herald staff TODAY IN HISTORY Today is Saturday, June 7, the 158th day of 2014. There are 207 days left in the year. Today’s highlights: On June 7, 1939, King George VI and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, arrived at Niagara Falls, New York, from Canada on the first visit to the United States by a reigning British monarch. On this date: In 1769, frontiersman Daniel Boone first began to explore present-day Kentucky. In 1929, the sovereign state of Vatican City came into existence as copies of the Lateran Treaty were exchanged in Rome. In 1942, the World War II Battle of Midway ended in a decisive victory for American forces over the Imperial Japanese. In 1972, the musical “Grease” opened on Broadway, having already been performed in lower Manhattan. In 1998, in a crime that shocked the nation, James Byrd Jr., a 49-year-old black man, was hooked by a chain to a pickup truck and dragged to his death in Jasper, Texas. (Two white men were later sentenced to death; one of them, Lawrence Russell Brewer, was executed in 2011. A third defendant received life with the possibility of parole.) Associated Press LOTTERY LOTTO: Wednesday’s drawing was for $4.1 million. Wednesday’s numbers: 1-9-17-19-33-45. The next drawing is today for $4.3 million. DAILY GAME: Friday’s numbers: 5-1-0. KENO: Friday’s numbers: 2-4-10-11-12-16-24-25-28-32-33- 37-39-44-46-54-55-66-67-69. HIT 5: Wednesday’s drawing was for $190,000. Wednesday’s numbers: 24-25-28-31-37. The next drawing is today for $230,000. MATCH 4: Friday’s numbers: 5-7-8-18. POWERBALL: Wednesday’s drawing was for $192 million. Wednesday’s numbers: 1-7-10-22-49, Powerball 24. The next drawing is today for $221 million. MEGA MILLIONS: Friday’s drawing was for $45 million. Friday’s numbers: 12-29-37-49-72, Megaball 9. The next drawing is Tuesday. The Local Real Estate Exper ts! Arlington OSO MUDSLIDE Money still to be disbursed By Chris Winters Herald Writer EVERETT — The three nonprofits that raised the most money for disaster relief after the March 22 Oso mudslide are considering how the remainder of that money will be distributed. Between the Snohomish County chapter of the American Red Cross, United Way of Snohomish County and the Cascade Valley Hospital Foundation, $8 million in donations has been raised after the disaster that destroyed a neighborhood along the North Fork Stillaguamish River. So far United Way has disbursed $1.3 million of the $2.4 million it has raised. The Cascade Valley Hospital Foundation has passed on about $1 million of $1.7 million that has come in. The Red Cross See MONEY, Page A4 SPIRITUAL LIFE Vandals go on crime spree “In the pantheon of crime, this is really high on the idiot scale” says a sheriff’s sergeant about countless broken automobile windows. Faith calendar, A10 By Eric Stevick Herald Writer EDMONDS — The vandalism spree was widespread across south Snohomish County. Under the cloak of darkness, someone used a BB or pellet gun to shoot out car windows in Edmonds, Mountlake Terrace, Woodway and areas in between earlier this week. In Edmonds alone, there were 23 reports of broken windows. The damage crossed the Snohomish County line into Shoreline, where there were 20 reports of broken car windows. That city contracts with the King County Sheriff’s Office. “In the pantheon of crime, this is really high on the idiot scale,” said sheriff’s Sgt. D.B. Gates. “It’s a ridiculous crime.” All told, there were more than See VANDALS, Page A10 DAN BATES / THE HERALD Pastor Rick Pribbernow (center) talks with Edmonds Lutheran Church Pastors Tim Oleson and Julie Josund about his work with the NW Synod of the ELCA. Trial in drive-by slaying delayed Doors open to everyone Erick Walker is charged in the murder of Molly Conley, 15, who was walking home from a park with friends. Edmonds Lutheran is taking steps to be recognized for inclusivity By Diana Hefley By Amy Nile Herald Writer front porch EDMONDS — There’s a churchsanctioned process for congregations to be recognized as welcoming of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Edmonds Lutheran Church is taking the first steps toward gaining that stamp of acceptance. The process is called Reconciling in Christ. It’s an official four-step procedure in which a Lutheran organization becomes recognized for inclusivity. Rick Pribbernow is an openly gay pastor with Seattle-based Open Door Ministries. He’s giving a three-part lecture series at Edmonds Lutheran on the scriptures, human sexuality and stereotypes associated with LGBT people. His first two discussions were so popular that Edmonds pastors Julie Josund and Tim Oleson decided to give similar talks again as a way of encouraging the Evangelical Lutheran congregation to move forward in becoming officially recognized as inclusive of LGBT people. Edmonds talks about the future The next Superintendent’s Roundtable discussion, 12-1 p.m. Wednesday, will focus on future topics for the informal, monthly meetings with Superintendent Nick Brossoit and other administrative staff of the Edmonds School District. “We’ve been talking about it and praying about it for 30 years,” Josund said. In 2009, the national Evangelical Lutheran Church in America issued a statement allowing pastors in the denomination to be openly gay. “That was our big moment,” Josund said. “It set off waves across the church.” Following the decision, some left the church and others joined, she said. Allowing openly gay leaders made the denomination more welcoming to all LGBT people. It started the process of reversing the intolerance historically practiced by many churches. “The LGBT community was marginalized,” Oleson said. “This is a significant group the church has ostracized.” While all congregations strive to be welcoming, Oleson said, he sees the educational series as a step beyond that. The more people get to know LGBT people, the harder it becomes to believe that homosexuality is wrong, he said. J. Marie Riche of Ideal Communications will lead the meeting. Bring ideas for panel topics and guest speakers for the 2014-15 school year. Audio of the meeting will be streamed live at www.edmonds. wednet.edu/ESDlive. Listeners, too, can submit questions. Flag Day: Join Everett Elks Herald Writer Oleson had an experience that pushed him to become more inclusive. He had an intern who was gay but didn’t share that information. Oleson later learned the intern hid his identity because he feared judgment. Now Oleson strives to welcome everyone to the table, even those with different perspectives. The Edmonds pastors are taking another look at the scripture that condemns homosexuality and translating it into more modern language. They call those passages the “clobber texts” because they traditionally have been used to discriminate and exclude people. “We’ll look at them from a different vantage point,” Josund said. They’ll also work to address fears and concerns people have from some church teachings over the years. Josund said she was moved earlier in her career by hearing the story of a Lutheran pastor who felt he had to give up the cloth because he was gay. EVERETT — The trial of a Marysville man accused of gunning down 15-year-old Molly Conley a year ago is now scheduled to begin in November. It had been scheduled to begin this month. Lawyers told Snohomish County Superior Court Judge Thomas Wynne on Friday that they need more time to prepare. There is a large volume of reports and other evidence to review. They also are trying to coordinate schedules for the dozens of witnesses. “We’ve been working diligently to get to trial,” Snohomish County deputy prosecutor Ed Stemler said. Molly’s family was disappointed by the delay. They trust the prosecutor’s judgment, but the trial continuances take an emotional toll on them, Molly’s father said. Wynne, a veteran judge, has See OPEN, Page A10 See TRIAL, Page A10 Lodge 479 for its annual Flag Day Ceremony next Saturday, June 14, at 2 p.m. A complete history of the American flag will be recounted by guest speaker Hugh Fleet. Coffee and cookies will be served by the Emblem Ladies. The Everett Elks Lodge is at 2802 Hoyt Ave. Call 425-252-4179 for more information. CONTACT US Home delivery: Call 425-339-3200. News tips: Call 425-339-3451 or email newstips@ heraldnet.com. Share photos: Submit shots to our reader galleries at www.heraldnet. com/yourphotos. A4 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald Money: Community’s needs ebb and flow From Page A3 has given out $1.6 million of $3.9 million in total donations. All three organizations have been careful to strike a balance between getting much-needed money out into the community quickly to help with immediate recovery efforts and holding some in reserve to address issues that would only emerge over the longer term. “There’s more to be distributed than has been distributed to date,” United Way CEO Dennis Smith said. But United Way has decided to cease accepting donations to its Disaster Recovery Fund after Sept. 22, and Smith said he expects the fund to be completely disbursed by Oct. 1. The rate that money has come into the fund has “slowed way down” lately, Smith said. “We’ve kept it open because we know from time to time that something would come in,” Smith said. For example, he gave a talk recently and two people came forward with a couple of $100 checks. New donations coming in after the fund is closed that are designated for slide relief will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. And while United Way is still funding ongoing relief efforts around Oso, Darrington and Arlington, the organization also has returned to some regular activities, such as an annual spring fundraising campaign. “Part of our work is responding to the needs of the whole community,” Smith said. Neither the Cascade Valley Hospital Foundation nor the American Red Cross have put an end date to their disaster relief funds, but they are looking toward the summer and fall and trying to anticipate the needs they will be facing. “The needs continue to change,” said hospital foundation board member Heather Logan. The foundation’s board members, she said, “are very cognizant that new needs may emerge at the six-month mark” and beyond. The Red Cross doesn’t have a set schedule for disbursing remaining funds, said Chuck Morrison, the organization’s regional executive director. But he anticipates that the vast amount of generosity shown in the wake of the mudslide will have some downstream effect on other charities. “We think food banks will need help in the holiday season,” Morrison said. But that is neither a promise nor a plan, because the needs of the community can change quickly, he said. For example, the Red Cross handed out several thousand gas cards in the weeks following the slide. The reopening of Highway 530 on May 31, much earlier than originally anticipated, has largely eliminated that issue. “That need disappeared really quickly, thanks to the great work by the Department of Transportation,” Morrison said. On the other hand, the Red Cross is still funding case managers from Catholic Community Services for the next six months who work on Snohomish County’s larger team of “navigators” to connect victims with necessary services. In addition, the Red Cross is also funding Volunteers of America to keep mental health counselors in the area for the next four months at least, Morrison said. In both cases, the Red Cross will review the ongoing needs and adjust plans accordingly, he said. United Way and the Cascade Valley Hospital Foundation have settled on more broadbased strategies for disbursing their remaining funds. United Way maintains a distinction between money raised from individual donations, which is targeted toward helping individuals and families, and that from corporate sponsors, which is used to address more organizational and broader community needs, such as funding additional staff for two family support centers and providing $150,000 to Hampton Mill in Darrington to compensate the additional miles the truckers needed to drive while the highway was closed. Of the $2.4 million raised by the United Way to date, $600,000 came in the form of corporate donations, CEO Smith said. The Arlington Family Resource Project and North Counties Family Services in Darrington are the two primary organizations passing United 1074205 Way’s and the hospital foundation’s money to individuals and families. The United Way has also donated to the Oso Fireman’s Fund, the nonprofit arm of the volunteer Oso Fire Department. “All the money donated from individuals saying, ‘We want to help those people,’ we wanted to make sure those dollars went to the individuals and families,” Smith said. Both United Way and the hospital foundation have indicated that 70 percent of the money raised to help individuals and families will be dedicated solely to those who lost a family member or their home in the Oso slide. Among the casualties are 43 dead, one of whom is still missing in the square mile of debris. In addition, 48 homes were destroyed or damaged by the slide, many of them the owners’ primary residences. The remaining 30 percent would help people in the larger area, as Smith put it, whose lives were affected but not devastated. That 70-30 split is roughly the same ratio of money that has already been disbursed into the broader community since the charitable work began, he said. 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Prices do not include permit costs or sales tax & are based on a flat, level, accessible building site w/less than 1’ of fill, w/85 MPH Wind Exposure “B”, 25# snow load, for non commercial usage & do not include prior sales & may be affected by county codes and/or travel considerations. Drawings for illustration purposes only. Ad prices expire 6/17/14. LOCAL BRIEFLY Trial in child molestation case set for September EVERETT — The case of a former Monroe police sergeant facing childmolestation charges is now scheduled to go to trial in September. Carlos Martinez, 59, made a brief appearance Friday in Snohomish County Superior Court. He is free pending trial. The former Monroe School Board member is accused of instigating a sexual relationship in 2003 with a 14-year-old girl. He was the drug education officer for the girl’s elementary school classes in Monroe. He has pleaded not guilty to the charges. Martinez told Washington State Patrol detectives that he didn’t have sex with the girl until she was 18, court papers said. Martinez left the Monroe Police Department in 2009 because he was about to be fired after being accused of assaulting his wife. Lynnwood: Arson at abandoned house An investigation is under way into an arson Thursday night at an abandoned house near Martha Lake. The fire was reported just before 7 p.m. in the 16000 block of Second Place W., Snohomish County Fire District 1 spokeswoman Leslie Hynes said. Crews arrived to find the house engulfed in flames. The fire was extinguished within about 25 minutes. No injuries were reported. The house was scheduled to be demolished. Damage was estimated at $20,000. Anyone with information should call 425-388-3557 or call 800-55-ARSON. There is a $10,000 reward for information leading to a conviction. Herald staff Josh O’Connor, Publisher Neal Pattison, Executive Editor Peter Jackson, Editorial Page Editor Pilar Linares, Advertising Director (USPS-181-740) The Daily Herald is published daily by Sound Publishing Inc., 1800 41st Street, Suite 300, Everett, WA 98203. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Daily Herald, P.O. Box 930, Everett, WA 98206 Periodicals Postage Paid at Everett, WA and at additional mailing offices. Member of the Associated Press The Associated Press is entitled exclusively to the use for republication of all the local news printed in this newspaper as well as all AP news dispatches. 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Sunday Only delivery: Snohomish, Island and King counties: $14.50/month, $174.00/year. Balance of Washington state, U.S., territories and possessions: $16.75/month, $201.00/year. Prepayment required. Mail subscriptions do not contain advertising inserts. Mail service may not be available to some areas outside the USA. 1012013 The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 A5 1055668 A6 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald OBITUARIES AND MEMORIALS Emmet Joseph Stormo Sr. Shirley Irene Olson (Mathiasen) Morgan Lynn (Dobson) Thompson September 28, 1942-June 2, 2014 Loren Wayne French Loren French, born on June 8 , 1 9 37 , a g r a d u a t e o f Everett High School 1956, passed away in his home on May 27, 2014 in Marysville, Wash. Loren is sur vived by his daughter, Jean Clyne; his son, Gerald French; grandson, Sean Burke; great grandson, Jayden Clyne; his brothers, Richard French and R o n To m i c h ; h i s s i s t e r, Darlene Champers; and also many more relatives in Washington, California and Arizona. He was preceded in death by his wife, Jacque French; mother, Evelyn French; and g r a n d d a u g h t e r, J e n n i f e r Burke. A graveside service will be held Monday, June 9, 2014 at 1:00 p.m. at Evergreen Cemeter y of f Broadway in Everett. Coffee and dessert to follow at Loren’s house, 5221 119th Pl N.E. Marysville. Call Jean Clyne (daughter) for information 425-870-5682. Merle L. (Johnny) Haynes Jr. Merle L. (Johnny) Haynes Jr. went home to be with Jesus on June 1, 2014. He was born August 19, 1937 in Everett, to Merle Haynes Sr. and Ruth Tozer. He was a Navy Veteran in the Korean War from 1955 to 1961 and a jack of all trades. He worked at Black Clawson in Everett for 14 ye a r s , Wa s h i n g to n S tove Works in Everett, Sathers Foundr y in Everett, Wahco Construction in Everett, Mackenzie Casting in Arlington and Ford Tractor in Everett. H e l ove d to t a ke d r i ve s along the Mt Loop Hwy and is where his ashes will be laid to rest. He leaves his loving wife of 53 years, Sandra May; three sons, Merle Haynes III, Kenneth Haynes, Tim Haynes; and son-in-law, Tom Clif ton; daughters, Melody Haynes, Donna Clifton; stepd a u g h te r, C h r i s t y S u t to n ; daughter-in-law, Shari Haynes; and many nieces, nephews, grandchildren and great-grandchildren that he loved very much. Many thanks to our Angel Laurie Rister and staff from Hospice for the loving care and compassion you showed our loving husband, father and friend. At his request there will be no graveside service. A family gathering to celebrate his life will be held at a later date. Fred Giles Jan. 18, 1957 - May 31, 2014 In Loving Memory McKenzy L Wiseman “Mac” Nov. 23, 1985 - June 8, 2013 Notice of memorial service Sunday, June 8, 2014, Our hearts still ache with 1:00 p.m. at Swiss Hall on sadness and secret tears still flow. Tualco Road in Monroe. You’re missed by everyone more than you will know. God Bless Your loving family and friends 862829 Everett’s only family owned funeral home 3301 Colby Ave. 425-252-5159 Barbara M. Funk Kenneth John Goehrs “Ken Goehrs” Fred Giles, born October 20, 194 4. He lef t us too early and passed on January 11, 2014. His life will be remembered and celebrated at Four Springs House on June 11, 2014 by family and friends. Cathy Stansberry Kolrud Morgan was born in Everett December 12, 1984, on her uncle Joe’s 16th bir thday, and passed away suddenly May 28, 2014 at her home in North Seattle, at the age of 29. S h e h a d a t t e n d e d Edmonds Woodway High School. Although Morgan has sadly left us before her time, she had a radiant personality and contagious smile and touched the hear ts of everyone she met. May her spirit be set free like a bird. She is sur vived by her m o t h e r, D e b b i e D o b s o n ; fath er, Rob er t, an d step mother Karla Dobson; sisters, Jocelyn and Re b e c c a ; b ro t h e r, S c o t t ; favorite aunt, Jackie Robinson; grandparents, S h i r l ey G r ay, S h a n n o n Robinson and Gordon Mummy; many aunts, uncles, cousins and friends; and dearest friend, Brenna Wold. She will be greeted in heaven by greatgrandparents, Harry and Irene Robinson, Eleanor Golden and Agnes Phipps D w ye r, a n d c o u s i n , M y ka Campbell. The service will be at Evergreen Funeral Home at 3:00 p.m. Saturday, June 7, 2014, at 4504 Broadway, Everett. In lieu of flowers, please donate to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society at www.nationalmssociety.org/ Donate or 1-800-344-4867. Clarence G. Johnson A celebration of life will be held for Clarence G. Johnson of Everett, on Tuesday, June 10 , 2 014 a t 2 : 0 0 p . m . Friends and Family are invited to meet at Bauer Funeral Chapel, 701 First St., Snohomish, Wash. 98290. “Please sign the Guest Book at www.heraldnet.com/ obituaries” indicates that an online Guest Book has been established under the name of the deceased. This will allow friends and family to express condolences and share memories. All entries are at no cost. 948074 Ken died peacefully in his s l e e p . H e wa s a b e l ove d s o n , b r o t h e r, u n c l e a n d husband. He was a “larger than life individual” with a joy for his family and friends. He loved big trucks, tractors, running his business, “wheeling and dealing” large business deals, driving his tractor, camping and country music. He had an exuberant p e r s o n a l i t y, w h i c h e a s i l y took over any room he entered. He will be missed by his family and many friends. Services will be on Friday, June 13, 2014 at 1:00 p.m. at the Purdy and Walter s with Cassidy Funeral home on Pacific Ave. Donations can be made in his memory to Medic One of Everett. Barbara M. Funk was born in Seattle April 9, 1934, and passed away in Las Vegas, Nev., May 24, 2014. She was a member of the Arlington American Legion a n d wo r ke d a t S e a r s , J C Penneys, Coast to Coast, a n d C o a s t a n d A r l i n g to n H a rd w a r e , a l l l o c a te d i n Arlington. She was preceded in death by h e r b e l ove d h u s b a n d , Clyde E. Funk. T h ey h a d fo u r c h i l d r e n , da ug h ter, Vi c k i e Ly n n , of Snohomish; son, Time Funk, o f M a r y s v i l l e ; d a u g h t e r, Colleen, of Bremerton; and son, Kevin Funk, of Pahrump, Nev. She also has 10 grandchildren. She has a brother and sisters, Merle Swaigsne of Mar ysville, s i s te r s , G ay l e H o l l a n d o f Stanwood, and Sandy Jolly of Laughlin, Nev. She was preceded in death by her sister, Arlene Rammage, in 2011. No service will be held at her request. In Loving Memory Tina Marie Lacerenza June 6, 1961 - June 6, 2004 Happy Birthday, Tina... we love and miss you always! Your parents, Daniel Lacerenza and Barbara Maffucci Smith; children, Joseph, April, Steve and Paul; sisters, Vickie Lacerenza, Aimee Aldrich and Alice Lacerenza; nephew, Daniel; niece, Danee; and your many loving, caring friends To Place an In Memoriam or Obituary, please call 425-339-3023 948072 S h i r l ey p a s s e d i n to t h e loving arms of Jesus after a short battle with cancer. She was surrounded by her loving family. S h e i s p r e c e d e d b y parents, Walter and Pearl Mathiasen; husband, Ronald S . O l s o n ; a n d d a u g h t e r, Maria Lynn Berg. She is sur vived by her brother, Warren Mathiasen; daughters, Victoria Cornwall (Alex) and Meschera Berg; g r a n d d a u g h te r s , N i c h o l e Cornwall and Kayla Berg; grandson, Mikail W. Berg; and three greatgranddaughters. Memorial ser vice will be held at 11:30 a.m., on S a t u rd ay, J u n e 14 , a t Mukilteo Foursquare, 4424 Chennault Beach Rd., M u k i l te o , Wa s h . , 9 8 27 5 . 425-347-1211. Emmet Stormo, born September 25, 1927, went to be with the Lord June 1, 2014. Emmet was one of 13 children born to George and Alma Stormo at the old Stormo farm in Marysville. He attended Mar ysville Schools and later Everett Community College. As a young man, Emmet worked with his dad in the family logging camp. He joined the Army from 1946 to 1951 serving during the Korean war. He met the love of his life, Elreen, and was married in 1950. Af ter discharge from the army, he worked at Washington Timber Products, later Publishers Forest Products, retiring as the mill superintendent. He was an active member of the Hoo Hoo lumber organization, Marysville VFW, American Legion and Sons of Norway. Additionally, he loved softball -- playing until he was 75 -- golf, hunting, and fishing. He was an outstanding outdoorsman, teaching his children survival skills. He leaves behind his loving wife of 63 year s, Elreen; three children, George (Robin), Emmet, (Vicky), and Beverly Vodegel (Raymond). Also, he leaves eight g r a n d c h i l d r e n , 19 g r e a t grandchildren, and three great-great-grandchildren. Emmet has two sur viving s i s te r s , C h r i s Ly o n s a n d Deana Kearns. He is joining his family and friends who have gone on before. A memorial service will be held June 14, 2014 at 1:00 p.m. at The Church of the Nazarene, 8 2 4 0 6 4 t h S t . NE, Marysville, Wash. Office hours: 8am-5pm Monday-Friday Phone availability: 8am-5pm Monday-Friday and until noon Saturday Deadlines: 2pm day prior for Tues.-Sat. Pub. By email until noon Sat. for Sun/Mon. Pub. Email: [email protected] 1074201 Jan. 20, 1936 - May 24, 2014 Alfred “Al” W. Eastman of Snohomish, Wash., passed away on May 24, 2014 at age 78. Al was born to Cora Eastman Kane on Januar y 20, 1936 in Elmira, New York. As an infant he was adopted by his maternal grandfather Gilbert Eastman. Al grew up in Smithboro, NY, on a farm which for many years used horse power to do the work. At his fathers side he developed a strong work ethic and the value of honesty. As he was growing up he also worked on neighboring farms fo r ro o m a n d b o a rd . H i s school years were spent in the Tioga Central School District where he found that industrial arts were the most interesting. He also found he loved roller skating. He ended up doing 28 different dances on skates. After the death of his father in the early 1950’s Al left the farm and school. For a time he traveled with a circ u s d o i n g w h a teve r wo rk they asked him to do. Later he found jobs exercising harness horses at the race tracks in New York State. In August 7, 1953 he joined the navy taking his roller skates with him. His active service time was aboard the U S S R e q u i s i t e AG S - 1 8 a geodedic survey ship as a pipefitter. During their tour of duty in the Mediterranean he skated in roller rinks in m a ny o f t h e s u r ro u n d i n g countries. At the time he left ship for the roller rinks he carried his skates in their case. His buddies on board watched for his return to the ship, hoping to see the skates tied together hanging from his neck because “Something else” was in the skate case. As par t of the ships tour of duty along the north coast of Alaska part of his active duties were in building towers for the DEW (Distant Early Warning) line system. On January 7, 1957 he rec e i ve d a n h o n o r a b l e d i s c h a r g e i n S e a t t l e , Wa s h . Right around this time he married Dixie Gray of Seattle. In his living in the Seattle area they had four children, Mark, Tari, Jerry and Dianna. Within days of his discharged he had a job delivering blueprints via motorcycle and joined the Teamsters Union, Local 38. One of these deliveries of blueprints involved delivering the plans personally to a supervisor at the top of the Space Needle during construction. Can you imagine riding to the top of the space needle in an open wire cage? In later years he delivered freight locally for West Coast Paper, Edmonds Auto Freight and Renton-Isaac freight. These jobs ranged from delivering freight south to Tacoma and north to the Cana- dian border in western Washington. He often made his vacation time from these jobs to work the Wheat har vest at the Poe Ranch in Heartline, Wash. Al soon tired of living in Seattle and farm life called to him. After searching many areas he settled on a farm across the Pilchuck River from Snohomish in 1962. While still driving freight trucks he at times raised raspberries, rented land to raise corn, and hay as cash crops. He raised cattle, swine, chicken etc… to feed his family and sell the extras. He also started working at Farmers Auction on Ave D in Snohomish on weekends. While listening to different auctioneers he started practicing on his own. Eventually he became an Auctioneer in his own right. During this time he became involved with the 4-H program, was the leader of the Lucky Leaves 4-H Group, serving at the 4-H Beef Barn supervisor, during the Evergreen State Fair, volunteer auctioneer for the 4-H/FFA Youth hoping to sell their beef, sheep, and swine stock at the annual fat stock show. He also found time to be Santa Claus for several different groups. As you can see he was a busy, active man. In 1973 he met Mar ylyn Hansen and they were married in 1976. With this marriage he gained two stepsons, Ed and Gary Hansen. We fo u n d t h a t h e h a d a boundless sense of humor. He loved playing tricks and jokes on people, especially on April Fools Day. He joined the Washington State Auctioneers Association, helped in their work towards a Washington State Auctioneers licensing law and served as a President of the state Auctioneers Association. In 2010 he was inducted into the Washington Auctioneers Association Hall of Fame. In the Early 80’s he started People’s Auction on Maple in Snohomish, with Jes Browning as a Partner. Later he star ted Eastman Auctioneering at Frontier Village area near Lake Stevens on Vernon Rd. During his auctioneering career he sold a variety of items - registered horse sales, antiques and collectables, furniture, farm equipment, mustangs for the BLM and just plain boxes of miscellaneous. He is survived by his wife of 38 years, Marylyn; children, Mark (Linda), Tari, Jerry (Eleni) and Dianna; stepsons, Ed (Betsy), and Gary (Michelle) Hansen, seven grandchildren, one greatgranddaughter, four stepgrandchildren, and four stepgreat-grandchildren. His Kane brothers, Paul of Billings, Mont.. Gilbert (Diane) of Candor, NY, Barna (Pattie) of Cary, NC; and sister, Helen Crawford of Newberg, NY. Al was preceded in death by his father/grandfather, Gilber t Eastman; and his mother, Cora Kane. The family would like to thank the staff at the Garden House of Emeritis of Monroe for the wonder ful care they gave Al since February of 2013. Also thanks to members of Providence Hospice Care who provided additional comfort and care for Al since last October. Al was not only a busy hard w o r k i n g m a n , b u t fo u n d times for hunting, fishing, camping trips, and having good times with his family. He was a good, caring man that really liked people and was always willing to jump in to help friends and neighbors. He was well respected and will be missed by us and many others. Watch for a notice later this summer for a Celebrat i on of L i fe g et tog et h e r. Hope to see all of you friends and neighbors at that time. Nation & World A7 \| SATURDAY, 06.07.2014 N. Korea holds U.S. tourist Associated Press SEOUL, South Korea — North Korea has detained a 56-year old man from Ohio, accusing him of an unspecified crime after he traveled to the communist-led country as a tourist, the nation’s state news agency and the man’s family said Friday. The North is now holding three Americans. The state Korean Central News Agency identified the latest detainee as Jeffrey Edward Fowle. It said he arrived in North Korea on April 29 and authorities were investigating him for committing acts inconsistent with the purpose of a tourist visit. It did not give details. U.S. officials confirmed the detention but didn’t identify the person for privacy reasons, nor comment on reports that he was held after leaving a Bible in his hotel room. A spokesman for the family said, Fowle, who is married with three children, was not on a mission for his church. One of the other two U.S. detainees is Korean-American missionary Kenneth Bae of Lynnwood, who has been held since November 2012, and is serving 15 years of hard labor for what the North says were hostile acts against the state. State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf did not say whether Sweden, which handles consular matters for Americans in North Korea, had been granted access to the latest detainee. “This is the third U.S. citizen that has been detained in North Korea,” Harf said in Washington. She added there’s “no greater priority for us than the welfare and safety of U.S. citizens abroad.” She said the department has a warning against travel to North Korea and that being part of a tour group will not prevent a possible arrest. North Korea has been pushing to promote tourism as part of efforts to earn badly needed foreign currency, but the country is also extremely sensitive about how visitors act while in the country. The other American being held was detained for alleged improper behavior while entering the country. The tourist agency he traveled with identified him as Matthew Miller, 24. North Korea said he entered the country April 10 with a tourist visa, but tore it up and shouted that he wanted to seek asylum. The brief report said he chose the north “as a shelter.” Timothy Tepe, an attorney who is acting as a spokesman for Fowle’s family, confirmed that North Korea detained Fowle. He said the family would issue statement Monday and not comment until then, “given the sensitive nature of Jeff’s situation.” “This is a very fluid situation that has just come to light and they need time to process it,” Tepe said. Tepe said Fowle, who has a home in Miamisburg in southwest Ohio, was not on a mission for his church, Urbancrest Baptist Church in Lebanon, Ohio, and that he was just visiting North Korea as a tourist. ACROSS THE U.S. Ex-Vinson skipper will lead academy ANNAPOLIS, Md. — A former “Top Gun” pilot who recently led the school that teaches the nation’s Navy leaders has been chosen by President Barack Obama to head the U.S. Naval Academy, the defense secretary said Friday. The appointment of Rear Adm. Walter Carter comes as the military struggles to end sexual assault in its ranks, including at the Naval Academy. Carter was designated a naval flight officer in 1982. He graduated from the Navy Fighter Weapons School, what was known as the “Top Gun” school, in the last F-4 Phantom class in 1985. He has commanded the Enterprise Carrier Strike Group 12. He also was commander of the USS Carl Vinson, one of the Navy’s largest nuclear-powered super carriers. He has flown 125 combat missions. Virginia: Base lockdown A Navy facility was on lockdown Friday as officials searched room by room for a suspect wanted in connection with a stabbing at a base parking lot, officials said. The Navy identified the suspect as Petty Officer 3rd Class Wilbur Harwell, who is believed to have stabbed another serviceman in the parking lot outside a mini-mart at Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads, a public affairs officer said. The victim was taken to surgery and was listed in critical condition, she said. Harwell is a white male, 26, who stands 5-foot-8 and has blond hair. Oklahoma: Common Core PASCAL ROSSIGNOL / ASSOCIATED PRESS President Barack Obama applauds veterans at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, France, on Friday. D-Day veterans honored Associated Press COLLEVILLE-SUR-MER, France — It was a day of pride, remembrance and honors for those who waded through blood-tinged waves, climbed razor-sharp cliffs or fell from the skies, staring down death or dying in an invasion that portended the fall of the Third Reich and the end of World War II. It was also a day of high diplomacy for a Europe not completely at peace. After 70 years, a dwindling number of veterans, civilian survivors of the brutal battle for Normandy, and 19 world leaders and monarchs celebrated on Friday the sacrifices of D-Day, an assault never matched for its size, planning and derring-do. The events spread across the beaches and lush farmlands of Normandy, in western France, had an added sense of urgency this year: It would be the last grand commemoration for many of the veterans, whether they relived the anniversary at home in silence or were among the some 1,000 who crossed continents to be present despite their frail age. For President Barack Obama, transmitting the memory of their “longest day” means keeping intact the values that veterans fought and died for. “When the war was won, we claimed no spoils of victory — we helped Europe rebuild,” Obama said in a speech at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial. It is the site where 9,387 fallen soldiers rest under white marble tombstones on a bluff above Omaha Beach, the bloodiest among five beach landings by U.S. and British troops. “This was democracy’s beachhead,” he said, assuring veterans that “your legacy is in good hands.” F-15 jets flew over the cemetery in missing-man formation, a 21 gun salute boomed and taps sounded. The day of gratitude drew royals including Queen Elizabeth II of England, who dined at the French presidential palace in the evening, and the king of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander, as well as political leaders from across Europe. German Chancellor Angela Merkel also joined in, along with a small group of German soldiers, as a sign of European unity. Both symbolism and pragmatism were on French President Francois Hollande’s agenda. With an invitation to Russian President Vladimir Putin, who had been elbowed out of G-7 talks a day earlier, the ceremonies also became a moment to try to deflate the tense situation in Ukraine. Putin, who was present as a tribute to the Russian loss of more than 20 million troops in WWII — the largest among Allies — met with Obama on the sidelines of the event. “It is because France itself experienced the barbarity (of war) that it feels a duty to preserve peace everywhere, at the frontiers of Europe as in Africa,” Hollande said. It was 6:30 a.m. on June 6, 1944, when soldiers started wading ashore. Operation Overlord, as the invasion by U.S., British, Canadian and Polish forces was codenamed, was the first step in breaching Hitler’s stranglehold on France and Europe. Besides Sword and Omaha, Allied forces landed on Utah, Juno and Gold beaches — all codenames. Ahead of the landing, the U.S. Army’s 2nd Ranger Battalion went in with the 5th Battalion Rangers, scaling the craggy cliffs of Point du Hoc to put out of action six 155mm Nazi howitzers that could target landing areas. Paratroopers from the 101st Airborne division jumped into dark skies, some getting lost in hedgerows, shot down or caught in trees. At least 4,400 Allied troops were killed the first day, and many thousands more in the ensuing Battle of Normandy that opened the Allied march to Paris to liberate the Nazioccupied French capital in August. Another August assault was launched by forces from North Africa into southern France. “They left home barely more than boys. They came home heroes,” Obama said. Seven decades later, gratitude for life is a theme that runs through some veterans’ recollections. “I was lucky I survived,” said U.S. veteran Oscar Peterson, 92, who fought with the 2nd Infantry Division, during his visit to Colleville. At the time, he said “I would say that if I could survive this, I’ll work the rest of my life for nothing to be alive.” Now, the CIA wants to be followed By James Queally Los Angeles Times The CIA joined Twitter on Friday morning with a tonguein-cheek salvo: “We can neither confirm nor deny that this is our first tweet.” The post was retweeted more than 100,000 times, and the account ballooned from 4,000 followers to nearly 70,000 in less than an hour. In contrast, the CIA was following 25 accounts, including the White House, Department of Defense and the National Security Agency. So how did the nation’s spymasters describe themselves? The agency’s biography reads: “We are the Nation’s first line of defense. We accomplish what others cannot accomplish and go where others cannot go.” The CIA confirmed that the verified account belonged to the agency with a short statement about a new social media push. The account will provide the “latest CIA updates, #tbt (Throwback Thursday) photos, reflections on intelligence history, and fun facts from the CIA World Factbook,” the agency wrote. The Twitterverse quickly had some fun with its newest member, with some posting fake tweets under the CIA’s name. One tweet wondered if this would be the latest surveillance arm of the cryptic agency: “Would it be terrifyingly awesome or awesomely terrifying if @CIA started following you?” A better question might be: Would you ever even know? But not everyone was amused. In response to the CIA’s first tweet, Zeke Johnson, director of Amnesty International USA’s Security & Human Rights Program, called on the agency to release “the full truth about the CIA torture and drone strikes.” “The CIA’s first tweet would be funny if it weren’t for the agency’s use of torture and extrajudicial executions. They should put as least as much effort into following the law as they do into social media,” Johnson said. Gov. Mary Fallin has signed legislation making Oklahoma the third state to repeal the Common Core education standards, saying the federal government’s attempt to influence state education policy is reason enough to abolish the math and English guidelines that had been scheduled to take effect in the upcoming school year. The bill, overwhelmingly passed in the House and Senate on the final day of the 2014 Legislature, requires the state to return to old standards in place before 2010 and calls for new ones to be developed by 2016. Colorado: Inmate rules Inmates with serious mental illnesses won’t be placed in solitary confinement in Colorado under a new law. The bill signed by the governor Friday prohibits the Department of Corrections from putting mentally ill inmates in longterm solitary confinement, unless there are exigent circumstances. The legislation aligns with what the department has already been working on. In late April, only one mentally ill inmate was in solitary confinement. D.C.: Methodist proposal Hundreds of United Methodist pastors have signed a proposal aimed at avoiding a schism over homosexuality in a denomination that has, until recently, largely sat out the gay equality movement. The proposal, “A Way Forward,” offers churches and regional bodies the option to make up their own minds on such issues as affirming gay clergy and same-sex marriage. United Methodist doctrine says “the practice of homosexuality is incompatible with Christian teaching.” At the last General Conference, delegates narrowly defeated a measure that merely acknowledged that United Methodists disagree over homosexuality. AROUND THE WORLD Canada: Gunman caught A man suspected of gunning down three Royal Canadian Mounted Police was caught and charged Friday, ending a 30-hour manhunt that closed schools and forced residents to hide inside their homes. “I’m done,” a witness heard him tell police. Police said that they received a tip that led them to a wooded residential part of Moncton, New Brunswick, where they found Justin Bourque, 24, suspected in the deadliest attack on the national police in nearly a decade. Netherlands: Ship freed Greenpeace International said Russian authorities have informed the group they will release the ship Arctic Sunrise, which has been held in Murmansk since it was seized during a protest against an offshore oil platform in September 2013. The crew and journalists were held in Russian prisons for months after their arrest near the Prirazlomnaya platform. They were released shortly before the Sochi Olympics. From Herald news services Business A8 \| SATURDAY, 06.07.2014 U.S. adds 217,000 jobs The country has now recaptured all the jobs lost during the recession. The Washington Post WASHINGTON — The U.S. labor market continued to blossom in May as businesses created 217,000 net new jobs, according to government data, more evidence that the economy is shaking off the winter doldrums. The strong report, which was released Friday, marks the fourth consecutive month that the country has added more than 200,000 jobs — a key benchmark for a healthy economy. The national unemployment rate held steady at 6.3 percent. “People will start accepting that the labor market is working better than people think it is,” said Doug Handler, chief U.S. economist at IHS Global Insight. May’s job gains also mean the country has recaptured all the jobs lost during the recession, and employment is now at an alltime high of 138.4 million people. However, economists were quick to point out that the nation’s population has also grown. The share of people who have a job remains smaller than when the recession started in 2007. An analysis by the liberal Economic Policy Institute found that 7.1 million more positions need to be created to fill that gap. “There’s no victory laps being done around here,” said Labor Secretary Thomas Perez. “We have a lot of unfinished business because too many people remain on the sidelines and want to punch this ticket to the middle class.” Still, the data showed improvement in several key industries. The manufacturing sector added 10,000 jobs in May, particularly in the production of durable goods such as cars. The manufacturing workweek also bumped up 0.2 hours in May. The biggest job generator was professional and business services, which created 55,000 net new jobs. The health care industry added 34,000 jobs — double the average rate over the past year. Average hourly earnings for workers in the private sector jumped 5 cents to $24.38. “Wage pressures are rising, and while the rise is modest, we expect it to continue as slack in the labor market continues to lessen,” wrote Diane Schumaker-Krieg, head of research, economics and strategy at Wells Fargo. In addition, the number of people in the American workforce inched back up last month after falling dramatically in April. But the small gain was not enough to make a dent in the labor force participation rate, which was unchanged at 62.8 percent. A combination of aging baby boomers, discouraged workers and a lack of new entrants has shrunk the nation’s workforce to the lowest level since 1978. The robust hiring in May bolsters predictions that the U.S. economy picked up significant speed this quarter after contracting over the winter. Many analysts have forecast an annualized growth rate of 3.5 percent or even higher. New robot can sense emotions Associated Press A cooing, gesturing humanoid on wheels that can decipher emotions has been unveiled in Japan by billionaire Masayoshi Son who said robots should be tender and make people smile. Son’s mobile phone company Softbank said Thursday that the robot it has dubbed Pepper will go on sale in Japan in February for $1,900. Overseas sales plans are under consideration but undecided. The machine, which has no legs, but has gently gesticulating hands appeared on a stage in a Tokyo suburb, cooing and humming. It dramatically touched hands with Son in a Genesis or “E.T.” moment. Son, who told the crowd that his longtime dream was to go into the personal robot business, said Pepper has been programmed to read the emotions of people around it by recognizing expressions and voice tones. “Our aim is to develop affectionate robots that can make people smile,” he said. The 48 inch tall, 62 pound white Pepper, which has no hair but two large doll-like eyes and a flat-panel display stuck on its chest, was developed jointly with Aldebaran Robotics, which produces autonomous humanoid robots. Besides featuring the latest voice recognition, Pepper is loaded with more than a dozen sensors, including two touch sensors in its hands, three touch sensors on its head, and six laser sensors and three bumper sensors in its base. biz bits Get ready for the monster ’Vette. Chevrolet plans to unleash a 650-horsepower Corvette Z06 late this year. The automaker said it will be among the few cars with more than 600 horses that you can buy at a dealership in the United States. It will be the most powerful production car ever from General Motors, Chevy’s corporate parent. GM is already comparing the Z06 to supercars such as the V-12-powered Ferrari F12 Apple iWatch may hit market during October The wait for Apple’s iWatch may finally end in October. Since late 2012, Web rumors have maintained that Apple is developing a watch-like device that consumers can connect with their smartphones. Japan’s Nikkei Asian Review added weight to those rumors with a report Friday that said the gadget will go on sale in the fall. According to Nikkei, the so-called iWatch will feature a curved touchscreen and be designed so that customers can use it to collect health data about themselves. The gadget will run iOS, which is the software Apple uses for its iPhone and iPad. Apple did not respond to requests for comment. Colorado approves marijuana banking Seeking to move marijuana businesses away from cash-only operations, Gov. John Hickenlooper signed legislation Friday that tries to establish the world’s first financial system for the newly legal industry in Colorado. The legislation seeks to form a network of uninsured cooperatives designed to give pot businesses a way to access basic banking services like checking. But approval from the Federal Reserve remains a hurdle. Out of fear of violating federal law, banks don’t work with marijuana businesses. U.S. debt ‘stable,’ S&P report says KOJI SASAHARA / ASSOCIATED PRESS Kaname Hayashi, a project leader for “Pepper,” talks with the robot in Tokyo on Friday. It also has two cameras and four microphones on its head and has Wi-Fi and Ethernet networking capabilities. But a demonstration Friday at a Softbank retailer in Tokyo highlighted the robot’s shortcomings as much as its charm. Voice recognition takes a while to kick in, when its eyes light up in a listening mode after the robot stops talking, making for less than spontaneous dialogue, similar to the frustration one experiences talking with iPhone’s Siri. Pepper was obviously more at ease going into its own chatter, such as asking “Do you do Twitter?” or “Is this the first time you ever spoke to a robot?” But it wouldn’t really wait for an answer, rattling on to the next topic. Sometimes the robot — which, up close, bears a resemblance to C-3PO in “Star Wars,” especially in its clueless look — failed to catch a speaker’s words and would say: “I could not hear you. Could you say that again?” When a person shouted in a big voice to test out how well it read emotions, it didn’t do much except to say: “You look like an honest person.” In Thursday’s demonstration, Pepper sang, “I want to be loved,” and it did more singing and gesturing with its hands Friday. But all its song-and-dance acts seemed to prove was that the machine needs to learn a lot more tricks to impress robotsavvy Japanese. The Softbank shop barely drew a crowd besides a pack of reporters with their cameras. Cuddly robots are not new in Japan, a nation dominated by “kawaii,” or cute culture, but no companion robot has emerged as a major market success yet. Japanese electronics and entertainment company Sony See ROBOT, Page A9 Chevy to unleash 650-horsepower Corvette Los Angeles Times BRIEFLY Berlinetta and the Porsche 911 Turbo S. It will have a zero-to-60mph time under 3.5 seconds. The Z06’s LT4 supercharged 6.2-liter, V-8 engine produces 650 horsepower at 6,400 rpm and 650 pound-feet of torque at 3,600 rpm, GM claims. Torque is a measure for the pulling power of an engine. “The engine also puts the new Corvette Z06 on par with the most powerful supercars offered in America, while delivering performance with impeccable manners that make it suitable for daily driving,” said Steve Kiefer, vice president of GM With the help of local businesses, a group of Everett Community College employees turned 1,500 donated plastic bottles into a greenhouse for kids at EvCC’s Early Learning Center. The two-liter bottles, donated by Safeway Bottling, make up the new greenhouse’s walls. The greenhouse will be used for the children to grow powertrain engineering. GM engineers said that like the standard engine introduced in the 2014 Corvette Stingray — the seventh generation of the sports car — the LT4 is compact and light, giving it among the highest power densities for an engine of its size. GM started with the same engine block used in the Corvette Stingray’s LT1 6.2-liter naturally aspirated engine. To get more power, it installed special aluminum alloy cylinder heads that are stronger and handle heat better than conventional aluminum heads. GM also added lightweight titanium intake valves vegetables, fruit and herbs. The Everett AquaSox are partnering with the Providence Comprehensive Breast Center for “Pink at the Park” at the Everett AquaSoxSpokane Indians game June 27. Tickets for this event are on sale now at aquasox.com/ groups with the group pass- word: pink2014. Four dollars from every ticket purchased through this link will go to the Providence Comprehensive Breast Center Fund. Bill Tsoukalas, executive director of the Boys & Girls Clubs of Snohomish County, has been awarded the 2014 Thomas G. Garth Character and forged aluminum pistons that can withstand high cylinder pressures. The automaker cranked up the compression ratio and installed a supercharger that spins at up to 20,000 rpm (5,000 rpm more than the supercharger on the Corvette ZR1’s engine), generating a bigger power-enhancing boost as the engine spools up. The high-powered ’Vette is set to go on sale at near year-end as a 2015 model. GM hasn’t talked about pricing yet, but you can be sure the price will be well above the $53,000 starting price for the standard 455-horsepower model. and Courage Award — the highest honor the organization can bestow on a club professional. Tsoukalas was presented with this award during a ceremony held at the nonprofit’s 108th annual national conference in San Francisco. Biz Bits runs Monday through Saturday. Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services has affirmed its “stable” outlook for U.S. government debt and its ratings for short- and long-term U.S. debt, citing the American economy’s strength and the government’s flexible economic policies. The rating agency on Friday said it is keeping its rating for shortterm U.S. debt at “A-1+” and for long-term debt at “AA+.” Federal deficits, while still large, have fallen sharply from the $1 trillion-plus deficits of President Barack Obama’s first term. Still, S&P warns that the political brinksmanship in Washington over the federal budget looms as a problem. Former package sorter to lead UPS Package-delivery giant UPS has named a longtime company veteran as its next CEO. The company said Friday that Chief Operating Officer David Abney will take the top job Sept. 1. Current Chairman and CEO Scott Davis will become nonexecutive chairman at that time. Abney, 58, has worked for UPS for 40 years, starting as a package loader. Before becoming COO, he led the company’s international operation, among many other jobs. Davis, 62, has been chairman and CEO since 2008 and has been with the company since 1986. The company said that he oversaw significant expansion of its international capabilities. In the most recent quarter, UPS reported earnings and revenue that missed Wall Street expectations, hurt by winter storms that increased costs. From Herald news services Amazon . . 329.67 6.10 Boeing . . . 138.25 1.43 Costco . . . . 118.23 0.48 Crane . . . . . 75.60 1.35 FrontierCom . 5.68 -0.04 HeritageFin 16.20 0.00 Microsoft . . 41.48 0.27 Nordstrom . 68.79 0.47 Starbucks . . 75.33 0.61 WshFederal 22.56 0.16 Zumiez . . . . 29.49 -0.46 Market report, A9 Market Report THE DAILY HERALD THE DAY ON WALL STREET News that U.S. employers added workers at a good clip for the fourth straight month helped send the stock market higher Friday. The S&P 500 notched another record high, its eighth in the past 10 days. For the week, the index climbed 1.3 percent, the third straight in which it has posted solid gains. Before the market opened, the Labor Department said employers added 217,000 jobs to their payrolls in May, in the range of what economists had expected. The unemployment rate stayed put at 6.3 percent. Wall Street forecasters had expected it to inch up. — Associated Press INTEREST RATES Last 3.25 0.75 .00-.25 0.04 0.06 1.65 2.59 3.44 0.23 Prime Discount Federal Funds Treasury 3 month Treasury 6 month Treasury 5 year Treasury 10 year Treasury 30 year Libor 3-month CURRENCY Australia Britain Canada China Denmark Euro Hong Kong India Indonesia Israel Japan Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Norway Philippines Russia Previous 3.25 0.75 .00-.25 0.04 0.06 1.63 2.59 3.44 0.23 U.S. dollar buys Foreign buys 1.0710 .5948 1.0931 6.2503 5.4668 .7328 7.7526 59.090 11880.00 3.4586 102.53 3.2120 12.9226 1.1761 5.9448 43.51 34.4215 .9337 1.6812 .9148 .1600 .1829 1.3647 .1290 .0169 .000084 .2891 .009753 .3113 .077384 .8503 .1682 .0230 .0291 COMMODITIES Unleaded gas (gal) Crude oil (bbl) Natural gas (mm btu) Heating oil (gal) Copper (lb) Gold (oz) Platinum (oz) Silver (oz) Cattle (lb) Coffee (lb) Orange juice (lb) Corn (bu) Cotton (lb) Lumber (1,000 brd ft) Ethanol (gal) Soybeans (bu) Wheat (bu) Last 2.94 102.66 4.71 2.87 3.05 1252.10 1453.00 18.96 1.40 1.72 1.63 4.59 .85 306.50 2.17 14.57 6.18 Previous 2.96 102.48 4.70 2.88 3.09 1253.00 1445.10 19.06 1.40 1.69 1.64 4.49 .86 306.30 2.03 14.61 6.06 MAJOR INDEXES 349 38 42 2685 62 2.40 2.20 2.44 6.22 2.66 -.14 -.10 -.11 -.25 -.10 25 BIGGEST MUTUAL FUNDS Total Assets Return% PIMCO Instl PIMS: TotRt Vanguard Idx Fds: TotStk Vanguard Admiral: 500Adml Vanguard Admiral: TStkAdm Vanguard Instl Fds: InstIdx Vanguard Instl Fds: InsPl Vanguard Instl Fds: TSInst Fidelity Invest: Contra American Funds A: IncoA p American Funds A: GwthA p American Funds A: CapIBA p Vanguard Admiral: WelltnAdm Dodge&Cox: IntlStk American Funds A: CapWGA p American Funds A: ICAA p Dodge&Cox: Stock Frank/Temp Frnk A: IncomA p American Funds A: WshA p Vanguard Idx Fds: TotlIntl American Funds A: BalA p Harbor Funds: Intl r American Funds A: FdInvA p Fidelity Spart Adv: 500IdxAdv Vanguard Admiral: TtlBAdml Price Funds: Growth OBJ 4-wk 12-mo IB XC SP XC SP SP XC LG BL LG BL BL IL GL LC LV BL LC IL BL IL LC SP IB LG 147,988 112,270 96,254 94,028 93,238 79,394 77,964 75,259 70,790 69,604 68,697 57,977 57,324 56,628 55,888 55,647 54,372 50,625 49,691 43,855 43,710 41,753 40,935 37,600 37,556 +0.5 +4.4 +4.1 +4.4 +4.1 +4.1 +4.4 +5.6 +2.0 +5.8 +1.8 +2.2 +4.0 +3.2 +4.2 +4.1 +1.6 +3.5 +3.0 +2.9 +2.7 +4.5 +4.1 +0.2 +6.9 +1.7 +23.0 +22.6 +23.1 +22.6 +22.7 +23.1 +23.6 +15.8 +25.0 +14.7 +15.1 +27.7 +21.4 +25.7 +26.5 +16.2 +21.5 +18.2 +15.2 +17.7 +21.2 +22.6 +2.0 +27.6 5-year +37.9 +134.0 +130.4 +135.4 +130.4 +130.7 +135.5 +125.8 +100.6 +112.6 +78.4 +91.7 +97.6 +92.4 +113.8 +142.7 +98.0 +127.2 +65.7 +96.8 +86.1 +114.6 +130.1 +27.7 +138.1 Load Minimum investment NL 1,000,000 NL 3,000 NL 10,000 NL 10,000 NL 5,000,000 NL 200,000,000 NL 5,000,000 NL 2,500 5.75 250 5.75 250 5.75 250 NL 50,000 NL 2,500 5.75 250 5.75 250 NL 2,500 4.25 1,000 5.75 250 NL 3,000 5.75 250 NL 50,000 5.75 250 NL 10,000 NL 10,000 NL 2,500 G = Growth. GI = Growth & Income. SS = Single-state Muni. MP = Mixed Portfolio. GG = General US Govt. EI = Equity Income. SC = Small Co Growth. A = Cap Appreciation. IL = International. Total Return: Change in NAV with dividends reinvested. Rank: How fund performed vs. others with same objective: A is in top 20%, E in bottom 20%. Percent Load: Sales charge. Min Initial Investment: Minimum $ needed to invest in fund. NA = Not avail. NE = Data in question. NS = Fund not in existence. Robot From Page A8 Corp. discontinued the Aibo pet-dog robot in 2006, despite an outcry from its fans. At that time, Sony had developed a childshaped entertainment robot similar to Pepper but much smaller, capable of dances and other charming moves, which never became a commercial product. Honda Motor Co. has developed the walking, talking Asimo robot, but that is too sophisticated and expensive for home use, and appears in Honda showrooms and gala events only. Even then, it is prone to glitches because of its complexity. Many other Japanese companies, including Hitachi Ltd. and Toyota Motor Corp., not to mention universities and startups, have developed various robots, big and small, which entertain and serve \| KYODO NEWS “Pepper” and Softbank Corp. President Masayoshi Son wave during an event in Urayasu, Japan, on Thursday. as companions. There is little emphasis on delivering on practical work, in contrast to NORTHWEST STOCKS TICKER YTD 52-WK LOW AlaskaAir Amazon Avista BallardPw BarrettB Boeing ColBnkg ColSprtw ConcurTch ConocoPhil Costco CraftBrew Cray Inc Data IO ElectSci Esterline ExpdIntl FEI Co FLIR Sys HrtgeFn Idacorp Itron KeyTech KeyTrn Lattice LithiaMot LaPac MentorGr MicronT Microsoft Microvisn Nautilus NikeB Nordstrm NwstNG NwstPipe Outerwall Paccar Penford PlumCrk PopeRes PrecCastpt RadiSys RealNetwk Rntrak SareptaTh SeattGen Starbucks TTM Tch TmbrlndBc TriQuint US Bancrp VerizonCm WashFed Weyerhsr Zumiez ALK AMZN AVA BLDP BBSI BA COLB COLM CNQR COP COST BREW CRAY DAIO ESIO ESL EXPD FEIC FLIR HFWA IDA ITRI KTEC KTCC LSCC LAD LPX MENT MU MSFT MVIS NLS NKE JWN NWN NWPX OUTR PCAR PENX PCL POPE PCP RSYS RNWK RENT SRPT SGEN SBUX TTMI TSBK TQNT USB VZ WAFD WY ZUMZ +36.2 -17.3 +12.3 +142.9 -48.1 +1.3 -4.0 +8.1 -16.7 +14.4 -.7 -36.8 -4.8 +3.5 -32.2 +14.7 +4.0 -2.5 +18.8 -5.3 +7.3 -3.9 -17.2 -4.1 +49.5 +14.8 -23.8 -9.4 +35.8 +10.9 +47.0 +33.9 -3.1 +11.3 +7.3 -1.2 +4.6 +9.3 -9.0 -3.3 +2.4 +1.3 +49.3 -.7 +26.0 +69.7 -6.1 -3.9 -8.5 +9.7 +90.5 +6.1 +.6 -3.1 -.7 +13.4 50.31 262.95 25.55 1.25 41.96 96.31 21.46 55.58 74.43 58.71 107.38 7.44 17.77 1.73 6.43 69.16 36.45 70.98 23.58 13.57 45.62 32.30 10.75 9.60 4.17 48.18 13.73 18.80 11.41 30.84 1.03 6.15 59.11 54.90 39.96 26.02 46.25 51.13 10.82 40.57 60.07 207.47 2.02 6.83 19.77 12.12 28.15 62.31 7.24 8.00 6.66 34.80 45.08 16.87 26.38 20.68 industrial robots at factories and military robots for war. But the potential is great for intelligent machines as the number of elderly requiring care is expected to soar in rapidly-aging Japan in coming years. Robotic technology is already used to check on the elderly and monitor their health and safety, but robots might also play a role in reducing feelings of loneliness and isolation. Softbank, which now owns Sprint of the U.S. and boasts more than 100 million subscribers globally, has been growing rapidly as a mobile carrier in Japan, boosted by being the first to offer Apple’s iPhone. Aldebaran Robotics, which has offices in France, China, Japan and the U.S., is 78.5 percent owned by Softbank. “I’ve believed that the most important role of robots will be as kind and emotional companions to enhance our daily to court documents, Fokker Services relied on anumber of “work-arounds” in U.S.sanctioned countries that were “specifically designed to continue the company’s profit earnings in the sanctioned countries’ markets.” The documents state, “On one occasion, Fokker Services provided a U.S. aerospace company with a work order that falsely represented that the aircraft part belonged to an airplane owned by a Portuguese airline when, in reality, the part belonged to an Iran Air aircraft. The U.S. aerospace company fixed the part and returned it to Fokker Services, who then shipped the part to Iran.” The case drew criticism from some former officials, who said Fokker should have faced criminal penalties and a much stiffer fine. 52-WK HIGH 100.98 408.06 32.94 8.38 102.20 144.57 30.36 89.96 130.39 80.55 126.12 18.70 42.09 3.48 12.80 115.95 46.90 111.57 37.42 18.64 56.65 46.09 15.50 12.19 9.19 80.59 18.96 24.31 29.48 41.66 3.49 11.99 80.26 70.71 45.90 39.62 74.30 68.81 15.98 50.08 73.07 274.96 5.20 8.95 69.00 55.61 55.99 82.50 10.91 11.83 16.28 43.66 51.94 24.53 32.00 32.03 lives, to bring happiness, constantly surprise us and make people grow,” said Bruno Maisonnier, founder and chief executive of Aldebaran, who appeared on the stage with Son. Aldebaran has produced more than 5,000 of its Nao humanoid, its first product, DIV LAST CHANGE 1.00 ... 1.27 ... .72 2.92 .48a 1.12 ... 2.76 1.42f ... ... ... .32 ... .64f 1.00f .40 .32a 1.72 ... ... ... ... .64f ... .20 ... 1.12 ... ... .96 1.32 1.84 ... ... .88f ... 1.76 2.60f .12 ... ... ... ... ... 1.04 ... .16 ... .92 2.12 .40 .88 ... 99.91 329.67 31.66 3.68 48.17 138.25 26.40 85.12 85.95 80.84 118.23 10.38 26.13 2.66 7.09 116.98 46.00 87.13 35.76 16.20 55.61 39.82 11.87 10.57 8.21 79.68 14.11 21.80 29.54 41.48 1.94 11.29 76.23 68.79 45.93 37.31 70.37 64.68 11.69 44.97 68.60 272.75 3.42 7.50 47.74 34.57 37.46 75.33 7.85 10.56 15.89 42.88 49.42 22.56 31.34 29.49 +1.01 +6.10 -.14 -.01 +1.92 +1.43 +.21 -.39 +1.14 +.79 +.48 -.14 +.01 -.05 +.06 +1.21 +.28 +.69 +.44 ... +.21 +.14 +.25 +.03 -.04 -.12 +.26 +1.35 +.50 +.27 -.07 +.02 +.36 +.47 +.09 +.85 +.06 +.73 +.44 -.16 +.10 +2.76 +.12 +.05 +.51 +.51 -.13 +.61 +.17 -.13 -.15 +.39 +.14 +.16 +.05 -.46 which is used for research and educational purposes. Pepper can get information from cloud-based databases and comes with safety features to avoid crashes and falls, and its capabilities can grow by installing more robot applications, according to Softbank. EVERETT PORT COMMISSION REGULAR MEETING AGENDA BLUE HERON CONFERENCE ROOM 1205 CRAFTSMAN WAY, EVERETT, WA JUNE 10, 2014 – 5:00 P.M. 5:00 p.m REGULAR MEETING CALL TO ORDER PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE CONSENT AGENDA FOR JUNE 10, 2014: ~ Permit Indemnification with City of Everett AGENDA 1. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S REPORT • June 17, 2014 Special Meeting • IDC Annual Meeting – June 17, 2014 at 4:50 pm • Economic Alliance Snohomish County (EASC) Report 2. DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S REPORT • Job Order Contracting (JOC)* ~ Overview of JOC ~ Resolution No. 1011 - Authorizing Use of JOC ~ Approval of Contract: JOC Consultant ~ Authorization to solicit Request for Proposals: Job Order Contracting • Commission Retreat Follow Up 3. CHIEF FINANCE OFFICER’S REPORT • Financial Guidelines • Equipment Master Lease with Bank of America – Resolution No. 1012 • State Audit 4. DEPARTMENT REPORTS Properties • ORCA Lease • ISIS Lease • Eagle Mortgage Lease • Waterfront Place Update Operations Marina – Boat Auction – Resolution No. 1013 Marine Terminals • Equipment Procurement - Marine Terminals Projects Update • Mt. Baker Terminal Roadways & Utilities David Evans & Assoc. Contract Modification • ESY – In-water Cleanup Project – Award of Construction Contract Mill A Engineering Contract – Modification to Contract • Marina District / Waterfront Place Signage Contract Closeout COMMISSION PRESIDENT’S REPORT COMMISSION DISCUSSION CITIZEN COMMENTS EXECUTIVE SESSION ADJOURN For discussion and/or action on June 17, 2014 The Public Is Invited to Attend Parking and meeting rooms are accessible for persons with disabilities. Upon reasonable notice to the Port Administration Office at 425-259-3164, the Port will make reasonable effort to accommodate those who need special assistance to attend the Port Commission Meetings. 1060687 WASHINGTON — The U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia announced Thursday that a subsidiary of the Dutch aerospace company Fokker Technologies Holding BV will forfeit $21 million for selling U.S.-made goods to Iran, Sudan and Burma in violation of trade sanctions. As part of a five-year scheme, Fokker Services provided aircraft parts, technology and services to the countries, which have been sanctioned by the U.S. The company admitted to more than 1,110 shipments of banned parts to the countries. The $21 million represents the value of the transactions that officials at the company detailed in a voluntary, self-disclosure statement made to U.S. prosecutors in 2010. “For years, Fokker Services treated U.S. export laws as inconveniences to be ‘worked around’ through deceit and trickery,” said U.S. Attorney Ronald Machen. According A9 Fokker fined for evading sanctions The Washington Post \| Heraldnet.com/financials ■ Form your own portfolio ■ Stock updates throughout the day ■ The latest news on your favorite companies 1074207 A10 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald Trial From Page A3 been assigned to preside over the case. Jury selection will begin Nov. 24. Lawyers said picking a jury may take some time given the amount of publicity the case has attracted. Molly, a freshman at Bishop Blanchet High School in Seattle, was celebrating her birthday with friends in Lake Stevens. She and her friends were walking back from a nearby park when she was struck by a bullet, apparently fired from a passing car. Erick Walker, 27, is charged with first-degree murder for the June 1, 2013, shooting. He also is charged with four counts of drive-by shooting for gunfire that hit homes in Marysville and Lake Stevens early the next day. Walker has pleaded not guilty to the charges. He reportedly told police that he was in the area around the time that Molly was killed. He said he got lost looking for a restaurant. Vandals: ‘Piles of glass’ From Page A3 50 reports of broken car windows Tuesday. Police believe many more went unreported. There were five complaints from Woodway. Only three were reported out of Mountlake Terrace, but police know there were many more that went unreported. “There were piles of glass along the side of the road,” Mountlake Terrace Cmdr. Doug Hansen said. Police in each jurisdiction are investigating. They are hoping for tips or that someone might have caught the culprits Police say they’ve recovered five bullets that match guns seized from Walker’s home. Detectives have been unable to locate the bullet that killed Molly. Prosecutors believe they can build a circumstantial case that the gunfire that ended the girl’s life was part of the same shooting spree. Walker is expected back in court in August. Prosecutors are planning to file first-degree assault charges for the gunfire that struck occupied homes. Diana Hefley: 425-339-3463; [email protected]. on video. Police believe whoever was responsible for the damage could have been driving a red car with loud exhaust, Edmonds Sgt. Mark Marsh said. “We checked out a couple of kids and that didn’t pan out,” Gates said. “If anyone knows anything, that would certainly be a help.” Eric Stevick: 425-339-3446; [email protected]. Open From Page A3 “It’s not a mistake or an abomination. God made all of us,” Josund said. “Our message is that God loves all people.” She and Oleson have scheduled their scripture and spirituality talks for 9:30 a.m. Sunday and again June 15. The discussions are set to take place at the church, with regular worship services before and after. Pribbernow is scheduled to give his final lecture in Edmonds at 9:30 June 22. Before he realized he was gay, he was married to a woman and worked as Southern Baptist minister. He said that realization was driven by identity rather than sexual drive. After he was divorced, he took a job with Open Door Ministries. It focuses on social justice issues, including those related to sexuality and gender expression. It strives to support those who have felt excluded by the church. Pribbernow works across denominations in Western Washington. “People’s stories are what bring about change,” he said. “It changes the whole way we perceive others. Josund and Oleson hope the new ideas will help the congregation move forward with Reconciling in Christ. “It’s a marker that you’re a safe place for LGBT folks,” Oleson said. “Then people know a church has done the work.” If the congregation decides it wants to become an RIC church, they’ll do a study, develop a welcome statement and register as such. Josund said she believes the congregation will choose to move forward with the process because it is already very accepting. “This church has it in our DNA,” she said. “We want to be on the right side of history,” Oleson said. “Our goal is to be the most open and welcoming congregation we can be. All people are welcome here.” Amy Nile: 425-339-3192; [email protected]. FAITH CALENDAR Habitat dinner: Prince of Peace Lutheran Church will hold a spaghetti dinner fundraiser today to benefit Habitat for Humanity projects in the Oso and Darrington areas. Two seatings will be offered, 5-6 p.m. and 6:30-7:30 p.m. Tickets are $8, $4 for children 12 and younger. A freewill offering also will be taken. The church is at 9320 Meadow Way, Everett. School dinner: St. Pius X School holds an International Dinner fundraiser, 6:30 p.m. today at St Pius X Catholic Church, 22301 58th Ave. W., Mountlake Terrace. A variety of dishes representing the school’s cultural diversity will be served. Cost is $12 adults and $7 children ahead of the event, or $15 and $10 at the door. Tickets available at the school office, 22105 58th Ave. W., Mountlake Terrace. More info: 206-489-7253. Women’s luncheon: The next Mill Creek Christian Women’s Connection luncheon will be held 11:45 a.m.-1:30 p.m. June 12 at the Embassy Suites hotel, 20610 44th Ave. W., Lynnwood. Reservations due Monday. Cost is $22. Guest speaker is Stephanie Carmichael from Bend, Oregon, on “Healing a Broken Heart.” Music and a gardening talk as well. More info: Connie at 425-774-4571 or [email protected]. Dance recital: Reflections School of Dance holds its “Reflecting Heaven On Earth” 2014 dance re- Temple Beth Or cital, 2 p.m. June 14 at the Everett Civic Auditorium, 2415 Colby Ave., Everett. Doors open at 1:30 p.m. Tickets are $12, $10 children and seniors, available at the door. More info: 425-338-9056. Blood drive: Edmonds Lutheran Church holds a blood drive for Puget Sound Blood Center, 9-11:30 a.m. June 16. The bloodmobile will be in the parking lot of the church at 23525 84th Ave. W. To schedule an appointment, call 425-744-8090 or email office@edmondslutheran. org. SERVICES Spirit Songs: Three local church choirs join for a series of “Spirit Song” services of praise with gospel and spiritual music. Services will be at 9:30 a.m. Sunday at Ebenezer Lutheran Church (2111 117th Ave. NE, Lake Stevens), 9:30 a.m. June 15 at Holy Cross Lutheran Church (9613 20th St. SE, Lake Stevens), and 9:30 a.m. June 22 at Good Shepherd Lutheran Church (5511 64th St. SE, Snohomish). ‘Courageous Love’: Edmonds Unitarian Universalist Church will give “Courageous Love” awards to former state Sen. Mary Margaret Haugen and Referendum 74 field organizer Halei Watkins during its 10 a.m. Sunday service for their roles in the passage of the same-sex marriage bill. Former state Senator and Seattle Mayor Ed Murray also will speak. More info: www.euuc.org. LGBT celebration: The congregation of Cedar Cross United www.TempleBethOr.org 954553 425.259.7125 3215 Lombard Ave Everett, WA 98201 Our vibrant and inclusive Jewish community welcomes you to our: • Friday night or Saturday Services • Holiday observances • Pre-School, Youth and Adult Education Programs. Grace Baptist Church (Independent-Fundamental) Sunday School 9:45 am Morning Worship 11 am Evening Service 6 pm Wed. Prayer Meeting 1 pm Expository Preaching Traditional Hymns at all services Pastor Marvin Uptain 17123 13th Ave West Lynnwood, WA 98037 425 353-6767 Methodist Church recently voted overwhelmingly to join the Reconciling Ministries Network, a national movement within the United Methodist Church to publicly welcome lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons to participate fully in local congregational life. A celebration will take place during the 8:45 and 11 a.m. worship services Sunday, with coffee and cake served 10-11 a.m. The church is at 1210 132nd St. SE, Mill Creek. More info: 425-338-7845, www. cedarcross.net. Living Interfaith: Meets next at 11 a.m. Sunday to honor Pentecost. Lutheran and Catholic guests will share the significance of Pentecost. Potluck social hour to follow. The church meets at Alderwood Middle School, 20000 28th Ave. W., Lynnwood. Spirit of Grace: The Rev. Darryn Hewson gives the message “Love Feast,” 10:30 a.m. Sunday at Spirit of Grace United Methodist Church, 3530 Colby Ave., Everett. More info: 425-259-7233. Unity Everett: The Rev. Julie Montague presents the sermon, “Radical Self-Awareness,” at 10 a.m. Sunday at Everett Unity Center for Positive Living, 3231 Colby Ave. More info: 425-258-2244, www.everettunity.org. Unity Lynnwood: St. Francis of Assisi is the next in a series about “Unsung Heroes” of spirituality presented by Spiritual Director Richard Loren Held this Sunday. A special pet blessing will be held at 1 p.m. Services are at 9 and 11 a.m. The Episcopal Church Welcomes You Everett Trinity Marysville St. Philip’s http://www.saint-philips.org 8412 84th St. NE 360-659-1727 2301 Hoyt Ave. 425-252-4129 Sunday Service 8AM and 10:00AM Sunday School 9:45AM Childcare available at 9:30AM Saturday Service 5:30PM at 16727 Alderwood Mall Parkway. More info: 425-741-7172. MEETINGS, CLASSES Meditation: Teachings and guided meditations in practical Buddhist methods for happiness will be held 7-8:15 p.m. Wednesdays in room 311 of the Everett Market Place Building, 2804 Grand Ave., Everett. Drop-ins welcome. Cost is $10, $5 for seniors, students and the unemployed. Sponsored by Kadampa Meditation Center in Seattle. More info: 206-526-9565. Journey with Jesus: Immaculate Conception/Our Lady of Perpetual Help offers “Growing Together in Faith Through the Catechism” classes 7-8:30 p.m. the second and fourth Wednesdays of the month in Hensen Hall, 2619 Cedar St., Everett. Each meeting stands on its own. More info: 425-349-7014. Torah studies: A weekly Torah class is held 7:30 to 8:30 p.m. Wednesdays. The Torah is divided into 54 portions, and one portion is studied each week. No experience necessary. Chabad of Snohomish County is at 19626 76th Ave. W., Suite B, Lynnwood. More info: 425640-2811, jewishsnohomish.com. River of Life: Free classes are offered at River of Life Community Church, 5218 S. Second Ave., Everett. A personal finance class, “War on Debt,” is held 12-1 p.m. the first and third Saturdays of the month. Community garden planning sessions are at 1 p.m. the first and third Saturdays. Other classes also are available. The classes are free, but donations to the church food bank are encouraged. GriefShare, Marysville: Mountain View Presbyterian Church hosts the support group 6:30-8:30 p.m. Thursdays starting June 12 and continuing through Sept. 11. Registration is recommended. Mountain View is located at 5115 100th St. NE in Marysville. More info: 360-659-7777, stephanie@ mtvpc.org or www.mtvpc.org. 8:30 AM Quiet Eucharist 9:05 AM Faith Formation 10:00 AM Holy Eucharist 11:00 AM Coffee Hour Nursery Provided GriefShare, Snohomish: Cross View Church hosts the support group 7-8:30 p.m. Tuesdays in its library at 604 Ave. C E., Snohomish. Cost is $20. Scholarships available. To register or for more information, call 360-568-5886. Sharing the Caring: Spiritual support group meets at 6 p.m. the first and third Tuesday of each month at Mountain View Presbyterian Church, 5115 100th St. NE in Marysville. More info: 360-6597777 or Katie at 360-653-0167. Independent Bible Study: 11 a.m.-2 p.m. Tuesdays and Thursdays in the Christian Science Reading Room, 1718 Broadway, Everett. More info: 425-252-9182. Christian businessmen: The Full Gospel Business Men’s Fellowship in America Everett chapter meets from 6-8 a.m. Wednesdays in the cafe at the Holiday Inn, 3105 Pine St. More info: Tony, 206-948-7318. Arts and crafts: Immaculate Conception/Our Lady of Perpetual Health holds a No Disabled Souls art class, 7-8:30 p.m. on the first and third Tuesdays of the month. Class is held in Hensen Hall’s Green Room at 2619 Cedar St., Everett. More info: Carlene Nelson, 425355-3138. Eucharist 8:00 AM & 9:45 AM • Nursery Open 9 AM Sunday School For All Ages • Handicapped Accessible EVERETT (Downtown) St. timothy Lutheran ChurCh (LCmS) immanueL (LCmS) 252-7038 PrinCe oF PeaCe Lutheran ChurCh LamB oF GoD Lutheran Keeping Christ at the Center since 1904 425-252-8291 2702 Rockefeller Ave. (Right next to the “Y”) Worship Service 10 a.m. Coffee Hour Fellowship 11:15 a.m. www.centrallutheraneverett.org Preschool for Ages 3-5, Now Enrolling The Table: A community dinner at 6 p.m. Thursdays at Mountain View Church, 9015 44th Drive NE, Marysville. Children welcome. More info: 360-659-0445. Community meals, Faith Lutheran: 5-6:30 p.m. the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at Faith Lutheran Church, 6708 Cady Road, Everett. The Cove: A free breakfast and take-out lunch, 10 a.m. to noon Wednesdays at First Covenant Church, 4502 Rucker Ave., Everett. June 11 is the last meal before a summer break. More info: 425252-9191. Clothing, Lake Stevens: Sanctuary Ministries provides gently used clothes 10:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. Thursdays in its Care Center at 15533 75th St. NE, between Lake Stevens and Granite Falls. Limit two bags per visit. Donations of clothing, bedding and shoes welcome. More info: 360386-9871. Clothing, Marysville: Kloz 4 Kidz is a free clothing resource center for kids in north Snohomish Send Faith Calendar items to [email protected]. MEALS, CLOTHING Clothing, Clearview: A free clothing bank with clothing for men, women and children is open 10 a.m.-noon the first Tuesday of each month at the Clearview Gospel Hall, 17826 180th St. SE, Snohomish. More info: Dawn, 360668-0836. 1074206 EDMONDS/LYNNWOOD CentraL Lutheran ChurCh & PreSChooL (eLCa) Community kitchen: 4:30-6 p.m. Mondays and Thursdays at St. John’s, 913 Second Ave., Snohomish. More info: 360-568-4622. Meals, clothes, dental: Gold Creek Community Church provides a free hot meal and sack lunches, 5-6 p.m. the first, third and fifth Sunday of the month at Central Lutheran Church, 2702 Rockefeller Ave., Everett. Clothes available some days. Qualified people can sign up for free urgent dental care from a dental van that comes monthly. Ask Jessica for details and how to sign up. Dinner at the Bell: 5:30 p.m. Wednesdays at Everett First Presbyterian Church, 2936 Rockefeller Ave., Everett. More info: 425-2597139. Dinner Bell Outreach: 5:30 p.m. Thursdays at First Congregational United Church of Christ, 2624 Rockefeller Ave., Everett. More info: 425-252-7224. LUTHERAN CHURCH DIRECTORY EVERETT (Downtown) Loaves and Fishes: A free community supper is offered 4-6 p.m. Tuesdays at Sultan Community United Methodist Church, 212 Birch St., Sultan. Snohomish St. John’s 953432 Where everyone is welcome to Share the Love of Jesus! 5124 164th Street SW Edmonds, WA 98026 Office (425) 743 2323 Pastor Richard E. Flath Sunday Services 10:00 a.m. Sunday School & Bible Study 9 a.m. Wednesday Bible Study 9:30 - 11 a.m. www.sainttimothylutheran.net County. Open three days a week. Located behind Marysville United Methodist Church, 5600 64th St. NE. Call for an appointment: 360658-1021. 913 2nd St. • 360-568-4622 954401 EVENTS 26th and Lombard Pastor Kyle Heck Worship Service 9:30 a.m. Nursery Available Sunday School & Bible Classes 11:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Wednesday Women’s Bible Class 10 a.m. Thursday Men’s Bible Class 9:00 a.m. Adult Bible Class 7:00 p.m. www.immanueleverett.org trinity (eLCa) 425-252-1239 All are welcome! Reconciling in Christ Corner of 24th & Lombard Ave 10:00 a.m. Worship for all generations 10:30am Children go to Sunday School Interim Pastor Diana Bottin Amy Stamatiou, Children & Families www.TrinityLutheranEverett.com 9320 Meadow Way Sunday Traditional Worship at 8:30 a.m. Sunday Contemporary Worship and Kids Church at 10:00am Jr./Sr. High Youth - Sundays, 6 p.m. (begins June 15) Pastor Gib Botten Preschool Director Michelle Nilsen Church # 425-337-6663 School # 425-338-1933 Member of North American Lutheran Church www.pplc.org our SaVior’S Lutheran ChurCh & PreSChooL (eLCa) www.oslc-everett.org Corner of Olympic and Mukilteo Blvds 215 Mukilteo Blvd, Everett, 98203 P.O. Box 2927 Everett, 98213 425-252-0413 Pastor: David Parks Worship: 9:30 am Sunday School & Wednesday Evening Classes resume in September Preschool for ages 2 to Pre-K Everyone welcome! (LCmS) 3923 103RD AVE SE Lake Stevens, WA 98258 Zion Lutheran School Sunday School 9 a.m. Sunday Worship 10:15 a.m. (425) 377-2173 Vacancy Pastor: Art Werfelmann www.lambofgod-lakestevens.org eBeneZer Lutheran ChurCh (eLCa) 425-334-0421 2111 117th Ave NE, Lake Stevens www.ebenezerlakestevens.org Summer Sunday Worship 9:30 a.m. Nursery Available Pastor: Lewis Benson Preschool: 425-397-6374 Now Enrolling ALL ARE WELCOME! SMOKEY POINT/ LAKEWOOD Faith Lutheran (eLCa) 360-652-9545 www.smokeypointlutheranchurch.org 1424 172nd Ave NE, Lakewood 1 Mile West of Exit 206 10:00 a.m. Sunday Worship Sunday School Starts Mid-Worship Preschool M-F 360-654-9819 Where YOU are welcome! SNOHOMISH Zion Lutheran ChurCh (LCmS) 4th Street and Avenue A Snohomish, WA 98290 Sunday Worship 10:30 a.m. Contemporary Service 9:25 a.m. Sunday School and Bible Study 8:00 a.m. Traditional Service (360) 568-2700 Pastor Gary Jensen Everyone is welcome! Come Worship With Us STANWOOD FreeBorn Lutheran ChurCh 2304 30th St. NW Stanwood, WA 98292 (360) 629-3149 Pastor Don Brekhus 10 am Sunday Services www.freebornlutheran.org WOODINVILLE SeattLe LaeStaDian Lutheran 22420 102nd Ave SE Woodinville, WA 98072 Pastor John Stewart 360-668-7116 www.seallc.org Sunday Services: 10:30am & 7pm 1st Sunday: 1:30pm Service (& no 7pm) 4th Sunday Youth Discussion: 7pm Wednesday Bible Class: 7pm 1072962 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR ■■SPU SHOOTING ■■COMMON CORE Anti-gun law didn’t prevent tragedy Math tutor supports curriculum Well, here we go again — yet another shooting in — can you believe it? — a GUN FREE ZONE!? How can that be!? They passed a law! It’s right here on paper! They said he couldn’t have a gun there! I just don’t understand — they said he couldn’t. Yet he did. When are people going to start understanding that a law will be obeyed only if you choose to obey it. Just because you say “Make it so” doesn’t mean it really is so. All that law did was create a killing zone. And the other thing people need to understand is that the only way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun. Had it not been for his stopping to reload (or the gun jammed — not sure which is the truth) he may have been able to go on to kill who knows how many more people. Richard Quint Lake Stevens I was pleased to see Jennifer Bardsley’s column about the common core math curriculum. For several years I have been a volunteer algebra tutor in one of the local high schools. This school year I also volunteered to help 4th and 5th grade students with their math homework in one of the local elementary schools. Very soon I noticed that many of the concepts that are now being taught in elementary school math with the common core curriculum are the same things that high-school algebra students struggle with. The elementary-school students are actually calculating answers using the concepts they are learning instead of regurgitating memorized answers. I’m confident that when these elementary students are in high school they will understand and build on the concepts that they learned in elementary and middle school, and succeed much better at high-school math and beyond. The only thing I disagree with is the headline to Ms. Bardsley’s article: Common core math is not simply different from the old math, it’s far superior to it. Note that I’m not part of the education industry, so this is an objective view from an outsider. Jerry Fraser Lynnwood ■■AFGHANISTAN WAR Oops, sorry — it was all a big mistake Our war on Afghanistan is America’s longest war. Why are we making war on Afghanistan? We are making war on Afghanistan in order to get Osama Bin Laden, the mastermind of 9/11. Oops. We already got Osama Bin Laden in May of 2011. And oops, Osama bin Laden wasn’t in Afghanistan, he was in Pakistan. He probably was in Pakistan since late 2001 or early 2002. America’s longest war, and for most of that time we were attacking the wrong country, and when our goal is accomplished we still can’t stop attacking the wrong country. Oops. And oops again. Osama bin Laden was not the mastermind of 9/11. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the mastermind of 9/11. So, for America’s longest war, we are attacking the wrong country to get the wrong person and we don’t know how to stop when we get him. Oops. What should we tell the Afghanis? We should tell them what we told the Iraqis. “Oops. Sorry we destroyed your country. It was a mistake.” I am sure that they will understand. Jeff Hanson Lynnwood ■■D-DAY Dutch rejoiced at word of the ‘invasie’ June 6, 2014, marked the 70th anniversary since D-Day; a day that gave new hope to thousands. For me, 5 years old at the time, it was a confusing day. We lived in the northern part of the Netherlands and I have vivid WWII memories. I can still feel the tensions of living in wartime. Dad woke us three children early that morning and took us to the neighbors who lived in a big farm house. As the eldest, I was given strict orders to look out for my siblings since there were many other children at the farm as well. Mom was still in bed, was she sick? Confusion came when I saw another neighbor lady coming to be with mom while dad went for the doctor. Our parents never allowed us to go to those neighbors; they THE DRAWING BOARD belonged to the NSB, those who collaborated with the Germans. That afternoon all of the children were playing in the barn where there was still some hay remaining in the gully. We piled the hay in one place for the big boys to jump into from the loft. The neighbor man, Mr. Hoekstra, and some other men were watching us but mostly they were in deep and excited conversation. I kept hearing a new word and wondered what it meant, “Invasie, Invasie”. At one point Dad entered the barn and was greeted with the same word, “Hallo, Albert, Invasie!! Now things are going to turn around.” Dad also became excited but I wanted to know where mom was. That is when I was told that we had a new baby sister. I still remember Mr. Hoekstra telling the other men that Albert’s wife had a baby that day. They all congratulated Dad but then went back to talking about “Invasie” and Dad joined in. What did that word mean? I had to wait to ask Mom when Dad brought us home. Mom was in bed and showed us the baby but she also was excited about “Invasie.” Mom told us the word meant invasion and explained that soldiers from America had invaded a country called France. Those soldiers were coming to help us. The neighbor had heard about it on a secret radio he was hiding from the Germans. Wow, we were going to get help! Soldiers were coming to chase away the bad soldiers and we were going to be free again. Now I could be excited as well because I did not like to be afraid all the time; hearing bombs falling, seeing planes coming down or on fire, seeing my parents being afraid, or fearing for my uncles who were being chased from place to place. Years later I learned that thousands of soldiers lost their life that day, June 6, 1944. O, how brave they were and what a debt we owe them. Never, never, never will we forget, nor can we allow history to forget. Those brave soldiers gave their life to stop the killing of millions of innocent people, their leaders filled with greed and hate. I have stood on the shores of Normandy and cried seeing row upon row of the white crosses for the fallen. And I cried with some of the survivors of that day, as they wept over their memories of fallen comrades. I can never thank any of them enough. Most of all, I thank the Lord God for allowing me to live in a land that is free. God has blessed America! Anna De Jong Marysville GUEST COMMENTARY \| GOP HYPOCRISY Bergdahl, VA force right to change tune By Sid Schwab My hypocrisy alert is always on, but it’s been ringing off the hook lately, and I just have to share, as sensitive people like to say. The alarm was getting pretty loud as Congressional Republicans regaled us with their outrage over the VA problems, hoping their shouting would drown out our memories of how many times and over how many bills they voted no to increasing funds and services for veterans. It’s sort of working, because I’ve pretty much lost count. I don’t minimize the issues with the VA; and no matter how underfunded and understaffed they might or might not be, there’s no excuse for trying to hide and falsify records. Rs have been after General Shinseki’s head ever since he called the powers that were on their claims it’d take only a handful of troops to stabilize Iraq; and whereas I think he’s a straight-up guy who managed to fix some things, but not enough, it seemed inevitable that he’d lose his job over it. Because that’s how it works when Congress is worried someone might blame them for the effects of their own penuriousness. I’ve said a million times, and written it in this very paper, that it’s appalling how we like to give tearful lip-service to our troops, salute our flag and slap stickers on our bumpers, while refusing to support them in the way they most urgently need: with funds and services. Meanwhile, if there’s been hypocrisy involved in that scandal, Republican reaction to the release of prisoner Bergdahl has been transcendent, reaching levels of unctuousness that’s almost admirable in its brazenness. Switching directions like a Seahawks running back, they’ve scrubbed their websites and social media accounts of all mention of the times they demanded the White House use “all means possible” to get him back, of their singsonging that we don’t leave troops on the battlefield; and of their initial expressions of support on his release. Why, even as they fawned over that Duck Dynasty guy, putting on false beards when interviewing him, Fox “news” has suddenly decided Bergdahl’s dad looks like a Taliban. Maybe there are subtleties of beardedness with which I’m not familiar, having produced something pretty pathetic myself when I tried to grow one. But on Fox, it would appear, whiskers have political implications undecipherable to the rest of us, the distinctions between which are as yet unexplained. Now, I acknowledge that although all the information isn’t in, and it’s changed a few times already, the man might not be the poster child for prisoner exchange. And people who think the deal was a bad one have a point. (Remember when the Israelis traded a thousand prisoners for one of their soldiers, though?) On the other hand, those Taliban people were at Gitmo for twelve years. We know the government puts transmitters in our fillings, right? So maybe those guys are bugged. Maybe they’re programmed to work for us. In any case, would you trust someone who’d been in custody of the enemy for that long? John McCain was in Hanoi for a lot less time, and look what he tried to do to us. (Two words. The first one is Sarah.) Whatever the men might have been before they were imprisoned, it’s hard to see them being sent back to the front lines anytime soon. And how about Oliver North, suggesting we might have negotiated with terrorists. Four words, Ollie: Iran. Contra. Missiles. Reagan. But let’s be real: we negotiate with enemies of all sorts, all the time. It’s how wars end, isn’t it? Surely the questions surrounding Bergdahl’s disappearance and capture were known to the president, and to those Republican representatives demanding his release before it happened. So maybe there are workings behind the scenes that we’re yet to find out. Maybe the president thought that, as when he used a conservative model for health care reform, he’d get praise for doing what they wanted. Fat chance. Meanwhile, I don’t know which bothers me more: the troubling questions about the situation, or the speed with which everyone on the right changed their tune when they decided they might get more mileage out of screamery. After all, they’ve done their fifty votes to repeal the Affordable Care Act, and they’re approaching double digits in hearings on Benghazi and on the millions of dollars spent in those empty exercises, and they’re still in the dumpster, public-opinion-wise. The old dogs need a new trick. Sid Schwab is a surgeon and former Herald columnist A12 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald Student pepper-sprayed, tackled gunman SEATTLE — The man blasting away with a shotgun paused to reload, and Jon Meis saw his chance. The 22-year-old building monitor pepper-sprayed and tackled the gunman Thursday in Seattle Pacific University’s Otto Miller Hall, likely preventing further carnage, according to police and university officials. Meis and other students subdued him until officers arrived and handcuffed him moments later. Police said the shooter, who killed a 19-year-old man and wounded two other young people, had 50 additional shotgun shells and a hunting knife. He admitted after his arrest that Suspect From Page A1 to the rampage. Ybarra was ordered held without bail after an appearance Friday in a King County courtroom. A second hearing was set for next week. He remains in the King County Jail for investigation of homicide. One young man was killed in the shooting and Meis, a dean’s list electrical engineering student, was emotionally anguished but not injured in the shooting, Harborview Medical Center spokeswoman Susan Gregg said Friday. He was treated there and released. Roman Kukhotskiy, 22, who was in the building when the violence broke out, said: “I was amazed that he was willing to risk all that for us. If Jon didn’t stop him, what’s to say? I could have been the next victim.” He said Meis is getting married this summer and has accepted a job with Boeing, where he has interned in previous years. The leafy campus of the private, Christian university about 10 minutes north of downtown Seattle was quiet the morning after the shooting, with a service two other people wounded. The slain man was identified Friday as Paul Lee, a 19-year-old Korean-American from Portland. Lee’s parents are en route to Seattle from Korea, Seattle officials said. “We are still establishing the motive for this tragedy,” Seattle police Capt. Chris Fowler said. Ybarra obtained the shotgun legally several years ago, Fowler said. Mountlake Terrace police have encountered Ybarra at least three times in the past few years, records show. In 2010 and 2012, police took Ybarra to a hospital, recommending that he be involuntarily committed because of suicidal behavior. Last August, officers were summoned to his house because another family member allegedly was suicidal. Ybarra also has a history of driving offenses, including a DUI arrest. He is a former Edmonds Community College student who previously attended a home-school program in the Edmonds School District, which serves Mountlake Terrace. In October 2010, Ybarra reportedly was intoxicated and Mountlake Terrace police became concerned he might harm himself, Cmdr. Doug Hansen said. At the time, Ybarra listed his place of employment as the Kenmore Shooting Range. He was a clay-pigeon trapper and score keeper who ensured people followed safety rules that included eye and ear protection when shooting, a member there said. That night in 2010, Ybarra reportedly had called 911 from a location along Cedar Way. He said he was suicidal, wanted to hurt others and “had a rage inside him.” He was allegedly “very intoxicated” and reported having previous suicidal thoughts. He was taken to a local hospital for a mental health evaluation. In October 2012, police reportedly found Ybarra intoxicated and lying in the middle of his street, records EVERETT CITY COUNCIL PRELIMINARY AGENDA EVERETT CITY COUNCIL AGENDA 6:30 P.M., WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11, 2014 CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS 1059041 Citizen Comments COUNCIL BRIEFING AGENDA: (1) Professional Services Agreement with Triangle Associates, Inc. to provide environmental classroom presentations in Everett water service area. PROPOSED ACTION ITEMS: (2) CB 1405-23 – 2nd Reading - Ordinance relating to taxes, including Utility Tax and Natural Gas Use Tax, and repealing Ordinances No. 2711, 3122, 4019, 1022-84, 1418-87, 1722-90, 2010-94, 2200-97, 2253-97, 2342-98. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (3) CB 1405-24 – 2nd Reading - Ordinance relating to Tax Administration, amending Ordinance No. 2809-04 (Chapter 3.19. EMC) as amended. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (4) CB 1405-25- 2nd Reading - Ordinance relating to creation of Transportation Benefit District which includes entire City of Everett as boundaries currently exist or as they may exist following future annexations. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (5) CB 1405-26- 2nd Reading - Ordinance revising Traffic Mitigation Fee Ordinance, superseding Ordinance 2425-99 and 2496-00, as amended (Chapter 18.40 EMC). (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (6) CB 1405-27- 2nd Reading - Ordinance relating to Vehicle Impounds, amending Ordinance No. 993-83, as amended (EMC 46.10.010). (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (7) CB 1405-28 – 2nd Reading - Adopt the Proposed Ordinance revising the Small Project Impact Fee Ordinance, superseding Ordinance No. 2424-99 and 2505-00, as amended (Chapter 18.36 EMC). (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (8) CB 1405-29- 2nd Reading - Ordinance establishing new Fee Schedule for Land Use Applications, Permits, Review Processes, and related services for Department of Planning and Community Development, and repealing Ordinance No. 1730-90 and 1985-94, as amended. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (9) CB 1405-30- 2nd Reading - Ordinance annexing the property located East of 19th Avenue SE, between 106th Place SE and 108th Street SE, the Holdeman Annexation. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) (10) CB 1405-31- 2nd Reading - Ordinance establishing Zoning as B-2(B) (Office) amending Zoning Map of City of Everett for Holdeman Annexation area. (3rd and final reading and public hearing on 6-18-14) CONSENT ITEMS: (11) Resolution No. ____ authorizing claims in the amount of $709,018.38 (12) Call for Bids for Broadway Bridge Replacement Project. (13) Approve Bid Call 2014-059 for Regenerative Air-Vacuum Street Sweeper. (14) Authorize closure of High Street, 38th to 39th Street, on June 28, 2014, 5 p.m. to 12 a.m., for Neighborhood BBQ sponsored by High Street Blockwatch. (15) Authorize closure of Hewitt Avenue, Marine View Drive to Bond Street, on July 5, 2014, 9:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., for Car Show sponsored by Ole Soul Southern Creole. PUBLIC HEARING: (16) Resolution adopting Annual Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) Update for 2015-2020. ACTION ITEMS: (17) Authorize Terms of Service Agreement with Mindflash Technologies, Inc., to provide electronic based training services. (18) Authorize Request for Proposals 201-052 for Fire Department Efficiency Assessment in the form substantially as provided. (19) CB 1405-21 –3rd and final Reading – Ordinance creating a Special Improvement Project entitled, “Broadway Bridge Replacement Project”, Fund 303, Program 089, and repealing Ordinance No. 3178-10. (20) CB 1405-22 –3rd and final Reading – Adopt the Proposed Ordinance related to cannabis nuisances, amending Ordinance No. 3309-12. (21) Authorize Priority and Subordination Agreement substantially in the form provided for Everett Housing Authority and to sign necessary documents, as approved by City Attorney’s Office, to implement Agreement. Executive Session Adjourn Everett City Council agendas can be found, in their entirety, on the City of Everett Web Page at www.ci.everett.wa.us utilizing the City Services dialog box, and selecting City Council. Everett City Council meetings are recorded for rebroadcast on government-access cable Comcast Channel 21 and Frontier Channel 29 at 12:00 p.m. on Monday and Tuesday; 2 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. Thursday; 7 p.m. Friday and Sunday; 10:00 a.m., Saturday. The City of Everett does not discriminate on the basis of disability in the admission or access to, or treatment in, its programs or activities. Requests for assistance or accommodations can be arranged by contacting the Everett City Council Office at 425 257-8703. held at midday. People stopped by a makeshift memorial near Otto Miller Hall to pay their respects. Seattle Mayor Ed Murray identified the student killed as Paul Lee, a “KoreanAmerican student with a bright future.” The gunman had just entered the science and engineering building when he opened fire in the foyer. Classes were taking place upstairs. Ybarra was booked into the King County Jail and appeared, wearing a protective vest, in a jailhouse courtroom Friday. A judge found probable cause to detain him without bail. “We are so very shocked and sad over yesterday’s shootings at SPU,” Ybarra’s family said in a statement. “We are crushed at the amount of pain caused to so many people. To the victims and their families, our prayers are with you.” Ybarra is not a student at the school, police said. The victims included critically wounded Sarah Williams, 19, who was in serious condition Friday after a five-hour surgery, as well as 24-year-old Thomas Fowler, who was released from the hospital, Gregg said. Meis, who graduated from Seattle Christian Schools in SeaTac, kept a low profile the day after the shooting. An outgoing voice message at a phone listing for his parents’ home in Renton said: “We ask that you please respect our privacy during this time while we recover.” It solicited prayers for students and the family of the man killed. ELAINE THOMPSON / ASSOCIATED PRESS Shooting suspect Aaron Ybarra is led to a hearing in a King County Jail courtroom Friday in Seattle. show. A passerby had called 911. Ybarra told officers he wanted the “SWAT team to get him and make him famous. (He) said no one cares about him. He said he wants to die,” officers wrote. Ybarra again was taken into custody for a mental health evaluation, Hansen said. The gun range was not listed as his employer in that incident. Ybarra also was arrested for drunken driving and for driving on a sidewalk in July 2012, according to Edmonds police records. In that case, he admitted drinking eight beers and four shots of whiskey at a Mountlake Terrace bar and that he was picking up more beer from a convenience store to drink at home. His blood-alcohol level was roughly double the legal limit. He was booked into the Snohomish County Jail and later released. He then missed a court hearing and a warrant was issued. Turning 65? or retiring soon? Does Medicare Have You Confused? Greg Larsen- Owner Call us for a FREE easy to understand side by side plan comparison and learn: n What plans have the lowest co-pays n What plans have no premium n What plans cover your prescriptions best n Plan differences and your options n What plans your doctors accept He was ordered to get an assessment for alcohol abuse and to not to use alcohol or drugs for two years. He was told that if he complied with court orders, he would be charged with reckless endangerment rather than DUI. Ybarra completed alcohol treatment and attended a DUI victims panel. The case was scheduled for review later this year. In January 2011, Ybarra also was cited by Edmonds police for allegedly driving without proof of insurance. That case was dismissed a few weeks later. Late Thursday, Seattle police served a warrant at Ybarra’s house in Mountlake Terrace. Property records show the family has apparently owned the place for more than 15 years. “So far, police have not found any connection between the suspect, Seattle Pacific University or any of the victims,” Seattle police said in a statement on the department’s website. One of those wounded at Seattle Pacific University remains at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Sarah Williams, 19, was in serious condition after a five-hour surgery, hospital spokeswoman Susan Gregg said. Thomas Fowler, 24, has been discharged, she said. The third shooting victim, Lee, died Thursday after arriving at the hospital. Salomon Meza Tapia, a friend who serves with Meis on the board of a student engineers group, described him as a hardworking student who is “always super chill.” “I am not surprised he was cool and collected enough to take action,” he wrote in an email to the Associated Press. “I was in the building, and I can say he definitely saved our lives. I am thankful to be alive and thank God for Jon Meis’ courage and actions.” “There are a number of heroes in this,” Assistant Police Chief Paul McDonagh said Thursday. “The people around (the gunman) stepped up.” He added: “But for the great response by the people of Seattle Pacific, this incident might have been much more tragic.” EdCC President Jean Hernandez said in a statement Friday that she was “shocked and deeply saddened” by the news that a former Edmonds Community College student was linked to the SPU shootings. “All of us in higher education grieve together when an event such as this occurs on a college campus,” Hernandez said. “The fact that the shooter was a former student at our college brings it even closer to home.” Ybarra earned a certificate of completion in aerospace manufacturing through an online program. He also attended classes at the college from fall 2005 through spring 2010, and again in 2012. Hernadez said she reached out to SPU President Daniel Martin to offer her condolences and assistance. In 2006, Ybarra attended a home-school program in the Edmonds School District called Cyberschool. It is now known as Edmonds Heights K-12. He withdrew that year and did not receive an Edmonds School District diploma. “The current program’s community is deeply saddened by the news of what occurred at SPU yesterday,” school district spokeswoman DJ Jakala said. Public defender Ramona Brandes said Friday that Ybarra is on suicide watch at the jail. She said he has long-standing mental health issues and has been treated and medicated in the past, though she did not know his specific diagnoses, according The Associated Press. Brandes says she’ll be exploring those mental health issues as she moves forward with his case. Brandes says Ybarra wants to apologize for the “suffering he has caused.” Reporter Diana Hefley contributed to this story. Eric Stevick: 425-3393446; stevick@heraldnet. com. FLFG is a locally owned agency with a passion for educating perspective clients on the differences between all available Medicare Supplemental and Medicare Advantage Plans. First Legacy Financial Group, Inc. 1211 164th St. SW, Suite D Lynnwood, WA 98087 Home Visits Available 425-512-9666 425-501-8120 Medicare Supplemental \| Medicare Advantage This is an advertisement. FLFG is not connected with the federal Medicare Program. 1057038 Associated Press he wanted to kill as many people as possible before taking his own life, Seattle police wrote in a statement filed in court Friday. “I’m proud of the selfless actions that my roommate, Jon Meis, showed today taking down the shooter,” fellow student Matt Garcia wrote on Twitter. “He is a hero.” The suspect, 26-yearold Aaron Rey Ybarra of Mountlake Terrace, has a long history of mental health problems for which he had been treated and medicated, said his attorney, public defender Ramona Brandes. Ybarra is on suicide watch at the jail, she said. “He is cognizant of the suffering of the victims and their families and the entire Seattle Pacific community,” she said. “He is sorry.” 876514 By Gene Johnson and Phuong Le Ask our broker WITH PETER G. MILLER [email protected] DEBT-TOINCOME CONFUSION BASEMENTS: BIG OPPORTUNITIES A FEW STEPS DOWN ANSWER: 1054344 With Our Feature Ads and Map Inside this section! FINISHING A BASEMENT CAN BE A SMART PROJECT, BUT KEEP PERSONAL ENJOYMENT – NOT RESALE VALUE, AS A TOP PRIORITY We have recently tried to qualify for a mortgage. We know the new rules allow us to devote as much as 43 percent of our income to housing costs and monthly debts. However, the lender says if our monthly debts exceed 41 percent of our income that it will not give us a loan. How is this possible? Email [email protected]. Search Area Open Houses and Locations Easily... CONTACT: 425-339-3020 \| SATURDAY, JUNE 7, 2014 \| B1 QUESTION: When you go down the highway the speed limit may be 65 but there’s no rule that says you can’t go slower. The same idea applies to most loans. Under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, lenders have less liability if they make low-risk “qualified mortgages,” financing that must meet certain standards. One of those standards is that the debt-to-income ratio is generally limited to not more than 43 percent of an individual’s income. If your household takes in $6,000 a month, then housing expenses, car loans, student debts, credit card payments and the like cannot top $2,580 per month. But — in most cases — lenders are not required to go to the 43 percent limit. They can pick a lower DTI ratio. Research from the National Association of Realtors shows that nearly half of all lenders will not accept the 43-percent limit. Instead, they use “buffers,” meaning they might allow a DTI of not more than 41 percent, 42 percent or whatever. Why? To make sure they, the lenders, do not accidentally go over the 43-percent limit when selling a loan to investors and thus violate underwriting standards because of undisclosed debt. This is a very real problem: A 2013 Equifax study found that nearly 20 percent of all mortgage borrowers apply for new credit in the midst of a mortgage. “Most borrowers,” said the report, “simply don’t realize how this new ‘undisclosed debt’ impacts their ability to qualify for their mortgage.” This is a problem for marginally qualified borrowers. If they go to a lender who uses buffers their ability to borrow will be reduced when compared with lenders who allow the entire 43-percent DTI. For instance, if the household with the $6,000 gross monthly income is only allowed a 41-percent DTI then its monthly ceiling for expenses is $2,460 – $120 less than the 43-percent limit. With less income available for debts, marginally qualified borrowers may not be able to get the mortgage they want, a loan that other lenders who don’t buffer might grant. For details and specifics speak with loan officers about buffering. IN THE SPOTLIGHT By ERIK J. MARTIN same way. But investing extra funds to complete a basement — for example, by paneling walls, It’s often taken for granted carpeting floors, adding a drop and easy to overlook — literally. ceiling, installing plumbing for If you’re lucky enough to have a a downstairs bathroom, and/or basement, however, it can be a bonus-space blessing that, once implementing walls for an extra finished, can expand your living bedroom — can pay dividends, if planned and budgeted properly. space and increase your home’s “A finished basement can be resale value. used for many purposes — a Today, most basements that TV or media room, a playroom are included in new construcfor children, or a rec room for tion homes are unfinished, and teenagers,” said Connie Mogull, many resale residences also licensed real estate agent with feature unfinished lower levels. The reason often is that “building Houlihan Lawrence in Westchester, New York. in the U.S. is relatively inexpenLillian Montalto, a broker in sive, and most homes can be Andover, Massachusetts, said overbuilt with large footprints, as relatively few areas outside of this space can also be “perfect urban environments have zoning for an in-law suite, wine cellar, home office, fitness room that limits size,” said Andrew Franz, principal of Andrew Franz or dance studio. The primary benefit is to the homeowner’s Architect in New York City. enjoyment versus resale value.” Additionally, builders have Indeed, the return on investlittle incentive to finish basement for a finished basement ments, as the added cost can be project can vary, depending on a deal-breaker to many buyers your market. According to Monon a tight budget, and it’s a risk talto, builders and remodeling to assume that the majority contractors often charge as little of home shoppers plan to use as $35 per square foot to more finished basement space in the CTW Features TRENDS VALUES, LONG UNDERWATER, FINALLY SURFACING How rising real estate prices are affecting homeowners who have been stuck underwater on their mortgages Good news on the foreclosure front: The number of American homeowners who are seriously underwater on their mortgages — the home’s debt being at least 25 percent higher than that property’s estimated market value — is at its lowest level in two years, according to a recent RealtyTrac report. In the first quarter of 2014, 17 percent of all homeowners (9.1 million) were seriously underwater, down from 26 percent (10.9 million) one year earlier — thanks especially to the rise in home prices in many markets, say the experts. Rising home appreciation and increased equity provide greater hope and opportunities to those than $60 per square foot for the work (equating to a project that can cost as little as $10,000 to one that can exceed $100,000). Yet appraisers often place less of a value on lower-level space — from $15 to $50 per square foot. “Appraisers in Denver will tell you that valuation calculations (for basements) are half of what they are for above grade (living space), no matter how the basement is finished,” said Heidi Finn, broker with Denver-based Urban Luxe Real Estate. “Here, homes with basements sell for an average of 20 percent more than homes without. But in most cases, with homes priced under $500,000, there is less than a 10-percent difference between a finished versus an unfinished basement.” The takeaway: Only consider finishing a basement if you plan to use that finished space for your own enjoyment, and don’t anticipate recouping all or even most of the investment dollars when it’s time to sell your home. “I think money can be spent elsewhere for a better return on investment, with the kitchen being the most important room in the house and the master bath the second,” Finn said. “Systems upgrades, a new roof and new windows are other areas where money is also better spent.” Additionally, finishing a basement isn’t a prerequisite investment for the purpose of attracting buyers if you’re planning to sell your home. “Homeowners should consult with a Realtor® to find out what, if any, changes can be made to make their homes more salable,” said Sonia Brenner, relocation and luxury homes specialist with RE/MAX Premier in Warren, New Jersey. If you’re determined to spiff out the lower level, get bids from at least three reputable contractors (you can get referrals from real estate agents and friends). Be sure the one you pick is licensed, bonded, and insured, and rated favorably by the Better Business Bureau. Ask for a few references of former clients and if they are able to obtain the necessary permits to do the job in your municipality. who are or were underwater, said Tim Lucas, editor of MyMortgageInsider.com. “There’s definitely a psychological effect to rising home values,” Lucas said. “In 2009, many homeowners ditched on their homes because they were losing money on paper. Today, more people will think, ‘This is really a great investment’ and stay in their homes longer, hopefully.” For those wanting to stay put, an increase in the home’s value may now make it possible to refinance their loan to take advantage of better terms and lower interest rates, remove costly mortgage insurance (if applicable), and/or tap into their home’s equity for home improvement projects or other financial needs. “This is particularly helpful for consumers who are not eligible for the government’s HARP program,” said Dan Smith, president of PrivatePlus Mortgage in Atlanta. “And those who are eligible for HARP may now receive better refinance terms.” Improved equity also allows borrowers to move up or move out without having to resort to a short sale or limiting the type of potential financing options available for a new purchase, said Al Hensling, president of United American Mortgage Corp. in Irvine, Calif. B2 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald en 4 Op t 1Sa 2319 Columbia Ave Everett New Construction 3 Bed, 2 Bath, 2002 sq ft rambler in Pinehurst area. Very close to Boeing, shopping and freeway. 2 car garage wth alley access, additional parking and RV or boat space. MLS#646216 e US 3 pM O H enOOn p O n n SU 3315 Rockefeller Ave, Everett Great Location! Walk to Downtown! Walk to downtown, restaurants, events center + transportation center. 1 of 6 upscale townhomes, attached tandem 2 car garage, gas circulating hot water heat, gas fp, vaulted ceilings, full size utility room, kitchen w/ slab granite, maple cabinets, SS appliances, lots of painted mill work + crown molding, corner unit, lots of windows, courtyard entry, shows like new! Close to the Events Center, the transportation center with easy I-5 access. Corner unit, territorial views, great location. SCAN ME FOR INSTANT PICS & INFO Kim Ratliff • 3 Bedrooms • 2 Bathrooms • 1,456 SF $339,950 en p m p O 2-4 n Su 425-388-8957 ratliffbrokerage.com -4 4809 Glenhaven Dr., Everett Glenhaven resale backing to a private greenbelt. Nearly 2500 square feet of living space on over 12,000 square foot lot. Formal entrance opens to a light & open floor plan w/ hardwood floors. Four bedrooms upstairs, including the master suite. Formal living & dining rooms adjacent to the kitchen for great flow. Large family room on the lower level opens to the back yard. Deck off of the dining room is great for entertaining. Gas heat & two-car attached garage. • • • • Call Dan Gunderson 13404 59th Ave W, Edmonds 525 115th Ave SE, Lake Stevens Rare Find! New Waterfront Home Pride of Ownership Inside & Out Rare find a new home and shared waterfront! 85’ frontage, storage building, new dock, fire pit, safe swimming area, sandy beach & western exposure for all day sun. Gorgeous daylight bsmnt rambler, great room plan, vaulted master, huge island kitchen with shaker style cabs and slab granite, SS appliances, den/office, set up for future elevator, tank less hot water, lots of big windows, covered outdoor patio, tandem 4 car garage, lower level perfect for live in relatives, utilities up & down. • • • • Kim Ratliff 1073437 4 Bedrooms 3.5 Bathrooms 3,356 SF MLS # 606010 Nestled at the end of a quiet cul-de-sac in Regatta Estates. Surrounded by exquisitely maintained landscaping that includes serene vignettes, large deck, pergola, slate patio/fire pit & water feature. This light filled home is so spacious and open. Kitchen layout has an easy flow and is perfect for entertaining. Master bdrm is your own private get away so many extras – must see! Easy access to fwys, Mukilteo Schools, Picnic Pt Park! SCAN ME FOR INSTANT PICS & INFO • • • • 18515 43rd St NE, Snohomish SA O T/ pe Su n n 1- 4 8510 152nd Ave NE, Lake Stevens Unbelievable Value! Beautiful Secluded Setting! Beautiful Rambler On Acre Loaded w/positive features. 4 houses on 10 acre plat. Beautiful kitchen w/granite island, mahogany cabinets, stainless steel appliances, security system, covered deck w/hot tub and electric awning. Gentrans System. Hardy Plank siding. 3-car garage. • 3 Bedrooms • 2.5 Bedrooms • 2485 Square Feet • • • • 425-770-5378 [email protected] 5+ acres. Abuts 14 acre DNR land w/trails. 25 mins to Everett & Marysville, 30 to Monroe, 15 to Lake Stevens, 35 to Lynnwood & I405 & 45 to Seattle. Pole Barn Plus large 2 car gar w/ apprx 900 MORE living space above! 2512 apprx sf. Spacious Great Room plus formal dining rm. Main floor Master Suite, 3 bdrms & bonus room up. Hrdws, lots of windows, huge covered deck. 4 separate circuit breakers :house, RV, pole barn, & garage. Dry apprx 40 X 40 Pole barn Windermere Real Estate/Mill Creek Dream big. We’re here to help. PAT GOOD Begin the home buying process by getting pre-approved for your mortgage loan, so you know PAT GOOD exactly what you can afford before you start your search. We’ll help you find the best mortgage Mortgage Sales Ave Manager 1702 Hewitt 1702 Hewitt Ave Everett, WA 98201 Everett, WA 98201 425.422.1791 425.422.1791 [email protected] [email protected] NMLS #: # 670078 NMLS: 670078 to fit your needs, so you can shop for your home with confidence. It will make the whole process easier. Enjoyable, even. Dream big with us. Call today, and put my knowledge to work for you. Mortgage Sales Manager usbank.com/mortgage EQUAL HOUSING Loan approval is subject to credit approval and program guidelines. Not all loan programs are available in all states for all loan amounts. Interest rates and program terms are subject to change without notice. Visit usbank.com to learn more about U.S. Bank products and services. Mortgage and Deposit products are offered by U.S. Bank National Association. ©2013 U.S. Bank, Member FDIC. 1015793 The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 B3 se ou M H en 4P Op at 1S 30608 237th Drive, Arlington Oso Riverfront Mountain views from this meticulously maintained home on the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River. Light and bright kitchen with eating area. Spacious master bedroom with walk in closet, bath and slider to the back deck for those summer BBQs! Y DA UN PM S en 4 Op PM 1 144 Loon Asea Lane, Camano Island 90 ft of Utsalady Bay Waterfront Wow! Enjoy 90’ of waterfront on Utsalady bay! Spectacular Sound & Mt Baker views from this like new 2687 ASF home with easy path to beach. Gourmet kitchen, formal dining, bonus room, master bedroom suite w/fireplace & 5 piece bath & detached shop. SCAN ME FOR INSTANT PICS & INFO • 2 Bedrooms • 1.75 Bathrooms • 1,056 SF Windermere Arlington 15623 Sturtevant Ave Camano Island Single Level west Camano waterfront home with incredible sunsets and views of Saratoga Passage, Whidbey, the Olympics, bald eagles soaring overhead and boats dotting the blue water. Open floor plan, 2BD/2BA, hardwoods, granite, oversized deck. #627000 Call Doug Nemo 360-508-6550 Mukilteo Stanwood Gorgeous Lake Goodwin Waterfront Home. Gleaming hardwoods, 9’ ceilings, game room, two masters w/full baths, 2 extensive decks and 500 sf dock, views of Mount Baker. large beachfront yard. Close to Costco and malls. MLS# 611249 1228 Grand Ave $425,000 Granite Falls Spacious 5 bdrm home in Saratoga Reach! Open concept kit, living rm, dining rm, Mstr suite w/walk-in closet & 5 piece bath. Skylights! Gazebo & outdoor sitting in private bkyd. Neighorhood park & playground nearby. # 634787 Grand Ave front row bluff property w/huge view of Yacht Harbor, Islands and mtns. 1994 total rebuild of 2,806asf Dutch Colonial. 3 bdrm, 3.25 bth. Fabulous view master suite. Lovely gardens w/patio. MLS# 550046 Casey Bowers 425-772-6187 Stacy Winkler 425-985-8416 Buck Real Estate 6 SUN 1 - 4 PM 8 SAT 11 AM - 4 PM 11 SUN 1 - 4 PM Larry & Christine Hinrichs 206-948-4507 Everett 13 Sat 12 - 4 PM Room to build a shop! 1.2 acres. Lightly lived in home. Tucked away down a long drive this 4 bedroom 2.5 bath house w/bonus loft area is a beauty! Granite slab, stainless steel appliances, walk in pantry. 3+ car garage, backs to NGPA MLS# 598440 221 Belmark Ave Lake Stevens Nice single story just waiting for your finishing touches. FHA# 566-012068 MLS# 644995 Call Keith Foote 425-583-9250 2 SUN 1 - 4 PM 4 Sat & Sun 12-4 PM $449,000 Lake Stevens Edmonds Rare opportunity to live on scenic Sultan River spectacular waterfront views from nearly every room in this custom-built home, two decks or riverbank. Large kitchen, cooking island w/brkf bar, w/in -pantry. Master b/r w/walk-in closet; 2 sinks each in mstr bth & main bth. Elect wall heaters & pellet stove. Trex-type decks btwn brick patio for outdoor entertain. A well, septic system & u/g power service. A dam controls river level. 865 Livingston Bay Shore Dr. 3219 116th Ave NE $685,500 12425 Reiner Road Well designed 3 bedroom rambler in the Baker Vista neighborhood with Mt Pilchuck views. Welcoming front porch leads to nice entry, living & dining. Large deck off kitchen and family room with skylights. 3 car garage. MLS# 644450 Luxurious home in Meadowdale area. This smart home has many features controlled by your smart phone. Views of Puget Sound, Premium Home Theater, one year home warranty. From Olympic View Dr - 174th St SW follow the signs. ThisProperty.Biz MLS# 641543 Call Linda Nelson 425-508-9951 Call Chris Vallo 425-330-7395 Custom Sound view rambler on Camano’s most desirable NW location. Private beach access w/boat launch. Light filled floor plan with 10’ ceilings, gracious entry, 3 bedrooms & 2.5 baths! Like new condition inside & out. Level easy to maintain yard! #627267 Stacy Winkler 425-985-8416 Buck Real Call Karalyn Andersen 425-750-0552 9 SUN 1 - 4 PM 12 SUN 1-4 PM Granite Falls 13 4bd, 2bth, 2 story.Covered front porch entry, front & rear yd landscaping, 2 car garage is finished & painted! Contempory finishes w/ dark hdwd, granite, SS appls, glass tile accents in backsplashes. Lg master features tiled floor, dual under-mount sinks, granite, glass enclosed shower & walk/in closet. #617004 14 12 Camano Island Wonderful North End home 1875 sq ft open floor plan 2 bd + den easily 3rd bd 2.5 ba Hardwood floors, caulted ceilings, River Rock Fireplace, central vac. Enjoy views of Port Susan Bay and Mt. Rainier. Very private dead end street. Backs to NGPA. MLS# 599388. Estate Call Jerry Clay Realty Brokers Inc. 206-852-1807 11 Call Teri Walster 425 - 344 - 7812 $324,999 519 Gays Drive Marysville Buy this Home Zero Down! This 3Bed, 2 Bath, 1800 sf home is bright, clean & spacious and situated on 18,000+sf lot. Large family room w/gas fireplace, Sound view, professionally landscaped, fenced yard, gated entry, courtyard and sprinkler system. Large 2-car garage w/shop area, 220 volts and generator ready! MLS# 619951 14 SAT & SUN 1-4 PM $465,000 8510 152nd Ave NE Lake Stevens Beautiful 2485 sf rambler in the country. 1 acre setting with shared ten acre greenbelt. 3-car garage, large deck with electric awning and hot tub. Kitchen with granite counter island, mahogany cabinets, security system. Stainless Steel Appliances. MLS# 646620 Larry Hinrichs 425-806-3800 15 SUN 1 - 3 PM $218,500 16724 Cobblestone Dr #202 Lynnwood Beautiful 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bath with in home office, deck, one-car detached garage and oh so much more! Priced at $218,500. See you there!# 640366 Call Julie Rae Israel 206-300-7061 Patrick Johnson 425-387-7135 PJgoldHomes.com 4 Lynnwood Edmonds Mountlake Terrace To advertise, call 425.339.3100 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM \| 24/7 www.Heraldnet.com/Classifieds LOST snow white female parakeet, between Angel of the Winds Casino & HWY 9. 360-618-3265 Auto Accident Attorney INJURED IN AN AUTO ACCIDENT? Call InjuryFo n e fo r a f r e e c a s e evaluation. Never a cost to you. Don’t wait, call n ow ! 1 - 8 0 0 - 5 3 9 - 9 9 1 3 (PNDC) DID YOU KNOW Newspaper-generated content is so valuable it’s taken and repeated, condensed, broadcast, tweeted, discussed, posted, copied, edited and emailed countless times throughout the day by others? Discover the Power of Newspaper Advertising in SIX STATES with just one phone call. For a free rate brochure call 916288-6011 or email [email protected] (PNDC) DID YOU KNOW that not only does newspaper media reach a HUGE audience, they also reach an ENGAGED AUDIENCE. Discover the Power of Newspaper Advertising in six states - AK, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA. For a free rate brochure call 916-288-6011 or email [email protected] (PNDC) Need extra cash? Place your ad. 425-339-3100 I S YO U R I D E N T I T Y PROTECTED? It is our promise to provide the m o s t c o m p r e h e n s i ve identity theft prevention and response products available. Call Today for 30-Day FREE TRIAL 1800-395-7012. (PNDC) Need extra cash? Place your ad. 425-339-3100 Participants Wanted for Research Study Yo u n g m e n & wo m e n are wanted for a study on health-related behaviors. Par ticipants must be ages 18-20. Earn $25 if eligible! Visit http://depts.washington.edu/uwepic/ or email Project EPIC at [email protected] or for more information. Something to sell? Place your ad. 425-339-3100 REDUCE Your Last Tax Bill By 75 Percent. Stop Levies, Liens and Wage garnishments. Call the Tax DR Now to see if you Qualify. 1-800-7912099 (PNDC) ReNewWorks Home And Decor Store Consignments & Donations. Start w/ a photo! [email protected] www.renewwrks.com 425.404.3462 THANK YOU ST. JUDE, Thank you St. Jude, Lynn Call Classifieds today! Place your ad. 425-339-3100 7 DAYS 4 Lines Only 18 $ We will be recruiting in the Snohomish county area until June 13th. If you are a self star ter, motivated to do more with your life than the 95 daily grind, you won’t want to miss this opportunity! Come have fun, meet new people and be a team player. Let’s find your higher purpose together. Please contact us at deckersclanh oy t @ y a h o o. c o m fo r more info. FOUND Bag of Spor ts equipment, ball shoes, etc. Call to identify 425-334-6759 Found black/tan striped male cat on View Dr. Everett. (425)348-1726 Found Women’s Bicycle, 19th & Broadway in Everett on 6/3; Call to identify 425-330-1471 Call Classifieds today! 425-339-3100 The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 B5 Please Call For Monthly Specials! To advertise, call Traci Harris at 425.339.3074 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM \| 24/7 www.Heraldnet.com/Jobs Peoples Bank is seeking a part-time (including evenings & Saturdays)Financial Service Representative (teller) for its office in Snohomish. Highly motivated people with proven experience in retail banking sales and tellering will be the successful applicants. This is your opportunity to wor k for a stable, growing community bank known for its high level of customer service and excellent work environment. Peoples Bank offers a comprehensive benefit package and opportunity for advancement. Interested individuals are encouraged to send their resumeâ€™ to Human Resources Director at [email protected]. Assistant Power Dispatcher The equivalent of two years of jour ney-level electrical trades position working on systems over 4 kV, or two years as an electrical engineer completing design work on high voltage power systems. Full job info online www.seattle.gov/jobs Everett Housing Authority Certification Specialist I - FT Req 3 yrs exp in proper ty mgmt or subs hsing, or 2 yrs secondary school and exp combine, plus 1 yr exp determining eligibility and 1 yr exp lge vol paperwk. Benefits. $3022 mo. Download app at www.evha.org, email: [email protected], or call 425-303-1192. Closes 6/20/14 at noon. EOE. HANDYMAN/MAINTENANCE/LABOR: Home repairs, light construction & painting, build shed & decks, repair all areas of home, repairs including light plumbing & light electrical. Work year round. Building a crew in the Everett/Lynnwood area. Must have vehicle & valid Lic. Up to $15/hr. to start 425353-5558 425-773-7484 Severe Food Allergies? Earn $100 Construction Worker or Foreman . Current O p e n i n g s Ava i l a bl e (drug free building company): Looking for experienced job-site laborers and forman, who share in our core belief that integrity, strong work ethic, positive attitude, exceeding clientsâ€™ expectations. Safety and teamwork is commonplace. People are our primar y investment at Spane Buildings Inc., we hire, train and retain the best people in the industry. We offer a fair compensation and a strong b e n e f i t p a ck a g e. O u r growth and reputation demands the best! Requirements: (a) Experience in framing, roofing & siding; (b) Minimum of (3) experience in construction trades and ability to lift 100 pounds; (c) Excellent cmmunication skills; (d) Must have own transpor tation. Compensation DOE, Benefit package included. Spane Buildings is a drug free workplace/employer. As such, successful applicants must submit to drug screening. Email detailed resume w/work history to: Driver - Taxi, Snohomish County BUSY*** Earn up to $250 + cash daily. 425-742-9944 In Home Caregivers Are Needed in Your Community CERTIFIED NURSING A S S I S TA N T S ( B O - Benefits Include: THELL) Bothell Health Starting wage: Donate Plasma $10.95-$11.80/hr Care is looking for full (depending on time Cer tified Nursing plasmalab.com certification and/or Assistants. Full-time All 425-258-3653 experience) Shifts Long ter m care Additional $1.00/hr for exper ience preferred! weekend work Candidates must have a Certified Nursing Assist- Up to $1.50/hr more for client specific care ant License in Washingneeds ton State. All candidates Time and a half for all Currently Hiring Several must have great cusfor holidays worked Sheet Metal Mechantomer services skills and ics/Structural Mechanics a positive attitude! We Mileage and travel time reimbursement i n L o c a l E v e r e t t Wa offer competitive wages Company. Will be Workand excellent benefits, Paid training and certification/exam fees ing on Commercial Airincluding medical, dental Paid Leave crafts B737, 757, 767... and vision insurance and Excellent Medical, Airbus A330 ect.? 3+ generous PTO. Visit our Dental, Vision-even Years experience REwebsite at www.bothellfor part-time work... Q U I R E D. M u s t Pa s s healthcare.com to see Minimum Requirements: D r u g Te s t / C r i m i n a l all that our facility has to Must be 18yrs of age Background Check offer. If you are desire to or older Please do not apply if join a great company Must have current you do not meet experithat takes care of its emDriverâ€™s License, Auto ence requirements. ployees, this position Liability Insurance HEAVY SHEET METAL may be the ideal oppor- and a reliable vehicle MECHANIC/STRUCTUtunity for you! Bothell Must be able to pass RAL MECHANIC Job Healthcare is an Affirmaa Federal Criminal Description: SKIN REtive Action/Equal OpporHistory Background PA I R S , C a r g o D o o r tunity Employer all and check... Conversions. Removal & of Protected Veterans. If interested, apply at: Installation of structural All qualified applicants Catholic Community parts. Seat tracks instalServices, will receive consideralation. Floor beam rein1001 N. Broadway tion for employment and [email protected] forcement.? Floor panels Suite A11 will not be discriminated replacement. Gill liner & o r f a x r e s u m e t o against on the basis of Everett, WA 98201 Fasteners installation. (360)424-1502 disability. 1-800-562-4663 Required to read sketches, drawing, and schematics associated with assigned task and have REPORTER a good basic knowledge The Bellingham Business Journal, a division of Sound Publishing Inc. is seekof where to find proper ing a general assignment reporter with a minimum of 1-2 years writing experidocumentation such as ence and photography skills. This position is based out of the Bellingham ofSRM references. MUST fice. The primary coverage will be city government, business, sports, general L I S T A L L C O M M E R - assignment stories; and may include arts coverage. Schedule includes eveCIAL AIRCRAFTS YOU ning and/or weekend work. As a Reporter for Sound Publishing, you will be exHAVE WORKED ON IN pected to: be inquisitive and resourceful in the coverage of assigned beats; Y O U R R E S U M E / produce 5 by-line stories per week; write stories that are tight and to the point; TO O L S U S E D / C E R - use a digital camera to take photographs of the stories you cover; post on the TIFICATIONS EARNED publicationâ€™s web site; blog and use Twitter on the web; layout pages, using Inand THE REASON FOR Design; shoot and edit videos for the web. We are looking for a team player T E R M I N AT I O N O F willing to get involved in the local business community through publication of PRIOR EMPLOYMENT the monthly journal and daily web journalism. The ideal applicant will have a (TERMS OF LEAVING general understanding of local commerce and industry, education, employS A I D E M P L OY M E N T ment and labor issues, real estate and development, and related public policy. E V E N I F U N F A - He or she will have a commitment to community journalism and everything VORABLE). THIS AB- from short, brief-type stories about people and events to examining issues facSOLUTLEY MUST BE ing the community; be able to spot emerging business issues and trends; write I N C L U D E D T O B E clean, balanced and accurate stories that dig deeper than simple features; deCONSIDERED AS I AM velop and institute readership initiatives. Candidates must have excellent A RECRUITER LOOK- communication and organizational skills, and be able to work effectively in a ING FOR VERY SPE- deadline-driven environment. Must be proficient with AP style, layout and deC I F I C K N OW L E D G E / sign using Adobe InDesign; and use BBJâ€™s website and online tools to gather EXPERIENCE. THANK information and reach the community. Must be organized and self-motivated, YOU? Please reply to exceptional with the public and have the ability to establish a rapport with the s a r a h p a q u e - community. We offer a competitive hourly wage and benefits package [email protected] attach ing health insurance, paid time off (vacation, sick, and holidays), and 401K all resumes/references (currently with an employer match.) Email us your cover letter, resume, and or fax to 360-387-3388. include five examples of your best work showcasing your reporting skills and If faxing please vverify writing chops to: resume was received. [email protected] or mail to: Sound Publishing, Inc., 19426 68th Avenue S. Kent, WA 98032, ATTN: HR/BBJ Sound Publishing is an Equal Opportunity Employer (EOE) and strongly supports diversity in the workplace. Check out our website to find out more about us! www.soundpublishing.com Dietary Aide, PT, afternoon/evening 2:00p - 8 : 0 0 p. We e k e n d s and some weekdays. If interested pls apply in person at: Delta Reh a b, 1 7 0 5 Te r r a c e Ave, Snohomish, WA 98290. 360-568-2168. Everett, WA DSHS, Tricare & VA Medical Billing Specialist Skagit Radiology Inc. P.S. Seeking an experienced billing specialist to handle billing, adjustments and collections for DSHS, Tricare & VA insurances. 3+ years of experience in medical billing, excellent written and verbal communication skills. Please send cover letter and resume to [email protected]. No Phone Calls please. Human Resources Manager Full-Time Regular Skagit Radiology, Inc. P.S. Seeking a capable Human Resources professional to direct all aspects of the HR function, including recruiting, EE relations, performance management, compensation, benefits, employment records administration, employee retention, training and workforce development, and compliance with HR laws and regulations. Please send cover letter and resume to careers@skagit r a d i o l o g y. c o m . N o phone calls please. Must be at least 21 years of age, have a valid driverâ€™s license and clean driving record. Must pass pre-employment drug screen, physical and criminal background check. 1063989 Part-Time Financial Services Representative (Teller) MECHANIC Truck & Trailer Maintenance & Repair. Includes exc. benefits & 401K. 360-653-2904 Ext 21 We Deliver our Children, Safe, On-Time, and Ready to Learn Everyday If you are interested in becoming a School Bus Driver please apply in person Durham School Services, 1304 80th St. SW \| Everett, WA 98203 425-258-9251 NOW ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS PT/FT Meal Program A s s i s t a n t s , N AC a plus, but can provide training. We are a family owned and operated facility that offers a relaxed atmosphere and a flexible schedule. Benefits are available. If interested, please apply in person at: Delta Rehab. 1705 Te r r a c e Ave . , S n o h o m i s h , WA 9 8 2 9 0 . 360-568-2168 7RDGYHUWLVHFDOO _0RQ)UL$030_ZZZ+HUDOGQHWFRP&ODVVLĂ€HGV Seattle HUGE RUMMAGE SALE Fri.,6/13, 9a-4p & Sat., 6/14, 9a-3p Ballard NW Sr. Center 5429 32nd Ave NW Seattle, WA 98107 (2 blocks North of Locks) BENEFIT PANCAKE BREAKFAST and Annual CRAFT BAZAAR and GARAGE SALES Sat. Jun 14 8am-4pm Lake Goodwin Community Club 17323 42nd Ave NW Stanwood (off Lakewood Rd / E Lk Goodwin Rd) Breakfast served 8am-11am only $5 Adults, $3 kids under 12 Bake Sale also! MONROE Evergreen Fairgrounds Monroe Swap Meet Celebrating 16 Years! Sat & Sun 9-4 pm Free parking & admission; Family Friendly For info: 425-876-1888 OPEN:10/19 to June Tools, hshl/camping/fishing items,collectables & antiques. All proceeds benefit our Local HS Scholarship Fund. Please come support our area HS Students and shop for fun CRAFTS! DID YOU KNOW? 144 million US Adults read a Newspaper print copy each week? Discover the Power of PRINT Newspaper Advertising in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah and Washington with just one phone call. For a FREE advertising network brochure call 916288-6011 or email [email protected] (PNDC) 10th ANNUAL NORTHWEST LARGEST GARAGE SALE Evergreen State Fairgrounds June 28th & June 29th 8-5 Sat. & 9-2 Sun A family friendly safe place to shop and sell. To o l s , h o u s e h o l d items, fishing/camping gear and more treasures await you! 425.876.1888 for spaces No Admission & Free Parking ARLINGTON 4928 257th St NE Garage/Yard Sale Kackman Creek Dev. Fri-Sun 9-6pm N ew h e a l t h , b e a u t y, office, crafts, furniture, household, collectibles, kitchen, lots of misc. Arlington Kackman Creek Sale Sat. (6/7) & Sun. (6/8) Head North out of Arlington on Hwy 9, left on 252nd, right on 50th into the Kackman Creek Neighborhood. ARLINGTON Off 188th & 43rd Dr. NE Watch for signs Walnut Ridge Community HOA GARAGE SALE Fri, 6/6; Sat 6/7 9am-5pm BIG GARAGE SALE June 6th through 8th (9am - 2pm) 85607 135th Place NE Marysville BOTHELL 19326 2nd Dr SE (Off West Winesap) Community Downsizing at Dana Lane Condos, Sat, 10-4; Hshl items, collectables, wall art, glassware, child chair. COMMUNITY GARAGE SALE Sat. June 21, 2014 9am-1pm Union Bank 332 SW Everett Mall May, Everett 98204 425-353-7550 You are invited to bring all of your unwanted confidential documents for destruction. Shred-it Mobile Service will shred documents on-site for a DONATION TO THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION. Recommended donation $5.00 per box, 3 boxes maximum Community Everett Garage Sale 1814 Leland Dr The Camaloch Home Friday & Saturday Owners Association (466 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. lots) on Camano Island Porta-bote, lots of misc., will be having their annuhousehold items, al garage sale on Friday, something for all! June 6th, and Saturday, EVERETT PLANT June 7th, from 9 am to 4 SALE pm. The Community is 4818 Forest Drive located about 5 miles 6/7 & 6/8 9am-5pm we s t o f S t a n wo o d o f f Tired of high prices? East Camano Drive, turn Try us first. We have a left at the Texaco station variety of perennials, o n t o M c E l r o y, h e a d ground covers, tomastraight on McElroy into the Camaloch Commu- toes, mixed planter pots, small trees and more! nity. Only 15 minutes west from I-5 exit 212, Everett the public is welcome. YARD SALE 6/7 & 6/8, 9am-5pm ESTATE SALE 1914 Rainier Ave. 2108 Rucker, Everett Lots of tools, some June 7th & June 8th. fishing gear & yard tools. (9am-4pm) Womenâ€™s Cash only. fine vintage clothing & accessories from the EWHS Dance Team An30s-70s. Hats, purses, nual Rummage Sale gloves, shoes, coats & Sat 6/7 8:30-3pm, Sun dresses. Antique & 6/8 9am-2pm. 30 famimid-century furniture. ly/team sale. Merchandise in all categories. Estate Sale, Help send our girls to Fri & Sat, 8am-5pm. Garage full of collectible s u m m e r c a m p . Yo u glass, antiques, furn & wonâ€™t want to miss this hshld items. Great prices sale. No pre sales. and all must go, money raised is put towards col- Garage/Moving Sale on l e g e f u n d s. A r l i n g t o n June 6, 10am - 4:40pm Heights 12020 234th st and June 7, 9am - 4pm. NE Lots of stuff and some treasures. Come to 504 EVERETT View Ridge Dr. in Ever1030 E. Casino Rd. ett. We look forward to Annual Sale at Cascade seeing you. View Presb. Church Antique, Xmas, craft supplies, furn., sports, Something to sell? Place your ad. tools, toys,misc, vintage. 425-339-3100 Fri, 9-5 & Sat, 9-12 Ask About Our Special Packages! GARAGE SALE 12130 58th PL SE, Snohomish, Sat 11-5pm & Sun 10-4pm. Craft supplies! Art stamps, card stock and fancy papers. Also, Collectible dolls (cloth, porcelain) bisque, patterns, Craft books, plants, household items & antiques, plus a 4-shaft weaving loom. GARAGE SALE SHOP FULL! 6/7& 6/8 9a-5p & 6/9 (10a-3p) Across Hwy 9, 229 W Jensen St. Collecting over 40 years. Appliances, Furniture, Office, Tools, Holiday Decor, Luggage, Records & More! Granite Falls Garage Sale 14809 Goebel Hill Rd There is something for everyone! 1935 Ford spoked wheels & tires, vintage car lights and misc parts, claw foot tub, corner sink,vintage coffee urns, doors, windows, molding, piano, lights, CB radios, oak mantel, pellet stove, electrical supplies, camera tripods, rifle scabbards, cabinets, misc. hardware, gates and much much more! Fri.(6/6) & Sat.(6/7) 9-6 Need extra cash? Place your ad. 425-339-3100 Lake Stevens 120 S Nyden Farms Rd Lots of houshold items! drill press, cement mixer, gas welder, dye cast model cars and much more! Fri.(6/6) & Sat.(6/7) 9-3 LAKE STEVENS 8516 12th PL SE Neighborhood Garage Sale Sat, 6/7; 8-4pm Furn, large yard play kids outdoor toys, clothing & much more. Lake Stevens A-1 GARAGE/ ESTATE SALE Saturday June 7th & Sunday June 8th (9am-4pm) 410 Rhodora Heights Rd. China Glassware, Furniture, household items & more! MARYSVILLE 3802 100th Pl NE Garage Sale: Fri: 1-5pm Sat & Sun 10-4pm Lots of new and used items. Free Coffee & Cookies. Call Classifieds today! 425-339-3100 MARYSVILLE 8405 55th Ave NE Wicklow Condos Fri: 9-5pm; Sat: 9-6pm N o t yo u r u s u a l s a l e, some fur niture, knickknacks, books, men stuff, computer system with all in one printer, laptop, tablet, radio & CD player, chainsaw, weedwacker, bissell carp e t c l e a n e r, c l o c k s , women & menâ€™s clothes & shoes, all less than thrift store prices. Marysville Moving Sale 3609 150th Pl. NE Fri. (6/6) & Sat. (6/7) 9-5 Multi-family Sale, Sat 9-4, homes near 9004 62nd Dr NE, Msvl, To o l s , c l o t h e s , f u r n , books, fishing gear, toys, dishes, microwave, inversion table, kitchen & more. Donâ€™t miss it! Silver Lake Kings Ridge Community Sale Signs posted at intersection of 108th & 35th Ave SE. Saturday (6/7) 9am-3pm B6 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald Items Under Abbey View- Extension of Evergreen Washelli in Brier/Kenmore, 2 Plots $500/ea 206-284-8797 We have the Largest Selection of W/D set, Fridges, standard and SXS Ranges & Dishwashers. All come with a Full Warranty Delivery Available Some only 6 mos old WHITE, BLACK, STAINLESS & ALMOND 360-568-6003 ~BUDGET~ APPLIANCE Large selection of Reconditioned Whirlpool, Kenmore & GE Washers, Dryers, Ranges & Frost-Free Refrigerators D Low cost service calls D New & used parts Serving Snohomish Co. for 20 yrs 1904 Broadway,Everett ~425-252-7776~ Need Extra Cash? Turn your unwanted items into extra cash! Place your Classified ad today! Call us at 425.339.3100 A R E YO U I N B I G TROUBLE WITH THE IRS? Stop wages & bank levies, liens & audits, unfiled tax returns, payroll issues & resolve tax debt FAST. Seen on CNN A BBB. Call 1-800989-1278. (PNDC) DirecTV 2 Year Savings Event! Over 140 channels only $29.99 a month. Only DirecTV gives you 2 YEARS ofsavings and a FREE Genie upgrade! Call 1-800259-5140. (PNDC) DISH TV Retailer. Starting at $19.99/month (for 12 mos.) & High Speed Internet starting at $14.95/month (where available.) SAVE! Ask About SAME DAY Installation! CALL Now! 1800-308-1563. (PNDC) A+ SEASONED Dry & CustomSplit Alder, Maple & Douglas Fir Speedy Delivery & Best Prices! LOG TRUCK LOADS OF FIREWOOD Cords avail. 1-800-743-6067 INVACARE Patient lift, $1000; 425-259-7025 Bowflex SelectTech 1090 Adjustable Dumbbells home gym. # OH53705CN $500/obo 425-347-3891 GW NEW Mariner 3 Man F R E E q u e e n s i z e Raft, w/accs & air tank, mattress, good shape, used 1x, $200 obo; Mano box spring, you haul. rysville. 503-881-1886. (425)355-8433 Getting New Furniture? Recycle your old furniture â€“ place a classified ad. Call us today 339-3100 Recycle your old furniture Call us today 425.339.3100 as low as 18 Includes FREE photo! Need Extra Cash? Turn your unwanted items into extra cash! Place your Classified ad today! Call us at Oudeanâ€™s Willow Creek Nursery at Sorticulture June 6 & 7(10-6),8th (10-4). Legion Park 145 Alverson Blvd, Evt. Carnivorous plants from $6 425.339.3100 Need A New Building? We Build All Sizes & Styles Of Quality Buildings Scooter for sale, great cond.; new batteries, $1000/OBO; 425-322-4563 Prices To Fit Your Budget! â€˘ Garages â€˘ Shops â€˘ Warehouses â€˘ Barns â€˘ Arenas â€˘ Cabins â€˘ Sheds â€˘ Custom Designs & Much More! 425-312-5489 New Drive on Scale Looking for a good buy on an appliance? The Classifieds have the largest selection in Snohomish County! HORNETS/ YELLOWJACKETS Wanted all Summer/Fall FREE non-toxic removal of most, from nonsprayed paperball type hives, around football size or larger. 425-485-0103 [email protected] 1036976 ALWAYS BUYING Antiques & Collectibles REDUCE YOUR CABLE BILL! Get a whole-home Satellite system installed at NO COST and programming starting at $19.99/mo. FREE HD/DVR Upgrade to new callers, SO CALL NOW 1-866-984-8515. (PNDC) $250 4 lines, publishes Mon., Tue. & Wed. 7RDGYHUWLVHFDOO _0RQ)UL$030_ZZZ+HUDOGQHWFRP&ODVVLĂ€HGV 2-Unassigned Spaces in Floral Hills Cemetery, Lynnwood, WA, Evergreen Garden section, $2000/ea. For Sale by Private Party. 425-322-5211 or 425-241-0273 Items Over Only 7RDGYHUWLVHFDOO _0RQ)UL30_ZZZ+HUDOGQHWFRP&ODVVLĂ€HGV Use this directory to grow your business. to ďż˝ Callplaceus today ďż˝ an ad. Offering a service and donâ€™t see a classification that fits? Call us, we will happily find a suitable one. 425-339-3100 NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS: Washington State law (RCW 18.27.100) requires that all advertisements for construction - related services include the contractorâ€™s current Department of Labor & Industries registration number in the advertisement. Failure to obtain a certificate of registration from L & I or show the registration number in all advertising will result in a fine up to $5000 against the unregistered contractor. For more information, call Labor & Industries Specialty Compliance Services Division at 1-800-647-0982 or check out L & Iâ€™s internet site at www.wa.gov/Ini. No Job Too Small 425-244-6943 425-334-8028 bonded/insured lic# COVERAP897DH PAID FOR UNWANTED CARS & TRUCKS $100 TO $1000 7 Days 24 Hrs Licensed/Insured ALL STAR TOWING 425-870-2899 No job too small I do it all !! 360-436-1787 425-231-0249 Lic. GEORGHS951MR â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ Roberts Construction Dozer Track Hoe Dump Truck Grading, etc. 425-743-6803 The Gene Poole Insurance Agency 206-550-9019 SR22-DUI-NO PRIOR THE BEST BROADFORM INSURANCE RATES IN TOWN Call now! A COMPLETE DRYWALL SERVICE Wallboard Installation Taping & Finishing Smooth Wall Priming & Texturing Drywall Repairs Licensed BondedInsured Lic# ORTHSCC 865BN 30 years Drywall Experience ORTHS CUSTOM CARPENTRY Dale Orth 360-243-3433 Parkâ€™s Handyman Service Quality Work Reasonable Rates C U S TO M PAV I N G i s family owned and operated company. We are Fully licensed, Bonded and Insured. Call to receive a free estimate with a smile. No job too big or small License # custop907pk we do driveways, parking lots, patch and seal, Sealcoating & Striping and speed bumps and stone dr iveways. 425 318 5008 Call and deal with owner directly Employment Information Line 425 339.3100 â€˘Pruning â€˘Seeding â€˘Mowing â€˘Trimming â€˘Weeding â€˘Hauling â€˘Bark â€˘Rototilling Complete Yard Work Year Long Maintenance Established in 1981 FREE ESTIMATES Call 425-344-7394 360-651-0971 206-778-2238 Lic# 603-405-644 R&D Handyman Sevice â€˘PAINTING â€˘ELECTRICAL â€˘REMODELS â€˘PLUMBING â€˘CARPENTRY Small Jobs â€œOKâ€? Call Rod â€œLocally Owned Since 1977â€? FREE ESTIMATES! M.B.E Lic#GARYSGS131OS Bonded Insured 7305 43rd Ave NE Marysville The Gutter Professionals PRE-PAINTED GUTTERS & DOWNSPOUTS STEEL & ALUMINUM & COPPER VISIT OUR SHOWROOM Like us on facebook Local business services at your fingertips!! Reach thousands of new customers each day by placing a Service Directory ad! Call Today 425.339.3100 D&H Landscaping In Business since 1986 MOSS CONTROL-AERATION Lawn Maintenance Fertilize programs Thatching â€œWeeding Barking Sod Lawns, etc DONâ€™R Construction Texturing, Drywall (Sealer) 30 years Exp No Job Too Small Lic# DONRC*994QW (425)508-6251 Home & Property Maintenance & Improvements Lic/Bon/Ins Bob Vos Some of best bargains in town are advertised in the classified columns! 425-353-5417 WILL MOW YOUR: Pasture, Blackberry Bushes, Rototill, Thatching. Dig Post Holes & Driveway Wrk 425-334-6075 206-714-3816 425-743-1379 Free Estimate Roof Moss Organic Treatment and Removal Lic/insured Free Estimates. G & D Landscaping Free Estimates â€˘Thatching â€˘Weeding â€˘Pruning â€˘Hedge â€˘Bark â€˘Rototilling â€˘Mowing â€˘Sod & Reseed â€˘Fencing â€˘Retaining Walls â€˘Pavers â€˘Pressure Washing (360)428-1820 R MONTOYA LANDSCAPING Lawn Maintenance, Pruning, Aerating, Thatching, Yard Cleanup, Pressure Washing & More. Commerical & Residential Free Estimates 425-622-2489 Warm Weather will be here soon! Now is the time to get your place cleaned up & looking great for Spring! Use GreenMax Service for all your Lawn Care Needs! GreenMax specializes in quality lawn & garden maintenance at great prices. We are Fast, Friendly & Work hard to make you happy! Business Owner Operated Mowing, Edging, Trimming, Pruning, Weeding, Flower Beds, Raking, Plant shrubs or flowers, Mulching, Gravel, Beauty Bark & New Sod Installation, old grass removal, Thatching, Aereting & Overseed, Fertilizing, Moss & Weed Control. All Season Cleanup & Much More! Call Anytime for a free Estimate. No Job too big or small! 425-870-7422 Professional, Licensed & Insured. Satisfaction Guaranteed â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ Excellent Home Painting. Interior/Exterior Pressure Washing Lic/Bond/Insured. WA L&I AGLPAPL87CJ FONCECA & SONâ€™S PAINTING Spring Special 15% Off Interior/Exterior Commercial/Residential 425-334-9287 425-232-3546 Place your classified ad today! 425.339.3100 â€œFROM Small to All Give Us A Callâ€? Licensed, Bonded, Insured-PAWEWS955PKEastside: 425-273-1050 King Co: 206-326-9277 Sno Co: 425-347-3624 www.pacwestservices.net Quality Construction Since 1945 General Contractor Additions Repairs Remodeling, Wood Decks, Windows & Doors. Concrete Walks & Patios Plumbing Repair, Consulting Excellent References Landlords Welcome Call now for quality! Chuck Dudley 425-232-3587 [email protected] pioneerhomeservices.net Lic# PIONEHS999NM â€œBringing Buyers & Sellers Togetherâ€? Monday Sale LABRADOODLES Chocolates, Ready 5/30/14. Health Guaranteed. www.blueribbonalabradoodles.com 206-491-5275 Lab Retriever Pups, pointing labs, AKC, fantastic hunting lines, great family dogs, 36 mo guar. $800. 360-631-2391 P O M E R A N I A N w / Pe kingese, male, cream color, 12 wks old. $500. Call 425-438-0994. PIONEER HOME SERVICES AKC German Shepherd Pups. European Schutz h u n d l i n e s. B l a ck & Red. Hip / health guara n t e e , 1 st s h o t s & wormed. 2 females avail. Ready June 9 th . $900. 360-457-9515. Photos www.germanpups.net Port Angeles. REMODELS REPAIRS Room Additions, Decks, Fences, Window, Door & Mill Work replacement, Interior & Exterior Painting, PRESSURE WASHING Roofs, Exterior of Homes, Driveways & Sidewalks Greg Stamback (425)760-2027 Licensed, Bonded and Insured WA Lic# STAMBCL889RK WA Lic# STAMBPL884LN DICKâ€™S CHIPPING SERVICE Stump Grinding 20 Yrs Experience Insured - DICKSC044LF 425-743-9640 Since 1986 Lic # Foncesp141K2 Needs House Painting This Summer? Free House Painting Estimates Exterior and Interior CALL TODAY Ryan Bradford 360-361-6967 or Email [email protected] Employment Information Line 425.339.3100 Free Estimate on post or stick frame buildings including garages, shops, barns, arenas, carports, mini-cabins & sheds Our reputation, quality & service canâ€™t be matched! Call Chris @ Ark Custom Buildings 1-877-844-8637 www.arkbuildings.com at 12:30pm Cull Cattle! Plus Small Animals & Poultry! WEDNESDAY: General Livestock Sale 1:00pm No Feeder Sale in Month of July. Next Feeder Sale August 9th. We Sell Powder River Gates Panels & Feeders Ask Us! Your Consignments are Appreciated!! For more information or hauling, call: Barn: 360-966-3271 Terry: 360-815-4897 Pete: 360-815-0318 Everson Auction Market 1, LLC 7291 Everson Goshen Rd Everson, WA 98247 PUPPIES: 4 Male, 1st, 2 n d S h o t & Wo r m e d $275/ea. 5yr old Female Black/Tan $50.00 425330-9488 /425-330-3010 www.eversonauction market.com FREE Healthy Quarter Horse for Adoption, Snohomish area. With owners approval 360-668-1652 STAMBACK Need Extra Cash? 1-800-972-2937 Very sweet, female, 3yo cat needs a good home. Fixed, box trained, good w/ kids, does not particularly like dogs. Needs someone that is home more then we are. Email me if you need more info. [email protected] Everson Auction Market 1, LLC CONSTRUCTION & PAINTING 425-308-0419 vosprpm911m1 For all your landscape needs â€˘Retaining walls/paverpatios â€˘Flagstone patio/paths â€˘Yard renovations/design â€˘Sod/Planting Installations â€˘Irrigation systems/repair â€˘Water features â€˘Low voltage outdoor lighting â€˘Yard clean-ups Commercial & Residential Services * Remodels * Plumbing No Job Too Small! WHISPERING Pines Custom Landscapes, LLC HAVE TRACTOR * Carpentry 425-773-5906 All Puget Sound Asphalt Paving is a family owned and operated company. Fully licensed, bonded and insured. All wor k guaranteed. Call for a free estimate for asphalt or sealcoating. No job too big or too small. 425344-1288 Will License #: ALLPUSA987NH Level & grade Dr iveways Parking lots Patching/ potholes Gravel Sealcoating & Striping A-1 Economy Gardening & Landscaping GEORGEâ€™S HANDYMAN SERVICE Quality work Reasonable rates $TOP CASH$ TICA registered Ragd o l l k i t t e n , fe m a l e, 6 weeks old. $700. (425) 923-9070 COVER-ALL HANDYMAN All Types of Home Repairs Installations Carpentry Hauling Cleanup Pressure Washing Painting Drywall Tile To advertise, call 425.339.3100 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM AKC Golden Retrievers Also Golden Doodles. Wormed & shots, $800. Exc bloodlines, 360-652-7148 BABY CHIHUAHUAS $300, ready to go. To good home only. (425) 530-5125 YORKIES: Born 4/21. 3 males $600 - 2 Females $ 7 0 0 . Ta i l s & D e w Claws done. 1st shots. Call 206-310-6285 or email [email protected] BREEDING BULLS FOR SALE OR RENT CATTLE FOR SALE Call Lee 360-691-7576 Cattle Pasture Wanted. Cash for Hay fields. Call now. Baled Hay wanted, Cheap. 360-691-7576 German Shepherd Pups, DNA traceable, $600. 360-435-2559. [email protected] Something to sell? Place your ad. 425-339-3100 Free to good home, 2 female guinea pigs. Call or text 757-748-7477 Dayville Hay & Grain We guarantee our feed! Many Varieties and..... Delivery Available....... www.dayvillesupply.com The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 B7 Everett: 1 & 2 bd Apts Monroe: 4 bd Home Commercial Space: Evergreen Way North Seattle, Now accepting applications. Studio apts: $526 HUD Senior Housing 62+. Rent incl/utilities. Income limits apply. Four Freedoms House 206-364-2440 MacPhersonspm.com LYNNWOOD: 3 bed 2.5 ba... $1995 4 bd 2.5 ba... $2050 MUKILTEO: 3 bd 2 ba..$1495 206-546-9328 425-775-1455 The Rental Connection Inc rentalconnectioninc.com 425-339-6200 AFFORDABLE Senior Housing 55+. 1 & 2 bd apt homes. W/D, Pool, controlled Access. We Pay W/S/G. Vintage at Everett 1-866-328-4003 Holly Village 425-355-0646 MARYSVILLE 3bd, 1ba Rambler, garage, approx. 1000sq. ft, large fenced backyard, $1200; Sec. Dep. $1000; 360-659-9763 Apartment for Rent, near ECC & Providence Cobly Campus, 2bd, 1.5ba, 2 car ga, $1080, inc. water, sewer, garbage; quite neighborhood, no smoking. 2412 8th St. Everett, Ava. 6/1 Call 425-232-9708 or 360-653-8480 AFFORDABLE HOUSING 55+ select apartments 1 & 2 bedroom homes Washer/Dryer Controlled Access Community Room We Pay W/S/G Elevator â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ Beauty Salon Fun Social Activities Theater Room Pets Welcome* (restrictions apply) Income Restrictions Apply www.hollyvillageapts.com QUILCEDA_CREEK_APTS_2 QUILCEDA_CREEK_APARTMENTS 1035056 â€˘ BBQ & Picnic Areas â€˘ Designer Interiors â€˘ Washer/Dryer in every home â€˘ Microwave â€˘ Dishwashers â€˘ Garbage Disposals â€˘ Cable Ready â€˘ Wall to Wall Carpeting â€˘ Pet Friendly Call today for our SPECIALS! Now accepting applications HUD Senior Housing(62+) for limited income seniors 12115 State Ave./Smokey Point Blvd. Marysville, WA 98271 (Close to shopping/dining, Minutes to I-5 & 405, On busline, 1 mile to hospital). Four Freedoms House 747 N. 135th St., Seattle 206-595-8852 â€œExceeding Expectations One Building at a Timeâ€? www.spane.com + Quality Post Frame Buildings + Residential + Agricultural + Commercial + Industrial + Re-Roofs = Metal, Composition, Shake, Slate, Tile + Re-Sides = Metal, Wood, Hardi-Plank + Financing Available On Approved Credit 884662 884662 Lic. SPANEBI141JD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 $0 $795 $795 $795 BBB A+ Rating-Local since 1992 - CL #118653 (A) (B) 3015 112th Avenue, NE, Suite 214, Bellevue, WA 98004 20% 20% 20% 20% 4.126 3.320 2.989 3.930 Last Year Source: Bankrate.com, for more information visit www.bankrate.com. Bankrate national averages are based on 100 largest institutions in the top 10 markets in the United States. 1059128 Program LENDERS, TO HAVE YOUR RATES APPEAR IN THIS FEATURE CALL BANKRATE.COM @ 800-509-4636 MORTGAGE RATES & INFORMATION ARE AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET @ http://heraldnet.interest.com Legend: The rate and annual percentage rate (APR) are effective as of 6/3/14. ÂŠ 2014 Bankrate, Inc. http://www.interest.com. The APR may increase after consummation and may vary. Payments do not include amounts for taxes and insurance. The fees set forth for each advertisement above may be charged to open the plan (A) Mortgage Banker, (B) Mortgage Broker, (C) Bank, (D) S & L, (E) Credit Union, (BA) indicates Licensed Mortgage Banker, NYS Banking Dept., (BR) indicates Registered Mortgage Broker, NYS Banking Dept., (loans arranged through third parties). â€œCall for Ratesâ€? means actual rates were not available at press time. All rates are quoted on a minimum FICO score of 740. Conventional loans are based on loan amounts of $165,000. Jumbo loans are based on loan amounts of $435,000. Points quoted include discount and/or origination. Lock Days: 30-60. Annual percentage rates (APRs) are based on fully indexed rates for adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs). The APR on your specific loan may differ from the sample used. Fees reflect charges relative to the APR. If your down payment is less than 20% of the homeâ€™s value, you will be subject to private mortgage insurance, or PMI. Bankrate, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the information appearing above or the availability of rates and fees in this table. All rates, fees and other information are subject to change without notice. Bankrate, Inc. does not own any financial institutions. Some or all of the companies appearing in this table pay a fee to appear in this table. If you are seeking a mortgage in excess of $417,000, recent legislation may enable lenders in certain locations to provide rates that are different from those shown in the table above. Sample Repayment Terms â€“ ex. 360 monthly payments of $5.29 per $1,000 borrowed ex. 180 monthly payments of $7.56 per $1,000 borrowed. We recommend that you contact your lender directly to determine what rates may be available to you. TO APPEAR IN THIS TABLE, CALL 800-509-4636. TO REPORT ANY INACCURACIES, CALL 888-509-4636. sHTTPHERALDNETINTERESTCOM WA, Snohomish County Bankrate Mortgage Guide Size: Lender(s): Ad Number(s): Publish Day(s): 6.868â€? x 3.75â€? 1 N/A Friday, 6/6/14 Saturday, 6/7/14 Sunday, 6/8/14 Everett- Huge 4 Bdrm House, 2 1/2 ba; each room furn. $500/mo ea. + dep. 206-354-0325 I would like to Rent (to own) Mobile Home Lk Stvns/Evt area 55+ prk prefâ€™d 206.326.8653 Everett N. room for rent, large fully furnished room, shared common areas, kitchen & laundry, all util pd, NS, NP, NA. $500/mo, $250 sec dep. Call (425) 327-1757 for appt to view. 1BD or 2BD Rooms avail. for rent NOW. 1BD $600 incl. all util. & 2BD negot.Can share organic garden space 425-268-6848 KENMORE area. Roommate to share home, new furn. bds, $650 incl. util. Near bus. 206-499-6684 Stanwood- w/d, lg bd w/huge closet, directv in rm. EZ I-5 $375 + $85/util; 360-631-2391 Quilceda Creek Apartment Homes $ave BIG* ONE LE GOING FAFSTT CALL TODAY ! 22816 Edmonds Way â€˘ Edmonds, WA 98020 ! www.wg-apts.com â€˘ Email: [email protected] â€˘ Call for details WESTGATE APTS. 1036363 206-364-2440 Everett- 2 Pvt rms in cozy hm, w/d, cable, util incl, $475/400 + $200 dep. call 425-268-3845 www.quilcedacreekliving.com â€˘ Water-Sewer-Garbage - ELECTRIC Included! â€˘ Onsite Laundry â€˘ Social Room â€˘ Elevator â€˘ Handicap Accessible â€˘ Pets ok! â€˘ Convenient Location Income Limits Apply Room or RV for rent. N Sno Co $475/mo, $250 dep. Good for 1 person. 206-310-9232 DIRECTIONS: From I-5, take Exit 202 (the Outlet Mall exit) and head east to State Ave. Turn left on State Ave. and we are just ahead on your right. Welcome home! Completely Remodeled 1 Bedroom Available $895 Studio Apts ... $526 Affordable Senior Housing 55+ in Edmonds! - North Seattle - RENT includes utilities Stanwood Very nice 1 bd, 1 ba Condo. Overlooks Beautiful Park VIEW. Big storage unit included. $800, + 1st, 2nd + dep. 360-548-4202 1056194 â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ â€˘ Convenient Everett Location - Large 2 bdrm, 1 ba (1024 sf) in excellent s m a l l bl d g . I n c l u d e s : pantry, storage space, w/s/g/, all for $750/mo + $ 500/dep. This unit is NS & no pet dogs. Onsite mgr. & laundry. 425268-2985 (10am - 6pm). Spacious 1, 2, and 3 Bedroom Apartment Homes â€˘ Business Center â€˘ Sparkling Pool and Spa â€˘ Three Playgrounds â€˘ Recreation Pavillion â€˘ Fitness Center â€˘ Nearby Attractions Include Restaurants, Tulalip Hotel and Casino, Seattle Premium Outlets Mall and much more. â€˘ Freeway and Park & Ride Access 10 Lines + Photo SENIOR 10 Lines + Photo Everett, Studio/Small 1 bd/$575. $500/dep. N S / N P. C l e a n , Q u i e t , Quality apt. Nice Neighborhood, close to bus station, easy freeway access. (425)508-2347 BRAND NEW 1, 2 & 3 BR Apts Call today for SPECIALS! 1-855-671-6162 Marysville quilcedacreekliving.com Everett -Near cour t house. nice 2 Bd., 1Ba. in security bldg. private garage, no pets/no smoking, $975 inc. water, sewer & garbage. 425-349-1451 www.macphersonspm.com Only $ To advertise, call 425-339-3076 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM \| 24/7 www.Heraldnet.com/Homes EVERETT Garden Court 3410 Colby Ave. Lg 2 bd, avail., 1ba & 2ba, Must-see apts! Easy I-5, close to dwntwn. Easy access to bus lines. Dishwasher, lots of strge rm, W/D. Very clean with lots of natural light. Covered pkg incl. from $1100. Call Linda 425-420-4458 7 DAYS! B8 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald 4 HARVEST HILLS Starting from $429,000 Lots from $89,500 24227 Nookachamp Hills Dr. \| Mt. Vernon Dan and Amber Soria 360.969.4030 1055572 Starting from $539,950 20121 107TH PL SE \| Snohomish 425.345.3730 www.belmarkhomes.com PEOPLE ARE LOOKING! 2 New Homes and Vacant Lots Near Big Lake, Mount Vernon WA OTS STARTING at $84,500 in the Beautiful Big Lake area. New construction started on some of the lots, pick your colors, design & details or Build your own Dream Home! Easy commute to I-5 & town, yet still offering rural community. Walking / hiking& riding trails & a private lake are just some of this area’s rare attributes. Oversized lots out of the flood plain many with spectacular views! Utilities already stubbed. Going fast, so get in quickly to pick your lot! L Construction almost completed! Custom craftsman offers space for everyone’s needs. Gourmet eat-in kitchen splashed in granite w/ an island, formal dining adjoined & large family room create a warm & inviting space for entertaining. Open floor plan is as beautiful as it is functional. Distinctive craftsmanship & superior finishes boast elegance as well as comfort. Upper level hosts 4 bdrms, including a gracious master suite w/5 piece & a large walk in closet. Gorgeous details & touches to name a few extras this hm has to reveal. $399,900 t Se Manufactured/Mobile Home Specialist FOR BUYERS AND SELLERS Listed And/Or Sold Over 500 Manufactured/Mobile Homes Put my Experience to Work for You! mobilehomesrus@ outlook.com 425-327-9015 Preview Properties LMS, Inc. Upgraded Double wide (1296 sqft) 3 bdrm, 2 bth in quiet cul-de-sac setting in Active Senior Park w/clubhouse, RV parking. Home features include new ﬂooring, appliances, interior paint, covered parking, semiprivate deck, lot rent on 557 p/m wtr/swr/garb. Priced at $32,000. Others Available. Financing available w/ 10% down OAC. We Specialize Call Randy 425-327-9015 Preview Properties LMS, Inc. Eastern WA 2 LOTS: Just 2 minutes from C o u l e e C i t y, Ju s t o f f Banks Lk. Each lot 50’ x 177’, 3 bd septic on both, one lot has shared well, pwr at street. Views of Lake, public access to trails/ beaches. $45,000/each lot or 85,000 for both. 206-334-7708 Sports SECTION C After a poor start, midfielder Marco Pappa has rejuvenated his game, C2 Seattle upsets Minnesota, handing the Lynx their first loss of the season, C2 SATURDAY, 06.07.2014 Bedard — yes him — shuts down the M’s The former Mariner pitcher baffles Seattle’s hitters in Tampa Bay’s 4-0 victory. TODAY’S GAME Seattle at Tampa Bay, 1:10 p.m. By Bob Dutton The News Tribune TV: Root (cable) Radio: ESPN (710 AM) ST. PETERSBURG, Fla. — Want to see most any Mariners fan — and, yes, many within the organization — scrunch their face into a lemon-biting grimace? Just mention the name “Erik Bedard.” Check the mirror. What you see is likely exactly what we’re talking about. Bedard is, to the Mariners, Tampa Bay starting pitcher Erik Bedard throws against Seattle on Friday. He pitched six innings of shutout baseball in the Rays’ 4-0 victory. like that once-promising relationship that somehow went all wrong. Know how seeing that person again seldom brightens your day? Yep, the Mariners are right there with you after flailing ineffectively Friday for six innings against Bedard in a 4-0 loss to Tampa Bay at Tropicana Field. “He just kind of paints and nibbles,” shortstop Brad Miller said. “We weren’t able to get something going. He got a lot of us to CHRIS O’MEARA / ASSOCIATED PRESS See M’S, Page C5 A’s draft Lake Stevens’ Kelliher THE HERALD’S\| 2014 All-Area Softball Senior pitcher taken in the eighth round of the MLB draft By David Krueger Herald Writer Snohomish High School senior Trysten Melhart was a force both offensively and defensively, making her The Herald’s Softball Player of the Year. Trysten Melhart The senior just kept getting better and better each year she played for the Snohomish Panthers and her skills earned her The Herald’s 2014 Softball Player of the Year S ● Photo by Ian Terry NOHOMISH — When asked if Trysten Melhart is the best softball player in the history of Snohomish High School, head coach Lou Kennedy paused for a moment to reflect before he gave his answer. “Yep,” he finally replied. “I’ve only been here for about 17 years and (Snohomish has) had some great players and they’ve had some great pitchers, but top to bottom a complete player that can go do anything — yep.” It’s a notion that seems difficult for the humble Melhart to accept. After all, it was just a little more than three years ago when all she wanted was to make the Panthers’ varsity team. “Freshman year, I was nervous because I wanted to make varsity really bad and when I did it was like the most amazing feeling ever,” she said. She broke the school record for batting average that season and has broken her own record each year since. Her efforts this season and throughout her high-school career have made her an easy ● SHELBYJEFFRIES Pitcher, So., Sultan MORGANGREENLEE Catcher, Jr., Snohomish choice for The Herald’s 2014 Softball Player of the Year. Melhart, who will play softball at the University of Washington, batted .658 as a senior, up from .625 as a junior, .556 as a sophomore and .543 as a freshman. In her final two years of high school, Melhart hit 20 doubles, 20 triples, three home runs, scored 87 runs and had 48 runs batted in. Even more impressive, she struck out just seven times. “Her improvement over four years has just been total effort and work based,” Kennedy said. “She’s just a machine that keeps pushing and pushing and pushing herself. That’s why she gets the results she does.” Of course, it helps that Melhart is always the fastest player on the field, something Kennedy took notice of right away when she was a freshman. “You’re looking at this little teeny-tiny (girl) See MELHART, Page C3 I’ve been doing this for over 30 years in baseball and softball, select and high school, and she’s the best player I’ve ever coached. She’s got it all. KATELYNMcDONALD First base, Sr., Arlington PAIGEMILLER Designated player, Jr., Lake Stevens ALYSSASIMONS Utility, So., Snohomish All-Area selections were chosen by Herald staff based on coaches’ recommendations and first-hand observations. INSIDE / C3 ✔ Coach of the year ✔ First team at a glance ✔ All-Area Second Team — Jeff Hise, Snohomish High School assistant softball coach Branden Kelliher spent his last day of classes at Lake Stevens High School eagerly awaiting a call from a Major League Baseball team. It took a bit longer than he anticipated, but the call finally came. The Oakland Athletics selected Kelliher in the eighth round of the Major League Baseball draft Friday afternoon. Kelliher was the 252nd selection overall. “It was pretty unreal,” Kelliher said. “I’m truly blessed. It’s a once in a lifetime kind of thing. We’re just all ecstatic.” The Mariners foB a s e b a l l cus on pitching America pro- on the draft’s jected Kelliher second day/C5 to be drafted between the second and fifth rounds. It took a bit longer than that, enabling him to make it home after school and celebrate with his family while watching a stream of the draft online. He heard from an advisor that Oakland may be taking him with the next pick and, moments later, Kelliher saw his name by the Athletics’ logo. “There was a lot of hugging. Definitely a lot of screaming,” Kelliher said after he got drafted. “... It was a big waiting game,” Kelliher said. “I thought I was going to be taken in the second to fifth rounds. It started getting later and later in the draft and I didn’t know what to expect.” The scouting service Perfect Game ranked Kelliher as the No. 1 high school baseball prospect in Washington state. It also listed him as the 39thbest right-handed pitcher in the nation. Oakland was one of about four teams — including Seattle, Texas and St. Louis — that showed interest in the 5-foot11 Kelliher. He expects to meet with the Athletics’ Northwest scout soon to go out to dinner and discuss a contract. Players taken in the MLB draft have until July 18 to sign with their respective teams. “I feel really good about it. (Being drafted in) the top 10 rounds is pretty special,” Kelliher said. “The Athletics have a really good organization and a really strong minor league (system). I think it would be really good for me.” See KELLIHER, Page C5 INSIDE: Sounders, C2 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald Storm hand Lynx their first loss CALENDAR SAT SUN 7 8 JUNE Tampa Bay 1:10 p.m. ROOT d, Tampa Bay 10:40 a.m. ROOT Chicago 5:30 p.m. JOETV By Aaron Lommers Herald Writer Next: at Chicago, Tues. June 10 Next: vs. Everett AquaSox, Wed., June 11 Home Away TELEVISION TODAY ACTION SPORTS ESPN X Games Austin ABC,4 X Games Austin ESPN X Games Austin AUTO RACING 6 a.m. FS1 Sprint Cup practice 7:30 a.m. FS1 K&N Pro Series 8:30 a.m. FS1 Sprint Cup practice 10 a.m. FS1 ARCA Series: Pocono 10 a.m. NBCS Formula One qualifying 5 p.m NBCS Firestone 600 BASEBALL 9 a.m. ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional 11 a.m. ESPN NCAA Super Regional Noon ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional FS1 Cleveland at Texas 1 p.m. 1 p.m. ROOT Seattle at Tampa Bay 4 p.m. FOX,13 N.Y.Yankees at Kan. City 4:30 p.m. ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional 7:30 p.m. ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional BICYCLING 8 p.m. NBCS Criterium du Dauphine GOLF 10 a.m. GOLF St. Jude Classic Noon CBS,7 St. Jude Classic Noon GOLF LPGA Classic GOLF Curtis Cup, Day Two 2 p.m. 4 p.m. GOLF Cleveland Open GOLF Legends of Golf 6 p.m. 3:30 a.m. GOLF Lyoness Open HOCKEY 4 p.m. NBC,5 N.Y. Rangers at L.A. 4 p.m. CBUT N.Y. Rangers at L.A. HORSE RACING 11:30 a.m. NBCS Ogden Phipps Handicap 1:30 p.m. NBC,5 Belmont Stakes MOTORCYCLE RACING 2 p.m. NBCS PMCS: Thunder Valley SOCCER 2:30 p.m. ESPN USA vs. Nigeria 5:30 p.m. JOETV Seattle at Chicago 5:30 p.m. ROOT Pro Tour: USA vs. Brazil 7 p.m. ROOT Portland at Salt Lake TENNIS 6 a.m. NBC,5 French Open 9 a.m. 11 a.m. 5 p.m. SUNDAY 9 a.m. 11 a.m. 10 a.m. 11 a.m. 2:30 p.m. 4 p.m. 10:30 a.m. 11 a.m. 1 p.m. 4 p.m. 5 p.m. 7 p.m. 5 p.m. 9 p.m. 10 a.m. Noon Noon 2 p.m. 4 p.m. 6 p.m. 4:30 p.m. 6 a.m. 11:30 a.m. ACTION SPORTS ESPN X Games Austin ABC,4 X Games Austin AUTO RACING TNT Pocono 400 NBC,5 Canadian Grand Prix NBCS Off Road Champ. Series NBCS Canadian Grand Prix BASEBALL ROOT Seattle at Tampa ESPN NCAA Super Regional ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional ESPN Boston at Detroit ESPN2 NCAA Super Regional BASKETBALL ABC,4 Miami at San Antonio BICYCLING NBCS Criterium du Dauphine GOLF GOLF St. Jude Classic CBS,7 St. Jude Classic GOLF LPGA Classic GOLF Curtis Cup GOLF Cleveland Open GOLF Legends of Golf SOCCER ROOT Portland at Real Salt Lake TENNIS NBC,5 French Open VOLLEYBALL NBCS FIVB World League RADIO TODAY AUTO RACING 5 p.m. 1380 Firestone 600 BASEBALL Seattle at Tampa Bay 1:10 p.m. 710 HORSE RACING 2 p.m. 950 Belmont Stakes SOCCER 5:30 p.m. 97.3 Seattle at Chicago SUNDAY AUTO RACING 9 a.m. 1380 Pocono 400 BASEBALL 10:30 a.m. 710 Seattle at Tampa Bay BASKETBALL 5 p.m. 950 Miami at San Antonio Sells, Holm lead Merchants to win ASSOCIATED PRESS PHOTO / DARRYL DYCK, THE CANADIAN PRESS Seattle’s Marco Pappa (right) and Vancouver’s Nigel Reo-Coker battle for the ball during the first half of the Sounders-Whitecaps match on May 24. Pappa’s got brand new swagger Sounders’ midfielder, a former All-Star with the Chicago Fire, has regained his confidence and rejuvenated his game after a poor start to the season By John Boyle Herald Writer TUKWILA— The Seattle Sounders’ game today against Chicago had the potential to be an awkward homecoming for Marco Pappa. Back in late March and early April, Pappa, who only a few years ago was an All-Star midfielder for the Chicago Fire, was riding the bench for the Sounders. He struggled early this season in his return to Major League Soccer after an unsuccessful stint in Europe, and after starting Seattle’s first two games, he found himself out of the starting lineup four consecutive games. So today’s game in Chicago had the potential to serve as the ultimate reminder for Pappa of just how much his career has changed since he left the Fire in 2012 to play for Dutch club SC Heerenveen. Had this season continued the way it started for Pappa, he’d be returning to Chicago to likely sit on the bench and maybe come on as a lategame substitute in a stadium where he was once the team’s leading scorer. Instead, Pappa has turned things around in a big way with his new club and now returns to Chicago looking a lot like the player who made a name for himself with the Fire for five seasons before trying his luck in Europe. When Pappa joined Heerenveen, it didn’t go at all as he had hoped. He barely played, causing him to lose both his confidence and game fitness, and it showed early on with Seattle. Pappa did start Seattle’s first two games, but in that second game, he played a perfectly weighted through ball to Jermain Defoe TONIGHT’S GAME Seattle at Chicago, 5:30 p.m. TV: JoeTV (cable) Radio: KIRO (97.3 FM) to set up a goal. One slight problem, however, was that Defoe plays for Toronto FC, and that errant back pass, along with other inconsistent play, landed Pappa on the bench. Since those early struggles, Pappa has regained the trust of Sounders coach Sigi Schmid, worked his way back into the starting lineup, and after starting five consecutive games at left midfield, he now is becoming one of Seattle’s most important attacking players, especially with Clint Dempsey away on national team duty. Last weekend, Pappa put an exclamation mark on his run of strong play with a beauty of a free kick goal in Seattle’s 4-0 win over Real Salt Lake. “Maybe to be in Europe was not the best option for me, the best decision,” Pappa said. “… That’s why I came back to MLS. I broke my contract to come back to MLS, and in the beginning it was a little bit slow, but it’s getting better and better, and I’m happy with that. It feels good to start feeling this confidence and start feeling like you can show your skills.” Schmid has certainly noticed the improvement in Pappa since those rough early season games. And that’s very good news for the Sounders, who in a very busy offseason made Pappa one of their biggest additions, using their top spot in the allocation order — the league’s mechanism for assigning the rights to former MLS players returning to the league. The Sounders had the depth to play, and succeed, with Pappa on the bench for a stretch of the season, but they’re a better team with him on the field playing the way he has for the past few games. “His confidence is coming,” Schmid said. “It always takes you a little bit when you go into a situation like he went into in Holland where there was a period of time when he didn’t play, when he didn’t have the confidence of the coach. You lose a little bit of faith and confidence in yourself. “Always to be a good player you need a little bit of swagger. At the start here, it started off a little bit slowly, he wasn’t sure if he had my confidence at the beginning. I think now he realizes he does, and I can see that swagger back in his step a little bit.” So it is with that renewed swagger that Pappa will return to Chicago to face his former team, something he admits will be a little strange, but something that he’s also looking forward to considering how important the team and city were to his career. “Chicago was a big part of my career, for sure,” said Pappa, who joined the Fire in 2008 as a 20-year-old. “It means a lot of things, I have family and friends there, but at the end of the day it’s about business. Now I’m playing for the Sounders, and I will do my best for them. “It’s going to be a special game, but at the end of the day it’s about business.” Herald Writer John Boyle: [email protected]. NBA \| Notebook Saunders assummes unique position of power in NBA Associated Press MINNEAPOLIS — When Flip Saunders officially took over as coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves on Friday, he assumed a unique position of power in the NBA. Saunders is now the team president, the head coach and a part-owner in Minnesota. The status gives him as much influence on his team as any one person in the league, and he says he’s ready to handle it. The Clippers’ Doc Rivers, the Pistons’ Stan Van Gundy and the Spurs’ Gregg Popovich wield both front office and coaching authority. Now Saunders joins that list. Timberwolves owner Glen Taylor says it’s not his preferred setup. And he is leaving open the option that Saunders will move back into the front office exclusively in the near future. But both say it was the best option available. Air conditioning at AT&T Center repaired SAN ANTONIO — The air conditioning is on again inside the San Antonio Spurs’ arena. Spurs Sports and Entertainment announced Friday that the outage that affected Game 1 of the NBA Finals between San Antonio and Miami has been repaired. Officials say the system at AT&T Center has been tested and is “fully operational.” Temperatures rose into the mid-80s inside the arena during Game 1, which the Spurs won 110-95. Heat star LeBron James left the game with 3:59 left after cramping in the heat, and both teams said conditions were difficult to play. Game 2 is Sunday night. 76ers plan NJ practice facility The Philadelphia 76ers plan to build a practice facility in New Jersey, a 100,000-square foot complex they expect to become the jewel of the NBA. The Sixers filed for tax credits on Friday to start the process of putting their operation under one roof. The team hoped to break ground in October and planned to move in some time in 2016. The site will be on the Camden, New Jersey, waterfront on a plot of land between the Camden Aquarium and the Susquehanna Bank Center. Herald News Services BELLEVUE — Everett Community College graduates Ryan Sells and Ty Holm each drove in two runs to help the Everett Merchants defeat the Northwest Honkers 5-1 in a Pacific International League game Friday at Newport High School. The Merchants (5-1 league and 5-1 overall) next play the Class A shortseason Everett AquaSox, a farm club of the Seattle Mariners, in the Everett Cup. The game is 7:05 p.m. Wednesday at Everett Memorial Stadium. Penguins fire Bylsma as their coach, hire Rutherford as GM associated Press PITTSBURGH — Jim Rutherford doesn’t believe the Pittsburgh Penguins need to undergo a massive overhaul to regain their spot among the NHL’s elite. One thing is for certain: Dan Bylsma won’t be part of the process. The Penguins fired the franchise’s all-time winningest coach on Friday while hiring Rutherford away from the Carolina Hurricanes to replace Ray Shero as general manager. Rutherford’s first decision was to end the three weeks of limbo for Bylsma, whose star-laden teams had fallen well short of the Stanley Cup since winning it all in 2009. “What ownership wants here is a complete change in direction, one with the GM and one with the coach,” Rutherford said. Bylsma won 252 games behind the bench and was the Jack Adams Award winner in 2012 as the NHL’s Coach of the Year but failed to produce a bookend to the championship he captured with stars Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin in 2009. The Penguins were just 4-5 in playoff series since raising the 2009 Cup, with each loss coming to a lower-seeded team. SEATTLE — In any sport, moral victories don’t count for much, so the Seattle Storm went out and got a real one. Defending WNBA champion Minnesota came into KeyArena with a record of 7-0. Thanks to an inspired fourth-quarter defensive effort by Seattle, the Lynx left 7-1. Seattle, which entered the game with a 2-6 record, erased a seven-point deficit entering the final quarter to win 65-62. “It feels great, but it didn’t matter who came in here tonight, we were going to play hard,” Camille Little said. “We needed a win. We’ve been in a few games where we’ve been really close and we haven’t closed them out. It hurts when you play that hard and you lose a game by two or four or you give a game away in the last five minutes.” This time, rather than giving away a game in the final five minutes, the Storm took it. Backup point guard Temeka Johnson’s strip and coast-tocoast layup with 5:02 to play gave the Storm a 54-53 lead, their first since the first quarter. Minnesota led again briefly, but the Storm had the momentum down the stretch. Seattle held Minnesota to just 22 points in the second half, 11 in each of the final two quarters. “We’ve seen signs of this almost every game we’ve played,” coach Brian Agler said. “Even in the first half of tonight, we did a lot of good things, but I thought our defensive efforts in the second half were really on task. Against a team like this, to give yourself a chance to beat them, you’ve got to do those things. You’ve got to play at a very high level.” Seattle center Crystal Langhorne scored 13 points and point guard Sue Bird dished 10 assists in the game’s first three quarters, but neither player was on the court as the Storm charged back in the fourth. Little, Tanisha Wright, Nicole Powell, Temeka Johnson and Noelle Quinn played the bulk of the final period for Seattle. “It shows the kind of depth that we have,” Agler said. “I’ve got a lot of trust in a lot of people on our team. That group out there just played so instinctual defensively.” Minnesota’s Maya Moore came into the game averaging a league-leading 27.6 points per game. The Storm held her to just 12 on 6-for-15 shooting from the field. After shooting 53.3 percent in the first half, the Lynx shot just 30 percent in the second half. Their 62 points were a season-low, 13 below their previous low of 75. “Coach Agler came in at halftime and told us we needed to change some things around and play with a higher level of intensity,” Langhorne said. The intensity changed on the offensive end as well, especially in the fourth quarter. Wright, Little and Johnson combined to score all 21 of Seattle’s fourthquarter points. Langhorne and Wright led all scorers with 13 points apiece. Little added 12 for the Storm. After losing all six games to the Lynx last season and being eliminated in the postseason by them the past two years, Friday night’s victory has the potential to turn around Seattle’s slow start. But Agler said it’s too early to tell. “If we go back and we play inconsistent during the course of a game, then we didn’t learn much,” Agler said. “But if we remember how this felt and what it’s like, then it could help us a lot. “I’m excited for our players because they’ve worked hard and they felt the results tonight. I also know through experience that you’ve got to stay on an even keel. You take the losses and you learn from them. You don’t get overly upset and you coach your team and then you take wins like this and you help your team use the win as well.” Aaron Lommers covers the Seattle Storm for The Herald. Follow him on Twitter at @aaronlommers and contact him at [email protected]. The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 PREP SOFTBALL \| All-Area teams Belmont Stakes When: Today, 1:30 p.m. TV: NBC (Ch. 5) Chrome goes for history at Belmont By Frank Fitzpatrick The Philadelphia Inquirer GENNA MARTIN / THE HERALD Lynnwood’s Jasmin Edwards slides into second under the glove of Jackson’s Juliana Faulconer during a game this season. Edwards is an All-Area firstteam selection as an outfielder. PLAYER OF THE YEAR COACH OF THE YEAR Trysten Melhart, Snohomish, OF, Sr. To read more about Melhart, see C1. Caitlin Nies, Glacier Peak Behind Nies’ leadership, the Grizzlies, won three straight to claim the first district title in the program’s history and advance to state tournament — where they advanced to the semis — for the first time. FIRST TEAM Outfielder Pitcher Bailey Seek, Snohomish, Sr. The Panthers senior was a stalwart on the mound for Snohomish, recording a 13-3 record and leading the Panthers to district title and a berth in the 4A state tournament. Katelyn McDonald, Arlington, Sr. The Eagles’ slugger was a threat whenever she stepped to the plate, leading all of Wesco with 15 doubles, including a game against Lynnwood in which she hit four. Trysten Melhart, Snohomish, Sr. The Herald’s Player of the Year was the best offensive player in Wesco, hitting .658 with 94 total bases and a Wesco-leading 12 triples. Lauren Harding, Granite Falls, Jr. Jessica Gott, Lynnwood, Sr. Sophia Frost, Jackson, So. Callie Bircher, Glacier Peak, Sr. When her team needed her most, the Grizzlies hurler stepped up, winning five straight games to GP win the program’s first district title and guide it to the 3A state semifinals. Bircher finished 15-8 on the season. Second base Jasmin Edwards, Lynnwood, Sr. The senior hit .435, scored a schoolrecord 37 runs and had nine extra-base hits to ignite the Royals’ offense and lead Lynnwood to a district berth. First base Shelby Jeffries, Sultan, So. The Turks sophomore was at her best when the chips were down. Jeffries pitched 18 innings to win back-toback games on the first day of the district tournament to help Sultan clinch its first berth in the state tournament in the fastpitch era. Shortstop Catcher Morgan Greenlee, Snohomish, Jr. Besides handling a pitching staff that went 19-1 in the regular season, the Panthers junior hit .492 with a pair of triples and 15 RBI. Paige Miller, Cascade, Sr. The Bruins senior was a strong defensive presence up the middle for Cascade and also a helped spark the team’s offense, hitting eight doubles. Maddy Kristjanson, M. Terrace, Sr. The senior went out with a bang, hitting a Wesco-leading 10 home runs, six doubles and three triples to spearhead Mountlake Terrace’s potent offense. Third base Katlyn Purvis, Snohomish, Sr. The Panthers senior could fill up a stat sheet, hitting .545 with six doubles and four home runs and knocking in a team-best 32 RBI to lead Snohomish to the 4A state tournament. SOFIA JARAMILLO / THE HERALD Bailey Seek pitches the ball during a 4A district game. Seek is an All-Area first-team selection as a pitcher. Melhart From Page C1 and you watch her hit a ball and just burn down to first base and you’re like, ‘Hmmm, you can work with that,’” Kennedy said. “It raises eyebrows and makes you smile and gets you aware that this kid is really going to be good if she continues to develop.” And she did. When her high school career began, Melhart was predominantly a slap-hitter. Each year since she’s improved her power at the plate. “You could see a progression going from slapping and placing the ball and beating everything out,” Kennedy said. “The next year, it’s a little bit of laying it in the gaps in the outfield so that (teams) had to be a little bit more respectful (of her). By the third year, it was hit the ball in the gap and try to make two (bases) out of it. This year, it was just crush the ball in the gap and make three.” Including the playoffs, the Panthers played 27 games this season. Melhart led off seven of them with triples. “Who does that? Almost a third of our games she started the game off by banging a triple and standing on third base,” Kennedy said. “That’s astounds me and I’m sitting there watching it.” It isn’t just offense where Melhart shines. “She’s always been a great outfielder,” Snohomish assistant coach Jeff Hise said. “She’s as Sarah Casel, Jackson, Sr. Besides playing exceptional defense in the outfield, the Timberwolves senior hit .500, scored 24 runs and stole 10 bases for the Wesco 4A South champs. Catcher Kayla Ellis, Jackson, Jr. Alexis Dittoe, Everett, Sr. Second base Payton Beaver, Lake Stevens, Fr. Shortstop Kiana Smith, Lakewood, Sr. Third base Antionette Watson, Kamiak, Sr. Designated player Outfielder Amie Browder, Lake Stevens, Jr. The Vikings junior hit five doubles, two doubles and three triples to lead Lake Stevens to the state tournament for the second straight season. Kaile Guzman, Lake Stevens, Jr. Kelsey Bechtholdt, Granite Falls, So. Rachael Delamare, Monroe, Sr. Utility Nina Kim, Glacier Peak, Jr. Alyssa Simons, Snohomish, So. The Panthers sophomore went 10-0 as the team’s No. 2 pitcher and also hit .443 with four triples and four home runs. Utility Hannah Baisch, M. Terrace, Sr. GENNA MARTIN / THE HERALD Glacier Peak’s Callie Bircher pitches during a state tournament game against Prairie. Bircher is an All-Area first-team selection as a pitcher. good as anybody I’ve ever seen at judging the ball off the bat. She gets a phenomenal jump on the ball and makes a lot of what would be hard catches for most outfielders look really easy.” For all of Melhart’s accolades in her first three years of high school, the one thing she wanted more than anything was the one thing that eluded her and her teammates — a trip to the state tournament. When Melhart was a sophomore the Panthers placed third in the 4A District 1 tournament, but fell to Inglemoor in the Wesco/Kingco winnerto-state/loser out crossover game. A year later the story was similar. Despite losing just two regular-season games, the Panthers lost the district semifinals to Lake Stevens. Snohomish went on to place third again, but lost to Newport in the crossover game. “One year is frustrating enough and then to do it a second time, it gets you really upset,” Melhart said. “This year we were like, ‘Third time’s a charm. We got this.’ We had the mentality that we were going to state right when tryouts started. We were like, ‘If you don’t want to be here to go to state then you shouldn’t be here. This is the wrong team for you.’” It was clear the Panthers meant business, winning their first 18 games before finally stumbling against Lake Stevens. They entered the district tournament as an overwhelming favorite with just the one loss and shut out Cascade 10-0 in the first round to set up a semifinal meeting with Lynnwood. Snohomish defeated the Royals with Melhart batting 5-for-5. The last of those hits was a walk-off, three-run home run. “That was a cool way to end that game,” Hise said. The following week, Melhart batted 5-for-5 in a first-round state tournament victory over Wenatchee, then had four of Snohomish’s five hits in a quarterfinal loss to eventual statechampion Puyallup. In state games, Melhart batted 11-for-15 with one double, four triples, four RBI and five runs scored. “I’ve been doing this for over 30 years in baseball and softball, select and high school, and she’s the best player I’ve ever coached,” Hise said. “She’s got it all.” The Panthers went on to place seventh — their season, and Melhart’s prep career, ending with a 3-2 loss to Redmond. “I was more sad about never playing with those girls ever again than I was losing in state,” Melhart said. “That wasn’t that much of a big deal to me. I was happy with how much we’ve accomplished and how dedicated we’d been this season. “I’m proud to be a Panther and I would not trade my high-school softball experience for anything,” Melhart added while fighting back tears. “We’ve just kind of been like a family through all the years and the coaches are amazing and they’ve been really supportive. They’re just awesome people in general, not just as coaches, but as people — all of the girls are. I’m going to miss them all.” BELMONT, N.Y. — Horse racing might have lost its enchantment but the lure of an irresistible horse galloping toward history can still be one of sports’ most compelling fairy tales. Friday, a day before California Chrome attempts to complete his remarkable Cinderella journey from $10,500 foal to the first Triple Crown winner in 36 years, Belmont Park prepared for another magical Saturday and another enormous crowd. Workers buzzed around a new trackside tent and an extra seating area, both recently installed to accommodate a gathering that could exceed the record 120,000 who flocked here in 2004. That Triple Crown dream ended in disappointment when Smarty Jones failed to become the 12th horse to accomplish what Affirmed last did in 1978. In anticipation of this California Chrome cascade, the Long Island Railroad announced that an additional 18 trains would depart Penn Station today. Newscasts and newspapers offered fevered travel advice for the big day. And New York Racing Authority executive David O’Rourke predicted this 146th Belmont would be the highlight of “the greatest day of racing ever in New York,” a state with a centuries-old history at the sport’s highest level. The anticipation bubbled over Friday when California Chrome’s appealing but increasingly besieged owners asked track officials to keep the media away from their 3-5 favorite before his morning workout. The quarantine didn’t last long. Soon California Chrome’s emotional and talkative co-owner, Steve Coburn, was telling reporters that he was “as excited as everyone else to see history made.” “He’s going to do it,” said Coburn, the everyman owner of this everyman horse. To do it, to end modern racing’s longest Triple Crown drought, the easy winner in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness must overcome the traditional Belmont challenges: a 1 1/2-mile distance that he’s never traversed before and won’t again, plus a field filled with fresher competitors. According to trainer Art Sherman, California Chrome, far from withering in the grueling pressure of three classic races in five weeks, has gained 30 pounds since the Kentucky Derby. His main competitor could come from rested Wicked Strong, the 6-1 second choice. “He showed a lot of guts (in finishing fourth at the Derby)”, said trainer James Jerkens. “He seems healthy and sharp.” Others expected to make a run are Peter Pan winner Tonalist, who skipped the Derby and Preakness; Ride On Curlin, a late-charging second at Pimlico; and Commanding Curve, whose West Point ownership group includes Terry Finley. A 15-1 shot, Commanding Curve, the Derby runner-up, skipped the Preakness to point toward this event. “There’s no rule that says a Derby horse has to run in the Preakness,” Finley said. “Ideally, I’d like to see a dead-heat with our horse (and California Chrome). But if we can’t win, I hope Chrome does. It would be great for our sport.” At Belmont Park’s grandstand entrance Friday, wheelchair-bound Ron Turcotte signed autographs alongside the astounding photo of his legendary 31-length victory aboard Secretariat in 1973. The 72-year-old ex-jockey said he felt something in the Belmont air that reminded him of that long-ago Saturday when the great Secretariat became the first Triple Crown winner in a quarter-century. “Just listen to what these people are talking about,” Turcotte said. “It’s all about Chrome. He won’t win by 31 lengths or do it in 2:24 the way Secretariat did. But if he does take it, the excitement might be just as great.” C4 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald AUTO RACING Firestone 600 Lineup After Friday qualifying; race Saturday At Texas Motor Speedway Fort Worth, Texas Lap length: 1.5 miles (Car number in parentheses) 1. (12) Will Power, Dallara-Chevrolet, 218.896. 2. (67) Josef Newgarden, DallaraHonda, 217.835. 3. (10) Tony Kanaan, DallaraChevrolet, 217.826. 4. (2) Juan Pablo Montoya, Dallara-Chevrolet, 217.724. 5. (20) Ed Carpenter, Dallara-Chevrolet, 217.677. 6. (77) Simon Pagenaud, Dallara-Honda, 217.222. 7. (9) Scott Dixon, Dallara-Chevrolet, 217.128. 8. (19) Justin Wilson, Dallara-Honda, 217.007. 9. (27) James Hinchcliffe, Dallara-Honda, 216.967. 10. (34) Carlos Munoz, Dallara-Honda, 216.96. 11. (7) Mikhail Aleshin, Dallara-Honda, 216.88. 12. (28) Ryan Hunter-Reay, Dallara-Honda, 216.823. 13. (8) Ryan Briscoe, Dallara-Chevrolet, 216.667. 14. (3) Helio Castroneves, DallaraChevrolet, 216.591. 15. (83) Charlie Kimball, Dallara-Chevrolet, 216.151. 16. (14) Takuma Sato, Dallara-Honda, 216.064. 17. (25) Marco Andretti, Dallara-Honda, 215.697. 18. (11) Sebastien Bourdais, Dallara-Chevrolet, 214.407. 19. (17) Sebastian Saavedra, Dallara-Chevrolet, 214.156. 20. (98) Jack Hawksworth, Dallara-Honda, 214.145. 21. (15) Graham Rahal, Dallara-Honda, 213.292. 22. (18) Carlos Huertas, Dallara-Honda, 212.191. Pocono 400 Lineup After Friday qualifying; race Sunday At Pocono Raceway Long Pond, Pa. Lap length: 2.5 miles (Car number in parentheses) 1. (11) Denny Hamlin, Toyota, 181.415. 2. (41) Kurt Busch, Chevrolet, 181.408. 3. (2) Brad Keselowski, Ford, 181.316. 4. (4) Kevin Harvick, Chevrolet, 180.832. 5. (24) Jeff Gordon, Chevrolet, 180.513. 6. (18) Kyle Busch, Toyota, 180.458. 7. (22) Joey Logano, Ford, 179.827. 8. (88) Dale Earnhardt Jr., Chevrolet, 179.565. 9. (55) Brian Vickers, Toyota, 179.548. 10. (99) Carl Edwards, Ford, 179.383. 11. (3) Austin Dillon, Chevrolet, 179.326. 12. (14) Tony Stewart, Chevrolet, 179.126. 13. (16) Greg Biffle, Ford, 179.258. 14. (42) Kyle Larson, Chevrolet, 179.229. 15. (31) Ryan Newman, Chevrolet, 179.072. 16. (10) Danica Patrick, Chevrolet, 179.051. 17. (78) Martin Truex Jr., Chevrolet, 178.976. 18. (1) Jamie McMurray, Chevrolet, 178.919. 19. (15) Clint Bowyer, Toyota, 178.777. 20. (48) Jimmie Johnson, Chevrolet, 178.678. 21. (47) AJ Allmendinger, Chevrolet, 178.288. 22. (43) Aric Almirola, Ford, 178.144. 23. (27) Paul Menard, Chevrolet, 178.031. 24. (51) Justin Allgaier, Chevrolet, 177.288. 25. (13) Casey Mears, Chevrolet, 178.045. 26. (20) Matt Kenseth, Toyota, 177.968. 27. (5) Kasey Kahne, Chevrolet, 177.908. 28. (17) Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Ford, 177.83. 29. (9) Marcos Ambrose, Ford, 177.162. 30. (7) Michael Annett, Chevrolet, 176.308. 31. (40) Landon Cassill, Chevrolet, 176.025. 32. (34) David Ragan, Ford, 175.922. 33. (32) Travis Kvapil, Ford, 175.867. 34. (23) Alex Bowman, Toyota, 175.675. 35. (38) David Gilliland, Ford, 175.613. 36. (36) Reed Sorenson, Chevrolet, 174.958. 37. (98) Josh Wise, Ford, Owner Points. 38. (44) J.J. Yeley, Chevrolet, Owner Points. 39. (66) Timmy Hill, Toyota, Owner Points. 40. (26) Cole Whitt, Toyota, Owner Points. 41. (83) Ryan Truex, Toyota, Owner Points. 42. (33) Alex Kennedy, Chevrolet, Owner Points. 43. (77) Dave Blaney, Ford, Owner Points. BASEBALL American League West Division W L Pct GB 38 23 .623 — 32 28 .533 5½ 31 29 .517 6½ 31 30 .508 7 27 35 .435 11½ Central Division W L Pct GB Detroit 32 25 .561 — Chicago 31 31 .500 3½ Cleveland 30 31 .492 4 Kansas City 29 32 .475 5 Minnesota 28 31 .475 5 East Division W L Pct GB 38 24 .613 — Toronto New York 31 29 .517 6 Baltimore 30 29 .508 6½ Boston 27 33 .450 10 Tampa Bay 24 38 .387 14 Friday’s games Oakland 4, Baltimore 3, 11 innings Toronto 3, St. Louis 1 Detroit 6, Boston 2 Tampa Bay 4, Seattle 0 Texas 6, Cleveland 4 Houston 5, Minnesota 4 N.Y. Yankees 4, Kansas City 2 L.A. Angels 8, Chicago White Sox 4 Today’s games St. Louis (S.Miller 6-5) at Toronto (Buehrle 10-1), 10:07 a.m. Houston (Feldman 3-3) at Minnesota (Gibson 4-5), 11:10 a.m. Cleveland (Tomlin 3-2) at Texas (Tepesch 2-1), 1:05 p.m. Seattle (Elias 4-4) at Tampa Bay (Cobb 1-3), 1:10 p.m. Boston (Lester 6-6) at Detroit (Scherzer 6-2), 4:15 p.m. N.Y. Yankees (Phelps 1-3) at Kansas City (Duffy 3-5), 4:15 p.m. Oakland (Gray 6-1) at Baltimore (Gausman 0-1), 4:15 p.m. Chicago White Sox (Sale 5-0) at L.A. Angels (Shoemaker 3-1), 7:05 p.m. Oakland Los Angeles Seattle Texas Houston Tigers 6, Red Sox 2 Boston Detroit ab r h bi ab r h bi Holt 1b 4 1 1 0 Kinsler 2b 4 1 1 1 Bogarts 3b 4 0 1 1 TrHntr rf 4 2 3 1 Pedroia 2b 4 1 0 0 MiCarr 1b 3 0 1 0 D.Ortiz dh 4 0 1 0 VMrtnz dh 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 0 JGoms lf 2 0 1 1 Avila c Nava ph 1 0 0 0 Holady c 1 1 1 0 Przyns c 4 0 0 0 AJcksn cf 3 0 1 1 GSizmr rf 3 0 1 0 Cstllns 3b 4 1 3 0 JHerrr ss 4 0 2 0 AnRmn ss 3 0 1 1 BrdlyJr cf 3 0 0 0 RDavis lf 3 0 0 0 Totals 33 2 7 2 Totals 31 6 13 6 Boston Detroit 100 001 000—2 001 120 02x—6 E—An.Romine (7). DP—Boston 4. LOB— Boston 6, Detroit 5. 2B—Bogaerts (17), J.Gomes (6), J.Herrera (1), Castellanos (10). 3B— Holaday (1). HR—Kinsler (6), Tor.Hunter (9), V.Martinez (14). CS—J.Herrera (3). SF—J.Gomes, V.Martinez, A.Jackson. Boston IP H R ER BB SO R.De La Rosa L,1-1 52⁄3 9 4 4 2 5 Badenhop 11⁄3 1 0 0 0 0 Capuano 0 2 2 2 0 0 Mujica 1 1 0 0 0 0 Detroit Smyly W,3-4 6 5 2 1 1 4 Krol H,10 1 1 0 0 0 2 Chamberlain H,12 1 0 0 0 0 0 Nathan 1 1 0 0 0 1 Capuano pitched to 2 batters in the 8th. WP—R.De La Rosa. T—2:49. A—39,762 (41,681). Athletics 4, Orioles 3 (11) Oakland Baltimore ab r h bi ab r h bi Gentry cf 3 0 1 0 Markks rf 5 0 2 0 Crisp ph-cf 1 1 1 0 Machd 3b 4 1 2 1 Lowrie ss 5 0 0 0 N.Cruz dh 4 0 0 0 Dnldsn 3b 3 1 1 1 A.Jones cf 5 0 1 0 Cespds lf 5 0 1 1 C.Davis 1b 5 1 2 1 DNorrs c 4 1 2 1 Hardy ss 5 1 3 0 Jaso ph-c 1 1 1 0 Pearce lf 5 0 2 0 Moss rf-1b 5 0 1 0 Schoop 2b 4 0 1 1 Callasp dh 5 0 0 0 Hundly c 3 0 0 0 Blanks 1b 4 0 1 0 DYong ph 1 0 0 0 Vogt ph-rf 1 0 1 1 CJosph c 0 0 0 0 Punto 2b 5 0 0 0 Totals 42 4 10 4 Totals 41 3 13 3 Oakland Baltimore 110 000 010 01—4 010 110 000 00—3 E—Hardy (5). DP—Oakland 1, Baltimore 2. LOB—Oakland 8, Baltimore 7. 2B—Crisp (11), Cespedes (16), Jaso (7), Hardy (14). HR—Donaldson (17), D.Norris (6), Machado (4), C.Davis (9). SB—Gentry (11), Crisp (11). CS—N.Cruz (4). S—Machado. Oakland IP H R ER BB SO Milone 6 8 3 3 0 3 Cook 1 1 0 0 0 0 Gregerson 2 2 0 0 0 3 Abad W,1-2 1 2 0 0 1 0 Doolittle S,8-9 1 0 0 0 0 3 Baltimore W.Chen 61⁄3 5 2 2 0 4 2 R.Webb H,8 ⁄3 1 0 0 0 0 O’Day BS,3-5 1 1 1 1 1 3 Z.Britton 2 1 0 0 1 3 Meek L,0-2 1 2 1 0 0 1 HBP—by W.Chen (Donaldson). T—3:36. A—28,076 (45,971). Yankees 4, Royals 2 New York Kansas City ab r h bi ab r h bi 4 0 1 0 Ellsury cf 5 1 1 0 Aoki rf Gardnr lf 4 1 2 0 Infante 2b 4 0 0 0 Beltran dh 4 0 0 0 Hosmer 1b 4 0 0 0 Teixeir 1b 2 2 1 0 BButler dh 4 0 1 0 McCnn c 4 0 1 3 Ciriaco pr 0 0 0 0 Solarte 3b 3 0 0 0 AGordn lf 3 2 2 0 ISuzuki rf 4 0 1 0 S.Perez c 4 0 1 1 BRorts 2b 3 0 1 1 L.Cain cf 3 0 1 1 Ryan ss 4 0 1 0 Mostks 3b 3 0 0 0 AEscor ss 3 0 1 0 Totals 33 4 8 4 Totals 32 2 7 2 New York Kansas City 013 000 000—4 010 010 000—2 E—Infante (2). DP—New York 1. LOB—New York 6, Kansas City 4. 2B—McCann (7), B.Butler (11), A.Gordon (17), L.Cain (7), A.Escobar (17). SB—A.Gordon (4). CS—Ryan (1), Aoki (4). New York IP H R ER BB SO Whitley W,1-0 7 5 2 2 0 3 Betances H,8 1 1 0 0 0 2 Dav.Robertsn S,14-16 1 1 0 0 1 2 Kansas City Guthrie L,2-6 7 6 4 4 1 2 Bueno 1 1 0 0 1 0 Wi.Rodriguez 1 1 0 0 1 1 HBP—by Guthrie (Teixeira). T—2:51. A—23,418 (37,903). Rangers 6, Indians 4 Cleveland Texas ab r h bi ab r h bi Bourn cf 5 0 0 0 Choo lf 3 0 1 0 ACarer ss 5 2 3 1 DRrtsn lf 0 0 0 0 Brantly lf 4 0 1 0 Andrus ss 4 1 1 0 Kipnis 2b 5 1 1 0 Morlnd 1b 3 0 0 0 Chsnhll 1b 3 1 1 3 ABeltre 3b 3 0 0 1 DvMrp rf 3 0 0 0 Rios rf 4 1 1 0 YGoms c 4 0 3 0 Gimenz c 3 1 1 0 CSantn dh 3 0 1 0 LMartn cf 1 0 0 1 Aviles 3b 4 0 0 0 Choice dh 3 2 2 2 Odor 2b 3 1 1 2 Totals 36 4 10 4 Totals 27 6 7 6 Cleveland Texas 003 100 000—4 040 000 11x—6 E—A.Cabrera (9). DP—Cleveland 1, Texas 1. LOB—Cleveland 9, Texas 2. 2B—A.Cabrera (13), Gimenez (5). HR—A.Cabrera (6), Chisenhall (4), Choice (5), Odor (2). SB—Andrus (14), L.Martin (13). SF—A.Beltre, L.Martin. Cleveland IP H R ER BB SO Bauer 61⁄3 5 4 4 2 6 Rzepczynski L,0-2 2⁄3 1 1 1 0 2 1 Atchison ⁄3 1 1 1 0 1 Hagadone 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 Axford ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Texas Darvish W,6-2 7 9 4 4 3 8 Frasor H,9 1 0 0 0 1 1 Soria S,13-14 1 1 0 0 0 2 Hagadone pitched to 1 batter in the 8th. WP—Darvish. T—3:01. A—38,348 (48,114). Astros 5, Twins 4 Houston Minnesota ab r h bi ab r h bi Fowler cf 4 1 1 0 DSantn dh-cf 5 1 1 2 Altuve 2b 4 1 1 1 Dozier 2b 5 0 0 0 Springr rf 4 1 1 2 Mauer 1b 4 0 1 0 JCastro c 4 0 1 0 Wlngh lf 5 0 1 0 MDmn 3b 4 1 3 1 Plouffe 3b 4 0 1 0 Singltn 1b 4 0 0 0 Kubel rf 4 0 0 0 Carter dh 4 0 0 0 KSuzuk c 4 1 1 0 Grssmn lf 3 0 0 0 EEscor ss 4 1 3 1 MGnzlz ss 3 1 1 1 A.Hicks cf 2 1 2 1 Arcia ph 1 0 0 0 Guerrir p 0 0 0 0 Totals 34 5 8 5 Totals 38 4 10 4 Houston Minnesota 001 103 000—5 000 000 310—4 E—M.Dominguez 2 (5). DP—Houston 1, Minnesota 1. LOB—Houston 2, Minnesota 9. 2B—Plouffe (22), K.Suzuki (11), E.Escobar 2 (18), A.Hicks (5). 3B—Fowler (3). HR—Springer (11), M.Dominguez (9), Ma.Gonzalez (2), D.Santana (1). SB—Mauer (3). IP H R ER BB SO Houston Keuchel W,7-3 6 5 0 0 2 6 2 Sipp ⁄3 3 3 3 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 Williams H,2 1 D.Downs H,3 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Qualls S,7-8 1 0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota P.Hughes L,6-2 6 6 5 5 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 1 Duensing Guerrier 2 2 0 0 0 1 T—3:00. A—29,448 (39,021). Angels 8, White Sox 4 Chicago Los Angeles ab r h bi ab r h bi Eaton cf 4 0 1 0 Calhon rf 4 1 2 3 GBckh 2b 4 1 0 0 Trout cf 4 1 1 0 Gillaspi 3b 4 1 2 0 Pujols dh 4 1 1 1 JAreu 1b 4 0 1 0 JHmltn lf 4 1 2 1 A.Dunn dh 5 1 3 3 Freese 3b 4 1 1 0 AlRmrz ss 5 0 2 0 JMcDnl 3b 0 0 0 0 Viciedo rf 5 0 0 0 Aybar ss 2 0 1 0 De Aza lf 2 1 1 1 Cron 1b 4 1 1 2 Nieto c 3 0 1 0 Conger c 3 1 1 1 Green 2b 3 1 1 0 Totals 36 4 11 4 Totals 32 8 11 8 Chicago Los Angeles 001 010 002—4 200 500 01x—8 DP—Chicago 3, Los Angeles 2. LOB—Chicago 12, Los Angeles 2. 2B—J.Abreu (13), Calhoun (8), J.Hamilton (3), Cron (8). HR—A. Dunn (10), De Aza (5), Calhoun (4), Pujols (15). SB—Trout (6). Chicago IP H R ER BB SO Rienzo L,4-3 32⁄3 9 7 7 1 2 Carroll 41⁄3 2 1 1 0 3 Los Angeles Weaver W,7-4 6 5 2 2 4 9 Jepsen 1 2 0 0 0 1 J.Smith 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 2 0 0 Frieri HBP—by Carroll (Aybar), by Weaver (G.Beckham), by J.Smith (De Aza, Nieto). T—3:10. A—38,521 (45,483). National League West Division W L Pct GB 40 21 .656 — 32 30 .516 8½ 28 32 .467 11½ 27 34 .443 13 26 37 .413 15 Central Division W L Pct GB Milwaukee 36 26 .581 — 31 31 .500 5 St. Louis Pittsburgh 29 31 .483 6 Cincinnati 27 32 .458 7½ Chicago 24 34 .414 10 East Division W L Pct GB Atlanta 32 27 .542 — Washington 31 28 .525 1 32 29 .525 1 Miami New York 28 33 .459 5 Philadelphia 25 34 .424 7 Friday’s games Chicago Cubs 5, Miami 3, 13 innings Pittsburgh 15, Milwaukee 5 Toronto 3, St. Louis 1 Philadelphia 8, Cincinnati 0 L.A. Dodgers 7, Colorado 2 Atlanta 5, Arizona 2 Washington 6, San Diego 0 San Francisco 4, N.Y. Mets 2 Today’s games St. Louis (S.Miller 6-5) at Toronto (Buehrle 10-1), 10:07 a.m. Miami (Wolf 1-1) at Chicago Cubs (Samardzija 1-5), 1:05 p.m. Milwaukee (Garza 3-4) at Pittsburgh (Volquez 3-4), 1:05 p.m. L.A. Dodgers (Greinke 8-2) at Colorado (Chacin 0-4), 1:10 p.m. Philadelphia (R.Hernandez 2-3) at Cincinnati (Simon 7-3), 1:10 p.m. N.Y. Mets (Colon 5-5) at San Francisco (Hudson 6-2), 7:05 p.m. Atlanta (E.Santana 5-2) at Arizona (Miley 3-6), 7:10 p.m. Washington (Treinen 0-2) at San Diego (Cashner 2-5), 7:10 p.m. San Francisco Los Angeles Colorado San Diego Arizona Cubs 5, Marlins 3 (13) Miami Chicago ab r h bi ab r h bi Yelich lf 6 0 1 0 Bonifac 2b-cf 6 0 1 0 Lucas 2b 6 0 2 0 Lake cf-lf 6 2 1 0 Stanton rf 6 0 0 0 Rizzo 1b 6 1 2 4 McGeh 3b 6 1 2 0 SCastro ss 5 0 0 0 GJones 1b 6 1 3 0 Valuen 3b 5 0 1 0 Ozuna cf 6 0 2 0 Schrhlt rf 5 1 2 0 Hchvrr ss 4 1 1 0 Villanv p 0 0 0 0 Mathis c 2 0 0 0 Coghln lf-rf 4 0 2 1 Bour ph 1 0 0 1 JoBakr c 2 0 0 0 Realmt c 1 0 0 0 Olt ph 1 0 0 0 Eovaldi p 3 0 0 0 Schlittr p 0 0 0 0 Morris p 0 0 0 0 Barney 2b 1 0 0 0 RJhnsn ph 1 0 1 2 Hamml p 2 0 0 0 MDunn p 0 0 0 0 Wrght p 0 0 0 0 ARams p 0 0 0 0 NRmrz p 0 0 0 0 JeBakr ph 1 0 0 0 Ruggin ph 1 1 1 0 DJnngs p 0 0 0 0 HRndn p 0 0 0 0 Slowey p 0 0 0 0 Whitsd c 2 0 0 0 Totals 49 3 12 3 Totals 46 5 10 5 Miami Chicago 000 000 003 000 0—3 000 010 020 000 2—5 No outs when winning run scored. DP—Chicago 1. LOB—Miami 9, Chicago 7. 2B—Yelich (10), G.Jones (15), Rizzo (6), Coghlan (1), Ruggiano (4). 3B—Schierholtz (2). HR—Rizzo (12). SB—Ozuna (2), Coghlan (1). S—Hechavarria. Miami IP H R ER BB SO Eovaldi 72⁄3 6 3 3 1 8 1 Morris ⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 2 M.Dunn ⁄3 0 0 0 1 0 A.Ramos 11⁄3 0 0 0 0 3 Da.Jennings 11⁄3 2 0 0 0 2 2 Slowey L,1-1 ⁄3 2 2 2 0 2 Chicago Hammel 7 6 0 0 1 8 1 W.Wright H,4 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 2 N.Ramirez H,6 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 2 H.Rondon BS,2-9 1 4 3 3 0 2 Schlitter 2 2 0 0 0 2 Villanueva W,2-5 2 0 0 0 0 3 Slowey pitched to 2 batters in the 13th. WP—Morris. T—4:02. A—28,495 (41,072). Pirates 15, Brewers 5 Milwaukee Pittsburgh ab r h bi ab r h bi Segura ss 3 0 0 1 JHrrsn rf-lf 5 2 1 1 Braun rf 5 0 1 1 NWalkr 2b 5 0 2 1 Lucroy c 4 1 1 0 AMcCt cf 5 2 2 2 Wang p 0 0 0 0 Sadler p 0 0 0 0 Overay ph 1 0 0 0 I.Davis 1b 3 1 0 1 CGomz cf 3 2 2 0 GSnchz ph-1b 1 0 0 0 LSchfr ph-cf 1 0 0 0 RMartn c 3 3 3 4 ArRmr 3b 3 0 2 1 PAlvrz 3b 4 2 2 0 Falu 3b 1 0 0 0 Tabata lf 4 1 2 2 KDavis lf 2 0 1 2 JGomz p 0 0 0 0 Gennett 2b 3 0 2 0 SMarte cf 1 0 0 1 Thrnrg p 0 0 0 0 Mercer ss 5 2 2 3 Maldnd c 1 0 0 0 Cumptn p 1 1 0 0 MrRynl 1b 3 1 1 0 JuWlsn p 0 0 0 0 Lohse p 1 0 0 0 Snider ph-rf 2 1 2 0 RWeks 2b 2 1 1 0 Totals 33 5 11 5 Totals 39 15 1615 Milwaukee Pittsburgh 000 201 002—5 201 028 02x—15 DP—Milwaukee 1, Pittsburgh 1. LOB—Milwaukee 7, Pittsburgh 7. 2B—C.Gomez (17), R.Weeks (6), A.McCutchen (16), R.Martin (4). HR—A.McCutchen (7), Mercer (3). SB—K.Davis (1). CS—Segura (7). S—Lohse. SF—Segura, K.Davis. IP H R ER BB SO Milwaukee Lohse L,7-2 5 9 8 8 1 1 Thornburg 1 3 5 5 4 2 Wang 2 4 2 2 1 1 Pittsburgh Cumpton W,1-2 51⁄3 8 3 3 2 3 2 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 Ju.Wilson H,9 J.Gomez 1 1 0 0 0 1 Sadler 2 2 2 2 1 1 Lohse pitched to 3 batters in the 6th. HBP—by Lohse (R.Martin). WP—Lohse, Wang. T—3:11. A—35,544 (38,362). Phillies 8, Reds 0 Philadelphia Cincinnati ab r h bi ab r h bi Rollins ss 4 2 1 1 BHmltn cf 4 0 0 0 RCeden ss 0 0 0 0 B.Pena c 4 0 0 0 Ruiz c 5 1 2 0 Phillips 2b 3 0 1 0 Utley 2b 3 0 3 1 Frazier 1b 4 0 0 0 Papeln p 0 0 0 0 Bruce rf 4 0 1 0 Howard 1b 4 2 1 1 Ludwck lf 4 0 1 0 Byrd rf 4 1 1 0 Cozart ss 4 0 2 0 DBrwn lf 4 1 1 3 RSantg 3b 1 0 0 0 Mayrry cf 5 0 1 1 Cueto p 1 0 0 0 Brignc 3b 3 0 0 0 Heisey ph 1 0 0 0 Hamels p 3 0 0 0 Ondrsk p 0 0 0 0 MAdms p 0 0 0 0 Mesorc ph 1 0 0 0 Revere ph 1 1 1 0 MParr p 0 0 0 0 CHrndz 2b 0 0 0 0 LeCure p 0 0 0 0 Broxtn p 0 0 0 0 Totals 36 8 11 7 Totals 31 0 5 0 Philadelphia Cincinnati 000 310 004—8 000 000 000—0 E—Rollins (6), Frazier (9). LOB—Philadelphia 8, Cincinnati 7. 2B—Byrd (18), D.Brown (7), Ludwick (7). HR—Rollins (7). SB—Revere (16). S—R.Santiago. SF—Utley, D.Brown. IP H R ER BB SO Philadelphia 72⁄3 5 0 0 2 7 Hamels W,2-3 1 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 Mi.Adams Papelbon 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cincinnati Cueto L,5-5 5 6 4 4 1 5 Ondrusek 2 2 0 0 1 4 M.Parra 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ⁄3 3 4 3 1 0 LeCure 2 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Broxton HBP—by Cueto (Utley, Byrd). WP—Hamels, LeCure. T—3:18. A—38,331 (42,319). Dodgers 7, Rockies 2 Los Angeles Colorado ab r h bi ab r h bi DGordn 2b 4 2 3 3 Blckmn rf 4 0 1 0 HRmrz ss 4 0 2 2 LeMahi 2b 4 0 0 0 Rojas ss 0 0 0 0 Tlwtzk ss 5 0 2 0 Puig rf 5 1 1 0 Mornea 1b 5 0 0 0 AdGnzl 1b 4 0 0 0 Stubbs cf 4 1 2 1 Kemp lf 3 0 1 1 Dickrsn lf 3 0 0 0 Ethier cf 5 1 1 0 McKnr c 3 1 2 0 JuTrnr 3b 5 1 2 0 Culersn 3b 4 0 2 1 Butera c 3 1 1 1 EButlr p 2 0 0 0 Ryu p 2 1 1 0 Kahnle p 0 0 0 0 League p 0 0 0 0 Barnes ph 1 0 0 0 Figgins ph 1 0 0 0 Belisle p 0 0 0 0 BWilsn p 0 0 0 0 Masset p 0 0 0 0 C.Perez p 0 0 0 0 RWhelr ph 1 0 0 0 Hwkns p 0 0 0 0 Totals 36 7 12 7 Totals 36 2 9 2 Los Angeles Colorado 110 022 001—7 000 002 000—2 E—Rojas (1), McKenry (3). DP—Los Angeles 1. LOB—Los Angeles 9, Colorado 11. 2B— Butera (3), Ryu (1), Stubbs (8), McKenry (3). 3B—D.Gordon 2 (6), Culberson (1). HR—Stubbs (4). SB—D.Gordon (36), H.Ramirez 2 (7), Puig (6), Blackmon (12). S—Ryu. SF—Kemp. IP H R ER BB SO Los Angeles Ryu W,7-2 6 8 2 2 2 2 League 1 0 0 0 1 2 B.Wilson 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 C.Perez Colorado E.Butler L,0-1 51⁄3 10 6 6 3 2 2 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Kahnle Belisle 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 Masset Hawkins 1 1 1 0 1 0 HBP—by C.Perez (Blackmon). T—3:23. A—39,203 (50,480). Giants 4, Mets 2 New York San Francisco ab r h bi ab r h bi dnDkkr cf 4 1 1 0 Pagan cf 3 1 0 0 DnMrp 2b 4 1 1 2 Pence rf 4 0 0 0 DWrght 3b 3 0 0 0 Posey c 4 1 3 2 Grndrs rf 2 0 0 0 Sandovl 3b 4 0 0 0 ABrwn lf 3 0 0 0 Morse 1b 4 0 1 0 CTorrs p 0 0 0 0 J.Perez lf 4 0 1 0 Duda 1b 3 0 0 0 B.Hicks 2b 3 2 2 0 Tejada ss 3 0 2 0 BCrwfr ss 2 0 1 2 dArnad c 3 0 0 0 M.Cain p 1 0 0 0 Niese p 2 0 0 0 Arias ph 1 0 0 0 CYoung lf 1 0 0 0 Affeldt p 0 0 0 0 Romo p 0 0 0 0 Totals 28 2 4 2 Totals 30 4 8 4 New York San Francisco 000 000 200—2 000 010 12x—4 DP—New York 1, San Francisco 3. LOB— New York 0, San Francisco 6. 2B—den Dekker (1), J.Perez (2), B.Hicks (6). 3B—B.Hicks (1). HR—Dan.Murphy (4), Posey (8). SF—B.Crawford. New York IP H R ER BB SO Niese 7 5 2 2 1 3 C.Torres L,2-3 1 3 2 2 1 1 San Francisco 7 3 2 2 1 3 M.Cain Affeldt W,1-1 1 1 0 0 0 1 Romo S,19-21 1 0 0 0 0 0 HBP—by Niese (M.Cain). WP—Niese. T—2:17. A—41,437 (41,915). Nationals 6, Padres 0 Washington San Diego ab r h bi ab r h bi Span cf 4 1 0 0 ECarer ss 4 0 0 0 Rendon 3b 3 1 1 2 S.Smith rf 4 0 0 0 Frndsn 3b 2 0 0 0 Quentin lf 4 0 0 0 Zmrmn lf 4 1 0 0 Headly 3b 4 0 0 0 LaRoch 1b 3 1 0 0 Alonso 1b 4 0 1 0 WRams c 4 1 2 1 Venale cf 3 0 0 0 Dsmnd ss 3 1 1 0 Rivera c 3 0 1 0 Espinos 2b 3 0 1 1 Petersn 2b 3 0 0 0 McLoth rf 4 0 1 2 T.Ross p 2 0 0 0 Roark p 2 0 0 0 Qcknsh p 0 0 0 0 Hairstn ph 1 0 0 0 Lane p 0 0 0 0 Detwilr p 0 0 0 0 Medica ph 1 0 1 0 Patton p 0 0 0 0 Totals 33 6 6 6 Totals 32 0 3 0 Washington San Diego 200 004 000—6 000 000 000—0 E—Rendon 2 (7), T.Ross (3). LOB—Washington 5, San Diego 5. 2B—W.Ramos (4), Desmond (7), Alonso (13). 3B—Espinosa (2). HR—Rendon (9). S—Roark. Washington IP H R ER BB SO Roark W,4-4 8 3 0 0 0 11 Detwiler 1 0 0 0 0 1 San Diego T.Ross L,6-5 51⁄3 5 6 5 3 7 Quackenbush 12⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 Lane 1 1 0 0 0 1 Patton 1 0 0 0 0 0 HBP—by T.Ross (Espinosa). WP—T.Ross. T—2:32. A—25,346 (42,302). Braves 5, Diamondbacks 2 Atlanta Arizona ab r h bi ab r h bi Heywrd rf 4 3 3 3 Gregrs ss 2 1 1 1 ASmns ss 5 0 1 1 Owings ph-ss 1 0 0 0 FFrmn 1b 5 0 1 0 GParra rf 3 0 0 0 J.Upton lf 5 0 1 1 Gldsch 1b 4 0 0 0 Gattis c 5 0 1 0 Prado 3b 4 0 1 0 CJhnsn 3b 4 0 1 0 Hill 2b 4 0 0 0 LaStell 2b 4 0 2 0 DPerlt lf 4 1 2 0 A.Wood p 0 0 0 0 Gswsch c 4 0 0 0 Smmns p 0 0 0 0 Inciart cf 3 0 0 0 Kimrel p 0 0 0 0 McCrth p 2 0 1 1 JSchafr cf 4 2 3 0 Thtchr p 0 0 0 0 Tehern p 3 0 0 0 Delgad p 0 0 0 0 R.Pena 2b 1 0 0 0 ErChvz ph 1 0 0 0 EMrshl p 0 0 0 0 Cahill p 0 0 0 0 Totals 40 5 13 5 Totals 32 2 5 2 Atlanta Arizona 000 020 102—5 100 010 000—2 LOB—Atlanta 9, Arizona 5. 2B—A.Simmons (6), Gattis (5), J.Schafer (3), D.Peralta (3). HR— Heyward (6), Gregorius (2). SB—J.Schafer (5). Atlanta IP H R ER BB SO Teheran W,6-3 7 5 2 2 1 7 1 ⁄3 0 0 0 1 1 A.Wood H,2 1 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 S.Simmons H,2 Kimbrel S,16-18 11⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 Arizona 61⁄3 9 3 3 1 9 McCarthy L,1-8 1 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 1 Thatcher 1 ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Delgado E.Marshall 1 0 0 0 0 1 Cahill 1 4 2 2 0 0 WP—Kimbrel. T—3:03. A—24,504 (48,633). Interleague Blue Jays 3, Cardinals 1 St. Louis Toronto ab r h bi ab r h bi MCrpnt 3b 3 1 0 0 Reyes ss 3 0 3 1 Tavers rf 4 0 0 0 MeCarr lf 5 0 1 0 Hollidy lf 2 0 1 0 Kratz c 0 0 0 0 Craig 1b 4 0 2 1 Bautist rf 4 1 1 1 YMolin dh 4 0 0 0 Lind 1b 2 0 0 0 Jay cf 4 0 1 0 Encrnc dh 4 0 1 0 JhPerlt ss 4 0 1 0 JFrncs 3b 3 0 0 0 Descals 2b 4 0 1 0 StTllsn ph-2b 1 0 0 0 4 2 2 1 T.Cruz c 4 0 1 0 Lawrie 2b-3b DNavrr c 4 0 1 0 Pillar pr-lf 0 0 0 0 Gose cf 4 0 2 0 Totals 33 1 7 1 Totals 34 3 11 3 St. Louis Toronto 100 000 000—1 001 010 01x—3 E—Descalso (1), M.Carpenter (7). DP—St. Louis 1. TP—St. Louis 1. LOB—St. Louis 9, Toronto 12. 2B—Holliday (15). 3B—Gose (1). HR—Bautista (15), Lawrie (11). SB—Holliday (2), Reyes (12). IP H R ER BB SO St. Louis Lynn L,6-4 5 6 2 2 4 6 Maness 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 Choate ⁄3 0 0 0 1 0 2 Motte ⁄3 3 1 1 0 2 2 C.Martinez ⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Toronto Stroman W,3-0 6 7 1 1 2 7 1 Cecil H,14 ⁄3 0 0 0 1 0 McGowan H,4 12⁄3 0 0 0 0 0 Janssen S,11-12 1 0 0 0 0 1 Stroman pitched to 1 batter in the 7th. HBP—by Stroman (Holliday). WP—Stroman. T—3:12. A—33,528 (49,282). MLB Draft THIRD ROUND 75. Houston, J.D. Davis, 3b, Cal St.-Fullerton. 76. Miami, Brian Anderson, 2b, Arkansas. 77. Chicago White Sox, Jace Fry, lhp, Oregon State. 78. Chicago Cubs, Mark Zagunis, c, Virginia Tech. 79. Minnesota, Michael Cederoth, rhp, San Diego State. 80. Seattle, Austin Cousino, cf, Kentucky. 81. Philadelphia, Aaron Brown, cf, Pepperdine. 82. Colorado, Sam Howard, lhp, Georgia Southern. 83. Toronto, Nick Wells, lhp, Battlefield HS, Gainesville, Va. 84. N.Y. Mets, Milton Ramos, ss, American Heritage School, Hialeah, Fla. 85. Milwaukee, Cy Sneed, rhp, Dallas Baptist. 86. San Diego, Zech Lemond, rhp, Rice. 87. San Francisco, Dylan Davis, rf, Oregon State. 88. L.A. Angels, Chris Ellis, rhp, Mississippi. 89. Arizona, Matt Railey, cf, North Florida Christian HS, Tallahassee, Fla. 90. Baltimore, Brian Gonzalez, lhp, Archbishop McCarthy HS, Miramar, Fla. 91. N.Y. Yankees, Austin DeCarr, rhp, Salisbury School, Foxboro, Mass. 92. Kansas City, Eric Skoglund, lhp, Central Florida. 93. Washington, Jakson Reetz, c, Norris HS, Hickman, Neb. 94. Cincinnati, Wyatt Strahan, rhp, Southern California. 95. Texas, Joshua Morgan, ss, Orange Lutheran HS, Corona, Calif. 96. Tampa Bay, Brock Burke, lhp, Evergreen (Colo.) HS. 97. Cleveland, Bobby Bradley, 1b, Harrison Central HS, Gulfport, Miss. 98. L.A. Dodgers, John Richy, rhp, UNLV. 99. Detroit, Grayson Greiner, c, South Carolina. 100. Pittsburgh, Jordan Luplow, rf, Fresno State. 101. Oakland, Brett Graves, rhp, Missouri. 102. Atlanta, Max Povse, rhp, UNC Greensboro. 103. Boston, Edward Cosart, rhp, Seminole State. 104. St. Louis, Trevor Megill, rhp, Loyola Marymount. SUPPLEMENTAL ROUND 105. Miami, Michael Mader, lhp, Chipola College. FOURTH ROUND 106. Houston, Daniel Mengden, rhp, Texas A&M. 107. Miami, Brian Schales, ss, Edison HS, Huntington Beach, Calif. 108. Chicago White Sox, Brett Austin, c, North Carolina State. 109. Chicago Cubs, Carson Sands, lhp, North Florida Christian HS, Tallahassee, Fla. 110. Minnesota, Sam Clay, lhp, Georgia Tech. 111. Seattle, Ryan Yarbrough, lhp, Old Dominion. 112. Philadelphia, Chris Oliver, rhp, Arkansas. 113. Colorado, Wes Rogers, cf, Spartanburg Methodist. 114. Toronto, Matt Morgan, c, Thorsby (Ala.) HS. 115. N.Y. Mets, Eudor Garcia-Pacheco, 3b, El Paso CC. 116. Milwaukee, Troy Stokes, cf, Calvert Hall College HS, Baltimore. 117. San Diego, Nick Torres, rf, Cal Poly. 118. San Francisco, Logan Webb, rhp, Rocklin (Calif.) HS. 119. L.A. Angels, Jeremy Rhoades, rhp, Illinois State. 120. Arizona, Brent Jones, rhp, Cornell. 121. Baltimore, Pat Connaughton, rhp, Notre Dame. 122. N.Y. Yankees, Jordan Montgomery, lhp, South Carolina. 123. Kansas City, Dawon Burt, ss, FuquayVarina (NC) HS. 124. Washington, Robbie Dickey, rhp, Blinn College. 125. Cincinnati, Gavin LaValley, 3b, Carl Albert HS, Choctaw, Okla. 126. Texas, Brett Martin, lhp, Walters State CC. 127. Tampa Bay, Blake Bivens, rhp, George Washington HS, Sutherlin, Va. 128. Cleveland, Sam Hentges, lhp, Mounds View HS, Shoreview, Minn. 129. L.A. Dodgers, Jeff Brigham, rhp, Washington. 130. Detroit, Adam Ravenelle, rhp, Vanderbilt. 131. Pittsburgh, Taylor Gushue, c, Florida. 132. Oakland, Jordan Schwartz, rhp, Niagara. 133. Atlanta, Chad Sobotka, rhp, South Carolina Upstate. 134. Boston, Kevin McAvoy, rhp, Bryant. 135. St. Louis, Austin Gomber, lhp, Florida Atlantic. FIFTH ROUND 136. Houston, Jacob Nix, rhp, Los Alamitos (Calif.) HS 137. Miami, Casey Soltis, cf, Granada HS, Livermore, Calif. 138. Chicago White Sox, Zach Thompson, rhp, Texas-Arlington 139. Chicago Cubs, Justin Steele, lhp, George County HS, Lucedale, Miss. 140. Minnesota, Jake Reed, rhp, Oregon. 141. Seattle, Dan Altavilla, rhp, Mercyhurst. 142. Philadelphia, Rhys Hoskins, 1b, Sacramento State. 143. Colorado, Kevin Padlo, 3b, Murrieta (Calif.) Valley HS. 144. Toronto, Lane Thomas, rf, Bearden HS, Knoxville, Tenn. 145. N.Y. Mets, Josh Prevost, rhp, Seton Hall. 146. Milwaukee, Dustin DeMuth, 3b, Indiana. 147. San Diego, Auston Bousfield, cf, Mississippi. 148. San Francisco, Samuel Coonrod, rhp, Southern Illinois. 149. L.A. Angels, Jake Jewell, rhp, Northeastern Oklahoma A&M. 150. Arizona, Mason McCullough, rhp, Lander. 151. Baltimore, David Hess, rhp, Tennessee Tech. 152. N.Y. Yankees, Jordan Foley, rhp, Central Michigan. 153. Kansas City, Corey Ray, rhp, Texas A&M. 154. Washington, Drew Van Orden, rhp, Duke. 155. Cincinnati, Tejay Antone, rhp, Weatherford College. 156. Texas, Wes Benjamin, lhp, Kansas. 157. Tampa Bay, Michael Russell, ss, North Carolina. 158. Cleveland, Julian Merryweather, rhp, Oklahoma Baptist. 159. L.A. Dodgers, Jared Walker, 3b, McEachern HS, Powder Springs, Ga. 160. Detroit, Shane Zeile, c, UCLA. 161. Pittsburgh, Michael Suchy, rf, Florida Gulf Coast. 162. Oakland, Heath Fillmyer, rhp, Mercer County CC. 163. Atlanta, Chris Diaz, lhp, Miami. 164. Boston, Josh Ockimey, 1B-SS, Neumann Goretti HS, Philadelphia. 165. St. Louis, Darren Seferina, 2b, Miami Dade CC. SIXTH ROUND 166. Houston, Brock Dykxhoorn, rhp, Central Arizona. 167. Miami, Chris Sadberry, lhp, Texas Tech. 168. Chicago White Sox, Louie Lechich, cf, San Diego. 169. Chicago Cubs, Dylan Cease, rhp, Milton (Ga.) HS. 170. Minnesota, John Curtiss, rhp, Texas. 171. Seattle, Lane Ratliff, lhp, Jones County JC. 172. Philadelphia, Brandon Leibrandt, lhp, Florida St. 173. Colorado, Max George, ss, Regis Jesuit HS, Parker, Colo. 174. Toronto, Grayson Huffman, lhp, Grayson County College. 175. N.Y. Mets, Tyler Moore, c, LSU. 176. Milwaukee, David Burkhalter, rhp, Ruston (La.) HS. 177. San Diego, Zach Risedorf, c, Northwestern Regional HS, Barkhamsted, Conn. 178. San Francisco, Skyler Ewing, 1b, Rice. 179. L.A. Angels, Alex Abbott, rf, Tift County HS, Tifton, Ga. 180. Arizona, Zac Curtis, lhp, Middle Tennessee. 181. Baltimore, Tanner Scott, lhp, Howard. 182. N.Y. Yankees, Jonathan Holder, rhp, Mississippi State. 183. Kansas City, Logan Moon, of, Missouri Southern. 184. Washington, Austen Williams, rhp, Texas State. 185. Cincinnati, Jose Lopez, rhp, Seton Hall. 186. Texas, Jose Trevino, 3b, Oral Roberts. 187. Tampa Bay, Mac James, c, Oklahoma. 188. Cleveland, Greg Allen, cf, San Diego State. 189. L.A. Dodgers, Brock Stewart, rhp, Illinois State. 190. Detroit, Ross Kivett, cf, Kansas State. 191. Pittsburgh, Tyler Eppler, rhp, Sam Houston State. 192. Oakland, Trace Loehr, ss, Rex Putnam HS, Milwaukie, Ore. 193. Atlanta, Keith Curcio, cf, Florida Southern. 194. Boston, Danny Mars, cf, Chipola College. 195. St. Louis, Andrew Sohn, ss, Western Michigan. SEVENTH ROUND 196. Houston, Derick Velazquez, rhp, Fresno State. 197. Miami, Anfernee Seymour, ss, American Heritage School, Nassau, Bahamas. 198. Chicago White Sox, Jake Peter, ss, Creighton. 199. Chicago Cubs, James Norwood, rhp, Saint Louis. 200. Minnesota, Andro Cutura, rhp, Southeastern Louisiana. 201. Seattle, Taylor Byrd, lhp, Nicholls State. 202. Philadelphia, Emmanuel Marrero, ss, Alabama State. 203. Colorado, Drew Weeks, lf, North Florida. 204. Toronto, Zack Zehner, lf, Cal Poly. 205. N.Y. Mets, Brad Wieck, lhp, Oklahoma City. 206. Milwaukee, Mitch Meyer, rf, Kansas State. 207. San Diego, Ryan Butler, rhp, Charlotte. 208. San Francisco, Seth Harrison, cf, Louisiana-Lafayette. 209. L.A. Angels, Bo Way, cf, Kennesaw State. 210. Arizona, Tyler Humphreys, 3b, St. Johns River State. 211. Baltimore, Max Schuh, lhp, UCLA. 212. N.Y. Yankees, Mark Payton, cf, Texas. 213. Kansas City, Brandon Downes, cf, Virginia. 214. Washington, D.K. Carey, cf, Miami. 215. Cincinnati, Shane Mardirosian, 2b, Martin Luther King HS, Riverside, Calif. 216. Texas, Nick Green, rhp, Indian Hills CC. 217. Tampa Bay, Mike Franco, rhp, FIU. 218. Cleveland, Simeon Lucas, c, Grant Community HS, Ingleside, Ill. 219. L.A. Dodgers, Trevor Oaks, rhp, California Baptist. 220. Detroit, Joey Pankake, 3b, South Carolina. 221. Pittsburgh, Nelson Jorge, ss, International Baseball Academy, Patillas, Puerto Rico. 222. Oakland, Branden Cogswell, ss, Virginia. 223. Atlanta, Luke Dykstra, 2b, Westlake HS, Thousand Oaks, Calif. 224. Boston, Reed Reilly, rhp, Cal Poly. 225. St. Louis, Brian O’Keefe, c, Saint Joseph’s. EIGHTH ROUND 226. Houston, Bobby Boyd, cf, West Virginia. 227. Miami, Stone Garrett, cf, George Ranch HS, Sugar Land, Texas. 228. Chicago White Sox, John Ziznewski, ss, LIU-Brooklyn. 229. Chicago Cubs, Tommy Thorpe, lhp, Oregon. 230. Minnesota, Keaton Steele, rhp, Missouri. 231. Seattle, Kody Kerski, rhp, Sacred Heart. 232. Philadelphia, Sam McWilliams, rhp, Beech HS, Hendersonville, Tenn. 233. Colorado, Harrison Musgrave, lhp, West Virginia. 234. Toronto, Justin Shafer, rhp, Florida. 235. N.Y. Mets, Dash Winningham, 1b, Trinity Catholic HS, Ocala, Fla.L 236. Milwaukee, J.B. Kole, rhp, Villanova. 237. San Diego, Mitch Watrous, rhp, Utah. 238. San Francisco, Austin Slater, cf, Stanford. 239. L.A. Angels, Jake Yacinich, ss, Iowa. 240. Arizona, Grant Heyman, lf, Southern Nevada. 241. Baltimore, Steve Wilkerson, 2b, Clemson. 242. N.Y. Yankees, Connor Spencer, 1b, UC Irvine. 243. Kansas City, Ryan O’Hearn, 1b, Sam Houston State. 244. Washington, Jeff Gardner, lf, Louisville. 245. Cincinnati, Brian O’Grady, 1b, Rutgers. 246. Texas, Erik Swanson, rhp, Iowa Western CC. 247. Tampa Bay, Daniel Miles, 3b, Tennessee Tech. 248. Cleveland, Micah Miniard, rhp, Boyle County HS, Danville, Ky. 249. L.A. Dodgers, Hunter Redman, c, Texas Tech. 250. Detroit, Artie Lewicki, rhp, Virginia. 251. Pittsburgh, Austin Coley, rhp, Belmont. 252. Oakland, Branden Kelliher, rhp, Lake Stevens (Wash.) HS. 253. Atlanta, Bradley Roney, rhp, Southern Mississippi. 254. Boston, Ben Moore, c, Alabama. 255. St. Louis, Nick Thompson, rf, William & Mary. NINTH ROUND 256. Houston, Bryan Radziewski, lhp, Miami. 257. Miami, Ben Holmes, lhp, Oregon State. 258. Chicago White Sox, Brian Clark, lhp, Kent State. 259. Chicago Cubs, James Farris, rhp, Arizona. 260. Minnesota, Max Murphy, cf, Bradley. 261. Seattle, Peter Miller, rhp, Florida State. 262. Philadelphia, Matt Hockenberry, rhp, Temple. 263. Colorado, Andrew Rohrbach, rhp, Long Beach State. 264. Toronto, Ryan Metzler, 2b, South Carolina-Aiken. 265. N.Y. Mets, Michael Katz, of, William & Mary. 266. Milwaukee, Greg McCall, c, TexasArlington. 267. San Diego, Nick Vilter, ss, UC Riverside. 268. San Francisco, Stetson Woods, rhp, Liberty HS, Madera, Calif. 269. L.A. Angels, Jordan Kipper, rhp, TCU. 270. Arizona, Justin Gonzalez, ss, Florida State. 271. Baltimore, Austen Anderson, 3b, Mississippi. 272. N.Y. Yankees, Vince Conde, ss, Vanderbilt. 273. Kansas City, Brandon Thomasson, of, Tennessee Tech. 274. Washington, Austin Byler, 1b, Nevada. 275. Cincinnati, Brian Hunter, rhp, Hartford. 276. Texas, Doug Votoloto, cf, Central Arkansas. 277. Tampa Bay, Chris Pike, rhp, Oklahoma City. 278. Cleveland, Alexis Pantoja, ss, Puerto Rico BB Academy. 279. L.A. Dodgers, Matt Campbell, rhp, Clemson. 280. Detroit, Josh Laxer, rhp, Mississippi. 281. Pittsburgh, Kevin Krause, c, Stony Brook. 282. Oakland, Mike Fagan, lhp, Princeton. 283. Atlanta, Jordan Edgerton, 3b, UNC Pembroke. 284. Boston, Kevin Steen, rhp, Oak Ridge (Tenn.) HS. 285. St. Louis, Daniel Poncedeleon, rhp, Embry-Riddle. TENTH ROUND 286. Houston, Jay Gause, rhp, Faulkner. 287. Miami, Dillon Peters, lhp, Texas. 288. Chicago White Sox, Jake Jarvis, 2b, Klein Collins HS, Cypress, Texas. 289. Chicago Cubs, Ryan Williams, rhp, East Carolina. 290. Minnesota, Randy LeBlanc, rhp, Tulane. 291. Seattle, Adam Martin, c, Western Carolina. 292. Philadelphia, Matt Shortall, of, TexasArlington. 293. Colorado, Troy Stein, c, Texas A&M. 294. Toronto, Jordan Romano, rhp, Oral Roberts. 295. N.Y. Mets, Kelly Secrest, lhp, UNC Wilmington. 296. Milwaukee, Javi Salas, rhp, Miami. 297. San Diego, Thomas Dorminy, lhp, Faulkner. 298. San Francisco, Mathew Gage, lhp, Siena. 299. L.A. Angels, Caleb Adams, lf, LouisianaLafayette. 300. Arizona, Scott Schultz, rhp, Oregon State. 301. Baltimore, Jay Gonzalez, cf, Mount Olive. 302. N.Y. Yankees, Ty McFarland, 2b, James Madison. 303. Kansas City, Nick Green, lhp, Utah. 304. Washington, Matthew Page, rf, Oklahoma Baptist. 305. Cincinnati, Seth Varner, lhp, Miami (Ohio). 306. Texas, Seth Spivey, c, Abilene Christian. 307. Tampa Bay, Bradley Wallace, rhp, Arkansas State. 308. Cleveland, Steven Patterson, 2b, UC Davis. 309. L.A. Dodgers, Colin Hering, of, Coastal Carolina. 310. Detroit, Paul Voelker, rhp, Dallas Baptist. 311. Pittsburgh, Alex McRae, rhp, Jacksonville. 312. Oakland, Corey Miller, rhp, Pepperdine. 313. Atlanta, Matt Tellor, 1b, Southeast Missouri State. 314. Boston, Cole Sturgeon, of, Louisville. 315. St. Louis, Danny Diekroeger, 3b, Stanford. Pacific Coast League American North Division W L Pct. GB 33 28 .541 — Omaha (Royals) Iowa (Cubs) 31 27 .534 ½ Oklahoma City (Astros) 32 30 .516 1½ Colo. Springs (Rockies) 26 34 .433 6½ American South Division W L Pct. GB Nashville (Brewers) 33 29 .532 — New Orleans (Marlins) 31 30 .508 1½ Memphis (Cardinals) 30 31 .492 2½ Round Rock (Rangers) 27 34 .443 5½ Pacific North Division W L Pct. GB Reno (Diamondbacks) 36 24 .600 — Sacramento (Athletics) 36 25 .590 ½ Fresno (Giants) 32 30 .516 5 Tacoma (Mariners) 24 35 .407 11½ Pacific South Division W L Pct. GB Las Vegas (Mets) 35 26 .574 — 29 32 .475 6 El Paso (Padres) Albuquerque (Dodgers) 28 32 .467 6½ Salt Lake (Angels) 23 39 .371 12½ Friday’s games Round Rock 3, New Orleans 2 Nashville 1, Memphis 0 Iowa 2, Colorado Springs 1 Omaha 6, Oklahoma City 2 Salt Lake 3, Sacramento 1 Tacoma 5, Albuquerque 3, 1st game Fresno 10, Las Vegas 1 El Paso at Reno, 10:05 p.m. Albuquerque at Tacoma, 2nd game, late Today’s games Round Rock at New Orleans, 4 p.m. Nashville at Memphis, 4:05 p.m. Oklahoma City at Omaha, 5:05 p.m. Albuquerque at Tacoma, 5:05 p.m. Colorado Springs at Iowa, 5:05 p.m. Sacramento at Salt Lake, 5:35 p.m. Fresno at Las Vegas, 7:05 p.m. El Paso at Reno, 7:05 p.m. NCAA Div I Super Regionals Best-of-3 At Jim Patterson Stadium Louisville, Ky. Friday: Louisville 5, Kennesaw State 3 Today: Kennesaw State (40-23) vs. Louisville (49-15), 4 p.m. At Hawkins Field Nashville, Tenn. Friday: Vanderbilt 11, Stanford 6 Today: Stanford (34-25) at Vanderbilt (4518), noon At Allie P. Reynolds Stadium Stillwater, Okla. Friday: UC Irvine 8, Oklahoma State 4 Today: UC Irvine (39-23) vs. Oklahoma State (48-17), 7 p.m. At UFCU Disch-Falk Field Austin, Texas Friday: Texas 4, Houston 2 Today: Houston (48-17) vs. Texas (42-19), 11 a.m. At Davenport Field Charlottesville, Va. Today: Maryland (39-21) at Virginia (47-13), 9 a.m. At M.L. ‘Tigue’ Moore Field Lafayette, La. Today: Mississippi (44-18) at LouisianaLafayette (57-8), 5 p.m. At Charlie and Marie Lupton Stadium Fort Worth, Texas Today: Pepperdine at TCU, 1 p.m. At Rip Griffin Park Lubbock, Texas Today: College of Charleston (44-17) at Texas Tech (43-19), 10 a.m. BASKETBALL NBA Playoffs FINALS (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) San Antonio vs. Miami (Spurs lead series 1-0) Sunday: Miami at San Antonio, 5 p.m. Tuesday: San Antonio at Miami, 6 p.m. Thursday, June 12: San Antonio at Miami, 6 p.m. x-Sunday, June 15: Miami at San Antonio, 5 p.m. x-Tuesday, June 17: San Antonio at Miami, 6 p.m. x-Friday, June 20: Miami at San Antonio, 6 p.m. WNBA EASTERN CONFERENCE W L Pct GB Chicago 5 2 .714 — 4 3 .571 1 Atlanta 4 3 .571 1 Indiana 4 3 .571 1 Washington New York 2 5 .286 3 Connecticut 2 6 .250 3½ WESTERN CONFERENCE W L Pct GB 7 1 .875 — Minnesota Phoenix 4 2 .667 2 San Antonio 4 4 .500 3 3 3 .500 3 Los Angeles 3 6 .333 4½ Seattle Tulsa 1 5 .167 5 Friday’s games Indiana 64, Washington 61 Tulsa 94, Phoenix 78 Los Angeles 102, Chicago 88 Seattle 65, Minnesota 62 Today’s games Chicago at Atlanta, 4 p.m. Indiana at Connecticut, 4 p.m. Phoenix at San Antonio, 5 p.m. Storm 65, Lynx 62 MINNESOTA (62) M.Moore 6-15 0-0 12, Dantas 2-7 0-0 4, McCarville 3-6 4-4 10, Augustus 5-12 2-2 12, Whalen 4-8 3-4 11, L.Moore 1-4 0-0 3, White 2-6 2-2 6, Taylor 2-2 0-0 4. Totals 25-60 11-12 62. SEATTLE (65) Clark 4-5 0-0 8, Little 4-9 1-2 12, Langhorne 5-8 3-4 13, T.Wright 4-11 5-5 13, Bird 0-4 2-2 2, Powell 1-4 0-0 3, Stricklen 2-5 0-0 5, Johnson 2-9 4-4 9, Quinn 0-1 0-0 0, Robinson 0-0 0-0 0. Totals 22-56 15-17 65. Minnesota Seattle 18 22 11 11 — 62 17 15 12 21 — 65 3-Point Goals—Minnesota 1-13 (L.Moore 1-3, McCarville 0-1, Augustus 0-2, White 0-3, M.Moore 0-4), Seattle 6-19 (Little 3-4, Johnson 1-2, Powell 1-3, Stricklen 1-4, Clark 0-1, T.Wright 0-2, Bird 0-3). Fouled Out—None. Rebounds— Minnesota 36 (Dantas 8), Seattle 36 (Langhorne 8). Assists—Minnesota 11 (L.Moore, Taylor, Whalen, McCarville 2), Seattle 17 (Bird 10). Total Fouls—Minnesota 16, Seattle 16. Technicals— Minnesota defensive three second. A—6,836 (9,686). GOLF St. Jude Classic Friday At TPC Southwind Memphis, Tenn. Purse: $5.8 million Yardage: 7,239; Par: 70(35-35) (a-amateur) Suspended Second Round Ben Crane 63-65—128 Davis Love III 65-70—135 Billy Horschel 67-68—135 J.J. Henry 66-70—136 Chesson Hadley 67-69—136 Note: 121 golfers did not complete the second round. Play will start at 5 a.m. today. Manulife Financial Classic Friday At Grey Silo Golf Course Waterloo, Ontario Purse: $1.5 million Yardage: 6,330; Par: 71 (36-35) (a-amateur) Second Round Shanshan Feng 66-65—131 65-66—131 Hee Young Park Michelle Wie 65-67—132 Anna Nordqvist 69-64—133 67-67—134 Xi Yu Lin HOCKEY NHL Playoffs FINALS (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) Los Angeles vs. N.Y. Rangers (Kings lead series 1-0) Today: NY Rangers at Los Angeles, 4 p.m. Monday: Los Angeles at NY Rangers, 5 p.m. Wednesday: Los Angeles at NY Rangers, 5 p.m. x-Friday, June 13: NY Rangers at Los Angeles, 5 p.m. x-Monday, June 16: Los Angeles at NY Rangers, 5 p.m. x-Wednesday, June 18: NY Rangers at Los Angeles, 5 p.m. SOCCER MLS EASTERN CONFERENCE W L T Pts GF GA New England 7 4 2 23 21 16 Sporting Kansas City 6 5 4 22 21 14 D.C. 6 4 3 21 18 14 Houston 5 9 2 17 16 29 Columbus 4 5 5 17 18 18 Toronto FC 5 4 1 16 14 13 New York 3 5 6 15 20 22 Philadelphia 3 7 5 14 19 24 Chicago 2 3 8 14 20 22 Montreal 2 6 4 10 11 22 WESTERN CONFERENCE W L T Pts GF GA Seattle 9 3 2 29 29 21 Real Salt Lake 6 1 7 25 24 18 Colorado 6 4 4 22 19 15 Vancouver 5 2 5 20 22 17 FC Dallas 5 7 3 18 23 24 Los Angeles 4 3 4 16 15 10 San Jose 4 4 4 16 15 13 Portland 3 4 7 16 23 24 Chivas USA 2 7 4 10 13 25 NOTE: Three points for victory, one point for tie. Friday’s game Sporting Kansas City 2, Houston 0 Today’s games San Jose at Toronto FC, 1 p.m. Columbus at D.C. United, 3:30 p.m. Vancouver at Philadelphia, 4 p.m. Colorado at FC Dallas, 5:30 p.m. Seattle FC at Chicago, 5:30 p.m. Portland at Real Salt Lake, 7 p.m. Sunday’s games New York at New England, 2 p.m. Chivas USA at Los Angeles, 5 p.m. Nat’l Women’s Soccer League W L T Pts GF GA Seattle 8 0 2 26 22 8 Chicago 6 3 1 19 15 7 Washington 6 4 1 19 21 20 FC Kansas City 5 4 3 18 19 16 Portland 4 3 2 14 10 10 Western New York 3 5 2 11 14 14 Sky Blue FC 2 5 4 10 11 18 Houston 2 7 1 7 10 20 Boston 2 7 0 6 13 22 NOTE: Three points for victory, one point for tie. Today’s games Boston at FC Kansas City, 5 p.m. Western New York at Portland, 7 p.m. Chicago at Seattle FC, 7 p.m. Sunday’s game Houston at Sky Blue FC, 3 p.m. TENNIS French Open Friday At Stade Roland Garros Paris Purse: $34.12 million (Grand Slam) Surface: Clay-Outdoor Singles Men Semifinals Rafael Nadal (1), Spain, def. Andy Murray (7), Britain, 6-3, 6-2, 6-1. Novak Djokovic (2), Serbia, def. Ernests Gulbis (18), Latvia, 6-3, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3. Baseball C5 BASEBALL \| Notes Giants activate Cain from DL to start Friday Associated Press SAN FRANCISCO — The San Francisco Giants have the best record in Major League Baseball and now have Matt Cain back in their rotation. San Francisco activated the right-hander from the 15-day disabled list and designated lefty David Huff for assignment. Cain was activated in time to start Friday’s series opener against the New York Mets, where he gave up two earned runs and threw 96 pitches in seven innings. Cain had been sidelined since May 22 with a strained right hamstring. He was 1-3 with a 3.66 ERA in eight starts this season. Huff was 1-0 with a 6.30 ERA in 16 relief appearances. A’s acquire minor league reliever OAKLAND, Calif. — The Oakland Athletics have acquired left-hander Justin Marks from the Kansas City Royals for cash considerations. The A’s announced the deal Friday and optioned Marks to Triple-A Sacramento. Oakland later designated outfielder Kent Matthes for assignment to clear a spot for Marks on the 40-man roster. The 26-year-old Marks went 3-2 with a 5.64 ERA in 13 appearances with two starts for Triple-A Omaha. He posted a 3.42 ERA with 24 strikeouts in 26 1 ⁄3 innings in 11 relief outings. Marks made his major league debut April 17 against Minnesota after being called up from the minors that day for a brief big league stint. Matthes was claimed off waivers from Colorado on March 20. He hit .217 with five home runs and 25 RBIs in 48 games with Sacramento and Double-A Midland. Indians activate Santana ARLINGTON, Texas — The Cleveland Indians activated Carlos Santana from the sevenday disabled list and optioned infielder Jesus Aguilar to Triple-A Columbus on Friday. Santana had been sidelined since May 25 because of a concussion after taking several foul balls off his catcher’s mask against Baltimore. He was in the lineup the next day as the designated hitter but was scratched after getting a headache. The 28-year-old Santana also has started games at first base and third base. He is hitting .159 with six home runs and 17 RBI. Aguilar was sent to the minors for the third time this season. He made his major league debut May 15 and is 3-for-16 in eight games with the Indians. Kelliher From Page C1 The Vikings senior previously committed to play at the University of Oregon, and says he hasn’t decided whether he’s going to sign a professional contract or play for the Ducks next season. Kelliher plans to discuss it with his family and hopes to make a decision in the next week or two. “I’m pretty excited about being drafted. And I’ve always wanted to be a Division-1 baseball player,” Kelliher said. “Oregon’s a good school and it would be hard to pass up on it. I have a lot of consideration and thinking to do.” In the meantime, Kelliher plans to celebrate with his family and attend Lake Stevens’ Senior Dinner Dance, a special event for the Vikings’ seniors on their last night of classes. He also has several people to catch up with. The pitcher received numerous calls, text messages and Twitter notifications on Friday. “My phone just blew up right after with all these text messages and notifications on social media,” Kelliher said. “I gained 15 more followers right after (being drafted) on Twitter.” Kelliher said his most recent Twitter followers have mostly been Athletics and Oregon baseball fans. \| M’s target pitchers on Day 2 of draft MARINERS \| Update AL EAST By Christian Caple State, had already been drafted twice before — first as a highschool prospect in 2010, when the RED SOX ORIOLESMets took him in theBOSTON The first day was BALTIMORE all about 38th round, adding power, as the Mariners then in 2013 after his junior seaALpicks CENTRAL used their first two of the son, when the Dodgers picked 2014 first-year player draft to him in the 16th round. add a pair of outfielders they A pair of Mariners’ picks hope will provide impact bats played their college ball in in the near future. obscure locations. There’s The second day, then, was fifth-round pick Dan Altavilla, mostly about pitching.CHICAGO WHITE SOXa right-hander who pitched CLEVELAND INDIANS Six of the Mariners’ eight at Mercyhurst College in Erie, selections Friday ALduring WEST the Pennsylvania, and is now the third-through-10th rounds of highest-picked MLB prospect the draft were pitchers — three in the history of that school. left-handed, three right-handed He was a starter at Mercyhurst, — and all but one of them are but MLB.com tabbed him as a products of four-year colleges. likely reliever in the pros. Ryan Yarbrough, a 6-foot-5 Lane Ratliff, a lefty from Jones LOS ANGELES OAKLAND lefty out of Old Dominion, wasANGELSCounty Junior College inATHLETICS EllisOF ANAHEIM Seattle’s fourth-round pick. He ville, Mississippi, was taken in started 14 games and made 18 the sixth round. Ratliff, who total appearances in 2014, fin- played one season at JCJC, is the AL LOGOS 0322913: 2013 American ishing with a 6-7 record to go MLB youngest player the Mariners League team logos; stand-alone; various along with a 4.50 ERA. selected sizes; staff; on ETAFriday, 3 p.m. after the club Yarbrough was a 20th-round took two high-school prospects selection of the Milwaukee Brew- on Thursday. He compiled an ers following his junior season in 8-3 record in 2014 in 13 starts, 2013, but chose to return to ODU and posted a 3.08 ERA with 89 for his senior year. strikeouts in 64 1⁄3 innings. Seattle did use its first pick Ninth-round pick Peter Miller, a right-hander out of Florida of the day — 80th overall in the The News Tribune third round — on another outfielder, Austin Cousino from the University of Kentucky. Unlike NEW YORK YANKEES TAMPA BAY RAYS Thursday’s selections of Alex TODAY’S GAME Jackson and Gareth Morgan, Seattle at Tampa Bay Cousino is known more for his 1:10 p.m. glove, and was a standout cenTV: ROOT (cable) Radio: ESPN (710 AM) ter-fielder in college. He also batted .308 during his Probable starting pitchers: Mariners left-hander Roenis Elias (4-4, 3.53 ERA) vs. junior season at Kentucky with right-hander Alex Cobb (1-3, 3.19) four home runs, 15 doubles and 38 RBI in 61 games. DETROIT TIGERS KANSAS CITY ROYALS Now cleaning up The Mariners drafted six consecutive pitchers before using John Buck batted cleanup Friday their 10th-round pick (291st overfor the first time this season when McClendon unveiled the latest verall) on catcher Adam Martin from sion of his right-handed lineup in Western Carolina. As a senior matching up against Tampa Bay lefty in 2014, Martin posted the best Eric Bedard. power numbers of his career for Buck shrugged it off. the Catamounts, hitting 14 hom“When you’ve been around for a SEATTLE MARINERS ers and 10 doubles while driving while,” he TEXAS said,RANGERS “people know you enough — especially in this day and in 65 runs in 54 games. His RBI age — they know how to get you total led the Southern Conference. out. They know your strengths and Like first-round pick Jackson, These logos are provided to you for use in an weaknesses. editorial news context only. Martin is aincluding catcher Other uses, as awho linking also device on a Web site, ornot in an “That’s going to change whethappears to have the ability to advertising or promotional piece, may violate this er entity’s you’retrademark in the or eight-hole or the other intellectual property rights, and may violate your agreement with AP. play the outfield — he started four-hole.That’s how I am (in calling 33 games at catcher in 2014, but a game) as a catcher. Knowing that helps me stay within my approach.” also made 15 starts in right field McClendon said Mike Zunino will and another three in left field. likely be the starting catcher for the The draft concludes today series’ remaining three games. with rounds 11-40. It begins at Pitching plans 10 a.m. McClendon calls Zimmer an ‘institution’ By Bob Dutton The News Tribune ST. PETERSBURG, FLA. — Don Zimmer’s death on Wednesday, at age 83, hit home a little more Thursday for manager Lloyd McClendon during the Mariners’ open date. “It was funny,” McClendon said. “I got up, and I was getting ready to go to the track. I realized that Zim was not picking me up. “Zim and I have been going to the track here for the last eight or nine years. I’ll miss that. I’ll miss him telling me that he’s out of bullets (money).” McClendon played under Zimmer on the Chicago Cubs in 1989-90. “Zim was an institution,” McClendon said. “Somebody said he was an advisor for the Tampa Bay Rays, and that’s true, but he was a mentor to a lot of us. He was certainly a mentor to me.” The Rays are planning to honor Zimmer prior to Saturday’s game with a 15-minute tribute that will delay the first pitch to 1:25 p.m. Pacific time. The listed start is 1:10 p.m. Zimmer spent 65 years in pro baseball after signing with the TONY GUTIERREZ / ASSOCIATED PRESS Former manager Don Zimmer watches the Tampa Bay Rays batting practice before Game 1 of the American League Division Series against the Texas Rangers on Sept. 30, 2011. Zimmer, a popular fixture in professional baseball, passed away on Wednesday. Brooklyn Dodgers in 1949 as an amateur free agent. He reached the majors in 1954 and played 12 years for five different teams. After several years as a minorleague coach and manager, Zimmer was hired in 1972 as manager of the San Diego Padres. He also managed Boston, Texas and the Cubs over parts of 13 seasons. Zimmer served as the Yankees bench coach from 1996-2003 and spent the last 11 years with the Rays before succumbing to heart and kidney problems. As McClendon notes, Zimmer was also fond of the track. “He always told me, `Somebody’s got to win the race. Go bet the money,’” McClendon said. “I lost a lot of money in his honor (on Thursday). I was out of bullets at the end of the day.” McClendon all but ruled out the option of shifting right-hander Hisashi Iwakuma up one day in the rotation even though doing so would have would have kept Iwakuma on a regular five-day schedule. “As of right now,” McClendon said, “we’re staying in the rotation.” If so, that sets up a marquee matchup Tuesday at Safeco Field when the Mariners open an eight-game homestand with the first of three games against the Yankees: Iwakuma vs. Masahiro Tanaka. An open date Thursday afforded an extra day of rest for Chris Young, Roenis Elias and Felix Hernandez prior to their starts against Tampa Bay. “It’s the right thing to do,” McClendon said, “and it’s the smart thing to do. I don’t know what results we’ll get, but pitching is our foundation. It’s our backbone. We’d better do everything we can to try to take care of it.” What McClendon didn’t do was identify a starter for Monday’s series finale against the Rays at Tropicana Field. Erasmo Ramirez is still on the roster, but he gave up five runs in three innings Tuesday in Atlanta, and the Mariners are likely to seek an alternative. The top two possibilities: promote right-hander Matt Palmer from Tacoma or promote a reliever and cover the game with the bullpen corps. Of note: Palmer was pulled Thursday after three innings and 48 pitches. Short hops M’s: loss snaps winning streak Plans call for lefty James Paxton to begin playing catch Monday in his recovery from the shoulder soreness that surfaced after a May 24 rehab start for Triple-A Tacoma (in his recovery from a strained back muscle)…Right-hander Taijuan Walker is scheduled to start Monday for Tacoma in his ongoing recovery from shoulder soreness. That gives him an extra day of rest, after throwing 56 pitches in two innings on Tuesday, and keeps him in line to step into the fifth spot in the big-league rotation…First baseman Justin Smoak returned to the lineup after not starting Wednesday at Atlanta because of a sore left quadriceps muscle. From Page C1 Minor stars chase up, and he mixed a little fastball and a little cutter in there. He threw well.” So ends the Mariners’ fivegame winning streak. Bedard (3-4) yielded four hits while walking one and striking out eight … or just the sort of performance the Mariners envisioned in February 2008 when they obtained him from the Baltimore Orioles for four players. But Bedard was injured for much of his 31⁄2 seasons in Seattle (although he pitched reasonably well when he wasn’t). And one of those players sent to Baltimore turned out to be perennial All-Star outfielder Adam Jones. Anyway … the Mariners sent Bedard to Boston just prior to the 2011 trade deadline, got little in return and have done little ever since whenever they’ve face Bedard: one earned run in 181⁄3 innings in four appearances. “Our at-bats weren’t great tonight,” manager Lloyd McClendon. “Listen, he had (eight) strikeouts … He must have been doing something right.” The Rays had lost 10 in a row before Bedard bedeviled his former club. Jake McGee, Joel Peralta and Grant Balfour completed the shutout in the opener to a fourgame wraparound series. Mariners starter Chris Young (5-3) fought his command in issuing five walks and throwing 102 pitches in just five innings. He limited the damage to three runs. “You’re not going to be as sharp as you’d like every night,” Young said. “Ultimately, you tip your cap to Erik Bedard. He shut us down. One run was enough.” The Mariners had one glorious chance against Bedard. They put runners at second and third with no outs in the third inning with the game still scoreless. Score a couple of runs there, against a club on a 10-game skid, and who knows? Instead, Bedard struck out three consecutive hitters: Miller, James Jones and Michael Saunders. “You’ve just got to bear down and make some pitches,” Bedard said. “Just try to limit the damage. If one run had scored, it could have been a good inning. I just tried to throw strikes and get some outs.” It was the turning point. “If you at least get one of them in,” Miller said, “you strike first, and then Chris can go out there and keep doing his thing. Anytime you get out of that, the momentum goes to the other guys.” Saunders felt discomfort in his right shoulder on a swing in his at-bat and soon thereafter left the game. “I don’t think it’s anything serious,” he said. “I’m pretty confident in that. I was just a little bit uncomfortable. We’ll just come in (Saturday) and take a look at it.” The Rays wasted bases-loaded chances in the second and third innings before breaking through in the fourth after Kevin Kiermaier turned a one-out grounder up the middle into a double. A wild pitch and Jose Molina’s sacrifice fly delivered the run. The Rays extended their lead with a two-run fifth. Evan Longoria led off with a grounder up the middle and went to third on James Loney’s high chopper over first baseman Justin Smoak. Desmond Jennings’ bunt turned into an RBI single when Young had trouble getting the ball out of his glove. “I maybe could have rushed it and made the play,” Young said. “I thought, at that point, I’d better eat it. It’s a tough angle to throw the ball down the line with the runner running.” Yunel Escobar’s soft one-out single to left made it 3-0. The Rays got their final run by scoring in the seventh against Tom Wilhelmsen after Robinson Cano turned a potential double-play grounder into a single by dropping the ball. (So ruled the official scorer.) Ultimately, though, it was the Mariners’ inability to solve their old friend, particularly when they had him on the ropes in the third inning. “Bedard ended up pitching his way out of it,” Saunders said. “Kudos to him. But we’ve been playing really good ball lately. This is just one we’re going to have to put behind us.” Low-A Clinton placed four players on the West Division club for the Midwest League All-Star Game, which is June 17 in Comstock Park, Mich. The four are catcher Marcus Littlewood, shortstop Jack Reinheimer and pitchers Edwin Diaz and Emilio Pagan. Littlewood, Reinheimer and Pagan are former Everett AquaSox. Bob Dutton, The News Tribune Friday’s game Rays 4, Mariners 0 Seattle AB R H BI BB SO Avg. J.Jones cf 4 0 0 0 0 1 .272 M.Saunders rf 2 0 0 0 0 1 .280 Ackley lf 2 0 0 0 0 1 .236 Cano 2b 4 0 2 0 0 1 .333 Buck c 4 0 0 0 0 2 .245 Seager 3b 4 0 0 0 0 1 .260 Smoak 1b 3 0 0 0 1 2 .208 Romero dh 3 0 1 0 0 2 .217 Gillespie lf-rf 3 0 2 0 0 1 .333 B.Miller ss 3 0 0 0 0 2 .167 Totals 32 0 5 0 1 14 Tampa Bay AB R H BI BB SO Avg. DeJesus dh 3 0 0 0 1 0 .259 Zobrist 2b 5 0 1 0 0 1 .250 Longoria 3b 3 1 2 0 2 1 .273 Loney 1b 4 1 2 0 1 0 .286 De.Jennings cf 2 0 1 1 2 0 .238 Joyce lf 3 0 0 0 0 0 .274 a-S.Rodriguez ph-lf 2 0 0 0 0 1 .220 Y.Escobar ss 4 1 2 1 1 0 .256 Kiermaier rf 3 1 2 0 1 0 .406 J.Molina c 2 0 0 1 0 1 .136 Totals 31 4 10 3 8 4 Seattle Tampa Bay 000 000 000—0 5 0 000 120 10x—4 10 0 a-flied out for Joyce in the 6th. LOB—Seattle 6, Tampa Bay 15. 2B—Gillespie (2), Zobrist (9), Longoria (9), Loney (14), Kiermaier (3). RBIs—De.Jennings (16), Y.Escobar (14), J.Molina (1). S— De.Jennings, J.Molina. SF—J.Molina. Runners left in scoring position—Seattle 4 (M.Saunders 2, J.Jones, Smoak); Tampa Bay 9 (J.Molina 3, Joyce 2, S.Rodriguez 2, Loney 2). RISP—Seattle 0 for 6; Tampa Bay 2 for 12. Runners moved up—Seager. Seattle IP H R ER BB SO NP ERA C.Young L, 5-3 5 7 3 3 5 3 102 3.42 Beimel 1 1 0 0 2 0 15 1.93 Wilhelmsen 2 2 1 1 1 1 36 2.93 Tampa Bay IP H R ER BB SO NP ERA Bedard W, 3-4 6 4 0 0 1 8 103 3.61 McGee H, 7 1 0 0 0 0 3 15 1.63 Jo.Peralta 1 0 0 0 0 1 12 4.33 Balfour 1 1 0 0 0 2 16 4.76 IBB—off Beimel (Longoria), off C.Young (Loney). HBP—by Wilhelmsen (DeJesus). WP—C.Young, Wilhelmsen. PB—J.Molina. Umpires—Home, Tim Timmons; First, Tim Welke; Second, Todd Tichenor; Third, Clint Fagan. T—3:17. A—14,577 (31,042). TORONTO BLU C6 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald TODAY Western WA Northwest Weather 70°51° Sun and clouds today; a morning sprinkle; however, dry near the Cascades. Partly cloudy tonight. Partly sunny tomorrow. Bellingham 71/54 Patchy a.m. clouds, mostly sunny TOMORROW 68°53° More a.m. clouds, afternoon sun MONDAY Mountains Stanwood 69/48 Arlington Eastern WA 71/48 Granite Mostly sunny today. Clear Falls tonight. Sunny tomorrow. Marysvile 72/48 Monday: mostly sunny. 70/53 Tuesday: clouds and Langley EVERETT Lake Stevens sunshine; pleasant. 70/51 67/52 72/48 Mukilteo Snohomish Gold Bar 68/53 74/50 76/52 Lynnwood Mill Creek Index Monroe Sultan 72/52 74/50 72/52 74/50 76/52 Kirkland Redmond 73/53 74/53 Seattle Bellevue 75/54 74/55 64°53° 63°50° Mostly cloudy with a stray shower WEDNESDAY 66°51° Morning clouds, afternoon sun Mount Vernon 71/49 Mostly cloudy, a few light showers TUESDAY Partly sunny today. Mainly clear tonight. Partly sunny tomorrow. Monday: mostly sunny. Tuesday: rather cloudy with a shower in places. Port Orchard 76/52 Puget Sound Wind west 10-20 knots today. Wave heights 2-4 feet. Visibility clear. Wind west 20-30 knots tonight. Wave heights 2-4 feet. Mainly clear. Everett High Low High Low Almanac 12:29 a.m. 7:30 a.m. 1:49 p.m. 6:47 p.m. Feet Port Townsend Low High Low High Time 7:03 a.m. 1:26 p.m. 5:43 p.m. --- Everett Today Sunrise today ....................... Sunset tonight ..................... Moonrise today ................... Moonset today ..................... through 5 p.m. yesterday High/low ..................................... 71/51 Normal high/low ....................... 65/50 Records (1978/1919) ................. 85/38 Barometric pressure (noon) ... 30.14 S 24 hours ending 5 p.m. ............... 0.00” Month to date ............................. 0.00” Normal month to date ............... 0.56” Year to date ............................... 17.71” Normal year to date ................. 16.20” Good: 0-50; Moderate: 51-100, Unhealthy (for sensitive groups): 101-150; Unhealthy: 151-200; Very unhealthy: 201300; Hazardous: 301-500 WA Dept. of Environmental Quality More Information Road Reports: Avalanche Reports: www.nwac.noaa.gov Burn Ban Information: Puget Sound: 1-800-595-4341 Website: www.pscleanair.org Forecasts and graphics, except the KIRO 5-day forecast, provided by AccuWeather, Inc. ©2014 through 5 p.m. yesterday High/low ..................................... 73/43 Normal high/low ....................... 65/50 Records (1977/1976) ................. 84/41 Barometric pressure (noon) ... 30.13 F 24 hours ending 5 p.m. ............... 0.00” Month to date ............................. 0.00” Normal month to date ............... 0.67” Year to date ............................... 29.89” Normal year to date ................. 22.44” Source: NAB World Weather City Today Tomorrow Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W Amsterdam 79/59/pc 74/62/pc Athens 86/72/s 87/71/s Baghdad 105/82/s 110/85/pc Bangkok 92/81/t 93/81/t Beijing 88/61/pc 87/62/pc Berlin 84/61/s 91/67/pc Buenos Aires 61/44/sh 60/46/s Cairo 88/69/s 89/70/s Dublin 64/49/r 64/51/pc Hong Kong 90/83/t 91/83/t Jerusalem 74/59/s 77/61/s Johannesburg 58/34/s 62/37/s London 73/56/r 74/58/pc Feet 2.3 5.0 4.0 --- through 5 p.m. yesterday High/low ..................................... 65/47 Normal high/low ....................... 63/49 Records (2003/1965) ................. 88/40 Barometric pressure (noon) ... 30.14 S 24 hours ending 5 p.m. ............... 0.00” Month to date ............................ Trace Normal month to date ............... 0.30” Year to date ............................... 11.05” Normal year to date ................... 8.88” Full Jun 12 5:11 a.m. 9:05 p.m. 3:05 p.m. 2:01 a.m. First Jul 5 City Today Tomorrow Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W Madrid 82/57/s 85/58/s Manila 93/81/t 92/81/t Mexico City 72/56/t 72/56/t Moscow 88/62/s 84/59/t Paris 81/63/pc 82/62/t Rio de Janeiro 88/76/pc 88/75/s Riyadh 107/81/s 108/82/s Rome 85/64/s 88/64/s Singapore 88/79/t 88/79/sh Stockholm 67/50/pc 74/59/pc Sydney 66/45/pc 66/46/sh Tokyo 70/67/r 78/68/c Toronto 80/57/s 76/57/t Vancouver 69/55 Today Tomorrow Hi/Lo/W Hi/Lo/W Washington Bellingham Colville Ellensburg Forks Friday Harbor Moses Lake Ocean Shores Olympia Port Angeles Pullman Spokane Seattle Tacoma Walla Walla Wenatchee Yakima Idaho Boise Coeur d’Alene Sun Valley Oregon Astoria Bend Eugene Klamath Falls Medford Portland 84/56/s 79/53/s 74/46/s 65/55/c 79/42/s 78/47/pc 82/44/s 88/55/s 78/55/pc 65/54/pc 82/44/s 81/50/s 84/46/s 92/54/s 79/56/s Today Hi/Lo/W Albany 83/53/s Albuquerque 90/63/s Amarillo 85/61/t Anchorage 64/49/sh Atlanta 88/70/t Atlantic City 74/60/s Austin 94/73/pc Baltimore 84/62/s Baton Rouge 92/72/s Billings 68/49/pc Birmingham 90/71/t Boise 82/54/s Boston 82/65/s Buffalo 77/55/s Burlington, VT 83/53/s Charleston, SC 88/70/pc Charleston, WV 83/57/pc Charlotte 85/65/pc Cheyenne 60/47/t Chicago 82/58/t Cincinnati 83/63/pc Cleveland 77/55/s Columbus, OH 82/61/s Dallas 94/76/pc Denver 68/51/t Des Moines 76/57/t Detroit 80/60/s El Paso 101/75/s Evansville 85/67/t Fairbanks 73/47/s Fargo 70/46/pc Fort Myers 91/73/s Fresno 102/71/s Grand Rapids 82/59/pc Greensboro 83/64/pc Hartford 85/57/s Honolulu 87/74/pc Houston 92/74/s Indianapolis 82/63/pc Port Angeles 64/49/sh 63/49/sh Today Hi/Lo/W Jackson, MS 92/71/pc Kansas City 76/61/t Knoxville 88/67/pc Las Vegas 103/80/s Little Rock 90/72/t Los Angeles 77/60/pc Louisville 86/67/pc Lubbock 93/66/s Memphis 89/74/t Miami 89/76/pc Milwaukee 75/53/pc Minneapolis 66/50/r Mobile 90/70/pc Montgomery 92/71/t Newark 84/64/s New Orleans 90/73/s New York City 82/67/s Norfolk 81/62/s Oakland 70/55/pc Oklahoma City 86/69/t Omaha 75/55/t Orlando 93/72/s Palm Springs 105/79/s Philadelphia 84/65/s Phoenix 104/77/s Pittsburgh 81/58/s Portland, ME 79/56/s Portland, OR 78/55/pc Providence 82/61/s Tomorrow Hi/Lo/W 92/71/pc 76/63/c 82/67/t 104/79/s 84/71/t 81/63/pc 84/66/t 86/65/t 89/71/t 88/76/t 64/51/pc 73/55/s 90/71/s 91/71/pc 85/66/s 89/72/s 84/68/s 83/67/s 76/57/pc 81/66/t 76/59/pc 93/73/t 109/83/s 85/67/s 105/79/s 79/61/t 79/58/s 79/56/s 85/61/s City Barrow 32/27/c Fairbanks 73/47/s Juneau 58/49/r British Columbia Chilliwack 74/54/pc Kelowna 76/47/pc Vancouver 69/55/pc Victoria 69/52/pc City Today Hi/Lo/W Raleigh 86/62/pc Rapid City 60/46/pc Reno 91/59/s Richmond 86/62/s Sacramento 99/60/s St. Louis 79/66/t St. Petersburg 89/73/s Salt Lake City 81/56/s San Antonio 95/75/pc San Diego 72/64/pc San Francisco 71/55/pc San Jose 83/57/s Stockton 100/61/s Syracuse 81/50/s Tallahassee 93/71/t Tampa 90/74/s Tempe 104/74/s Topeka 79/61/t Tucson 102/71/s Tulsa 86/68/t Washington, DC 84/65/s Wichita 80/63/r Winston-Salem 83/64/pc Yuma 105/76/s 32/28/c 77/51/r 58/47/r 70/52/pc 84/47/pc 69/54/pc 69/52/pc Tomorrow Hi/Lo/W 86/64/t 59/42/t 93/62/s 87/65/pc 103/62/s 79/62/c 89/74/pc 78/55/s 95/76/pc 76/65/pc 75/57/pc 89/59/s 104/63/s 85/57/pc 93/71/pc 90/75/pc 105/75/s 76/64/c 99/71/s 81/69/t 86/66/pc 75/64/t 81/66/t 105/79/s Weather(W): s-sunny, pc-partly cloudy, c-cloudy, sh-showers, t-thunderstorms, r-rain, sf-snow flurries, sn-snow, i-ice. National Extremes (for the 48 contiguous states) High: Death Valley, CA .................. 116 Low: Stanley, ID ............................... 25 Shown are noon positions of weather systems and precipitation. Temperature bands are highs for the day. 8-time champ Nadal, Djokovic in French Open final Associated Press PARIS — This is what Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic wanted. It’s what they expected. And now they’ll meet in a French Open final with so much at stake for both. Nadal is seeking championship No. 9 at Roland Garros, and his 14th major title overall. Djokovic is hoping to finally conquer the French Open and complete a career Grand Slam. Fittingly, whoever wins the rivals’ 42nd head-to-head meeting Sunday will be ranked No. 1 on Monday; the runner-up will be No. 2. “He has the motivation to win Roland Garros for the first time, for sure. But at the same time, he has the pressure to win for the first time,” Nadal said. “I have the pressure that I want to win — and the motivation that I want to win — the ninth.” In Friday’s semifinals, the No. 1-seeded Nadal was at his imperious — and nearly immaculate — best DARKO VOJINOVIC / ASSOCIATED PRESS Novak Djokovic celebrates winning the semifinal match of the French Open tennis tournament against Ernests Gulbis at the Roland Garros Stadium on Friday. in a 6-3, 6-2, 6-1 victory over Wimbledon champion Andy Murray that lasted all of 100 minutes. Nadal never faced a break point, converted all six he earned, and whipped his uppercut of a forehand as only he can. Toni Nadal, Rafael’s uncle and coach, called the match “one of the best that he has ever played here.” That’s sure saying something. Toni’s nephew is 65-1 at the clay-court tournament and carries a 34-match winning streak into the final. The thick, gray clouds and chill that became a staple these two weeks gave way to sunshine and warmth Friday, and Nadal Manager Special of the week! “Easily One of the Top 5 Public Courses in Washington State” ~Golf Washington Magazine Call 1-800-368-8876 995136 COME ENJOY OUR BRAND NEW FULL SERVICE CLUBHOUSE! www.eaglemontgolf.com 07 HARLEY DAVIDSON XL 1200R ROADSTER SALE $6499 LYNNWOOD MOTOPLEX 17900 Hwy 99 • MotoplexNW.net • 425-774-0505 2 PLAYERS WITH $ POWERCART + tax Coupon not valid with any other promotions or discounts. Monday - Thursday any time, and after 12 Friday - Sunday. Expires 9/1/2014 1059926 reveled in it. “For me, is much better when the weather is like today,” he said. “My ball creates more topspin. The ball goes quicker in the air, and with my forehand I am able to create more with less.” All in all, Nadal made Murray look rather lost. “You want to be competitive. You want to make it hard for him,” Murray said. “I wasn’t able to do that.” The No. 2-seeded Djokovic’s semifinal was only slightly less perfunctory, a 6-3, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3 victory over 18th-seeded Ernests Gulbis of Latvia that came first Friday, when the temperature hit 82 degrees (28 Celsius). Wrapping a cold towel around his neck during changeovers, Djokovic was brilliant through two sets, then faltered in the third, showing frustration by spiking a racket so hard he mangled it. Djokovic has made no secret of the importance he places on a French Open title to add to the six majors he’s won — four at the Australian Open, one each at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. “Obviously, Novak would like to win the one he is missing,” said Djokovic’s coach, Marian Vajda. “So all these hopes ... make him more tense than you usually see him. But I think this match helped him to release it.” Afterward, Djokovic said he felt “physically fatigued a little bit” and was looking forward to resting until Sunday, when the forecast predicts similar heat but also a chance of rain. No two men in the Open era, which began in 1968, faced each other as often as these two. Nadal leads 22-19 overall, 8-3 at majors, and 5-0 in the French Open — including victories over Djokovic in the 2012 final and 2013 semifinals. But Djokovic won their last four matchups, including on clay in the final at Rome last month, which the Serb said boosted his belief in himself. Still, Djokovic conceded, “I don’t know how much ‘upper hand’ I have, really. ... There is no doubt that he is the favorite to win the title.” Nadal’s take? “Probably he will come to the match mentally a little bit better than me because he beat me the last four,” said the Spaniard, who won Wimbledon and the U.S. Open twice each, and the Australian Open once, and can tie Pete Sampras at 14 major titles, behind only Roger Federer’s record for men of 17. “But at the same time, my feeling is I am doing the things better, and I am playing better again.” Nadal arrived at Roland Garros dealing with some doubts. There were the three losses on clay in 2014. There was the pain in his back that resurfaced early last week, leading to a dip in his serve speeds and prompting him to wear vertical strips of tape under his shirt for support. By Friday evening, all was well. His back felt fine. His serves had zip. His forehand was fearsome. The sun was shining. And now Djokovic awaits. Women’s Championship Maria Sharapova looks to claim her second French Open title when she takes on No. 4 Simona Halep of Romania today in the Women’s Final. Sharapova, of Russia, is the seventh-ranked player in the world. Saturday’s championship forecast calls for a chance of rain with a high of 79. Good Life SECTION D \| SATURDAY, 06.07.2014 Gondolas of the SkyRide (left) move above Riverfront Park and the Spokane River, which was the centerpiece of Expo ‘74. A walkway (far right) along the Spokane River’s Lower Falls offers a dramatic viewpoint. LINDA JENKINS / SPECIAL TO THE HERALD Spokane’s Davenport Hotel marks its 100th year this summer. Closed in 1985, its opulence was restored and the hotel reopened in 2002. Spokane’s vibrant core Bring your family to see a gorgeous hotel, stroll along the river and more Stories and Photos by Linda Jenkins Special to The Herald S ome grand ladies don’t mind telling their age. Spokane’s Davenport Hotel, stalwart of luxury in the Inland Northwest, celebrates its 100th anniversary this year. The landmark, carefully restored and reopened in 2002, caps a century of elegance in Washington’s second-largest city with the naming of a new hotel for the Davenport Collection. The Grand Hotel Spokane is slated to open in the summer of 2015 near the Spokane Convention Center, adding more than 700 guest rooms in Spokane, more than doubling the Davenport Collection’s inventory and providing another modern option for meetings in this convention-friendly city. The Davenport Hotel isn’t the only one celebrating in Spokane this summer. This year marks the 40th anniversary of Expo ’74, Spokane’s World’s Fair. Hosting Expo ’74 was a boom for the city, bringing in 5.2 million visitors over six months. Expo ’74 gave Spokane its Riverfront Park, an urban oasis along the Spokane River. Like much of the environmentally themed Expo structures, the park wasn’t meant to be permanent. Still, it continues to be enjoyed in the heart of a city that champions its public art and open spaces. Spokane is a proud city that holds on to its best memories. With a hearty, confident outlook and a warm welcome for visitors, Spokane has a lot to celebrate. Spokane’s living room A treasured destination for many travelers around the Northwest, the opulence of the Davenport Hotel belies this 1914 landmark’s place in the hearts of Spokane’s locals. The Davenport Hotel is known affectionately as “Spokane’s living room,” and stands at the center of a vibrant, walkable downtown core. The life’s work of restaurateur and hotelier Louis Davenport, today the hotel shines with what had been hidden under the remnants of time and changing tastes. The hotel passed through 11 owners after Davenport’s death and closed in 1985. Facing demolition, it was rescued in 2000 by Spokane real estate developers Walt and Karen Worthy. It reopened to much fanfare in 2002. Some 13,000 people queued for blocks to tour the restored landmark. Matt Jensen, marketing director for Davenport Collection, remembers the excitement. “This is the community’s hotel. They could not wait to see their grand hotel being reopened.” Today’s Davenport Hotel is a jewel box of public galleries and ballrooms. The 100-year-old design, inspired by the European grand tour aesthetic of the time, manages to feel fresh and personal, much like modern Spokane. The Davenport is a place to linger, put away your smartphone and imagine life in another time. Hosting the world The World’s Fair gave Spokane its 100-acre Riverfront Park, a INSIDE: Carolyn Hax, 2 \| stage for the many events and exhibitions of Expo ’74. Formerly a railway industrial area, the creation of Riverfront Park opened up river access for visitors and city residents. The Spokane River cuts through the park and the churning Upper Falls can be viewed from well-maintained paths and foot bridges. SkyRide, a set of cable-suspended gondolas, floats just above the Lower Falls nearby. The Louff Carousel is a nostalgic landmark leading into the park. In summer, Spokane gathers for outdoor movies on the park’s lawn. The 24-foot Rotary Fountain is a favorite spot to cool off and the oversized Red Wagon, a gleaming play structure, gives kids a fun destination of their own. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a place to reflect and honor local soldiers. The bronze sculpture, created by artist Deborah Copenhaver Fellows, bears the names of 300 Vietnam veterans from the Spokane area. Spokane’s Mayor David Condon was born in 1974, the year of the World’s Fair. He speaks proudly of Riverfront Park and the city’s Expo experience. “We were the smallest city to host an Expo. The community really came together,” he said. “Visitors are simply amazed,” Mayor said of the many outdoor spaces and activities around Spokane today. “We have the uniqueness of being able to enjoy the natural environment right in the city.” Northwest travel and lifestyle writer Linda Jenkins lives in Arlington. Read her blog at www.twin-mom.com. Crossword, 2 \| Eat and drink With strong local support and easy access to Eastern Washington’s agricultural centers, Spokane has great chef-owned restaurants, hand-crafted beer and an urban wine experience. Hit some of the more than 30 breweries on Spokane’s Ale Trail (www.inlandnwaletrail.com) or taste Washington wines in the Cork District (www.corkdistrict. com). Foodies can grab a picnic from one of the many farmers markets, or line up at one of the popular food trucks for a bite. Coming up Farm Chicks Antiques Show: Farm Chicks Antiques Show, Saturday and Sunday at the Spokane County Fairgrounds, with 300 curated spaces, is a huge draw for collectors and those looking for handmade inspiration. More at www.thefarmchicks.com. Hoopfest: Spokane hosts the world’s largest 3-on-3 basketball tournament, June 28 and 29 for its 25th anniversary. More than 7,000 teams cover 42 city blocks for two days of competition. The city will be packed. More at www.spokanehoopfest.net. Andy Warhol: Gonzaga University’s Jundt Galleries will display a sampling of the 156 Polaroid and black and white photographs by Andy Warhol donated to the Jundt Art Museum by the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, June 2 to Aug. 8. www.gonzaga.edu. Dear Abby, 3 \| TV, 4 Film series fetes wildlife Snohomish County Parks and Recreation and the Adopt A Stream Foundation are kicking off Wildlife Wednesdays at the Northwest Stream Center with a showing of the IMAX film “All About Beavers” at 7 p.m. Wednesday. The evening includes a presentation before the movie from Sammy the Salmon on the beneficial buck-toothed engineers, and a question-and-answer session after the film with foundation director Tom Murdoch. The audience then can take a little field trip to see a beaver dam on a bridge over North Creek. The presentation at the Northwest Stream Center at McCollum Park, 600 128th St. SE, Everett, is free, but registration is required as space is limited. Call 425-316-8592. Donations are accepted to fund the work of the Adopt A Stream Foundation. “First Flight: A Mother Hummingbirds Story” will be shown June 18, and “The Way of Trout” is slated for June 25. For more about the films and the Adopt A Stream Foundation, see www.streamkeeper.org. Herald staff Children’s author to sign copies of book Children’s book author Samantha Vamos will sign copies of “Alphabet Trucks,” at 10 a.m. Saturday at the Monroe Christian School, 1009 W. Main St., Monroe. Her book for early readers presents a different truck for each letter of the alphabet, including a dump truck for D and a F-shaped fuel truck, as illustrated by Ryan ORourke. Admission is free. Herald Staff Kids can swap tired ride for new wheels Need new wheels? Sharing Wheels annual Kids Bike Swap takes place from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Sunday . You can trade your child’s old bike for a refurbished and larger bike with just a small fee for the upgrade. Kids will also get a free helmet with a swapped bike. All bikes are given a safety check by bicycle mechanics. Sharing Wheels also accepts bike donations that will be refurbished. They will also gladly accept volunteers to fix bikes or help with the swap. Sharing Wheels Community Bike Shop is at 2531 Broadway, Everett, in the back of the building. Call 425-2526952 or go to www.sharingwheels. org for more information. Herald staff D2 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald DAILY CROSSWORD Moving ahead in relationship takes risks Adapted from a recent online discussion. Good day, Carolyn: I have been in a casual relationship for several months with a man who I consider to be a very close friend. We have occasionally spent the night together but have never had a conversation about it. I want to tell him about my feelings for him, and let him know that if he doesn’t feel the same or isn’t interested in actually dating, then I can’t continue to be his friend-with-benefits. The problem is, I always chicken out of bringing it up — it just seems too awkward, and I am afraid of facing potential rejection face-to-face. Do you think it would be OK to write him a letter or email about this instead? That way he could process without being put on the spot, and be able to email me back, which might be easier for him, too, if he has to tell me he’s not interested. I tend to think this is just a really chicken move on my part, but I’m curious to hear your thoughts. — Letter vs. Face-to-Face My inner oversimplifier wants to point out that if you had solid reasons to believe he felt the same way, then you wouldn’t be so afraid to speak up. My inner PITA (pain in the SUPER QUIZ Score 1 point for each correct answer on the Freshman Level, 2 points on the Graduate Level and 3 points on the Ph.D. Level. Subject: TOTALLY TASTELESS TRIVIA (e.g., Which U.S. playwright allegedly choked to death on a bottle cap? Answer: Tennessee Williams.) FRESHMAN LEVEL 1. Which French artist escaped European civilization by moving to Tahiti? 2. In which movie is Satan’s baby named Adrian? 3. What is the major symptom of halitosis? 4. His descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term “sadism.” 5. Who was featured on the cover of the first issue of Playboy? GRADUATE LEVEL 6. From what is catgut made? 7. Products similar to Gayetty’s medicated paper are now known as ____. 8. Suttee was banned in India in 1829. What is it? CLASSIC PEANUTS CAROLYN HAX TELL ME ABOUT IT abuttcheeks) wants to point out that the first gauge of sufficient maturity and trust to be in a relationship is the courage to take an emotional risk and withstand a painful rejection. My inner everyone else is queuing up to sound off, too, but you already know that chicken moves are for dance floors, not relationships. Re: Letter vs. Face-to-Face: I agree this would probably naturally morph into dating, if he were into it. But, I disagree that it is a chicken move to put out awkward relationship ideas by email. Sometimes it does give the email receiver a chance to think it through and answer more thoughtfully. For example, I would rather be dumped by email than in person because I get a chance to process my initial reaction in private, and 9. What interrupted David Niven’s speech at an Academy Awards ceremony? 10. Who said, “Bisexuality immediately doubles your chances for a date on Saturday night”? PH.D. LEVEL 11. What popular painting depicts a man peeking up at a woman on a swing? 12. This dancer died when her scarf got tangled in the wheel of a car. 13. For what is POSSLQ an acronym? 14. Sen. Ted Kennedy’s companion drowned at Chappaquiddick. Name her. 15. He is often remembered as being the most obese U.S. president. ANSWERS: 1. Paul Gauguin. 2. “Rosemary’s Baby.” 3. Bad breath. 4. Marquis de Sade. 5. Marilyn Monroe. 6. Animal intestines (usually sheep or goat). 7. Toilet paper. 8. Widow is burned with dead husband. 9. A nude man ran across the stage. 10. Woody Allen. 11. “The Swing.” 12. Isadora Duncan. 13. Person of opposite sex sharing living quarters. 14. Mary Jo Kopechne. 15. William Howard Taft. PEARLS BEFORE SWINE THE BRILLIANT MIND OF EDISON LEE SIX CHIX ... ZIGGY then respond. As long as the email is thoughtfully written, I don’t see a problem with using this approach. — Anonymous Fair enough. I do know I used to hear all the time from people who were horrified by email breakups and other emotional-bomb-droppings, and now I’m just as likely to hear from people arguing the merits of just what you say— allowing people an opportunity to react in private. Re: Letter: Many of us would be better off if chicken moves stayed off the dance floor, too. I include myself in that! — Anonymous 2 Where’s your sense of adventure and abject humiliation. Cheez. Re: Letter: Go ahead and write it down. But don’t send it. Use the process of writing to get your thoughts in order, figure out what he might say, and have a reaction preplanned to each of the options. That should give you enough courage to do this in person. — Anonymous 3 Or a sense of whether you even “should,” says the columnist who long ago renounced the word “should.” Thanks. Washington Post Writers Group BIRTHDAYS Movie director James Ivory is 86. Former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner is 85. Actress Virginia McKenna is 83. Singer Tom Jones is 74. Poet Nikki Giovanni is 71. Actor Ken Osmond (“Leave It to Beaver”) is 71. Former talk show host Jenny Jones is 68. Actress Anne Twomey is 63. Actor Liam Neeson is 62. Actress Colleen Camp is 61. Singer-songwriter Johnny Clegg is 61. Author Louise Erdrich is 60. Actor William Forsythe is 59. Record producer L.A. Reid is 58. Latin pop singer Juan Luis Guerra is 57. Singer-songwriter Prince is 56. Thought for Today: “The history of the world shows that when a mean thing was done, man did it; when a good thing was done, man did it.” — Robert G. Ingersoll, American lawyer and statesman (1833-1899). Associated Press The Daily Herald Freeloader’s price to pay: Loss of friends Dear Abby: I have been best friends with “Jean” ever since grade school. We get along great, except for one thing — she’s a cheapskate! Jean is single and still lives with her parents; I am a single mother living on my own. We earn about the same amount of money. Whenever Jean is invited out for drinks, she brings only enough cash for one drink, and then comments loudly that she doesn’t have enough money on her for another one and waits until someone offers to pay for it. When going out to eat, she eats at home first, and then asks to “sample” everyone else’s food. If she wants to see a movie, she makes sure to bring a date to pay for her ticket. I think her stingy behavior is keeping her from having serious relationships because she expects to pay for nothing. It has reached the point where I don’t want to do anything with her because of her penny-pinching ways. Mutual friends have asked me to speak to her. What can I say to keep my friendship intact? — Separate Checks, Please, In Ohio Dear Separate Checks: Because you have reached the point that your relationship with Jean is in jeopardy, talk with her about how her behavior has affected you. But do not allow yourself to be the appointed spokeswoman for anyone else. And unless you know for a fact that her stingy behavior is keeping her from having serious relationships with men, keep it to yourself. In the future, if you go out with Jean and she says she didn’t bring enough money for a second drink, allow her to suffer the consequences. And when she asks to “sample” what RIP HAYWIRE THE NEW YORK TIMES CROSSWORD PUZZLE 35 One with long, ACROSS 16 Film featuring Peter 17 18 19 20 22 you’re eating, tell her calmly you’d rather she didn’t. I agree that when behavior like hers becomes a pattern — and the person is able to pay but is mooching — that it’s obnoxious. But it won’t be corrected by enabling her, and that is what everyone has been doing. Dear Abby: Because I’m a florist, my niece asked me to do the flowers for her wedding. I gladly agreed. “Misty” put the priest through a lot to make this a very special occasion. She hadn’t attended church prior to the wedding. When the priest asked Misty for a contribution to the church for having her wedding there, she was miffed. I asked her, “Who do you think pays the utilities and upkeep for the church for one-time users like you?” She hasn’t spoken to me since! Was I wrong? — Miffed Myself In New York Dear Miffed: Wrong? You gave your niece a dose of reality, and stated it very well. It appears Misty has some growing up to do. Perhaps when her “bridal fever” subsides, she will realize that life isn’t one freebie after another, and offer the apology she owes you. P.S. I hope she thanked you for the flowers. Contact Dear Abby at www.DearAbby.com or P.O. Box 69440, Los Angeles, CA 90069. 23 24 26 28 30 31 34 Sellers as a matador, with “The” Kid getting into treble Gym request Indication that you get it ___ & Watson (big name in deli meat) Indication that you don’t get it Played a club, maybe What to call some femmes: Abbr. Hand-held game device Wedding gown accessory 1997 role for Will Smith David, e.g. Fish also known as a blue jack 1 luscious legs Wagers Trail Geek Squad service Internal development? Many party hacks Word in the titles of six songs by the Beatles TV monitor, for short Quantity that makes another quantity by adding an “m” at the front Intimated Sociologist Mannheim Teriyaki go-with 1971 song that was the “CSI: NY” theme Cry that makes children run away Performed hits at a concert? Some home-schoolers get them, briefly 1920s scandal 1 Is guilty of disorderly 15 Accompaniment for a 51 53 54 56 59 60 61 62 ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE C L I C K B H E N R I E I N S O M N R A P S A P O S T L C E T E R A D O T F I V E T H A D A Y S C O R E R E N D S I T S T A K E O L L I E F I O N A F E S T S A I T T I A M L E A T I I R R E E D T A C K A N D R E J L G O E J T Y E S E W L E A L L L P S O U T S P S T R A I S T O P P BRIDGE “The Cynic is such a typical man,” Wendy, my club’s feminist, fumed after a penny game. “His philosophy is, ‘You scratch my back and ... I’ll tell you when to stop.’” “I take it Cy led you astray on defense again,” I sighed. Cy the Cynic seldom bothers to help his partners on defense — especially his perennial adversary Wendy. In today’s deal, with Wendy and Cy East-West, the Cynic led a trump against four spades. South drew trumps with the N G S O R A R I V N A A N N N I N O N A I G H N T S A E N D D A V O K E N E R E D B T H E B E A S T T E E N S Y 2 PUZZLE BY SAM EZERSKY, 06.07.14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 DOWN Brand paired with On the Run convenience stores Strike ___ Excited, with “up” Source of the word “trousers” Common word on a Portuguese map Tour tote Organized crime enforcers of the 1930s-’40s Morales of film Power cord? Burns’s land, to Burns ___ of steel First place “Since you mentioned it …” ace and queen and next let the queen of diamonds ride. Cy took the king and shifted to the three of hearts. “I took the ace,” Wendy said, “and returned the jack. Declarer produced the king — and claimed. And when I complained about Cy’s defense, he stated that partners are for guessing.” Wendy’s return of the jack of hearts was more than reasonable. For all she knew, South held A K 7 6 5 4, Q 9 2, A 5 4, A. Since Cy wanted a club shift if East won a trick, he should have led the nine or queen of hearts to discourage 14 Cut it 21 Slalom path part 24 What some formulas 25 27 28 29 31 32 33 35 36 37 Bond film? 41 Tour part are based on 24-Down producer, informally Large magnets? One hanging by a thread? Want from Boston, Chicago or Kansas Follower of the Sultan of Swat in career homers Email attachment? Warren Buffett’s college fraternity, informally Where to find Edam and Gouda: Abbr. a heart return. DAILY QUESTION You hold: ♠ 10 9 ♥ Q 9 4 3 ♦ K 7 5 ♣ A Q 7 5. Your partner opens one diamond, and the next player bids two spades, preemptive. What do you say? ANSWER: You have too few values to bid three clubs, which might land you at a pushy game, but you need to show some values. Your best action is a negative double, suggesting at least a fair hand with heart length and either club length or diamond support. Discuss negative doubles with your partner. Tribune Content Agency, LLC 42 Moderator of Tribal Councils on TV 45 Like some humor 47 “Nurse Jackie” star 48 Bygone publication subtitled “America’s Only Rock ’n’ Roll Magazine” 49 1967 title role for Warren Beatty 52 Rhyme pattern at the end of a villanelle 53 Clement 55 Coneheads, e.g., for short 57 Lead-in to meter 58 Singer North dealer E-W vulnerable NORTH ♠QJ8 ♥ 875 ♦ Q J 10 9 8 ♣98 WEST ♠ 10 9 ♥ Q943 ♦ K75 ♣AQ75 EAST ♠32 ♥ A J 10 6 ♦ 32 ♣J6432 SOUTH ♠AK7654 ♥ K2 ♦ A64 ♣ K 10 North Pass 2♠ John Oliver isn’t neutral on net neutrality By Meredith Blake Nothing but net Los Angeles Times NEW YORK — John Oliver knows you’re probably not that angry about net neutrality, and he’d like to change that. Oliver used the bully pulpit of his HBO series “Last Week Tonight” to rail against telecommunications giants like Verizon and Comcast who are lobbying to put an end to net neutrality. The comedian admitted that the issue is not, at least on the surface, a very sexy one. As he joked, “The only two words that promise more boredom in the English language are ‘featuring Sting.’” Despite it being about as exciting as a pair of Dockers, Oliver argued Sunday night that net neutrality is “hugely important” because “it means that all data has to be treated equally no matter who created it.” If deep-pocketed telecom companies get their way, a new tiered system would be imposed that would allow them to “buy their way into the fast lane, leaving everyone else in the slow lane.” As a cautionary tale, he shared a graph of Netflix’s download speeds during recent negotiations with Comcast. The speed PRIME TIME Watch John Oliver’s segment on net neutrality at tinyurl. com/JOliverNN. HBO John Oliver, host of “Last Week Tonight,” airing Sundays on HBO, prompted so many viewers to comment on the FCC’s website regarding net neutrality the agency’s website experienced “technical difficulties.” surged in February, when Netflix agreed to Comcast’s demands. “That has all the ingredients of a mob shakedown,” Oliver said. He steered the nation’s anonymous Internet commenters toward a website created by the FCC (fcc.gov/comments) for the public to provide feedback on the proposed changes. “We need you to get out there and focus your indiscriminate rage in a useful direction,” he said. “Seize your moment, my lovely trolls.” On Monday the FCC tweeted that the commenting system was “experiencing technical difficulties” due to heavy traffic. The cause for the spike in clicks could not be confirmed, but Oliver would have been pleased nonetheless. The effort to end net neutrality is so “egregious” Channel numbers are for Comcast. For other cable systems, see Sunday’s TV Week or go to www.heraldnet.com/tvchannels. that it’s led to an unlikely alliance between “anti-corporate hippies” and tech behemoths Google, Facebook and Amazon. The real problem, Oliver continued, is that telecom companies “have Washington in their pockets to an almost unbelievable degree.” Case in point, Oliver said: President Barack Obama’s appointment of former cable industry lobbyist Tom Wheeler as chair of the Federal Communications Commission. “The guy who used to run the cable industry’s lobbying arm is now running the agency tasked with regulating it,” Oliver said. “That is the equivalent of needing a baby-sitter and hiring a dingo.” Likening cable companies to drug cartels, Oliver was skeptical of claims that they will continue to honor net neutrality. “Let me remind you: They also say they’ll be at your house between 2 and 6 tomorrow afternoon.” (N) (s) (cc) = = = ‘Antiques Roadshow’ drops tusk appraisals Associated Press LOS ANGELES — PBS says “Antiques Roadshow” is dropping appraisals of ivory tusks. The tusks won’t be shown in new episodes or in segments drawn from previously aired shows, PBS said Wednesday. The popular public TV series features a variety of items brought in for professional assessment. The Wildlife Conservation Society lauded the decision as an important step in ensuring elephant ivory tusks and their “assumed monetary value” are not glorified on TV. Ivory poaching is decimating the ranks of Africa’s endangered elephants, the group said. PBS said items that include ivory elements, such as musical instruments, will continue to be appraised to inform “Antiques Roadshow” viewers about “the larger issues at hand.” New Stereo Closed Captioned 12:00 Broadcast COM 5:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 6:30 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 7:30 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 8:30 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 9:30 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 10:30 p.m. 11:00 p.m. 11:30 p.m. 5:00 p.m. News 5:30 p.m. News 6:00 p.m. Coronat’n 6:30 p.m. 7:00Nature p.m.of 7:30 9:30 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 10:30 p.m. 11:00 p.m. 11:30 p.m. News St. The Thingsp.m. (N) 8:00 NHL-Ap.m. Season8:30 p.m. 9:00 NHL-Ap.m. Season The National (N) (s) (cc) CBC News George S CBUT NHL Hockey (N) (S Live) (cc) To Be Announced CBUT (99) (99) NHL Hockey (4) (N) (S Live) (cc) KOMO 4 ABC World KOMO 4 News 6:00pm Dan Wheel of Jeopardy! (N) Countdown to the Oscars Grey’s Anatomy Alex reacts Scandal Sally makes a KOMO 4 Jimmy KimKOMO 4 News ABC World KOMO 4 News Saturday Wheel of For- Jeopardy! 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(cc) Storm (’00) ››› The First 48 A teen is mur- The First 48 “When a Duck DyDuck DyDuck DyDuck DyDuck DyDuck DyWahlburgers Wahlburgers Bad Ink Bad Ink Criminal Minds Deaths with Criminal Minds Notorious New Criminal Minds Serial killer Criminal Minds “God Complex” Criminal Minds Four men from Criminal Minds A killer in Mi- Criminal Minds (11:02) “PerenA&E and left in his car. Stranger Calls; Sweet 16” nasty (cc) nasty (cc) nasty (cc) nasty (cc) Oregon nasty go (cc)missing. nasty (cc) ami (s)targets (cc) prostitutes. (s) (cc) (11:01) (cc) (11:31) (cc) A&E (52) (52)dered religious overtones. England serial killer. targeting coeds. (cc) (s) (cc) nials” (cc) The Millionaire Matchmak- The Millionaire Matchmak- The Millionaire Matchmak- The Millionaire Matchmak- The Millionaire Matchmak- The Millionaire Matchmak- What Hap- Matchmaker To Be AnHow to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (PG-13, ’03) ›› Kate Hudson. A writer bets she The Princess Diaries (G, ’01) ›› Julie Andrews. A grandmoth- The Princess Diaries (G, ’01) ›› Julie Andrews. A grandmothBRAVO (s) er (s) er “Workaholics” (s) er (s) er (N) (s) er (s) pens BRAVO (66) (66)ernounced can seduce a man and then drive him away. er teaches etiquette to an heir apparent. er teaches etiquette to an heir apparent. Anderson Cooper 360 (N) And the Oscar Goes To... And the Oscar Goes To... Anderson Cooper 360 (cc) Forensic File Forensic File CNN (44) Anthony Bourdain Parts Anthony Bourdain Parts The Sixties World War III. Anthony Bourdain Parts Anthony Bourdain Parts CNN Special CNN (44) The Sixties World War III. Sunny Sunny South Park Tosh.0 (6:29) Colbert Rep Daily Show Tosh.0 (cc) Tosh.0 (cc) Tosh.0 (cc) Tosh.0 (cc) Sunny Sunny Daily Show Colbert Rep COM Half Baked (4:26) (’98) › Dave Chappelle. Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (6:28) (NR, ’06) ›› (cc) Tropic Thunder (NR, ’08) ››› Ben Stiller, Jack Black. 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A college coed finds a home with seven outcasts. Three students learn they areKaley all dating the same guy. FAM (39)“The Cuba Gooding Jr., Sisqó. uses her amazing abilities against uncaring adults. portal transports little blue folks to Manhattan. Cuoco. Stakeout (R, ’87) ››› Richard Dreyfuss. (s) (cc) Another Stakeout (PG-13, ’93) ››› Richard Dreyfuss. (s) 8 Million Ways to Die (R, ’86) ›› Jeff Bridges. (cc) Jesus’ Son (R, ’99) ››› (s) FLIX (586) Love Actually (7:05) (R, ’03) ››› Hugh Grant, Laura Linney. (s) (cc) Nurse Betty (R, ’00) ››› Morgan Freeman. (cc) Jet Lag ›› FLIX (586) Notting Hill (PG-13, ’99) ›› Julia Roberts. (s) (cc) The O’Reilly Factor (N) The Kelly File (N) Hannity (N) The O’Reilly Factor (cc) The Kelly File Hannity Greta Van Susteren FNC (48) Justice With Judge Jeanine Geraldo at Large (N) (cc) Red Eye Justice With Judge Jeanine Geraldo at Large (s) (cc) Red Eye FNC (48) Huckabee (N) Pioneer Wo. Trisha’s Sou. 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True Grit (PG-13, ’10) ››› Jeff Bridges. A crusty lawFXM PreTrue Grit (PG-13, ’10) ››› Jeff Bridges. A crusty lawFXM PrePlanet of the Apes (’01) ›› Mark Wahlberg. An astronaut Date Night (PG-13, ’10) ›› Steve Carell, Tina FXM Presents Date Night (PG-13, ’10) ›› Steve Carell, Tina FXM Presents Miss March (R, ’09) › Zach Cregger, Trevor FXM Presents Miss March (R, ’09) › Zach FXM helps a teen avenge her father’s death. (cc) sents (7:12) man helps a teen avenge her (8:44) father’s death. Moore, (cc) Raquel Alessi. sents (9:42) leads a human uprising against ruling simians. (cc) FXM (506) (506)man Fey, Mark Wahlberg. (cc) (6:44) Fey, Mark Wahlberg. (cc) (cc) (10:44) Cregger. (cc) Little House on the Prairie The Waltons (cc) The Waltons (cc) The Waltons (cc) The Waltons “The Hawk” Frasier (cc) Frasier (cc) Frasier (cc) Frasier (cc) HALL (19) The Wish List (’10) ››› Jennifer Esposito. (cc) Looking for Mr. Right (’14) Vivica A. Fox. (cc) Golden Girls Golden Girls HALL (19) Uncorked (’10) › Julie Benz, JoBeth Williams. (cc) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (5:15) (PG, ’02) ››› Daniel Radcliffe, Ru- Girls “Inciden- Looking (s) Now You See Me (PG-13, ’13) ›› Jesse Eisenberg. The Orgasm Special: A 2014 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony (4:45) Inductees include Cat Stevens Enough Said (PG-13, ’13) ››› Julia LouisGame of Thrones (9:45) The Purge (10:45) (R, ’13) ›› Ethan Hawke, HBO Grint. A malevolent force threatens the students at Hogwarts. (s) (cc) tals” (s) (cc) Agents track a team of illusionists who are thieves. (s) (cc) Real Sex Xtra (s) (cc) HBO (551) (551)pert and KISS. (s) (cc) Dreyfus, James Gandolfini. (s) (cc) Tyrion’s fate is decided. (cc) Lena Headey. (s) (cc) Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Rehab Hunters Hunters Int’l Crwd House Hunters Int’l HGTV Hunters Hunters Int’l Hunters Hunters Int’l Property Brothers “Olivia” Property Brothers (cc) House Hunters Renovation Hunters Hunters Int’l HGTV (68) (68) Off the Grid Hunters Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Pawn Stars Vikings “Brother’s War” Vikings (11:02) (cc) HIST (37) American Pickers (s) (cc) D-Day in HD (s) (cc) D-Day in HD (s) (cc) D-Day in HD The story of D-Day; 70th anniversary. (s) D-Day in HD (11:02) (cc) HIST (37) American Pickers (s) (cc) Wife Swap A self-described Wife Swap Ex-beauty Project Runway: Under the Project Runway: Under the Project Runway: Under the The Good Mistress (10:01) (NR, ’14) Annie Heise. A Disappearing Acts (3:30) (R, Madea’s Family Reunion (PG-13, ’06) ›› Tyler Perry. A matri- The Family That Preys (PG-13, ’08) ›› Kathy Bates, Alfre Woodard. Greed and Abducted: The Carlina White Story (’12) AunLIFE (s) (cc) queen, blue-collar mother. Gunn “Hit the Stage” (cc) Gunn (cc) Gunn “Steampunk Chic” woman has ajanue one-night stand with her friend’s husband. LIFE (51) (51)“supermom.” ’00) ›› Sanaa Lathan. arch must keep the peace through family strife. scandal test the mettle of two family matriarchs. (cc) Ellis, Keke Palmer. (cc) The Bourne MAX on Set Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (PG-13, ’11) ›› Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (8:15) (R, ’12) › Ben- Natural Born Killers (R, ’94) ››› Woody Harrelson. Pitch Perfect (4:25) (PG-13, ’12) ››› Anna Constantine (6:20) (R, ’05) ›› Keanu Reeves, Rachel Weisz, Bullet to the Head (8:25) (R, ’12) ›› Sylvester Kick-Ass 2 (R, ’13) ›› Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Topless MAX (3:30) (5:45) (cc) Robert DowneyShia Jr., Jude Law, Noomi Rapace. (s) (cc) jamin Walker, Dominic Cooper. (s) (cc) Bloodthirsty young lovers become instant celebrities. (s) MAX (561) (561)Legacy Kendrick, Skylar Astin. (s) (cc) LaBeouf. (s) (cc) Stallone, Sung Kang. (s) (cc) Chloë Grace Moretz. (s) (cc) Prophet (cc) All In With Chris Hayes The Rachel Maddow Show The Last Word All In With Chris Hayes The Rachel Maddow Show The Last Word Hardball Chris Matthews MSNBC Caught on Camera Lockup Lockup Lockup Lockup Lockup Lockup MSNBC Fantasy Fact. Fantasy Fact. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Ridiculous. Fantasy Fact. Cameras Ridiculous. MTV Stomp the Yard (PG-13, ’07) ›› Columbus Short, Meagan Good. (s) Scary Movie 2 (R, ’01) › Shawn Wayans. (s) MTV (63) (63) ATL (PG-13, ’06) ›› Tip Harris. Four Atlanta teens face challenges. (s) College Basketball (N) (Live) NHL-A Season NHL-A Season NHL-A Season NHL-A Season NHL Top 10 NHL Top 10 NBCS (34) NHL Cycling Volleyball FIVB World League. (s) Formula One Racing NBCS (34) 2014 Stanley Cup Final Game 2: Teams TBA. (N) (S Live) SpongeBob SpongeBob SpongeBob SpongeBob Paul Blart: Mall Cop (’09) ›› Kevin James. SpongeBob Full House Full House Full House Full House Friends (cc) Friends (cc) NICK Sam & Cat Sam & Cat Sam & Cat Sam & Cat iCarly (s) (cc) Sam & Cat Full House Full House Friends (cc) Friends (cc) NICK (40) (40) SpongeBob SpongeBob Thunder Housewives/Atl. Maid in Manhattan (PG-13, ’02) ›› Jennifer Lopez. The Back-up Plan (PG-13, ’10) › Jennifer Lopez, Alex O’Loughlin. Maid in Manhattan (’02) ›› Jennifer Lopez. OXY Tyler Perry’s Madea Goes to Jail (’09) ›› Tyler Perry. Tyler Perry’s Madea Goes to Jail (10:05) (PG-13, ’09) ›› OXY (50) (50) Cadillac Records (4) (’08) ››› Last Holiday (PG-13, ’06) ›› Queen Latifah, LL Cool J. Planet X Mark Few College Basketball Portland at St. Mary’s. (N) (Live) College Basketball Santa Clara at Loyola Marymount. (N) College Basketball Portland at St. Mary’s. Paid Program Footvolley 2014 Pro Tour: Timbers in 30 MLS Soccer Portland Timbers at Real Salt Lake. From Rio Tinto MLS Soccer Seattle Sounders FC at Chicago Fire. From Toyota MLB Baseball Seattle Mariners ROOT Show (Live) ROOT (30) (30)Square United States vs. Brazil. Stadium in Sandy, Utah. (N) (Live) Park in Bridgeview, Ill. (N) at Tampa Bay Rays. Barbershop The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 (PG-13, ’12) Beauty Shop (PG-13, ’05) ›› Queen Lati- Alex Cross (9:15) (PG-13, ’12) › Tyler Perry, Matthew Fox. Gigolos (N) Byzantium (R, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Penny Dreadful A woman and Penny Dreadful “Seance” (s) Penny Dreadful “Resurrection” Penny Dreadful “Demimonde” The Last Exorcism Part II (PG-13, ’13) › Ash- Penny DreadSHOW (576) 2: Back ›› Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson. (s) (cc) fah, Alicia Silverstone. (s) (cc) A serial killer pushes Cross to the edge. (s) (cc) (s) (cc) ’12) ››› (s) SHOW (576) Dawn Part 2 (4) (’12) ›› an explorer investigate. (cc) (s) (cc) (s) (cc) ley Bell, Julia Garner. ful (s) 2 Fast 2 Furious (4:30) (’03) ›› Paul Walker, Tyrese. Two Cops (s) (cc) Cops “Liar Cops (s) (cc) Cops (s) (cc) iMPACT Wrestling (N) (s) (cc) Rampage4Re Ink Master Cops “Coast to Cops “Coast to Cops “Coast to Cops “Coast to Cops (s) (cc) Cops (s) (cc) Cops “Coast to Cops “Coast to Cops “In Denial Cops (s) (cc) Cops (s) (cc) Cops Multi-car Cops “Coast to Cops “RoadSPIKE and a U.S. customs agent try to nail a Coast” criminal. Liar No. 5” al (N) (s) side(s)Crimes” (cc) SPIKE (57) (57)friends Coast” (s) Coast” (s) Coast” (s) (s) Coast” (s) Coast” (s) No. 3” collision. Coast” (s) Jersey Girl›› Brave (5:35) (PG, ’12) ››› (s) (cc) Monsters University (7:10) (G, ’13) ››› (s) (cc) Mission to Mars (PG, ’00) › Gary Sinise. (s) (cc) After Earth (’13) › (cc) STARZ (534) Thor: The Dark World (’13) ›› Chris Hemsworth. (cc) Power (N) (s) (cc) Power (10:05) (s) (cc) Power (11:10) (s) (cc) STARZ (534) Elysium (5:05) (R, ’13) ››› Matt Damon. (s) (cc) Red: Werewolf Hunter (NR, ’10) Felicia Day. A descendant Underworld: Evolution (R, ’06) ›› Kate Beckinsale. Vam- Underworld: Rise of the Lycans (R, ’09) ›› Michael 30 Days of Night: Dark Outlander (4:30) (R, ’08) ›› James Caviezel. An alien joins Lockout (PG-13, ’12) ›› Guy Pearce. Inmates at a space XXX (PG-13, ’02) ›› Vin Diesel, Asia Argento, Marton Csokas. A spy tries to Drive Angry SYFY (59) Little with RedVikings RidingtoHood hunts werewolves. (cc) pire warrior Selene seeks revenge for her betrayal. (cc) Sheen, Bill Nighy, Rhona Mitra. Days (’10) Kiele Sanchez. SYFY (59)offorces hunt his enemy. (cc) prison capture the president’s daughter. (cc) stop an anarchist with weapons. (R, ’11) ›› The King of The King of Seinfeld (s) Seinfeld (s) Seinfeld “The Family Guy Family Guy Family Guy The Big The Big King of the Nerds Navigat- Conan (N) (cc) The King of The King of EverybodyEverybodyEverybodyEverybodyThe Big Bang The Big Bang The Big Bang The Big Bang The Big Bang The Big Bang Deal With It Young Adult TBS (cc) Queens (cc) (cc) (cc) Bris” (s) (cc) (cc) (cc) Bang Theory Theory Bang TheoryTheory ing a laser maze. (N) TBS (55) (55)Queens Queens (cc) Queens (cc) Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond Theory Theory Theory Theory (R, ’11) ››› The Sin of Madelon Claudet (NR, ’31) ›› Emma (NR, ’32) ››› Marie Dressler. (cc) The Guardsman (NR, ’31) ›››› Alfred Lunt. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (NR, ’31) ››› The Champ (11:15) (’31) ››› TCM Rumble on the Docks (NR, ’56) ›› The Mob (’51) ››› Broderick Crawford. Waterfront (NR, ’39) › Mixed Blood (11:15) (’85) ›› TCM (501) (501) On the Waterfront (NR, ’54) ›››› Marlon Brando. (cc) Medium Medium Long Island Medium (cc) Welcome to Myrtle Manor Here Comes Here Comes Here Comes Here Comes Welcome to Myrtle Manor Here Comes Here Comes TLC (38) Hoarding: Buried Alive (s) Hoarding: Buried Alive (s) Sex Sent Me to the E.R. Sex Sent Me to the E.R. To Be Announced Sex Sent Me to the E.R. TLC (38) Hoarding: Buried Alive (s) Crazy for Love (4:45) (’05) The Perks of Being a Wallflower (6:15) (PG-13, ’12) The Look of Love (NR, ’13) ›› Steve Coogan. Paul Ray- Java Heat (’13) › Kellan Lutz. An American Killing Them The Truman Show (5:15) (PG, ’98) ››› Jim Carrey. Cameras Sinister (R, ’12) ›› Ethan Hawke. A true-crime writer uses ’13) Jonathan Silverman, Lori Ju-on (10:35) (R, ’03) ›› Megumi Okina. In a TMC David Krumholtz. (cc) ››› Logan Lerman, Emma Watson, Ezra Miller. (s) (cc) mond builds a porn, club andCrawlspace real estate (NR, empire. (s) looks for a terrorist in Indonesia. Softly (11:45) TMC (591) (591)›› broadcast an unwitting man’s life. (s) (cc) found footage to unravel a murder. (s) (cc) Loughlin. (s) (cc) Japanese house, a curse passes on. NBA Basketball New York Knicks at Miami Heat. From the AmericanAir- NBA Basketball Brooklyn Nets at Denver Nuggets. From the Pepsi Center Inside the NBA (N) (Live) Castle “Last Call” A body is Fracture (3) Runaway Jury (PG-13, ’03) ››› John Cusack, Gene Hackman, Dustin HoffThe Da Vinci Code (PG-13, ’06) ›› Tom Hanks, Audrey Tautou, Ian McKellen. A religious mysThe Firm (R, ’93) ››› Tom TNT Arena in Miami. (N) (Live) (cc) in Denver. (N) (Live) (cc) (cc) found in the East River. TNT (54) (54)lines (R, ’07) ››› man. A man tries to manipulate an explosive trial. (cc) tery could rock foundations of Christianity. (cc) Cruise. (cc) Regular Regular Johnny Test Regular Gumball Steven Univ. Teen Titans Johnny Test King of Hill Cleveland Amer. Dad Amer. Dad Family Guy Family Guy TOON Uncle Gra. Movie King of Hill King of Hill Amer. Dad Family Guy Family Guy Boondocks Boondocks Attack TOON (42) (42) Uncle Gra. Gilligan Isle Gilligan Isle Everybody Loves Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond King The King of Queens (9:12) King King Roseanne (s) Roseanne (s) TVLAND (163) Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond King King King TVLAND (163) Who’s the Boss? (5:12) (s) Law & Order: Special Vic- Law & Order: Special Vic- Law & Order: Special Vic- Law & Order: Special Vic- Law & Order: Special Vic- Law & Order: Special Vic- Suits Cameron continues to Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (5:10) (PG-13, ’08) ›› Harrison Ford. Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family CSI: Crime Scene InvestigaUSA Unit “Svengali” (cc) tims Unit “Blinded” (cc) tims Unit “Fight” (s) (cc) tims Unit “Annihilated” (s) (cc) tims Unit “Paternity” (s) tims Unit “Snitch” (s) (cc) tion use dodgy tactics. USA (58) (58)tims Indy and a deadly Soviet agent vie for a powerful artifact. (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) “Sin City Blue” (s) Songs of ’90s Anger Management (5:25) (PG-13, ’03) ›› Adam Sandler. (s) Couples Therapy (s) Couples Therapy (N) (s) Mob Wives (N) (s) (cc) Tanning of Amer VH1 (62) Saturday Night Live (cc) Saturday Night Live (cc) Saturday Night Live (cc) The Break-Up (PG-13, ’06) ›› Vince Vaughn, Jennifer Aniston. (s) Anger Mgt VH1 (62) Hit the Floor “Passing” (s) The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 D5 SPECIAL OFFER! 30 Days, 4 Lines + Photo To advertise, call 425.339.3100 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM \| 24/7 www.Heraldnet.com/Autos OPEN ROAD RV 09 Coachmen Prism 230 full body paint, elegant interior, Mercedes diesel sprinter chassis a must see! This coach is beautiful and well maintained. Contact Rob Troop for more details #PU110 $72,598 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 OPEN ROAD RV OPEN ROAD RV 2012 Fleetwood Bounder 33C Like New Full body paint, fully loaded coach. Come take advantage of this beautiful motorhome. Everything like new except for the price tag. Call Nat or Jason for an appt. $TOP CASH$ PAID FOR UNWANTED CARS & TRUCKS $100 TO $1000 7 Days 24 Hrs Licensed/Insured ALL STAR TOWING 425-870-2899 2004 Buick LeSabre Stk340220B $4,799 royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 MagicNissanofEverett.com 1994 Corvette Wheels: 2 ea 17” x 9.5” chromeplated alloy wheels, 2 ea 17” x 10.5”, chrome plated alloy wheels. [email protected] OPEN ROAD RV 2014 Crossroads Z-1 This unit is a great example of “why buy used” Enjoy this lightweight unit today! Call John for details. #2N113 $19,982 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 02 CADILLAC STS Hurry! 65 Orig Miles Stk P0524 $8,888 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 MagicNissanofEverett.com DOUG’S CADILLAC Abandoned Vehicle AUCTION!!! 06/13/14 @ 11AM 1 Vehicle 14315 Aurora Ave N. openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 OPEN ROAD RV 2004 Winnebago Minnie 24C. Wow! Only 7,000 miles on this beautiful little coach. Perfect size for the camp ground. Come see this coach for yourself. Call Nat or Jason for an appt. openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 OPEN ROAD RV 2005 Nuwa Hichhiker 33RL Triple Slide. If you are in the market for a quality all seasons fifth wheel this is the Rig for you! Need I say more? This FW has three slides, w/d plumbing, king bed, tons of storage, slide in basement and much more. Call Nat or Jason. openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 OPEN ROAD RV 09 CADILLAC CTS 3.6L V6 Stk 4500CM $22,492 855-884-3656 04 FORD TAURUS Stk 140434 $6,888 855-283-0990 www.kleinhonda.com Available for Select Used Vehicles MagicNissanofEverett.com 888-870-7121 DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA 06 HUMMER H2 Rare Find, Leather Stk 3331A $26,988 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 KLEIN HONDA 02 NISSAN ALTIMA PW, PL, AC, CD Stk 30750A $9,951 855-283-0990 06 MAZDA 3 Grand Touring Edition Stk 3001A $9,995 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2007 ACURA TL 4DR SEDAN Type S Stk 4526C $22,891 2003 FORD FOCUS Stk 19562A $5,765 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2002 MAZDA PROTOGE 5 JM1BJ246521636779 Stk 7049A $6,999 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 2005 TOY CAMRY Stk 140443 $9,888 888-870-7121 2011 Nissan Juke VIN BT027701 Stk 7089A $18,050 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 KLEIN HONDA 1998 TOYOTA CAMRY Limited, Leather Stk 30405BL $5,993 USED CAR CENTER 855-283-0990 KLEIN HONDA We can help! Check out our Specials All Vehicles Reduced 2005 LEXUS ES330 Stk 131064P $12,888 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT KLEIN HONDA 1991 TOYOTA PREVIA Priced to Sell! Stk 30602A $4,877 DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA 2003 LEXUS ES300 Stk 140541 $10,995 888-870-7121 2006 PONTIAC SOLSTICE VIN 6Y108291 Stk 6590A $9,988 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 855-283-0990 www.kleinhonda.com Available for Select Used Vehicles ROY ROBINSON DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA 2006 PONTIAC G6 Coupe Stk 140508 $10,888 888-870-7121 2006 Mazda MX5 SE VIN 60101717 Stk P1991 $18,424 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 2002 Toyota Echo Stk350061B $6,999 royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 DOUG’S CADILLAC 855-884-3656 KLEIN HONDA 2015 Cross Roads Zinger. 25ft Rear Bath, Super affordable, Nicest trailer for the nicest payment possible. Call Troop at 253-709-3102 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 2010 Chevrolet Cobalt VIN A7139541 Stk 6398A $16,444 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 2004 ACURA TL Great Vehicle! Stk 13164P $13,977 We are always in need of Quality Used Inventory. Turn your RV Into Cash Now with our Fast, Easy & Reliable Program at openroadrvcenter.com Contact Roy Rodgers 360-949-0980 For Fast Results! Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com KLEIN HONDA 2003 FORD THUNDERBIRD Bring back the Classic! Stk 30680A $14,990 USED CAR CENTER 2008 FORD ESCAPE Stk 19874A $15,500 855-283-0990 855-283-0990 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com 2007 BMW 335i VIN 7PX47135 Stk S2006 $23,898 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 07 North River Boat Stk 800 $33,995 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com ROY ROBINSON ‘07 27’ POWER Catamaran, two 175 HP OB ’s . Perfect for fishing expeditions or family outings. $69,900. 916-542-0609. [email protected]. 1982 Goldwing, full dress with velour seat, recent tune up. new tires & brakes, 2,500 obo 425-923-6153 or 425760-0085 KLEIN HONDA We can help! Check out our Specials All Vehicles Reduced 02 INFINITI I35 “Luxury Edition” Stk 3347A $9,995 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 03 Chevrolet Cavalier Stk 340972B $2,999 royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 www.kleinhonda.com Available for Select Used Vehicles 2013 MXR G.T. VIN DO232770 Stk 6413A $27,775 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 2012 MAZDA2 TOURING VIN CO141042 Stk P1975 $16,444 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 10 VW JETTA SPORT WAGEN 4DR Stk 4465CM $22,892 USED CAR CENTER PW, PDL, AC, CD Stk 13113B $15,523 2006 CHEV HHR Great Mileage Stk 19759A $8,995 2007 SATURN AURA Stk 140503 $10,888 2010 Mazda Speed 3 VIN A1352565 Stk P1978 $22,242 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 2005 Hyundai Accent Stk 341663A $6,999 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2011 AUDI A5 2DR COUPE Stk 4554C $33,892 DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA 2010 HYUNDAI GENESIS Stk 18993A $16,878 USED CAR CENTER 05 NISSAN ARMADA LE, 4WD Stk P0502A $15,888 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 We can help! Check out our Specials All Vehicles Reduced 2010 Genesis Coupe Stk 19712A $21,836 2007 CADILLAC STS 4DR SEDAN V6 Stk 4458C $17,892 OPEN ROAD RV OPEN ROAD RV 2010 Jayco Greyhawk, 31Fk, Class C. This front kitchen floor plan is amazing you can reach the fridge from the front seat. Rear tv and walk around queen bed. Come check out this super clean 22,000 mile coach, loaded with options: Power awning, BBQ, Flat screen tv, generator and much more. Call Jason or Nat for appointment ‘86 Ford Dually, clean straight body, Trick-out cruise Colby, $2695/obo; 425-231-2576 DOUG’S CADILLAC HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2008 Itasca Eclipse. Low Low Miles! Highly Recommended! Superior floor plan best in it’s class. 400hp Cummins. Call Robin for a showing or info. #C0117 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 855-283-0990 MagicNissanofEverett.com 855-884-3656 OPEN ROAD RV 2006 Gulfstream Ultra SE C7F, Enjoy many years of economical adventures in this low mile late model class “C” coach. Call John for details. #SB103H $39,967 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 855-283-0990 MagicNissanofEverett.com DOUG’S CADILLAC 2002 Holiday Rambler 38PST Ambassador, 3 slide Cummins 330 HP 6 speed Allison, 63Kmiles, Roadmaster Chassis, Air brakes, Air ride suspension, Top Quality Diesel Pusher, O.T.D. Under $70k cash or Finance O.A.C. Call Robin 206-462-8305 #PU110 $72,598 USED CAR CENTER DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA Preview 10-11AM 2014 Thor Chateau 24C take advantage of our low pricing on one of Thor’s most popular class C models! Come see why call John for more information. #CH103A $74,987 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 USED CAR CENTER 2012 FORD FOCUS WAGON VIN CL251519 Stk 7113A $14,888 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 1995 HONDA ACCORD 962YXT KLEIN HONDA 1999 JEEP CHEROKEE Loaded, 4WD Stk 30482BL $4,976 Credit Problems? 10 FORD FOCUS S Only 58 miles Stk 3488A $8,888 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 openroadrvcenter.com 360-217-8785 2000 Fleetwood Storm 34T. Please take advantage of our Huge Summer Sale on this very nice class A motor home. Very clean, great shape, Runs & Drives well. Call Madeson 425-501-6953 2001 Dodge Caravan SE, fully loaded 127k mi.,$4,495 obo call 425-210-3609 KLEIN HONDA 2003 HONDA CIVIC SEDAN Great 1st Vehicle! Stk 13160BL $6,989 Only 02 NISSAN SENTRA Best Value in Town! Stk 3750A $5,488 Magic Nissan 888-740-2932 MagicNissanofEverett.com 888-870-7121 05 Chevrolet C-K 2500 StkT340710A $7,999 royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 D6 Saturday, 06.07.2014 The Daily Herald SPECIAL OFFER! 30 Days, 4 Lines + Photo To advertise, call 425.339.3100 \| Mon-Fri - 8AM-5PM \| 24/7 www.Heraldnet.com/Autos DOUG’S CADILLAC 07 DODGE RAM 1500 QUAD CAB Stk 4523C $26,991 855-884-3656 2005 DODGE DAKOTA Stk B18719B $9,995 04 Dodge Dakota StkT332197B $7,499 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 2007 FORD EXPEDITION XLT Stk 4546C $15,891 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2005 FORD F-350 Stk 207 $20,975 2003 DODGE DURANGO Stk 19689A $8,276 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com 855-884-3656 KLEIN HONDA 2008 FORD ESCAPE Leather, Loaded, Navi Stk 30452A $12,777 USED CAR CENTER Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com KLEIN HONDA 99 DODGE DURANGO 4x4Leather, 3rd Row Stk 13136BL $6,994 ROY ROBINSON 855-283-0990 HOROSCOPE Happy Birthday: Finish what you start. Focus on pizzazz and making whatever you do special in some way. Your charm and ability to express your ideas with color will help you attract the interest and support you need to reach your goals. Opportunities will be a direct result of your presenting what you have to offer. Your numbers are 4, 11, 16, 20, 27, 36, 41. ARIES (March 21-April 19): Don’t leave room for error. Stay busy and avoid confrontations. Develop and hone your skills. Make a concerted effort to engage in a healthier lifestyle. Refrain from taking on too much and overspending. �� TAURUS (April 20-May 20): Keep a steady pace. Focus on finishing what you start. Use your imagination and you will find a solution. Staying calm and moving with the current will help you reach your destination unscathed. �� GEMINI (May 21-June 20): You’ll be unpredictable, engaging and probably send the wrong signals to someone who has a vested interest in you. Try to be forthright about how you feel to avoid a misunderstanding. �� CANCER (June 21-July 22): Your excellent memory will serve you well when expressing your concerns. Don’t let anger override your knowledge and expertise regarding a subject you feel strongly about. �� LEO (July 23-Aug. 22): Adventure will be the name of the game. Focus on spending time with someone who brings out the best in you. Discuss your plans and make a commitment that will help bring you closer to your personal goals. �� VIRGO (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Don’t let debt bring you down. Cut your losses. It’s time to make decisions based on your best interests instead of trying to please everyone around you. �� LIBRA (Sept. 23-Oct. 22): Emotional issues will mount if you try to do too much for someone who is ungrateful. Take a step back and focus on what you can do in your own best interests. �� SCORPIO (Oct. 23-Nov. 21): Trying something you’ve never done before will spark enthusiasm and get you thinking about ways you can improve your environment. Enjoying time with someone special will lead to a better relationship. �� SAGITTARIUS (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): Don’t leave a job unfinished if it may end up costing you professionally. Take care of your responsibilities first so you can enjoy any plans you have made for the evening hours. �� CAPRICORN (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): Keep your personal matters in check. You cannot buy love. Try your best to keep things running smoothly by discussing what you are willing to do and what you expect in return. �� AQUARIUS (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): You’ve got all the right moves and the intelligence to make your dreams come true. Invest in your home, your ideas and your future. Altering the way you earn your living will pay off. �� PISCES (Feb. 19-March 20): Pick and choose wisely. Don’t let anyone lead you astray. Confusion will set in if you try to do too much for others and neglect your own needs. Speak up — its time to lay your cards on the table. �� 1VCMJD/PUJDFT ASC Process Systems is seeking coverage under the Washington State Department of Ecology’s Industrial Stormwater NPDES and State Waste Discharge General Permit. The industrial site, known as ASC Process Systems is located at Paine Field Airport in Everett. Operations will start up on June 30, 2014. Industrial activities include steel vessel fabrication. Stormwater from the site discharges to Japanese Creek. Any persons desiring to present their views to the Washington State Depar tment of Ecology regarding this application, or interested in Ecology’s action on this application, may notify Ecology in writing no later than 30 days of the last date of publication of this notice. Ecology will review all public comments regarding Tier II antidegradation and consider whether discharges from this facility are expected to cause a measurable change in the quality of the receiving water and, if so, whether such change is necessary and in the overriding public interest. Comments can be sent to: Washington Dept of Ecology, Water Quality Program - Industrial Stormwater, PO Box 47696, Olympia, WA 98504-7696 Published: May 31; June 7, 2014. CITY OF ARLINGTON 104 West Cox Ave House Recovery, Salvage and Removal Project Bid Date: June 12, 2014 Notice is hereby given that sealed bids will be received by the City of Arlington for the 104 West Cox Ave House Recovery, Salvage and Removal Project. Bids will be accepted at the City of Arlington Public Works Department, 154 W. Cox, Arlington, Washington 98223, until 2:00 p.m. on June 12, 2014. Immediately following the deadline for submission, the bids will be publicly opened and read aloud. The work for this project entails the full and complete removal of the main house and out-building (a total of two structures) located at 104 West Cox Ave. Complete and full removal includes the removal and disposal of all aspects of the structure, foundation, and all above ground utility appurtenances that are not owned by a utility company. Removal and disposal may be completed by structure relocation, by select salvage and asset recovery, or by demolition and disposal. Sampling reports on the structures show that there is the presence of asbestos containing material, this material must be removed and disposed of by certified workers in accordance with state and federal regulations. A Non-mandatory Prebid Meeting will be held on Thursday, June 5, 2014 at 11:00 A.M., local time at the City of Arlington Public Works Department, 154 W. Cox, Arlington, Washington 98223. Additional information on this project, including detailed scope of work, lead based paint and asbestos containing material sampling reports, house appraisal, and instruction on how to bid, is included in the project Bid Documents. Bid Documents are available for viewing at the City of Arlington Public Works Department, 154 W. Cox, Arlington, Washington 98223. Bid Documents can also be downloaded from the City of Arlington webpage at www.arlingtonwa.gov. If you intend to bid on this project, please register with the Projector Administrator, Ms. Linda Taylor, at 360403-3516 so you can be apprised of any bid addendums. The City of Arlington expressly reserves the right to reject any and all bids, to waive minor irregularities or informalities, and to further make award of the project to the lowest responsible Bidder as it best serves the interest of the City of Arlington. Published: May 31; June 1, 7, 8, 2014. City of Snohomish NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE is hereby given that the City Council of the City of Snohomish will hold a PUBLIC HEARING at a special meeting on Thursday, June 26, 2014 at 2:00 p.m. in the City Hall Conference room, 116 Union Avenue, Snohomish, Washington for the purpose of taking public testimony on: SHADOWOOD PLANNED RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT LATECOMERS AGREEMENT FOR SEWER UTILITY IMPROVEMENTS All comments, written or oral, for or against, will be heard at that time. Written comments may be submitted to the City Clerk, at 116 Union Avenue, Snohomish, WA 98290. Torchie Corey City Clerk Published: June 7, 2014. CITY OF SNOHOMISH Snohomish, Washington ORDINANCE 2274 AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF SNOHOMISH, W A S H I N G T O N , R E G U L AT I N G P E D E S T R I A N O R VEHICULAR INTERFERENCE AND ADDING A NEW CHAPTER 9.110 TO THE SNOHOMISH MUNICIPAL CODE PASSED by the City Council and APPROVED by the Mayor this 3rd day of June, 2014. CITY OF SNOHOMISH Karen Guzak, Mayor A copy of Ordinance 2274 shall be mailed without charge to any person who requests it. Copies are also available at City Hall, 116 Union Avenue, Snohomish, Washington. Torchie Corey City Clerk Effective Date: June 12, 2014 Published: June 7, 2014. CITY OF SNOHOMISH Snohomish, Washington ORDINANCE 2268 AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF SNOHOMISH, WASHINGTON, AMENDING THE CITY’S DEVELOPMENT CODE, AS SET FORTH IN TITLE 14 OF THE SNOHOMISH MUNICIPAL CODE, BY AMENDING CHAPTER 14.05 RELATING TO REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION OF DISABLED PERSONS; BY AMENDING CHAPTER 14.100 SMC RELATING TO DEFINITIONS OF PLANNING TERMS; BY AMENDING CHAPTER 14.207 SMC RELATING TO PERMITTED USES; AND BY AMENDING CHAPTER 14.235 SMC RELATING TO PARKING STANDARDS; AND PROVIDING FOR SEVERABILITY AND EFFECTIVE DATE PASSED by the City Council and APPROVED by the Mayor this 3rd day of June, 2014. CITY OF SNOHOMISH ROY ROBINSON 1999 DODGE DURANGO StkT341342C $5,999 royrobinson.com 1-866-662-1718 2007 HONDA CRV VIN 7C063855 Stk 7116A $14,944 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 02 FORD EXPLORER 4WD, Equipped! Stk B19630B $5,942 888-870-7121 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com CITY OF SNOHOMISH Snohomish, Washington ORDINANCE 2271 AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF SNOHOMISH RELATED TO CHAPTER 15.04 OF THE SNOHOMISH MUNICIPAL CODE, UTILTY CONNECTIONS AND RATES, REPEALING C U R R E N T S E C T I O N S 1 5 . 0 4 . 1 4 0 ( C O N N E C T I O N TO SEWER SYSTEM REQUIRED) AND 15.04.145 (EXCEPTION T O C O N N E C T I O N R E Q U I R E M E N T S F O R N E W LY ANNEXED AREAS); AND ENACTING AND ADOPTING A NEW SECTION 15.04.140. PASSED by the City Council and APPROVED by the Mayor this 3rd day of June, 2014. CITY OF SNOHOMISH Karen Guzak, Mayor A copy of Ordinance 2271 shall be mailed without charge to any person who requests it. Copies are also available at City Hall, 116 Union Avenue, Snohomish, Washington. Torchie Corey City Clerk Effective Date: June 12, 2014 Published: June 7, 2014. NO: 13-4-00819-5 NOTICE OF SALE OF REAL PROPERTY IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF SNOHOMISH In Re the Guardianship of DAVID H. JOHNSON, An Incapacitated Person. Notice is hereby given that Puget Sound Guardians, as the guardian of the person and estate of David H. Johnson, has sold by negotiation real property located at 9617 6th Place Northeast, Lake Stevens, WA 98258, the legal description of which is: Lot 22, Lakeside Village Division 1, as per plat recorded in Volume 37 of Plats, page 166 and 167, records of Snohomish County, Washington; Situate in the County of Snohomish, State of Washington. The sale is for the gross sum of $325,000.00 and application to confirm sale will be made on the 20 day of June, 2014 at 9:30 A.M. in the Snohomish County Courthouse, 3000 Rockefeller Ave., Department D., Everett, WA 98201. Dated this 5th day of June, 2014. AIKEN, ST. LOUIS & SILJEG, P.S. By Richard L. Furman Jr., WSBA No. 31101 Carla Calogero, WSBA No. 42582 Attorneys for Guardian Published: June 7, 2014. PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County is authorizing the District construction crews to perform the following work as required by Section 39.04.020, Revised Code of Washington: • District crews will relocate the existing OH line and provide UG service for the new Edmonds mixed use building. Work is located at 130 2nd Ave N, Edmonds. Estimated cost of work is $148,000. Work order 377604. • District crews will replace damaged OH fiber optic cables. Work is located at Smokey Point Dr. between 152nd St NE & 166th Pl. NE, Marysville. Estimated cost of work is $31,000. Work order 392982. • District crews will replace UG BO cable. Work is located at 1415 84th St SE, Everett. Estimated cost of work is $268,000. Work order 378471. If you desire further information concerning this work, please call: 425-783-5681 or toll free 1-877-783-1000, within the State of Washington. PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT NO. 1 OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY BY: Steve Klein GENERAL MANAGER DATE: Saturday, June 7th, 2014 Published: June 7, 2014. #JET 3'2T 3'1T ISLAND COUNTY’S PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE OF REQUESTS FOR INCLUSION ON ISLAND COUNTY’S SMALL WORKS ROSTER FOR 2014 Notice is hereby given that the Public Works Department of Island County is accepting requests for inclusion on Island County’s Small Works Roster. All contractors, builders or other parties seeking to perform work for the county, or wishing to be notified of project bidding for projects under $300,000.00 should submit a letter, requesting inclusion on the Small Works Roster. Small, Minority and Women-Owned firms are encouraged to submit responses. Mail request for application to: Island County Public Works Department, P.O. Box 5000, Coupeville, WA 98239-5000, or call 360 679-7331, from Camano call 360 629-4522, ext. 7331, and from South Whidbey call 321-5111, ext. 7331. Published: June 7, 2014. DOUG’S CADILLAC 2012 TOYOTA HIGHLANDER 4WD Stk 4515C $32,981 2006 HYUNDAI SANTA FE Stk 19996A $10,975 855-884-3656 HYUNDAI OF EVERETT 2002 TOY SIENNA Stk 13113P $6,888 Karen Guzak, Mayor A copy of Ordinance 2268 shall be mailed without charge to any person who requests it. Copies also available at City Hall, 116 Union Avenue, Snohomish, Washington. Torchie Corey City Clerk Effective Date: June 12, 2014 Published: June 7, 2014. 2004 HYUNDAI SANTA FE VIN 4U785882 Stk 7057A $7,989 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com DOUG’S LYNNWOOD MAZDA KLEIN HONDA 05 FORD EXPEDITION Leather, Loaded, 4x4 Stk 30759BL $9,976 2006 HYUNDAI SANTA FE Stk 19866A $8,500 Hyundai of Everett 425-258-2885 hyundaiofeverett.com 2013 Dodge Caravan VIN CR241785 Stk P1952 $17,999 Mazda of Everett 1-888-871-8777 KLEIN HONDA 2001 HONDA CIVIC Stk 140487D $7,888 888-870-7121 03 HONDA ODYSSEY Leather, Navi Stk 30513BL $9,845 USED CAR CENTER USED CAR CENTER 855-283-0990 4VNNPOT No. 14 3 01304 5 Summons by Publication (SMPB) Superior Court of Washington County of Snohomish In re: RIJAH HASAN Petitioner, and MUHAMMAD AMJAD SARFRAZ KHAN Respondent. To the Respondent: 1. The petitioner has star ted an action in the above cour t requesting: that your marriage or domestic partnership be dissolved. 2. The petition also requests that the court grant the following relief: 3. You must respond to this summons by serving a copy of your written response on the person signing this summons and by filing the original with the clerk of the court. If you do not serve your written response within 60 days after the date of the first publication of this summons (60 days after the 31st day of May, 2014), the court may enter an order of default against you, and the court may, without further notice to you, enter a decree and approve or provide for other relief requested in this summons. In the case of a dissolution, the court will not enter the final decree until at least 90 days after service and filing. If you serve a notice of appearance on the undersigned person, you are entitled to notice before an order of default or a decree may be entered. 4. Your written response to the summons and petition must be on form WPF DR 01.0300, Response to Petition (Marriage). Information about how to get this form may be obtained by contacting the clerk of the court, or by contacting the Administrative Office of the Courts at (360) 705-5328, or from the Internet at the Washington State Courts homepage: http://www.courts.wa.gov/forms 5. If you wish to seek the advice of an attorney in this matter, you should do so promptly so that your written response, if any, may be served on time. 6. One method of serving a copy of your response on the petitioner is to send it by certified mail with return receipt requested. 7. Other: This summons is issued pursuant to RCW 4.28.100 and Superior Court Civil Rule 4.1 of the state of Washington. Dated: 5/29/14 RIJAH HASAN Petitioner File Original of Your Response Serve a Copy of Your with the Clerk of the Court at: Response on: Snohomish County Clerk Petitioner MS 605, 3000 Rockefeller RIJAH HASAN Everett, WA 98201 2333 194TH St. SE Bothell, WA 98012 Published: May 31; June 7, 14, 21, 28; July 5, 2014. No. 14 3 01333 9 Summons by Publication (SMPB) Superior Court of Washington County of Snohomish In re: Marta Nika Lewis Petitioner, and Steve Douglas Rathbone AKA Steve Douglas Wascher Respondent. To the Respondent: Steve Douglas Rathbone AKA Steve Douglas Wascher 1. The petitioner has star ted an action in the above cour t requesting: that your marriage or domestic partnership be dissolved. 2. The petition also requests that the court grant the following relief: 3. You must respond to this summons by serving a copy of your written response on the person signing this summons and by filing the original with the clerk of the court. If you do not serve your written response within 60 days after the date of the first publication of this summons (60 days after the 17th day of May, 2014), the court may enter an order of default against you, and the court may, without further notice to you, enter a decree and approve or provide for other relief requested in this summons. In the case of a dissolution, the court will not enter the final decree until at least 90 days after service and filing. If you serve a notice of appearance on the undersigned person, you are entitled to notice before an order of default or a decree may be entered. 4. Your written response to the summons and petition must be on form WPF DR 01.0300, Response to Petition (Marriage). Information about how to get this form may be obtained by contacting the clerk of the cour t, or by contacting the Administrative Office of the Courts at (360) 705-5328, or from the Internet at the Washington State Courts homepage: http://www.courts.wa.gov/forms 5. If you wish to seek the advice of an attorney in this matter, you should do so promptly so that your written response, if any, may be served on time. 6. One method of serving a copy of your response on the petitioner is to send it by certified mail with return receipt requested. 7. Other: This summons is issued pursuant to RCW 4.28.100 and Superior Court Civil Rule 4.1 of the state of Washington. Dated: 5-14-2014 MARTA NIKA LEWIS Petitioner File Original of Your Response Serve a Copy of Your with the Clerk of the Court at: Response on: Snohomish County Clerk Petitioner MS 605, 3000 Rockefeller Marta Nika Lewis Everett, WA 98201 PO Box 4245 Everett, WA 98204 Published: May 17, 24, 31; June 7, 14, 21, 2014. To advertise, call Karen Ziemer at 425.339.3089 NO. 14-4-00704-9 PROBATE NOTICE TO CREDITORS (RCW 11.40.040) IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON FOR SNOHOMISH COUNTY IN RE: THE ESTATE OF BETTY LOU STANSBERY Deceased. The Personal Representative named below has been appointed as Personal Representative of this Estate. Any person having a claim against the Decedent that arose before the Decedent’s death must, before the time the claim would be barred by a ny o t h e r w i s e a p p l i c a bl e statute of limitations, present the claim in the manner as provided in RCW 11.40.070 by serving on or mailing to the Personal Representative or the Personal Representative’s attorney at the address stated below a copy of the claim and filing the original of the claim with the court, The c l a i m mu s t b e p r e s e n t e d within the later of: (1) Thirty (3 0) days after the Personal Representative ser ved or mailed the notice to the creditor as provided under RCW 11.40.020(l)(c); or (2) four months after the date of first publication of the notice. If the claim is not presented within this time frame, the claim will be forever barred, except as otherwise provided in RCW 11.40.051 and 11.40.060. This bar is effective as to claims against both the Decedent’s probate and nonprobate assets. Date of First Publication: May 24, 2014 Publication: Everett Herald Personal Representative: Judith Anne Johnston Personal Representative’s Address: 3633 167th St. NW, Stanwood, WA 98292 Attorney for Personal Representative: B. David Thomas Address fox Mailing or Service: P.O. Box 2821 520 Kirkland Way #400 Kirkland, WA 98083-2821 County: Snohomish Cause No. 14-4-00704-9 DATED this 22 day of May, 2014. B. DAVID THOMAS WSBA #9433 Attorney for the Estate of Betty Lou Stansbery JUDITH ANNE JOHNSTON Personal Representative for the Estate Betty Lou Stansbery Published: May 24, 31; June ABANDONED VEHICLE AUCTION NORTH COUNTY TOWING 19205 Smokey Pt. Blvd., Arlington, WA 98223 360-658-1321; 425-737-5018 SUNDAY, June 8th, 2014 Viewing begins at 10:00AM Auction at 1:00PM A l l ve h i c l e s s o l d A S I S WHERE IS and are subject to release to owners prior to auction only. All vehicles must be removed day of the auction by 5:00 PM. Chancellors Auctioneering 425-737-5018, WSL #2219. ‘79 Ford Van B19419E ‘95 Pont Firebird 322ZFE ‘02 Chev Cavalier ANFO788 ‘91 Honda Accord AHC1460 ‘96 Toyota Avalon AKR5693 ‘04 Suzuki GS-500 75928 ‘04 Ford Explorer 4VIC374 ‘99 Ford Taurus APB4469 ‘93 Toyota Camry 644XSV ‘97 Saturn Sedan 920ZML ‘90 Jeep Cherokee APD4500 ‘96 Nissan Maxima AJE8798 ‘78 Jamboree MH 764ZJJ ‘94 Honda Accord 910SVT ‘95 Honda Accord 080XYC ‘98 Ford Explorer AAT3252 ‘93 Ford PU B43707D SEE YOU ALL THERE! Published: June 7, 2014. The Daily Herald Saturday, 06.07.2014 D7 +SALES + Take A Test Drive At Your Mazda Dealer Now! OUR PRICES ARE REAL PRICES! EVERYONE QUALIFIES FOR OUR PRICES No phony rebates‚ No rebates advertised that you can’t qualify for. If there is a rebate you qualify for, we will find it for you & apply it! 2014 Mazda CX-5 AM/FM/CD, Tilt/Cruise, PW, PL, USB, Aux Jack P/W, P/L, AM/FM/CD, Tilt, Bluetooth 21,614 One At This Price Stk #6369 Vin #JM3KE2BE2E0381458 One At This Price Stk #6441 Vin #JM1DE1KZIE0172436 $ 2012 Nissan 370Z VIn #CM561580 Stk #P1996 28,737* $ We are building a new dealership that is scheduled to open this year. Sadly, the new building cannot safely facilitate Jeraldine, our office cat. In order to keep her safe from escape and the perils of HWY 99, she would be kept in a small room most of the time. And as much as we love her, we know that is not a life for her, and she deserves better than that. Jeraldine is an indoor cat, between 5-6 years old, full of personality and has all her updated shots. However, we are unsure on how she would do with other animals. If interested, please call the dealership and ask for Kathy. 10630 Evergreen Way • Everett	i don't know
Known as The Pine Tree State, what was the 23rd state to join the Union on March 15, 1820?	Maine is the 23rd State Admitted to the Union \| World History Project Maine is the 23rd State Admitted to the Union On March 15, 1820, Maine became the twenty-third state in the Union. Originally a province of Massachusetts, Maine is noted for its picturesque coastline and dense woodlands. Even today, ninety percent of Maine remains forested. Explorer Samuel de Champlain reached the coast of Maine in 1604 and claimed it as part of the French province of Acadia. France and Britain disputed ownership until 1763, when the region was ceded to the British during negotiations ending the French and Indian War. Source: Library of Congress Added by: Aimee Lucido The State of Maine is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, New Hampshire to the southwest, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is the northernmost portion of New England and is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States. It is known for its scenery — its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, and its heavily forested interior — as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking peoples. The first European settlement in Maine was in 1604 by a French party. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and Indian attacks wiped out many of them over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen settlements still survived. American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was an exclave of Massachusetts until 1820, when as a result of the growing population, it became the 23rd state on March 15 under the Missouri Compromise. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido More information	Maine
Often used by sailors to pass the time, the art of carving on bones and ivory is known as what?	March 15, 1820 : Maine enters the Union Introduction As part of the Missouri Compromise between the North and the South, Maine is admitted into the Union as the 23rd state. Administered as a province of Massachusetts since 1647, the entrance of Maine as a free state was agreed to by Southern senators in exchange for the entrance of Missouri as a slave state. In 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the coast of Maine and claimed it as part of the French province of Acadia. However, French attempts to settle Maine were thwarted when British forces under Sir Samuel Argall destroyed a colony on Mount Desert Island in 1613. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a leading figure in the Plymouth Company, initiated British settlement in Maine after receiving a grant and royal charter, and upon Gorges’ death in 1647 the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed jurisdiction. Gorges’ heirs disputed this claim until 1677, when Massachusetts agreed to purchase Gorges’ original proprietary rights. As part of Massachusetts, Maine developed early fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding industries and in 1820 was granted statehood. In the 19th century, the promise of jobs in the timber industry lured many French Canadians to Maine from the Canadian province of Quebec, which borders the state to the west. With 90 percent of Maine still covered by forests, Maine is known as the “Pine Tree State” and is the most sparsely populated state east of the Mississippi River. Article Details: March 15, 1820 : Maine enters the Union Author March 15, 1820 : Maine enters the Union URL	i don't know
At what Belgian municipality did Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte finally get his ass handed to him on June 18, 1815?	The Napoleonic Wars / Useful Notes - TV Tropes The British destroy the Turkish fleet, but their attacks on Constantinople and Egypt fail. The Russo-Swedish War for Finland (1808-1809) In the end Finland becomes Russian and king Gustavus IV of Sweden is deposed in a coup. The Crowning Moment of Awesome was a Russian army marching across the frozen Baltic Sea from Finland to northern Sweden. The Dano-Swedish War (1808-1809) Denmark tries to take advantage of Sweden's preoccupation with the war against Russia by launching an invasion from Norway . Denmark's bid to regain Scania fails, but so does the Swedish attempt to conquer Norway. Napoleon at first offers to support Denmark with a French-Spanish-Dutch armynote The Spanish contingent mutinies and for the most part escapes to Spain in British ships after learning of the French invasion of Spain. led by Marshal Bernadotte, but then withdraws the offer, so Denmark-Norway has to fight the war alone. The British blockade basically leaves Norway on its own. Norway had to cope without Danish help during the Swedish counter-invasion. The years after the Swedish campaign are remembered as the "years of need" in Norway, with people starving to death all over the country. The experience will bolster national sentiment come 1814. The Spanish American Wars of Independence (1808-1829) Largely a consequence of the Peninsular War, which weaken Spanish control over their American colonies even though the local independence movements now have to make do without British support. The Anglo-Swedish War (1810-1812) Following a French ultimatum, Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom, but on paper only. The War of 1812 (sometimes called The Second War of American Independence or Mr. Madison 's War) (1812-1815) America declares war on Great Britain and attempts to invade British Canada. Spins into a conflict involving the British Empire, the United States, and a number of Native American groups allied to either side. Ends with failed invasions of each other's territory by both sides—during which the Americans burned down Toronto note Then called York and at the time capital of Upper Canada and the British torched Washington, D.C. —and a military stalemate. The Treaty of Ghent restores the status quo. Perhaps one of the stupidest conflicts in history, seeing as the British had actually ended the policies which provoked before it broke out, but due to the slow pace of communications in those days, America didn't find out until after it had invaded Canada. (And similarly due to slow communications, the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, which launched the career of Andrew Jackson , was fought shortly after peace had been declared.) The War for Norway (1813-1814) France's ally Denmark is invaded by an Allied army (mostly Russian, Swedish and German forces) towards the end of 1813 in order to cash in the price for Sweden's participation in the anti-Napoleonic alliance. The treaty of Kiel, ratified in January 1814, dissolves the union between Denmark and Norway. Sweden (led by Crown Prince Karl Johan, formerly Marshal Bernadotte) is compensated for the loss of Finland by being awarded Norway. A new Swedish campaign in Norway follows in 1814. Norwegians use the time they still have to draft their own constitution the same spring, which the Swedes grudgingly acknowledge in autumn. This constitution becomes a constant take that from Norway to Sweden the next 90 years or so. For a more detailed narration on this, see the Norwegian Constituent Assembly . The Italian Wars of 1815 After Napoleon returns from Elba to France, king Joachim Murat of Naples, who has grown increasingly uneasy because king Ferdinand IV loudly demands his removal and the negotiations at the Congress of Vienna apparently are taking a disadvantageous turn, decides to throw in his lot with his brother-in-law, starting an offensive against Austrian-occupied Northern Italy. However, this comes at a most inopportune moment for Napoleon, who is trying to project a kinder, more peace-loving image, and so Joachim I is left on his own. His army is easily dispersed by the Austrians, Murat has to flee to Corsica, and Ferdinand (who now calls himself King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) is reinstalled in Naples. Later in the year Murat lands on the Neapolitan coast with a handful of supporters in a bid to regain his throne through a popular rising. He fails abysmally and ends up being shot by firing-squad. These wars contain tropes such as: Abnormal Ammo : In 1809 Tyrolean insurgents used rifled air-guns for sniping (which in peacetime were used mainly for poaching). Napoleon ordered that anyone caught with such a gun should be immediately shot. Also Henry Shrapnel's top-secret invention, the "spherical case" ammunition. The Spanish guerilleros had all sorts of weird projectiles, including coins that were flattened, dented and marked with a cross . General Marbot (then a captain) found himself with one lodged in his spine, inches away from his heart and equally close to severing his spinal cord, and his Mémoires contain a very vivid account of how much it hurt. Aerith and Bob : Sometimes commented upon in the case of the Bonaparte siblings: Joseph, Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, Jérôme... and Napoleon. There is of course a mundane explanation for this: they were all born with Italian names, and Napoleon's happened to be the only one with no French equivalent. A Father to His Men : Many. Napoleon himself was one, at least to his Old Guard , while the line troops often had to fend for themselves because Napoleon never succeeded in set up a supply system proportionate to the size of his army. The trope also applies to Nelson and Wellington (in his own way). Special props must go to the beloved General Rowland Hill, whose adoring troops called him "Daddy Hill". When one of his officers was injured, Hill sent him a lunch hamper during his convalescence. When a serjeant delivered him a dispatch, he gave the man a pound, a hot meal, and a bed for the night for his trouble. Blücher was referred to as "Papa Blücher" or "Vater Blücher" by many of his men and in return would often call them his children. A Pupil of Mine Until He Turned to Evil : Napoleon felt this way about Marshal Marmont, his former aide and longtime friend who turned against him in 1814, if his words in Saint-Helena are any indication : "I was betrayed by Marmont, whom I saw as my son, my child, my creation..." General Malet, leader of an abortive coup in October 1812 responding to the tribunal's question who his accomplices were: All of France, and you yourself, if I had succeeded. Also The Duke of Wellington 's made a while after the Battle of Waterloo, and referring to Napoleon's beloved column formation: Napoleon came on in the same old way, we fought him in the same old way, and we beat him in the same old way. Napoleon, in addition the many he made himself, made one on behalf of Sir Sidney Smith, who was vital to the Turkish defence of Acre: That man made me miss my destiny! In the same occasion he made one on behalf of Antoine Le Picard de Phélippeaux, his archenemy and eternal superior since military academy who, being a monarchist, fought against the French Republic and directed the defence of Acre (including rebuilding the city walls so they could resist to Napoleon's artillery): "Without him, I would have had taken the Key to the Orient, I would have marched on Constantinople, I would have rebuilt the throne of the Orient." He also had this one when France has to face invasion of the sixth coalition in 1814: The cannonball that will kill me has not been molded yet! The Viscount Pierre Cambronne , one of the commanders of Napoleon's Old Guard in their heroic Last Stand at the battle of Waterloo, is quoted as saying: The Guard dies, but does not surrender! or: Merde !note Literally, "Shit!", but more idiomatically, "Fuck that!" Somewhat subverted in that he survived the carnage and surrendered anyway. "The Guard dies, but does not surrender" was first quoted in a newspaper article written a few days after Waterloo in Paris by the royalist Michel de Rougemont, when it was still believed that Cambronne had died in the battle. "Merde" gained currency ca. 1830 and was enshrined by Victor Hugo in 1862 in Les Misï¿½rables . The debate about what Cambronne "really" said rages to this day, but there are good reasons to believe that Rougemont had made the whole thing up, not least the fact that Cambronne - who lived until 1842 - never confirmed either version, while a number of persons who knew him report that he denied saying either the phrase or the one-word response. That being said, "Merde!" is sometimes called "le mot de Cambronne" ("Cambronne's word") to this day. The story certainly did not lose anything in retelling, some versions having the British unbelievably calling on Cambronne's square to surrender no less than four times so that Cambronne gets to say both versions. Marshal Lefebvre, one of Napoleon's senior generals. One of his dinner guests supposedly expressed envy of his wealth. Lefebvre's response was to offer to take him outside and take twenty shots at him from thirty paces; if the guest survived it would all be his. Unsurprisingly, he declined. I had a thousand bullets fired at me from much closer range before I got this. The same Marshal is also quoted as saying, to a noble who was priding himself on having many famous ancestors (although this reply is also attributed to General Junot and Marshal Augereau depending on the biographer) : You are only a descendant; I am an ancestor. Admiral Nelson after the Battle of the Nile, where he destroyed a French fleet and stranded Napoleon in Egypt : Victory is not a name strong enough for such a scene. Badass Bookworm : Marshal Davout looked like one, having grown bald at a young age and having to wear glasses, but he was arguably Napoleon's best lieutenant and not called the "Iron Marshal" for nothing. At Auerstedt his corps single-handedly threw back the main Prussian army. Badass Bureaucrat : The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars saw a major shift from the professional armies of the ancien régime to mass armies raised by conscription, which also introduced tactics using larger permanent formations like divisions, army corps and massed batteries. The reorganization of some of the major armies was often accomplished by generals famed less for their service in the field than for their organizational capabilities: Lazare Carnot, "the organizer of victory", basically built the army that Napoleon and other generals could use. Though he was a committed republican, a member of Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety, and as such was disappointed when Napoleon turned Emperor and retired from political life taking only minor positions until Napoleon's defeat led to France being threatened again. He was banished from France because he voted for Louis XVI's death and went into exile in Prussia, where he settled in the city of Madgeburg and taught maths in retirement. His son Sadi Carnot in the meantime discovered the Laws of Thermodynamics and a later descendant became Prime Minister. Marshal Alexandre Berthier is often credited with reforming the general staff into an efficient machine that made sure Napoleon's orders would be perfectly executed. It didn't hurt that despite not being a tactical genius himself, he could understand Napoleon's plans perfectly and transmit them exactly like the Emperor wanted it. Others saw Berthier as an at best mediocre general who gradually declined into a glorified clerk and executor of his Emperor's orders, with a general staff that on the whole fell behind e. g. the reformed Prussian general staff. Prince Frederick, the Duke of York (a.k.a. the "Grand Old Duke of York"), the second son of George III, was a career officer who instituted many necessary reforms of the British army. Archduke Charles, who doubled as a Warrior Prince , rebuilt the Austrian army so it was able to take on Napoleon at the height of his power in 1809 on its own. Gerhard von Scharnhorst reorganized the Prussian army after its disastrous defeat in 1806/07 and laid the foundations for its expansion from a nominal strength of 42,000 to more than a quarter of a million within half a year in 1813. Badass Grandpa : Generalissimo Suvorov was 70 years old when he led a Russian army across the Alps to smash the Revolutionary French army at the Trebbia and Novi in 1799. Field Marshal Blücher was 72 when he led the Prussian army to victory at La Belle Alliance - two days after they had to pull him from beneath a dead horse. French Marshal Moncey was sixty when he made his last stand at Clichy, near Paris, against the Russian army; he resisted during twenty-four hours despite being vastly outnumbered (at literally one against ten). Badass Longcoat : Napoleon himself, in his iconic redingote grise (grey overcoat). As a lot of the fighting occurred during bad weather, a lot of people appeared this way, for instance Marshal Ney and other French commanders wearing fur-lined coats during the retreat from Moscow, or Blücher in the rainy campaigns of 1813 and 1815 and the winter campaign in France in 1814. On campaign, Napoleon's Old Guard infantry and foot artillery wore distinctive blue greatcoats (other French footsoldiers wore brown or grey ones). Badass Mustache : Blücher and French general Lasalle, both hussars (having a mustache was actually a requirement in some hussar regiments). Also Napoleon's Old Guard, who he actually nicknamed his "Old Mustaches". Balance of Power : The Congress of Vienna was the Trope Codifier and its legacy was controversial then and even now, years later. Still, it led to one of the longest periods of (relative) peace in Europe, and only in the 1850s, after the establishment of another French Empire ruled by a Bonaparte, would there be another war in which two or more of the five major powers were on opposing sides. Critics argued that it unfairly favored conservative feudal rule and tried to not only restore territory but in many cases undo all the good administrative changes and reforms Napoleon had brought to Europe. Viscount Castelreagh was especially criticized for going along with Metternich's vision for counter-revolution. In general this tends to ignore that in the order established in Vienna it was in principle left to individual states and their rulers what to do and that e. g. the Act establishing the new German Federation in principle obliged all states to establish some sort of popular representation. That more was not done was in some cases due less to Austria and Prussia as to the resistance of former Napoleonic vassals like Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg. In many cases, the changes instituted by Napoleon, his relatives etc. were kept in place (after Prussia annexed the Rhineland in 1815, the French Code Civil remained in force there until a new German civil law was enacted in 1900). The more reactionary phase of Metternich's domination only really began in 1819, and even then system established in 1815 was flexible enough to accommodate some revolutionary changes, such as the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and 1831 without it leading to a European war. For the British, the Congress was entirely in their interests because a balance of power in Europe allowed them to maintain and expand their colonial possessions with no major power to oppose it - which in part was due to the fact that Prussia and Austria had no colonial ambitions at all and Russia's ambitions outside of Europe were confined to Asia. On the other hand, British colonial hegemony greatly benefited the American colonies that declared themselves independent from Spain and Portugal then and in the decades that followed, and France began to build a new colonial empire in Africa, starting with the conquest of Algeria ca. 1830. A lot of criticism of the Vienna settlement came from the nationalist movements that had arisen during the Napoleonic Wars, e. g. over Poland being once again divided among Russia, Prussia and Austria, or the dismemberment of northern Italy (most of it had been ruled by Napoleon either as King of Italy or as Emperor of France), or the re-established French-German border. In that way Congress of Vienna still belonged to an earlier era. From this nationalist perspective many see the following decades of Metternich's dominance as leading to the rise of the Revolutions Of 1848 , the rise of Otto von Bismarck and sowing the seeds for World War I . Talleyrand won his legend and fame for his skill in getting France off far more lightly than it should have otherwise. However, Napoleon's return stopped this , this in turn led to not only losing some of the concessions granted in 1814, but France having to pay a high war indemnity, having to give back (most of) the works of art stolen all over Europe, and being occupied for five years (the longest until World War II ). Which in turn led to the second restoration becoming less liberal and accommodating to Napoleon's former supporters than the first. Band of Brothers : One of the earliest examples of the trope by name: the famous Nelsonic Band of Brothers, consisting of those captains who had fought with him at the Battle of the Nile. My brave officers; for my noble-minded friends and comrades. Such a gallant set of fellows! Such a band of brothers! My heart swells at the thought of them! In a similar way, around Napoleon at the time there was a circle of young generals whom he had met and befriended in Italy or earlier; he promoted most of them to Marshals in 1804. Of course, the presence of this coterie did not endear Napoleon to the veterans of the Rhine, who felt that he unjustly favoured his friends and many of them, in their hearts at least, remembered the Revolutionary ideals which Napoleon had certainly compromised and diluted within his personality. Batman Gambit : A strategy frequently used by Napoleon, most famously against the Russian and Austrian armies at Austerlitz. He knew the Coalition couldn't resist the chance of attacking his weakened flank, thus weakening their hold on the heights in the center of their line. Some liked and still like to see the 1812 campaign as this, with the Russians luring the Grande Armée further and further into Russia, eventually making the Russian winter a huge weapon of mass destruction. In fact the Russians wanted to fight, but their numerical inferiority was such that they had no choice but to retreat (and the Grande Armée actually sustained much greater losses on the way to Moscow due to the heat and various diseases). Battle in the Rain : Several, most notable three in August 1813 as a bad weather front hit Germany. In all three the rain was so bad that a huge proportion of the muzzle-loading flintlock muskets malfunctioned, completely changing the dynamic of fighting: The battle of Großbeeren (23 August) stopped the French advance on Berlin. In it, the Prussian Landwehr (militia) soldiers, who had only received a rather sketchy training with the bayonet, turned their muskets around and used them as clubs at close quarters. The battle of the Katzbach (26 August): The French Army of the Bober was surprisingly counter-attacked by Blücher's Russo-Prussian Army of Silesia. In the course of the battle part of the French army was driven into the Wütende Neisse, a small river transformed into a raging torrent by the preceding downpours. The battle of Dresden (August 26-27): Napoleon manages to defeat the main Allied army. The muddy ground severly hampers the mobility of horsemen, leading e. g. to incidents where infantry battalions of the French Young Guard successfully charged against Allied cavalry. In another incident, an Austrian infantry square was stuck in the mud surrounded by French cavalry, which called on them: "Surrender, you can't fire your muskets!" The Austrians replied: "No matter, the ground is too deep, you can't charge us." But then the French brought up a battery of artillery, which forced the Austrians to surrender. Blessed with Suck : Napoleon's brothers, Joseph and Louis, didn't seem too happy about being made kings of Naples (and later Spain) and Holland. That said, Louis made the best of it and got himself actually well-liked by the people of Holland. Due to his actions, he was known then (and now) as Louis the Good. Napoleon actually had him deposed because Louis started favoring Dutch interests above French ones. Bling of War : The armies of the Napoleonic Wars had the fanciest, most colorful and elaborate uniforms in history with those of hussars (light cavalry), being the most ornate. However, this had some use due to the exorbitant amounts of smoke quickly covering the battlefield from black powder being used in muskets since smokeless powder had yet to be invented - the bright uniforms helped soldiers to see their comrades and thus aided morale. The Napoleonic Wars also saw the institution of the Legion of Honour and the Iron Cross and were the first major war to be commemorated by campaign medals issued to all participants. Blood Knight : Sir Thomas Cochrane spent the early years of the war fighting French for the Royal Navy. After the war ended, bored, he spent his time fighting in the independence struggles of various Spanish and Portuguese possessions - he helped lead Chile to freedom (to this day, there is a ship of the Chilean Navy named the Almirante Cochrane), captured the most powerful Spanish warship in the Pacific, directly leading to Peru's freedom, he helped the Brazilians defeat the Portugese, became Marquess of Maranhao, then burned the Brazilian merchant fleet and raided their treasury when they didn't pay him his prize money, and he fought for the Greeks against the Turks. He then took command of the North American Squadron, and was almost given a command in the Crimean War, but Parliament was worried he would do something suicidally brave and lose his entire command. He also drafted the "Secret War Plan", which was so brutal that Parliament had it locked away, to be used if and only if the mainland UK was threatened. It apparently involved rockets and poison gas . To be specific, his plan involved de-masting old wooden ships, dragging them inland, laying them on their sides at an angle and packing them full of explosives, noxious chemicals and incendiaries. When lit, these ships would be propelled by the weight of explosives inside them and go careening across the land, leaving massive firestorms and plumes of toxic gas in their wake. It was estimated that a single ship used in this manner could render a square kilometer of terrain uninhabitable. Fortunately, saner (and less awesome) minds than Cochrane deemed the plan unusable due to the damage it would do to international relations. Brave Scot : See Blood Knight above. The French Marshalate had a half-Scot, Jacques-Etienne Macdonald, the son of a Jacobite. He was not lacking bravery on the battlefield, but his courage went beyond that: he did not hesitate to stand up to Emperors and Kings telling them exactly what was on his mind, so Louis XVIII nicknamed him 'His Outspokenness'. Although he was truly French at heart, Napoleon once jokingly said that he never sent him to fight the English because he couldn't trust a Macdonald around bagpipes. Brave Scots could turn up in other armies as well, as e. g. some Scottish families had settled on the Baltic coast in the 18th century. Thus in the 1807 campaign in Eastern Prussia the Russian army had General Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly and the Prussian Colonel Ernst Wilhelm von Hamilton. Bribing Your Way to Victory : By far the most effective unit in the Wars was the Golden Cavalry of St. George - the slang term given to the cash subsidies the British paid to most of Europe's crowned heads in order to either A: keep them fighting the French, or B: stop them fighting the British. When it came to foreign policy, Napoleon was hopelessly outplayed, largely because the British had what is known in foreign policy circles as "shit-tons of money" whilst he had very little because he was being blockaded.note By which we mean Britain had a modern-ish financial system and financed her war effort through a combination of loans and creating/printing money. The relatively primitive financial institutions of France, on the other hand, meant she could only borrow a fraction of the money Britain could and at much higher interest rates. While both Britain and France ran their economies into the ground, Britain did so in a way that normal people weren't aware that the government was to blame for (inflation) whereas France did so in a way that was painfully obvious (greater taxes). Napoleon actually had quite a bit of money himself as he tended to impose huge indemnities on the countries he defeatednote It is said that up until he got bogged down in the Spanish quagmire he was able to finance his campaigns on the profits gained during the preceding one., but that did have a tendency to make the governments of these countries think it was a good idea to accept British subsidies to regain their losses in territory and population in another war. Brick Joke : When Sweden, short a king, offered the throne to French Marshal Bernadotte, Napoleon thought the whole thing was absurd and didn't take it seriously. This brick later returned to hit Napoleon in the head , as a rather miffed Bernadotte took the job offer anyway and eventually joined Sweden with the coalition against Napoleon. Swedish troops participated in several critical battles against the French, with Bernadotte personally leading them. Brits with Battleships : Especially the battleships. The Royal Navy's finest hour - it won a string of crushing victories against numerically superior fleets and kept up a blockade of Europe for almost twenty years. In its spare time, it made serious inroads into ending the slave trade. Napoleon: "Everywhere wood can swim, I find this flag of England!" Ironically the Royal Navy was surprisingly inefficient on its own against Napoleon himself. In 1798 it failed to prevent him, his fleet and his army from breaking through the British blockade, taking Malta en route and conquering Egypt; Nelson only destroyed the fleet after Napoleon had disembarked and marched inland. In 1799 it failed to prevent Napoleon and his staff from escaping from Egypt to France, which enabled him to take power in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire. And in 1814 it failed to prevent him from sailing from Elba to France and reinstall himself as emperor. No wonder that when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena he was guarded not just by the Royal Navy, but also by soldiers onshore! Butt Monkey : Denmark. In 1801 it tried to remain neutral, but the British attacked them anyway and defeated the Danish fleet off Copenhagen. By 1807, they had one of the last major fleets in Europe, it was only a matter of time before someone invaded to take it off them. Napoleon made a decent head start, agreeing with the Czar at Tilsit that he could snatch the Danish fleet, and so the Crown Prince of Denmark deployed the Army to the South of the country...which meant it could do nothing when the British invaded from the North and bombarded the city for three nights . The Danes gave up their fleet, which was taken to Britain and inducted into the Royal Navy. Subsequently Denmark continued a small-scale war against the British, losing the North Sea island of Heligoland in the process. Then, when Sweden, which had just lost Finland to Russia, entered into an alliance with Russian and Britain in 1812, asked for and was promised Norway, which then belonged to Denmark, as its price. For this reason Denmark did not switch sides in the spring of 1813, returned to its alliance with France, and thus found itself on the losing side once again at the end of that year. In January 1814, Sweden made a strong statement for making Denmark even more of a Butt Monkey when they invaded Denmark and hauled through Jutland for a week, meeting small resistance, if any. After that, Denmark gave in and accepted the Treaty of Kiel, handing over Norway. Norway. Blockaded by the British Navy for years and nearly starved to death in the process, and later handed over to Sweden after the Treaty of Kiel (January 1814). Denmark was forced to give the country away after its main army could not stop the Allied Army of the North, which was commanded by the Swedish crown prince, from invading then-Danish Schleswig-Holstein in December 1813. The Norwegians subverted the trope by drafting their own constitution in 1814, which Sweden accepted with a grudge. During the constitutional assembly, Norwegians optimistically hoped Britain would turn on its ally Sweden, but this did not happen. The British House of Commons debated this issue for three days straight at the very end of April 1814. Dispatches reached Norway at the beginning of May, and the assembly hurried up to get their draft ready before the Swedes invaded. They made it in a fortnight, and that is why Norway has its national day on May 17. The Captain : Many, many captains - Sir Edward Pellew, Sir Israel Pellew, Nelson when he held the rank, Thomas Hardy (not that one), Eliab Harvey, and possibly the daddy of them all, Sir Thomas Cochrane, whose life served as inspiration for both "Lucky" Jack Aubrey and Horatio Hornblower . Casting Couch : Manuel Godoy became Spain's political and military top guy until 1808 because he was Queen Maria Luisa 's lover. King Charles IV was oblivious and considered the "Prince of Peace" his trusted friend . Category Traitor : Despite being a nobleman by birth, Louis-Nicolas Davout was a fervent partisan of the Revolutionary ideals and was seen as this by the nobles who returned from exile after Napoleon's defeat, hence why he spent his last years of life completely shunned by his former peers. The Cavalry : Desaix' division at Marengo, the Prussians at Eylau and Waterloo. Murat's cavalry charge at the Battle of Eylau is notably epic. Imagine a frontal assault on a crumbling line by eleven thousand horsemen. Although many French accounts focus on this charge and for all practical intents treat it as if it decided the battle, it actually only happened at 11:30 a.m. and the battle continued throughout the afternoon and into the night. As far as the French army was concerned, the part of this trope was actually played by Davout's and later Ney's corps. The Chessmaster : Metternich, Talleyrand, Canning. Child Soldiers : The "Marie-Louises" of the 1814 campaign in France. British Midshipmen often served from age 12, joining active service ships at 14. In the pre-1806 Prussian army officers also could start early. Carl von Clausewitz, the author of On War, first served actively as a 13-year-old ensign at the siege of Mainz in 1793. In general during the era the typical soldier was between 16 and 40. Chronic Backstabbing Disorder : Even allowing for the general frequency of about-faces and switches of alliance , some examples were considered beyond the pale at the time. Saxony switched sides a few months into the war of 1806, after the double defeat of Jena and Auerstedt. The elector became a king by the grace of Napoleon and in the peace of Tilsit in 1807 he gained some territories at the expense of his erstwhile ally Prussia. The Prussians were naturally miffed at this, especially as the king of Saxony refused to join the anti-Napoleonic alliance in the spring of 1813, and subsequently Prussia tried not just to regain the territories it had lost to Saxony in 1807, but also to annex as much of Saxony as it could. In the meantime the Saxons fell out of favour with their French allies, because a Saxon brigade - against the king's orders - deserted the French Army in the middle of the battle of Leipzig (October 16-19, 1813). Even though the brigade was too small to make a real difference and even though it did not actively fight on the Allied side at Leipzig, Napoleon used them as scapegoats for his defeat and even coined the word "saxonner" for deserting allies under fire. At the Congress of Vienna, Prussia succeeded in gaining nearly half the territory of Saxony, but when Blücher ordered the Saxon contingent of his army to be divided up in accordance with the new borders, these troops mutinied, which led to the Saxons being sent back to Germany and not participating in the Waterloo campaign. Modern historians tend to look more friendly at the way the Saxon soldiers reacted to unusual circumstances and conflicts of loyalty. For his enemies (and former friends) Napoleon was a king of this trope. For Corsican nationalists and their leader Paoli he was a traitor to the cause. In the coup of 18 Brumaire, he betrayed his erstwhile allies in the Directoire. After Austerlitz he entered into an alliance with Prussia, handing them over the electorate of Hanover as the price for declaring war on Britain; shortly after he secretly offered Hanover back to the British. When the Prussians found out, they hastily declared war on him, only to suffer total defeat. Also in 1806, Napoleon goaded Turkey to declare war on Russia to open a second front, but in 1807 he made peace with Russia, but a peace that did not include Turkey, which had to continue its war until 1812. And in 1808 he betrayed Spain and the Spanish royal family, some of his most faithful allies, in order to install his brother Joseph as its king. For Napoleon's supporters, Talleyrand and Fouché suffered from this, but special rancour was reserved for Marshal Marmont, who acquired this reputation after he abandoned Napoleon in 1814: sixteen years later, when he proved unable to contain the insurrection in Paris in July 1830, the Duke of Angoulême asked: "Will you betray us, as you betrayed him?" Actually Marmont only switched sides once in his career (in 1814); in 1830 as in 1815 he remained loyal to the Bourbons and accompanied them into exile, which is more than most generals of the time can say. Unless you want to count his involvement in Napoleon's 1799 coup as a betrayal of the French Republic. Citadel City : A few. Cadiz became one as it ended up the last free city in Spain, whilst the Spanish cities of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz proved formidable obstacles to the British Army (though not formidable enough, as the inhabitants of Badajoz found out to their cost). Colour Coded Armies : Austrians dressed in white, British in red, French in dark blue, Hanoverians in red (conveniently, since they had same ruler as the British ), Italians and Neapolitans in white, Portuguese in brown, Prussians in dark blue, Russians in dark green, Spanish in white, then dark blue. Note that these are only the colours for line infantry, other arms of service could have different colours and there were countless subversions for special units. This could lead to confusion, for instance in one battle in the Peninsula, a Swiss regiment in French service, which wore red uniforms, got uncomfortably close to the British redcoats before they were recognized, shot upon and driven back. On their retreat they were then fired upon by the French who mistook them for attacking British infantry. The Consigliere : In most armies the position of a commander's chief of staff was very much his subordinate and his tasks could be described as ancillary - thus some historians have described the position of Marshal Berthier, Napoleon's chief of the general staff, as that of "a glorified clerk". In contrast in Prussia the position of the chief of staff was continually strengthened, especially after the disasters of 1806, because General Scharnhorst saw this as a way of structurally strengthening army command, so that a competent chief of staff could complement a not so great commanding general or could carry on when he was incapacitated on campaign. This new system would typify Prussian army command for the next structure especially as it worked so well with Blücher and his two chiefs of staff Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. The Conspiracy : The Napoleonic era was filled with intrigue, conspiracies and conspiracy theories , although it of course depends on your point of view which conspiracies you considered evil. Thus the United Irishmen, Royalist activists like Georges Cadoudal or the leaders of armed insurrections in Germany in 1809 would be seen as plucky patriots by one side and rebel scum by the other. Among the more well-known actual conspiracies of the era: Both Gustavus III (assassinated in 1792) and Gustavus IV of Sweden (deposed in a coup when his war against Britain and Russia ended badly) fell victim to conspiracies. Napoleon coming to power in the coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November, 1799), prepared by a conspiracy of high-placed officers and politicians. In 1800, the royalist Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (a.k.a. the Infernal Machine Plot) attempted to kill the then First Consul by exploding a cartload of powder barrels when his coach passed by on the way to the opera. Napoleon was unharmed, but many innocent bystanders were killed or badly injured. In 1801 Paul I of Russia being deprived of his throne and life by a conspiracy of high-ranking officers, including some of his most trusted ones. The Malet conspiracy of 1812, in which a group of officers tried to bring the Imperial régime in France to an end and to reinstate the French Republic by spreading the false rumour that Napoleon had been killed in action near Moscow. Courtroom Antics : The Laws and Customs of War as interpreted then had an elaborate code for Prize Law. At one time an American privateer brought suit in a British court for the ransom he had been promised for a capture during the War of 1812 (which was a subtheater of this war). He was granted it. Well we always knew lawyers were Pirates . Covered with Scars : Certainly a lot of veterans soldiers, but the most famous example had to be Marshal Nicolas Oudinot, who was wounded 34 times over the course of his career. Another general who met him later in his long life (he still lived until the age of eighty) compared him to a colander. General Junot's record was not bad either, he bore many visible scars from his twenty-seven battle wounds, including one that ran from his left temple to the bottom of his cheek. Dan Browned : Even to this day and in modern works , major misconceptions exist among English speakers about Napoleonic tactics due to a long-standing, complex linguistic miscommunication. Writing after the war, British generals wrote in their memoirs about defeating French columns, which holds a number of different meanings: a column, to a military writer, would not only have meant the military formation, but could also mean the unit itself. Nearly all French units marched in column formation when approaching the enemy, so "French column" became British military shorthand for an enemy unit of a particular size. Unfortunately, this meant later historians would misinterpret French military tactics to an absurd degree: reading "the French columns attacked", a historian would infer that the French attacked in column formation, which only an idiot would do intentionally. To be sure, this did in fact occur in battle on multiple occasions, but this was usually due to necessity (the column couldn't reform its formation in time), command incompetence (like at Waterloo), or because the column was ambushed, and was never the preferred method. The French emphatically did not conquer Europe by smashing human battering rams into the opposing side's lines . Deadpan Snarker : Talleyrand, feared for his wit. After the execution of the Duke of Enghien, he famously quipped that it was "worse than a crime, a mistake." (Although this particular line has also been ascribed to Fouché). The Duke of Wellington too. Marshal Masséna had his moments. At one point during the Spanish campaign, he asked Marshal Bessières to lend him soldiers from his cavalry reserve. Bessières only sent a few of them but came leading them personally, to which Masséna retorted : "I would have preferred more men and less Bessières." A snarky remark from Field Marshal Blücher: During the campaign in France in 1814, the Allied high command, led by Field Marshal Prince Schwarzenberg, was still steeped in 18th-century military theories that put much more stock in occupying "strategically important" points than in doing actual damage to the enemy forces. They thus attached supreme importance to capturing the plateau of Langres, which happens to be part of the European Watershed, which they believed would compel Napoleon to retreat and lose the war. Blücher mocked these theories saying the only advantage of occupying the plateau of Langres was that if you urinated there, half of it would flow into the Atlantic and half into the Mediterranean. In Austria the Prince de Ligne, well remembered for saying of the the Congress of Vienna: "The congress does not progress, it dances." Defeat Equals Explosion : The French flagship at the Battle of the Nile, L'Orient, catastrophically exploded just as the battle drew to a close and the French fleet fell into British hands, curtailing Napoleon's Egyptian ambitions. Admiral Louis de Casabianca's son, Giocante, was aboard at the time, which gave rise to Felicia Dorothy Hemans' infamous poem " Casabianca ". Spike Milligan "updated" it: The boy stood on the burning deck, Whence all but he had fled — Twit. When "free coloured person" colonel Louis Delgrès led a revolt on the French island of Guadeloupe in May 1802 against the reimposition of slavery on the orders of Consul Bonaparte, he ultimately had no chance against the 4000 seasoned troops Bonaparte had sent over from France. When he and his 300 last supporters were trapped in their last retreat at Matouba, they blew themselves up following the Revolutionary tenet of Vivre libre ou mourir ("Live free or die"). Delgrès' body was never found , but he is honoured by a commemorative plaque in the Panthéon in Paris. The British expected the fortress of Almeida in Portugal to hold out for at least a week. Unfortunately, due to an extremely unlucky turn of eventsnote A gunpowder barrel with a hole in it was rolled from the city's magazine, leaving a powder trail which was later ignited. a French shell detonated its magazine, devastating the city, the garrison, and causing one of the largest explosions of the pre-nuclear age. The British, with no men, no walls, and no ammo, surrendered. Defeat Means Friendship : Napoleon often invoked this, in imitation of Julius Caesar. He often gave what he claimed were generous terms to people he defeated, forgave several slights and attempted treachery by Talleyrand or Fouché. Years later, on Saint Helena, he reflected on how his enemies spat on his friendship and mercy and accused him of sole responsibility for the wars and he was finally treated as a criminal belligerent rather than a sovereign: Napoleon:"I may have been called 'a modern Attila' and 'a Robespierre on horseback' by the other sovereigns; but if they would search their hearts, they would know better. Had I really been that, I would perhaps be reigning still. But one thing is certain: had I been such, they all would long since have ceased to reign ." Defector from Decadence : The Marshals who deserted Napoleon in 1814 and pushed him to abdicate saw themselves as this. As Marmont put it : "As long as he said 'Everything for France', I served him with enthusiasm. When he started saying 'France and me', I served him with zeal. When he started saying 'Me and France', I served him with devotion. It is only when he said 'Me without France' that I distanced myself from him." Determinator : Lieutenant-Colonel William Inglis of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot is the Trope Namer for term 'die hard'. At the battle of Albuera in Spain he was wounded by canister shot. Despite his injuries, Inglis refused to retire from the battle but remained with the regimental colours, encouraging his men with the words "Die hard 57th, die hard!" as they came under intense pressure from a French attack. The 'Die Hards' subsequently became the West Middlesexï¿½s regimental nickname. Sir John Moore at La Corunna. After Britain's first disastrous campaign in Spain, he led his battered army through an uncharacteristically harsh winter, managed to keep it mostly intact, and, as he fought a delaying action to allow his men to embark for England, was hit by a cannonball which turned him into a real-life Two-Face . He stayed awake and directed the battle, finally dying when the last of his men were embarked. Marshal Soult was so impressed, he raised a monument to him in the town of Corunna ◊ , which stands to this day. During the Russian debacle, Marshal François-Joseph Lefebvre marched 300 km with his troops, using his musket as a walking stick and never ceasing to encourage those who remained behind and fiercely pushing back the Cossacks' attacks, by -25°C and with little food available. Many survivors of the retreat had to live through similar hardships, but Lefebvre was pushing sixty and suffered from gout and badly-treated wounds. Draft Dodging : At the time, draftees in France could hire a substitute if they had enough money. In many other countries a lot of the middle and upper class was legally exempt anyway. Duel to the Death : Duelling was still very much prevalent in the officer corps of the time, and quite often they would result in the deaths of participants. One famous series of duels between two French hussar officers (possibly Generals Dupont and Fournier) was turned into a short story by Joseph Conrad and later the movie The Duellists . In 1809, after the failure of the Walcheren expedition, two members of the British cabinet fought a duel, Lord Castlereagh (war) wounding George Canning (foreign office); afterwards both had to resign from office. Both in France and in Britain it is popular to see the entire Napoleonic Wars as a duel to the death between Napoleon and Britain. Dying Moment of Awesome : Nelson expired from a sniper's bullet just after winning the Battle of Trafalgar with his last words being "Thank God I have done my duty" . Later, Marshal Michel Ney asked for, and received, permission to direct his own firing squad with his last words being "Soldiers of France! This is the last order I shall give you. Ready, Aim, Fire!". Minutes before that, as he was about to be blindfolded, he exclaimed : "Don't you know that I have been looking face to face at bullets and cannonballs for twenty-five years?" Marshal Murat had a slightly funnier one: "Soldiers! Do your duty! Straight to the heart ( Beat ) but spare the face. Fire!" Scottish General Sir John Moore was hit by a cannonball at Corunna, which apparently laid waste to near his entire left side. Moore however stayed awake and composed for the next several hours until the battle ended, all the while still giving orders before finally dying. Firing squads were not always up to their jobs, thus in 1809, when eleven officers who had participated in Schill's rebellion, were shot, one of them, Albert von Wedell, was left standing. He responded by tearing open his shirt with the words: "Can't you hit better, here is the German heart!" before being shot dead in the second attempt. Similarly, Tyrolean leader Andreas Hofer is said to have said "My God, you're bad shots" when the firing squad executing him botched their first attempt. The Emperor : Napoleon, obviously. Franz I of Austria also proclaimed himself emperor of Austria when it became forseeable that Napoleon could force him to abdicate as Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire . And there of course was the Czar of All Russias, which is why the battle of Austerlitz is known as the Battle of the Three Emperors. Epic Fail : Napoleon's Russian campaign. Let the numbers speak for themselves: his forces at the start of the campaign: 600 000. His forces at the end of the campaign, that is, half a year later: 6 000. What a Senseless Waste of Human Life . Everything's Better with Princesses : Queen Louise of Prussia (1776-1810). When she died, she was even called the Queen of Hearts by August Wilhelm von Schlegel. Evil Overlord : Napoleon, to his opponents. Napoleon for his part regarded the British Empire as this, claiming that they refused all overtures of peace, kept bribing other states to go into coalitions against him, and in 1815, in his eyes, treated him as a criminal belligerent rather than sovereign by sending him to Saint Helena, while conveniently ignoring or sweetening their own responsibility. Which rather ignored that all European governments - in the shape of the Congress of Vienna - declared Napoleon an outlaw after his return from Elba and all agreed to send him to St. Helena, not just the British. Evil Plan : Admiral Lord Thomas Cochrane's "Secret War Plan" was considered by the British government to be so evil it was shared with only a handful of men (even Wellington didn't know its contents) and not revealed until 1908. Cochrane himself was sworn to secrecy. The plan involved the creation of "sulphur vessels" - converted frigates loaded with sulphur and charcoal, and "temporary mortars", whereby a small vessel would be filled with gunpowder, shrapnel, animal carcasses, and musket balls, heeled onto its side with ballast, and then detonated, propelling the contents like a mortar. Based on tests conducted in the Med, Cochrane reckoned that just 3 such ships could devastate a square half-mile - in essence, the "Secret War Plan" involved gas attacks and carpet bombing, years ahead of WWII. Cochrane proposed it again during the Crimean War, and was turned down because the British government felt it would make any postwar reconciliation with Russia impossible. Eyepatch of Power : Nelson, of course (despite not wearing an actual eyepatch- he probably had a detached retina, meaning the afflicted eye looked normal on the outside). And Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, supreme commander of the Russian army in 1812/13, who was held in awe by his army for having survived two bullets in the head (on separate occasions). Fiery Redhead : Michel Ney was known as "le Rougeaud" ("the Red One") because of his hair. Napoleon described him as le brave des braves ("the bravest of the brave"), but would later use him as a scapegoat for his defeat at Waterloo. Another example would be Andoche Junot, sometimes called "la Tempête" and whose suicidal bravery eventually cost him his sanity. Fighting for a Homeland : The Poles did a variety of it, and were among the most loyal of Napoleonic troops. Also to an extent peoples of the conquered territories. Ironically Napoleon's Polish as often as not found themselves fighting not so much for Poland as against other people fighting for their homelands, most tragically in Haiti and in Spain. When the French army occupied Hanover in 1803, a large part of the Hanoverian army left for England, where they formed the King's German Legion, which became some of the best troops in the British army. After Waterloo they were repatriated and largely integrated into the new Hanoverian army. Fighting Irish : A third of the British Army of Portugal was composed of Irishmen. Notable regiments include the 6th Inniskilling Dragoons (today part of the Royal Dragoon Guards), the 18th Foot (Royal Irish Regiment), and the 88th Foot (Connaught Rangers). A similar, if not greater, proportion of the Royal Navy was ethnically-Irish as well - not to mention Arthur Wellesley, one of Britain's greatest generals of this period. On the other hand plenty of Irish fought against the British, whether as rebels in Ireland itself (especially in 1798) or directly in French service - the Légion irlandaise was one of the few groups of foreign soldiers in the French military to whom Napoleon ever gave an eagle. The Fighting Narcissist : Joachim Murat was a noted dandy and possible homosexual, who was known for his extravagant clothes and whose last words were an entreaty for the firing squad to leave a good-looking corpse. He was also a fine cavalry commander and badass. For Want of a Nail : A literal example. When cavalry overran enemy cannon, they typically hammered a spike into the firing hole of the cannon (called "spiking" the cannon). During the battle of Waterloo, Marshal Ney's cavalry overran the forward British artillery batteries, which could have had a disastrous effect on the battle as the British would lose almost all artillery support, possibly forcing a withdrawal. However, somebody forgot to bring the spikes . Marshal Ney was seen beating his sword against a British cannon in furious frustration, and before long the French cavalry were forced to retreat, leaving the cannon to be reoccupied by their British gunners. Four Eyes, Zero Soul : Louis-Nicolas Davout had this reputation, due to his very cold and strict personality which his critics interpreted as full-blown heartlessness and cruelty. Of course, Napoleon also used his poor eyesight to mock him on occasion : when Davout sent him a report of his fighting against the main Prussian army at Auerstadt, Napoleon, who had just routed one corps at Jena thinking it was the main army told the messenger: "Today, your general who usually sees nothing has seen double !" Four-Star Badass : Marshal Michel Ney, one of Napoleon's most trusted marshals. While simple, bull-headed, and tended into Leeroy Jenkins territory on occasion (particularly Waterloo), nobody doubted his courage. He was often seen in the thick of the action, was supposedly the last Frenchman to leave Russia, and was given the sobriquet "Bravest of the Brave" by Napoleon himself, not least because Ney thought nothing about standing up to him. He even gave the order to fire to his own firing squad. With no blindfold. From Nobody to Nightmare : Napoleon. He went from being the son of a Corsican minor nobleman to overlord of most of Europe. From the French perspective, the Duke of Wellington. After Napoleon has defeated all of Britain's top generals, forcing Craddock into a shrinking perimeter around Lisbon, killing Sir John Moore, Nelson is dead, this young officer fresh out of India returns to Europe after destroying the Maharatha Empire. "Ah," observed Napoleon, "but reputations made in India rarely stand up to a musket volley in Europe". He changed his tune before the end. Marshal Massena was a cabin boy from Nice, the son of a shopkeeper, who enlisted in the French Army as a private, and who climbed all the way to the top. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. Started as the son of a small lawyer from Pau, ended up king of Sweden and Norway. His dynasty still rules. The Revolution in general, filling the gaps created by the emigration of many noble officers, made fearsome generals out of people who might never have joined the army without the nation-wide call to arms in 1792. Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr was one such general: a starving painter and sometimes comedian, he enlisted for the first time at 28 on the 1st of September 1792. Almost exactly two years later, he became a divisional general and went on to be regarded as one of the best defenders in the French army (he was often working with another rising star, Louis Desaix, prompting their soldiers to say : "With Desaix, we are assured of winning battles; with Saint-Cyr, we are certain that we won't be defeated.") Frontline General : Too many to count, especially among those who had risen from the ranks. In general (no pun intended), high-ranking officers were frequently found at the head of their troops in order to encourage them, while at the same time having to direct the battle on a larger scale. (Some were better at this than others: for instance, Napoleon once complained, speaking of Marshal Ney, that "he tended to forget the troops which were not under his eyes"). General Failure : The Prussian Field Marshal Moellendorf, who had made his name in the Seven Years' War as a young man and who had performed well in Poland and Bavaria and as a peacetime organizer, turned out not to be the man to face Napoleon's new "big war" strategy. Prior to the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, he had turned down every proposal by von Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and the Military Society for reform with a sigh and "This is altogether over my head", with disastrous results. That said, he didn't lack for physical courage; at the age of eighty-two he advanced, alone, towards the French Army at Jena through a storm of their fire. Napoleon was so impressed, he gave him a Légion d'honneur. Naturally, memoir writers often described their rivals as this. For instance, Thiébault , speaking of Marshal Marmont, said that he was brilliant when it came to talking about war, but everything he attempted was an absolute disaster in practice. Germans Love David Hasselhoff : Much of Europe hates Napoleon. The Poles? They mostly vary between hero worship and "we love him, but...". Give a Man a Fish... : It is often said that Napoleon's marshals were, by and large, talented military officers in their own right, but being around Napoleon, an unmatched master of warfare, caused a number of them to forget how to be generals (i.e. fighting a battle of your own design) as opposed to being simply tools of Napoleon's master plans. Over time, this caused Napoleon's marshals to become overly dependent on him for tactical and strategic guidance, and often floundered when Napoleon was not around (particularly ones who had been around Napoleon since the beginning, such as Soult and Ney). This got to the point where even the Allies noticed, and made it their strategy to engage Napoleon's marshals and avoid Napoleon himself wherever possible. Actually Napoleon expected his subordinates to follow his orders unquestioningly positively discouraged them from thinking for themselves, even if e. g. those fighting in the Peninsular War were left to fend for themselves after 1808 and thus should have kept their edge even under this theory (Soult is in fact considered one of Wellington's most competent opponents). Also, the Trachenberg plan described above (which made sense as long as one assumed that the marshals were not quite as good as tactitians and as inspiring to their soldiers as "peerless" Napoleon) was only really duringt the two months leading up to the battle of Leipzig, and even during that time the Allied high command deviated from it in the battle of Dresden. Going Native : Prince Louis Bonaparte was made King of Holland by his Big Brother Bully who saw him as a family embarassment. He comes to Holland and unlike French prefects in most other nations, he makes an effort to learn the language, even joking about his poor accent, he also changes his name to Lodewijk Bonaparte and has all official conversation and notes written in Holland and has his staff renounce French citizenship. Napoleon is pretty baffled by this. The Dutch love their new king and King Lodewijk personally intervenes during a major flood and gunpowder disaster and refuses to have Holland's economy feed Napoleon's wars. Napoleon later manipulated his own brother out of the throne in Holland and annexed Holland outright to France, years later, Lodewijk returned to Holland and the people on finding out who he was greeted him in delight. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte never learned to speak Swedish, but from the moment he was elected as Crown Prince by the Swedes, he took Swedish interests to heart (even if it meant allying with Russia, declaring war on Napoleon and entering his former homeland as a foreign prince) and is overall remembered fondly by his country of adoption. The Great Wall : The Lines of Torres Vedras. A series of linked forts, steepened hills, flooded valleys and British garrisons between Marshal Massena's army and the Portuguese capital, stretching all the way across the Portuguese region of Estremadura (more specifically, the northern side). It was a steal at £100,000, and a Russian squadron in Lisbon harbor kindly "donated" all their cannons to arm it. The British also, thoughtfully, took all the food in Portugal behind them and poisoned all the rivers and wells they could find. They were built in total secrecy, and the British government was as surprised as Marshal Massena when Wellington announced he had retreated behind them. Grey and Grey Morality : The whole conflict. The structures Napoleon put in place in many of his territories were far more benign and enlightened than those which had already existed - for instance, he pioneered Jewish emancipation on the Continent, and tried to help out the Poles against their oppressors, the Russians, Austrians and Prussians. On the other hand, he was an unrepentant imperialist, reintroduced slavery (abolished by Robespierre and co.) in the French colonies, and his conscripts were surprisingly poorly disciplined off the battlefield (some say deliberately so), with Rape, Pillage, and Burn being their pastime of choice when they entered new territories and their method of choice for dealing with guerillas (especially in Spain and Germany). The British for their part were the first to break the Treaty of Amiens (though Napoleon had been making plans to prepare his troops) after refusing to honor Napoleon's terms of moving their fleet out of Malta. They also used their diplomatic circle to fund Napoleon's enemies to keep him constantly on the war-footing. Recent research shows that they also funded assassination attempts on Napoleon. The conflict and the later Balance of Powers was intended to suppress the European continent and liberal sentiments in general, so that the British Empire and colonialism could continue without any rival. Their exile of Napoleon to Saint Helena was also denounced, then and now, as "unduly punitive" by Napoleon and his admirers. That said the British navy did start their celebrated campaign to end the slave trade during this time (though they had themselves allied themselves with French slaveholders via the Whitehall Accords during the Revolutionary Wars). Guile Hero : Sir Richard Keats, captain of HMS Superb, at the Battle of Algeciras Bay, pulled an Indy Ploy that would make The Joker proud. In the dead of night, he sailed his 74-gun ship past the massive Spanish 112-gun ships of the line San Hermengildo and Real Carlos, firing on both. The San Hermengildo, believing she was under attack, began a furious gun duel with the burning Real Carlos. Determined to take advantage of the situation, the Hermengildo's captain raked the Real Carlos, slaughtering her gun crews and spreading the fire out of control. Determined not to let "the enemy" get away, the San Hermengildo then tried to board the burning Real Carlos, which promptly exploded, destroying both ships. The Gump : Don Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel KCB MVO holds the honour of being the only man to have fought at both Trafalgar and Waterloo (for opposite sides). He served as a naval aide-de-camp to Admiral Alava (his father) at Trafalgar, and was captured along with the Admiral when the British took the Santa Ana midway through. When the French invaded his homeland he became Spanish military attache to The Duke of Wellington , serving with him right up until Waterloo. Gunman with two names : John Bellingham, who murdered prime minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Commons on May 11, 1812. His motive? He wanted to be financially recompensed for being wrongfully imprisoned in Russia, which the British government refused on the ground that it had broken off diplomatic relations with Russia at the time. Another lone assassin was 17-year-old Friedrich Staps (Stapß), who tried to kill Napoleon in 1809. His intended victim at first thought that the attempt on his life was the result of a conspiracy in Berlin or Weimar, but the subsequent investigation came to the conclusion that Staps had acted on his own. Gunboat Diplomacy : Both sides made heavy use of this, but one particularly illustrative example can be seen in the little known case of the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. After Nelson's crushing victory at Trafalgar, the remaining French and Spanish warships fled back to port. Napoleon's planned invasion of Great Britain was nipped in the bud. However, Denmark possessed one of the most powerful remaining navies in Europe. It was also small and conveniently easy to invade. Both sides, therefore, scrambled to gain the Danish fleet. Napoleon set the ball rolling by bullying the Tsar into revoking his objection to a French seizure of Denmark's navy as part of the Treaties of Tilsit. The British offered the Danish Regent (Crown Prince and future King Frederick VI) a whopping great sum of money in return for the ships...but also let him know that a large fleet was gathering at the Nore. Napoleon then moved his army to the Danish border in preparation for offering the Danes a fair deal on the issue. Unfortunately, this backfired on him - the Danish Crown Prince deployed the Danish army to Holstein in Southern Denmark so as to resist the French... and so Denmark was powerless to stop the British invasion fleet laying siege to Copenhagen and then burning much of it to the ground. Stunned, the Danes meekly gave up their Navy to Britain. Half the Man He Used to Be : General Sainte-Croix (who, according to Napoleon, had all the qualities he expected of a Marshal) was cut in two by a cannonball in Portugal in 1810. Handicapped Badass : One-armed, one-eyed Lord Nelson, one-eyed Field Marshall Kutuzov and one-legged General Daumesnil come to mind; the latter replied to a summons of surrender: "I'll give you Vincennes if you give me back my leg." Also very remarkable was the Archduke Charles, who was the Austrian Army's best general and became the first to inflict a defeat in the field on Napoleon despite suffering from recurrent epileptic fits. Marshall Masséna of France lost one of his eyes to Napoleon in a hunting accident (sound familiar, Dick Cheney?). Marshal Marmont, during the 1814 campaign, fought on the frontlines with his right arm in a sling note It was shattered by a shell at the battle of Salamanca and Marmont very nearly underwent amputation and two fingers of his left hand missing since the Battle of Leipzig. Hazy Feel Turn : Napoleon's Marshals defecting to the returning Bourbons in 1814 (and for some of them, going back on Napoleon's side next year). Heelï¿½Face Turn : Almost every state in Europe seems to do this at least once, except Britain, which was consistently anti-France the whole time. This is to some extent an artifact created by the tendency to reduce the complex multipolar politics in which five major and several minor powers pursuing their own interests to a bipolar struggle between France and Great Britain, especially among French and British authors . It should also be noted that a number of powers had to choose or switch sides because they were forced to. For instance neutral Denmark became France's ally in 1807 after two unprovoked attacks by Great Britain, and Spain had been allied to France for a good twelve years (since the second half of the War of the First Coalition) when Napoleon launched his surprise attack in 1808. In the eyes of the nascent independence movements in South America Great Britain did a heel-face turn in 1808 when it discontinued its financial, material and military support to them in order to ally itself with Spain at the beginning of the Peninsular War. Heelï¿½Face Revolving Door : A book published in 1815 in France gave "girouettes" (weathercocks) to the main figures of the Empire, depending on the number of times they changed sides. Talleyrand and Fouché got twelve each. Heroic B.S.O.D. / Villainous Breakdown : Several. You can decide who was a hero and who was a villain yourself (See Grey and Grey Morality above) Marshal Massena apparently had an epic one of these when he saw the Lines of Torres Vedras , Britain's secret defenses which blocked the routes into the Portugese capital, behind which all of the British Army and the Portugese population had retreated, taking all the food. Allegedly he simply stood, slack-jawed, for several minutes, before throwing a huge screaming fit at his intelligence staff. He spent the next few months desperately trying to find a crack, whilst scraping Portugal bare for forage, a feat of logistics which Wellington was very impressed by. Wellington had a little one after the retreat from Burgos castle, the siege of which was his only decisive defeat. He also reportedly wept seeing the British casualties after the nasty Siege of Badajoz. Nelson was incredibly upset by the loss of his arm, telling the King that "a one-armed Admiral shall never be useful". The King, in a rare moment of lucidity, told him to man the fuck up and get back out there. He did. Napoleon being taken to exile in St Helena. Apparently he found it very difficult to deal with. Earlier on, in 1813, he was so affected by the successive deaths of Bessières and Duroc - two men who had served him loyally for years and whom he considered as friends - that it was arguably a cause of the apathy he displayed during the remainder of the campaign. Many of Napoleon's Old Guard when they heard the news of his death - on its return to France, his coffin was followed by all the remainder of them, wearing the threadbare uniforms they had been ordered to burn by their new Royalist masters. Marshal Marmont, on 5 April 1814, when he learned that General Souham had surrendered his VI Corps to the Allies. note Marmont had arranged the surrender with Prince Schwarzenberg, the Austrian generalissimo, in order to disarm Napoleon should he refuse to negotiate. But on 4 April, Napoleon sent Marshals Ney and Macdonald as well as General Caulaincourt as plenipotentiaries to discuss the conditions of his abdication. Marmont joined them to tell Schwarzenberg that the deal was off, leaving Souham in command of VI Corps. But soon after he left, Souham received a dispatch from Marshal Berthier summoning Marmont to Fontainebleau. It was only a routine matter, but Souham panicked, believing that Napoleon knew everything and would have them all arrested, and carried out the defection which Marmont had planned. According to two eyewitnesses (Macdonald and Caulaincourt), he turned pale and remained speechless for several minutes. Heterosexual Lifepartners : Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia, especially during the 1813/14 campaigns and at the Congress of Vienna. The two monarchs had long been close on a personal level, and these feelings were intensified during the negotiations in Tilsit in 1807 where Alexander's stand beside his junior ally saved Frederick William from losing more than "merely" half of Prussia's territory and population. His Own Worst Enemy : Napoleon can be said to have been this on a number of occasions, but it was especially noticeable during the final stages of the wars, when his utter inability to make a lasting peace came to the fore. In 1813 he took an All or Nothing approach to negotiations, refusing to make any territorial concessions at all, which not only made peace with Russia and Prussia impossible unless he defeated them, but which also led to Austria joining the alliance against him. Still, even after the battle of Leipzig at least Austrians and Russians seriously considered making a peace with the French border reaching the left bank of the Rhine and Napeoleon on his throne, but Napoleon's stance forced them to cross the Rhine and invade France proper. During the 1814 campaign in France Metternich did not want France become weakened too much in order to create a European balance of power after the war, and thus saw to it that the Austrian army dragged its feet. However, Napoleon's intransigence and surprising military successes (which were in part made possible by the slowing down of Allied operations) finally forced the Allies to unite once more and conclude that peace was only possible if they took Paris and saw to it that Napoleon was replaced by the Bourbons - only then could they start settling the differences they had amongst themselves. One of the reasons for Napoleon's self-defeating inflexibility was that he feared that he concluded peace at the cost of any or too many territorial concessions the French would eventually depose him . The Homeward Journey : In May 1808, the Spanish division commanded by the Marquès de la Romana was stationed in Denmark to help defend that country against British attacks. Despite French attempts to keep them in the dark about what had happened, they learned of Napoleon's attack on his ally Spain, managed to contact the British blockading fleet and to organize sea transport to return home to rejoin the other Spanish forces on the Iberian peninsula. Ho Yay : The Victorians taught their students that Nelson, Britain's greatest admiral and secular war-god, had said as his last words "Thank God I have done my duty" in a conscious effort to avert this trope. Nelson almost certainly intended for "Thank God I have done my duty" to be his "line for the ages", but left out was his exchange with his flag-captain, Thomas Hardy: "Kiss me, Hardy", an innocent - nay, tear-jerking - expression of friendship and platonic love at the time, but in the age of Victorian severity, it was thought unacceptably homoerotic to be teaching the future commanders of Empire. General Junot's personal devotion to Napoleon was likened by his own wife to romantic love (of course, Mrs Junot is not known for her moderation ) and at any rate seemed to go well beyond even the fanatical zeal the Emperor inspired to many of his subordinates. Istanbul Not Constantinople : A lot of the various wars had and still have different names in different countries (see the section listing them at the top). The same applies to a number of battles: Nelson's victory against the French fleet in the night of 1st to 2nd August, 1798, usually called the Battle of the Nile in Britain and the Battle of Aboukir in France (to be balanced by the Napoleon Bonaparte's land victory of Aboukir against a Turkish army). The battle of Salamanca (1812), won by British and Portuguese forces under the Duke of Wellington, is known as la bataille des Arapiles (named after a group of hills) in France. The battle of Aspern (21/22 May, 1809) was so named by the victorious Austrians. Napoleon preferred to call it the battle of Essling. Napoleon's official name for the battle of Borodino (1812) was the Battle of the Moskva (named after the river) and for a few years was known as the battle of Mozhaisk in continental Europe. Napoleon named his Pyrrhic Victory of May 2, 1813, after the town of Lützen (several miles from the battlefield), deliberately invoking the battle of 1632 . His Prussian and Russian opponents call it the battle of Großgörschen. Another 1813 battle, Dennewitz, where a French offensive towards Berlin was thwarted, is known as the battle of Juterbock (correct spelling: Jüterbog) in France. The battle on June 18, 1815, was named the battle of Waterloo because the Duke of Wellington wrote is victory dispatch in his headquarters there. His colleague Prince Blücher preferred the name Belle-Alliance, after an inn on the battlefield where he and Wellington are supposed to have met at the end of the battle. Thus in Prussia the name "La Belle Alliance" continued to be used, while othter German nations, in particular those represented in Wellington's army, preferred "Waterloo". By the way, the original French name for the battle was Mont-Saint-Jean, after a farm and a village situated about a mile behind Wellington's position. The Juggernaut : France was so ludicrously powerful relative to its neighbors by this point in history that it simply bulled apart entire continent-wide coalitions on five different occasions. Only after about 20 years of uninterrupted war and a campaign in Russia, (also qualified as a Juggernaut) was it finally brought down. Kangaroo Court : Marshal's Ney trial was somewhat rushed under the influence of Ultra-royalists who wanted to punish him for his part in Napoleon's return to the throne. Ney probably was in a no-win situation anyway - he refused to be court-martialed on the ground of his (Royalist) title of a Peer of France because he feared that his fellow marshals would condemn him out of old personal animosities. He thus was tried before the Chamber of Peers, which had a huge royalist majority. Of course, this led to a backlash in large parts of the public and the Bonapartists made Ney a martyr-like figure. Not that it stopped them or Napoleon for making Ney one of the prime scapegoats for the defeat in the Waterloo campaign. Arguably things were actually worse during Napoleon's reign. For instane, in 1804 - the year of the judicial murder of the Duke of Enghien - he had General Jean-Victor Moreau court-martialed as an "accomplice" in the (alleged?) Cadoudal-Pichegru plot and for wanting to set himself up as dictator of France. (Moreau actually had been offered the job of becoming dictator in 1799 by the people who then turned to General Bonaparte after Moreau refused). However, when the military tribunal acquitted Moreau, Napoleon had his trusted enforcer General Savary (who had already overseen the trial of the Duke of Enghien) lean on the judges until they changed their verdict to two years imprisonment, which Napoleon in a show of "leniency" then converted into a sentence of exile from France. Kick the Dog : In 1802 the Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture was captured by trickery during the French expedition force to subdue the colony. Napoleon had him sent as a prisoner to Fort Joux in the French Jura mountains. When Toussaint Louverture complained about the conditions of his cell in the icy cold winter and the consequent deterioration of his health, Napoleon responded by — halving the amount of firewood set aside to heat his quarters. Unsurprisingly, Toussaint Louverture died on April 7, 1803. Love It or Hate It : Napoleon Bonaparte himself. Ludicrous Gibs : Common for people hit by cannonfire or by canister shot. A rather nasty naval example comes from the explosion of L'Orient at the Battle of the Nile - which supposedly caused it to rain limbs and bodies for several minutes afterwards. Made of Iron : Several soldiers managed to survive wounds that would have seemed fatal to anyone else, but Marshal Lannes' case is particularly impressive. In 1796, he was shot twice (in the chest and leg) at Bassano and yet, a few days later, he jumped on a horse and rushed to Bonaparte's help during the assault on the bridge at Arcola. There he was shot twice more in the chest and evacuated, but rode back into the fray as soon as he regained consciousness ; a third bullet finally knocked him out for the rest of the battle. During the Siege of Acre, he was shot in the throat, was left for dead on the battlefield for hours before being dragged back to safety, and all of this had no lasting consequences besides a mild stiffness of the neck. At Aboukir, he was shot point-blank in the leg, and his bones weren't even fractured, cementing the bizarre theory that his skeleton was literally harder than iron. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov survived being shot in the head on two occasions; he did lose his right eye, though. Magnetic Hero : Nelson, Napoleon. Napoleon got the most magnetic during his 100 Days, when the army sent to capture him, swore fealty to him instead. Wellington too, pulled this off, despite being infamously cold. Magnificent Bastard : Napoleon, Talleyrand, Several of the Marshals had their moments, but the best example is Bernadotte. Major Injury Underreaction : See Sir John Moore's Dying Momentof Awesome above. Also Wellington and Uxbridge at Waterloo: Uxbridge: By God, sir! I've lost my leg! Wellington: By God, sir! So you have! Marshal Jean Lannes tried to pull this off when a cannonball shattered both his legs at Essling, but his aides-de-camp weren't fooled. Make an Example of Them : Britain's way of showing Europe its continued resolve to fight Napoleon was to invade Denmark, steal its navy, and sack Copenhagen. Oderint dum metuant indeed. After almost being killed in a Royalist assassination attempt using a cart-load of gunpowder, Napoleon first used this as a pretext to persecute his left-wing (Neo-Jacobin) opposition. However, since Royalist conspiracies continued, he turned his attention to them and sent a cavalry troop to neutral Baden to capture a prominent Bourbon prince, the Duke of Enghien, who was then summarily tried and shot in the moat of Vincennes castle on 21 March, 1804, as a warning to Royalists in general. Unfortunately it became immediately apparent that the Duke was innocent of involvement in any conspiracy against Napoleon's life, which meant the show trial and execution sent a different message than the intended one to the governments and public of Europe. Which caused either Talleyrand or Fouché to comment that the execution was "worse than a crime, a mistake." In 1806, Napoleon in the course of his war against Prussia invaded and occupied the neutral country of Hesse-Kassel, deposed its ruler and then gave it - along with some other territories to his brother Jerôme as the spanking-new Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 to show that who wasn't for Napoleon was liable to be treated as an enemy . Also in 1806, Napoleon had the publisher Johann Philipp Palm of Nuremberg shot by firing squad for publishing a pamphlet entitled "Germany in Its Deep Humiliation" (and refusing to divulge the name of its author) to show what people who believed in freedom of expression and the press could expect from him. Mama Bear : Agustina de Aragón, The Maid of Zaragoza. During the First Siege of Zaragoza, Agustina, the wife of a fallen Spanish artilleryman, took his place at the gun at a moment where several Spanish soldiers were running away, loaded the gun and fired it, killing several Frenchmen at point blank range. This is sort of a badass version of Molly Pitcher. Meaningless Villain Victory : Napoleon tried to invoke this after the Spanish victory at Bailén (Baylen), which for a time forced the French command in Spain to retreat over the Ebro. Napoleon then decided to go to Spain personally, and the resulting blitzkrieg turned the Spanish Army that had humiliated the Empire at Bailén into the Spanish Army that ran away after being scared by their own gunfire at Talavera. However, from the Spanish point of view Bailén as one of their finest hours since it was one of the few occasions where a Spanish army defeated a French one without Anglo-Portuguese support and as it also led to the lifting of the first siege of Zaragoza. Mighty Whitey : Napoleon in Egypt: On his arrival in Egypt, he stated that he would promote a cultural exchange with Egyptians and urged French soldiers to respect local customs. He also had the Quran translated into French and promoted a French-Arabic dictionary to translate his bulletins to the local readers. The locals however found the translations from French into Arabic hilariously bad, and poorly researched. They also resented the French occupation especially since Napoleon subjected them to pay large indemnities and the French Army started living off the land. Napoleon for his part started dressing in Egyptian clothing, promoted Revolutionary festivals where he put his name beside the Prophet . His facade of respecting local traditions did not stop him from ordering a brutal artillery attack on the Al-Azhar mosque to suppress a revolt against his occupation. Napoleon's invasion of Egypt did much to invent the Adventure Archaeologist trope as pointed out by Edward W. Said in his Orientalism — in that the expedition promoted the preservation, translation and understanding of an Ancient Culture but did so by under the assumption that they were bringing progress and civilizing the Egyptians while sweetening or denying their exploitation. The French expedition of Egypt incidentally was a failure, they even lost the Rosetta Stone to the English and Napoleon ended up abandoning Egypt and returned to France on hearing news of the instability of the Directory government, leaving a good portion of his soldiers behind to face the English, the Ottomans and the locals. But once he became First Consul, he promoted it as a propaganda victory and an attempt to bring the Englightenment to the locals . Mother Russia Makes You Strong : But only Russians. Invaders freeze to death. More Dakka : According to some British military historians, this was a factor in Britain's success against numerically superior French armies. The French would attack in a large column, which marched straight at the enemy. This had the advantage of being intimidating, but also meant that only the men on the front and flanks of the column could fire. The British adopted a "thin red line", which meant every single soldier could bring his musket to bear. Add the fact that, whilst the French had to beg, borrow, and steal enough saltpetre to make gunpowder, the British got all of theirs from India, which was rolling in the stuff, and whose export Britain controlled. This meant that most French soldiers' first experience of live-firing was on the battlefield, whilst the British practiced with live ammo every day. As Richard Sharpe said, three rounds a minute in any weather was not to be trifled with. However, it should be noted that unwieldy large columns only started to be used by French armies fairly late, and that the way the French armies used batallion-sized columns, which could easily deploy into line or square as the situation demanded, enabled them to be much more mobile on the battlefield and defeat other armies which used linear tactics, such as those of Austria and Prussia (Prussian infantry pre 1806 was capable of firing up to six shots a minute, the only problem was that this fire was entirely unaimed). It is also worth noting that in some cases where Wellington wasn't in command British forces did not do so well, such as in the Netherlands in 1793/94 and in the Walcheren expedition of 1809. At Albuera (1811), where the British, Portuguese and Spanish forces outnumbered the French by roughly 3 to 2, the result was a bloody stalemate. Moving the Goalposts : The outcome of many battles being contentious, and since a tactical defeat can still be an operational or strategic victory, there is a lot of debate among historians on how to assess the outcome of various battles, which can lead to them applying different criteria for different battles in order to declare "their" side victorious. By creatively doing this for instance a French historian entitled his 2013 book about the Battle of Leipzig (1813) "Napoleon's first defeat", in effect declaring that Napoleon's previous defeats at the siege of Acre (1799) and in the battle of Aspernnote Napoleon and many of his admirers say that he was defeated by nature here — his army's pontoon bridge across the Danube broke as the river rose — not to the generalship of Archduke Charles or the fighting qualities of the Austrian army. (1809) did not count. Admirers of Napoleon also like to list the battle of La Rothière or Brienne (1 February 1814) among his victories, either because the French inflicted higher losses on the Allies or because the Allies, while left in possession of the battlefield, afterwards did not prevent the French from retreating to Troyes. If one applied the same criteria to some of Napoleon's victories — especially Borodino, Lützen (Großgörschen), Bautzen and Ligny — one would have even more cause to consider them defeats. My Sister Is Off-Limits! : One French soldier suspected that one reason for German hatred of French in some quarters was that it had been common for peasant girls to be seduced (willingly or otherwise) by billeting French soldiers in the presence of their families without them being able to retaliate. Such an insult demanded a Roaring Rampage of Revenge as soon as the failed invassion of Russia made that feasible. At the least it is doubtful that Frenchmen were always thought to be pleasant company. The Napoleon : Averted with the real Napoleon. His legendary short stature, from which the trope name and the related term "Napoleon Complex" come from, was just that - a legend. He was 1.70m tall, which was just above average for France at the time. A combination of his unusually short legs and British propaganda gave the impression that he was tiny. Also, the Old Guard consisted of tall soldiers and he looked short by comparison in their presence. He did, allegedly, get shorter towards the end of his life - even before his probable arsenic poisoning, he did not agree with the miserable climate of St Helena, and the years of boredom at Longwood House took a terrible toll on him. Played completely straight by Nelson, though - 5'4" and hardly over 100lbs- but unlike most examples of this trope, he was proud of it (as well as the fact that he was one-handed, half-blind, very emotional and got terribly seasick- he considered that all this emphasised his courage in getting his job done anyway) Napoleon Bonaparte : Had a minor role. Noble Fugitive : Whoever got run out of their country by Napoleon's last conquest. Then, it was the most prominent Bonapartists' turn after the Bourbons came back. Not in the Face! : When Joachim Murat (one of Napoleon Bonaparte's generals, as well as his brother-in-law) was executed by firing squad for sedition against the Kingdom of Naples, he specifically said "Aim for the heart, but avoid the face". Although Murat was considered something of a vain dandy, this was more an example of him being flippant in the face of death to cap off a long life of general badassery. He also faced the firing squad unblindfolded. Noxious In-Laws : During the Wars of Liberation, Napoleon was up against his father-in-law, Emperor Franz I of Austria. Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law deserted Napoleon in 1813 on the advice of his wife Caroline - Napoleon's youngest sister. During the Hundred Days he chose an inopportune moment - just when Napoleon was trying to convince everybody that he wanted peace - to rally to his cause and start an ill-fated war in Italy. Napoleon's brother Louis was also a kind of son-in-law to him, having married Hortense de Beauharnais, Josephine's daugther from her first marriage (mother of Napoleon III). Napoleon installed Louis as king of Holland, but since Louis adopted his new subjects' views and sabotaged Napoleon's efforts to impose a trade embargo against Britain, Louis was deposed and Holland annexed to France in 1810. No Party Like a Donner Party : On the retreat from Russia, some French soldiers are reported to have resorted to this. Nothing Is the Same Anymore : The Napoleonic Wars permanently changed Europe. Feudalism across Napoleon's conquered regions was done away with and the administrative principles of meritocracy and efficiency spread across these regions. The French Army's conscription and professionalism forced their opponents to innovate on similar lines and change in reaction. The Congress of Vienna's "Balance of Powers" tried to contain some of these changes but while they had short-term success, they couldn't stop it for long. The innovations instituted by the French and in reaction to their successes often had a negative reverse side. For instance, the greater efficiency of Napoleonic administration was among other things was imitated because of the greater efficiency in policing the population and muzzling the media by a super-efficient system of government censorship. Feudalism did not entirely disappear, e. g. in the Kingdom of Westphalia, which Napoleon instituted for his youngest brother, feudal dues were cemented in the legal fiction that they were connected to the piece of land, not the farmer working on it, so that Napoleon could reward officers by giving them lucrative fiefs in Westphalia. Another legacy of the Napoleonic Wars was the rise of intense nationalism all over Europe, which sowed the seeds for many national conflicts in the 19th and 20th century but also enabled the eventual appearance and spread of nation-state democracy. Occupiers out of Our Country : A big factor in a number of popular risings, guerilla wars etc. during this period, notably in Ireland, Haiti, partitioned Poland, Tyrol, Spain and Russia. Also the rationale for many volunteers to foreign armies such as in the ranks of the Polish and Irish Legions of the French army, the King's German Legion and the Free Corps of the Duke of Brunswick in British pay, and the Russo-German Legion. Off with His Head! : The thing everyone remembers Robespierre for. During the Napoleonic Wars the preferred methods were the "dry guillotine", i. e. deportation to French Guyana, and the firing squad. Notable people shot that way were the Duke of Enghien, the book-seller Palm, who refused to divulge the name of the author of a pamphlet, Tyrolean resistance leader Andreas Hofer, General Malet, and Marshals Murat and Ney. Prussian rebel leader Ferdinand von Schill was decapitated after being killed fighting in the streets of Stralsund in 1809. The head was preserved in a jar at Leyden university until it was returned to Germany many years later for burial. Officer and a Gentleman : The Duke of Wellington. In his army, Rape, Pillage, and Burn was punished by the Gallows. It didn't make him immediately popular with his men, but it was necessary in securing the cooperation of his Spanish and Portuguese allies. This policy slipped at the Sieges of Badajoz and San Sebastian, where his army, who had taken the city, took advantage of his confusion as to whether the very nasty battle had been won (smoke obscured the battlefield, and the French flag hadn't been taken down) to steal anything not bolted down, rape anything alive and anything that was dead if it was still fresh, and burn everything they couldn't nick or rape. Indeed, the two instances remain the worst war crimes ever perpetrated by the British Army. Wellington eventually restored order by erecting a gallows in the main square, and finding some particularly nasty looters to hang. Not that Wellington was necessarily seen that way by all of his contemporaries. In Spain he was often perceived as haughty and arrogant , and his threats to enforce rigid discipline against looters and pillagers were not always taken seriously by his own men. As British grenadier William Lawrence claimed in his memoirs, after the orgy of pillage and rape after the storming of Badajoz, "Lord Wellington punished the culprits by suspending the distribution of grog". On the French side, Marshal Suchet severely disciplined his troops and did everything he could to make his occupation of Catalunia acceptable to the locals, to the point that he is often credited with being the only senior officer who maintained and even increased his reputation during his time in Spain. After his death in 1826, several major Spanish cities held requiem masses for his soul. Pet the Dog : A famous anecdote about the Iron Duke could be a textbook example of this trope: Wellington was taking a country stroll, alone, when he happened upon a young boy weeping bitterly over a pet toad. Wellington asked the boy what the matter was, and scolded him for behavior unbecoming of a young gentleman. The boy replied that he was going away to school tomorrow, and he was worried that his pet toad would starve without him. Wellington dried the young man's eyes and told him that he would undertake to look after the toad in the boy's stead. The boy had been at school a few days when his spirits were cheered by the following message from the Duke: Missive: Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington begs to inform William Harris that his toad is alive and well. Pirates : The Napoleonic Wars were the last major conflict in which privateers played a larger role. The most famous one was Robert Surcouf of Saint-Malo, who operated mainly in the Indian Ocean and captured or sank 47 ships. By the standards of the day he started out as an actual pirate since he did not have a letter of marque when he took his first four British ships. Plunder : What every hardy British seaman wants. Also, as George Bernard Shaw put it, the French soldiers' motivation was "not because every soldier carries a field marshal's baton in his knapsack, but because he hopes to carry at least half a dozen silver forks there next day." Some French Marshals such as Masséna were particularly infamous for encouraging this. Praetorian Guard : the original duty of the Napoleonic Guard. Also the British Guards regiments. Pyrrhic Victory : Quite a few. For Napoleon himself that would be Eylau in 1807 (unless you consider that a draw), Borodino in 1812, Lützen (Großgörschen) and Bautzen in the spring of 1813 (afterwards Napoleon was glad to negotiate an armistice), and Craonne in 1814. The Crossing of the Berezina can also be seen as one, as the remnants of the Grande Armée managed to evade being caught between the three armies of General Kutuzov, General Wittgenstein and Admiral Chichagov, which Napoleon and historians friendly to him count as a (strategic) victory. On the tactical level, with regards to the numbers of French combattants and stragglers that were lost and the Russians being left in possession of the field, it was a French defeat. Realpolitik : The guiding philosophy behind Britain's bombing of Copenhagen. They simply could not allow their naval superiority over France to be threatened, so they beat up the Danes hard enough so that they gave their fleet to the British instead because Napoleon was eyeing it to supplement the navy Nelson had crushed at Trafalgar. Reassigned to Antarctica : Napoleon had a habit of sending his most unpredictable friends on diplomatic missions to remote countries. Most notably, Jean Lannes and Andoche Junot were made Ambassadors in Lisbon, the former in 1801 because he had recently been involved in a financial scandal and was a bit too much of a revolutionary man for Napoleon's tastes ; the latter in 1805 because he had allegedly become the lover of Caroline, the Emperor's youngest sister, and was already showing signs of his declining sanity. Napoleon also sent troops and officers whom he mistrusted to far-flung assignments. For instance, during the brief peace in Europe 1802/1803 he sent off a large part of the Army of the Rhine, which had been commanded by his rival General Victor Moreau and where the republican spirit of the French Revolution was more alive than in the armies that had been led by Napoleon Bonaparte, to Saint-Domingue (Haiti). Due to yellow fever and a losing war against the former French slaves there, few of them returned. General Decaen, one of the leaders of the Army of the Rhine, was reassigned to the command of Isle-de-France (Mauritius) and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. Napoleon also tried to get rid of Bernadotte by sending him as an ambassador to the United States, but Bernadotte managed to delay his departure until war was declared with Austria in 1805, at which point he was put at the head of an army corps. Napoleon eventually did get rid of Bernadotte, by having him installed as the crown prince of Sweden, to succeed its childless king. It became an example of a major Reassignment Backfire as Bernadotte, as the Swedish leader, not only turned against Napoleon but held together the Sixth Coalition that formed against France in the aftermath of the failed invasion of Russia. La Rï¿½sistance : Spanish guerillas and Russian partisans. Also Tyroleans (1809) and sometimes Vendéans. Red Baron : Napoleon Bonaparte, also called the God of War or the Corsican Ogre, depending on your sympathies. Duke Frederick William of Brunswick, better known as the Black Duke because of the black uniform he wore since leading his free corps into the field against Napoleon in 1809. Spanish guerilla leader Juan Martín Díez, better known as El Empecinado ("the Undaunted"). He even got the privilege that he and his descendants could use "Empecinado" as an official part of their name. Louis-Nicolas Davout, the "Iron Marshal". With the Revolution's many references to Classical times, it is no surprise that many French officers were compared to mythical heroes; Jean Lannes, for instances, was known as the Ajax or the Achilles of the French army. Red Oni, Blue Oni : Nelson's red to Wellington's blue. Similarly, Napoleon's red to Bernadotte's blue. However, Napoleon was in turn the blue to Marshals Ney, Lannes and Murat's red. The first one is rather ironic given the uniform of the British Army was red, and the uniform of the Royal Navy was blue. Reluctant Warrior : Frederick William III of Prussia. His reluctance to go to war was e. g. an important reason to refuse to intervene in the War of the Third Coalition before the battle of Austerlitz (at a time when Prussia's intervention would probably have made the difference between victory and defeat for Napoleon) or in the 1809 campaign. After the Napoleonic Wars this tendency increased almost to Technical Pacifist territory. In the 1820s he refused to intervene in Northern Italy and brokered the Russo-Turkish peace of 1829, and in 1830 and 1831 he prevented the interventions Russia and Austria called for against the revolutions in France and Belgium. Replacement Goldfish : Sweden saw Norway as this after losing Finland to Russia. After Marshal Lannes died in 1809, Napoleon created three new Marshals; given that none of the three were anywhere near Lannes's level, the soldiers started to say that he was trying to get the "small change" for a comrade he could not replace. Rousing Speech : Damn you, Napoleon... "Soldats, songez que du haut de ces monuments, quarante siècles vous contemplent"note Keep in mind that forty centuries are beholding you from the top of those monuments. Right before ordering the attack, at the Great Pyramid battle in Egypt. After the battle of Austerlitz, his speech ends this way: " [...] il vous suffira de dire: 'J'étais à la bataille d'Austerlitz' pour que l'on vous réponde: 'Voilà un brave' ". note "you'll just need to say 'I was in Austerlitz' and people will answer 'this is a brave man" On the opposite side, Lord Nelson gave a rousing signal before the Battle of Trafalgar: 'England expects every man to do his duty.' Blücher had a talent for extemporizing speeches too. One example is of him rousing his army when it had to march east after the Battle of Großgörschen or Lützen: "Morning chilren! This time it went well. The French saw whom they're up against. The king thanks you. But we're out of powder and will have to go back behind the Elbe... But who now says that we're retreating is a scoundrel and a bad'un. Good morning, children!" He also did a lot to rouse his army after the defeat at Ligny in 1815, enabling it to intervene victoriously at Waterloo. During the march on 18 June he repeatedly exhorted his soldiers: "I promised my brother Wellington to help him - you don't want me to break my word, do you?" Frederick William III got in on the action too, with his 'An Mein Volk' speech. Secret Weapon : Britain had two famous ones, the Shrapnel case shot and the Congreve rocket (based on those that Indian states had used against the British Army). Of how much use the Congreve rockets actually were is still a matter of debate - Wellington with typical acerbity commented that they were only useful to burn down cities (e.g. in the bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807), which he was not really planning to do. Austria had its "Repetierwindbuechse" air rifles, which were just about the only guns at the time that could fire multiple shots at a time. Napoleon on the other hand wasn't a fan of such things, being famously contemptuous of both the rifle and the steam engine. On the latter, he said to Robert Fulton (who had invented the first practical steam ship and was offering to sell France a few): You would make a ship sail against the winds and currents by lighting a bonfire under her deck? I have no time for such nonsense . Self-Made Man : Napoleon himself. He rose from the son of nigh-impoverished nobility, vilified for being a Corsican when France had only recently conquered it, to become Emperor of France. Primarily through a mixture of luck, good public relations and, oh yes, being very, very good at winning battles. However, he mounted the first steps of his career as a child of privilege as he owed his education to a special fund set aside by the royal French crown to support the families of Corsican aristocratic families who, like the Buonapartes, could not afford to give their children a proper education. The aim was to better integrate Corsicans into the nobility of France . And at later points his rise was facilitated by personal connections, such as to Robespierre's younger brother and to Paul Barras, de facto head of the Directorate. Among his Marshals, Bernadotte also stands out: the son of a lawyer from Southern France, he became a General at 31 and the King of Sweden at 55, with little to no support from Napoleon. Marshal Andre Massena probably has Bernadotte beat: he began life as a poor cabin boy who joined the French Army to avoid a life at sea...and rose to be Marshal, Duke of Rivoli, and Prince of Essling. Averted by Sir Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington, who made full use of the privileges afforded by coming from a well-connected and rich noble family. He entered the army as an ensign in 1787 and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in six years by the then-current system of purchasing commissions, and all this before his first service in the field. Two examples from the Prussian army: Gerhard Scharnhorst was the son of a Hanoverian peasant who wanted to become an officer, teaching himself French and mathematics from books because such education was not to be had in his village. Later, when his father inherited an estate, he could afford to go to a military academy in the region, and during the War of the First Coalition managed to rise from the command of a battery to chief of staff of the Hanoverian army. Having reached the glass ceiling for officers not from noble families, Scharnhorst responded favourably to ouvertures from Prussia to enter into its service, and after the defeat of 1806/07 rose to the de facto position of minister of war and chief of general staff. He was mortally wounded in the first major battle in 1813 while serving as Blücher's chief of staff as a lieutenant-general. Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Reyher, the son of a cantor, first was a simple foot soldier, served as a sergeant in Ferdinand von Schill's ill-fated rebellion in 1809, passed his officer's exam in 1810 and rose to the rank of major after the battle of Waterloo. He eventually became chief of the general staff and a full general. Shaggy Dog Story : One reason why Napoleon had a lot of appeal among romantics and later historians, is that Napoleon was born in an out-of-the-way Island cut off from any opportunities for advancement and ended up dying in an out-of-the-way Island cut from any opportunities for advancement. His middle life had a spectacular rise and epic fall which defined the 19th Century and formed a part of his legend, which Napoleon needless to say was highly conscious of: "After me, the Revolution — or, rather the ideas which formed it — will resume their course. It will be like a book from which the marker is removed, and one starts to read again at the page where one left off." — Napoleon Bonaparte, After his Defeat at Leipzig in 1813. Sibling Rivalry : Between Napoleon and pretty much all of his siblings, to varying degree : Lucien, Napoleon's junior by 6 years, is the best example. Lucien (then President of the Conseil des Cinq-Cents) played a key role during the coup d'état of Brumaire. Napoleon named him Minister of the Interior. He made the mistake of being right too early, suggesting making Napoleon an Emperor as early as 1802, frightening Republicans, which brought Napoleon's wrath on him. Lucien resigned and cut off all links with his brother for 13 years. They reconciled during the Cent-Jours but Lucien was never an heir to the throne. Louis (Napoleon's junior by 9 years) when he was made King of Holland by his brother, who expected Louis to be a mere figure-head, actually tried to rule it as an independent country. Napoleon finally had enough and annexed Holland to France. The two brothers never reconciled, even though Louis was probably Napoleon's favorite brother initially. Caroline, married to Napoleon's friend Murat and therefore queen of Naples pushed her husband towards betraying her brother in 1814. Almost all the other siblings tried to assert themselves one way or another, without much success but never without tension. The only real exception was Pauline, Napoleon's favorite sibling (and probably the only Bonaparte with the completely likable personnality). The Siege : Several, obviously, the most well-known ones being the defense of Kolberg in 1807 and the two sieges of Saragossa in 1808/1809. Napoleon Bonaparte won his first laurels at the siege of Toulon during the War of the First Coalition, while in that of the Second Coalition his campaign into Syria failed because his army could not take Acre. Small Reference Pools : Fiction and non-fiction treatments of the Napoleonic Wars tend to cluster on a few battles and theatres of operation; aside from the usual tendency of writers to be interested in their own country's actions and sufferings there is also that to focus on the campaigns involving Napoleon or Nelson to the exclusion of others. Thus the campaigns in the Germany theatre of operations 1793-1800 - the main theatre of the Wars of the First and Second Coalition - are all but forgotten even in France, and you probably can easily find a dozens of scholarly studies and fictional depictions for Marengo, Austerlitz or Waterloo for every single one of Zurich, Hohenlinden or the Trebbia. Snow Means Death : The Retreat from Moscow. Also the horrific battle of Eylau, 8 February, 1807. Spinoff : The War of 1812 And a few others, see above. The Starscream : Napoleon himself was one to the Directory (as Dragon-in-Chief ), and he was to get two of his own: Bernadotte and Talleyrand. Stiff Upper Lip (Wellington): Because he is the most Quintessential British Gentleman of them all. In fact, given that there was a lot of Britain in the Napoleonic Wars, there was a lot of this, such as Lord Uxbridge at the Battle of Waterloo: Uxbridge: By God sir! I've lost my leg! Wellington: By God sir! So you have. Nelson, after being fatally wounded at Trafalgar, gave a masterclass in this trope: Nelson: Hardy, I do believe they have done it at lastï¿½ my backbone is shot through. Take care of poor Lady Hamilton for me. He then had the men carrying him below stop so he could correct a young midshipman's handling of Victory's tiller. The Strategist : Napoleon was one of the all-time great strategists. Surrounded by Idiots : Both Napoleon and Wellington loved to invoke this trope to explain their reverses. Sweet Polly Oliver : Several documented instances, 22 alone for the Prussian army. Examples: Eleonore Prohaska (1785-1813), who served as private August Renz in the Lützow Free Corps and only revealed her real identity when she was mortally wounded in the battle of the Goehrde (1813). Louise Grafemus (1786-1852, born Esther Manuel), a converted Jewish mother of two served as a Landwehr (militia) uhlan during the Wars of Liberation, searching for her husband who, as it turned out, was serving in a Russian unit and was killed before the war ended. Grafemus lost her right hand, was promoted to Wachtmeister (sergeant-major) and was decorated with an Iron Cross. Friederike Krüger (1789-1848) alias August Lübeck served in the Kolberg Infantry Regiment from 1813 to 1815, rose to Unteroffizier (sergeant), and was awarded an Iron Cross and a (Russian) Cross of St. George after being wounded and discovered to be a woman at the battle of Dennewitz in 1813. After the 1815 campaign she retired from the military, married another Unteroffizier, and had four children. Maria Werder, the wife of a landed gentleman, served as a hussar to be with her husband in the campaigns of 1806/7 and 1813. She was promoted to Wachtmeister in the 2nd Silesian Hussars and and revealed her real identity only when she left the army after her husband was killed in the battle of Leipzig. Thérèse Figueur, the original Madame Sans-Gêne before Victorien Sardou reused this nickname for Catherine Lefebvre, served from 1792 to 1815 as a cavalry trooper and was wounded and captured a few times. (1783-1866), the Cavalry Maiden, first served in 1806 as "Aleksandr Sokolov", and as a lieutenant in the Mariupol Hussars became the first Russian female officer. She wrote memoirs of a quality that impressed Aleksandr Pushkin . During the French Revolution farmer's daughter Renée Bordereau (1770-1824) lost several relatives to the Terror and and saw her father killed before her eyes . Dressed as a man (not that hard, apparently, as she was described as very ugly) she fought in the wars in the Vendée on the royalist side under the nom-de-guerre Langevin (i. e. "the Angevin" or "man from Anjou") and was wounded several times. Since the forces of the Republic and Empire kept looking for a man, she managed to evade capture after the Vendéans' defeat until 1809. At one point she was accused of raping a girl, but was able to prove her innocence by revealing her gender, but not her real name. Imprisoned on the Mont-Saint-Michel, she was liberated after Napoleon's abdication, following which she dictaded her memoirs before taking to the field once more in the war of 1815. After the Battle of Trafalgar a naked woman was found floating in the wreckage by sailors of HMS Pickle. They chivalrously gave her some clothes and listened to her story. She was sailing with her husband in disguise aboard the French ship Achille. When her ship caught on fire she removed her clothes and jumped overboard. She swam toward some shipwrecked clinging to a spar. When they kicked her off she floated in the water until she was picked up by the British. In a distinct subversion, Marshal Masséna spent his whole time in Portugal with his mistress disguised as a aide-de-camp at his side, one of the many things that earned him Ney's contempt during this campaign. Lose then Retake a Level in Badass : The Prussian Army. One Russian observer said "They are Frederick's Prussians again". Tear Jerker : The death of Marshal Lannes was a literal one for the Old Guard, and even for Napoleon himself. Marbot, one of Lannes' aides, reported that the usually impassible Emperor "embraced the Marshal's body and covered him in tears, and several times he exclaimed: What a tragic loss for France and for me !..." Another famous one was Napoleon's farewell to his Old Guard on his abdication in 1814 (les Adieux de Fontainebleau). For the Prussian royal family and Prussians in general, the death of Queen Louise at age 34. Underestimating Badassery : Happened on both sides: Although after a while his enemies tended to be overawed by Napoleon, sometimes they underestimated him. A famous case was during the run-up to Austerlitz, when a number of the younger members of Czar Alexander's military entourage thought that even though Napoleon and his army had just trounced the Austrians, it would not be too hard for the Russian army to defeat him. Napoleon exploited this and deliberately gave the impression that he was scared of a battle, then pounced at Austerlitz. Later on, during the French campaign of 1814, the Allied leadership was so confident that after the Retreat from Moscow and the defeat at Leipzig Napoleon was finished, and so concentrated more on making plans for the post-war order in Europe than on winning the war against Napoleon. They were in for a rude surprise. Napoleon himself tended to underestimate Blücher and the Prussian army, which cost him dearly on the first day of the battle of Leipzig (October 16, 1813) and in the Waterloo campaign, where he could not believe that the Prussians would be able to come to the aid of Wellington's army two days after their defeat at Ligny. Blücher also tended to be dismissed as a mere bruiser who won mostly by dumb luck by quite a few people, including Lord Byron, who could not forgive him for defeating his hero Napoleon despite being too uncouth for his taste: "With the voice and manners of a recruiting Sergeant, he pretended to the honours of a hero; just as if a stone could be worshipped because a man stumbled over it." During his last campaign, Napoleon was warned not to underestimate Wellington by some of his marshals and generals who had fought against him in the Peninsular War. His response was: " Just because he defeated you, you think he's a good general." And throughout the 19th century there continued to be French officers and military historians who seriously proposed that the Waterloo campaign showed Napoleon still to be the greatest general in the world (if not for incompetent lieutenants and/or traitors, he would have won) and Wellington and Blücher covered in shame because of the incompetence they displayed in 1815. Although it's not completely unjustified. He was sick, mentally ay his lowest, heavily outnumbered and still nearly won. War for Fun and Profit : The Napoleonic Wars did introduce a host of reforms in the conquered European states, introduced administrative efficiency, secularization, emancipation of Jews and meritocracy, remnants of Napoleon's youthful Revolutionary enthusiasm. What they also did was force "new republics" and states to pay high exorbitant indemnities to France, making them colonies in all but name, with many cultural treasures stolen and taken to the Louvre as propaganda coup of Napoleonic victory. Indeed, historians note that the Napoleonic Wars was the fall-out of the disastrous Haitian expedition. Haiti was France's wealthiest and most prosperous colony and a successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture ended that. Towards the late 1800s, Napoleon wanted to recover Haiti, reinstall slavery by sending emancipated labourers back to plantations and sent Charles Leclerc, his brother-in-law, to capture L'Ouverture and bring him to France in chains. Leclerc succeeded in that, but the expedition was a disaster with 50,000 dead(more than the Reign of Terror ) and France lost Haiti for ever. After that Napoleon cut his losses, sold Louisiana to America in the New World and turned his attention to Europe. In 1815 it was very noticeable that the army was much more keen on Napoleon becoming Emperor again than the general population, and the younger officers more than the older ones. Part of the reason was that the older officers had already become rich and famous during the preceding wars, while many of the younger ones still were hungry for promotions, glory and riches. And the discontent of the army was partly due to the fact that because of its reduction to a peacetime footing - aggravated by the return of Royalist officers and prisoners of war to France - many Napoleonic officers found themselves without employment. And since even paying half-wages (demi-solde) to the inactive officers caused a huge dent in France's national budget, it would have been very difficult to maintain his support within the army while actually fulfilling the peaceful policy he proclaimed during the Hundred Days. Warrior Prince : Quite a few of the traditional kind, i. e. members of imperial, royal and ducal houses, and some of the other kind, i. e. former noblemen and commoners who got a royal or princely rank conferred on them by a certain former member of the minor nobility of Corsica. We Have Reserves : France already was the most populous nation in Europe and the mass Conscription (levée en masse) introduced during the War of the First Coalition enabled its army, despite at time huge numbers of deserters, to take on several major military powers at once. In the process of the wars France grew considerably by annexing Belgium, parts of Germany and Italy, and Holland etc., which increased the numerical superiority of its army. The other nations eventually followed suit, which first became noticeable in the war of 1809 when Austria, despite having lost a considerable part of its territory, to pretty much single-handedly fight the French and their Allies for a few months. Napoleon eventually used up his reserves, but despite the loss of his army in Russia and the continuing losses to "the Spanish ulcer", he was able to put an army into the field that in the spring of 1813 outnumbered the combined Russian and Prussian armies. However he increasingly had to "mortgage his future" by calling up recruits ahead of time - 16-year-olds in 1814 - and so after The Battle of the Nations at Leipzig his reserves were used up. This also explains the quick end to the 1815 campaign, where the war was decided after Napoleon lost one major battle before the majority of the Allied armies (about a third of the Prussian field army, the entire Austrian and Russian armies plus the armies of several smaller German and European nations) even got into action. It speaks volumes that military historians still debate how decisive the effect was of Napoleon having to detach a mere three divisions to quell the 1815 rising in the Vendée. Will They or Won't They? : The alliance between Russia and Sweden, two ancient enemies. This drove the British mad, until Napoleon decided the matter for them. Why Don't You Just Shoot Him? : Napoleon actually said he should have done this with Talleyrand long after it was too late. After learning of Marshal Soult's extortions in Spain, he also said: "I should have made an example and shot Soult, the worst plunderer of them all." Instead, he just let him pull a Karma Houdini and Soult died a very rich man. According to some accounts, when Wellington sat for a portrait for Francisco de Goya in Madrid in 1812, he behaved so arrogantly and made remarks so insulting to the Spaniards that Goya went for his pair of pistols and had to be restrained by his son from trying to shoot him. The Woobie : Denmark. First tried to be neutral and was attacked twice by the British, who at the second go set fire to Copenhagen using saturation bombardment. Driven into an alliance with Napoleon, it then lost Norway to Sweden in 1814. You Have Failed Me : Possibly Admiral Villeneuve, disastrous French commander at Trafalgar, who "committed suicide". His method seems rather suspect. According to the official verdict, he first stabbed himself in the heart, then stabbed himself in the left lung six times. You Have Outlived Your Usefulness : Britain and Austria gradually displayed such an attitude towards Russia, Prussia and Sweden in 1814, wanting to establish a balance of power in Europe. At the Congress of Vienna Talleyrand was able to exploit this and at one point the conflict over the fate of Saxony escalated to such an extent that a war between Austria, Britain and France against Russia and Prussia seemed possible in early 1815. You Killed My Father : Exiled Duke Frederick William of Brunswick raised a free corps which was uniformed all in black in memory of his father, who had been killed in 1806 while in command of the Prussian Army. The "Black Duke" and his corps fought on the Austrian side in 1809, then, after the Austrians sued for peace, fought its way from Bohemia to the North Sea, to be shipped to the Iberian Peninsula to continue fighting there. In 1813/14 the Black Duke returned to Brunswick, but was killed at Quatre Bras on 16 June, 1815, once again fighting the French. In fiction: That Hamilton Woman by Alexander Korda is a British Wartime Romance based on the real-life relationship between Admiral Nelson ( Laurence Olivier ) and Emma Hamilton ( Vivien Leigh ). It ends on the Battle of Trafalgar. Hussar Ballad is a Russian romantic comedy in which a young woman dresses up as a man and fights in the army against Napoleon. Stendhal 's The Charterhouse of Parma shows its hero as an unwitting observer of the battle of Waterloo in 1815, a device that Tolstoy later copied. Stendhal was an unabashed Napoleon loyalist, who served in his army to Moscow and remained loyal during the Hundred Days. He refused to return to France until 1821, spending most of his time in Italy. Lord Byron's Don Juan contains references to the Russian siege of Izmail (1790). His Childe Harold also contains a famous poetic version of the Duchess of Richmond's ball on the eve of the Waterloo campaign. The Polish national epic Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz is set in Lithuania before and during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars turn up all over the place in the work of Heinrich Heine . Best known is his poem "The Grenadiers", which was set to music by Robert Schumann (using the German original) and Richard Wagner (using a French translation - he wrote this when he lived in Paris). Waterloo oder Die hundert Tage ("Waterloo or The Hundred Days") by German playwright Christian Dietrich Grabbe (1801-1836). A huge unwieldy play that had to wait until 1895 for its first performance. Grabbe also left the fragment of a drama called Kosciuszko about the Polish national hero. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace , which includes not just a famous account of the battle of Borodino, but big chunks of both the 1805 and 1812 campaigns. Also turned into several movies and television series, as well as an opera (by Prokofiev). Les Misï¿½rables - contains an account of Waterloo in which Victor Hugo declares the French, and in particular Count Cambronne, the moral victors. He also wrote an epic poem that was highly influential on the popular image of that battle in France. Theodor Fontane's first novel, Before the Storm, is set in Prussia in the winter of 1812/13. Schach von Wuthenow presents the country as ossified on the eve of the war of 1806. The Conscript of 1813 and Waterloo by Erckmann and Chatrian. One of the most realistic 19th century novelizations of the last years of the wars from the perspective of an unassuming Alsatian recruit. The Tales of Ensign Stï¿½l : A collection of poems about the Finnish war. Honor Harrington started out as the Napoleonic Wars In Space! Though the Napoleon expy actually fails and sends things Off the Rails . Lauren Willig's Pink Carnation series follows on from The Scarlet Pimpernel and tracks the adventures of similarly-named spies in Britain, Ireland, France and India during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon himself appears in the first book. Un Ballo in Maschera by Giuseppe Verdi is an operatic dramatization of the assassination of king Gustavus III of Sweden, only due to the censors' constraint the story had to be transposed to ... Massachusetts. Tosca , the opera by Giacomo Puccini , is tangentially related: the war affects it, though it hardly affects the war. The same goes for Heinrich von Kleist's novella The Marquise of O; it was adapted into a film by French director Eric Rohmer that won the Grand Prix Spécial at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. Only at the very end of The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe it becomes apparent that the story is set during the Peninsular War. Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen wrote an epic poem based on stories from the British blockade of Norway. The poem, Terje Vigen, is arguably Ibsen´s greatest tear jerker , relating the story of a fisherman trying to breach the blockade by rowing to Denmark for supplies for his family. The Brits intervene, of course, and the antagonist spends the rest of the war in prison, only to find his family dead when returning home. The rest of the poem tells of his resentment and eventual revenge on the British lord who made him miserable. They all figure it out in the end, though. English translation: http://www.sitater.com/home/ibsen/vigen/idx_eng.htm Billy Budd takes place in the summer of 1797, with the Nore mutiny casting a shadow over the plot. Over the last decade, there have been a great number of French graphic novels centred on Napoleon. Some stick to reality and attempt to give a colourful account of Napoleon's life... others (like Double Masque) go on a completely fictional tangent. Of special interest is Malet, the 2005 graphic novel by Nicolas Juncker about the conspiracy and abortive coup of 1812. In the appendix Juncker explains how difficult it was to make sense of the various conflicting historical accounts and self-serving memoirs that chronicle the event . Thomas Flanagan's The Year of the French deals with events in County Mayo during the 1798 Rebellion in Ireland. It was adapted into an Irish-British-French television series in 1982 with music by The Chieftains. The novella Liberty or Death by David Cook also deals with the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Art and Architecture Napoleon Crossing the Alps by Jacques-Louis David (produced in five versions, 1801-1805) shows an idealized Napoleon on a rearing charger. In 1850 Paul Delaroche produced a painting showing the same subject as it really happened: Napoleon riding on a mule led by a guide. Francisco de Goya 's paintings of the Second and Third of May 1808 in Madrid, the first showing the Madrilenes fighting Napoleon's Mameluks of the Guard in the streets, the latter the shooting by French firing squad of a group of Spanish rebels. Also Goya's sometimes spine-chilling series of prints, Los desastres de la guerra. The Napoleonic Wars were commemorated in a number of monuments all over Europe, notably the Column of the Grande Armée (on the place Vendôme), the Arc de Triomphe and the smaller Arc de Triomphe du Carroussel in Paris, Nelson's Column on Trafalgar Square in London, the cast-iron Kreuzbergdenkmal in Berlin, the Lion of Waterloo (which commemorates the wounding of the Prince of Orange, later King William II of the Netherlands), and the Völkerschlachtsdenkmal (1913) in Leipzig. Music Beethoven originally wanted to dedicate his Third Symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, but changed his mind when he learned that he was making himself an emperor. In 1809 he wrote a march for the Austrian Landwehr (militia), which was picked up in 1813 by the Prussians, which is why it is now best known as the Marsch des Yorckschen Korps. He also wrote his "battle symphony" (originally scored for a musical automat) to commemorate Wellington's 1813 victory at Vitoria. Tchaikovsky's 1812 Ouverture, scored for a full orchestra, church bells and real cannons, written partially to commemorate the Battle of Borodino. Non-Fiction Lots of participants wrote memoirs and histories afterwards. Thanks to the advances of public education, these included several junior officers and even some NCOs and privates. Of course, unrealiable narrators abound. More books have been written about Napoleon than about anyone else in history, with the possible exceptions of Abraham Lincoln and Jesus . Two generals who fought in the Napoleonic Wars had a huge influence on military theory in the subsequent centuries, Antoine de Jomini and Carl von Clausewitz, the latter the author of On War. To this day the Napoleonic Wars tend to be among the wars that are studied the most at military academies. Among the West Point graduates who tried to emulate the Napoleonic operations and strategies in their campaigns can be found Robert E. Lee and Norman Schwarzkopf (who is said to have been inspired to his plan for Operation Desert Storm by Napoleon's 1805 campaign).	Waterloo
Voiced by Harry Shearer, what Simpsons character was modeled after Ted Koppel?	From May 18, 1940 the Netherlands no longer exists according to ‘Article 21’ of the then in force Dutch constitution. - NO CANCER FOUNDATION NO CANCER FOUNDATION From May 18, 1940 the Netherlands no longer exists according to ‘Article 21’ of the then in force Dutch constitution. fr No Cancer Foundation is a humanitarian organization that works international "for" health, peace, social justice and human rights, "against" industrial mass poisoning, cancer and other poisoning diseases. Taking into account the continuing unconstitutional, on corruption and abuse of power based terror on No Cancer Foundation and its partners , we are unable to answer all e-mails as long as our Constitution and rule of law is hostage . Therefore the entire content of the No Cancer Foundation website is transferred as research achive to the 'The European Greens' political movement. The content remains to represent No Cancer Foundation and partners as official juridical foundation for existing and further legal proceedings . No Cancer Foundation plenipotentiary jurist, by European Commission recognized European safety manager, A.M.L. van Rooij is disabled in his legal function and right to existence by means of corruption and abuse of power, which is called fascism. Let's end mass poisoning and related cancer pandemic once and for all! Support us and let them know ! STOP THE EUROPEAN COUP, COMMITTED BY STEALTH!!!! See below the content (translated in English) of the registered letters dated May 27, 2012 from the No Cancer Foundation ( NCF ), supported by the Ecological Knowledge Center ( EKC ) and political party the Greens ( TEG ) with a request to save the world from total destruction to: Latest update 27-02-2016 1. From May 18, 1940 the Netherlands (Dutch memberstate) no longer exists. On May 10, 1940, the German army invade the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. In the morning of May 13, 1940 the Dutch royal family arrived in Harwich. At 10 o'clock that morning Queen Wilhelmina left to the Hoek van Holland where the English torpedo destroyer (HMS "Hereward") was waiting for her. One hour earlier (around 9 am) the Cabinet-Geer had been told that the queen would leave. Where to was not clear. Then in the evening also the Council of Ministers left (19.20h) with an English torpedo destroyer from the Hoek of Holland to England. However, without the ministers Steenberghe and Van Rhijn, without any command to the Commander in Chief General Winkelman, without notice to the Chairmen of the political chambers, and without any transfer of powers to the Secretaries General. Minister Steenberghe has subsequently informed the Secretary-General and General Winkelman in a meeting regarding the expatriation of the Queen and the Government and transfer the authority to Winkelman. ( Source: Gerard's WOII blog ). This transfer had paved the way for a German civil government under Seyss-Inquart, with all the consequences. In Poland it happened similar because as like in the Netherlands, the entire Polish government fled the country. Because Queen Wilhelmina had ignored all the advice of her ministers, Hitler's lawyers get the Netherlands very easily thrown in their lap. By violating Article 21 of the Dutch Constitution, the Netherlands has been lifted. This way Seyss-Inquart as governor of the Netherlands could replace Wilhelmina. Article 21 of the Dutch Constitution "Under no circumstances can the seat of government be placed outside the Empire" From May 18, 1940, the Dutch Government is disbanded under Article 21 of the Dutch Constitution and the Netherlands became a province of Nazi Germany under the governance of the Hitler Cabinet. This was very well known by Queen Wilhelmina before she flee with her government to England. That there was intent was confirmed with the fact that the same day the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs received a request from the French Ambassador who told him that the French Government was very disturbed by the below inserted letter sent by Queen Wilhelmina to the French President. According to the ambassador showed Wilhelmina's writing that the Dutch government was planning to negotiate with the Germans. This all the more six days earlier, on May 8, 1940, the Dutch press had heard from the mouth of Princess Juliana that the house of Orange never will leave his post. ( Source: Gerard's WOII blog ). By the illegitimate ' transfer ' of the Dutch Government to England, it happened that besides a military occupation in the Netherlands, also the German civil administration under Seyss-Inquart became fatal for the Jewish part that extra of the Dutch population. In Belgium and Denmark - where the Princes remained on their post - the vast majority of Jews survived the war. In Belgium, almost 90% of the Belgian - and 60% of foreign Jews (most come from Germany and Central Europe) survived. Thanks to the Danish King in Denmark even 99% of the Jews survived the war. This is in contrast to the Netherlands, where only about 20% of Jews survived the war. Citizens in Belgium and Denmark were not taken to camps like 'Westerbork'. ( Source: Gerard's WOII blog ) On May 18, 1940, Adolf Hitler introduced Decree No. 1 concerning governmental powers in the Netherlands. On May 25, 1940: Reichskommissar Seyss-Inquart of the Dutch occupied area inform the Dutch citizens that upon that day he will take possession of the highest governmental authority in the civilian resort in the Netherlands. By the regulation of May 29, 1940, Seyss-Inquart as Reichskommissar has inherited and taken over all the governmental powers in the Netherlands, which by the Dutch Constitution and the laws were granted to the King and the Government. On June 5, 1940: with the Decree of Hitler, reichskommissar Seyss-Inquart, makes the following appointments public: 1. for Administration and Justice, Dr. Friedrich Wimmer; 2. for Public Safety, SS-Brigadeführer Hanns Rauter (Higher SS officer and police leader); 3. for Finance and Economic Affairs, Dr. Hans Fischboeck 4. for Special Affairs, Reichsamtsleiter Fritz Schmidt. 5. representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Otto Bene 6. to Plenipotentiary of ‘de Nederlandsche Bank’ (den Ministerialdirektor der Bank) Dr. Hans Piesbergen 7. Chief of the Main Department on bureau van den Reichskommissar for the occupied Dutch area, (Ministerial rat) Dr. Hans Piesbergen. Background: The occupied Netherlands get submitted in May 1940 to a German civilian administration, headed by Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Reich Commissioner for the occupied Netherlands. Rauter as SS and Police Leader was subordinate to Himmler, but at the same time he was as Commissioner General for Safety subordinate to Seyss-Inquart The superstructure of the Dutch Government (central force) was formed by: 1. Reichskommissar Seyss-Inquart 2. The four Commissioners General: Dr. Friedrich Wimmer (governance and Justice), Hanns Rauter (for public safety den SS-Brigadeführer), Dr. Hans Fischboeck (Finance and Economic Affairs), Fritz Schmidt (Special Affairs den Reichsamtsleiter). 3. The Plenipotentiaries of den Reichskommissar for the provinces: the Commissioners of the Queen during the second world war, whether or not fitted with a special Commissioner Plenipotentiary, as like Kreisleiter Schmidt was in Limburg. 4. the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Otto Bene 5. The German Plenipotentiary for the Dutch Bank Dr. Hans Piesbergen. From this moment the Reichskommissar appoints and dismisses: 1. The members of the High Council; 2. Attorney-General and the Advocate General-General at the Supreme Council; 3. The Presidents of courts; 4. The Attorneys General at the courts. The other judicial officials are appointed and dismissed by the Secretary-General of Justice, unless the Reichskommissar keeps the appointment or dismissal to himself. (source: State law since May 10, 1940, library city of Amsterdam August 24, 1946 ). By this the Secretary-General of Justice has a dictatorial power over all civil servants. This gives an explanation for the fact that current Secretary-General Joris Demmink (VVD) cannot be expelled from his function by current responsible minister of the Ministry for Safety and Justice Ivo Opstelten (VVD) or prosecuted for the abuse of children despite much evidence (source: book "De Demmink Doofpot '). Reich Commissioner Arthur Seyss-Inquart has to the Secretaries-General of the various departments given the following delegated powers: - That they may sub-delegate to others; - That they can enact legislation in the form of 'decision' or 'disposal’. - That they can change the Dutch law, complement ore abolish, and deviate from the Constitution Hereby, the general secretaries of the various departments have acquired dictatorial power ( Source: Constitutional law since May 10, 1940, municipal library Amsterdam 4 August 1946 ) Provincial law: entered into force on September 1, 1941 From this moment the principles of the new provincial law prevail: 1. that the Commissioner of the province have the legislative and executive power 2. that the Commissioner of the province must follow the instructions of the central government. by this, the province is only an administrative part of the state. (Source: Constitutional law since May 10, 1940, municipal library Amsterdam 4 August 1946 ) Municipal law: entered into force on September 1, 1941 From this moment the principles of the new municipal law prevail: That all the administrative power of the municipality is handed to one person, being the mayor; 1. That the council and executive, board of mayor and councillors are disabled whereby only the mayor has the power of regulatory and executive power in the municipality. By this only the mayor is responsible for the management policy pursued by himself. 2. That the municipality is just an administrative part of the State. The municipality facing higher organs (province, state) can no longer rely on its independence, but is bound by the instructions of the higher organs. In other words, it is done with the so-called autonomy of municipalities. Therefore the municipalitie is only an administrative part of the state placed under the supervision of the Commissioner of the province and the State. (Source: Constitutional law since May 10, 1940, municipal library Amsterdam 4 August 1946 ) Between 1941 and 1943, Prince Bernhard repeatedly visited the United States of America. According to various sources, including the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), Bernhard during his second visit tot he U.S.A. (from 20 to 25 April 1942) wrote a letter to Hitler on April 24, 1942 in which he himself offering to assume the lieutenancy of the Netherlands. The letter was subsequently sent from London via Portugal to Berlin. The existence of this letter is still being denied by the RVD, but BVD secret agent Jan Heutink certainly had seen a copy of the letter: signed by Prince Bernhard and Princess Juliana. Bernard wanted to bet he Dutch Nazi Governor of Hitler, what ultimately happened in a way as you can read here below: Bernard wanted to be the Dutch Nazi Governor of Hitler, what ultimately happened in a way as you can read here below: After the war, the existence of this letter would have bin confirmed to the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) by general Eberhard Schöngarth, (appointed SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei (Brigadier General). Just before his execution? the letter was found in Berlin. It is noteworthy that Prince Bernhard wrote his letter in America and not in London, especially since the letter was sent from London. ( Source: Gerards WOII blog ). After the second World War. On May 5, 1945 the Netherlands celebrated that Germany surrendered in West-Netherlands. On that date, the capitulation would have been signed between the German General Johannes Blaskowitz and the Canadian General Charles Foulkes in Hotel De Wereld in Wageningen, in the presence of Prince Bernhard. However, the agreement was signed on May 6, next to 'Hotel de Wereld' located, auditorium of the then Landbouwhogeschool (agricultural high school), without Prince Bernhard his presence. The act itself present in the municipal Wageningen is dated: Wageningen May 5, 1945. In fact it concerned only an agreement on the technical development of German forces in the Netherlands regarding the capitulation on May 4 of German troops in North West Europe. ( Source wikipedia ). Hereby, the evidence has been provided that by the hands of Prince Bernhard, no one on behalf of the Dutch head of state and/or government, the capitulation of nazi Germany (Hitler's Cabinet) has bin signed, that no one was present at the signing by the unauthorized German General Johannes Blaskowitz and the Canadian General Charles Foulkes. Constitutional, this means that the Netherlands from May 5, 1945 is integral part of Nazi Germany. Taking into account that the signing did not take place, it means that the Netherlands from May 18, 1940 Constitutional no longer exists and the occupation from the Hitler cabinet on the former territory of the Netherlands continued after May 5, 1945. For this reason, in the Netherlands since that time the Prime Minister, Ministers, Secretaries of state, the Commissioners of the Queen and the Mayors are not elected but appointed and sworn in by the head of state. In 1996 the book "Operation JB" was published. The last great secret of World War II "by Christopher Creighton, a former officer in the British secret service. This book is about the kidnapping of Hitler's secretary, Martin Bormann, by a secret British command in 1945named Section M. The goal of the operation was Bormann`s access to the huge bank balances of the Nazi party. The overall management of the operation was held by Ian Fleming and the operational command was entrusted to Christopher Creighton who was barely twenty years old. In the book is also mentioned the Dutch submarine K XVII which was exploded by Creighton on December 7, 1941. In Chapter 9, memories are retrieved to the submarine in a conversation with Fleming, and in an appendix, the author returned to the incident. The decision to destroy the Dutch submarine was taken when it discovered the Japanese fleet on his way to Pearl Harbor on November 28, 1941. The Dutch commander, LTZ 1 H. C. Besancon, immediately signaled a coded message to the British Navy leadership. This message was intercepted by the cryptographers of the Section M, which forwarded the message to General Donovan in Washington DC and Major Desmond Morton of the American and British secret services. Both informed their leaders, President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. These four persons were aware of upcoming Japanese attack which absolut had to remain secret. At that time, 80 percent of the US population was extremely isolationist and strongly oppose to a war with Japan or Germany. Roosevelt wanted a war with Japan, but can not give the declaration of war to this country without a valid reason. A surprise attack on the battleships at Pearl Harbor would give him that reason. The reason for America to interfere in the war was that the Japanese would otherwise have free access to countries like India, Australia, New Zealand and many other countries, to occupy in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. These, for the United States very important sources of raw materials, could probably be freed only with great difficulty in a later stage. Furthermore, the British needed the support of the Americans desperately in their fight against Germany. Because there were thousands of japanese immigrants in Hawaii, of which a part was working as a spy for their country of origin, the War Harbor on Oahu could not be brought into readiness. The attack was to remain secret. If this were not so, Emperor Hirohito, who insisted that it had to be a complete surprise, would have abandoned the attack. If it would be known that Roosevelt and Churchill knew of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and had done nothing to prevent this, they would be eliminated politically. In addition, if so the Allied military intelligence were convinced that the Allied coalition would fall apart allowing Japan but also Germany getting free rein. It was therefore decided to silence the crew of the Dutch submarine Hr. Ms. K XVII. Once the message from the Dutch submarine was received, they had to return to the base in Singapore. The K XVII was not allowed to make port and the crew should refrain from further reports about the Japanese fleet. Under the name LTZ Paul Hammond, Creighton traveled with a Berwick flying boat from Nova Scotia, Canada, San Francisco and Wake Island to the Northern Mariana Islands. There he went according to appointment aboard the K XVII. Creighton was in possession of proxies from the commander of the British submarine office, Admiral Sir M. Horton, The Dutch Naval Commander in London, Admiral Fürstner and Queen Wilhelmina. These proxies gave him the authority to give commander Besancon operational tasks, since the Dutch submarine found itself under British operational command. In one of the small Mariana Islands, just south of Pagan about 800 nautical miles south of Japan, crates from the Berwick flying boat were transhipped in the submarine. The Dutch crew was told that Christmas presents were in the crates from their colleagues in England. Most crates contain indeed gin, beer, champagne and other Christmas stuff. But in one crate was cyanide gas, in two other explosives with inflammation and timers. Creighton waited a coded radio message. Should the Japanese fleet abort the attack on Pearl Harbor, his operation would be suspended. 12 days before the attack they knew the exact date of the attack on Pearl Harber, a false flag operation at the cost of thousands of innocent Americans. Hereby America could participate in the II World War, with numerous cause of human life (source: Gerard 45 ). Similar to 9/11 false flag operation and MH17 shot down in Ukraine to cause a global crisis, and implement a global fascist government. After World War II Prince Bernhard helped prominent Nazis to flight with the KLM from Switzerland to Argentina where the Dutch royal family maintains intimate family relationships until now. Bernhard along with then Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. C.G.W.H. Baron van Oosterhout (non-party) in the cabinet Beel (KVP) helped leading Nazis to flee. At least ten Nazi leaders after World War II fled to South America with passports from the International Red Cross in Geneva. These include Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Franz Stangl, Klaus Barbie and Erich Priebke. Until 1948 no less than 63 750 travel documents to Nazis, were issued by the International Red Cross which without a problem where recognized by Argentina as official documents. Adolf Eichmann obtained his passport on June 1, 1950 under the false name of Riccardo Klement, born in Bolzano. On June 17, 1950, he was already on the boat to Argentina.Here you find the CIA documents about Hitler's stay in Tunja (Colombia) (source: Gerard 45 ). From June 24, 1945 to July 3, 1946: because from May 18, 1940 the Netherlands did not consists Constitutional there could not be issued a democratic elections in the Netherlands after the war. Therefore, Queen Wilhelmina, as successor to Adolf Hitler, has self-appointed the first post-war cabinet Schermerhorn-Drees ((Consisted of Ministers of the SDAP (in 1946 with the VDB and CDU merged into the Labour Party PvdA) the CHU'er Lieftinck (later PvdA) and RKSP (later KVP) and five non-party ministers, of whom later two became Labour Party member PvdA)). The Hitler's cabinet has thus continued under her leadership as head of state. This succeeding Hitler cabinet was a 'royal' cabinet and is also called an "emergency government." To be able to continue this ongoing Hitler Cabinet on former Dutch territory, led by former Dutch head of state Queen Wilhelmina it was necessary that the new government was formed by the Labour Party (PvdA) as the successor of the German Nazi Party and the KVP, because Cardinal Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) and Franz von Papen, Vice-Chancellor of Germany, under Chancellor Adolf Hitler (Since January 30, 1933) on July 8, 1933 signed the Reich Concordat, within Article 14, the following passage: "The appointments of archbishops, bishops, and comparables will not earlier be published until the state governor will have to be properly satisfied that there is no general political objections. " Cardinal Pacelli granted Franz von Papen thefore the high papal award of the Grand Cross of the Order of Pius. This made it possible for Hitler to implement a one party regime, with the support of the Vatican, because the Vatican withdrew there support to the Centre Party (source: Wikipedia ). From that moment on the Hitler-kabinet "The founding of the great German Rich "or" European Union " which continued from May 5, 1945 from former Dutch territory under the direction of the Dutch Heads of State Queen Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix and had/have full control over the Roman Catholic Church, the largest Christian church in the world. The more because of former Cardinal Pacelli was Pope Pius XII from 1939 until 1958. Pope John Paul I wanted to change this in 1978. Therefore 33 days after taking office, he was poisoned with arsenic and replaced by Pope John Paul II on August 16, 1978 ( source: The European Greens ). Karol Józef Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II) and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (Prince of Orange) both worked for IG Farben (sources: Board Question # 57569 and Telegraph March 8, 2010 ). At the time of the rise of Hitler, the holding company IG Farben - Interessengemeinschaft Farben was the most powerful economic organization of Germany. The group soon sought rapprochement with the emerging Adolf Hitler and would work closely together with the Nazi regime during World War II. Thus IG Farben decided on February 22 1941, among others to build the plant Buna-Werke in Auschwitz, where use can be made of forced labor. IG Farben was a major cartel of a number of German companies, including BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Casella, Huels and Kalle. This conglomerate was one of the major financiers of Hitler’s ascent which would be in the run up to, and during the course of the Second World War, leading to an intense collaboration. So IG Farben supplies explosives and synthetic gas fuel for the German army. According to some experts, Hitlers warfare without IG Farben would not even be possible. (source: Managing21 of 22-02-05 ). Pope John Paul II was the first pope attended the Bilderberg conference from 3 to June 6, 1999 in Sinta, Portugal, where also Queen Beatrix, Boris Yeltsin, Bill Clinton, Steven Spielberg, Ted Turner and Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok (PvdA) were present. It is then good to know that shortly thereafter, they founded the Club of Madrid in October 2001. This is a club consisting of 70 former heads of state chaired by Wim Cook (PvdA). Given the contents of this letter may be clear that the club is not set up to strengthen democracy worldwide, as is claimed. On August 13, 1814 the Banka Island (Indonesia) was exchanged by the British to the Netherlands against the "establishment Cochin (India). A year later (June 18, 1815) Napoleon Bonaparte was finally defeated by a combination of British / Dutch, Hanoverian and Prussian armies, during the battle of Waterloo (former United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now Belgium). This was done under the leadership of the Duke of Wellington, Blush and Prince William of Orange-Nassau. (William Frederick George Lodewijk). The Rothschilds (Ashkenazi Jews) have before and during this battle alongside England, the Netherlands and Germany, financed also France (Napoleon) through overseas gold smuggling. They created the right investment situation at the expense of wars, death and destruction. This allows the Rothschilds at one scoop to control half of the world's resources, so also the Bank of England and the whole stock trading, what up to now has not changed. The conflict of interest between the royal houses and the Ashkenazi (Rothschilds) were already a reality, forever united. These bloodlines including the British and Dutch royal family, have themselves in the past 200 years in every war and revolution / revolt gigantic enriched. Thereby they were after every war by leaps more influential and powerful. These commitments and relationships had as a result that the British who wanted to keep the at Banka (Indonesia) associated island Billiton, notwithstanding handed the island over to Dutch on March 17, 1824. given the good relations. It was the wealthy Prince Willem Frederik Hendrik as first Head of State of the Netherlands to assure as guarantor for the krediet. Hereby the royal family was for 100% shareholder. This has been further developed and passed in 1924 in the newly established company Mijnbouwmaatschappij Billiton (GMB) in which the Dutch state took part for 5/8 %. The royal family remained a major shareholder, so the conflict of interest between the State of the Netherlands and the royal family has been established. In 1970 Billiton (including the zinc factory Budelco in Budel (Netherlands)) was taken over by Shell. The chemical giant IG Farben took the Holland route to the US and made use of the services of BBH, UBC and Dillon Read. As like the German steel magnate Thyssen, they also founded a private banking business in the Netherlands: The Hollandsche Koopmans Bank in Amsterdam (1923). Albeit that the Swedish Enskilda Bank owned a substantial stake in the new company. The HKB was from the outset headed by Gerhard Fritze. He was married to a descendant of the family Ilgner and perhaps because of that he became more deeply embroiled in IG Farben’s activities behind the scenes of international politics. Another member of that family, namely Max Ilgner was leading the IG-Farben information department NW 7 which Prince Bernhard worked for. To his friends belonged princess Armgard zur Lippe Biesterfeld, the mother of Bernhard. A connection that's not only bear sweet fruit. In 1929 Fritze acquired Dutch nationality. Before that, he had already been transformed in convenience with a Swedish passport for some flexibility to be able to guide the process of the rapprochement between IG Farben and Enskilda. In the Netherlands he primarily supervised the flow of money between the German parent company and the American subsidiary Chemnyco. This branch was headed by Robert Ilgner, a naturalized American brother of Max Ilgner which banking was assisted by the so familiar BBH and UBC Prescott Bush and Averill Harriman. Reportedly Fritze and Max did play a large role in forging together the Dutch crown princess Juliana and now for NW 7 operating Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Bernhard invited prominent Nazis to his marriage with Juliana, where they did the Hitler salute (Heil Hitler). (source: NCF ). At the end of the First World War August Thyssen, the largest military producer in Germany sees his steel empire in danger. In the "neutral" Netherlands he opened the Bank for Trade and Shipping in Rotterdam. Hereby he transferring and secure his spoils of WWI of the August Thyssen Bank in Berlin (Precursor BIS-Bank) against the claims of the Versailles Treaty. The old August donates 100 million dollars and his industrial empire in the Ruhr to his son Fritz who in 1923 get fascinated by Adolf Hitler, the man who could save the German industry of the rebellious working class. The steel baron met Adolf Hitler and General Erich Ludendorff and decides to give 100,000 gold marks to the beginning NSDAP. Great-grandfather and grandfather Bush have thought well out. By Brown Brothers & Harriman they invest in Nazi Germany, along the UBS bank from Thyssen they get there armament profits back into the United States. In 1934 the earnings are up to hundreds of millions that also flow to Rotterdam and New York. In New York Prescott Bush meanwhile became managing director of UBC. "The Bush family” knew very well that Brown Brothers was the US money canal to Nazi Germany and that the Union Bank was the secret pipeline to bring the Nazi money through the Netherlands into America, writes John Loftus, a former attorney at the US Department Nazi War Crimes. (source: NCF ). For this reason, before the so-called “democratic elections” could pas in the Netherlands, first the new Labour Party (PvdA) had to breakthrough. This breakthrough in the Dutch political history is suggested as a movement immediately after the Second World War in order to get the formation of one progressive party, which should unite progressives with Catholic, Protestant, Social Democratic or liberal background. For this, the old compartmentalized political system “had to be broken”. The breakthrough idea has led to the formation of the Labour Party (formerly: SDAP, VDB and CDU) established on February 9, 1946. The KVP already had been established in 1945 as a successor to the prewar RKSP on which Queen Wilhelmina transcribed the so-called 'democratic elections', whereby afther February 9, 1946 she could count on the by here desired KVP / PvdA cabinet. Immediately after she unsubscribed new elections that took place on May 16, 1946. Once it became clear in the election that the KVP and PvdA had the larg majority of the votes to form a new cabinet, the Schermerhorn-Drees Cabinet asked resignation. After the formation of the cabinet Beel I (KVP / PvdA) which could count on the support of a majority of the House, the resignation was granted by the Queen. As appreciation, the former prime minister L.J.M. (Louis) Beel (KVP) get appointed in 1959 as vice president of the Council of State which he remained until 1972. Hereby the Hitler-Cabinet under the direction of the successive Dutch Heads of State Wilhelmina, Juliana and Beatrix with the help of all successive elected cabinets from the former Dutch territory, they can continue to this day. Everyone in the whole world (except Maxima) has been no less than 67 years in silence. From 1945 to present: President mr. Dr. Jan Donner of the Central Council of Purification (the grandfather of current vice-president Piet Hein Donner of the State Council) concluded that the economic collaborators as like Damme (But also Philips argued orders for German organizations) would not be prosecuted. However in 1949 Damme sr. with special stipulations, was unconditionally from prosecution exempt. The reason fort this, as claimed by Melhuizen is as follows: "In the case of Werkspoor there have been important social forces active to influence the judicial process behind the scenes." That was because, among others Damme Sr. was a prominent member of the 'We Circuit’: He was chairman of the Labour Foundation, Supervisory Board of De Nederlandsche Bank and a friend of the socialist prime minister Willem Drees, as wel the liberal politician and employers president mr. D. U. stitcher and knew Prince Bernhard. Moreover Werkspoor was in the race to supply Argentina for 200 million guilders railway. At that time a mega order, which was considered very important for the reconstruction of the Netherlands. And thus the cabinet Drees had an important argument to spare Damme sr., as like so many other leading industrialists. The country had to be rebuilt and the industry, which had so well withstood the war, was desperately needed. Meihuizen calls this 'opportunism in the service of reconstruction'. That the mega order had to be retrieved is shown by the fact that Werkspoor sanctioned, could pay 30 million guilders in bribes to dictator Juan Peron. In 1951 Prince Bernhard was allowed to award Evita Peron the Grand Cross of the Order of Orange Nassau. The idea was from the same Sticker as Minister of Foreign Affairs, under the motto, "It costs so little and gives a lot of pleasure." Moreover, Prince Bernhard had been given a 'pearl necklace' for Evita Peron worth of thirty thousand guilders. Prince Bernhard and Frits Philips were personally good (hunt) friends. A voluminous report from the US intelligence service OSS (Office of Strategic Services) the forerunner of the CIA 1943 titled "The Philips Concern ' is full of allegations. For example: "The internal police department at Philips (...) works closely with the Gestapo." And: " The company employs people with fascists or pro-fascist ideas. ‘The director of Philips Argentina is a Nazi spy ' is noted in the report. The report, more than a thousand pages thick and stamped "secret" was recently discovered by a German researcher in an archive in Washington. This historic document also shows that the Philips management offered the OSS in 1942 to use the Philips global network as a source of information and a cover for espionage operations. Whereupon is the OSS allegations of the Phillips collaboration based? Why did Philips sought cooperation with the US secret services? And why the company still don’t give complete opening of affairs? A report by Gerard Leenders and Huub Jaspers. Presentation: Max Weezel. (Source: VPRO VARA February 25, 2002 ) Along the way Nazi collaborator Willem Sassen (son of NSB mayor J.M.W Sassen in the town of Veghel) heard he was sentenced in absentia to 20 years hard labor in the Netherlands and in Belgium waiting the death penalty. Upon arrival, he made contact with the ex secretary Goebbels, Wilfried von Oven, publisher of the magazine Die Freie Presse and La Plata Ruf. At the magazine ‘Die Freie Presse’ he went to work as a journalist and was involved with translations in Spanish among Shakespeare, Goethe and Schiller. Operating under various pseudonyms, he published by the same publisher, the book ‘Die Jünger und die Dirnen’. Sassen rewrote as a ghostwriter three works by Hans-Ulrich Rudel: Trotzdem, Mein Dank an Argentinien and Es geht um das Reich. These books were published by Dürer-Verlag. He also worked as a literary agent for the American magazines Time - Life and was until 1965 special correspondent for De Telegraaf in Argentina. Prince Bernhard worked in Argentina closely with the Dutch Nazi journalist Willem Sassen. Under the Peron regime Willem Sassen worked as a public relations officer of Eva Perón and as military adviser of Perón. During an official visit by Prince Bernhard in 1951, he worked as a guide and interpreter. The prince was on a state visit and tried to obtain contracts for, among others Werkspoor. During his visit Bernhard also met Kurt Tank regarding a demonstration of the Pulqui II, the then ultramodern fighter jet which made Argentina one of most modern armies. Kurt Tank was part of a group of exiled Nazi technicians, who sought safe shelter in Argentina and build there aircraft industry. In the sixties Sassen had divorced Miep and he married Elsie Delbaere, with whom he had two children. After the fall of Perón, he worked at a water extraction company,’ Industria Integral de Agua’. In the German Club in the Argentine capital, he met major Nazi figures of his time who also sought refuge in Argentina. So he met Léon Degrelle, Hans-Ulrich Rudel and Otto Skorzeny. A certain Ricardo Klement approached Willem Sassen who wanted to contact him after reading some by Sassen cast works. This man turned out to be Adolf Eichmann who in 1950 arrived in Buenos Aires with the Italian ship Giovanni and had held since aloof the big Nazi cliques who gathered in the various German clubs. Eichmann wanted to put his experiences on paper to show to the world his professed innocence . The interviews that followed were recorded on tape and would be sold for a lot of money to various media after the kidnapping of Eichmann in May 1960. However the soil under his feet was him hot when it was in the Nazi circles assumed that Willem Sassen possible was involved in the kidnapping of Eichmann. He would have given away to the Mossad information on the whereabouts of Eichmann. Because of these possible implications Willem Sassen fled to Rome for two years to avoid any avengers. After two years he turned back and went to import weapons. He became representative for Latin America of the Austrian company Steyr-Daimler-Puch. Willem Sassen now had a German passport on which he occasionally for trades and family visits traveled to Germany and the Netherlands. Antonius Maria Willem Sassen punishment was barred around 1976 and since then, no longer eligible for prosecution. According to the Attorney Beaufort of that time is the case Willem Sassen barred: "He is entitled to travel freely in his homeland." In Belgium, however, he received in absentia the death penalty, in the Netherlands only 20 years deprivation of journalism. (Source: Go2War2 ). Under construction!	i don't know
In a bit of nationalistic pride, what is the name of the NHL hockey team based in Toronto, CA?	Hockey Book Reviews.com Reality Check: Travels in the Australian Hockey League by Will Brodie From the author:Yes, there is ice hockey in Australia. There’s a fragile but thriving national league and my book Reality Check: Travels in the Australian Ice Hockey League chronicles a year in the AIHL, where dedicated locals and adventurous internationals train and play like professionals, but no-one gets paid. I spent a year visiting the quirky outposts of this unique hockey backwater, making three trips each with arch-rivals Melbourne Mustangs and Melbourne Ice. Australian ice hockey is intense but informal, exhilarating but irreverent. It thrives on grassroots improvisation yet utilises social media savvy to expand its national audience. In 2014, the passion of this community saw a disbanded team reborn in a week and delivered a dramatic finals series followed like never before. Buy The Book - Amazon.ca - Chapters - Amazon.com From the publisher: Whether it’s a ticket stub from a game that father and son saw together, an autographed photograph from a hero, or a puck that went up and over the boards, hockey memorabilia is a record of our beloved sport’s history. He Shoots, He Saves looks at hockey’s collectibles from hockey cards to commemorative beer cans to postage stamps. The book features artifacts from all 30 NHL teams, the greatest players of all-time, the WHA, the international game including the Summit Series, and the women’s game. Hockey greats such as Martin Brodeur, Frank Mahovlich, Ted Lindsay, and Sidney Crosby recall their own days collecting and offer their perspectives on memorabilia. Joe's Take: This is an interesting book in that while it is very much about hockey collectibles, it is also a very neat introduction to the history of hockey. The book's first 70 pages or so look exclusively a hockey collectibles throughout the years, touching on the obvious like hockey cards, books, magazines, pucks, pocket schedules (I never really understood that fetish) and arena artifacts but also looking at some of the more oddball collectibles like bottle caps, stamps, cereal boxes, and, of course, bobbleheads. In the next 300 pages the author gives us brief run-downs on each franchise (plus some defunct teams), key players and key moments in the game's great past. Waldman tries to tie memorabilia into the conversation, though at times it strays away from that. Never fear, the text is laced with dozens of photos of neat collectibles that make this book as fun to flip through as it is to read from cover to cover. Take a look at this book. Collectors will love it and any hockey fan can learn some hockey history in these pages. - Chapters - Amazon.com Who is Val James? He is an almost entirely forgotten about hockey player from the past. But hey, I don't blame you for that. He played only 11 NHL games (plus 3 more in the playoffs) in his career and there are 1000s of guys like that who equally as memorable than him. So why has Val James his autobiography and, more importantly, why should you read it? First off, a bit more about the book. From the back cover, "Val James became the first African American player in the NHL when he took to the ice with the Buffalo Sabres in 1982, and in 1987 he became the first black player of any nationality to skate for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Born in central Florida, James grew up on Long Island and received his first pair of skates for his 13th birthday. At 16, James left home to play in Canada, where he was the only black person in junior and, often, in the whole town. While popular for his tough play and winning personality, the teenager faced racist taunts at opposing arenas, and the prejudice continued at all levels of the game. In his two NHL stints, James defined himself as a smart team player and opponent, known for his pugilistic skills. Black Ice is the untold story of a trail-blazing athlete who endured and overcame discrimination to realize his dreams and become an inspiration for future generations." That doesn't do nearly as good a job of catching your attention as in the inside flap: "His teammates looked away, pretending not to notice that feared hockey enforcer Valmore James was crying . . . Less than one hour earlier, Val and the Buffalo Sabres had finished playing a fierce road contest against the Bruins at hockey's hallowed Boston Garden. The years of dreaming and hard work and fighting - especially the fighting - had all brough him to this point. The moment he took to the ice, on a spring evening in 1982, he had become part of a tiny fraternity of American players who made it to the pinnacle of Canada's national pastime. Much more than that, Val James had become the first black American to ever play in the NHL. There had been no ceremony, no public address announcement. But Val knew. And if his dad were still alive, he would have known, too. Still, the tears were not born of the joy of finally making it to the show. Nor were they from the pride of being the first African American to do so. The tears that slipped past his scarred fists were tears of shame. And rage." Now that is more like it. It immediately draws us in, capturing our attention with an intriguing story, as well as the promise of well written text (John Gallagher writes with James). Unfortunately it turns out that James was crying because some classless Boston Bruins fans were blocking the Sabres team uttering racial slurs, while his teammates stayed silent. No, Val James hockey story is not your typical story. Here's more from Gallagher, as told to a recent SIHR audience: "Val was the son of migrant farm workers from the Deep South who moved to Long Island during the JFK years to work on the farms that then filled large swaths of Long Island. Val was introduced to ice hockey at the late age of 13 when his father was hired as a night watchman at the Long Island Arena, home rink of John Brophy and the Long Island Ducks of the old Eastern Hockey League. From these humble roots, Val worked his way up through the lowest minor leagues to a place in hockey history as the first American-born black player to skate in the NHL as a member of Scotty Bowman's Buffalo Sabres. He would also become the first black player of any nationality to play for the Maple Leafs in the hockey mecca of Toronto. Val is remembered as a legendary enforcer and beloved teammate but the untold story of the abuse he had to endure and overcome on the way to his impossible dream is shocking and inspiring." The book ends with a chapter called "As others recall it" where nothing by quotes by former players, coaches and team officials tell some of the James story. Those voices include Scotty Bowman, Mike Keenan, John Brophy, Paul Stewart, Ted Nolan and Nick Fotiu. It is an interesting, honest read. Chill Factor: How a Minor League Hockey Team Changed A City Forever The hockey world will set its eyes on Columbus, Ohio next weekend as the National Hockey League mid-season All Star Weekend visits the city. It is the first time that All Star Weekend will be held in Columbus. That's not really a surprise. The Columbus Blue Jackets have only been in the NHL for 15 years now. For the most part the Blue Jackets have had little impact in the hockey world. There was the expected expansion growing pains followed by a few years of irrelevance, at least outside of Ohio. They made great strides in 2013-14 with strong performances from Ryan Johansen and Sergei Bobrovsky, but have regressed this season thanks in large part to injuries. Through it all the hockey fans in Columbus have been loyal and supportive. It is proving to be a good hockey market, which has surprised many of us. We wondered about corporate support and lack of a hockey history in a city that loved it's college sports, especially football, which ultimately is a commentary on our ignorance more so than the market place perhaps. Columbus has had professional hockey since 1966. The International Hockey League hosted three different variations of Columbus hockey. First it was the Checkers, then the Golden Seals, and then the Owls. But by 1977 pro-hockey (and it was pretty low level of minor league hockey back then) had exited Columbus for a decade and a half. Pretty unimpressive stuff, so far. In 1991 the ECHL welcomed the Columbus Chill, and the hockey landscape changed forever in Columbus. Chill Factor: How A Minor League Hockey Team Changed A City Forever is a new book that examines how this minor league hockey team changed a city forever, and paved the way for the National Hockey League's arrival by the turn of the century. It is written by long time Columbus sports writer Craig Merz along with former Chill president and general manager David Paitson. Paitson was the man very much responsible for much of the success. He was the marketing genius who used edgy and innovative campaigns that attracted the attention of the town. It was refreshing and an authentic, and at times controversial. But this Ohio State University mad town were very receptive to their aggressive tactics (one reporter called going to the hockey game was like "the world's ;arg and, against long odds, really supported their upstart minor league hockey team. The rink was filled, including one stretch of 83 consecutive sell-outs. Chill Factor is a fun story of off-the-wall marketing and keen vision turning a college sports town into a a major league NHL city. And with that Columbus' sleepy downtown was transformed thanks to the billions of dollars of development created by the new downtown arena. And with that, the city's status was changed in the eyes of outsiders. It is told through the words of the man responsible for setting that vision, sports executive David Paitson. 1984 Canada Cup Comes To DVD Paul Coffey was a wonderful offensive defenseman, putting up numbers from the blue line that rivalled the great Bobby Orr. He was known for great outlet passes, his manning the point on the power play, and, above all else, his skating ability on those end to end rushes he was so good at. But one thing he was not known for was playing defense. Which is funny because the lasting image of the 1984 Canada Cup has always been a brilliant defensive play by Coffey, which he quickly turned into an offensive rush and set up the dramatic winning goal. It is the quintessential Paul Coffey play. Ah the wonders of the ol' Canada Cup tournaments. I bet you didn't know that released two days before Christmas 2014 was the Canada Cup 1984: 5 Disc DVD Collection , featuring all games involving Team Canada. Two days before Christmas certainly doesn't allow for capitalizing on the Christmas rush, but who am I to criticize the marketing team? The key thing is the Canada Cup '84 is now available for us to relive. Buy the DVD box set here: Amazon.ca - Chapters - Amazon.com . That's right - We can relieve the heroics of Wayne Gretzky, Paul Coffey, Raymond Bourque, Michel Goulet, Mike Bossy and all of Team Canada as the slowly come together through the round robin, win the classic semi-final against the Soviet Union and defeat the surprising Swedish team in the two game finale. We also get a look at then-youngsters like Steve Yzerman, Dominik Hasek, Hakan Loob, Scott Stevens and Chris Chelios. We also get semi-final game commentary by Team Canada assistant coach Tom Watt and Hockey Hall of Fame journalist Scott Morrison. In addition, we get many of the classic interviews and, yes, the always popular classic commercials from the original broadcast! As a bonus, the final game of Canada Cup 1981 is also released on DVD. The Russians handed Canada their worst loss ever in that game, 8-1, likely ensuring we will never see a commercial release of that tournament. So the curious will want to see this game, too, and it is a great way to set up the drama of 1984. Canada Cup DVDs already exist for 1976 and 1987 . Could 1991 be far away? This also seems to be a great time to share this rare photo. It is of the jersey exchange after the tournament's final game, then tradition in such international friendlies. Here Montreal Canadiens teammates Mats Naslund and Larry Robinson exchange sweaters. Clearly Naslund's does not fit big Robinson very well. En Route To St. Moritz Gold Roger Godin, veteran hockey historian, is back with another paper he calls a monograph. For $3 plus shipping you can learn all about Boston's University Club's 1928 upset of the ultimate Olympic champions in En Route To St. Moritz Gold. The Boston's University Club, not to be confused with the Boston University hockey team, actually played the Allan Cup champions University of Toronto Grads twice prior to U of T travelling to the Olympics and easily winning the gold medal. But the Bostonians gave U of T all they could handle in a 2 game, total goal series which ended tied 2-2, including a 1-0 victory for Boston in game 2. Godin goes on to tell us that the United States did not ice an Olympic team in 1928, but wonders what would have happened had the Boston Univesity Club worn the red, white and blue. Here's some YouTube footage of Godin presenting his paper at a Society For International Hockey Research meeting: If you are interested in acquiring this monograph, please contact Mr. Godin directly . It costs $3 plus shipping. - Chapters - Amazon.com From The Publisher: Terry Ryan was poised to take the hockey world by storm when he was selected eighth overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1995 NHL draft, their highest draft pick in a decade. Expected to go on to become a hockey star, Ryan played a total of eight NHL games for the Canadiens, scoring no goals and no assists: not exactly the career he, or anyone else, was expecting. Though Terry’s NHL career wasn’t long, he experienced a lot and has no shortage of hilarious and fascinating revelations about life in pro hockey on and off the ice. In Tales of a First-Round Nothing, he recounts fighting with Tie Domi, partying with rock stars, and everything in between. Ryan tells it like it is, detailing his rocky relationship with Michel Therrien, head coach of the Canadiens, and explaining what life is like for a man who was unprepared to have his career over so soon. Joe's Note - I wish every hockey autobiography was as open and as entertaining as Terry Ryan's. In fact it should be mandatory reading for any player who is about to write his memoirs. While Ryan's storytelling can be a little crude, a little meandering and lacking a little polish, it was a refreshingly open read that I couldn't put down. Page after page there were more great stories - stuff you couldn't possibly make up. Most jock bios just touch on all the major milestones, often without saying much at all in the entire volume. But Ryan has a fantastic hit on his hand.	Toronto Maple Leafs
The original Monopoly game was based upon the street names of what US city?	Clarkson Cup offers another chance for women’s hockey to impress \| Toronto Star Clarkson Cup offers another chance for women’s hockey to impress CWHL pros “can play the game,” MVP Marie-Philip Poulin says. Les Canadiennes star Marie-Philip Poulin, right, with teammate Caroline Ouellette, was the most valuable player of the Canadian Women's Hockey League this season. (Paul Chiasson / The Canadian Press) By Kevin McGran Sports Reporter Sat., March 12, 2016 OTTAWA—Marie-Philip Poulin says her life hasn’t changed that much since she scored two remarkable goals — including the winner for Canada — at the women’s gold-medal game at the 2014 Winter Olympics. That’s a bit hard to believe, considering the strides Poulin and the women’s game have made since she scored the game-tying goal and the overtime winner in Canada’s 3-2 win over the United States two years ago. “It was such an unbelievable moment for me,” Poulin said. “When I think about it, I need to pinch myself. It put women’s hockey on the map . . . To be able to be part of it, it’s quite a feeling.” Poulin, named the most valuable player in the Canadian Women’s Hockey League this weekend, has a chance to add to her impressive collection of achievements Sunday when the Montreal Canadiennes (21-3 in the regular season, 2-0 in the playoffs) meet the Calgary Inferno (16-8, 2-0) for the Clarkson Cup at the Canadian Tire Centre. Poulin is already a member of the women’s triple gold club, with Olympic, world and Clarkson Cup titles. “As a team, you go on a mission all year long,” she said. “You set goals, and that’s what you want. For us it’s the Clarkson Cup. We worked all year for that.” Article Continued Below The game will feature a veritable who’s who of Canadian Olympians, with the Inferno boasting five from the squad that won gold: captain Brianne Jenner, Hayley Wickenheiser, Haley Irwin, Rebecca Johnston and Meghan Mikkelson. The Canadiennes’ roster includes Poulin, goalie Charline Labonte, defender Lauriane Rougeau and forward Caroline Ouellette, as well as American Olympian Julie Chu. The status of professional women’s hockey in Canada — perhaps semi-pro is a better term — seems somewhat in turmoil. The five-team CWHL does not pay its players a salary, but covers costs, as it tries to lay the foundation for growth. The U.S.-based National Women’s Hockey League, in its first season, pays its players and could be a threat to the Canadian league. Players want the CWHL to be a relevant league that young girls can aspire to join. “We have to be able to balance the passion and love we have for hockey, and training full time at the international level and still having a full-time job,” said Chu, a coach at Concordia University in Montreal. “That’s the case with CWHL players. Most have full-time jobs, then come at night to practise and come on weekends to commit to this team.” “We hope to one day be getting paid.” There are signs of growth. “We’ve had over 100,000 people watch us on Sportsnet, which is outstanding,” commissioner Brenda Andress said. “Game attendance was strong, 300 to 700 fans per game. Real fans. “For Montreal’s playoff games, their faces were painted. When Poulin came on the ice, they chanted her name.” The league has been embraced by the NHL. The Canadiennes had originally been the Stars (three-time Clarkson Cup champions) but rebranded themselves this year thanks to the involvement of the NHL’s Canadiens. Likewise the Toronto Furies were welcomed into the Leafs’ fold, the Inferno into that of the Flames. There are cross-promotions, like jersey sales, and help on social media awareness from the bigger NHL teams. And the Canadiennes played the NWHL’s Boston Pride at this year’s Winter Classic at Foxborough Stadium. “I felt like a kid out there,” Poulin said. “To be able to go for a warmup with our hats, it was amazing.” Sunday’s Clarkson Cup (4 p.m. ET) will be another chance to show how far the women’s game has come. “We can see the game, we can read the game, we can play the game,” Poulin said. “I think, because we don’t have bodychecking, sometimes people think we cannot play. But it’s fast. We can play the game like the men.	i don't know
Butters Stoch, Pip Pirrip, Token Black, and Wendy Testaburger are school characters in what long running animated TV series?	Butters Stotch \| South Park Archives \| Fandom powered by Wikia Background Life and History Butters has made appearances since " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe ", though initially as a background character. He gets his first speaking role in the Season Two episode, " Roger Ebert Should Lay off the Fatty Foods ", and he receives another speaking role in the following episode. He later receives a speaking role in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut where he says "Ooh" while touching Cartman . Butters was initially referred to in scripts and storyboards as "Puff Puff" and "Swanson" - Stan refers to him by the latter name in the opening scene of the Season Two episode, " Conjoined Fetus Lady ". When Butters spoke in the early episodes, his voice was dramatically different from the stuttering Southern accent he has now. Butters was renamed and properly introduced in the Season Three episode " Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub ", alongside Dougie . He was then seen sporadically in seasons three through five, going from social pariah in " Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub " to mean-spirited bully in " Hooked on Monkey Fonics ". In the episode " Jared Has Aides " Butters was adopted by Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski , and Eric Cartman as their fourth friend when Kenny McCormick died "permanently" at the end of the fifth season . The writers had given Butters his own spotlight episode as the season five finale to prepare fans for Butters taking Kenny's place on the show. The episode, titled " Butters' Very Own Episode ", gave Butters a complicated back story where his father was outed as being a closet bisexual and his mother attempted to drown her son Butters in a fit of madness. They all made up at the end of the episode and nothing came of it. Butters found himself as the new fourth friend, being put down and treated like a total outcast by his new friends. Kyle, Stan, and Cartman all openly bullied Butters, telling him how he's not cool like Kenny. Cartman in particular took perverse pleasure in making Butters suffer, to the extent that, in " Jared Has Aides ", he pretended to be Butters on the phone and bad-mouthed his parents, just so he could watch them abusing him. Several instances show the boys having Butters dress up as Kenny or simply call him Kenny or Not-Kenny, possibly to cope with their loss. Butters would remain on as the fourth member of the gang for four more episodes; two of the episodes continued the plot of Butters being abused but downplayed it and in the case of " Freak Strike ", ending the episode just as Butters was about to be beaten (with Cartman being beaten up instead). Ultimately, in the sixth episode of season six, " Professor Chaos ", Butters is expelled from the group for being "too lame" and adopts his super-villain alter ego " Professor Chaos " as a means to get revenge against the group and society for rejecting him. Butters would run around for several episodes as Professor Chaos, only to have no one care much about his plots since many of them had, though Butters didn't realize it, already occurred on episodes of the animated series The Simpsons . Butters would eventually reveal his secret identity of Professor Chaos to Stan, although he mistook it for Butters coming out of the closet. Though not anymore a member of the main four's group, Butters was nevertheless kept as a prominent member of the boys' extended circle. Though he has returned, Kenny's role has declined to an extent due to lack of ideas for the character and Butters has taken on a more prominent role again. Despite their ill-treatment toward him, Butters stays loyal to his friends, perhaps in hopes that they'll accept him. In a way, this has worked as recently there seems to have been some shift in the balance of friendship. The most obvious case of this being in the episode " Tsst ", where Butters is calmly playing along with Stan, Kyle and Kenny, with Cartman being much more alienated than usual, as well as in " Casa Bonita ", where Kyle decides to take Butters with him on his birthday to Casa Bonita instead of Cartman, implying he likes Butters more than Cartman. It's been said that Kyle despises Cartman because of his cruel, sadistic and selfish attitudes, as well as his prejudice—especially towards the Jews. Despite their history, Butters has recently taken on the role as Cartman's sidekick. Cartman often takes advantage of Butters' kindness and desire to be accepted in order to fulfill his schemes. Cartman hurts and betrays Butters quite often, however, Butters continues to trust him unconditionally. Despite this, Butters got even in " AWESOM-O ", where he filmed Cartman dancing, dressed up as Britney Spears , later showing it to South Park Elementary 's various students and faculty. Butters is also a very famous celebrity in the nation of Mexico . In " The Last of the Meheecans ", Butters accidentally strays from Cartman's house and almost gets run over by a car. He is then "refuged" in a house by a couple who thinks that Butters is a Mexican and is given the name "Mantequilla", which is Spanish for Butter. They make him into their personal slave and then dump him into an El Pollo Loco restaurant. Butters then goes with some Mexicans and crosses into Mexico where he becomes a symbol of patriotism to the Mexicans. Butters realizes his popularity in Mexico when he comes outside naked in front of hundreds of Mexicans. He realizes that every time he raises his arms, the Mexicans cheer with joy. Butters is then made a fugitive by Cartman but the U.S Border Patrol lets Butters back in and win the game of Texans Vs. Mexicans . He is allowed back into the U.S and shows his popularity to the other boys. Plus, he didn't get grounded by his parents for becoming famous in a foreign country despite being gone for more than 2 weeks. Criminal Record Despite being sweet and naive, Butters does have a criminal record. Most of his crimes and misdeeds were, however, due to Cartman's manipulation and therefore most of these crimes should be branded as "unintentional" or "crime due to manipulation". For the other crimes that were not under Cartman's manipulation, it is caused by Butters' naivety. However, as his alter-ego "Professor Chaos", he will attempt to commit crimes, however his antics aren't taken seriously and his plans usually fail miserably. The crimes Butters committed are included but not limited to: Fraud: In " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs " , he took credit for The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs , in reality the boys wrote it. This may not be entirely Butters' fault though, as the boys originally told him he wrote the book. He may have believed they were trying to mooch off of his success when they revealed that they had actually written the book. Pimping: Butters paid a stripper in " Sexual Healing " and started a kissing company in " Butters' Bottom Bitch " which later had real prostitutes involved. However, these crimes were committed on plain stupidity and were unintentional. It is normal for people to pay strippers and that the purpose for the kissing company Butters made was to have women get paid for kissing men, which is a kids game and is not branded on Butters. Terrorism: As Professor Chaos, he, along with General Disarray (Dougie) and The Coon (Cartman), threatened to blow up a hospital if Mysterion didn't unmask himself, albeit it was due to Cartman's manipulation. He joins the anti- China group with Cartman and holds up a restaurant, which results in him shooting three people in the crotch by accident. Blackmail: In " AWESOM-O " Butters tells his AWESOM-O robot (Cartman) that he caught Cartman dressing up as Britney Spears and then dances with a Justin Timberlake cardboard standee and videotaped it. He told Cartman that if he bullied, pranked, double crossed, or got Butters grounded once more, then Butters would show the videotape to all of South Park . The motive Butters had for blackmailing Cartman was that Butters wanted revenge on Cartman for everything he did to Butters in the past. Car Theft: In " Poor and Stupid ", he helps Cartman steal a NASCAR and crash it, injuring Cartman and killing 11 others. However this crime was committed on Cartman's manipulation. Breaking and Entering: He breaks into Cartman's house to try and bite him, when he thinks he's a vampire. He breaks into Jenkins 's ranch, with Stan, Kyle, and Cartman, to get the baby cows. Manslaughter: He helps Cartman freeze himself which kills Cartman but Cartman comes back in the future and goes back in time so to Butters it technically never happens, so it's not a crime. He accidentally kills a bunch of people on two separate occasions while tap-dancing due to his shoe flying off and causes a chain reaction of events which kill people and lead people to kill themselves, but the second time he does it everyone cheers and congratulates him. As a result of this, this crime is not branded on Butters and his criminal record. In " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs " he writes a book called " The Poop That Took A Pee " which inspires someone to kill the Kardashians with a shotgun. Piracy: He joins Cartman's Somalian pirate crew along with Clyde , Kevin , and Ike in " Fatbeard " in which they steal a lot of money and weapons. However, the United States government ignores this crime and blames the Somalian pirates completely. War Crimes: In " The Red Badge of Gayness ", he joins Cartman's army of drunken Southerners as a messenger, although he didn't ransack, rape, murder, or loot. Attempted Armageddon: In " Professor Chaos ", Butters hosted a video and informed the citizens of South Park, that he's going to flood the entire world with a garden hose. However, he only succeeded by flooding his backyard. This was easily foiled and stopped by the Water Department. Assault With A Deadly Weapon: Shoots a patron of P.F. Chang's and a police officer in the crotch while holding the patrons hostage with Cartman in " The China Probrem ". They did not get in trouble and walked away after the police were too happy that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg were convicted of the rape of Indiana Jones. Sexual Assault: In " Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset " he "poked" at Paris Hilton's vagina while she was passed out drunk. He did seem to know what he was doing was wrong, as evidenced by his shocked face when his parents walked in; however, he did not seem to realize what he was doing was sexual or illegal. Indecent Exposure: In " Safe Space ", Butters ran around the school and into the kindergarten while naked. In "Wieners Out", he exposes himself at a girls' volleyball game, and then leading the Wieners Out movement, marching through the halls while exposing himself. False Advertising: In " Sarcastaball ", Butters distributes his new energy drink during the Sarcastaball craze known as Butters' Creamy Goo , which turned out to be his semen. This sports drink then gets distributed to a wider audience, which could cause some serious health problems for some people. However, Butters honestly did not know that he was distributing his own semen. Arson: Although not seen, Butters burns down the school gym in " Gluten Free Ebola " and as a result gets suspended for it. Civil Unrest/Rioting: Was seen rioting at the Nebraska Mall after finding out the Mr. Hankey was a fake in " Merry Christmas Charlie Manson! ". Participant in South Park Elementary gender war during Proper Condom Use . Sedition: In the movie , he was a member of La Resistance , a group with the goal of stopping the execution of Terrance and Phillip by the government though he did it to save the world from Satan and Saddam Hussein so that can be justified. Voter Fraud: In Obama Wins Butters is shown to have some involvement in Cartman's conspiracy. After being cornered by Kyle, Stan, Kenny, Craig, Token, Jimmy, and Timmy he swallows a single almond MNM to prevent him from talking. He is later seen in the emergency room, with his face and cheeks swollen. He does eventually give the information after Kyle threatens to get his father involved. It is later revealed that Cartman realized Butters broke his promise of secrecy; so he visits him in the hospital. He informs Butters that the ballots are safe before feeding him another MNM, worsening his condition. Health Butters has not shown signs of being very prone to illness (unlike Kyle, for example), but he does have a history of occasional health-related problems on the show. In " AWESOM-O ", he said that he had a condition that made it hard to control his sphincter, and because of this, he sometimes defecates in his pants and has to wear a diaper to school. Logically, this would be considered Butters' biggest health problem, but it has never been even remotely mentioned anywhere else in the show, except for one scene later on in the same episode. He has also said that he kept his sphincter problem (and the fact that he wears diapers to school) a secret from everyone, except his parents, his doctor(s) and Cartman, who he told without knowing it was him. In " Erection Day ", Butters is singing his " apple song " at the South Park Elementary Talent Show , but when he forgets the words, he becomes very nervous and wets himself before running offstage; his accident is very obvious and visible when it happens. Of course, this would probably mean that his sphincter problem has been cured and he is wearing normal underwear. It is most likely, however, that the writers on the show either forgot about it or decided to ignore it outside of the one episode where it was mentioned. In " Obama Wins! ", Butters is shown to be severely allergic to almonds. After being cornered by Stan and Kyle, Butters ingests a single almond M&M to prevent him from having to disseminate any information. He is later seen in the hospital swollen, and unable to articulate speech. Injuries In the episode " Good Times with Weapons , Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny bought authentic Japanese weapons from a fair. Butters wants to play with them, but they don't allow him. Butters then transforms into Professor Chaos and has a "ninja fight" with the gang. This ends when Kenny accidentally throws a shuriken into Butters' eye, which causes him extreme pain, shocking the other boys. Luckily, Butters receives medical attention after the whole town sees him in shock. In later episodes his eye appears to be fine as if it never happened. In " Pre-School " he finds out that a bully from pre-school got out of jail, and then tries to hide. His dad later kicks him out of the house in an effort to make him have fun, but he simply gets nervous and starts singing to himself. The bully arrives and gives him several stereotypical "bully" injuries, including a wedgie so massive it almost killed him, and two severe Indian sunburns. In " The List ", he hits Nelly between her legs in order to obtain the list she keeps away from the boys. He apparently gets beaten up for it afterwards, as in the next scene he is seen with a black eye and an arm in a sling. In " The Coon " he is punched in the face during his fight with Mysterion as The Coon intervenes. He leaves the frame with a bloodied nose, also claiming a broken tooth. In " Butterballs " he shows up in the cafeteria at lunchtime sporting a black eye. The kids think a school bully is responsible and suggest that he talk to his grandmother about it. However, it's revealed that she is the one who has been inflicting this pain on him. In " Safe Space " he is forced to delete any bad comments about people that are posted on social media or get two weeks of detention. Butters eventually goes insane from sleep deprivation and being tormented by Reality and jumps out of the school window, causing him to have a head brace for the rest of Season 19 . These injuries appear to be gone by " Member Berries ". Talents and Interests Intelligence and Memory Butters openly joins and helps with some of Cartman's schemes, and is usually shown doing well at it. Butters is often depicted as being innocent, gullible, easily manipulated and stupid. Butters is shown to be smart in " Christian Rock Hard " and highly talented, instantly supplying the correct answer to a complicated math problem as well as playing the drums. The context suggests this is a talent of Butters' that is well known to the others. (He also tutors Stan, at his request, in " My Future Self n' Me " — although it isn't clear in which subject, possibly more than one). However, in " Go God Go ", he did not realize that Cartman may die if frozen in snow for several weeks - he had to get Dougie to inform him of these facts. Although, this may reflect his innocence; Butters may have thought that a person can survive being frozen due to Steve , real name Larry, from " Prehistoric Ice Man " being frozen in ice for thirty-two months and being revived completely healthy; this would give him good reason to believe that Cartman could survive being frozen for three weeks. In the episode " Professor Chaos ", Butters was able to hack into The JumboTron in Coors Field which shows he is proficient in I.T. In the episode " Proper Condom Use ", Butters was shown with good negotiation skills. Dance As revealed in the episode " You Got F'd in the A ", Butters is a very talented tap dancer, but his fondness for dancing was cut short at the National Tap Dancing Championship when a freak accident (caused by Butters' tap shoe flying off his foot) set off a chain reaction leading to the deaths of eleven people. This has left Butters quite scarred, although this isn't immediately apparent. In the same episode he was further terrified as his tap shoe again started another fatal chain of events, leading to the death of five rival dancers (and their instructor) who Butters and Stan were set to face in a dance contest. He also seems to have some break-dancing ability, as seen in the episode " Asspen ". Additionally, Butters exhibits some impressive free-style dancing ability, dancing to Justin Timberlake 's "Rock Your Body" in the episode " Marjorine ". He showed off more dance moves at the end of " Hell on Earth 2006 " during Satan's party, imitating Michael Jackson . Singing and Music Butters is often seen singing to himself, usually " I've Got Some Apples ", a song that goes, "Lu lu lu, I've got some apples / Lu lu lu, you've got some too." He is often cut off at that point. When he does finish, the ending is, "Lu lu lu, let's make some applesauce / Take off our clothes and lu lu lu." or, "Lu lu lu, let's get together / I know what we can do lu lu.", which, either way, could be a strange euphemism for sexual intercourse. In the episode " The China Probrem " Butters sings, "Lu lu lu I've got some splish splash/ Lu lu lu splish splashing more". Making it seem that his song has changed, but this may be only because he was taking a bath while singing it. In " The Losing Edge ", Butters is in the outfield in baseball and is seen singing a song that goes, "I see a ladybug, hello little ladybug!", he may have been watching a ladybug in the grass while singing. In " Something You Can Do with Your Finger ", Butters auditions for " Fingerbang " by singing "Little Bunny Foo-Foo". In " AWESOM-O " he sings " My Robot Friend " about his robot friend that resembles the theme song of The Courtship of 'Eddie's Father , and he seems fond of the Chicago ballad " If You Leave Me Now ". Apparently, Butters can also play the drums quite proficiently; he is seen doing so for Cartman's Christian rock band "Faith + 1", featured in the episode " Christian Rock Hard ". In " You Got F'd in the A ", in the flashback of the horrible accident Butters caused during the championship competition, the song Butters dances to is an upbeat, yet obviously risqué song entitled " I've Got Something In My Front Pocket ", which features the lyrics, "Won't you reach into my pocket and see what it is / Then grab onto it, just for you / Give it a little squeeze and say 'How do you do'." More recently, in the episode " Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy ", Butters is heard singing a song while using the urinal in the boy's bathroom: "Hey there Mr. Weiner, whaddaya know / Do you need to tinkle tinkle? / Yes, I do think so". In " Canada on Strike ", Butters preforms " What, What In the Butt ", by Maxwell. The end result is him being called a homo. In the episode " Cartman Sucks ", Butters sings Joni Mitchell's song " Help Me " while playing with his army figurines. We hear Butters singing from a tape recorder "Happy Trails To You" in character as a big Texas singer in " The Ungroundable ". Butters frequently sings the line from Chicago's "If You Leave Me Now" in the episode " Casa Bonita . " In "World War Zimmerman", it's shown he can beatbox quite well. In " A History Channel Thanksgiving ", Butters can be seen listening to a song from the Ring "Jonas Brothers" on MTV. Art Butters standing next to his graffitied name. Butters is extremely adept in art and the show often makes examples of his abilities. In " A Very Crappy Christmas ", Butters makes construction paper versions of the four boys for their animated Christmas short (this may be a reference to South Park's director of animation Eric Stough , whom Butters is loosely based on). Butters also shows his artistic talents in the episode " AWESOM-O ", when he draws a picture of himself and his robot friend. In " Kenny Dies ", he sends a letter to Kenny in the hospital which contains a drawing of them both in an airplane with the words "ME AND MY FRIEND KENNY" written above. As well, in the episode " Toilet Paper " where the four boys get into trouble by their teacher, Stan claims that, "Art class is for gaywads." Butters then prominently states that he loves art class. Briefly in the episode " It Hits the Fan " Kyle interrupts Butters tagging a building with his name in the style of a well practiced graffiti artist, which is strange because he could be charged with vandalism; Butters is always seen worrying about following rules. In "Casa Bonita" Butters shows the garbage dump worker a very accurate statue he made of Cartman out of garbage. In " Professor Chaos ", Butters is shown using a sewing machine quite handily to make his cape for his alter ego. Sports He played with the rest of the boys as the left fielder, on their baseball team in " The Losing Edge ". He was number 99 on the dodgeball team in " Conjoined Fetus Lady ". He is also seen playing football with the others in " Raisins ". He has been shown several times to be somewhat weak physically, especially in fights. This might impact whatever sport skills he has. Writing In " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs ", the boys shift the blame of writing a vulgar book on Butters, in the hopes to avoid punishment for creating something so disgusting. However, when the book becomes a success, Butters takes credit (believing he did create it after having assorted blackouts after reading The Catcher in the Rye ) and goes on to write a second book entitled " The Poop That Took a Pee ". Butters' style however is much more childish than that of the boys; the extent of his vulgar language involves repeated use of the words "Pee-pee" and "Poop". However, due to people constantly over-analyzing things for what's not really there, the book becomes an instant success, at least until the book supposedly causes a man to kill the Kardashians . Butters is actually a poor writer or at least a lot worse than Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny. Languages Aside from speaking English, Butters is shown to understand at least one other language. In " Fatbeard ", when Cartman asks residents of Somalia the location of the pirates, he asks Butters to ask them something, using a book to see how he would say the question in Somalian. When someone replies, Butters, while taking a quick glance at the book, can understand what the man is saying. Weaponry In " The China Probrem ", Butters was shown wielding an semi-automatic handgun (Glock), given to him by Cartman. Due to the fact Butters was still a kid, his hands flailed wildly, and he was only able to shoot guys in their penis. Appearance Butters has a small tuft of bright blond hair on the top of his head. He wears a turquoise jacket and dark green pants. For the rest of season 19, Butters wore a neck brace after trying to commit suicide in " Safe Space ". To see images of Butters Stotch, visit Butters Stotch/Gallery . Personality Butters in " Super Fun Time ". der him one of the sweetest, most innocent, and most gullible characters on the show. He is unique because he has the personality of a child, in contrast to the other more cynical, adult-like kids. He is generally much nicer and much more naive than the four main characters, although he and Craig are shown bullying Mark Cotswolds , a home-schooled boy, in " Hooked on Monkey Fonics ", while it is worth noting that it was before the major character development of Butters in the show. The kids are often annoyed with Butters because he's not cruel, cold, gross, confident enough "like a normal little boy", as well as the fact that he is a "pussy". He is also vulnerable to being taken advantage of, and the boys often use him for self-defense when they are in very sticky situations, such as in " Cartman Joins NAMBLA ", when they make Butters go get raped by the NAMBLA members to save them. However, Butters is saved from getting raped when Stuart McCormick is confused by the pedophiles as one of the young boys. Unlike nearly all South Park characters, he rarely curses and instead uses euphemisms such as "Aw, hamburgers" or "Son of a biscuit." He has cursed a few times, however, with each instance meant to be very shocking. In " Christian Rock Hard ", for example, Butters solemnly says "Fuck you, Eric" to Cartman and farts on his face after his mental breakdown; in " Raisins ", Butters says "I'd rather be a crying little pussy than a faggy goth kid", much to Stan's surprise; and "At least we have assholes" to Bebe . He is also noted for swearing a lot more heavily in " Butters' Bottom Bitch ". More recently he has also said "You're poor as shit!" and "That's fuckin' gay!" (which he said quite a lot) during " Poor and Stupid ". In the earlier seasons, Butters seemed much more intelligent, and he also seemed to use inappropriate words more often, even saying when the girls challenged them to a sledding race "Us men will show those skanky hos who is who!" Butters refines himself in self-improvement in almost everything, to perfection, studying regularly and often commenting on how he "needs to learn to behave himself". Other skills include tap dancing but he vowed to not do that talent anymore because he accidentally caused a very horrible tragedy in the tap dancing championships. Unfortunately, he also has extremely low self-esteem and therefore has no judgment as to when or how to use his skills, and perceives everyone around him as knowing much more than he does. Another side effect of this is that he is almost constantly worried about being grounded. Butters is a good student and considered to be a dork by his associates. Butters seems to be constantly seeking a role model, as evidenced when he takes to Cartman (unbeknownst to him) pretending to be a robot in " AWESOM-O ". He constantly struggles to find acceptance among his associates, hence why he often does menial tasks in hopes that this will earn him favor and respect. In the same episode he reveals to Cartman (dressed as AWESOM-O) all of his darkest secrets, including the fact that he suffers from a herniated colon, which means he can't always control his bowels and requires him to take a suppository through his anus regularly. In " Casa Bonita ", it is revealed that Butters enjoys going to Stark's Pond and he always hangs out there. In " Cartman Sucks " Butters is mistakenly accused of being bi-curious, and although he agrees, it's obvious he does not know what this means. Butters also unwittingly gave a very thoughtful speech in the same episode, regarding the treatment of bisexual children. He also admits to be "bike-curious" in " The F Word ". In " Super Fun Time ", Butters is shown to be more assertive and less willing to go along with Cartman's plans and rule-breaking. In " Butters' Bottom Bitch ", he took the fact that he kissed Sally Darson as a sign that he was now a man and began thinking on how he needs a job to pay for bills, even though he is only a fourth-grader. In " Raisins ", he is shown to be somewhat wise, in the end when he basically tells Stan you can't be upset forever. Butters' biggest problem seems to be self-confidence, the will to stand up for himself. He gets taken advantage of by nearly everyone he comes across. In " The Ungroundable ", once he believes he has actually become a vampire, he's not so easily pushed around anymore as he thinks he is immortal. In " Cartman Sucks ", Butters finally stands up for himself by stating to the camp counselors that his confusion is nothing more than a result of the counselors telling several boys, that are assumed to be 'bicurious', that they are confused without explanation. Butters also showed some self-confidence in " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs ", where he told the the boys that he wouldn't be tricked, and told them off by saying that they can "Suck on his wiener." This outburst stunned the boys, leaving Cartman to ironically call Butters an inconsiderate jerk. Sometimes when Butters is very happy, his smile appears to have risen almost far up to his eyes while the bottom part of his face is almost all skin and nothing more as seen in " Butters' Bottom Bitch ", " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs ", " You Have 0 Friends ", " Poor and Stupid ", " T.M.I. " and " City Sushi " (mostly). Although he is ten years old, Butters still pees like a pre-school boy by pulling his pants right down and pulling his shirt up as he stands in front of the urinal. In the episode " The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs ", it appears that Butters may have an attraction to fat women, as he fell for one of the Kardashians because she was "so big and squishy." In " City Sushi ", he is mistakenly diagnosed with multiple personality disorder, as he impersonates various characters while playing like many normal kids do. However, his kind, sweet, and gullible personality disappears in the episode, Going Native , and is replaced with an upset, pissy, antisocial, and rude persona, as he beats up Scott Malkinson for having such a low self esteem due to the fact he has diabetes, and when his boy classmates attempt to reason with him, Butters immediately lashes out at Kyle, saying he believes he knows everything and acts as though he is an expert at everything, even though he isn't, and then rips on Stan, who he says believes the world revolves around himself, and how Stan only cares about self image. Butters continues to insult his classmates, saying that they are all just as bad, selfish pieces of crap like Cartman, as well as being stuck up, claiming that the only one with any decency is Kenny. This personality fades away, however, when he has a ceremony at his home land, Hawaii, and then returns to his kind and innocent personality. Psychological Trauma Butters (presumably) subconscious view of his father . Butters shows obvious signs of mental trauma, most likely due to his father 's psychologically and physically abusive "parenting". As revealed in " Super Best Friends ", this trauma extends to such an extent that he falls asleep and wakes up to the sound of his own screams. Further evidence of psychological trauma due to his father can be seen in " Imaginationland, Episode III ", where he was told to imagine "the most prominent thing in his mind", which happened to be his father, screaming that he was grounded; the imaginary version of his father later morphed into a monster-like being. However, his father is likely not his only source of psychological trauma. Butters' social isolation and constant ridicule at the hands of some of his classmates likely traumatizes him as well. Furthermore, in " The Return of Chef ", Butters was revealed to have been molested by his uncle , although he did not seem to realize it was molestation, this is likely another source of trauma. As a result of these events, Butters has very low self-esteem, constantly putting himself down as well believing he is a bad child who deserves punishment. Butters also has a nervous stutter - it is likely this can be attributed to psychological trauma. Though possibly Butters' grandma was the source of psychological trauma as she was constantly hurting him physically and mentally. Professor Chaos Main Article: Professor Chaos Butters' alter ego is Professor Chaos , a supervillain/mad scientist he became when the boys dumped him. He spreads chaos with his sidekick, General Disarray , and his hamsters (or "minions"). In " The Coon ", the police and citizens watching his fight against Mysterion seemed aware of his name. The police decided not to even try to shoot him, believing (as a villain) he had unknown superhuman abilities, and the bullets would not affect him and believed he could not die. In " The Coon ", it was revealed that Professor Chaos uses General Disarray's grandmother's Public Storage as his base of operations. There are cardboard computers and a board of possible suspects for the Coon and Mysterion . In " Coon 2: Hindsight " it is revealed he was captured by Coon and Friends and has been held captive in Cartman's basement for several days without food or water. He is still there in " Coon vs. Coon & Friends " and later, is joined by Eric Cartman (The Coon). In " City Sushi ", as he is burning all of his alter-ego costumes, he attempts to burn his Professor Chaos mask as well, but is abruptly interrupted by Dr. Janus . As a result, his costume remains unharmed. In " Butterballs ", after a moment of hesitation, Butters decides to confront his abusive grandmother with his Professor Chaos identity. His plan backfires, as his grandmother who has also adopted a supervillain alter ego easily overpowers him. Chaos Butters as Professor Chaos Early in his career as Professor Chaos , Butters was successful at bringing chaos to his fourth grade classroom when he stole the erasers from the chalkboard. During the process of changing into his Professor Chaos costume, Butters was discovered by Dougie , who chose to join him as his sidekick, General Disarray, after being eliminated in the boys' quest to find a new fourth member. Together, Professor Chaos and General Disarray hatched out evil plots that included trying to flood the world with his garden hose and destroying the ozone layer with aerosol spray. Plans In the episode " The Simpsons Already Did It ", Butters devises a series of supposedly original evil plots, only to abandon each of them after General Disarray informs him that they have already been used on The Simpsons . He nearly goes insane after a while of this, but gets consoled later by the reassurance that this is only because the show has run so long, not his own lack of creativity. This itself was inspired by the real-life frustration that creator's Trey Parker and Matt Stone coming up with ideas and plots only to find out the that The Simpsons had already beaten them to the punch. Parker and Stone themselves literally went through every episode to find something that had never been done. And eventually they did: boy bands. They conceived an episode only to find out the Simpsons did and released such an episode right before theirs was set to air. Family Stephen and Linda Stotch Butters is an only child. His parents, Stephen (Chris in some appearances) and Linda Stotch , are very authoritarian, strict and, at some points, abusive towards their son — often severely scolding him for circumstances that are entirely beyond his control. This has evidently affected Butters psychologically; he often tells himself off in the absence of his parents. It is also hinted that the justification for this abuse lacks rationality. As additional evidence of psychological problems, he has stated in " Super Best Friends " that he wakes up to the sound of his own screams. However, it is clear that Linda cares deeply for him; she becomes hysterical when he faked his death in " Marjorine ", and becomes extremely distressed when he is missing in " Imaginationland " and " Casa Bonita ". Also, before his father ever appeared in the show, an adult man who is very similar to Butters was seen as a background in early seasons. He is intimidated of his dominating father, who he is obliged to respectfully refer to as "Sir". His father uses fear as his primary parenting tactic with Butters, once intentionally frightening him with threats of 'Super-AIDS'. It is shown on a number occasions that he really does care about Butters, but he believes his methods are the best way in which to raise him. Linda, however, has been shown to be much more tender to her son, hugging and kissing him often. She seems to go along with Stephen's harshness only because she believes that its the best of her son. It was revealed in the episode " AWESOM-O " that his family includes an aunt and uncle who live in Los Angeles, Butters' claims in " The Return of Chef " that his Uncle Budd molested him. There was a mention of a grandmother in " Freak Strike " who had a stroke shortly after she saw Butters on television with testicles on his chin and then his parents went to visit her in the hospital. Ten seasons later, Butters mentions his grandma again in " Reverse Cowgirl ", stating she is from Virginia. In " Butterballs ", Grandma Stotch gets a prominent role, constantly bullying her grandson, which makes her another member of the Stotch family that abuses Butters. It is unknown if that grandma was his maternal or paternal grandmother, or the same one that is mentioned in the episodes before that. Also, while Butters and all members of his family shown appear to be entirely Caucasian, Cartman's repeated insult to Butters is "Butters you black asshole". Instead of suggesting that Butters has some African or Afro-American descent, it is more likely that this is simply a childish insult out of Cartman's stupidity, ironic due to Butters showing no stereotypical African-American traits, and often exhibiting stereotypical Caucasian-American traits. Abuse and Neglect Butters playing with his Barbie and his cut out doll of himself. Stephen and Linda are very strict with Butters and have both abused and neglected him in one way or another or after his friends get him in serious trouble. He is usually grounded after he gets involved with something, because they usually conclude that it was either Butters all on his own or that he at least played a major role, and don't believe that he is being bullied. They have also threatened to ground Butters for things he can't control, such as in " The Death of Eric Cartman ", Stephen orders him to stop having nightmares or else he'll be grounded. Also in " How to Eat with Your Butt ", Butters' parents ground him for making a silly face in his school photo, believe he is wearing make-up at one point (he isn't at all) in and are convinced that his normal face is "silly" and has "made himself look like a girl." It is assumed that Linda and Stephen actually have some sort of compulsive need to punish Butters, as demonstrated in " The Ungroundable ", during which they threaten to ground him for minor mistakes such as misplacing the chocolate Quick mix. When Butters, under the belief that he is a vampire, refuses to listen to their threats, they become unnerved and afraid that they will never be able to ground Butters again. After Butters returns to his normal behavior, his parents become immensely relieved that they again have dominion over their son, and immediately proceed to ground him again. In " The List ", it is shown that Butters parents were planning to ground him if the girls at school thought he was the ugliest in the class. Stephen also physically beats Butters in " Jared Has Aides " - Cartman pretended to be Butters on the phone and insulted his parents, really goading them. Then he sat outside to hear Stephen and Linda tear through him. Considering Stephen and Linda's possible problems controlling their anger, it is likely that " Jared Has Aides " was not the only time he was beaten. The most distinguishing abuse was in the season five episode " Butters' Very Own Episode " which centered on how Linda sent Butters to spy on his father to find out what he was getting Linda for their wedding anniversary, and, among other things, Butters saw Stephen go into a men's bathhouse. Butters didn't understand what it was and told his mother, who then, in a spot of insanity, attempted to kill Butters by pushing a car with Butters inside off a dock. Linda then wrote a suicide note and was about to kill herself just when Stephen stepped in; the resulting confrontation changed her mind about suicide. Stephen and Linda tried to keep Butters' murder a secret and blamed it on "some Puerto Rican guy". Butters meanwhile found a way home and his parents came clean. When he found out that his mother had tried to kill him and his father was gay (or rather bisexual), he was horrified, but tried to pass it off. When asked if he was really going to be okay after discovering all that he admitted "No, I'm lying." At the end of the sixth season, in the episode " My Future Self n' Me ", Butters gets revenge on his parents for their abuse of him (culminating in them hiring an actor to pretend to be Butters' future self so as to scare him out of doing drugs) by paying Cartman to smear feces all over his house. The act ironically leads the Stotches to realize how badly they've treated their son and they apologize, an act that is contrasted by Stan Marsh's parents refusing to apologize for them hiring an actor to be Stan's future self, to the extent that they mutilate their actor when Stan tricks them into thinking he chopped off his own hand. Since then, the Stotches have not been shown hurting their son physically and in the episode " About Last Night... ", Stephen tells Butters that he loves him. However, he did believe that the world was soon going to end as Obama won the presidential election so one could think this was because Stephen was going hysterical or he wanted to make peace with his son. Despite all the abuse Butters has received, his parents have been shown to really care deeply about their son, this can be seen in " Marjorine " where they go as far as to even promise him not to ground him "for more than a couple weeks" if he doesn't kill himself. As shown in " Stupid Spoiled Whore Video Playset " they sell a reluctant Butters to Paris Hilton for $250 million. Butters realizes that many of Paris' pets have killed themselves and gets away, and Paris is swallowed anally by Mr. Slave . As a result, his parents ground him. In " The Return of Chef ", Butters briefly mentions that his Uncle Budd has committed sexual acts on him, but has not realized that it is sexual molestation. Unnamed Cat In " Jared Has Aides ", after Butters returns home, Eric Cartman notes that he fed Butters' cat. The cat has since not been mentioned and has yet to make an appearance. Relationships Butters' profile picture on Facebook which can be found on his official Facebook page . It can also been seen in the background of " You Have 0 Friends ". In " Jared Has Aides ", he was chosen by Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , and Eric Cartman as their fourth friend when Kenny McCormick died. Later, Kyle, Stan, and Cartman decided that they didn't like Butters and chose Tweek to "fill the void" instead. However, he seems to be friends with classmate Pip , and second grader Dougie in earlier episodes, as seen in " Two Guys Naked in a Hot Tub " and " Professor Chaos ". Butters is often referred to as "a little pussy", "wuss", "lame", "gaywad", and "faggot" by the boys. The boys got him to take the fall for everything they did - often getting Butters grounded in the process. Despite all these occurrences, Butters still seems to consider the boys "friends". Butters is the friend the boys hang out with the most. In " Toilet Paper ", Butters mentioned he had a girlfriend named Carrie in Michigan. Aside from this instance, she is never mentioned again. In the episode " Raisins ", Butters developed a crush on Lexus , a waitress at the Raisins . However, his strong feelings for her were one-sided; she had only been using him for his money, as all Raisins employees do. Lexus would eventually cause Butters to become depressed, although he quickly got over it. In the episode " Fatbeard " it was revealed that Cartman is the only person who still picks on him (it is likely that the rest of the boys consider him a friend, for example, Kyle seems genuinely concerned about Butters' "pimping" and personality change in " Butters' Bottom Bitch ").	South Park
The policy of what total bad ass, and US President, was to speak softly and carry a big stick?	h2g2 - 'South Park' - The Television Series - Edited Entry 2 Conversations All characters and events in this show - even those based on real people - are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated...poorly. The following programme contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone. ...or so it says at the start of every episode of South Park. While the warning is intended as a joke, it might be suggested that it should be heeded and that nobody in possession of a sane mind should watch the show. Criticised by many, adored by many more, the show features a combination of satire, surrealism, and toilet humour. Its first series was a massive hit and the show became a huge pop culture phenomenon. The show is currently on its ninth series in the US and it has spawned a film. South Park is a 'quiet, little, pss-ant, redneck, podunk, jerkwater, three corn, one horse, one hole, chicken butt, right wing, missing stuff, no mail, truck driving, old track, spacey, pea-brain, horsewhipped, hungry, unkempt, white trash, kick-ss mountain town' near Denver, Colorado . The show is loosely based on the lives of the show's creators, Trey Parker and Matt Stone, and their childhood growing up in separate mountain towns in Colorado. The Boys The show follows the lives of four young boys who live in South Park. At the start of the show they are all eight years old and are in third grade, but in the fourth season they all become nine years old and progress into fourth grade. Stan Marsh Stan is based on the show's co-creator, Trey Parker, and he's the closest thing the show has to a normal person. He's a good, honest, and decent person and he's the unofficial leader of the group. He has an on-off relationship with Wendy Testaburger, but he gets so nervous around her that he normally just throws up on her. Stan lives with his parents, Randy and Sharon, his bullying sister Shelly, and his crippled grandfather Marvin, who keeps calling him Billy. In one episode, Stan's parents get divorced and Stan's mother marries a control-freak called Roy, but all returns to normal by the end of the episode. Stan also has a gay dog called Sparky 1 . Kyle Broflovski Kyle is based on the show's other co-creator, Matt Stone. He's Jewish and has a strict overbearing mother who he hates. He and Stan are best friends and the two normally end up on the opposite side of an argument from Cartman. Being the only Jewish child in South Park, Kyle finds it hard at Christmastime. Kyle's parents Sheila and Gerald are devout Jews, and they don't like Kyle getting swept along by popular trends. Kyle's baby brother, Ike, is actually an adopted Canadian who Kyle has grown to accept. Eric Cartman Normally just called by his surname, Cartman isn't based on a real person, but rather on the fat kid in every group of friends. He's a racist who's especially prone to anti-Semitism, which makes him and Kyle at odds on many occasions. He also loathes hippies and frequently calls people he hates such. Despite these traits, Cartman does have a softer side and can often be found having tea parties with his teddies. Fat and lazy, Cartman has one goal in life, to make $10 million. Cartman lives with his nymphomaniac mother Lianne, who's actually his dad since she's a hermaphrodite. She completely spoils him and allows him to do nearly anything he wants. He has two pets, a cat called Kitty and a pig called Fluffy, which he apparently enjoys hitting with sticks. Kenny McCormick Kenny is based on the poor kid from every community. He always wears an orange parka that covers up his face and makes everything he says inaudible to the viewer, although people in the show can understand him perfectly 2 . He's the most foul-mouthed of all the characters and his lines would probably be censored were it not for the fact that nobody can understand him. Kenny is the strangest of the characters on the show for one reason: he keeps dying. In the first few series he would die nearly once every episode, but he'd always be back the following week 3 . By the end of the fifth series it was getting harder to write Kenny death scenes so, in a special episode about him, a terminal disease killed him off permanently. He did make a slight comeback in the sixth series when Cartman accidentally drank his ashes, thinking it was chocolate milk. This led to Kenny's soul getting stuck in Cartman's body for a few episodes. Kenny returned without explanation in the final episode of series six and has been in the show since 4 . Kenny lives in a small, dilapidated house with his poor parents and his stupid older brother. His family could probably be best described as white trash. His father Stuart is an unemployed alcoholic. Leopold 'Butters' Stotch Butters was in the show from the first series, but only as a background kid from school. He was given his big break in the final episode of series five where there was an episode based entirely on him. In the sixth series he replaced Kenny as the fourth friend of the group, but he annoyed them all so much that he was fired halfway through the season. This made him very angry, so much so that he made himself into a super-villain called Professor Chaos who has been his alter-ego ever since. Butters is a nice, quiet boy and very gullible, a characteristic that the gang prey on. Cartman hates him, probably more so than he hates Kyle. His parents, Chris and Lynda, are fairly normal parents... or so it seems at first. In the special episode about Butters, it is revealed that his father likes to frequent gay bath-houses. When Lynda finds out she goes insane and attempts to kill Butters and herself. Naturally, it all works out in the end. Tweek Tweek joined the show in the second series for one episode as a boy who's addicted to coffee because his parents own the town's coffee shop. After Butters was dropped by the gang, they held reality TV-style auditions to find their next fourth friend, and Tweek was the one who was selected. Tweek is very nervous and speaks in a high-pitched voice. His coffee addiction has led to constant jittering and the 'tweeking' of his eye. He never buttons his shirt correctly, and his hair is a constant mess. His parents believe this is all down to him having Attention Deficit Disorder. Recurring Characters Chef - Jerome 'Chef' McElroy 5 is the cafeteria chef at South Park Elementary and is one of the few black characters in the show. Promiscuous in the extreme, his favourite pastime is sleeping with 'fine white women'. The boys really look up to him and are constantly asking for his advice. Unfortunately, his advice normally comes as a rather adult song which the boys don't understand. Mr/Mrs Garrison - Mr Garrison is the boys' third grade teacher. He had a lot of psychological issues, the most important being that he was a closet homosexual with homophobia. He was fired for allegedly abusing a child and went on to write a best-selling romance novel that won a gay-Pulitzer prize. After this, he confronted his homosexuality and admitted to himself that he was gay. He has had a number of puppets/sidekicks in his time. The first, Mr Hat, was a puppet that was actually a personality in his head. Mr Hat disappeared for a short time in the third series, and was replaced by Mr Twig 6 . When Mr Garrison was rehired by the school as a kindergarten teacher, he got rid of Mr Hat and replaced him with Mr Slave, his sex-slave boyfriend. He was then made the fourth grade teacher. In the ninth series Mr Garrison had a sex-change operation and became a woman called Mrs Garrison. This led to Mr Slave leaving her. Mr Mackey - Mr Mackey is the school guidance counsellor. He has several traits, such as an impossibly large head and the fact that he ends most sentences with 'mmm'kay?'. He is very anti-drugs, which is ironic as he becomes a drug addict in one episode. He temporarily takes on the job as the boys' substitute teacher in the sixth series. Wendy Testaburger 7 - Wendy is Stan's girlfriend until she dumps him for Token. Probably the most intelligent person in the class, Wendy has very liberal views which are always bring her into conflict with Cartman. Token Black - Token Black is exactly what his name suggests. He's the only black kid in school and he normally only gets minor parts. His father is a successful lawyer and the richest person in town. Timmy - Timmy is mostly disabled and used to be considered retarded. He can only say a handful of things, of which 'Timmah!' is the most frequent. Despite this, Timmy shows signs of being very intelligent. He uses an electric wheelchair to get around. Jimmy - Jimmy is also handicapped like Timmy, but he uses crutches to move around. He's always telling jokes and wants to be a stand-up comedian. This makes him very popular and hence Timmy gets jealous and tries to kill him. Eventually the two get over this problem and become good friends. Pip - Philip 'Pip' Pirrip is an unpopular British classmate. He is always being called French in a derogatory manner, despite the fact that he hates the French himself. He is loosely based on the character of Pip from Charles Dickens' Great Expectations. Jimbo and Ned - Jimbo Kerns is Stan's gun-nut uncle. He loves hunting, explosions, and anything else which liberals hate. He served in Vietnam, and that's where he met his best friend, Ned Gerblansky. Ned lost an arm in the war and needs a voicebox to speak. Mayor McDaniels - She is the mayor of South Park, a town that she hates. She cares little about the fate of the town or its people, and is far more interested in her public appearance. A typical politician then... Big Gay Al - Al is a stereotypical gay man. He's very camp, and as a result many of the parents don't want him around their children. He used to be the boys' scout-leader, but was fired because of fears that he may molest children. He also runs a home for homosexual animals. Terrance and Phillip - Terrance and Phillip are two Canadian comedians who have a children's television show. Their show is essentially just a bunch of fart jokes, and the boys' parents don't like them watching it. Towelie - Towelie is a genetically-engineered towel who likes to get high. He originally appeared in the series five episode 'Towelie', an episode based around the US military's attempts to capture him, and was designed to be a really bad character. He was so bad that fans of the show loved him, and he was brought back for several cameo appearances, mainly to remind the boys to bring a towel with them 8 . Mr Hankey - Mr Hankey is a Christmas poo. He's essentially a piece of excrement that comes up people's toilets every Christmas and gives people of non-Christian faith presents. He lives in the sewers, and has magical control over all poo. Santa Claus - Despite doing all the normal things that Santa should do, he's also a gun-toting maniac who likes to kill satanic animals with a shotgun. Jesus - Jesus is the resurrected son of God who tries to live a normal life in South Park. He had a cable access TV show called Jesus and Pals where he would try and deliver the word of God. Despite some hostility between them at the start of the show, Jesus and Santa grew to be good friends, and Jesus was killed 9 while trying to rescue him from one of Saddam Hussein's sons who was torturing him. Satan - Satan is the master of all darkness and the leader of the minions of hell. He's gay and generally tries to get along peacefully with God who is an old friend of his. Saddam Hussein - The evil Iraqi dictator was initially in a special episode about Terrance and Phillip, but his big break came in the South Park film where he was Satan's lover. The two have since broken up and Saddam was punished by being forced to live in Heaven 10 . For some reason, he has a desire to control Canada . How it came to be The show's creators, Trey Parker and Matt Stone, originally met while film students at the University of Colorado. The two teamed up since they shared the same sense of humour, and were the only people in the class who didn't want to make art-house style films. In 1991 they made a crude animation-short called Jesus v Frosty which featured the kids from South Park 11 building a snowman that came to life when they put a magic hat on him. Baby Jesus then saved the day by decapitating Frosty with his halo. Years later, executives at Fox saw the film and they commissioned Trey and Matt to create a video Christmas card along those lines. This film, called The Spirit of Christmas was a big hit, especially on the Internet 12 . Its popularity led to talks with Fox about making it into a show, but Fox thought it might be too risky, and hence Comedy Central bought it. The show was produced and premiered on Comedy Central on the 13 August, 1997. South Park's Traits The shows follow the tried and tested formula of having bad things happen, then having the boys learn something from the experience. Most episodes end with either Stan or Kyle saying 'You know, I've learned something today...' after which they explain what they learned. As a result, most of the shows have a good moral message to them that you might not expect from a show about four foul-mouthed young boys. A lot of the shows are 'issue-shows' where the writers 13 try and put their point of view across. The political leaning of the show is quite complicated as it makes fun of conservatives and liberals alike. Mainly the show is very libertarian, and frequently makes fun of political correctness. In an interview, Trey Parker once said he was a registered member of the American Libertarian Party. The show's animation is very crude. The original episodes were stop-motion-animation using construction paper, but since then they have used computers to achieve that effect. While the 'poor' animation quality may seem like a drawback, it's actually very useful as it allows the shows to be made very quickly. Whereas an episode of The Simpsons takes nine months to go from writing to being shown on screen, an episode of South Park can take only a few weeks. This allows them to do episodes on current events; for example, an episode where the town debates whether or not to remove Kenny's feeding-tube was shown in the US during the Terri Schiavo case 14 . One aspect of South Park that comes up a lot is Trey Parker's and Matt Stone's musical abilities. The two are trained musicians and both studied music in their youth. There are a number of original scores that they wrote in the series, such as Montage, a song that is played during a montage. They also write the songs that Chef sings in the show, hence Trey's and Matt's claims that they've written songs for Isaac Hayes. Their musical talent can be seen most prominently in the feature film. One of the songs in it, Blame Canada, was nominated for an Oscar and was sung by Robin Williams at the awards ceremony. South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut is the feature film based on South Park. Released in cinemas in 1999, (during the show's third series) it's notorious for one thing: its frequent use of swearwords . In fact, this film has the record for most swearwords used in a film so far. It's essentially a musical in all but name. The story begins with the boys going to see 'The Terrance and Phillip Movie' and despite its R-rating 15 , they manage to get in. The frequent bad language used by the fictional Canadian comics Terrance and Phillip influences their 'fragile little minds', and they start swearing constantly. When their parents find out about this, they set up an organisation called 'Mothers Against Canada' and manage to convince the US government to arrest Terrance and Phillip and plan to have them executed. In retaliation for this, the Canadians bomb the Baldwin family, and this triggers off World War III. Meanwhile, down in Hell, Satan is being manipulated by his lover Saddam Hussein, and is planning his invasion of Earth, which can take place once Terrance and Phillip's blood hits American soil. The only hope for the world is that Kenny 16 can convince Satan that Saddam is using him. The film was a huge success. One of the big hypes about the film was the fact that fans would finally be able to see and hear Kenny without the orange parka. The film made huge profits, partly because it was so cheap to make. Plots from the film, such as the Satan/Saddam relationship have been continued in the TV show. The Aftermath The show was a huge success from its first series and it passed into American pop-culture within its first few episodes. Its success led to angry protests from conservative groups in the US, and it is right up there with the Grand Theft Auto computer games on their list of things to ban. One of the show's most notorious episodes, the series-five episode entitled It Hits the Fan, had 162 uncensored utterances of a notorious four-lettered swearword, making it the most profanities ever spoken on TV in 23 minutes. Despite the writers doubting the show would ever be allowed, the episode aired with very little controversy, perhaps a sign that the boundaries have already shifted and sensitivities are changing. Perhaps the greatest gift that South Park ever gave humanity was its sixth series episode Free Hat. Prior to the DVD release of Raiders of the Lost Ark there were rumours that George Lucas and Steven Spielberg were going to redo the special effects to 'make the film better'. So Free Hat was written as a parody where they do remake Raiders of the Lost Ark and it turns out to be so bad that it kills the entire audience. Shortly after the show was aired Lucas and Spielberg announced that there'd be no changes to the film, something which Trey and Matt claim was prompted by the episode. So South Park can't be all that bad. 1 Voiced by George Clooney. 2 He was, however, shown without his parka in the film and two subsequent episodes. 3 He didn't die in some special episodes, though he didn't appear in most of these either. 4 And he hardly ever dies anymore. 5 Voiced by Isaac Hayes. 6 A branch from a tree. 7 It is believed that Wendy is based on Trey Parker's fiancée who broke up with him months before South Park was launched. 8 Sound familiar? 9 Seemingly permanently. 10 Which is full of Mormons , the one true religion. Despite this, the show ridicules Mormons on a regular basis. 11 Although in this version a kid looking like Cartman was called Kenny. 12 It's believed that George Clooney made 300 copies of the tape to give to his friends, that's why he was given several parts in South Park. 13 Trey Parker and Matt Stone used to write all the episodes, but now they are mostly written by Trey Parker. 14 Terri Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state and died when Florida State courts allowed the removal of her feeding-tube. The case caused much heated debate in the US. 15 The equivalent of an 18 Certificate film in the UK, the main difference with an R-Rated film is that children of any age are permitted to watch such films if they are accompanied by a parent or guardian. 16 Who died towards the start of the film.	i don't know
Mt. St. Helens, the stratovolcano responsible for the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States, is located in which mountain range?	Mount St. Helens \| Washington State Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Mount Saint Helens eruption 1980. Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County , Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles south of Seattle and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 am PDT which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 feet to 8,365 feet and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied. As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range , Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, and other deposits. The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit, and off its northern flank sat the smaller Goat Rocks dome. Both were destroyed in the 1980 eruption. Mount Saint Helens.	Cascade
What Big East university, located in Washington, D.C., is nicknamed The Hoyas, from the Latin Hoya Saxa?	Mount St. Helens still a scene of devastation 35 years after eruption › News in Science (ABC Science) Mount St. Helens still a scene of devastation 35 years after eruption Wednesday, 27 May 2015 EARTH IMAGE by Stuart Gary ABC (Source: NASA/USGS/LandSat 8) Earth image It's now been 35 years since the Mount St. Helens volcano erupted in a spectacular explosion. The scars of that event are still clearly evident in this Landsat 8 image. The eruption, which occurred on May 18, 1980, caused a cataclysmic collapse of the northern flank; an avalanche and an explosion, which killed 57 people and devastated hundreds of square kilometres of the surrounding landscape. The image above shows the mountain, looking toward the southeast, as it appeared on April 30, 2015. The volcanic horseshoe-shaped crater and its lava dome can be clearly seen near the upper right of the image. The ripped open northern flank of the volcano leads down along a pumice plain to Spirit Lake in the upper centre of the image. To the right of Spirit Lake lie vast debris avalanche deposits surrounding the tiny St Helens Lake and the long line of Coldwater Lake. At the centre right of the image is Castle Lake. Countdown to disaster Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in the Cascade Ranges in Washington State. The Cascade Volcanic Arc is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which includes over 160 active volcanoes. By March 1980, geologists had been monitoring ever-increasing rumbles inside the awakening volcano for several months with the mountain experiencing small earthquakes and a growing number of steam vents. By the end of April, the mountain's northern flank began to bulge. The worsening volcanic activity reached its crescendo at 8:32 on the morning of May 18, when an earthquake measuring 5.1 triggered an explosive eruption and the massive collapse of the northern face of the mountain in one of the largest known debris avalanches in recorded history. The eruption blew off the top of the mountain, released a huge flow of magma, generated a massive pyroclastic flow that flattened everything in its path over an area of 600 square kilometres, and set forth floods of debris and melt water, known as lahars, which thundered down river valleys. In the eruption's wake, denuded trees lay like matchsticks, clouds of ash covered the landscape, and the mountain's 2950-metre-high summit had been reduced to 2550 metres and replaced with a 1.6-kilometre-wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The eruption also destroyed 250 homes, 47 bridges, 24 kilometres of railways, and 298 kilometres of roads in what was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Scientists estimate the eruption released over 1.5 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, and recorded a Volcanic Explosivity Index of five. The image was assembled from data acquired by the Operational Land Imager on Landsat 8 and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite. A view of the north face of Mount St Helens before the eruption of 1980(Source: USGS) Hosted by Stuart Gary, StarStuff takes us on a weekly journey across the universe. StarStuff reports on the latest news and discoveries in science, with a special focus on astronomy, space sciences and cosmology.	i don't know
Sunday saw a class that included Julio Cesar Chavez, Joe Cortez, and Sylvester Stallone inducted into what Hall of Fame?	Rocky and 'Iron Mike' inducted into boxing hall of fame (With Video) News Rocky and 'Iron Mike' inducted into boxing hall of fame (With Video) Photo by JOHN HAEGER International Boxing Hall of Fame class of 2011 Sylvester Stallone is congratulated by classmate Mike Tyson after his induction into International Boxing Hall of Fame on Sunday, June 12, 2011 in Canastota. By DAVID M. JOHNSON # Comments CANASTOTA NEW YORK -- Getting inducted to the International Boxing Hall of Fame can be an emotional event. "Iron" Mike Tyson was proof of that Sunday. Overwhelmed on stage like few opponents could do to him in the ring, Tyson broke down as the final speaker of the Class of 2011 that included movie star Sylvester Stallone, boxers Julio Cesar Chavez and Kostya Tszyu, trainer Nacho Beristain and referee Joe Cortez. "Mike has become a very sensitive person and as such you saw him break down," said Class of 2005 inductee Bert Sugar. "There (always) was a sensitive side, but he did a hell of a job hiding it. This was brilliant." Tyson was one of the most intimidating boxers of his era. He became the youngest heavyweight champion at 20 years and four months old. However, he may be as well-known for an ear-biting incident in a fight against Evander Holyfield and time in prison for a rape conviction. More recently, Tyson has dipped his toe into the entertainment industry with a role in the 2010 hit "The Hangover" and a reality show about his pigeons on Animal Planet. Advertisement He tried to keep his speech light at first with a joke about former Canastota champion Carmen Basilio, but was unable to continue after talking about former trainer and legal guardian Cus D'Amato who died in 1985. "All this stuff started when I met Cus, and Bobby Stewart really, when I was in reform school," Tyson said of his career. His speech lasted less than three minutes. What looked like the largest induction crowd in history was supportive nonetheless. Stallone's appearance was another reason for the large amount of attendees. The director and star of the 1976 Academy Award-winning movie "Rocky" and its five sequels talked about his knowledge of a boxer's life outside the ring. "I never pretended to be a boxer, I don't posses those skills," Stallone said after the chants of "Rocky" died down. "What I do think I have is an understanding of what goes on outside the ring. Outside the ring is sometimes maybe even a bigger struggle than what goes on inside the ring. I was able to capture that." Similar to the end of the original movie, Stallone closed with, "Yo Adrian, I did it." Chavez, once considered the best pound-for-pound fighter in the world, dedicated his induction to the people of his native country, Mexico. Mexico City was the site of the largest boxing crowd to witness a live match when 132,274 fans watched Chavez beat Greg Haugen. The referee of that match was also inducted Sunday. Cortez officiated his first title fight in 1982 and has refereed more than 160. The New York City native coined the phrase "fair but firm" to describe his style. "Boxing isn't something I wanted to do at the beginning of my career," Cortez said. "As I was growing up there was a fighter that moved to my neighborhood. Gasper Ortega is the person responsible for (me) being where I am today. He took me under his wing and basically raised me." A Russian-born Australian boxer, Tszyu thanked Mexican opponent Hector Lopez for motivating him to be the best. "My first few fights I felt I could reach the top very, very quickly," Tszyu said. "Then one day I fought against a very, very tough fighter, Hector Lopez. He gave me a very, very big lesson about professional boxing. I realized to be the best you have to train...three times harder than I did before. It changed my life." Boxers have to wait five years after their last fight before they are eligible for the Hall of Fame. Votes are cast by members of the Boxing Writers Association and a panel of international boxing historians. The IBHOF also announced posthumous inductees Memphis Pal Moore, Jack Root, Dave Shade, A.F. Bettinson, broadcaster Harry Carpenter and John Gully. Boxing promoter Don King attended the ceremony and waved a flag of each inductees' native country during their speech. "It was a great thing for Mike to (be) inducted to the Hall of Fame.," King said. "(Museum executive director) Ed Brophy has done a great job. Boxing is life and life is boxing. In life you've got to deal with your problems. In boxing, it personifies that. Your problem is right before you." As the weekend came to an end, Brophy was happy. "It was a huge success," Brophy said. "The fans are overwhelmed with the many events that the volunteers put on. Thanks to the many community organizations and volunteers that made it all happen. It's a great way to send a positive message for boxing and Canastota around the world."	Boxing
What real estate developer, casino owner, reality TV star, and potential 2012 presidential candidate celebrated his birthday on Tuesday?	Tyson, Chavez Inducted to International Boxing Hall of Fame \| Fight Network Tyson, Chavez Inducted to International Boxing Hall of Fame Lou Eisen / June 17, 2011 - 5:51pm Tweet This past June 9th to the 12th, 2011, the International Boxing Hall of Fame in Canastota, New York, held their annual induction ceremonies. This year’s list of inductees was by far the most impressive honor roll to date. Of course this is because of the induction of former undisputed world heavyweight champion Iron Mike Tyson, the most dominant heavyweight of his era. There were no wrong turns or missteps for the former heavyweight champ over the course of the weekend, as fans showered him with love and respect at every turn. Every event was jam-packed with media and fans, leaving little to no elbowroom for all those in attendance. Tyson’s induction ensured that this year’s festivities saw the highest fan and media turnout in the Hall of Fame’s history. Even with his boxing career behind him, Mike Tyson still packs them in everywhere he goes all over the world. His hold over boxing fans has not waned one iota since his ring career ended six years ago. Tyson seemed relaxed and comfortable amongst his multitude of fans and the assembled members of the world media. He also seemed, at long last, at ease with his place in boxing history, which, with his induction into the Hall of Fame, is now secure. Mike Tyson’s autograph was as much in demand by other fighters as it was by his many fans. Tyson generously took the time to sign autographs for fellow ring legends such as Gene Fullmer, Carmen Basilio, and Jake LaMotta. Tyson posed for some photographs, mostly with other fighters, but, for his own safety, kept such stuff to a minimum with fans. If Tyson were to sign for one fan, he would have had to sign autographs for thousands of fans, and that was simply not possible. Almost as popular with the fans as Tyson, was the outstanding former three-division world champion Julio Cesar Chavez, who cleaned out three different weight classes, which best defines the term all-time great. Chavez, notoriously camera and autograph shy, actually signed some autographs and posed for some pictures throughout the weekend. No one seemed to be having a better time all weekend long than former junior welterweight champion Kostya Tyszu, the Thunder From Down Under, who dominated his division like few others in boxing history and punched hard enough to drop a middleweight. Tyszu will always be best remembered for dropping Zab Judah three times with one overhand right in their title fight. Tyszu happily signed thousands of autographs all weekend long while posing for every picture asked of him. During the course of the weekend, WBC official Joe Dwyer formally announced that the WBC has now listed Toronto’s Troy Ross as the number one ranked cruiserweight in the world. What this means is that if Ross can win his elimination battle in August against Lateef Kayode, then he will be in line for a title shot before the end of the year. In the non-participant category, the IBHOF also welcomed new members Nacho Berestain, perhaps the finest boxing trainer in Mexican prizefighting history, along with firm but fair referee Joe Cortez and A.F. (Peggy) Bettinson, the founder of the famed National Sporting Club of Britain. Hollywood superstar Sylvester Stallone and the late Harry Carpenter, the former voice of boxing for the BBC for almost 50 years, were also inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the observer category. Sylvester Stallone showed up for the Saturday night banquet in Syracuse and the Sunday afternoon induction ceremonies. Stallone posed for thousands of photographs and signed autographs for both the boxers on the dais and the 1500 fans in attendance. Every fighter who got up to speak thanked Stallone for his unique contribution to the sport of boxing. The general feeling was that through his Rocky movie franchise, Stallone has helped keep the sport of boxing front and center in the world media spotlight since 1976. Every boxer who spoke profusely thanked Ed Brophy, the executive Director of the International Boxing Hall of Fame and his family for their hard work and service above and beyond the call of duty all year around. Brophy and his family work very hard to make Canastota a very welcoming home for all of the fighters in attendance. Those words of thanks resonated a little louder this year as Ed Brophy’s mother died just over a month prior to the induction weekend. Even through his grief, Ed Brophy managed to make every event come off swimmingly. Along with the above mentioned boxing luminaries, the 22nd annual induction ceremonies also included in the Old-Timer’s category the first ever light-heavyweight world champion, Jack Root, along with Dave Shade, a highly-ranked 1920’s boxer who fought at the highest levels of the welterweight, middleweight and light-heavyweight divisions. The Pioneer category saw the induction of John Gully (1783-1863), a former heavyweight champion in the early 1800’s in Britain under the London Prize Ring Rules. The IBHOF also paid tribute this year to two of it’s most prominent members who recently died just prior to this year’s induction festivities. Hall of Fame trainer Gil Clancy helped to train many great fighters such as Jerry Quarry, Gerry Cooney, Muhammad Ali, George Foreman, and Juan LaPorte. Perhaps Clancy’s most famous success story was Emile Griffith, whom he found as a 17 year-old kid and helped to capture the world welterweight championship twice and the world middleweight championship. The other IBHOF member who died recently was beloved Hall of Fame cartoonist and writer Bill Gallo, who won many Boxing awards for writing over his long and meritorious career. This year’s Hall of Fame weekend was undoubtedly the year of Mike Tyson. Crowds swarmed him wherever he appeared. Tyson took part Friday afternoon in the fist casting ceremonies that have become a popular event at each year’s inductions. Kostya Tyszu had his fist cast and then happily stood for photographs. Mike Tyson and Julio Cesar Chavez both had their fists cast and then left the dais immediately, posing for only a few moments for photographers. After his fist casting, Tyson and his young daughter were escorted from the Hall of Fame grounds by golf cart to the Day’s Inn Hotel across the street. The idea was to have them take a SUV from the Day’s Inn to his hotel in Syracuse. Tyson and his daughter never made it to the Day’s Inn because their cart was swarmed by several thousand fans right in front of the Hall of Fame. Fans took thousands of pictures, completely ignoring Tyson and his daughter’s personal space. Tyson and his daughter were then hustled into a waiting SUV by the local police. The fans then swarmed his SUV. It took the police a while but they were able to form a cordon around Tyson’s SUV, allowing him to leave the grounds safely in order to go back to his hotel in Syracuse. Each year, all of the fighters attending the festivities, with the exception this year of Mike Tyson, stay at the Day’s Inn hotel right across the street from the International Boxing Hall of Fame. The Day’s Inn is still the best place to snap photos of all of the fighters as this is where you will find them relaxed, at ease and out of the glare of the spotlight, joking with their fellow boxers and various family members. This was a unique year as many fighters who had not attended the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies in quite awhile decided to attend this year’s celebrations. Jake LaMotta, the famed “Raging Bull” was there this year and I was fortunate enough to sit with him and Angelo Dundee at the Saturday night cocktail party, just prior to the banquet in Syracuse at the OnCenter. Some of this year’s other attendees included the immortal Azumah Nelson from Ghana, Ken Norton, John H. Stracey, Jeff Fenech and Pipino Cuevas. On Friday night there was a tribute to Mexico dinner held at the Rusty Nail restaurant, with many of Mexico’s all-time great fighters in attendance. Such magnificent former champions as Carlos Zarate, Humberto “Chiquito” Gonzalez, Erik Morales, “Rockabye” Ruben Olivares, Pipino Cuevas and, of course, Julio Cesar Chavez all rose to speak about what it was like to represent Mexico in the squared circle. Mexican boxing trainer extraordinaire Nacho Berestain got up to speak as well. Also attending the event were Jesse James Leija, Carlos Ortiz, Angelo Dundee, Lou Duva, Kostya Tyszu and George Chuvalo. I did some number crunching during the Tribute to Mexico night and figured out that Carlos Zarate, Humberto Gonzalez, Erik Morales, Ruben Olivares, Pipino Cuevas and Julio Cesar Chavez collectively amassed 322 knockouts! A knockout is the single most exciting moment in all of boxing and to see these kayo masters discuss the intricacies of their craft and how proud they were to represent Mexico, was very emotional to say the least! After each night’s events were concluded, fighters and fans retired to Graziano’s Restaurant, directly across the street from the Hall of Fame. Marvelous Marvin Hagler was in fine form, enjoying himself to the utmost, mingling with both fans and fellow fighters. George Chuvalo was once again the most popular fighter there in terms of autograph and photograph requests. Mickey Ward and Dickie Ecklund were at Grazianio’s as well, shaking hands with their many fans. Aaron Pryor was there with his son, Aaron Jr. also a fighter and a fott taller than his dad, happily talking with fans and signing autographs. I have met Aaron Pryor before and, on every occasion that we meet, the first thing he always asks is, “How is my kid brother Nicky Furlano doing?” Nicky Furlano was Canada’s greatest lightweight champion and fought Pryor tooth and nail for 15 rounds at Varsity Arena in 1982. The Saturday night banquet in Syracuse is the showpiece of the entire weekend, as all of the fighters and celebrities in attendance show up and sit together at a huge banquet table before thousands of excited fans. Clips are shown of many of the fighter’s best moments in the ring. Former Canadian heavyweight champion George Chuvalo is always one of the most popular fighters in attendance each year. This year, George sat beside Mike Tyson at the Saturday night banquet. The two former fighters have known each other for years and had each other laughing for most of the evening. On the other side of Tyson sat former featherweight world champion Jeff Fenech from Australia, who also trained Tyson for his last few pro bouts. Dickie Ecklund and Mickey Ward, both from the movie The Fighter got up to speak with Dickie making an impassioned plea for a pension plan to be set up to take care of indigent fighters who, “spill their brains for you people but then end up living in the gutter after there careers are over!” There were some tell-tale signs during the Saturday night banquet. When introduced, each fighter received huge applause from the fans in attendance. Only promoter Don King received a round of absolute silence when he was introduced to the crowd. When King got up to speak, he rambled on and on, with no one able to make any sense of what he was talking about. More telling however was, when King began to speak, Mike Tyson took out his cell phone and made a call, continuing to speak on his cell during King’s entire speech. When King finished and walked by Tyson, his attempt to shake Iron Mike’s hand was rebuffed by the former champ. For his part, Iron Mike thanked the fans at the OnCenter and Cus D’Amato for turning him from a 12 year-old delinquent into the world heavyweight champion. Marvelous Marvin Hagler gave the longest speech of the night, asking everyone on the dais to stand up and bow as he mentioned their names. In conclusion Hagler said he was proud to have retired from boxing as undefeated for the middleweight world title. In other words, he completely dismissed his controversial loss to Ray Leonard. Hagler pointed out that the Hall of Fame was the true home of all prizefighters and although fans were always welcome to visit, at the end of the day, it belonged to the fighters. His comments received a huge round of applause. Saturday afternoon, featured speeches from Angelo Dundee, Jesse James Leija, Azumah Nelson and Bert Randolph Sugar, boxing’s most accomplished author, on the Hall of Fame grounds. The Parade of Champions on Sunday morning was well-received by both visiting fans and the people of Canastota. The actual inductions ceremonies took place as usual on Sunday afternoon with perhaps the largest turnout in Hall of Fame History. Iron Mike Tyson was very emotional during his speech, repeatedly thanking Cus D’Amato for all of his success in the ring and for making him a world champion. Tyson thanked all of his children and his current wife Kiki for helping him stay focused in his retirement. Tyson paid tribute to all of the other magnificent Hall of Famers in attendance as well as WBC president Jose Sulaiman. Trainer Nacho Berestain thanked the country of Mexico and every fighter, pro and amateur, that he was privileged to have worked with along with his family. Referee Joe “Firm but Fair” Cortez thanked his family and the boys clubs of Brooklyn for keeping him on the straight and narrow as a youth. He also thanked Aaron Pryor, as the first title fight he ever refereed was Aaron Pryor’s defense of his junior welterweight title on March 21st, 1982 against Miguel Montilla. The Thunder From Down Under, Kostya Tyszu thanked his parents for their selfless sacrifices in helping him reach the top of the boxing world. Tsyszu commented on how his parents always found the time to drive him to the gym. Tyszu thanked his parents for being bold enough to move their family from an impoverished Russia to Australia, where, as a young up and coming fighter, he could pursue his dream of becoming a boxing world champion. Tyszu also thanked Jose Sulaiman and Don King for getting him the right fights at the right time. Julio Cesar Chavez thanked his family and all of Mexico and it’s great boxing fans, as well as promoters Don King, Bob Arum and WBC president Jose Sulaiman. Chavez singled out the great people of Culiacan, his home base, for their undying support all through his career, and for their continued support for his son, Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. in his boxing career. There are nine Canadian boxers enshrined at Canastota. There are eight in the old-timers section and only one, Lennox Lewis, in the modern section. Hopefully, with a push from the many Canadian boxing fans across the country, Art Hafey and George Chuvalo will one day take their rightful place in the International Boxing Hall of Fame.	i don't know
June 17, 1994 saw a low speed chase up Interstate 405 as OJ Simpson was pursued by some of Los Angeles finest for a good 6 hours. What former teammate of OJs was driving his white Ford Bronco?	I Believe O.J. Committed The Murders and I Also Loved Him (And What A High Dose of Prozac Had To Do With It) I Believe O.J. Committed The Murders and I Also Loved Him (And What A High Dose of Prozac Had To Do With It) June 12, 2014 By Celia Farber 5 Comments As FX ends its series “The People Vs. O.J. Simpson,” tonight, The Truth Barrier brings you some narrative that is a bit different. This is the real story–a more real story– for those who care to know it, and understand it on a level beyond the media’s cartoonish renditions. The teller of the story is Mike Gilbert, O.J.’s marketing agent for many years. I got to know Mike Gilbert first when he spoke to me on the record for a 1998 story I published in Esquire, Whistling In The Dark, which made international headlines due largely to OJ’s cryptic quote: “Let’s say I killed her. If I killed her, it would have to have been because I loved her very much, right?” In 2000, I wrote another cover story about O.J. for Rolling Stone—O.J. Inc. Once again, Mike Gilbert was an invaluable voice and source, In 2008, this material that we collaborated on, telling Mike’s whole story at last, was published. Those who know what it means will be interested to learn that O.J. was on a high dose of Prozac at the time of the murders and had been acting consistent with an SSRI disassociation. You can buy the book on Amazon, if this stirs your interest. –Celia Farber (From the book How I Helped OJ Get Away With Murder (Regnery, 2008) written by Celia Farber, story by Mike Gilbert) How I Helped OJ Simpson Get Away With Murder By Mike Gilbert “Man must not disclaim his brotherhood with even the guiltiest.” Nathaniel Hawthorne I am not interested in anybody’s forgiveness, but I do want to tell the real story. I want you to know what happened, why it happened, and how it happened. I want you to see us as real people, no matter how you may judge us by the end of this book. Before O.J. Simpson killed his ex-wife and her friend on the night of June 12, 1994, we were all people you might have liked. We worked hard, kept our business affairs straight, kept discretions (in personal matters), and watched each other’s backs. There were four of us in the innermost O.J. circle: Me, Skip Taft, Cathy Randa, and Al Cowlings—the agent, the lawyer, the personal assistant, and the best friend. None of us talk anymore. During the trial we were inseparable, but the pain and stress dissolved our bonds and now there’s just a resigned silence. Our relationships wound up snuffed out by everything we could not discuss, thoughts we could not voice. We’re not evil, stupid, or crazy, any of us. We could see the evidence. We knew O.J., we knew Nicole, we knew their dynamics, we saw the evidence, and in our hearts we knew the truth. But there are deeper truths we also knew, that none of the rest of you knew. It doesn’t change the bottom line: He did it. Of that I am 100% certain. Maybe if we start there, you can relax a little, and not feel that anybody is trying to tell you two plus two does not equal four, that O.J. is innocent. Then maybe we can wind the film back to the beginning, and get it right this time. It’s been 14 years since Nicole and Ron were murdered. It’s been like living on the deck of a sinking ship caught in a typhoon. The storm never lets up, it’s never over. You think you can move on but you can’t, because you’re tied to this thing, and you can’t get off. The reason nobody can get off is because the ghost of the story is still stalking us. O.J. came as close as he will ever come to confessing last year, in his bizarre tell-all If I Did It. But he couldn’t go through with it. I see this book partly as an answer to his book—a way to finish what he started. I hope to relieve people not only of the cost of this book but of their own unresolved curiosity. Maybe that will assuage the public rage against O.J., which I also think is excessive and fairly sick. Maybe that rage will now, like a flipped searchlight, turn on me instead. But at least I will tell the truth. I can afford to. It won’t destroy me. Ironically, before the murders, we knew O.J. to be many things; one of the best things about him was that he never lied, not to us. Now we have all been cast out into a world where truth is virtually impossible. How could we ever tell you the truth? We all live in fear of the whole truth being told, because once the story is told, everybody’s ghosts start to come out. Let me put it this way: We are all guilty of something. I’ll start with myself—I am guilty of a whole lot. But you have to take the whole journey with me, not just tune in when the saga began for the rest of the country, on June 13, 1994, on every TV screen in the country. We’re going to go back to the beginning, and I’ll show you exactly where I took my first wrong steps and I’ll try to explain how and why. It wasn’t until two years ago that I finally broke ties with O.J altogether and told him never to call me again. I always said, and this shocks people, that I could forgive him the murders—I really could. Why? Because it was the worst night of his life. Because everything that night happened in the blink of an eye, and it’s that blink that nobody can comprehend—not even O.J. How can we judge him, finally, if we don’t know what happened in the fateful, dreadful blink of a moment? I tried not to, all these years. But I do judge him, now, based on everything that happened after that—the choices he has made since that terrible night. After he got out of jail, I expected him to make amends, to be grateful for his life, to devote himself to his kids and to the people who had loved him so much over the years they even helped him get free, like I did, or just helped him, period. But he never returned the favor to any of us. He was never concerned about any of us. He just expected us to go down with the ship, except somehow he was always the only one with a life preserver. He’s O.J. Nothing is ever his fault, ever. He’s also one of the most charming human beings you’d ever meet in this life. He smiles and makes you think you can fly. During the golden years, when I first met him and became his marketing agent, in 1989, up until the murders in 1994, he gave me a great life, and a great status I never had before. I have a lot to thank him for. After the murders, it never crossed my mind to abandon him, even though I knew in my heart right away that he had done it. But we all told ourselves we didn’t “know.” Over the years, I was not unlike a battered wife, who kept vowing to leave him but never could. As he sank deeper and deeper into depravity, lies, drugs, sex, orgies, and various financial scams, I knew he was reeling from the loss of what mattered to him more than anything. He did love Nicole, very much, but what he was most protective of in this life was his image. His image was the most important thing in the world to him—that was told to me the day I went to work for him. And as the gods would have it, he went from being adored by millions to being possibly the most reviled American in public life. If you’re too young to remember O.J. before 1994, you probably can’t imagine what a hero he was to millions of Americans. Even if you were alive back then, you probably find it very hard now to remember just how beloved O.J. was. He was white America’s favorite black man, non-threatening, charming– a black athlete and superstar who had succeeded the “proper” way, who had made it on his own merits and skills (in sports and entertainment, the two major tracks for black success at the time), who was willing even to goof on himself. At a time when many white Americans felt threatened by black males – threatened with violence, or just with racial guilt – O.J. was a very comforting presence. Then he became, literally overnight, white America’s most hated and reviled man. Was he reviled as a man or was he reviled as a black man? Both, I think. Overnight became the completely opposite symbol for white America to what he had been: the rampaging black male who had sex with and murdered a white woman. Even if we’re not conscious of it, this is one of the oldest and most potent symbols in American race relations, and it triggers more terror and rage in white Americans, both male and female, than probably any other. I really think that helps explain the absolutely psychotic tsunami of rage and hatred the O.J. case unleashed. He was everybody’s ideal of the “good” black male, and then he was everybody’s ideal of the evil one. I think white Americans felt massively betrayed by O. J., and that’s a big part of why white America and black America reacted so differently to his acquittal. I don’t think he can pull himself out of this death spin he’s in. Think about it. Everywhere he goes, everyone he sees, he sees reflected in their eyes, whether they say it or not, the charge: Murderer. It’s there in every single moment of his life, with every person he meets, even when nobody says it, and even when people assure him they think he is “innocent.” It’s still there, it’s just the flip side of it. It’s still his entire identity, and it has eclipsed everything he ever was before June 12, 1994. I wouldn’t have thought this was true, but I have come to realize that the worst possible punishment for a man is not to be given a chance to atone for his sins. I was amazed to discover, just recently, that O.J. was acquitted on Yom Kippur, the Jewish high holy day of atonement. There was one country on earth at least, where the verdict was not televised, because all electronics were shut off, and that country was Israel. Atonement of sin is partly a necessary act—not just a merciful one– because otherwise the guilty are re-tried and re-hanged every single day of their lives. But how could we forgive him for a crime he would not admit he committed? Instead we all became trapped in a Dante-esque limbo, year in and year out, trying, and failing, to find a place on earth that was not tainted by it, where the truth didn’t reach. In the void comprised of O.J.’s denial, an industry sprang up that would give us all a chance to find our right price, to choose how exactly we would compromise ourselves. We all had something to sell, some piece of the story, some piece of the lie, or some piece of the truth. Even O.J. would become a participant in the end. By the time he had landed at the last station of his slow downfall, in Florida, living a squalid, decadent life of sex, drugs, booze, and nightclubs, he even persuaded his girlfriend, Christy Prody, to stage a threesome with him, and sell the story to a tabloid, so they could split the money. This entire saga is an extended act of role-playing, masking, posturing, and selling to a voracious media beast that can never get enough. What I hope is different about this book is that it contains first hand experiences, and I have not altered them to make myself appear better than I am. As the years wore on, I was one of the people who stayed with O.J, and it was not purely emotional or personal—it was business. We continued doing the business we’d done before the murders– primarily the business of sports memorabilia, of signing items and selling them—all the way up until my final break with him, two years ago. His signature was still valuable on the market, in a whole new and macabre way. I never lied to him, never told him I didn’t think he did it. Over time, I became more and more disgusted with him, and disgusted with myself, for all the lies I told for him, for everything I did to help him hide, move, and lie about his most valuable possessions, to hide his assets, to launder and shelter his money. I found myself, pretty soon, outside of society, living in a twilight world, where truth was always negotiable, where there was honor among thieves. I’m not exactly a Boy Scout myself, but I draw the line at throwing old friends under the bus, and at making your own kids pay the price for your behavior, every day of their lives. I once screamed at him: “You bastard, I hope you committed this crime because if you didn’t then all of our lives have been ruined for nothing.” But I know he did it. He told me as much. You are wondering why I decided to write this book now, and if it is “all about cashing in.” Nothing is “all about” anything. I wasn’t ready before. I was still working for O.J. and I was still an apologist for him, and for myself, and all the positions we’d taken over the years, and the decisions we’d made. For me, those decisions were rooted in my enslavement to O.J.’s charm and charisma, and in wanting to turn back, mediate, and negotiate with the elephant in the room: The murders. I was in denial and I was hooked in by choices I made from day one, the day of the blast, June 12. Now I’m not. I’m free. The simple reality is that I have a story that I know you will want to hear and I am telling it. You are free to judge me however you wish. What follows is my story– not as I dream it, or imagine it, or would like it to be– but as it actually was. The worst part about it is, I remember every detail. My Hero, Number 32, O.J. Simpson People always ask me what I miss the most about the golden years, as agent to one of the most iconic American athletes of all time. The five star hotels? Flying first class? Being treated like a rock star wherever we went? The women? All of that was intoxicating, and I enjoyed it more than I would like to admit. But what I miss the most dates back much earlier to when I was a kid, in the 8th grade. That was the last time I can remember feeling truly innocent, just before the leap into real life, when my dream world still governed me. Like every other American kid at that age, I had a hero. It happened to be O.J. Simpson. I watched his every game, I knew his every move. He was one of four people in the world I dreamed of one day meeting. I can remember the smell of the black magic marker and the thrill I felt as I carefully drew the number “32” on the back of my white T shirt from Sears, stretched against the linoleum kitchen table. Those of you who remember O.J. from before all this know that 32 was his number. I wore that T shirt constantly in our local football games, hollering: “I’m O.J. Simpson!” There was nobody on earth I admired more, or wanted to be more. We played football constantly in my neighborhood of Hollister, California, until long after dark most days, every weekend, every holiday, every chance we got. We drove our mothers crazy—we just wouldn’t come home. Actually, I didn’t have my mother around to battle with, but I drove my stepmother crazy enough. My mother had us way too young, and simply couldn’t cope– left all three of us to our father. She left me first, before she left my two sisters. I was three years old when she put me on the front stoop of my grandmother’s house and drove away, assuming my grandmother was home because the curtains were moving. My grandmother was not home; I was found early the next morning in a nearby cornfield, wailing. My grandfather went out there because he thought he heard an injured animal, thought it was a cat or something. But it was me. Things stabilized after my mother left us. My father remarried, and I became a fairly normal suburban kid. My mother came to see me once when I was a track star in the 9th grade and somebody told her where I would be competing. My buddy Ray Sanchez said, “Hey Mike, there’s a lady here who looks just like you who claims to be your mother.” I looked up and she was coming right over to us. I stiffened, but I was glad to see her. We talked for a while, and she asked if she could drive me home, which I agreed to. I wasn’t very nice to her during the ride. She did look a lot like me. There is so much pain in this life. One way I learned at a young age to conquer it, or at least escape it momentarily, was through sports. Once I discovered football, I was free. I loved everything about it: the excitement, the clarity, the suspense, the heroics, the perpetual chance at instant redemption. At the center of the stage of my imagination was O.J. Simspon, flying, dancing, defying gravity. He was an amazing athlete. He could turn on a dime. He had everything—speed, strength, grace, agility, and a kind of uncanny genius at acceleration. That was his most exceptional gift I think—acceleration. He could go from standing still to top speed in two steps. He was just faster than everybody else—they couldn’t catch him. He was like a god or half-god out of a Greek saga, who suddenly sprouted wings when he needed to fly. He could stop, turn, go. He could run over you, he could run around you, he could run past you. He did things on the field that I thought were physically impossible. O.J. could easily have been an Olympic track star—he was that fast. His coach at USC said he was not only the greatest running back, but the best college football player he had ever seen. In January of 1969, I took USC against Ohio State in the Rose Bowl for twenty-five cents, in a bet with my aunt. O.J. played brilliantly, but USC lost. I was crushed, and paid up the twenty-five cents. Stung, I promised my aunt: “One day I’m going to meet O.J. Simpson and get my twenty-five cents back.” Sometimes I wonder if God punished me for being so greedy about that quarter. But of course it wasn’t the money—it was the emotion of losing. Thirty years later, when I was his agent and we were sitting on the patio by his pool, I told O.J. that story. I asked him for the quarter. O.J. did have a great sense of humor. “No,” he said. “Fuck you, Mike. I’m not giving you the money. Twenty-five cents? Fuck no. What the fuck do you want me to do? It wasn’t my fault we lost. That was one of my best games ever.” In 1992, Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney and longtime friend, sent me a Christmas present. It was a check from O.J’s bank account for twenty-five cents. It was itemized as: “Repayment of gambling loss on 1969 Rose Bowl,” and signed by O.J. I still have it. I have been a sports marketing agent since the late 1980s. I was never one of those agents who only watched the bottom line—I was always emotionally attached, more than average. My childhood experience made me form fierce attachments, and to fear abandonment above all else. In my heart I identified with the fans; I was a fan. Even when I was moving among the elite, representing the athletes, I still felt my strongest affinity not with the them but with the fans, who represented innocence—who believed in something. My career as an agent began accidentally, in my sophomore year in high school, in 1971. A bunch of us took a Suburban to the big coliseum at Cal Berkeley to watch a Raiders-Rams pre-season game. We got there at half time. After the game we went over to the locker rooms, hoping for autographs. We saw one of the players—Ben Davisson– and without thinking, I had an inspired idea. “Uncle Ben!” I hollered. The security guards stepped away, and we all followed “Uncle Ben” into the locker room. We got a lot of autographs that day. Soon after that I started to understand and tap into the immense power that athletes have, to do good–raise a lot of money, fast. A friend of my brother’s had been paralyzed from the waist down in a car accident. I called the Raiders office and made arrangements for a few players to come to a fundraiser. They did. Very quickly and simply, we raised several thousand dollars for the family’s medical costs. One of the players even visited him in the hospital, which made him very happy. In that moment, I saw both the power of celebrity and the power of athletes, to do good, to give back. They are given so much because of a God-given ability—because they can run faster or jump higher. Everything is free and easy for them, as it was for O.J. By the mid-1980s, I was continuing to do work with the Raiders, and my reputation was growing. Before long, I signed my first superstar client– Marcus Allen. O.J. and Marcus were almost uncannily similar in their career paths. Both running backs, both alums of USC, both won the Heisman in their senior year of college, both were picked in the first round of the NFL draft. Both were expected to make immediate impacts on their NFL teams. Both were later inducted into pro football’s Hall of Fame. I was Marcus Allen’s marketing manager for ten years. Marcus and I had a great personal and professional relationship. Before I started representing O.J., Marcus was my most famous and lucrative client. Marcus gave me instant credibility in the industry. For Marcus I handled public appearances, endorsements, and the merchandising of collegiate and NFL memorabilia. This was where my own life began to change, in the late 1980s. Suddenly, I became a member of the elite. No more flying coach, no more Best Westerns, no more Denny’s. Once I was repping Marcus, everything was five star and first class. I had money, I had influence, I had tickets to every game, backstage passes—whatever I wanted. Before long, I started to buy into this lifestyle, to believe that I “deserved” it, and to resent whenever anything fell short of my expectations. This was also the time, looking back, when all sense of innocence started to become eroded and lost. Before long part of my job for Marcus included creating smokescreens that allowed him to more easily cheat on his lovely wife, Kathryn. I would leave false messages on his answering machine at his request—asking him to appear in fictional contexts, to give him an alibi and cover for his trysts with other women. I did it not only for him but for other athletes. I created alternate worlds for these guys to live in. The loyalty and honesty was to the athlete—not the wife. I didn’t like that part of the job, but I did it, very well. It started to become depressing—like the part in “The Wizard of Oz” where Dorothy looks behind the curtain. I remember I used to tell people, about the world of professional sports—that from the outside it’s sort of what you see when you go to Disneyland. We created an illusion. I wanted people to think that Marcus was this witty, charming, intelligent, sensitive person, because that was the image that NIKE or Reebok or American Express wanted to portray. That’s what we do in sports marketing. We create illusions. I want little Jimmy to go to McDonalds, and on the way I want him to be bouncing a basketball with a NIKE logo on it, while wearing a NIKE jogging suit and sneakers, dreaming that he’s his favorite ball player. In sports marketing, we create that dream, that illusion, and then sell it, sell it, sell it. Pretty soon, I became an illusion myself. I started cheating on my own wife too, even though I loved her more than anything in the world. I started thinking the only thing that mattered was not what I did but whether I got caught doing it. I started to think I was a hot shot — but I also started to like myself a little less and a little less every day. The less I liked myself, the more I had to prop up the image, to distract myself and others from who and what I had become. I started thinking I was better than and different from “ordinary” people. I moved among the gods, and although I wasn’t one myself, I was still among the elect, and I still felt I deserved royal treatment. A few years ago I had a dream in which my grandmother, who raised me, who loved me probably more than anybody in the world, placed her hand on my leg and said: “Michael, why are you crying?” I told her I was crying because I was unhappy. She said, “Michael, you are unhappy because you have gotten so far away from who you really are. I know who you really are. You need to return to being that boy I knew and loved. Then you will be happy again.” I woke up sobbing, and cried for a very long time. That was the turning point, when I decided never to try to get back to the privileged life, the royal, VIP treatment, or any of it. I decided to write this book, and not worry about how I might come across. Just to tell the story as honestly as possible. There were four people in the world I truly idolized and had wanted all my life to meet: Mohammed Ali, Clint Eastwood, Elvis Presley, and O.J. Simpson. To me they embodied perfection in the American male species. Each, in their way, was a hero, an iconoclast, one who defied all expectations and rose above all the forces that threaten to drag us down in this life, make us ordinary, make us blend into the crowd and live and die without distinction. That frightened me more than anything—ordinariness. I worshipped the extraordinary. I met Mohammed Ali, and Clint Eastwood. I never did meet Elvis. Meeting O.J., though, transcended my wildest dreams. Here’s how it all began: Marcus Allen, who had been my star client and friend for several years, had said on a few occasions, “I can hook you up with O.J., you know.” Marcus was good friends with O.J., and had been mentored and guided by him professionally. I told him I would be thrilled if he could make the introduction, but I didn’t press the issue. One night in 1989, late at night, I got a call. It was about 11 p.m. California time. I wondered: Who would call me at this hour? I answered the phone and a deep voice said: “This is O.J. Simpson…” I thought Marcus was playing a joke. “Fuck you, Marcus,” I said. “What the fuck’s going on?” “No really,” the voice said. “This is O.J. Simpson. Marcus suggested we might do some work together.” Then I heard Marcus laughing in the background, and I froze. I put on my best professional voice and said, “Mr. Simpson, sir, I apologize. I am very honored to talk to you, and would be happy to discuss the possibility of a professional arrangement.” O.J was very friendly and charming, said he’d heard I was the best, and he liked to only hire the best people. We set a date and time, then O.J. put Marcus back on the phone. The plan was I would meet O.J. and his assistant Cathy Randa at his office near Brentwood in one week. I was still very star struck, and quite nervous. As the time approached, Cathy Randa called me and said O.J. wanted me to meet him at the house instead, at Rockingham. I got directions. “One thing, Mike,” she said before we signed off. “He is very, very protective of his image. You have to be extremely careful. He can’t stand letting people down, so you mustn’t ever book him for anything if there is even the slightest chance he won’t be able to make it. Everything has to be checked and double checked. His image is everything to him.” “Understood,” I said. Cathy had been with him forever, and was extremely devoted to him. Sometimes it seemed she was even more protective of his image than he was. In Kathy’s eyes, the world revolved around protecting O.J. Back in the early days, that wasn’t very hard. He was a god on earth and America adored him. He was solid gold in the industry. He was the first black American athlete to score a national commercial, with Hertz car rental. That was because of all the things his image carried: He was an icon, a great athlete, and one of the great personalities of all time. He was all-American, almost post-racial– people trusted him. O.J. represented, ironically, an America that had gotten past its shameful racial history, a place where everything was going to be okay, where nothing traumatic was going to happen. He picked up more and more endorsements in the years leading up to the murders—he was very sought-after, as an icon, as a motivational speaker, a a network NFL commentator, even an actor. [Preceding graph maybe repetition] We were all riding high on a flying carpet and that carpet was O.J. Everything he touched turned to gold, everybody loved him, everybody wanted him. He was one of those athletes that represented something that was much more than the sum of his achievements. He was the god of flight. That’s what people wanted from him. That’s why all those people lined the 405 as the white Bronco passed with those signs that said, “Go Juice!” O.J. remarked in his book that his thought when he saw those people with the signs was: When did they have time to make those signs? Being a fan myself, it didn’t surprise me at all. I saw it wherever we went. People wanted to touch him, shake his hand; they felt he had some kind of magic to impart, and it was all about speed, flight, and hope. He had, after all, transcended some pretty tough odds. He’d grown up in a rough neighborhood, Portrero Hill in San Francisco, run in street gangs, gone to jail briefly as a teen, and been raised by a single mother—Eunice– after his father left her for a man. O.J. didn’t talk about his father much, but when he did it was fairly affectionate actually. O.J. was very respectful of his elders, no matter what—especially his beloved mother. His father had done something unusual for that era—he not only came out as gay, he left the family, then stayed in the neighborhood, living an openly gay lifestyle, living with a man, and eventually getting pulled into the San Francisco bathhouse scene. There are theories that O.J.’s notorious rage was rooted in some Freudian reaction to his father’s homosexuality, but if so, you’d never have known. Then again, there were so many things O.J. kept hidden. The most astonishing fact of O.J.’s childhood is that he had rickets—a disease of malnutrition that his mother always blamed herself for. It left him with skinny, bowlegged legs, which Eunice built homemade braces for, successfully straightening them out. He had to walk around as a child, for hours every day, in shoes that were welded together with an iron bar—if that isn’t symbolic I don’t know what is. He came from an environment of very strong, church-going and disciplinary women—his mother and his aunts. I think he developed into a fusion personality, both depending upon and raging against women’s power. The greatest terror was to be abandoned. I see this in myself as well, in the way I am with women. Sometimes I am not sure if I am talking about him, or me, or all men, or the place where all men have something in common. Everybody adored Eunice. She was a wonderful woman and I remember her vividly—hr warmth, charisma, humor, and church-going groundedness. People have pointed out that O.J. was actually something of a mama’s boy—he was very sensitive as a child and Eunice, who had not welcomed her third pregnancy so shortly after her previous two children, compensated for her guilt by lavishing attention on him. It was Eunice who pushed O.J. out of the ghetto and into a life of sports. She talked the baseball coach at a local high school into giving him a scholarship, but he lost it when he failed to show up for a crucial practice. O.J.’s original dream was actually to be a major league catcher. Fate steered him onto the path of another sport instead, football. Here is how Sheila Weller, in Raging Heart, describes O.J.’s discovery of his own talent. He was standing near a vacant lot, watching some other young people shooting off some guns. “I had to get through that lot…I stood there and figured I was gonna run this way, then that way, then the other way—to get my ass through those bullets. I saw the course. I saw myself doing it before it happened. That was it, man: visualization.” When I think back on this whole saga through the prism of race, class—all the things we refuse to talk about in America– I see a pretty astonishing picture. A black sports hero literally came running into white America through a blaze of bullets. That’s how he learned how to run like that—that’s how he became “O.J.” This talent for flight was the premise of his Hertz commercials—O.J. dashing, hurtling, and even flying through an airport, with that cute little old lady—remember her?—yelling “Go O.J. go!” Nicole once said, “He’ll kill me one day and get away with it. He’ll O.J his way through it.” She very brilliantly used O.J. as a verb. They even made a commercial in the early 90s—for an 800 collect calling company– featuring Eunice hurtling over her rose bushes to get to a phone when O.J. called. It was very funny—we loved it. I remember the contract too. Eunice got $50,000 to shoot the commercial, and O.J. got $100,000 just to agree not to make a competing commercial that year. That was probably the best contract I ever negotiated for him—he was thrilled. He got paid 100 grand just to not do something he wasn’t going to do anyway, and it put money in his mother’s pocket. But back to his youth. O.J. was not a thug or even a particularly tough guy. He had a lot of femininity in him, you might say. He was in equal parts disciplined and indulged. He had been relentlessly teased about his father’s homosexuality, as well as about the size of his large head, his crooked legs, and the thing he hated most—his name. Orenthal was a name given to him by one of his aunts who mistook it for the name of a famous French actor. He turned it into “O.J.” (because his middle name is James,) and never looked back. [More repetition?] Even beyond his athletic genius, I think O.J. was feeding us fantasies at a deeply subconscious level, like the dream of a post-racial America, where everything is forgiven and redeemed. Or rather, we were conjuring this ourselves, through him. By the time I started watching him play and started idolizing him, like so many millions of white American sports fans, his background had been burnished off and he was simply “O.J.” Sheila Weller dug up some pretty amazing tidbits, though, that are a powerful reminder of how openly racist the world of sports still was when O.J. came up, in the late 1960s, and became a USC star. She quotes a profile of O.J. in SC’s daily Trojan that kind of takes your breath away when you read it, and shatters the often quoted fallacy that O.J. “wasn’t really black.” The newspaper wrote of the young athlete: “His environment shows through in his grammatical inconsistencies in his deep rumbling speech, but he absorbs and understands as well as any man.” Holy cow. O.J. himself didn’t dwell on racism much, it’s true. Or rather, not before the murders, he didn’t. He was very strict about people never uttering the “n” word around him, but he himself made constant jokes about race, especially with Nicole. One story that came out in one of the books was that O.J. used to walk in to the bathroom when any white (male) houseguest was taking a shower and yell: ‘Hey Nicole, get in here and get a good look at what a white man’s penis looks like!” Everything in our world was lighthearted, jovial, fast-paced. We were on top of the world. We weren’t standing around trying to be perfect citizens. Now it’s as though everything any of us ever said or did—especially O.J.– is a piece of the mosaic that culminated with and around the murders. But the murders were an alien event, something totally other, shocking, irreconcilable and un-knowable. We could not then and can not today reconcile that crime with the O.J. Simpson we knew before. [line] O.J. was a proud American. He flew the flag in his back yard. I’m not sure how he voted, but if I had to guess, I’d guess Republican. He was not a radical of any kind, didn’t like politics, was fearful of the hippie culture in the 60s, and didn’t like what he called “marginal” figures—people who dabbled in drugs or crime, or people who “made excuses.” This was one of the clashing points at the end his marriage to Nicole—he was furious that she allowed people who he felt were dingy, drug-dabbling characters, especially Faye Resnick and her crowd, to be around her, and especially around the kids. [repetition?] People speculate, probably correctly, that much of this rage stemmed from the fact that his father abandoned the family, lived an openly gay lifestyle, and eventually got roped into the gay bathouse culture and the drugs that came with it, to die of an AIDS-related cancer. In a 1976 Playboy interview, O.J. described his childhood with characteristic romanticism: “To me, Portrero Hill was America The Beautiful, and I think most people who lived there felt the same way. At World Series time everybody would crowd around a radio and listen to the games, and when the national anthem was played, the whole room would stand up. Everybody—mothers, fathers, kids—would be on their feet.” To me, one of the tragedies of the whole O. J. saga – I mean besides the central tragedy of the murders – is that America lost this O.J., and O.J. lost that America. A lot of Americans felt he betrayed them, and so they betrayed him back. As I said before, you probably can’t imagine today that O.J. was so loved and admired, but it was still true in 1994, in the months before the murders brought it all crashing down. That whole year had been a great one for us—we were on top of the world. I had secured many new and lucrative contracts for both O.J. and Marcus. We were attending World Series games, NBA playoff games, Super Bowls, parties everywhere. O.J. was a broadcaster for NBC sports, was on the board of directors for Swiss Army, was doing countless gigs as a representative of Hertz rental car, and had started filming the Naked Gun movies. He did the coin toss at the 1993 Super Bowl in Pasadena. Even Presidents wanted his attention, wanted to meet him. Just weeks before the murders, in the spring of 1994, one of President Clinton’s security people came over to O.J. at the Riviera and asked if he wanted to play golf with the President the next day. O.J., in genuine confusion, replied, “The president of what?” “The President of the United States.” “Oh! That President. Sure.” So the next day, sure enough, they played golf. I was disgusted when O.J. told me this, because I despise the Clintons. O.J. and I argued about it a bit. He said, “Mike, if you met him you’d like him.” “No I wouldn’t.” “Mike,” O. J. said, “no matter who is in the White House, it’s always good if they’re your friend.” I remember him telling me that he’d made a putt that impressed Clinton, and that O.J. had cracked, “That’s why they call me the Juice.” Then Clinton made a putt and said, “That’s why they call me the Prez.” O.J. told me that Clinton had waxed enthusiastic about Anna Nicole Smith, who had a small part in Naked Gun. He had drawled, “I saw her and I said…there goes the White House.” O.J. was much less enthusiastic about Ms. Smith, but I don’t want to quote what he said about her. Also around this time, spring of 1994, I had been negotiating to have Ronald Reagan, who was a big sports fan, sign 1000 baseballs. His representatives were interested in this, and also said that President Reagan wanted to meet O.J. We worked very hard on scheduling a lunch, with the three of us, but O.J.’s Naked Gun shooting schedule made it impossible. I was very disappointed. Ronald Reagan was my favorite President. June 13, 1994: The Call It was shaping up to be a perfect weekend. My two star clients, O.J. and Marcus Allen, were both taking off on trips that weekend, all their contracts were in good shape, and I was finally taking a real vacation. I am an experienced rock climber, and my favorite place on earth is Yosemite. It’s where I go to find solace and peace, but it’s also something a little more complicated. My sister says I used to climb very deftly, in order not to fall, but that now, after all that happened, I seem to do the opposite. I think she’s right. I’m a coward, I guess. But often I have thought, one single wrongly-placed foot and I could fall into a place where nobody has a name, or a face, or a history—where nobody ever heard of O.J. Simpson, and where all of us are as loved and connected as we were when our souls entered time and space. It was my weekend with my kids from my first marriage, and my son David said he wanted to come with me to Yosemite, while my daughter Chrissy decided to stay home with my wife, Debbie, her stepmother. The weather was balmy and warm that time of summer, early June. Our lives were pretty great. Money was good, business was good, everybody was healthy. The only thing that was clouding my mind at all was the problem with O.J.—the thing Skip and I had discussed. The last time I spoke to O.J. was the day before we left for Yosemite, June 10th. His voice and diction were bizarrely altered. He sounded so strange, so dark, I thought somebody was pretending to be him on the phone. Imagine playing on a record player an album that has melted in the sun and become warped. O.J. had first sounded like that to me on June 3nd, when I called him from the Hyatt Hotel in Kansas City to ask why the hell he hadn’t signed and returned a $100,000 endorsement contract. That, first of all, was totally unlike him. In business, he was stellar and 100% dependable. He always told me never to book him on anything if there was even a remote chance he couldn’t make it. Now all of a sudden he wouldn’t answer his phone and ignored a barrage of pleas from me to sign the thing and fax it back before we lost the deal. When I finally got him on the phone, he sounded like a slowed-down audiotape version of himself. His voice was so dark and deep, his intonation so strange and foreign, I actually didn’t think it was him. Everything about him was different—everything. I wondered in passing whether he might have had a stroke. Either that or he was on something. I was very worried, and also like I said, literally unsure if this voice on the phone was really O.J. I asked him what year he won the Heisman. He answered groggily, “1968.” “And what year did you run 2003 yards?” “1973.” I hung up and called Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney, mentor, and guiding light since two decades. “Skip,” I said, “what’s wrong with him?” Skip sighed, in the sloping, gentle-father manner he had when things got rough, and I remember verbatim what he said: “Mike, Nicole has O.J. so fucked up, he doesn’t know whether he’s coming or going.” I was silent. “OK.” I said. Skip asked me to fax the contract to him, and said he would take it over to O.J.’s house, at Rockingham, have him sign it, and fax it back to me, which he later did. “Thanks buddy,” I said. “Love ya. I’ll talk to you when I get back from Yosemite.” I said the same thing to OJ, breezily, the day before we left, when I told him I would not be reachable for a few days, and wished him luck in Chicago, on the Hertz golf outing. “If you need anything, call the house,” I told him. “I’ll be checking in every few days.” We’d all been witnessing things deteriorate between O.J. and Nicole, for about a year before the murders. It got worse and worse, and reached an all time low point starting on Mother’s Day, 1994. That was when things really spun out. In the nine months weeks leading up to the murders, O.J. and Nicole were in that very brittle phase couples can get into in which they have broken their bond, but not accepted it. They were trying to have it both ways, both if them—being together and not being together. In the months leading up to the murders, things got steadily more complicated and freighted. Nicole had rather actively been trying to get back together with OJ for some time, calling him constantly, and springing surprise visits on him at out of town at events, which was not good because he had other women around, always. It fell upon me and Kathy Randa to make sure we could clear the runways in time for Nicole’s surprise arrivals. O.J. liked it when Nicole was chasing him, though he sometimes felt oppressed by it. Sometimes I remember Nicole would call, O.J. would put her on hold, and just leave her there, then not answer when she called back. Nicole, for her part, had not reacted well to being put out of the castle—Rockingham—where she was queen. In her condo, lavish though it was, she lost status, she was just another rich California divorcee–no longer the wife of an icon. She was pushing hard to move back into Rockingham and really make it work again. O.J. basically shunned her. The simple truth is, he was enjoying all his other women, and he also liked keeping Nicole dangling, so long as the roles remained the way they always had been. Nicole was a spitfire—had a real temper. She was nice after one drink, quiet after two, after three drinks she became very mean and by her fourth drink she was raving lunatic. She was not a good drunk. When the two of them would start to fight, the squirrels and rabbits would dive into the deepest holes in the ground and stay there. It was not fun to be around. I was with O.J. on October 25, 1993, the day of the now famous 911 call that Nicole made, pleading for cops to come save her from O.J. who had virtually broken down the door. I remember it for several reasons: Number one, it was my wedding anniversary, number two, I have never ever experienced O.J. in a mood that foul, not even when he was in jail. O.J. was filming one of the scenes in the Naked Gun movie in the Shrine auditorium in L.A., and I’d driven down to get some footballs signed and work on some business affairs in between scenes, in his downtime. I had my son Luke with me. Normally O.J. was incredibly charming, charismatic, high energy, but on this occasion he was just in a horrible, very foul mood. I finally said, “O.J. what’s the matter?” He said: “It’s just more Nicole…bullshit.” “Like what?” I asked. “Oh it’s just more of her fucking bullshit. I’m just fucking tired of it. He always said, afterwards, that his mood that day was perfectly normal, but that is a total lie. I remember looking at my watch and saying, “It’s my anniversary O.J. If I don’t get to the restaurant in time for dinner, I’ll have another ex wife.” I remember he said, “Well that’s the last mother fucking thing you want is another ex wife.” He wound up going over to Nicole’s house on Gretna Green that night, and that was the night of the 911 call. Something obviously set him off, beyond the by then 6 month old news that he’d found Nicole giving oral sex to bartender named Keith Slowowitz in her living room, with the kids asleep upstairs, when he came over to spy on her. At the time, O.J. told me he had rung the doorbell and left, just to let them know he’d been there. I don’t know what it was that enraged him that day, or that night, October 25th, 1993. I talked to him the next day. He told me what had happened—that Nicole had “wound up” calling 911—and immediately started justifying it. He said they were just “talking,” and that he was urging her to be careful how, when and with whom she “fooled around.” He felt that Keith Slowowitz– a bartender she had dated on and off– was beneath her, and he didn’t want people like him around the kids. Nicole had retorted: “O.J., I don’t want you stopping by here uninvited. You have no reason to come here uninvited, ever.” She was basically telling him he was a stalker. And she was right. I remember O.J. trying to sell me on a convoluted scenario involving his foot being in the door when she was trying to close it. “I didn’t break the door down. Mike, she was trying to close the door on my foot.” I remember in that moment when he was telling me I didn’t believe him. I didn’t believe a word he was saying and he was starting to exhaust me, from the energy it took just to play along. It was starting to become a very simple pattern: Everybody else is wrong, always. O.J is never wrong. Never. The 911 story wound up in The National Enquirer, and according to Faye Resnick, O.J. called Nicole when she was on her way to the airport with Faye to go on a trip, and said: ‘Get a copy of the National Enquirer at the airport. In it was an account of not only the 911 call, but also of O.J. and Nicole’s attempted marital reconciliation. It was so detailed, O.J. was certain it must have been leaked by somebody in Nicole’s inner circle. O.J. did love Nicole very deeply, but he was also very angry at her for the way he felt she treated him. He felt that without him she would have been just another uneducated girl, a waitress, and that because of him, she lived a millionaire’s life. He felt she was disrespectful, despite the fact that everything she had was because of him. I never liked her, and I am not going to pretend I did because she was murdered. I wish she were alive. The avalanche started with a few pebbles: Everything that could go wrong in the weeks and days leading up to the murders, did go wrong. Everything. Emotionally, what was going on with O.J. was that Nicole had rejected him in a very final and for him, humiliating way. She had communicated: ‘I don’t need you. Get lost.” This happened as a final result of his rejection of her, when, in the months and weeks before her death, she tried to persuade him to let her move back into Rockingham. He rebuffed her, and finally she said, well the hell with it then. That was when she really started showing O.J. in no uncertain terms that she did not want or need anything from him. She repeatedly told him this. But the simple truth remained that she did need him, if nothing else, for financial support. Everything she had, he had bought—the house, the Ferrari, the breast implants. In fact, I remember O.J. telling me how much Nicole had changed, for the worse, after she got breast implants. He said she was never the same after that. In the last weeks of her life, she had done a complete about face, and stopped doing the same dance steps that the two of them were somehow accustomed to. She just pushed him straight away from her, as though she was truly truly finished with him. Her new friend Faye Resnick encouraged her in this direction. Faye was telling her: “You don’t need him,” and encouraging Nicole to come out and party and develop a new life with new friends, which she did. O.J. and Nicole had been fighting for seventeen years at that point. They had divorced in 1992, but as various books—including O.J.’s—have described, they still had a stormy, addictive, passionate relationship that kept them bound to one another, through countless brawls, splits, reconciliations, and even serious beatings resulting in the now infamous 911 calls. They knew how to push each other’s buttons and they knew when and how to stop. O.J. would kick down a door, bash Nicole’s car, “get into a tussle” with her as he put it—that is, hit her. I am as guilty as we all are of looking the other way when it should have been obvious that O.J. was abusing Nicole. Did we now know or did we not want to know, or both? In Nicole’s diary, she describes a return from a Disney On Ice event when she was pregnant with Justin in 1988. We see a very different O.J. than the one who “loved Nicole” and was himself a victim of domestic abuse. Nicole wrote: We went to the show and when we got back he was still gone. When he and A.C. [Al Cowlings, O.J.’s friend and driver] got back A.C. seemed strange, like he was waiting for something to happen, that they might have discussed. He kissed Mama, Mini, but not me, which is weird for A.C. O.J. was drunk. Mama and Mini felt something too. They started to leave and O.J. started saying things about not being invited. No room for him. I said that he made excuses all week. Well, he followed Mini and Mama out the door rattling 100 miles per hour about what a liar I am. He never stopped. He followed Sydney and I around the house “Please, don’t yell and scream in front of Sydney.” So A.C. grabbed her. And I tried to get away from her so she wouldn’t have to hear it. He never let up. You’re a fat pig. You’re disgusting. (I’m two months pregnant.) You’re a slob. I want you out of my fucking house. Then I took Sydney to bed, tried to anyway. And he proceeded to cut me down with A.C. in the entry downstairs. I tried to tape the conversation but the recorder didn’t work. He was saying all those things again so that I could hear every word as he was telling A.C. My wife’s a fat ass, a liar. I stopped fucking other girls and now I jack off the fat ass. He locked me out of our room and I buzzed him. Get out of my fucking house you fat ass liar. He opened the door and started off on me again. I want you to have an abortion with the baby. So I packed a few things together. He locked the door again. I buzzed. Do I really have to go tonight. Sydney is sleeping. It’s late. Let me tell you how serious I am. I have a gun in my hand right now. Get the fuck out of here. I got real scared and grabbed Sydney and the cats and a bag for her and a bottle and a pair of sweats from the laundry room for me and got the heck out of the house. When this was read to A.C. when he was being deposed in O.J.’s 1996/97 civil trial, he claimed to have no memory of the event. It must have been devastating for A.C. to hear Nicole’s words. Her torture and conflict are reflected so clearly in everything she wrote–the combination of submission and strength, of trying to get close and trying to get through to O.J., to make him hear her. Maybe Al was just suppressing the memory. We all did a lot of suppressing. I myself have much more sympathy for Nicole now, especially now that I myself in some sense have completed the entire path of O.J.’s charisma and managed to break the spell. If you’d asked me if Nicole was a battered wife prior to the murders, I’d have said no. There was the one incident, the 911 call in October of ’93, but O.J. spun that his way, and although we didn’t believe him, the incident was soon forgotten. Just like Nicole’s friends and family, we were blinded by the fact that she herself seemed so in love with O.J. and was always back in his arms no matter what. It was a combination of a traditional marriage and a modern one. O.J. was a domineering authoritarian, a controlling patriarch, a sounding board, friend, and quasi-ex-husband. Nicole both wanted to be free of O.J. and begged him to put her back in her cage. Neither of them could make up their minds. Each of them had their allies and confidantes, and I was of course strictly on O.J.’s “side.” When he asked me if I thought he should get back together with Nicole, I always said, “No way.” I didn’t think it would ever be different, and I was exhausted myself, seeing O.J. always so strung out, angry, and unpredictable. Every day it was something else. If Nicole pissed him off, he took it out on us—on whoever was working with him that day. But he had two distinct faces—charming, public O.J. and crabby, enraged O.J. They had other lovers and separate lives, and they continued to weigh down their already frayed bond with transgressions and confessions. I am not going to attempt to de-thread this dynamic, because I think O.J. has given his side of the story and, through friends who spoke over the years on the record, we got Nicole’s side too. There is no disagreement on any side about the simple, essential facts: They had a very powerful love and bond, and they were obsessed with each other. They both tried to be by turns married, a family, separated, independent, single, free, diffident, relaxed, jealous, predatory, or whatever. They just shifted in and out of all this in a kind of incoherent dance only they understood. Everybody else they got involved with became a mere accessory, a way for them to hurt the other. With each new lover, they were just feeding their addiction to the one thing that was the core of their lives—the other. They switched roles on and off—who was most angry, jealous, thwarted, or solicitous. It is true that Nicole worked very hard at persuading O.J. to take her back and let her and the kids move back into Rockingham the year leading up to her death, and it is true that O.J. rebuffed her. He enjoyed being free to date other women, and he also enjoyed, to an extent, watching Nicole crawl, when she did. When she stopped chasing him, he absolutely hated it. We all had to listen to O.J. bitch about Nicole, ad nauseum. We had to help him dodge her calls and her surprise visits, we had to help him keep his other women away from Nicole’s notice and keep her away from them. It was very stressful for everybody, because they both would go from one set of emotions to the opposite at the flick of a switch. They were both ragers, and they could also both suddenly turn to ice. Deep down, Nicole always loved and adored O.J. no matter what was going on between them, and he absolutely felt the same about her. But at the very end, he started to become so icy toward her that it slowly generated a new feeling in her: contempt. I witnessed this personally. He would hang up on her, leave her on hold when she called, not call her back for days on end. Nicole—who was hellbent on reconciling at this point in time– was just made more and more desperate by this rejection, and she started acting “crazy” and “bitchy.” It was during this time that she would show up at Rockingham and start slapping his staff, or making bizarre demands. She was hanging out with her new gang of friends, with Faye Resnick at the center, and Faye was also O.J.’s confidant. Faye would field calls from the two of them, often at the same time, clicking back and forth, and God only knows what advice that woman gave out. She probably lied to both of them. We know she was more or less in love with Nicole, from her breathless recounting, in her book, of a kiss they once shared on a bed. My impression was that Faye influenced Nicole to make a real, final, unequivocal break from O.J. When she finally did, just days before her murder, it was because she herself had begun to truly dislike and disdain him. Why? Because he crossed a new line of cruelty. Nicole was falsely claiming a tax break by telling the IRS she lived at Rockingham and was renting out the Bundy condo. O.J. had one of his lawyers send her a letter threatening to turn her in to the IRS. That was when Nicole truly, once and for all, decided she was “done” with O.J. That was why she didn’t invite him to sit with the family at Sydney’s dance recital, or to join the family for dinner at Mezzaluna later that night. He had already been indifferent to the kids, and to her, on the numerous occasions when she turned up at the house crying and begging to be let in. But this was spite taken to a whole new level, and she simply shut down. Nicole wrote her in her diary: O.J. came to pick up kids at 8:30 p.m. This is June 3,1994. They wanted to stay home because I let them organize sleepovers at last minute. Thought daddy wasn’t coming. Told O.J. I’d drop them off first thing in the morning. He said okay. Then “you hung up on me last night. You’re gonna pay for this bitch. You’re holding money from the IRS. You’re going to jail you fucking cunt. You think you can do any fricking thing you want. You’ve got it coming. I’ve already talked to my lawyers about this bitch. They’ll get you for tax evasion bitch. I’ll see to it. You’re not gonna have a fucking dime,” et cetera. This was all being said as Sydney’s girlfriend Allegra was being dropped off. They may have already walked into the house. I’m not sure if they had heard all or any of it. I just turned around and walked away. The perfect storm was brewing, and it didn’t take long. It was a rogue tornado that one could even argue took shape on that very day—on June 12. Nicole, with Faye’s counseling, had planned very carefully how she would shun O.J. at Sydney’s middle school dance recital that afternoon. It was partly in retaliation for his cruelty to her and his increasing disregard for the kids. He had previously failed to show up for Sydney’s confirmation reception. Also, Nicole was furious about the IRS letter. So Nicole, and by extension her family, cut O.J. off cold, even refusing to let him sit near them at the recital. He had to sit behind them. Then, when the family went out to dinner at the restaurant Mezzaluna afterward, O.J. was explicitly not invited. If you knew how enmeshed all these people were, you’d understand how extreme that was. Something was clearly marked on June 12: Nicole was finished with O.J. and showing him that she “didn’t need” him. Kato Kaelin later testified that O.J. came home from the recital really angry about it. It had started a fire in his mind. He always ranted about how his money paid for everything Nicole had, so this was a sore spot, and her independence could only ever be a kind of pretend action. She was not independent and couldn’t be. She had never worked a day in her life. O.J. felt like he owned her, and her family. So there she was treating him with a level of distance and even disdain he’d never seen before – and wearing a very short, tight dress, in his mind provoking him and taunting him. None of his friends were around to talk him down, and he just went into a very bad tailspin. The dance was over. A little past 9:30, Nicole’s mother Juditha called Mezzaluna because she’d left her glasses there. Ron Goldman, a Mezzaluna employee, arranged to drop them off at Nicole’s. Some time between 10 and 11 p.m., somebody went into Nicole’s house and killed them both. At about 11:15, O.J. climbed into an airport limousine, and at 11:45 his flight left for Chicago. He would never come up with much of an alibi for where he was and what he was doing during the crucial period that the murders occurred. I believe there was one more fatal element to that night: Nicole had been having an on-again off-again affair with Marcus Allen. Marcus Allen, O.J.’s good friend and protégé. Marcus Allen, my friend and client. I did not know this at the time. I know this because Marcus himself told me so, not long after the murders. So did O.J. I’ll describe those conversations in more detail later. According to Faye Resnick, despite O.J.’s threat that he would kill Nicole if she started seeing Marcus again, she did. Her friends told her this was like signing her own death warrant. They were horrified to find Marcus’ car in her driveway on some days, right out in the open, when O.J. could drive past. They were very afraid of this affair, of her seeming nonchalance about it, and believed it could get her killed. Marcus, after all, was not only one of O.J.’s best friends, you could say he was a younger version of O.J. He never expressed rage toward Marcus directly—that part is true—but he was definitely enraged about it. Faye Resnick said that when she spoke to Nicole on June 12, she was on “cloud nine” because of Marcus, whom she was in love with, and who she said was the second love of her life after O.J. Faye concluded that Nicole “…had seen Marcus that day, or she was going to see him. I knew how she got when she was going to be with him.” Marcus Allen is the one person who has managed to miraculously stay out of this entire mess, and I also think it was he who caused it. I have always thought that, even though Marcus flew to the Cayman Islands late on the night of June 12 with his wife Kathryn, he was with Nicole either that day or earlier that night. At her house. And O.J. saw them together. I believe that if it weren’t for Marcus Allen, June 12, 1994, would have come and gone like any other summer night, and that Nicole and Ron would still be alive. When I spoke to O.J. on June 10th, the day before we left for Yosemite, I told him I would not be reachable for a few days, and wished him luck in Chicago, on the Hertz golf outing. “If you need anything, call the house,” I told him. “I’ll be checking in every few days.” [line] On June 11, David and I climbed the Royal Arches—a fairly short climb. The next day, June 12, we woke early and hiked to the top of Yosemite falls, looking out over Lost Arrow Spire. That was my Moby Dick—the one climb I had never done. I had been scheduled to do it 10 years previously, but my then-wife, Gerilyn, told me she had a dream that if I climbed it I would die, so I never did. On this crisp, perfectly still morning, David said, “Dad, let’s do it.” “Okay, let’s,” I said right away. I decided to hire a guide, and we set off down to the bottom of Yosemite Falls to use the payphone and call home to tell them what our plans were. I got the answering machine at the house and started leaving a message for my wife Debbie. She picked up the phone, and cut me off. “Mike,” she said, “Nicole’s been murdered and O.J. is in handcuffs. You need to get to Rockingham.” After a brief silence, I said, “So he finally did it.” Debbie shut off the answering machine. “God. What did you say? How could you say such a thing? Why would you think that?” Everything was already filmy, nauseating, unreal, like after a car crash. “I don’t know,” I said. “I don’t know why I said that.” I tried to steady my mind. I remembered that O.J. was scheduled to fly to Chicago the night before, and I clung to that. I immediately started looking for reasons to believe he didn’t do it. David was in shock, pale and quiet. “David, we got to go.” We packed up our stuff and hightailed it out of there. I must have been driving 100 mph on the straightaway stretches. We had no radio or phone reception for a good hour, until we got to a town called Oakhurst. I turned on the radio and the story was everywhere. I started making calls on my cellphone. This being 1994, my cellphone was the size of a small suitcase. But it worked. I called all of O.J.’s numbers, not expecting to reach him but wanting to get a message through to him. I called everybody. When I finally walked in the front door to my home in Hanford, Debbie was in front of the TV and the story was on every single channel. There was O.J. with his hands cuffed behind his back, leaning under a branch overhanging Sydney’s playhouse at Rockingham. I was totally lost, slightly out of my own body. The phone literally rang off the hook. Friends, business associates, clients—everybody was calling. I finally got to the point where I just answered the phone by saying, “I can’t talk,” click, “I can’t talk,” click, “I can’t talk,” click. The inner circle, the outer circle, and every possible layer of any O.J. circle that ever existed was calling my house. People we were doing business with, with whom we had signed various sorts of contracts, were wondering what to expect, whether they would get their money back. “I don’t know what to tell you,” I said. “The guy’s wife’s been murdered and he’s in handcuffs. We have to wait and see. I don’t know any more than you do.” Then there was the gang—those of us who actually interacted with O.J. on a daily basis. We became like a crisis unit, like a Red Cross tent, trying to act normal in an extremely abnormal situation. All I remember from our conversations back then is that they had that underwater, strange quality, like when you have severe jetlag. Every word you’re hearing and speaking is something foreign to you that you’d never think you’d hear or speak. One conversation that still stands out in my memory 14 years later was the one I had with Marcus Allen, whom I reached that first day, the 13th. Everything about it was puzzling and peculiar. It didn’t make sense–then. I called Marcus’ house and got his sister in law on the phone. She said Marcus and his wife Kathryn were in the Cayman Islands, which I knew. They had flown out late the night before. “Does Marcus know what’s going on?” I asked. “Yes.” “Tell him I need him to call me.” Marcus called moments later. “You know what’s going on?” I asked him. “Yes,” he said. He asked me how I was. “Blown away,” I said. I asked Marcus what I thought was a rhetorical question: “Are you coming back?” I expected him to say, “Of course, are you crazy?” Instead he said, “No.” “What? Why?” I asked, absolutely blindsided. “You’re going to the funeral, aren’t you?” Again he said flatly, “No.” I couldn’t comprehend anything anymore. Marcus and Kathryn has gotten married in O.J.’s living room. He had been friends with O.J. and Nicole since he was in college. “Mike, it’s going to be a media zoo,” he explained. “It’s going to be nuts. You shouldn’t go either.” I remember saying to myself, well, if one of their closest friends isn’t going to the funeral, I certainly don’t have to go. So I let myself off the hook too. To this day, I regret it. I never liked Nicole, and she never liked me, but I should have gone to her funeral. That the one of my first mistakes. I think the deeper reason I wanted an excuse not to go was that I had started to feel that O.J. did it, and I didn’t know how I would face him or what I would say. I got off the phone with Marcus and resumed calling O.J.’s house. I finally got an answer—it was Gigi, the housekeeper. Gigi sounded very nervous. I said to her, “Tell O.J. if there is anything at all that I can do, I’m here. And tell him…I’m sorry.” The phone kept ringing ceaselessly over the next few days. This was when the whirlwind started to become a typhoon. I was trying to stay under it all, and yet at the same time, on top of it all. I called the house again and told Gigi to tell O.J. that I was going to be at the Hyatt near the airport, standing by with $5,000 cash, or whatever else O.J. might need. On June 17, the day O.J. was to voluntarily turn himself in to the authorities, I got in my car and started driving toward Los Angeles—a four hour drive. As I got about 100 miles north of L.A., it came on the news that O.J. was wanted by the police and that they were actively searching for him. I thought Jesus, did he kill himself? Is he that spun? I called every number I ever had for him—cell, car, everything. Then suddenly O.J.’s friend and lawyer Bobby Kardashian came on and started reading O.J.’s suicide note. I could not believe anything that was happening was actually happening. I am a staunch atheist but I think I started praying: Please don’t let him throw his life away. We can get through this. What time did his flight leave again? He couldn’t have done this. This will all be straightened out. I got to the Hyatt, went to my room, and called O.J.’s cell. “O.J. it’s Mike. I’m at the Hyatt hotel and I have $5,000 cash. If you need to reach me call my cell. Whatever you need, I’m here.” I turned on the TV, and within seconds they broke into the NBA championship game and showed grainy footage of a car chase. The newscaster said: “The vehicle you are seeing contains O.J. Simpson on the 91 Freeway, in flight from police cars who are pursuing him.” My hotel phone rang. It was the hotel operator. “Mr. Gilbert, there is someone who called for you. They said they don’t know your last name but they have a package for you from UPS.” That sounded implausible. Nobody knew where I was, and I most definitely wasn’t expecting any package. I told her that if they called back, to put the call through. Seconds later the phone rang again and a voice said: “Mike? You don’t know me. I live near O.J. and I know him from the cellphone store where I work. He and I once had the same cell number by mistake…” “Yeah, right. I doubt anybody who lives in Brentwood works in a cellphone store. How stupid do you think I am? Who are you?” It was obviously either the cops or the tabloids, picking up every message that went to O.J.’s cell. The guy continued: “Do you expect O.J. to call you back? What did you mean ‘If you need anything?’” The TV was showing the white Bronco on the 405 now. I hung up, ran out of my room and jumped into my car. I knew O.J. was going home, to Rockingham. As soon as I got onto Sepulveda heading toward the 405 I looked toward the southeast and saw a swarm of helicopters; I knew that was where O.J. was. By the time I merged onto the 405 I was about a mile behind him. I exited on Sunset Boulevard and headed toward Rockingham. As I got close to the house, the streets were blocked by police barricades. Media everywhere. I parked the car near Cora Fischman’s house and started walking as close as I could get. Another barricade. The cops told me O.J. had not yet surrendered, and that nobody was coming in or out until he had. I showed them every piece of ID I had. “I’m his manager,” I pleaded. “Let me talk to him. I need to get in there.” A cop asked how they could be sure I was who they said I was. “Look,” I said, showing them my cellphone. I dialed O.J.’s house, and a police officer answered. “This is Mike Gilbert ,” I said. “I am O.J.’s manager. I need to talk to him.” Then all of a sudden I overheard some reporters saying that they had SWAT teams in the trees, because O.J. had a gun. The word was they were going to shoot him. I wheeled around to the nearest cop and got right up in his face. “If you fuckers kill him there will be hell to pay. Do you understand? Let me talk to him.” At this point I was panicked. Suddenly O.J. was a black man with a gun surrounded by SWAT teams. I was in a cold sweat, walking in circles, mumbling and praying that he would surrender. That was all I wanted at that point. “Surrender Juicer, goddamit,” I muttered. I used to call him Juicer. I don’t know if twenty minutes passed, or three hours, but finally, I heard what I wanted to hear– O.J. was in police custody. I felt a radiating wave of relief through my whole body. The police car with O.J. handcuffed in the back seat drove right past us, less than ten feet away. I could see O.J. in there, frozen, looking straight ahead. He looked like a wax figure of himself. The reporters started to walk back toward the main entrance road, like a herd just fed and moving on. I walked back to my car, feeling absolutely physically and emotionally drained. I got into my car and just sat there, relieved that he was in custody — that he was still alive. O.J. In Jail: The Show Must Go On O.J. had been in jail for about four days when I received a phone call from Cathy Randa. I was driving back from San Diego, from a meeting with the Ted Williams card company, when I got the call. Cathy said, “Mike, O.J. wants to meet with you. Do you want to go see him?” “Absolutely.” Randa explained how to get to the jail, where to park, how to get past the media hordes outside the jail, and who to look for when I got there. “Nicole will meet you there,” she said. “Nicole?” “Yes, Nicole Pulvers—from the attorney’s office.” “Oh. Okay.” Nicole Pulvers was a paralegal assigned to stay with O.J. at all times and communicate his needs to the rest of the dream team. She was more or less his babysitter. I drove to the Los Angeles County Jail, walked past the media hordes, into the jailhouse. Nicole found me, and I started going through all the security checks. When they ran my name though the computer, they said I was not approved to go in, as “material witnesses” had not yet been approved. Nicole went in to explain the situation to O.J. and I waited in the lobby. When she came back a short while later, she had a note for me O.J. had dictated. It said: “Mike, I need you now more than ever. Imagine: O.J. Simpson, L.A. County Jail. My autograph is worth more than anybody alive.” I looked at Nicole. “Is this what he wanted you to give me?” “Yes,” she said. “He dictated it and made sure I wrote it down, word for word.” “Why didn’t he write it himself?” I asked. “He can’t be given a pencil,” she said. I stared at the note in shock. For Christ’s sake, I thought, here his wife has been dead less than a week and he’s already thinking about business. I was floored. But I quickly regained my composure and my mind started clicking. O.J.wanted to start signing autographs again, despite the fact that he was in jail—or rather, precisely because he was in jail. Skip, Cathy and I were divided on it. Cathy felt very strongly that there should be no business while O.J. was in jail. Skip considered the matter carefully, then told us, “Look, we need to generate money. We are going to do this in good taste.” Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney for over two decades at that time, was and is the most stellar, upright, ethical, and dignified man I have ever known—just a beautiful human being. Whatever Skip said, I trusted. He was like a living incarnation of Atticus Finch—about six foor three, with silver hair. I remember speaking to Skip two or three days after the murders. We had lunch at our usual place, the Daily Grill. I told Skip that I had been getting a blizzard of calls from all the companies we were doing business with. We discussed how to handle ourselves, businesswise, what to say to people. Toward the end of the meeting, I finally asked him, “Skip, what do you think is going on? What do you think is happening?” He looked at me, and said, “Mike, I have known O.J. for 23 years and I have never known him to lie to me. He said he didn’t do it. Until he says otherwise, I will believe him.” I respected that, then. I still do. But things got a lot more complicated, pretty fast. Now when I look back on what Skip said that day I feel a nostalgia for that moment in time, when Skip believed in O.J.’s innocence and that meant we could too. Guilt and innocence always seemed so clear to me before I landed in the middle of this. I am ashamed of much of what I did, but not all of it. The thing I am looking really closely at is loyalty and disloyalty. I like to think we acted as good friends would. We did for him what you would want a real friend to do for you when you’re down. We didn’t realize how we were losing sight of reality, losing our souls, little by little. Before long we started to lie to ourselves, and believe every word. Each step of the way it was as though we got into deeper, darker parts of a forest we’d gotten lost in, and we did whatever we thought it might take just to get out of there, to get home again. We never really made it. Until that terrible night in June of 1994 we had been living the American Dream. It never occurred to us that it could all be lost in a matter of seconds, in an incomprehensible bloodbath. A few days later I saw O.J. for the first time. It was ten days after the arrest, the first time the judge allowed him to be seen by anybody other than his defense attorneys. I walked in to see him, and—imagine this—he was shackled. The chains around his waist rattled when he stood up from his chair. That alone just about broke my heart. He was wearing a blue jumpsuit. I remember how defeated he looked. That aura that he always had was gone. He didn’t have the charisma anymore. He was… human. A glass partition separated him from visitors. We could reach up and pass things over it to him, but we couldn’t touch him, or he us. Couldn’t hug him or shake his hand. Instead we did just like they do in countless prison movies: We’d put our hands up to either side of the glass. I was afraid to make eye contact with him because I was afraid of what I would see. Because I couldn’t look at him, I looked down at his hands, and I saw the cut on his middle finger, on the knuckle. The finger was swollen and had a very big gash on it. I looked at those hands and I thought, those are the hands that killed two people. I finally tried to look at his eyes but he couldn’t give eye contact either. I kept searching for words. I couldn’t bring myself to say, “O.J., we know you didn’t do it.” Even then I couldn’t say that. I looked at his hands, his eyes… and you could just see it, that he was guilty. I remember thinking: What happened to you? How could you go so far and not catch yourself? How could you throw it all away? It was so uncomfortable that the twenty minutes’ visiting time seemed like an eternity. I finally said, “O.J… is there anything at all that I can do?” “Yeah,” he said. “Get me the fuck out of here.” A bunch of us saw him that day. Marcus and Kathryn were there, and Cathy Randa of course. And Ron Shipp, a good friend of O.J.’s who wound up testifying for the prosecution. I think he was even the prosecution’s first witness. In our circle, that made him Judas. The first Judas, I should say. I know what you’re thinking: What about me, now? Am I not also a Judas? I can’t answer that. Maybe I am. It got to the point where there were no good options, so one by one, we started reaching for the less good options. We were literally damned if we did and damned if we didn’t. We could choose between being damned by the public, by the inner circle, our families, wives, or finally, ourselves. It came down to picking one course–—there was no way not to be damned at all. Shipp went to the other side because a writer who was working on a book about the Brown family got him to say some things that were not good for O.J. It got back to us and we started to shun him. That was when, I think, the prosecution got him. It was like choosing between freezing water or sharks. Going to my grave without putting this down on paper has become a less good option than telling it like it was, and risking betrayal. In a catastrophic situation like the one we faced, you start out all huddled together, protecting yourselves as a pack from the onslaught. The pressures are so monumental that people start to crack. The ship starts to take in water, starts to sink. Eventually, your community has been destroyed and it’s every man for himself. I have a thousand stories of how and when people started “betraying” O.J. I was always very scornful of such people, but now I am one of them. And now I understand why they did it. It is something you are driven to, in an attempt to reconcile horrible things, to return to planet earth from an exile so terrible you can’t imagine it unless you’ve been through it. My now ex-wife Debbie became an alcoholic after our marriage broke apart over all this. Today she has recovered, but I feel that my marriage was one of the casualties of those two murders. Two people were killed that night, but many more people were slowly destroyed. We all died on June 12, 1994. The dream we had been living died. Our hopes died. It was like the sun was snuffed out. We all drifted further and further from society, and from one another. All we experienced was hostility, the perception that we were all a gang of knife-sharpeners. O.J. was the super-pariah, but we were all made into smaller pariahs. The isolation is almost surreal. We felt banished to a hostile planet where everything is lies on the one hand, and on the other hand a rain of arrows from the “enemy” camp. By protecting O.J., we were protecting ourselves. Or rather, we were trying to protect ourselves—our names, reputations, our standing in the community, and our sense of loyalty. Like I said, in a situation like this, there are no good options, only bad ones. And even worse ones. By mid-July, we had decided that we would indeed go back into production and have O.J. sign objects while in jail. We started with cards—the easiest. We went to the Sheriff’s Department and requested permission to sign 5,000 cards for a company called Signature Rookies. The cards featured O.J. in his Buffalo Bills uniform—an action shot. Skip’s directive that we would only do this in a perfectly tasteful, completely kosher wayrequired a bit of fancy footwork and research. To our knowledge, this hadn’t ever been done before—a prisoner signing autographs in jail. I reminded Skip and Kathy that O.J. had not yet been convicted of any crime. Skip consulted the famous civil liberties lawyer Alan Dershowitz about O.J.’s First Amendment rights. Somehow we secured permission to take the cards to the jail. They prohibited us strictly from letting him add “Los Angeles County Jail” to his signature, but we found a way around that. They gave us permission to have him date the signatures. This increased the cards’ value, because the date showed they were signed by O.J. while he was incarcerated. An O.J. Simpson card signed by O.J. before the murders had a market value of about $25. These went for $250 each. Make of that what you want. In the beginning, getting the cards signed was a very slow and tortured process. I had to take ten cards at a time, and the pen, and give them to a lieutenant, who would give them to a sergeant, who would give them to the guard, who would give them to O.J. They’d take him out of his cell, hand him the pen, he would sign these ten cards, then give them back the cards and the pen. They would put him back in his cell, and send the signed cards all the way back through the chain of command to the lobby, where I would retrieve them. Then we would start the whole process all over again. We did this for about ten hours every day. After a few weeks of this, they told us we could send in 100 cards at a time. A funny thing started to happen: I never got 100 cards back. I got 92, or 94–never 100. I counted and re-counted, and it happened each and every time. I decided I had to talk to O.J. about this. That meant Kathy had to arrange for him to call me collect from the payphone near his cell, to the phone in the lobby. “O.J.,” I said, “are you by chance keeping any of the cards?” He got pretty irate. “What the fuck am I going to keep any of these cards for, Mike? Why would you ask me that?” I explained what was going on. We didn’t know what to do, so as usual, we turned to Dad. Kathy got Skip. “Skip,” I said, “the guards are lifting some of these cards from us.” Skip mulled it over. We have a good thing going. It could be that the Sheriff was purposefully having this done so that we’d raise the issue. Then he could say, “I’m not having my guards accused of theft. Bullshit. Shut it down.” They could easily have shut the whole thing down, and in fact, every single day we expected them to. Skip said, “Mike, let it go. This is just the cost of doing business.” So we continued. We got back 92, or 94, out of every 100 cards, and we never said a word. O.J. signed a total of about 5,000 cards. Then we turned to various photographs. Some were photos of O.J. playing at USC, some from his NFL days. We did probably 10,000 of those, maybe more. Then we got more and more ambitious. We had him signing footballs, jersey numbers, posters, lithographs, seragraphs, movie scripts—you name it, he signed it. We had to be very creative about transporting the goods into the jail. For example, we couldn’t bring in football helmets due to their bulk, and also because the metal facemask would set off the metal detectors. Our solution was to order helmet decals and have him autograph those. Normally a helmet is signed right on the helmet, so these decal-signed helmets are extra-valuable on the memorabilia market, where it is known O. J. signed them in jail. Footballs are also pretty bulky. We solved that too: Footballs are made of four panels, leather or vinyl. We ordered just the panels from a company called Daden Sports that produced footballs for the Downtown Athletic Club. We brought in briefcases filled with 150 panels at a time. As for the jerseys, we bought just the numbers, the 3 and the 2, and he signed one or the other. Later we had them sewn onto the jerseys. We had him sign stuff for the entire duration of his incarceration, clear up to the day of the verdict. We made well over $1 million. O.J. remained behind bars from June, 1994, into October, 1995. Eighteen months, while the bizarre spectacle of his trial played out. O.J. absolutely hated being in jail—hated everything about it. This was somebody who was used to having his food cooked to perfection and staying at the finest hotels in the world, so how would you expect him to feel about it? Once when I was sitting with him in jail I remembered having a meal with him at his house, at Rockingham, and recalled that he used to refuse to use paper napkins—only cloth, at every meal. Seeing him in jail tore me apart. I felt very sorry for him. Does it disgust you to hear me express sympathy for him? My sympathy for him doesn’t mean I didn’t also have sympathy for the murder victims, and for the kids, and for the families. The two didn’t cancel each other out. The world isn’t that simple, try as we do to make it be. It’s true that O.J. and I were friends, while Nicole and I were not. But that’s the thing—O.J. was my friend, and long before that he was my idol. I loved him. And I felt sorry for him. Can you understand that? If I could still feel anything today I would feel even sorrier for him now than I did then. In jail he was at least protected from all the hate. There was an order to our universe. At least we knew what to expect from one minute to the next. Unlike the public, the prison guards treated him very well. So did his fellow inmates. I actually think O.J. was better off in jail, all things considered. At least in jail he was serving out a small part of the penance, and so the punishment was present as opposed to something that was always at his heels. When he got out of prison, we never knew where or when the next person would hiss “murderer,” or walk out of restaurant, or cancel a contract, or spit at him as he passed by. In jail, things were predictable and ordered. Because he was in jail, the people around him didn’t feel it necessary to lash out with their own personal punishments. They left him alone. They accorded him his dignity. He had a few perks, but was by no means given special treatment. He was allowed to go up and use an exercise bike on the roof, and that was important to him, keeping fit. He lost a lot of weight in jail for the obvious reason that he hated the food. O.J. was on the same high profile prison ward as Lyle and Erik Menendez, the brothers who were being tried for the shotgun murders of their parents in their Beverly Hills home. (They would be convicted in 1996.) They sometimes passed us or were in the adjoining visiting room. On one occasion they got wind of the fact that O.J. was signing stuff and making money, and they had somebody ask me on their behalf whether I could help them do the same. I said I was sorry but no, I couldn’t. Once O.J. leaned in and whispered when the Menendez brothers had just walked past. “Mike, you want to hear a really strange coincidence? A weird story.” “Sure,” I said. “Well, Mr. Menendez, their father, use to work at Hertz when they were kids, and I met them and signed a football for each of them. It was when they were kids, so it was some time in the 1970s. And now here we all are, in prison together, on the same floor. Talk about a small world.” There was an additional level of macabre coincidence: O.J. told me that one of Nicole’s baby showers, I think it must have been for Sydney, had been held in the house where the Menendez parents were murdered, which at the time was being leased by a friend of O.J.’s. Sometimes when we were sitting there in jail, with O.J. chained to his chair, under the fluorescent lights, the musty airless smell, the hopeless environment, depressed out of our minds, he would start to tell stories, out of the blue. Game stories. He was a phenomenal story teller, and over the years, a few stories had become such classics that it was as if he were a musician and we were asking him to play the same song, over and over. I would look over at Skip and Skip would have tears in his eyes and he would say, “I could hear that story a hundred times, O.J., I still tear up.” When O.J. would tell the story, we would be transported back, right through those prison walls and back onto the field, with the crowds roaring and the wind on our faces, like we were there. For those minutes, as long as it took O.J. to tell the stories, we were not in jail, we were somewhere else; it sometimes felt like we were inside the huddle. There was one he liked to tell about a crucial Bills-Jets game at Shea in 1973, the year he became the first running back in history to rush for more than 2000 yards. The Bills had to win tis game or their season was over. The Bills had the ball, the clock was winding down, and the coach was shuttling wide receivers in and out of the huddle, bring the wuarterback plays. This was before they communicated through mics and headsets. The Bills had this one receiver they called Crackback Jones. There’s a kind of illegal block they call a crackback block. It’s illegal because you can hurt somebody. Anyway, Crackback had a stuttering problem, especially when he was stressed. His only relief for it was to sing what he was trying to say. The coach sends him into the huddle with a play. The clock is ticking. Crackback is definitely stressed. He’s stuttering, “Buh buh buh buh.” Finally, everybody yells at him, “Just fucking sing it!” So Crackback starts singing the play, and everyone in the huddle cracks up. They’re still laughing and grinning as they go to the line of scrimmage. The Jets defense is looking at them like, “Are you guys crazy? The clock is winding down, you’ve got to score, and you’re laughing?” To O.J., the point was that the laughter reminded them that it was a game. They were playing for the fun and the love of the game. And they ended up winning. Another story was from very early in O.J.’s career, in one of his first USC games. SC Trojans were playing against Notre Dame, at Notre Dame stadium. In the last game of the Trojans vs Fighting Irish, before O.J. had joined the team, the Fighting Irish had left the Trojans out on the field for such a long time, about 15 minutes, in ice cold freezing weather, that were frozen solid by the time the game started. They were demoralized, and just wanted to lose, quickly, and go home to sunny Southern California. Coach John Mckay said that would never happen again. So now it’s the following year, 1967, O.J.’s rookie year. As the visiting team, USC is expected to hit the field first. That’s how it’s always done. An official comes to the Trojan locker room and tell Mckay to get his team ready. “Is Notre Dame out yet?” Mckay says. The official says, “Home team always comes out last.” Mckay says, “We’re not coming out until Notre Dame is on the field.” “Coach, you need to get your team on the field or you forfeit the game,” the official replies. So Mckay shouts, “Boys, get your uniforms off, we’re going home!” O.J., the freshman, was dumfounded. He stood there agape. Mckay shouted at him, “Simpson, get your jersey off, we’re going gome!” The official leaves. O.J. is amazed. The team is actually getting undressed. A moment later, the official comes back in. He says, “Coach, Notre Dame is on the field.” And Mckay smiles and hollers, “Boys, get your uniforms on. It’s time to go kick some Irish ass!” They were so beside themselves with excitement by that time, so pumped up, they just went crazy. Mentally, they knew they had already won the game—that they had mentally defeated Notre Dame already, just as Notre Dame had done to them the year before. And sure enough, they won. They just destroyed them. Because they went out of the locker rooms already victorious. O.J. loved telling that one, and we loved hearing it, even there in jail. Why? Maybe because it was a story about the good old days, the days of youth and glory and victory, before the insanity of 1994. And maybe because it was about team spirit. Team spirit got harder and harder to maintain in 1994. For instance, O.J. had mixed feelings about his attorneys—the Dream Team. Headed up by the all-star quartet, the Four Horsemen of the legal profession, Robert Shapiro, Johnnie Cochran, F. Lee Bailey and Alan Dershowitz. His “defensive linemen,” as the Washington Post called them. The finest legal team a wealthy celebrity could buy. The one he was most wary of was Shapiro. He just didn’t trust him. He kept him on the Dream Team after a point because he thought he would leak stuff to the press if he was let go, so he didn’t dare. O.J. did not want Shapiro to be the attorney of record because he knew that black people in Los Angeles harbored a lot of ill will toward Jews. They accused Jews of giving them home loans they couldn’t repay and then seizing their houses. He didn’t want that to be playing in the minds of the black jurors. He simply did not want Shapiro in front of a black jury. The one lawyer he really wanted to lead the defense team was Johnnie Cochran. To the very end, he loved Johnnie and trusted him. When O.J. was first arrested, Johnnie was busy with Michael Jackson, and O.J. had to wait a bit. “I want Johnnie,” O.J. said, repeatedly. When Cochran finally came on board, O.J. was thrilled. He was careful about making sure Johnnie’s role was secured, and found ways to make sure the others didn’t get resentful or envious. This was a juggling act with some titanic egos, and O.J. understood how the ego and mind of an alpha male worked, being one himself. He made sure they all felt important and took his time navigating Johnnie to the top position, a process he was very apprehensive about. The two lawyers who wound up truly hating each other by the end of it, ironically, started out as the closest friends: Shapiro and F. Lee Bailey. They had been friends for decades, but tension grew and grew during the trial, and exploded when something was leaked to the press from the defense team and they accused each other. We never did find out who had leaked the information, but the damage was done, the friendship destroyed. They had a big blowup one day, and after that it was total ice and silence. It got very ugly. Shapiro at one point said that he would never work with nor speak with F. Lee Bailey again, and he kept his word. And then there was Bobby Kardashian. What can I say about Bobby Kardashian that has not been said? He set the original gold standard for O.J. betrayal with his covert, Faustian collaboration with the obese and malodorous Larry Schiller, author of American Tragedy: The Inside Story Of The Simpson Defense. Kardashian is perhaps the only person who betrayed O.J. whose conduct was so blatant and unprofessional that he even earned the scorn of the O.J.-haters, even the press, never mind us. You can see everything in the look on his face when the verdict was read. He wasn’t only shocked, he was miserable. He was counting on a guilty verdict. And then there were all the rest of us—O.J.’s friends, colleagues, business associates, confidantes, hangers-on, fellow celebrities. It was very complicated, its own cosmology almost, who visited O.J. and how and why and when. Because of the media hordes constantly outside the jail, nobody could visit O.J. without being tarred and feathered as an O.J. apologist, ally, or even accomplice. Visiting him became a political act, virtually. Some of his old football buddies had their wives threaten divorce if they visited O.J. Being associated with him dealt immediate and serious blows to people’s reputations, businesses, even marriages. Again I feel compelled to ask: What would you have done? As the trial progressed and the evidence looked more and more damning against O.J., people started to vanish. One after another they started slowly falling away. Almost everybody from Hollywood disappeared, almost overnight. Marcus Allen only went to visit O.J. one single time, that first day when we all went. Of course, as I said, I believe Marcus’ role in all this was deep and complex. No wonder he stayed away. Even Al Cowling’s visits were sporadic. A.C. was a long and close friend to O.J., a former Buffalo Bills teammate. He was behind the wheel of the infamous white Bronco on June 17. But neither the prosecution nor the defense wanted A.C. to be a witness in the trial, so it served everybody if he just kept away. The prosecution didn’t want A.C.’s testimony because he’d say that on June 17 he was driving O.J. to Nicole’s grave so O.J. could commit suicide there. They were afraid that this never-told suicide story might make O.J. seem sympathetic to the jury, grief-stricken over Nicole, wanting to shoot himself on her grave. They were determined from day one to depict him as a true monster with no feelings whatsoever. The reason the Dream Team didn’t want A.C. to testify was obvious and simple: He knew O.J. had committed the murders. How on earth would you chauffer your best friend to his own suicide attempt if not for the fact that yes, he was guilty of the murders? Let’s review the facts: A few days after the murders, when O.J. was supposed to turn himself in to the authorities, he had a few people at the house who stayed with him at all times. His sister Shirley and her husband Benny literally did not let him out of their sight the entire time. They took turns leaving the room. Everybody was afraid he would kill himself. O.J. asked A.C. if they could go for a drive, and they did, in A.C.’s white Ford Bronco. They just wanted to get out of the house, supposedly. The public believes that A.C. was shocked to discover that O.J. had a gun and was suicidal, and that he called the police to get their help in talking O.J. off the ledge. But in fact, AC drove O.J. to Nicole’s grave, explicitly so that he could shoot himself, there, and be reunited with her. Who told me this? O.J. did. During all those endless hours and days when we sat in jail, signing things. He was going to shoot himself in the head, rather than turn himself in. He said he wanted to be with Nicole. Another thing you have to remember is how important O.J.’s image was to him. He wanted to stop all the sordid details from getting dredged up in a lengthy trial for the world–and above all, for his kids–to see. If he killed himself, he would be a tragic figure, not a hero exactly, but at least the whole matter would have died down. They’d driven to the cemetery and O.J. had the gun that had been given to him years earlier by an NFL executive named Mike Orenstein. A.C. knew he was guilty. It was a very easy and obvious thing in that circle, and everybody knew it. Maybe we didn’t say it out loud–we had a kind of internalized taboo mechanism against that–but it was implicit. Would you take your best friend to kill himself if he were innocent? In his ’96/97 civil trial, O.J. was asked what he was thinking during that ride. “I felt at peace that I was going to stop feeling the way I was feeling,” he said. “… And what was the cause of that pain?” “Losing Nicole.” What happened was, they got to the cemetery and there were cops everywhere. They couldn’t get in through the front gates. A.C. took O.J. to the back and said goodbye. O.J. went off, leaving A.C. in a fairly excruciating position of having to stand there and wait to hear the gunshot. Time passed, no gunshot. Finally A.C. went up to him, in agony. “O.J., Jesus Christ. Are you going to do this or not?” O.J. retold this story with a hint of black humor. “Give me a fucking break, man,” he recalled saying. “I’m trying to kill myself over here!” A.C. just wanted to get it over with. Finally O.J. came back out of the orchard. He had pulled the trigger, he said, and the gun didn’t go off. “I thought this meant I was not supposed to do it,” he told me. “I remember what my mother always told me, that suicide is a sin, and if you kill yourself you don’t go to heaven. I’d never see Nicole again.” So he changed his mind, and told A.C. to take him back to Rockingham, mainly because he thought his mother was there. O.J. adored Eunice, who was a wonderful woman, and she adored him. But Eunice had already left Rockingham and returned to San Francisco, as it turned out. When A.C. drove O.J. from the cemetery back to Rockingham, he was in contact with the police, and told them he was bringing O.J. home. The famous slow Bronco “chase” on the 405 wasn’t really a chase at all. They were just tailing them, following them, almost like an escort. Shortly after he got home, he was taken into police custody. That’s the story neither the prosecutors nor O.J.’s team wanted the jury to hear, so A.C. was kept out of the trial. I have often wondered if O.J. regretted not killing himself that day. Many of us would become suicidal, over time, including myself, from the unrelenting pressures of the trial and the public loathing. If O.J. had killed himself that day, the entire story would have died with him, in the orchard. But that was not his destiny, or ours. O.J. suffered losses in jail that nobody knows about. One that really crushed him was what happened to Bobby Chandler. Bobby had played with O.J. at USC and they were very close friends. Bobby was always the pretty boy, the GQ ideal– blond, blue-eyed. He was also a very kind person, and he loved O.J. Bobby had gotten very severe stomach cramps while watching the Bronco chase on TV, and when we heard that we assumed it was from the stress of seeing O.J. in this situation. But the cramps didn’t stop in the coming days and Bobby went to a doctor. It was stomach cancer. Even after his diagnosis, Bobby kept up his regular visits. They had been golfing buddies, and if you know golfers, for them being on the greens is like being in paradise, or back in your mother’s womb. Bobby would tell O.J. to picture the two of then teeing off at the Riviera. “One year from now O.J., we’ll be up there having a beer, we’ll watch the sunset over the ocean, and life will be good again.” But Bobby died in January 1995, just before the trial started. O.J. was crushed by that. I often wondered what Bobby would have done when the DNA evidence started to come in. You have to understand that people who tried to believe in O.J.’s innocence were not bad people, or stupid people. They were people who knew O.J. before. They were people who knew what he meant when he said, “I couldn’t have done this.” They did not know what had happened to O.J. the night of June 12, but they knew that whatever it was, it was alien, foreign, something horrific that sprang from hell and seized him, something he couldn’t for once outrun. We all had different beliefs about what the trigger was, what the alien element was. For me, it was the Prozac. Because as soon as he went on it we lost him. He wasn’t O.J. anymore. Everything about him was different—everything. His voice, diction, memory, personality–everything. We knew he was spiraling, we knew he was in trouble, especially in the days right before the murders. I sometimes feel as if the circle of friends understood this, understood that O.J. had been a victim of something outside his control, but that he could never admit it, partially because O.J. doesn’t lose control. He’s O.J., remember? Of all the athletes I have ever worked with or met or known, he would be the last one I would ever imagine committing murder, for many reasons. I already told you his image meant everything to him. He was on top of the world, adored by everybody, and he liked it that way. I would like somebody, ideally somebody who knows, personally, about the line between killing somebody and not killing somebody, to explain this to me. Why that night was there a bloodbath? Why did he not have any of his normal inhibitions? As the trial ground on, the friends and well-wishers continued to fall away. The betrayals continued to sting. We were all pretty good people before June 12. Now we are all damaged goods. Passably decent people who were left with a series of bad choices, and eventually many of us chose all of them. I certainly did. The only person who I can look back and say was stellar, somehow, was Skip Taft. He is the most decent, good, trustworthy person I have ever known in my life. He is like the grandfather we all wish we had. To this day, Skip has not turned his back on O.J., nor has he ever spoken on the record about the trial. But I remember once when the trial was over, I asked him, “Skip, do you think O.J. would do for us what we just did for him? If the situation were reversed, would he have been there for us?” “No, Mike,” Skip said. “He loves us but he doesn’t have the ability to love like you and I do. He won’t sacrifice for us.” I was by no means a participant in the Dream Team, and I had absolutely no formal legal input, despite the impression created by the title of this book. Did I really help O.J. Simpson “get away with murder?” Yes and no. Specifically, what I did was that I became part of the larger organism of support, feedback, financing, and manipulation of public perception that ultimately, in the hands of the best lawyers in the country, resulted in O.J.’s acquittal. But it was the legal team that actually held the ball, naturally. I was a sounding board for O.J. every single day he was in jail, and I started offering ideas and suggestions, some of which he passed along to them. And over time, by virtue of being around every day, I became inveigled in the defense strategies. I am a very cunning person, and this came in handy throughout the trial. My mind works that way, because all my life I feel I have had to protect myself, and at my core I have deep seated distrust and cynicism. They didn’t call it the “dream team” for nothing. We were masters of illusion and deception. There was nothing we couldn’t spin our way, no witness whose credibility we couldn’t shred. It’s been said, correctly I think, that this was a matter of necessity. Because, put simply, we didn’t have a case. O.J.’s conviction was the prosecutors’ to lose. They had the motive, the evidence, witnesses, science on their side. We had bupkis. All we could do was poke enough holes in their arguments, sow enough doubt in the jurors’ minds—especially in the minds of the nine black jurors—to weaken their case against us. Take the blood, for example. Remember the cut I saw on O.J.’s hand? The prosecutors said he cut himself while committing the murders, then left a trail of blood from Nicole’s house to the Bronco to his house. It got on the gate at Nicole’s, on the Bronco, on the infamous glove, on one of his socks that was found in his bedroom. DNA testing—still in its infancy back them–showed both O.J. and Nicole’s blood on that sock, as well as the “blue-black” fibers from the clothes O.J. wore that night. These were also found on Ron’s shirt, and on the glove. This alone should have convicted O.J. Here is how we manipulated it—shifting the focus of attention, seeding doubt, telling the audience what they were seeing, like any good magician would do. First of all, we leaked the information about the sock to the press, wanting it to look like the prosecution had leaked it, and we spun it the way we wanted it to fly. The prosecution had video footage from the bedroom, and it does not show a sock on the floor. We stressed that–and omitted the fact that the video was showing a different part of the floor from where the sock actually was. Nonetheless, in the confusion, this seeded the idea that the sock could have been planted by the cops. Then we kept going: A sock has four sides, like a towel that you fold in half. We made a very big deal out of the fact that three sides of the sock had been soaked through with blood, as opposed to two, which suggested that the cops had poured blood on the socks. We went back to the vial of blood that was collected on O.J. and absolutely assailed the guy who had collected it at Parker Center. We went on and on about how sloppy the evidence processing was, and planted the suggestion that the blood samples were mishandled and contaminated with O.J.’s DNA there. Also, the guy testified that he had taken 8.5 cc’s of O.J.’s blood — but there were only six cc’s. We just took that and ran with it. The defense’s repetition of the question, Where is the missing blood?, created the illusion that there was missing blood. In truth, we knew that somebody drawing blood does not measure it all that exactly. What they thought was 8.5 cc’s could easily be six. What they mean to say is about 8.5 cc’s. Furthermore, the blood could easily have saturated three surfaces of the sock when O.J. took them off. Now, it should be obvious that if O.J. had nothing to do with the murders, there should never have been any blood at O.J.’s house. And yet it was everywhere—his blood and theirs. How would the cops have known that O.J.’s blood was even at the scene? How could they have planted the sock when he was still in Chicago? It’s absurd. But then, what made the whole matter fall into such hopeless fog is that there were a few places in the DNA evidence where it did seem possible that blood evidence had been planted. There was no blood on Nicole’s gate, for example, the night of the murders when the first pictures were taken. Three days later there was blood on the gate. It had more of O.J.’s DNA than any other blood they collected, as well as a preservative called EDTA, used in labs. It wasn’t hard for us to suggest that this blood had been brought from the lab and planted there. When the DNA evidence started coming in, I remember feeling punched in the stomach. It was just so damning. Blood drops near the victims matching O.J.’s. Twelve hairs on the cap found at Nicole’s matching O.J’s. A hair from Nicole, with blood on it, on the Rockingham glove. And so forth. It just kept coming in, more and more. It all pointed to O.J.’s guilt. I decided to go in and sit with O.J, to try to lend him support the day the DNA started to come in. He had a glassy expression on his face, and he spoke to me, suddenly, in what seemed like utter candor, for once. “You know, Mike,” he said, “it’s weird. I watch this DNA evidence…I believe in this stuff, the science. I believe in this science. I look at all this… and I see it and I think I know I had to have done this.” He paused, and looked at me with this vacant look. And then he said, “But Mike, if I did it…wouldn’t I remember that I did it?” He wasn’t saying that for the benefit of the TV cameras or the public. He was saying it to me, in a tone of true confused despair. I thought to myself: He did it, but he truly doesn’t know he did it. I thought back to the last time I spoke to O.J. before the murders. His slowed-down, out-of-it, drugged-out voice. I remembered thinking he was “on something.” Since then, I’d found out what it was: Prozac. If you’ve ever taken a sleeping pill, like Ambien, you know the feeling: a total blackout, when you truly have no idea where you were or what you did. It’s like a gap in your consciousness, like a piece of a film reel that’s been cut away. He looked like a kid who had just had a nightmare. I thought about his description of the Prozac, “some damn drug they put me on that was supposed to make me feel better but only made me worse.” And about what Dr. Joseph Glenmullen, the author of Prozac Backlash, had told me. He’d said that if O.J. committed these murders while on Prozac, he would only remember it like a dream, like something outside of himself, something he saw from above, like an out of body experience. I looked at him and said, “I don’t know, O.J.” In his 2007 confessional book If I Did It, O.J., through his ghost writer Pablo Fenvjes, who could not possibly have made this up,said that he found himself that night standing outside Nicole’s house, but “I couldn’t remember how I’d gotten there, when I’d arrived, or even why I was there.” Then he realized he was covered in blood, and registered the dead bodies of Nicole and Ron, lying “in giant pools of blood.” “Where the fuck was I when this shit went down?” he asks himself. He says it was “like part of my life was missing–like there was some weird gap in my existence.” I looked into O.J.’s behavior right after the killings, and it is consistent with Prozac withdrawal, which often causes acute suicidality. Another symptom of Prozac withdrawal is profuse sweating. Al Cowlings told a writer that while they were in the Bronco, O.J. was soaked in sweat. His face had turned “golden,” Cowlings recalled. Sweat poured from him. Simpson was so incoherent that [speaking to the cops] he let Cowlings do the talking for him. Now, I know how some people’s eyes roll whenever the “Prozac defense” is raised. But the truth is an incredible number of bizarre and brutal acts of violence in America in recent years seem to connected to the use of or withdrawal from antidepressants. Columbine killer Eric Harris had just been switched from Zoloft to Luvox when he went on his rampage. Steve Kazmierczak was withdrawing from Prozac when he went on his deadly shooting spree at North Illinois University in 2008. Leslie Demeniuk, who shot her four-year-old twin sons in Florida in 2001, was on Zoloft and Paxil. California teenager Jarred Vikto stabbed his grandmother 61 times ten days after being put on Paxil in 1995. Andrea Yates, who drowned all five of her small children in a bathtub in Houston in 2001, had been taking Wellbutrin and Haldol. Julie Rifkin, on Paxil, shot her two sons to death and then herself in Colorado Springs in 2005. The list goes on and on and on. In 1999, a physician wrote that “virtually all of the gun-related massacres that have made headlines over the past decade have had one thing in common: They were perpetrated by people taking Prozac, Zoloft, Luvox, Paxil or a related antidepressant drug.” The FDA now requires all antidepressants to come with a “black box” label warning about the increased danger of suicide in patients using the drugs. The FDA doesn’t make a move like that without good reason. I’m not saying that Prozac is an “excuse” for the murders. But I do think it was another piece of the perfect storm. Like I said—everything that could go wrong that night did go wrong. And that brings me back to the Marcus Allen factor. To this day I believe Marcus was with Nicole on the day or the evening before the murders. Even if he wasn’t, I believe O.J. thought he was. I know that Marcus was seeing Nicole. And I know O.J. knew it. I know because they both told me so. Not long after the murders, Marcus and I went to the Hyatt hotel in Buffalo, NY, where Marcus would be signing autographs. I was in my hotel room when I got a call from a friend. “Mike, you better turn your radio on,” he said. Faye Resnick’s quicky tell-all book Nicole Brown Simpson had come out that week. “Apparently she says in there that Nicole told her that Marcus’… was like a big piece of driftwood. That size.” “What?” “And this radio station is holding a contest. Whoever brings in the biggest piece of driftwood wins, then they’re going to burn it.” I was sickened and outraged. I knew the station—it was the one licensed to broadcast the Buffalo Bills’ home games. I called one of the top executives in the Bills organization and told him what “their” station was doing. I said it was disrespectful to Nicole, to Marcus, and to O.J., the greatest player in the Bills’ history. My friend had also said that the tabloids picked up the story. I went down to the hotel gift shop and sure enough, there on the newsrack were the tabloids with Marcus’ photo and articles about Resnick’s book. I grabbed every copy on the rack. “You got any more behind the counter?” I asked the clerk. “No sir,” he said. My anger was obviously making him nervous. I bought every copy and brought them back up to my room. I didn’t want people coming into the hotel for Marcus’ autograph session to see them. Marcus came to my room and we held the autograph session. He looked over and saw this big stack of tabloids. “Mike, what is that?” He picked one up and skimmed the story. “You know it wasn’t like that, right, Mike?” “Wasn’t like what?” “It wasn’t like what’s in here.” “You didn’t have an affair with Nicole?” “No.” “So you never had sex with Nicole?” “No, we never made love.” I stared at him. I didn’t like the evasiveness of his answer. “So,” I said carefully, “you never had sex with Nicole?” “Well…” He hesitated. “We had oral sex, but we never made love.” “Oh, well that’s okay,” I said sarcastically. I was shocked. This was the love of his best friend’s life we were talking about. They didn’t make love. They just had oral sex! “Mike, I went over, just trying to stay in touch with her, so she knew we were still her friends even though she was divorced from O.J. One thing led to another…I didn’t mean for it to happen.” I was just really taken aback. Until that day, I’d had no idea it was true. All I knew was that prior to Resnick’s book, Marcus denied having sex with Nicole. Not long after the murders, prosecutor Christopher Darden had asked him, “Did you ever have a sexual relationship with Nicole?” Marcus said, “No.” That was a lie, and he was under oath. He could have been prosecuted. There was no turning back after that. I believe that when Marcus denied the relationship to Darden, he thought it would die right there. And without Resnick’s book, it might have. We went down to lunch. Now that I knew, Marcus seemed eager to talk about it, to explain it to me. “It’s just amazing how quickly life can turn on you,” he sighed. “Everything was just great for all of us not long ago. I was at the top of my career, things were going great for O.J. Now look at us. Nicole’s been murdered. O.J.’s in jail. A.C. may be thrown in jail. I’m on the cover of a tabloid. Look at all of us.” At this time, I had no idea that O.J. knew. As soon as I got back to L.A., I went to the jail to see him. “O.J., I need to tell you something.” And I told him what Marcus told me. I expected him to be flabbergasted, but instead he just said, “So he admitted it?” “He said he said they had oral sex and stuff like that,” I stammered, “but didn’t make love.” “What do you mean stuff like that?” he growled. I said, “I don’t know, O.J. I was kind of shocked. I didn’t press him for details.” “You need to talk to Johnnie,” he said. “We need Marcus to come forward and admit this in court.” “Why?” “Because the prosecution will try to make it look like I was so jealous I killed Nicole over Marcus. He needs to testify that I have been cool about it.” O.J. said Nicole had tearfully confessed to him that she’d been seeing his best friend. He said she also asked him to ask Marcus to back off her. Marcus was treating her like any girl from the road, and she was very upset about it. According to O.J., he called Marcus and said, “Marcus, Nicole told me everything. You got to stop calling her. Just be cool.” “O.J., what are you talking about?” “Nicole told me everything.” “Nothing happened,” Marcus insisted. A few days later, O.J. said, “Marcus comes over and he’s crying. ‘I’m so sorry, man, one thing led to another…I’m sorry…’ I said, ‘Marcus, listen, Nicole and I are separated. What I’m disappointed in is that you never told me any of the things Nicole was saying to you about how she wanted to get back together with me.'” Now O.J. wanted me to persuade Marcus to come clean. “Mike, you got to go to Kansas City and talk to your boy. This isn’t about Marcus getting into the fucking hall of fame. I didn’t tell Marcus to fucking fuck my ex-wife. This is about me possibly never getting out of jail or never seeing my kids again.” I was in a horrible position. Marcus was the guy I always thought would put my kids through college if I suddenly died in a car wreck. He was that kind of person in my life. O.J. wasn’t. O.J. was my idol, but he wasn’t that kind of friend. Now he was pressuring me very hard to do something I didn’t want to do. They were both my clients, but I was closer to Marcus. I loved Marcus. His was the one friendship I lost in all this that I treasured and missed the most. But I flew to Kansas City to talk to Marcus. We met at the Crown Plaza Hotel. He said, “I’m not going to testify. You’re going to have to tell O.J. that if I testify I’m going to have to be honest and tell the whole thing. If they ask me if I ever saw O.J. stalk Nicole, I would have to say yes. I would have to tell them that I was with him when he pulled the car over and peered into a restaurant window when we saw her car.” He looked at me and said, “Mike, just because he didn’t get pissed off at me about this doesn’t mean he didn’t kill her.” That was true. Marcus was in a hell of a position, as was I. It was like a Gordian knot. I remember this with 100 per cent clarity saying to Marcus, “If this is the truth, and this is why you don’t want to testify, I accept it. Then don’t testify.” I went back and told O.J. what Marcus had said. “He would have to be honest, O.J.” “That’s what I want, for him to be fucking honest.” Haltingly, I told him what Marcus said about the stalking. “When the fuck did Marcus Allen see me stalk fucking Nicole?” O.J. exploded. “O.J., don’t get pissed at me. I went to Kansas City to talk to Marcus because you asked me to, and this is what he said.” “Then fucking let him tell about the stalking. I need him to testify.” I suggested that O.J. talk to Marcus directly. I orchestrated the call to be routed through Kathy Randa in jail. After they spoke, both of them called me. O.J. was livid. “I said, ‘Marcus, you got to come clean.’ He starts playing stupid. ‘What do you mean come clean, O.J.?’ I said, ‘About your affair with Nicole, Marcus.’ He said, ‘I can’t do it, because it never happened.’ I said, ‘Who the fuck is there with you? Is Kathyrn there? Your lawyer? Marcus, we both know it happened.’” When I spoke to Marcus, he said, “O.J. wants me to lie for him and say I had an affair.” “Marcus you told me you had the affair.” He said nothing. That was when I lost respect for him. And that was the last time that O.J. and Marcus ever spoke. I never understood why it blew up like that. My relationship with both of them was very strained after that. I wasn’t happy with Marcus, because I felt the bigger issue was to just be honest about the affair. But I also understand Marcus’ point that it doesn’t mean O.J. didn’t kill Nicole. And I also understand why O.J. was so furious after that phone call. I also absolutely believe Marcus that the stalking incident happened. So their friendship was destroyed. My friendship with Marcus eroded fast. I still repped him for a few years after that, but it bothered me. I understand that he was locked in by what he told Christopher Darden. He believed that O.J. killed Nicole. He told me once: “O.J. couldn’t look at me in jail. Couldn’t look me in the eyes.” They finally hauled Marcus in and deposed him, in the civil trial, when all of us finally got deposed. He still denied the affair, under oath. He must have something to hide that is even more serious than the fact of this affair: Q. Did you ever have a romantic relationship with Nicole? A. No, I did not. Q. Did Nicole and you, for example, ever kiss one another romantically? A. No, I did not. Q. So, no kind of sexual or romantic involvement did you ever have with her? A. None whatsoever. Q. Did she ever express to you romantic feelings that she had for you? A. No, she did not. Q. And did you ever express such feelings to her? A. No, I did not. Q. Your relationship with Nicole was purely one of friendship and nothing more? A. Yes, it was. Q. Did you make that clear to Mr. Simpson? A. Yes. I think he understood that. Marcus described how he and O.J. had been closed friends since 1978. Then: Q: Now, you have indicated to me that your relationship with Mr. Simpson is different now than it was for all these years, true? A: Yes, it is. Q: And it changed when? A: Well, the — I think one phone call I think he wanted me to write a letter in opposition to an article that I think Time magazine had written, and I didn’t do that. And I think secondly he also wanted me to testify to a conversation that we allegedly had — well, excuse me, a conversation that we had in reference to my admitting to him or something of that — you know, the fact about a relationship with his ex-wife, and the conversation, it wasn’t true. The relationship didn’t happen. And, so, I think he got upset with me, and obviously I felt — really — I felt really sort of — I was in a tough position, and I think thereby the conversation never took place again. I am sure he was disappointed, and I was sort of disappointed too, that I couldn’t help him as a friend, but I couldn’t go there and say these things because they didn’t take place. The trial dragged on, and the Dream Team spun and spun, dodged and weaved. With no good case of our own we did evertyhing we could to ridicule and punch holes in the prosecution’s. We had to plant as much doubt and mistrust as we could in the jurors’ minds. Take Mark Fuhrman. Our strategy was, as you know, to go after him at every chance. He was the pinnacle figure, the cop who had been in charge of collecting the evidence. Fortunately for us, we unearthed evidence of racist writings and utterances he’d made (“First thing — anything out of a nigger’s mouth for the first five or six sentences if a fucking lie.”), and we got him to perjure himself. We also made a very big deal out of the fact that Fuhrman jumped the fence at Rockingham, even though we understood perfectly well why he did it. He had two murder victims, and blood leading to O.J’s house, and O.J. was absent, so of course he jumped the fence. What if O.J. himself was in peril? In fact, I think they even tried calling the house but there was no answer. But the highest point of drama in the entire trial, of course, was the day O.J. tried on the bloody glove that had been found at Rockingham, to see if it fit his hand. Here was where I had my best, and worst, idea of the entire trial. Let me wind back a little bit first, and tell you about these gloves. O.J. was a professional athlete, and he had very large hands. This was one of the things I remember when I first met him and shook his hand, was how small my hand felt in his, like he was shaking hands with a second grader. When I saw pictures of the gloves during the trial, I am fairly sure I recognized them as a pair of gloves I had actually worn myself, when I was with O.J in Buffalo that preceding football season. We had gone there for a Buffalo Bills game, where O.J. was going to be broadcasting for NBC. It was a cold day, and O.J. was wearing gloves and an overcoat. I remember I was standing under a goalpost, and O.J. handed me his coat and gloves, because he had to put his Buffalo Bills jersey on over his shirt, so he could run out on the field for a re-enactment of the legendary 1973 Shea stadium game when O.J. broke the 2000 yard barrier. As he ran onto the field, I put the gloves on, admiring their quality and how warm they were. I looked at them on my hands—they were way too big—and thought, “Wow, there are really nice.” Cut to O.J. and me sitting in the jail, a few days before he was going to be asked to try on the gloves in front of the jury. O.J. brought it up, and was perturbed. “I don’t want to put them on Mike,” he said. That was understandable. They had Nicole’s blood all over them, and had been worn by her killer when she was murdered. I was pretty tough on him that day. “O.J.,” I said, “the jury is going to be watching you every move, your every flinch, everything about your demeanor when you try on those gloves. They’re going to want to see how you react. If I were a juror, I would be thinking, ‘How would I be feeling if I was innocent of the murders, and had to try on the gloves that killed my beloved ex-wife?'” There had been wax models made, and all kinds of measurings, and various experts called in about what this glove testimony would mean. Both sides were risking something, and both sides both wanted him to put it on, and didn’t want him to. O.J. sat quietly, taking this all in. “I don’t want to put it on,” was all he said. Then something just fell into my mind. I said, “O.J., why don’t you just not take your arthritis medicine the day before?” “What? Why?” he said. “What happens when you don’t take your arthritis medicine?” “My hands hurt like hell.” “What else happens?” “They swell up…” “Exactly.” I could see the penny dropping when I looked at his face. There had been a few times when we were traveling together when he forgot his arthritis medicine and his hands, especially his knuckles, would just get huge from swelling. I knew that if he did what I said the glove would not fit. We did not discuss it any further. I am not even sure he ever told his attorneys about this—I don’t think they knew. When he tried on the glove in the courtroom, with the whole world watching, he said, “It doesn’t fit,” and made that facial expression of gee-wiz, one of the iconic moments of the trial, the moment everybody remembers. And Cochran, of course, being a genius, came up with “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” And they did. So yes, in that sense I guess I did help O.J. “get away with murder.” Of course, the prosecution helped. The prosecution was ridiculously incompetent. The jury did not state that O.J. was either “innocent” or that they felt he was “not guilty” of the murders. What the verdict reflected was that the prosecution did not prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The Dream Team created and maniuplated that doubt, especially in the minds of the black jurors. We manipulated the suggestion that the cops had tampered with the evidence. We played up the fact that Furhman had in fact been recorded on tape expressing disdain—whether for theatrical purposes or not—toward “niggers.” As soon as we found the Fuhrman tapes, we knew it was over. Well, we all but knew. In his closing arguments, Johnnie compared Fuhrman to Hitler and made it sound like the jurors weren’t there to decide a murder trial but to help clean up the racist and corrupt Los Angeles Police Department. And the jurors sat there rivetted. It was like O.J. wasn’t even on trial. The LAPD was. We—and again, when I say “we” I don’t mean to imply that I was part of the Dream Team, but part of the larger team that helped out—did something I was very familiar with: We created illusions. The glove scene is the perfect example. There was no illusion we could not create for our audience. And maybe like any mesmerized audience, part of them wanted to be fooled. The truth is always harder work, and more painful. We all create illusions in order to survive. We just don’t all do it on this scale. Sitting there with O.J. every day in jail as we signed memorabilia, I got to hear a perspective that was, by sheer accident, the rarest one: I got to hear O.J.’s feedback. He would come in to the room each day after trial, and I would have either sat through the court proceedings or followed it in the media, and then we’d talk about it as we sat there signing. He would sometimes watch portions of the trial himself, on the TV in one of the prison hallways, but he was not permitted to select the channel. Only the guards could do that. He constantly narrated his retorts, answers and defenses to the various testimonies. He would rant and rave about how biased the media reports against him were—and he was right, they were. He always said that when anything went his way they downplayed it, but if it was a bad day for him it was banner headline news. By the time the verdict was read, the media had created such a bonfire of sentiment against O.J. that it quite literally was like a rampaging beast that was set loose upon the land. Once it was set loose, nobody could control it. It had a life of its own. O.J. and his crime and the evidence of his guilt were at the center of it, but it was so much more than that. It had picked up the dormant emotions of this nation’s entire racial history. The verdict became a proxy for unresolved racism, a place where it could attach itself and where it could be expressed. The “racism” did not reside in any one person stating the obvious, “O.J. did it.” Rather, the racism was expressed in the depth and intensity of how personally people took that fact, how personally they took the murders, and how personally they took the matter of showing O.J. how much they hated him. The thing O.J. thanked me for when it was over was continuing to work as his marketing agent, continuing to sign objects throughout, that we sold to help finance the costly defense. I could have done what many business associated of O.J.’s did—I could have quit, abandoned him, as soon as the evidence convinced me of his guilt. Why didn’t I? We were living in a parallel universe. Inside our bubble, it was as if we could torture the evidence until reality itself was altered. If we closed the windows tight enough, if we filled our minds with myopic interpretations of blood drops and possible scenarios of malfeasance, we could keep the truth monster outside the house. For a little while longer, O.J. could still be the hero he was to me when I was in the 8th grade, pretending to be him. If we could create doubt in the minds of the jurors, we could create doubt in our own minds, and in that space where doubt was created, we could breathe, we could survive. It was only years later, after the trial was long over, that I started to come apart at the seams. I told you I never like Nicole, and she never liked me. But she paid me a visit more than once in my dreams, when her ghost appeared, standing right over me, just looking at me. I started to try to tell her I was sorry but could not form any words or sounds. I woke up in a cold sweat. I know I created that apparition out of my own guilt-wracked mind. It was as if I was merging into O.J after all, like I dreamed of doing when I was a kid. Except I am much weaker than he is. O.J. was always able to block things out. That’s what made him the athlete he was. The Greek definition of tragedy is not when terrible things happen, but an internal measure of what is felt about those things that happen. O.J. knew how to outrun the pain in life. He’s running still. The trial had wrapped, and it was time for the jury to deliberate. We assumed the jurors would deliberate for at least two to three weeks, and were planning our lives accordingly. The day they began deliberating, October 2nd ,1995, I was sitting in O.J.’s old office down the hall from Skip’s office, making arrangements to meet a contact of mine near the jail and pick up some photographs to be signed by O.J. that day. All of a sudden Skip’s assistant Judy came running down the hall crying out, “They have a verdict!” I came out of my office and Skip came out if his, and we were both motionless, staring at Judy. This made no sense. O.J’s jury had only been deliberating for 3 ½ hours. “Who has a verdict?” I asked. “O.J.’s jury has reached a verdict,” Judy said. I looked over at Skip, who was ashen. The blood literally drained from his face. “Mike, this isn’t good,” he said. “This isn’t good.” Later, I learned that Fred Goldman, Ron’s father, was jubilant when he heard about the quick verdict. He told a reporter, “They’re going to find him guilty, they’ve found him guilty… This is great. I’ve had the feeling all weekend long. They found him guilty.” Skip walked over to the TV in his office and turned it on. There it was, all over the news: The jury had reached a verdict and they were going to deliver it the next morning. Skip and I could literally not believe our ears. Trying to reassure Skip, I said, “Skip, think about it. They’re not going to put a man in jail for the rest of his life after three hours of deliberation. Remember that this is a jury that will have been asked, ‘Do you believe that evidence was planted in this case?’ Skip, if they say yes then they have to let O.J. go. They have to.” Skip was sitting at his desk, and I was sitting across from his desk. Skip stood up and said, “I need to get to the jail. O.J. is going to be flipped out.” We turned off the TV and agreed to drive separately to the jail and meet there. On my way there, I stopped at the Denny’s near the jail to meet the guy who had the photographs. I was thinking maybe O.J. wanted something to do to take his mind off the verdict in the morning. But when I got to the jail I just left them in the car. I couldn’t handle it at all. My mind was reeling and everything seemed surreal. There is no way to describe the size of the media hordes outside that court house that day. It seemed to me that every person in the world who owned a camera or video camera was outside the L.A. County courthouse. (You know who wasn’t there? Israeli media. In Israel, there was no coverage of ther verdict at all, but not for lack of interest. Television and radio stations were off the air because the country was observing the solemn holy day of Yom Kippur. The Day of Atonement, no less.) I remember walking down the grey concrete walkway to the jail and hearing reporters call out, “Mike! Mike! I need to talk to you!” Many of them were people I’d gotten to know somewhat. We’d seen each other every day for the past year and a half. But I didn’t answer anybody this time. At that moment, I suddenly felt I had entered a dream, my own dream. I can remember walking up the sidewalk, but it seemed like I wasn’t walking. It felt like I was on a conveyor belt and everybody was being whisked past me. It was as if I was standing still, they were moving, and the building was getting closer to me. I could see the glass doors of the jail and I just focused on those. I got there, signed in, and for some reason didn’t even have to go through a metal detector. Somebody said O.J. was in his usual room. They closed the metal door behind me before they opened the other one, and in that moment I focused on making my demeanor strong and upbeat. I made my way into the attorney room. O.J. was off to one side. Skip was already there, as was Bobby Kardashian, who unbeknownst to us had sold O.J. out in a lucrative book deal with Larry Schiller. Kathy Randa was there with her attorney. I went up to O.J. and tried to act normal. “Hey O.J., how’s it going?” He just looked at me said, “Oh God. This is crazy Mike.” Before I had a chance to tell him that I had left the photos in the car, he said, “I can’t sign anything today Mike…” “I completely understand,” I said. “You don’t need to explain. I just thought you might want to be distracted.” Everybody was talking and buzzing about possible scenarios. The one possibility—that the verdict would be “guilty”–didn’t necessitate any planning, nor was it discussed or ever mentioned. That’s not to say it didn’t weigh very heavily, silently, in all of our minds. But we avoided mentioning it, speaking the words. The other possibility– “not guilty”—that one would require careful planning, so we threw ourselves into that. The questions were how to get O.J. out of there and where he should go. F. Lee Bailey had offered his private jet to fly O.J. wherever he wanted to go. A few of us, myself included, were pushing for him to fly to Maui and stay at the Ritz Carlton there until the madness died down a little. He of course wanted to see his kids right away, but they were in the custody of the Brown family, so that too was complicated. Then O.J. said he wanted to make a statement to the press outside the courthouse if he was acquitted. At that moment the lieutenant at the jail came over and asked if he could talk to me outside. “Sure,” I said, and we went out into the lobby. “Listen,” he said. “O.J. is under the impression that if the verdict goes his way he can just walk out of the courthouse and address the media on the steps, like Perry Mason. It doesn’t work like that.” “Okay,” I said. “Then how does it work?” “If he is found guilty he will immediately be transported to a holding facility until they figure out which prison to send him to.” “Okay.” “If he is found not guilty he will still have to be transported back to the jail and then processed out. His possessions will be boxed up and returned to him, and he will be released like all other inmates. I’ll show you. Follow me.” He walked me through the maze of the jail to show me the exit from which O.J. would be released. “I would suggest that you folks get a few different vehicles.” “Okay. But O.J. still wants to make a statement.” “That is not a good idea. We don’t want that.” “Why not?” “We have received numerous death threats against O.J. People have said that if he is found not guilty they will shoot and kill him as he leaves this jail. For that reason we will most likely have SWAT teams stationed around these buildings to make sure he is safe. As long as he is on this property, he is still our responsibility. We would like him to get off the property as quickly and quietly as possible.” I felt punched in the stomach. It is a feeling I would experience countless times in the years to come. This was my very first inkling that O.J. would not be welcomed back into the community with open arms. I went back in to the visiting room and started listening again to the clamor of plans. Various people were offering limos, vehicles, planes, houses…The only one who didn’t seem interested in any of this was O.J. himself. At one point he hushed us. He raised his arms and said, “Guys, guys, slow down. This could all be moot. This could all be a moot fucking point. We don’t know what the verdict is.” At that, everybody just kind of stopped. Skip broke the silence. “O.J. don’t think like that.” “But it’s true. We don’t know.” People have claimed at various times in the media that O.J. knew what the verdict was going to be. That is nonsense —he had no idea. “Well, the moment is finally here,” I said to him, and he nodded. I asked him what Johnnie had said about the extremely short deliberation time. O.J. said Cochrane thought it was good. “But he said it could go either way,” he still insisted. “Nobody knows.” I told O.J. what the lieutenant had said. “Death threats?” he said. “What the fuck are you talking about? This is crazy. Why are people talking like this?” “O.J., you can’t make a statement,” I said. “If you get shot, they’ll have the L.A. riots all over again.” He shook his head in disbelief. I explained that if he was found not guilty they would have to take him back to the jail and process him out. He said, “Mike, if I’m not guilty there’s no way I’m going back to that fucking cell.” “You’re not going back to the cell,” I said. “Your things will all be boxed up and they will quickly get you out, and you will leave the same way any inmate does. And we’ll have several cars.” “When am I going to see my kids?” he asked. I told him I had no idea but that I understood it was his first priority. We went back to the group, who were still discussing where O.J. would go if he were to be found not guilty. O.J. had made a decision. “Listen, folks, I want to go home,” he said. “I don’t want to go to Maui. I don’t want to go to Florida. I want to go home. I have not even been able to grieve for Nicole. I want to go back to the home we shared and grieve and start my life over. I want to see my kids. Just let me go home.” Everybody was quiet. “Whatever you say O.J.,” I said. “It’s your decision. Just understand, dude, the press will surround your house.” “I understand that. I still want to go home.” So that was that. It was close to 8 pm, the end of visiting hours. Everybody left, and it was only me, Skip and O.J. left in the room. O.J. put his hand up to the glass partition. He said, “I want you both to know that I love you. I never could have gotten this far without you, both of you. If the verdict is guilty, I never want to see you guys again. I wouldn’t want to burden you with having to come visit me. I wouldn’t have anything to offer, anything to share with you. I’m serious, guys. Don’t come back if the verdict is guilty. Don’t come back ever.” I looked at him, and wondered if this could be the very last time I ever saw him. The guards said we had to get going. My last words to him were, “I love you, man. I’ll see you tomorrow at Rockingham.” They came to take him back to his cell and I remember the sound of the chains rattling against the metal chair, a sound I prayed I would never have to hear again. They led him out of the room and I turned away. I started crying, and so did Skip. We went out to the middle room, and before we exited I said to Skip, “Hang on a second. Let’s not go out yet. We can’t go out there looking like we’ve been crying.” I found a tissue and started drying my eyes, and Skip dabbed his eyes with his sleeve. We took a deep breath and walked out, and as soon as we got out, we were instantly surrounded by the press. I didn’t want to say anything, and definitely didn’t want them to see my face because I had really been crying pretty hard. I dodged right behind them and found a path to get away, a trick I had used before, once I realized that cameramen can’t turn because of the weight and size of their cameras. I looked back over my right shoulder and saw Skip trapped in a blaze of camera lights. I was thinking about how hard it must have been for him, because Skip truly loved O.J. and had been his friend and attorney for over twenty years, much longer than I had known O.J. I kept going. I had to let him fend for himself. But I felt bad, like I had left a buddy in battle and allowed him to be surrounded by the enemy. I got to my car and drove off as fast as I could. I went to the Hyatt, to my room, and my cellphone was ringing absolutely nonstop. CNN got through and asked if they could come and film my reaction as the verdict was read, over at Rockingham. I said, “No way.” I turned off my cellphone and the hotel phone, and took an Ambien to help me fall asleep. It had no effect. I took another half. Still no effect; I was wide awake. I finally got up and started getting dressed. I decided to drive home then and there. It was about three in the morning and it was a four hour drive. It wasn’t the smartest move I ever made—driving home after taking a dose and a half of Ambien– but I drank a lot of coffee, drove at a steady good speed, and before I knew it, I was home. I got there about twenty minutes before they read the verdict. The kids were at school. Debbie had the TV on, and a few relatives had come over. I braced myself and stood stock still in front of the TV. I remember hearing the first part of the verdict, for the first charge, which was “murder,” and when they said “not guilty” I suspended my breathing and said, “Wait, it’s not over yet.” I was thinking that he could still go to jail for life even if one of the lesser charges like “manslaughter” stuck. They continued to repeat “not guilty” all the way through, and the moment I saw O.J. mouth the words “thank you” to the jury and saw Johnnie’s reaction, that was when it hit me. Every phone in the house started ringing off the hook. It was insane. Everybody from my entire life was calling– people I’d gone to high school with, or worked with at odd jobs I didn’t even recall. Neighbors were knocking on the door, people were just walking right in to the living room, sharing their reactions and asking me questions about what O.J. had said and felt the day before. They were all very upbeat. I was dazed and stunned. I sat down and just absorbed the moment, took stock. I remember feeling at that time that I had done the right thing by sticking by him, and that now we could go on with our lives. Debbie gave me a very long hug, not a celebratory hug but more of an it’s over hug. From the moment I had called home from Yosemite on June 13, 1994, to this, almost a year and a half later, our entire lives and consciousness had been dominated by this ordeal. I was worried about the toll it had taken on my family. But truthfully, back then my first instinct was always to worry about O.J. Later, when the cracks in my marriage started to manifest, it was too late. As with almost everything else in this hideous ordeal, it was too late to save it. I drove to my kids’ school and took them out of class to tell them the news. They already knew. “Dad, we watched the verdict on TV in the classroom,” Luke told me. I laughed a little. Luke asked, “Does this mean that uncle O.J. can come home now?” “Yes, sweetheart,” I said, “it does.” I knew I had to drive back to L.A. and get to Rockingham by nightfall, but first I had some urgent business to attend to. I had had O.J. sign one thousand envelopes in jail, and my brother in law had agreed to help me get them ready for the post office to turn them into what’s called caches, which are envelopes that are stamped and cancelled by the post office to verify their postage date. My brother in law was licking stamps on the entire four- hour drive to L.A., and then we had to wait in line at the post office in downtown Los Angeles to have each of them cancelled. I never wound up selling those, and still have them. I have received so many macabre offers from people for O.J.-related objects they wanted to buy for various ritualistic or commercial purposes. One guy, years later, wanted to affix crime scene photos to those O.J.-signed envelopes and offered me $250,000 for them. They are still in my attic. By the time I got to Rockingham it was dark, some time after 8 p.m. The media mob had descended there, predictably, and literally engulfed the neighborhood. As far as the eye could see there were news vans, trucks, satellite dishes, and hordes of reporters from every country in the world except possibly North Korea. The house itself had been barraged with deliveries from friends, well-wishers and, we later learned, journalists trying to get inside. Flowers, telegrams, pizzas, ice cream, cakes—everything imaginable was delivered to the house. Before long, it was discovered that the tabloids had made floral deliveries and planted microphones inside the flowers. Other reporters ordered deliveries of various items to be made so they could try to sneak inside when the gates opened, or at least shout questions. Before long, all deliveries had to be left outside the front gate and examined by the security guards. Those guards opened the gate for me and I went inside. I had only one thing on my mind—to see O.J. The first person I saw inside the house was Larry Schiller, who was dismantling some camera equipment. “Hey, you’re late,” he said, with characteristic lack of subtlety. “I was working,” I said. I spotted Kathy. She said O.J. was upstairs in his bedroom. The party was winding down by the time I got there, as it had been going on most of the day. I greeted a few people, then quickly went up to the bedroom. The door was ajar. I knocked and walked in. O.J. was lying on the bed propped up against some pillows. Gretchen Stockdale, whom O.J. had dated, was sitting on the edge of the bed, looking quite stunning. Because Gretchen was jaw-dropping beautiful, prosecutor Marcia Clark assumed she would have the IQ of a raisin. She got on the witness stand and dismantled Clark. Everybody on the defense team was blown away by Gretchen. Marcia kept trying to corner her and make her look stupid, but she just couldn’t do it. When Gretchen and O.J. broke up, Christy Prody was over, and O.J. told her to pretend she was with a guy named Ed who happened to be at the house. Christy went along, but Gretchen saw through it and confronted O.J. She went off on him the next day, told him to fuck himself. Gretchen graduated from law school a few years later. I was very happy for her when she broke up with O.J. She and Skip Taft are my two favorite people I met through him. She was very different from a few of the other beauties O.J. dated, who did not strike me as so bright. Like the one who told me, “I knew that I should be with O.J. because my birthmark looks like Africa.” She did have a birthmark that looked like the continent of Africa, but what a thing to say. Once, she visited O.J. in jail and said, “O.J., do you remember when we went to that big dam in Buffalo?” Big dam, I thought, in Buffalo? O.J. and I looked at each other. At the same moment O.J. and I clicked and we both said, “Niagara Falls?” “Yeah, that’s it.” “That’s a waterfall,” I said, “not a dam.” She said, “Well, I’m not good with geometry.” “Geography,” O.J. said, “not geometry.” I later told O.J., “If you get out of here and you marry her, I’ll kill you.” O.J. lit up when he saw me enter his bedroom. “Michael Gilbert!” he called out, and pulled me right onto the bed on top of him, hugging and kissing me. “Hey don’t give me jail sex, dude,” I joked. “You’re the one who’s been in prison for a year and a half, not me.” He laughed, and I sat down on the bed. “I told you I’d see you here,” I said. “You did, you certainly did,” he said. “Where the fuck have you been all day anyway?” “Well, while you all were partying, I was working,” I said. “Making sure we can keep paying all our bills around here.” I showed him one of the envelopes and explained about the post office. He said, “I should have figured, knowing you.” Somebody brought me a glass of champagne. We all talked and bantered for probably two hours about the verdict and our reactions when it was read. People always ask me what O.J. said about his own response to the verdict that night, and all I can remember is that he said he was extremely happy. I don’t remember specifically what his words were. I do remember that at one point he looked around his bedroom and said, “This is so good, to be back in my own bedroom, in my own bed.” He was in an extremely euphoric mood. He was still wearing the suit that he was acquitted in, and had a “lucky ring” on his finger that had been braided by one of the inmates out of multi-colored threads pulled from socks. Around midnight, exhausted, I excused myself and told O.J. I would be back in the morning. He hugged me goodbye and thanked me again. I said goodbye to Gretchen and the others, left the party, got my car, and drove to my hotel, totally exhausted. As I was laying on my hotel bed, I was simply thinking the obvious: “Wow. It’s all over. It’s done. The nightmare is over. We can all get back to real life now. Everything is going to normal again.” Wrong again. I flipped on the TV, and every station was covering it, talking about it. They were showing people’s reactions. Every single one was not only negative but shocked, disgusted, and enraged. Every single station, it was the same thing. It was like a futuristic nightmare world where the TV only shows one story, and within that story was only one emotion: Hate. You may well call me naïve or worse for not having anticipated this, but I didn’t. I remember O.J. in jail, talking very confidently about being on the A list for every party in Hollywood if he was acquitted. We were like an insulated society; we had our own emotions, values, instincts, reactions. After the acquittal, our bubble world was suddenly pressed against the “real” world, and for the first time, I could see the writing on the wall. I had a sick feeling. It’s like running a marathon, and you give every ounce of energy, you’re exhausted and beaten, you think your lungs are going to explode, but you can see the finish line. Then you look down and they’ve moved the finish line, and you’re nowhere near it. I went from pure jubilation, being full of energy and hope, to a feeling of despair. I laid back in my bed and it hit me like a punch in the gut. It’s not over. Not even close. It was like seeing thousands of raised pitchforks coming down over a hill straight toward your street. This was war, and it had only just begun. The next morning I turned on the news to see if there was anything I could grasp onto for comfort. There wasn’t. It was the same, on every channel, the same rage-filled responses. They were showing protesters outside of Rockingham with signs that said, “Murderer,” “Butcher,” or, “Get Out Of Our Neighborhood, Killer!” They showed a barricade near the house that somebody had spray-painted with the word, “Murderer.” I thought to myself, I hope he’s not seeing this shit. But of course, he was. He was watching TV just like everybody else. A lot of the anti-O.J. sentiment at that time was being driven by feminist groups, particularly the National Organization of Women. Even I was a target. Tammy Bruce, the head of N.O.W.’s Los Angeles chapter, recorded an outgoing message on N.O.W.’s answering machine not long after O.J.’s acquittal giving my home and cell numbers and urging people to call me and tell me what they thought of me. I fielded hundreds of calls—everybody from furious feminists to white supremacists. I decided to talk to as many of the callers as possible, rather than just hide, and I engaged them in real discussions about what it means to respect the rights of others, and what it means to incite hate like Ms. Bruce had done. I recorded a few of the most hate-spewing messages I got, including some from racist groups, and gave it to CNN, which aired a segment on it. They confronted Tammy Bruce with the recordings. Her only quote was deeply sarcastic: “Well, welcome to the real world, Mike Gilbert.” Denise Brown, who had reinvented herself as a staunch feminist and anti-domestic violence spokesperson, was being interviewed everywhere, furiously denouncing O.J. as a wife-beater and killer. To the best of my knowledge, when she was alive, nobody in Nicole’s family had ever urged Nicole to leave O.J.—not even after the 911 call. Her parents, without question, always urged her to stay in the marriage and try to hold it together. O.J. was very well-liked by Nicole’s family as far as I could tell. He was practically Santa Claus. He had paid for the college tuition of one of Nicole’s younger sisters, Dominique, and had set Lou Brown up with the Hertz car dealership that he ran. He frequently paid for the entire family to vacation in places like Hawaii. This was not lost on the black members of O.J.’s family. His sister Shirley used to comment on the fact that Nicole spent much more of O.J.’s money, at Christmas for example, on what she called “the white folks.” But all the contradictory, real, complex details of O.J.’s family relations were totally wiped out in the media glare. Nothing was recognizable anymore, nobody was permitted the faintest hint of positive commentary on who O.J. Simpson was, or had been, other than “murderer.” It proved too tempting for many. Everybody became an instant saint in the refracted media light of anti-O.J. sentiment. It quickly got to the point where all you had to do to be a public hero or heroine was denounce O.J. as a killer. This outpouring of hate reinforced my wish to protect O.J. The attacks were so vicious I felt I had no choice but to fight back. My position was in a sense defined in opposition to theirs. If we could have talked like reasonable people, we would have found points of mutual agreement. I never said—ever—that I thought O.J. was not guilty of the murders. But I still wanted to defend other aspects of the truth about him. Prior to the murders, I’d known him to be a generous person and a good friend. I always used to quote a line of Richard Gere’s from the movie Primal Fear. In that movie, Gere plays a criminal attorney who defends a killer in court. He is in a bar with a journalist who asks him why he does what he does, why he defends the guilty. He replies, “Because I don’t want to judge any man by the worst night in his life. I have always believed that sometimes really good people do really bad things.” I got to Rockingham that morning with a knot in my stomach. I took something to eat out of the fridge and then went upstairs to O.J., who was still in bed. He muted the TV when I came in. He was truly off the hook, furious, after watching an interviews with Denise and various hardcore feminists. “Can you believe this shit? I was found fucking not guilty. This is bullshit. These women would never have defended Nicole when she was alive. These are the same types of women who hated Nicole, and hated what she was. That she didn’t have an education, that she married a rich guy, got by in life on her looks. Now they’re gonna use Nicole for a membership drive? This is fucking crazy.” I saw the suit he’d been wearing the day before, when the verdict was read, crumpled on the floor, near the closet. We had joked about it being his “lucky suit.” I picked it up and put it on a hanger—the slacks, shirt, jacket, and tie. “O.J, what are you going to do with this? I asked. “This is a piece of history now.” He looked over. “You want it? Take it. You can have it if you want it. That’s the least I can do. Take it.” I thanked him. Went downstairs and got a shopping bag, folded the suit into it, and put it in my car. When I went outside, I was struck by the noise of the media who had simply moved “Camp O.J.” now to surround his house and watch his every move. He couldn’t go out. He had to stay in the house, for now, at all times. It occurred to me then that he had gone from being a prisoner in jail to being a prisoner in his house. The only difference was his cell was bigger now. And now he had something worse than chains. The prison guards had maintained strict order around him, and he had been sheltered from the reality outside, from the rage of the mob. This rage only matured fully when he was acquitted. Now he was on his own, and he found his world getting more and more ominous and claustrophobic. He was hunted, hated, abjected, exiled. Little by little, he lost everything that had ever mattered to him, beginning with his image, his friends, his business partners. Eventually he lost his house, his possessions, even his Heisman trophy. People ask me where the suit is today. It’s in the same place where it has been all these years, hanging in my closet in Hanford. It still has a fleck of blood on the collar of the shirt, where he cut himself shaving the morning he was released. I know the world of memorabilia collectors, and how much they are willing to spend to own an iconic piece of American pop culture history. I’ve been offered as much as $50,000 for the suit. At one point, Howard Stern declared he wanted to buy it, in order to set it on fire in a public place. I never participated in, or provided materials for, any of this kind of O.J. voodoo being acted out. In fact, I never sold anything, even when I was dead broke. At least that’s something small to be proud of. Over the years, O.J. forgot that he had given me that suit, and decided he wanted it back. He had been led to believe it was in that hotel room in Las Vegas, and went bursting in. I can see why it would have emotional and symbolic meaning to him. I have lost a lot of my humanity over these past 14 years, but I am still human enough to find it heart-rending that in the end O.J. trapped himself. And the lucky suit that he believed represented his freedom is now the very suit that may put him in prison for the rest of his life. O.J. and I were alone at Rockingham, with nobody around, a few weeks later. The kids were with their grandparents, the Browns, and the security guard was out in the guard shack. We had finished some business we had to tend to and I was spending the night there and driving home to Hanford the next day. We had been upstairs and OJ had gone out on the balcony to smoke some pot, a habit he acquired after the criminal trial. Marijuana had the same effect on him as it does most people, it made him slow, a little bit melancholy, more relaxed. It was pouring rain outside and that had a calming effect as well. We were both drinking Rolling Rocks, and for once we weren’t trying to get anything done, or struggling to evade some immense impending threat. It was a long, strangely hazy night. We sat around, we talked, we went outside, sometimes we sat quietly and said nothing. At one point it stopped raining and O.J. took me outside because he wanted to show me something. It was a huge tree in the back yard that I had never given any particular thought to before. He told me it had been a very special tree to both him and Nicole, but especially to Nicole. “Nicole loved this tree,” he said. “It was dying and we got on a crusade to save it. Spent thousands, and consulted all these tree specialists. It took a lot of work but finally we turned it around.” He showed me where they had carved their names into the trunk. He liked to go stand under that tree, he said. One thing that struck me was that although he seemed to grieve his own loss, he never once wept for Nicole. He never once said, “I wonder what she went through,” or “I hope she didn’t suffer.” Never once. We came downstairs and sat down in the living room. The only sound was the rain against the windows. It was now or never, I felt. This was my chance. I didn’t know if I really wanted to know the answer, but something about the atmosphere that night gave me the courage to ask him. I remember trying to steady my voice. “OJ,” I said, “what happened that night? What happened June 12th?” He took a breath, and leaned back. He did that familiar sigh. He got a very pensive look on his face. He looked at me. “What do you think?” he said. “What do you think happened that night, Mike?” I hesitated for a while. I thought: Do I just give him the same pat answer that everybody gives him? I gave very careful consideration to what I was about to say, and how I was going to say it. I finally answered: “O.J., I believe you were there. I have always believed you were there. Whatever happened…happened. I don’t believe it was your intention. I don’t know if you know you did it, if you think you did it, but yes, I believe that …you did it.” I remember looking at him as I was saying this, and waiting for shock, waiting for him to stop me. But he didn’t. He looked at me with no expression, no emotion, nothing. Then he said, “Mike, I did go there that night, but I didn’t take a knife.” It was quiet for a moment and I said gently, “I know that, because you told that to A.C.” We didn’t say any more. Nothing more needed to be said. Shortly after this, we both turned in for the night. It started to hit me what had just happened. I had asked to be burdened with the truth, and now I was. I felt very strange. It was so quiet in the house and I was all alone. I went down to the kitchen to get some fruit, some apples, and a knife to cut them with. I brought the fruit and the knife up to my room. In the eerie quiet, I started getting more and more apprehensive. I wanted to barricade the bedroom doors, but it was a double door that opened outward and it was impossible. I placed a chair and my suitcase near the door, and placed the knife on the bedside table, just as a neurotic form of imaginary protection. What if O.J. decided he had said too much? I knew my mind was playing tricks on me, and wondered if I was going crazy myself. His denial was always rooted entirely in his insistence that he was not there that night. He had always strenuously denied it. A few of us in the inner circle, though, knew that he had admitted to this. Al Cowlings had told a man named Mike Pullers, a former close friend of O.J.’s, and Pullers had told me. I confronted A.C. about this when he and I were at the Hyatt Hotel not long after O.J. was incarcerated, signing black and white NFL photographs of himself and O.J. A.C. came clean right away, and confirmed what I had heard. We talked about it from many angles. I remember him talking about how impossible it was to imagine Nicole confronting drug lords, which was O.J.’s proposed scenario. “Nicole was a chicken,” A.C. said. “Remember when she was too scared to drive under the overpasses after the 1992 earthquake?” I did. For a good year after the earthquake, Nicole had been so afraid that she exited at every overpass. I said, “Mike Pullers told me that you told him that O.J. told you he went there that night but didn’t bring a knife.” A.C. nodded. “So then why is it okay?” I asked. “Why do we stay with him? Why do we continue to defend him?” I remember AC’s words very clearly. He said, pretty forcefully, “What good would it do? Mike, it’s like this. The kids already don’t have a mom. If we help put OJ in jail for the rest of his life, then they don’t have a dad. And now they have it proven to them that their dad murdered their mom. We can’t do that to them.” I nodded. Part of me accepted this simple inner circle logic. Another part of me felt something else, but I didn’t say it. The something else was the obvious: We would do it because it would be justice. The trouble was, we all knew O.J. and we knew he wasn’t a crazed killer, like a Charles Manson type who would go out and kill again. We knew he was strung out on Prozac. We knew that everything had aligned that night for this catastrophe to occur, and that it would never happen again. Everything that could go wrong that night did go wrong, like I said. Nicole had shunned him, none of his friends were around, Marcus was in the Cayman Islands, I was in Yosemite. All of us were gone. Everybody he could lean on was gone. There was nobody there to reel him back in. I remember the complex ambiguity of something else A.C. said. “Mike, if Nicole wouldn’t have opened the door with a knife, none of it would have happened.” Well, that is one way of looking at it. This thing has taken on the deep mysticism of an ancient, impossible to obtain secret, like the riddle of the Sphinx, but that that’s all just veils and smoke and posture. The truth has been lying on the ground at our feet right out in the open the entire time. Selling O.J. Piece by Piece I can hear his voice to this day. Gruff and menacing. “Gilbert,” he told my answering machine, “you will be in the wrong place at the wrong time and I’ll kill you and your nigger client. We’ll kill your kids too, cut their throats like Ron and Nicole, and leave them on your doorstep.” Charming. And that was just one of the hundreds of calls I got after N.O.W.’s Tammy Bruce gave my number out to the world. I guess you could say they were wake-up calls. My golden goose of a client, my former idol who’s name had been so adored, was now the most reviled man in the country. Nothing in contemporary American history has revealed the Grand Canyon still dividing White American from Black America like the reactions to O.J.’s acquittal did. Black America rejoiced, as one writer put it, like they’d just won the Super Bowl. White America was aghast, appalled, enraged. I had to walk through the hate storm to believe it. Before it was all over, I would go from being pampered like a king, with five-star treatment wherever we went, to having my life threatened on a regular basis just for being O.J. Simpson’s agent. It was like something out of another century, or out of a bad movie, the levels of hate and terror that were unleashed by the O.J. verdict. Each day, we thought it would die down, and each day it just grew and grew. I wish I had kept track and counted the number of times I had to hear the word “nigger” (about O.J.) and “white nigger” (about me.) We were primarily targeted by two political groups when O.J. got out of jail: white supremacists and extreme feminists. Talk about your unholy alliances. I think everybody in between, “ordinary Americans,” mostly got swept up in it, but would never have generated so much of an uproar if left to their own devices. I got threats all the time from what I call feminazis. Tammy Bruce’s obsession with O.J., and the apparent racism that fueled it, have been well documented. During the trial, she denounced O.J. with practically every breath she took on her L.A. talk radio show. When it was announced that a verdict was in, she uncorked a bottle of champagne on air, she was so confident O.J. had been found guilty. When he was acquitted instead, she organized candlelight vigils and protest demonstrations outside Rockingham. In her crusading zeal, she made some huge and revealing tactical blunders. On ABC’s “Nightline” she basically declared that abuse of women was a more important issue than racism, and actually blurted out that focusing on domestic violence provided “a needed break from all that talk of racism.” Then she turned down an invitation to appear on a Philadelphia radio talk show, saying that she didn’t want to “argue with a bunch of black women” about O.J. Her superiors at N.O.W. publically censured her and apologized for those remarks. Bruce left N.O.W. a few months later. She went on to become a popular pundit on conservative media. Her web site describes her as “an openly gay, pro-choice, gun owning, pro-death penalty, voted-for-President Bush authentic feminist.” Make of that whatever you want. I got hate calls from the Klan, and from white supremacists. “You helped a nigger get away with murder. You are no better. You’re a white nigger.” Of course, I think they hated O.J. because he was a black man who had “miscegenated with” a beautiful blonde white woman. I really don’t think it was so much about the fact that he had murdered her as the fact that he had had sex with her, “defiled” her. There was also the fact that the Dream Team that “got him off” for the murder was made up of Jews and blacks. We heard a lot of vile and idiotic ranting from them. Tom Metzger, the founder of the neo-Nazi White Aryan Resistance, wrote that “O.J. had served the international Jew conspiracy in a most powerful way, suggesting by phony example that racially mixed marriage and mongrelization could be a glamorous lifestyle for the elite.” He suggested the Jews had butchered Nicole kosher-style, framed O.J., and then “sent their best shysters in to defend him.” Then again, there was the counter conspiracy theory that it was the white supremacists themselves who murdered Nicole and Ron and framed O.J. That’s just one small example of the kinds of hysterical lunacy the O.J. verdict provoked. Oddly enough, at the same time as this was going on, my phone was ringing off hook with people wanting to book O.J. for the first public appearances after his release. The very first post-jail deal we attempted was a microcosm of what was to come. It was with a Pennsylvania-based company called Signature Rookies, a major sports card memorabilia company. The deal was an appearance and autograph contract for $1 million. O.J. had to make an appearance and sign about 50,000 autographs on selected items and some different type of inscriptions. O.J. received so many sacks of mail in jail, at least hundreds of thousands of letters, both positive and negative, and we had kept a lot of it. We had agreed to give Signature Rookies the positive letters, so they could market these to O.J.’s fans. The gentlemen from Signature Rookies, Tim Slatt and Paul Golden, and I were to have a press conference in New York to announce the deal within a few days of O.J.’s release. Meanwhile, O.J. was booked to do an unpaid interview with NBC, in Burbank, CA, four days after verdict, with Bryant Gumbel. He believed this would take care of everything. He would explain everything, and as Nicole had put it, “O.J. his way out.” The President of NBC West Coast, John Olmeyer, a close friend of O.J., called him and warned him that it was going to be “brutal,” and that there was nothing he could do personally to help or protect O.J., because this was not his department. This was not entertainment, but news. At that point, O.J. started to get worried, but he still wanted to do it. He wanted his image back, very badly. He was obsessed with doing what he imagined to be the great Everything Is Forgiven TV interview, where he would be believed and heard and understood and redeemed. But the skies were darkening and the drums were beating. Now NBC was dealing with threats, bomb threats, mass public outrage, threats of boycotts. O.J.’s attorneys, meanwhile, cautioned him that everything that came out of his mouth would be used against him in the pending civil suit–everything. They told him to watch every single word he said in private and public. Well, that’s useless advice to a non-stop talker like O.J. On the day of the scheduled NBC interview, I got a call from Skip saying it was cancelled. O.J. would not do it. We regrouped and talked about what to do next. Most of us thought this was a minor storm that would pass, and that maybe if we just laid low, the tide would turn by itself in a few days. I was the one most in favor of putting O.J. back out there. I told O.J. and Skip that we needed to do something to turn public opinion, or at least spin public opinion. “If we don’t, we’re just sitting here taking a beating,” I said. “It’s just going to get worse.” I met with Signature Rookies and we all agreed to put the press conference on hold, sit back and wait for tide to past. In the coming days and weeks, it just got worse and worse and worse. Anti-O.J. sentiment had metastasized into a cult or crypto- religion within days of his release, and there was nothing whatsoever anybody could day or do to affect it. I don’t think Jesus Christ could have calmed people down. Soon we realized that anybody who did business with us would themselves be jeopardized, and it came down to whether we could force them to honor their contracts or not. For that first $1 million contract, Signature Rookies wound up asking me if they could form a secondary, front company just so that their name would not be targeted by hate and protest. I feared that a second company, which had no assets, would just be a way for them to get out of the contract legally. As it worked out, after a few weeks they did start to look for ways to breach the contract. It was becoming more and more evident that it wouldn’t work. Ultimately, we kept $50,000 of their money, they kept the cards and we both walked away. Signature Rookies went bankrupt a year or two later. I believe that it died of the plague, not natural causes. But there would be many, many more opportunities to market O.J. memorabilia, O.J.’s signature—O.J. himself—over the coming years. I know many people find that appalling. I can only say you don’t understand how celebrity and fame work in America. I’d add that almost everyone involved in the O.J. case, on both sides, marketed their experiences somehow. Everything had a price, and everybody was buying or selling. Those on the side of the victims were, in many cases, the ones who profited most. Prosecutor Marcia Clark got a $4 million advance for her book on the trial and pursued a post-O.J. career as a television expert on criminal justice. Nicole Simpson’s father sold her diaries to the National Enquirer, the same paper to which her sister Dominique sold topless photos of Nicole. Nicole’s parents sold use of O.J. and Nicole’s wedding video to “A Current Affair.” As one L.A.-based TV correspondent who toiled long hours during the trials said: “I think he’s guilty, but I bought my house because of this guy.” At the center of this industry stood O.J. himself — a pariah, at least in American public life, but the possessor still of a legendary autograph. Once it was a sports hero’s signature, then it was an infamous one, but maybe also a historic one. For years after the verdict, I arranged for O.J. to do a private signing for memorabilia dealers about once a month. Month after month, year in and year out. A typical signing would be in a hotel conference room where O.J. signed hundreds of items –maybe 200 footballs, 100 USC jerseys, 100 Buffalo Bills jerseys. Several thousand signed items in a given year. Of course, O.J.’s financial picture was complicated by the outcome of the ’96/’97 civil trial that found him liable for the killings. During the trial, the survivors of Nicole and Ron Goldman asserted that O.J. was worth at least $15.7 million. His financial advisers argued, to no avail, that he was actually $9 million in debt after paying for his criminal defense, and that his future earning prospects were minimal. (O.J. also got a $25,000-a-month NFL pension that no civil judgment could touch.) Even before the murders, O.J.’s net worth was estimated at no more than $10 million. Despite that, on March 9th, 1997, a jury awarded the plaintiffs a total of $33.5 million in compensatory and punitive damages. Fred Goldman’s share was worth almost $13.5 million. His ex-wife, Sharon Rufo, Ron’s mother, had not seen her son for fourteen years and was accordingly awarded “only” $7.5 million. The estate of Nicole Brown Simpson, which included Sydney and Justin, was awarded $12.5 million. The judgment was based on the faulty assumption by an expert witness during the trial, who declared that O.J. Simpson would be able to earn around $3 million a year by telling his story and signing autographs. That was totally absurd. In reality, he could make at the most $50,000 to $75,000 a year doing autographs. I couldn’t guarantee Michael Jordan $3 million a year from signatures. Because at a certain point, the market becomes saturated. One thing both sides agreed on: The income he earned from his autograph was not going to the Goldman and Brown families. As the years rolled by, O.J. did not pay any of his mammoth debt, which grew by almost $10,000 a day in interest alone. Winning the civil judgment against him was one thing. Collecting it was another matter altogether. In fact, the size of the award made it virtually impossible for the Brown or Goldman families to collect. You see, to get the money from O.J., they would have to catch him as soon as he made it, before he could spend it. The only money they made was from auctioning off his things, and from me. I turned over up to $8,000 of my own income. But that was it. The only money they could make was by seizing and auctioning off his possessions. They wanted not only his valuable possessions, they wanted his most sacred totemic objects from his football career, for sacrificial voodoo purposes. Things like his Heisman trophy, his NFL game worn jersey, his original Buffalo Bills game played footballs. O.J. was of course utterly defiant, and uncooperative. It was a very strange situation, to say the least. He owed $33.5 million dollars that he did not have to the family of a man he insisted he did not kill. We knew, at a certain point, that we were going to lose everything. The funny thing is, we started to become adept at that too, at losing. We did it shrewdly. We knew, for example, that we were going to lose the civil suit in Santa Monica almost as soon as it began, for the obvious reasons that Santa Monica is predominantly white, and the burden of proof is much lower in a civil suit. Our focus was to keep the dollar amount of the judgement as low as possible. O.J. had blown through astronomical sums of money during the criminal trial. Between lawyer’s fees, expert fees, travel expenses, court fees and so on, it was as much as $25,000 a day some days. Between $10,000 and $25,000 per day I would say. He started losing money from the day he went to jail. He immediately lost all his endorsement deals. It never even had to be formally spoken; I just let those go without a word. What do you say? “Oh really, you don’t want O.J. to be your spokesperson anymore? Gee, why not?” O.J. lost most of his $11 million fortune in jail, paying for his defense—about $9 million. He was still paying off various lawyers long after he got out, sometimes with cars or other highly valuable objects, to settle debts. I was with him in jail when he was served the papers for the first civil suit, filed by Sharon Rufo, Ron Goldman’s mother. He didn’t have much of a reaction, and seemed to know it was coming. That was always hovering on our minds as the next major crisis—but first we had to get O.J. out of jail. When he did get out of jail, his fortune was down to about $3 million. All he had in front of him at that point were his NFL pension, whatever money we could raise doing signings, and insanely, the monetary value of a true confession of the murders, were he to decide to go that route. Once upon a time his money rolled in because of his football talent. Now his only remaining worth was to confess to two brutal murders. If he did that, the assets would of course be owed to the civil judgment. (What Judith Regan and Rupert Murdoch were thinking when they decided to pay O.J. $1 million to write his confessional book, If I Did It, which he has since called “a fictional account,” is anybody’s guess. I could have told them that it would capsize.) He also had many valuable possessions—cars, houses, condos, art, expensive carpets, lamps, and all kind of sports memorabilia (mostly his own). Between legal debts for the two trials, the civil judgment, and the destruction of his name, he resigned himself to losing his earthly possessions, and in typical O.J. style, feigning a slight diffidence. He had worked very hard to amass all this wealth, all these things, but once his image and status were destroyed, he no longer had the deep connection to it, or the need for it. One thing that did infuriate him was when we got a notice from Fred Goldman’s attorneys that they had found out that O.J.’s mother, Eunice, lived in a fairly valuable house that was in O.J.’s name. They went after that house while Eunice was still in it, age 79. It never came to pass that Eunice got booted out of her house, but it was close. Looking back, it seems like a biblical flood that carried away absolutely everything. I said to him once, when the financial cat and mouse game between O.J. and the Goldman team was well underway: “O.J., you are hurting yourself more than them. Instead of hiding from the Goldmans, why don’t you make them a deal? Why don’t we just end this thing? Go to Goldman and say, ‘Listen, we’ll give you 30 percent of whatever we generate.’ They won’t protest that. It will stop all the rage, the protests—we can say we are paying off the civil judgement. Our lives can be a little normal maybe.” “No,” he said, darkly, “fuck that. I am not going to give them a dime. They will get nothing. I didn’t kill them.” He was resolute on this. “Okay, O.J., okay,” I would say, with a sigh. And so he lost and lost. The first condo he lost was the one he had in New York, on East 65th St., in the Bristol Plaza. He lost another condo in Laguna Beach, and all the furniture was put into storage units in California. O.J. didn’t want movers to move his things out of the New York condo, so he asked me if I would do it personally. I agreed, but told him it would cost more than movers would cost—renting a van, driving cross country. He didn’t care about the cost, he just didn’t want movers to come in, mainly because he feared they would tip off the press. “There’s stuff in that apartment that belongs to my kids and that belonged to Nicole,” he said. “I don’t want people I don’t know going through that stuff.” So my brother and I flew to New York and rented a moving van. It took us three days to load it. Some of the stuff went to storage in California, some went to Rockingham, some went to Arnelle, O.J.’s oldest daughter. There was a wicker bedroom set in Sydney’s room that O.J. told me Nicole had picked out. He wanted me to give it to my daughter Lindsay. She still has it, to this day. We moved every last thing out in those three days, and we managed to do it without the press finding out. The next place we had to clear out was the Laguna beach house he’d shared with Nicole. That was me and a guy named Gary Raza. We cleared that one out much faster—furniture, golf cart, household items, a jet ski. It was incredibly sad to walk around there in that ghostly beach house. You could almost hear the shrieks of happy beach-bound kids, without a care in the world. I could see Nicole walking around barefoot, with a towel around her waist and her sunglasses up on her head, telling O.J. to shut up. Nicole was always barefoot when she could be. We started selling off all the things that mattered least first, starting with the condo, a few cars—his Bentley and his Ferrari, the Laguna beach house, his shares in restaurant chains—until we got down to the thing we all dreaded most. The crowning jewel of O.J.’s earthly possessions was Rockingham, the opulent, sprawling home he’d lived in since 1977. Rockingham was a huge part of O.J.’s life. He had always loved that house more than just about anything. He’d lived there with both of his wives, and raised two families there. He lived there though the best times of his life, and the worst. We never thought of it as “O.J.’s house.” It was “Rockingham,” just like Elvis’ house was Graceland. We knew they were going to place liens on O.J’s property and possessions, but we did not know when or how. I arrived at Rockingham one day in 1997, with my son Luke, for what I thought was going to be a normal business day with O.J. Instead when I pulled up I noticed several other cars, which was odd that early in the morning. I rolled into the driveway. People were moving and taping boxes. I walked into the house and it was a madhouse, with all kinds of people walking around with cardboard boxes. The first person I saw in the kitchen was Kathy. I asked her what the hell was going on. “We have been informed that the Sheriff is coming in the morning to seize all of O.J.’s valuables,” she said. “It was faxed to us by one of the guards at the L.A. jail. Anything we don’t want them to seize we have to get out of here now.” The Goldmans had hired a moving company to come the next day to pick up OJ’s stuff. O.J. was out playing golf. That way he had deniability. Everyone else was moving out valuable stuff. I took off my jacket and rolled up my sleeves. We had very little time, and it was just chaos, boxes and people and things going this way and that. People took stuff to their homes, to storage, you name it. The problem was no one kept track of where went what. Most of the stuff O.J. saw again, but not all. The court order stated that O.J. was allowed to keep necessary living items, which created a grey area. A lamp is a necessity, but is a $65,000 Tiffany lamp a necessity? We found the Goldmans had gotten a list from O.J.’s insurance company estimating his valuables, stating the value of every Persian carpet or Tiffany lamp in the house. So the game plan was to move as much as we could, hide as much as we could, and replace that which could be replaced. His good golf clubs, for example. I packed them into one of the cars. Then I went by Salvation Army and bought some cheap old golf clubs and left them in the garage. One of O.J.’s most prized possessions was his old USC jersey. It hung in a glass case in the living room. We couldn’t let them seize that. We had a bunch of replica jerseys he would sign so we could sell them to the public. In fact, we found some in the house that he had mis-signed somehow. He might have misspelled his name, or the ink ran out, something of that nature. We decided to replace the real one with one of those. But the replica looked too new. So we took it outside and rubbed it around on the lawn, kicked some dirt on it to make it look worn. We took apart the glass case and put the dirty replica in there. We did the same with his authentic game balls, switched them for replicas. Everything valuable that could be replaced was. It went on all night. At some point in the night O.J. wanted to come home. He’d played golf, he’d had some drinks afterward, he was drunk and sleepy. But we weren’t done and he couldn’t see what we were doing, so he could plausibly deny knowledge of it later. Also, if the sherriff knew he was home, he could serve O.J. the papers as of 12:01 a.m., and we didn’t want that, because we were nowhere near done making all those replacements. So we had someone drive down the street get him, and sneak back with O.J. in the car. He parked in the garage, and O.J. crawled out of the car and went inside the house through the garage. He was drunk, mumbling, stumbling, singing. Whistling the theme song from Wizard of Oz and singing, “If I only had a brain.” “O.J., shut up,” I said. “Nobody can know that you’re here.” We packed him off to bed, while the rest of us went on taping boxes, loading cars, and driving off for the rest of the night. By 7 a.m. the only ones left in the house were me, my son Luke asleep in Kato’s old room, and O.J. asleep up in his room. I was still loading items into my BMW, which looked like a low rider because it was so loaded with stuff. I went up to O.J.’s bedroom to wake him, and saw the Goldmans’ two moving vans pulling up. “I can’t keep my eyes open,” I told O.J. “We’ve done a lot, but there’s stuff in the garage we couldn’t get to. Take a look real quick look before they come in.” We went downstairs and did a quick walk-through together. He was impressed by how much we’d replaced. But he did point to a Persian rug and say, “No, no, we’ve got to grab this. You don’t know how much this carpet is worth.” I rolled it up. “O.J., I have to get to get out here. My car is on your property and they might want to go through it and see if I’m removing anything.” We went and woke Luke. O.J. ruffled his hair fondly, which he often did. We told Luke to get ready, and I went upstaurs with O.J. In his bedroom he suddenly said, “Shit. I can’t have this around.” He reached under his bed and pulled out this wicked-looking machine gun, some sort of fully automatic assault weapon. My eyes bugged. “Where did that come from?” “Oh, some guy over at SWAT.” I was thinking yes, that would be a hell of a sight. The sherriff, the movers and the media knock on the door, and O.J. answers with a machine gun in his hand. “We’ve got to hide it,” I told him. So we went back downstairs. O.J. unrolled the Persian rug and rolled the gun up in it, and handed it to me. O.J. walked me and Luke to the door and gave me a hug. “Alright, buddy. Thanks for everything. I appreciate it. Luke, I’ll see you later. Go get some breakfast.” Luke and I walked out at the same time. I put the carpet with the gun in my trunk. As I drove my low-rider BMW out the Rockingham gate, the sherriff and his crew were driving in the Ashford gate. As we drove away, Luke looked around the car sleepily and asked, “What’s all this stuff?” “It’s just stuff we’re keeping for Uncle O.J.” I kept expecting to see blinking lights in the mirror. I didn’t relax until we reached the 405. We drove to a Denny’s for breakfast. That replica USC jersey was later sold for several thousand dollars by the Los Angeles auction house Butterfield and Butterfield in 1999. The buyer took it to the courthouse where O.J.’s murder trial had been to burn it on the steps as a protest. The hilarious thing is, instead of just burning, the way the real jersey would have, it almost exploded in his face—because, being a cheap knock-off, it was polyester. That should have tipped someone off that it was a fake, but it didn’t. And where is the real jersey? In a very safe and secure place. Among the numerous other items auctioned off that day in 1999 was O.J.’s Heisman trophy. It went for $230,000. And it was the real one, not a fake. It would have been awfully hard for us to fake. I first saw it the very first time I went to Rockingham to meet my idol O.J. Simpson in 1989. It was in a glass case. It felt like I was seeing the Holy Grail. In fact, I think ultimately I was much more attached to that thing emotionally than he was. To me, after all that happened, the Heisman was the symbol of a paradise lost, a sacred object. It was a great achievement, a trophy he had won fair and square, and I fought long and hard to keep it from becoming a token of destruction, a way for people to vent their fury against O.J. Fred Goldman had told the press that he wanted to get hold of the trophy so he could smash it with a sledge hammer. There was also talk of melting it down and making Nicole Brown Simpson angel pins out of it. I wanted something—anything—to be kept away from that mob fury, to preserve a small piece of history, of who O.J. had been. It was very personal. Not only was O.J. a hero, and my hero, when he won that trophy, but it also represented a time when I myself was still innocent. O.J. won that trophy the day his first child, Arnelle, was born, in December of 1968. My feeling was: They can punish him however they like, but they can’t take this away. They can’t take away what he did on the field. Wrong again. The battle over the Heisman was like the battle over O.J.’s soul. I wanted it protected at all costs because it held and symbolized O.J.’s achievements as an athlete. The Goldmans wanted it for that very same reason—to be able to achieve revenge on “O.J. Simpson,” by crushing the very place where that identity was formed. Their objective, I believe, was to find a way to hurt O.J.. Which I must say he provoked himself by always taunting the Goldmans. For my part, I was no longer sure if I was defending “O.J. Simpson,” the athlete, O.J. Simpson, the man, myself, a vanquished dream, or my own self-image. All I knew was I had to fight. The battle was on, and I was prepared to fight to the death. In 1997, O.J. was ordered to turn over the Heisman along with other valuables as part of the civil judgment. Funnily enough, though, it had vanished from its glass case at Rockingham. O.J. testified in his deposition for the civil trial that he came home from golf one day and it was just not there. Like a missing Pepsi from the fridge or something. He was completely nonchalant about it and said he had no idea where it was. He claimed he didn’t “really think much about it.” Fred Goldman’s attorneys came after me and Skip Taft and accused us of hiding it, which was not true. The Heisman was, at that time, being held by Leo Turrell, a black attorney in L.A. who never worked on any of O.J.’s legal cases, but was a close friend of O.J.’s. Leo also had lots of things that had been collected by O.J.’s sister after we lost the judgment but before they collected on it. Leo kept these things safe in his office, and nobody ever thought to look there. While the Heisman was “missing,” one of the tabloids offered something like $100,000 to whoever found it. Our lie was that I had seized it and that O.J. had no idea I had done so. I didn’t have it, and O.J. knew exactly where it was, of course. We all just did what needed to get done, quietly, wink wink, often without saying a word to any of the others, because it did not need to be said and one was careful not to rope in others when it could be avoided. We knew we were going to have to turn it over, or some of us were going to wind up in jail, in contempt of court. I was given a deadline of December 15 1997 to turn it over or go to jail. Finally we worked it out that I got the trophy from Leo and turned it over to one of O.J.’s attorneys, Ron Slate, who gave it up. Another item, wracked with tragic irony, was a 2ft by 3 ft plaque that Disney had presented to O.J. when they anointed him as their Man Of The Year. When we got to Ron Slate’s office, before we went in, I stopped. As a final act of defiance, and without even thinking about it too carefully, I unscrewed the name plate from the trophy and put it in my pocket along with the screws. This was crazy of course. But I was stalling for time. If they didn’t have the nameplate, in my mind, there was still a small piece of him, of O.J. the football hero, that they did not have. They could smash it, burn it, melt it down, but this way, without the name plate, they couldn’t completely humiliate him. Because he won it on the day that Arnelle was born, I had always hoped Arnelle would get to keep it, and I felt that would have been fair. When I removed the nameplate, my thought was that maybe we could have another trophy made, and put O.J.’s nameplate on that one. I never dreamed it would cause such a hell storm—a new one now. The nameplate was estimated to be worth up to a quarter of a million dollars. Over the next several months, I was subpoenaed, deposed, and ordered by courts six different ways till sundown to turn over the nameplat, or go to jail. I finally took it over to O.J., who had by then moved out of Rockingham to a house on Alta Mura. I said, “O.J., it’s up to you. You want me to hold it? I’ll hold it, and go to jail.” O.J. was quiet for a moment, then said, “Turn it over.” I handed it to O.J. He was holding it, looking at it. Then he got up, walked to a kitchen drawer, and took something out. At first I wasn’t sure what he was doing. I walked over to him. He had a knife, and he was defacing the name plate on the kitchen table. I said, “O.J., stop. What are you doing? We can fight this. We’ll get it back in court.” He said, “No Mike, I’ll never see it again.” “You can’t be sure.” “Mike, we’ll never see it again.” He started gashing the plate. The scratches weren’t going deep enough. He grabbed a screwdriver and started digging with the screwdriver, slashing harder. This was his last act of defiance. But he was defacing himself. It was among the saddest sights of my entire life. I want to say to whoever the person is who owns the trophy today—if they want to know how all those scratches and gashes got there, it was done by O.J., just like he did to Ron and Nicole. It was that same frustrated anger and rage. There you have it. By the way, I still have the original screws. I ran up over $20,000 in legal bills over the Heisman and the nameplate. The guy who bought the trophy at the auction called me two or three times asking me for those screws. I’m not giving them over. When O.J. was questioned about it by Rolling Stone in 2000, he said: “I couldn’t understand why anybody would want to buy somebody else’s trophy. That was kind of perplexing. But losing the trophy really didn’t mean that much to me. I guess I kind of wish I had it now, for my kids. I feel about football the way I feel about high school. It’s part of my past. It’s just something I did.” As usual, O.J. doesn’t care, right? That’s always his answer and his central lie, that he didn’t care so much. Not about Nicole, not about her affair with Marcus, not about that trophy, not about what people think of him. Of course he cares. He cares deeply. Why can’t he be honest? This entire nightmare we have all been trapped in for almost 15 years is the result of O.J.’s total inability to be honest. This, in turn, is a by-product of the culture of sports and hero worship and celebrity. I myself fostered and fed it—that was my profession as a sports marketing agent. It’s a tissue of lies and delusions that we all create in order not to have to deal with the pain, humiliation, and difficulty of being real people, real men, who hurt, and cry, and suffer. None of that is tolerated or admitted in the narrow world of sports hero worship. If it were, the dream would all fall apart. It’s lies that make money, not truth. Financially, the whole civil judgment thing was so bizarre and complex. Just to give you one of countless examples of financial Gordian knots: Lou Brown had sold the rights to Nicole’s diaries to the tabloids for $1 million, claiming she had left them in her safe deposit box in an envelope addressed “to Dad.” But funnily enough, he could never produce the envelope. O.J. felt that money should go to the kids, not to the Brown family. That was something that came up for discussion a lot. The three parties had a joint settlement, the Browns, the Goldmans and Sharon Rufo, Ron’s mother. It wasn’t divided equally three ways. It was very convoluted, based on who had spent what on lawyers and all kinds of factors, where human loss is calculated. Human loss, of course, is incalculable. In the end, it degenerated into what I call cannibalism, because instead of it being fair and equitable it became all about who got there first. O.J. was willing to let assets go to the estate of Nicole, i.e. his kids, but not to the Goldmans or Sharon Rufo. The Brown family, in turn, were left in a position where if they helped the Goldmans, they hurt Sydney and Justin. It was so Byzantine, I doubt anybody alive can describe it all accurately. That 1999 auction reportedly netted the victims’ families just under $400,000. Obviously, that didn’t even make a dent in the interest on the $33.5 million O.J. was ordered to pay. It was an unattainable number that he could never come up with as long as he lived, even before the murders. If it had been a few million dollars, we could have paid it off. Somebody could have paid it for him, possibly one of his wealthy friends. Instead, the enormity of the sum, in keeping with everything about this case, made it crushing, impossible, and even absurd. At one point there was talk, between the attorneys, of a settlement, but Goldman rejected it. Maybe the Goldmans are telling the truth when they say “it’s not about the money.” What they want is to pursue O.J. to the last breath he draws. And I think they will. I can’t say I blame them. I do, sincerely, empathize with the Goldmans. All those years, we all had what we called the “bunker mentality,” and for me, the Goldmans were the bad guys, because of this battle we were in. But the longer I have been away from O.J. the worse I feel for Mr. Goldman. I wish I could take back every cutting thing I ever said about him. I put my sons’ faces on Ron Goldman, and it breaks my heart. When I reviewed the timeline of June 12, I saw that he had clocked out of work at Mezzaluna at 9:33 pm, and apparently 42 minutes later he was dead. Why? Because he was being a good guy, being thoughtful, being a good friend, just like the kind of thing my kids would do, go return somebody’s glasses. When I saw that timeline I started thinking about what I was doing at that exact time, and I started crying, for the first time in years. I was with my oldest son, David, in Yosemite. It all hit me, hard, after all these years of such extreme defensiveness. How often does Kim Goldman wish she could call her brother and she can’t? How often does Fred Goldman imagine what Ron’s life would have been like, or how many kids he might have if he’d been allowed to live? And why? Because of O.J.? The Goldmans are the only people I would really like to be forgiven by. It was the last day at Rockingham. O.J. had lived in this house for almost 21 years. It had been his port in the storm and the one thing in his life that held its center, that didn’t, in his mind, let him down or abandon or betray him. The house. You remember how badly he wanted to get to Rockingham both when during the Bronco chase and when he got out of prison? “I want to go home,” he said adamantly in both cases. Nicole had also developed an acute longing for that house, not necessarily as the house she loved the most–that would have been her condo at Bundy–but as the house where O.J.was, where life with O.J. was. She knew that to get back together with O.J. she had to get back into Rockingham. She pleaded with him to let her move back in. He was rather cold about it, refusing her each time. He was willing to start “dating” her again in that last year to see if it would work out, but he would not let her and the kids back into “his” house. I always found this relationship–between O.J. and his house–a little strange. So the day had finally come. The house was virtually empty but for a few stray boxes, some broken lamps, things nobody wanted. All we had to do now was say good bye. Leave. O.J. always flew the American flag in the back yard. I went out and looked at it, and felt an immense, complex sadness. We had come so close to living the American dream, actually holding it in our hands and knowing what it was. Now we were ship-wrecked, packing up and leaving, in disgrace, and also in confusion. What was it, really, exactly, that has caused our terrible downfall? Double murder, you might say. But what caused those double murders? O.J. Simspon, in a rage, with a knife. Fair enough, but how did he get there, with that knife in hand, in that dark driveway, and why, when he had climbed so high, transcended so much, only to lose it all, literally, in a few seconds in a slashing fury? This is the mystery. I had a camera and a video camera with me that last day at Rockingham. I documented everything. I filmed him taking down the flag for the last time. Then we walked through the house, room to room. When we got to O.J.’s office, he became very solemn. He was staring at the floor. He pointed to a part of the carpeted floor and said: “Right there…was the first place I ever made love to Nicole. Right there.” He just stood there staring. “O.J.,” I said, “why don’t you take part of the carpet? It’s obviously very important to you.” “I can’t destroy the carpet Mike.” “Why not?” I said. “This means a lot to you. We don’t have to take it out of the main floor, we can take a piece out of the closet carpet.” I opened the door to a small closet in the office and got down on my knees with a box cutter in hand. “I’m sure when they auction off the house they won’t notice this.” I cut out two pieces, about 8 X 8 inches each. I gave one to him and kept one for myself, which I still have to this day. Then we went outside. In the concrete outside, near the patio, they had carved their names “O.J. & Nicole,” and their wedding anniversary date. O.J. said, “I would hate to leave this.” “Why don’t we take it with you I said, if it means so much to you.” This time I didn’t have to persuade him. I got a skill saw, put a diamond blade on it, and used a Rotterdam to cut the concrete. It took a couple of hours. O.J. would come and check my progress from time to time. To the very end, I was trying to answer his losses with preservation of memories, as if that would make anything better or different. I am a very sentimental person in many ways, and in fact, so is O.J. I finally managed to cut loose that piece of concrete–it was about 16 inches long, 6-7 inches wide, and 4 inches deep. “Here,” I said, handing it to O.J. He took it and placed it in one of his bags. Then we did one last walk through of the house, to see if we’d forgotten anything. When I went to see O.J. in the house he leased right after he left Rockingham, up on the hill in Alta Mura, he still had that piece of concrete and the piece of carpet. I am pretty sure he brought those two things with him wherever he moved after that.	Al Cowlings
On June 15, 1844, Charles Goodyear was granted a patent for the vulcanization of rubber, a process by which what element, represented by the symbol S, is added to rubber?	I Believe O.J. Committed The Murders and I Also Loved Him (And What A High Dose of Prozac Had To Do With It) I Believe O.J. Committed The Murders and I Also Loved Him (And What A High Dose of Prozac Had To Do With It) June 12, 2014 By Celia Farber 5 Comments As FX ends its series “The People Vs. O.J. Simpson,” tonight, The Truth Barrier brings you some narrative that is a bit different. This is the real story–a more real story– for those who care to know it, and understand it on a level beyond the media’s cartoonish renditions. The teller of the story is Mike Gilbert, O.J.’s marketing agent for many years. I got to know Mike Gilbert first when he spoke to me on the record for a 1998 story I published in Esquire, Whistling In The Dark, which made international headlines due largely to OJ’s cryptic quote: “Let’s say I killed her. If I killed her, it would have to have been because I loved her very much, right?” In 2000, I wrote another cover story about O.J. for Rolling Stone—O.J. Inc. Once again, Mike Gilbert was an invaluable voice and source, In 2008, this material that we collaborated on, telling Mike’s whole story at last, was published. Those who know what it means will be interested to learn that O.J. was on a high dose of Prozac at the time of the murders and had been acting consistent with an SSRI disassociation. You can buy the book on Amazon, if this stirs your interest. –Celia Farber (From the book How I Helped OJ Get Away With Murder (Regnery, 2008) written by Celia Farber, story by Mike Gilbert) How I Helped OJ Simpson Get Away With Murder By Mike Gilbert “Man must not disclaim his brotherhood with even the guiltiest.” Nathaniel Hawthorne I am not interested in anybody’s forgiveness, but I do want to tell the real story. I want you to know what happened, why it happened, and how it happened. I want you to see us as real people, no matter how you may judge us by the end of this book. Before O.J. Simpson killed his ex-wife and her friend on the night of June 12, 1994, we were all people you might have liked. We worked hard, kept our business affairs straight, kept discretions (in personal matters), and watched each other’s backs. There were four of us in the innermost O.J. circle: Me, Skip Taft, Cathy Randa, and Al Cowlings—the agent, the lawyer, the personal assistant, and the best friend. None of us talk anymore. During the trial we were inseparable, but the pain and stress dissolved our bonds and now there’s just a resigned silence. Our relationships wound up snuffed out by everything we could not discuss, thoughts we could not voice. We’re not evil, stupid, or crazy, any of us. We could see the evidence. We knew O.J., we knew Nicole, we knew their dynamics, we saw the evidence, and in our hearts we knew the truth. But there are deeper truths we also knew, that none of the rest of you knew. It doesn’t change the bottom line: He did it. Of that I am 100% certain. Maybe if we start there, you can relax a little, and not feel that anybody is trying to tell you two plus two does not equal four, that O.J. is innocent. Then maybe we can wind the film back to the beginning, and get it right this time. It’s been 14 years since Nicole and Ron were murdered. It’s been like living on the deck of a sinking ship caught in a typhoon. The storm never lets up, it’s never over. You think you can move on but you can’t, because you’re tied to this thing, and you can’t get off. The reason nobody can get off is because the ghost of the story is still stalking us. O.J. came as close as he will ever come to confessing last year, in his bizarre tell-all If I Did It. But he couldn’t go through with it. I see this book partly as an answer to his book—a way to finish what he started. I hope to relieve people not only of the cost of this book but of their own unresolved curiosity. Maybe that will assuage the public rage against O.J., which I also think is excessive and fairly sick. Maybe that rage will now, like a flipped searchlight, turn on me instead. But at least I will tell the truth. I can afford to. It won’t destroy me. Ironically, before the murders, we knew O.J. to be many things; one of the best things about him was that he never lied, not to us. Now we have all been cast out into a world where truth is virtually impossible. How could we ever tell you the truth? We all live in fear of the whole truth being told, because once the story is told, everybody’s ghosts start to come out. Let me put it this way: We are all guilty of something. I’ll start with myself—I am guilty of a whole lot. But you have to take the whole journey with me, not just tune in when the saga began for the rest of the country, on June 13, 1994, on every TV screen in the country. We’re going to go back to the beginning, and I’ll show you exactly where I took my first wrong steps and I’ll try to explain how and why. It wasn’t until two years ago that I finally broke ties with O.J altogether and told him never to call me again. I always said, and this shocks people, that I could forgive him the murders—I really could. Why? Because it was the worst night of his life. Because everything that night happened in the blink of an eye, and it’s that blink that nobody can comprehend—not even O.J. How can we judge him, finally, if we don’t know what happened in the fateful, dreadful blink of a moment? I tried not to, all these years. But I do judge him, now, based on everything that happened after that—the choices he has made since that terrible night. After he got out of jail, I expected him to make amends, to be grateful for his life, to devote himself to his kids and to the people who had loved him so much over the years they even helped him get free, like I did, or just helped him, period. But he never returned the favor to any of us. He was never concerned about any of us. He just expected us to go down with the ship, except somehow he was always the only one with a life preserver. He’s O.J. Nothing is ever his fault, ever. He’s also one of the most charming human beings you’d ever meet in this life. He smiles and makes you think you can fly. During the golden years, when I first met him and became his marketing agent, in 1989, up until the murders in 1994, he gave me a great life, and a great status I never had before. I have a lot to thank him for. After the murders, it never crossed my mind to abandon him, even though I knew in my heart right away that he had done it. But we all told ourselves we didn’t “know.” Over the years, I was not unlike a battered wife, who kept vowing to leave him but never could. As he sank deeper and deeper into depravity, lies, drugs, sex, orgies, and various financial scams, I knew he was reeling from the loss of what mattered to him more than anything. He did love Nicole, very much, but what he was most protective of in this life was his image. His image was the most important thing in the world to him—that was told to me the day I went to work for him. And as the gods would have it, he went from being adored by millions to being possibly the most reviled American in public life. If you’re too young to remember O.J. before 1994, you probably can’t imagine what a hero he was to millions of Americans. Even if you were alive back then, you probably find it very hard now to remember just how beloved O.J. was. He was white America’s favorite black man, non-threatening, charming– a black athlete and superstar who had succeeded the “proper” way, who had made it on his own merits and skills (in sports and entertainment, the two major tracks for black success at the time), who was willing even to goof on himself. At a time when many white Americans felt threatened by black males – threatened with violence, or just with racial guilt – O.J. was a very comforting presence. Then he became, literally overnight, white America’s most hated and reviled man. Was he reviled as a man or was he reviled as a black man? Both, I think. Overnight became the completely opposite symbol for white America to what he had been: the rampaging black male who had sex with and murdered a white woman. Even if we’re not conscious of it, this is one of the oldest and most potent symbols in American race relations, and it triggers more terror and rage in white Americans, both male and female, than probably any other. I really think that helps explain the absolutely psychotic tsunami of rage and hatred the O.J. case unleashed. He was everybody’s ideal of the “good” black male, and then he was everybody’s ideal of the evil one. I think white Americans felt massively betrayed by O. J., and that’s a big part of why white America and black America reacted so differently to his acquittal. I don’t think he can pull himself out of this death spin he’s in. Think about it. Everywhere he goes, everyone he sees, he sees reflected in their eyes, whether they say it or not, the charge: Murderer. It’s there in every single moment of his life, with every person he meets, even when nobody says it, and even when people assure him they think he is “innocent.” It’s still there, it’s just the flip side of it. It’s still his entire identity, and it has eclipsed everything he ever was before June 12, 1994. I wouldn’t have thought this was true, but I have come to realize that the worst possible punishment for a man is not to be given a chance to atone for his sins. I was amazed to discover, just recently, that O.J. was acquitted on Yom Kippur, the Jewish high holy day of atonement. There was one country on earth at least, where the verdict was not televised, because all electronics were shut off, and that country was Israel. Atonement of sin is partly a necessary act—not just a merciful one– because otherwise the guilty are re-tried and re-hanged every single day of their lives. But how could we forgive him for a crime he would not admit he committed? Instead we all became trapped in a Dante-esque limbo, year in and year out, trying, and failing, to find a place on earth that was not tainted by it, where the truth didn’t reach. In the void comprised of O.J.’s denial, an industry sprang up that would give us all a chance to find our right price, to choose how exactly we would compromise ourselves. We all had something to sell, some piece of the story, some piece of the lie, or some piece of the truth. Even O.J. would become a participant in the end. By the time he had landed at the last station of his slow downfall, in Florida, living a squalid, decadent life of sex, drugs, booze, and nightclubs, he even persuaded his girlfriend, Christy Prody, to stage a threesome with him, and sell the story to a tabloid, so they could split the money. This entire saga is an extended act of role-playing, masking, posturing, and selling to a voracious media beast that can never get enough. What I hope is different about this book is that it contains first hand experiences, and I have not altered them to make myself appear better than I am. As the years wore on, I was one of the people who stayed with O.J, and it was not purely emotional or personal—it was business. We continued doing the business we’d done before the murders– primarily the business of sports memorabilia, of signing items and selling them—all the way up until my final break with him, two years ago. His signature was still valuable on the market, in a whole new and macabre way. I never lied to him, never told him I didn’t think he did it. Over time, I became more and more disgusted with him, and disgusted with myself, for all the lies I told for him, for everything I did to help him hide, move, and lie about his most valuable possessions, to hide his assets, to launder and shelter his money. I found myself, pretty soon, outside of society, living in a twilight world, where truth was always negotiable, where there was honor among thieves. I’m not exactly a Boy Scout myself, but I draw the line at throwing old friends under the bus, and at making your own kids pay the price for your behavior, every day of their lives. I once screamed at him: “You bastard, I hope you committed this crime because if you didn’t then all of our lives have been ruined for nothing.” But I know he did it. He told me as much. You are wondering why I decided to write this book now, and if it is “all about cashing in.” Nothing is “all about” anything. I wasn’t ready before. I was still working for O.J. and I was still an apologist for him, and for myself, and all the positions we’d taken over the years, and the decisions we’d made. For me, those decisions were rooted in my enslavement to O.J.’s charm and charisma, and in wanting to turn back, mediate, and negotiate with the elephant in the room: The murders. I was in denial and I was hooked in by choices I made from day one, the day of the blast, June 12. Now I’m not. I’m free. The simple reality is that I have a story that I know you will want to hear and I am telling it. You are free to judge me however you wish. What follows is my story– not as I dream it, or imagine it, or would like it to be– but as it actually was. The worst part about it is, I remember every detail. My Hero, Number 32, O.J. Simpson People always ask me what I miss the most about the golden years, as agent to one of the most iconic American athletes of all time. The five star hotels? Flying first class? Being treated like a rock star wherever we went? The women? All of that was intoxicating, and I enjoyed it more than I would like to admit. But what I miss the most dates back much earlier to when I was a kid, in the 8th grade. That was the last time I can remember feeling truly innocent, just before the leap into real life, when my dream world still governed me. Like every other American kid at that age, I had a hero. It happened to be O.J. Simpson. I watched his every game, I knew his every move. He was one of four people in the world I dreamed of one day meeting. I can remember the smell of the black magic marker and the thrill I felt as I carefully drew the number “32” on the back of my white T shirt from Sears, stretched against the linoleum kitchen table. Those of you who remember O.J. from before all this know that 32 was his number. I wore that T shirt constantly in our local football games, hollering: “I’m O.J. Simpson!” There was nobody on earth I admired more, or wanted to be more. We played football constantly in my neighborhood of Hollister, California, until long after dark most days, every weekend, every holiday, every chance we got. We drove our mothers crazy—we just wouldn’t come home. Actually, I didn’t have my mother around to battle with, but I drove my stepmother crazy enough. My mother had us way too young, and simply couldn’t cope– left all three of us to our father. She left me first, before she left my two sisters. I was three years old when she put me on the front stoop of my grandmother’s house and drove away, assuming my grandmother was home because the curtains were moving. My grandmother was not home; I was found early the next morning in a nearby cornfield, wailing. My grandfather went out there because he thought he heard an injured animal, thought it was a cat or something. But it was me. Things stabilized after my mother left us. My father remarried, and I became a fairly normal suburban kid. My mother came to see me once when I was a track star in the 9th grade and somebody told her where I would be competing. My buddy Ray Sanchez said, “Hey Mike, there’s a lady here who looks just like you who claims to be your mother.” I looked up and she was coming right over to us. I stiffened, but I was glad to see her. We talked for a while, and she asked if she could drive me home, which I agreed to. I wasn’t very nice to her during the ride. She did look a lot like me. There is so much pain in this life. One way I learned at a young age to conquer it, or at least escape it momentarily, was through sports. Once I discovered football, I was free. I loved everything about it: the excitement, the clarity, the suspense, the heroics, the perpetual chance at instant redemption. At the center of the stage of my imagination was O.J. Simspon, flying, dancing, defying gravity. He was an amazing athlete. He could turn on a dime. He had everything—speed, strength, grace, agility, and a kind of uncanny genius at acceleration. That was his most exceptional gift I think—acceleration. He could go from standing still to top speed in two steps. He was just faster than everybody else—they couldn’t catch him. He was like a god or half-god out of a Greek saga, who suddenly sprouted wings when he needed to fly. He could stop, turn, go. He could run over you, he could run around you, he could run past you. He did things on the field that I thought were physically impossible. O.J. could easily have been an Olympic track star—he was that fast. His coach at USC said he was not only the greatest running back, but the best college football player he had ever seen. In January of 1969, I took USC against Ohio State in the Rose Bowl for twenty-five cents, in a bet with my aunt. O.J. played brilliantly, but USC lost. I was crushed, and paid up the twenty-five cents. Stung, I promised my aunt: “One day I’m going to meet O.J. Simpson and get my twenty-five cents back.” Sometimes I wonder if God punished me for being so greedy about that quarter. But of course it wasn’t the money—it was the emotion of losing. Thirty years later, when I was his agent and we were sitting on the patio by his pool, I told O.J. that story. I asked him for the quarter. O.J. did have a great sense of humor. “No,” he said. “Fuck you, Mike. I’m not giving you the money. Twenty-five cents? Fuck no. What the fuck do you want me to do? It wasn’t my fault we lost. That was one of my best games ever.” In 1992, Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney and longtime friend, sent me a Christmas present. It was a check from O.J’s bank account for twenty-five cents. It was itemized as: “Repayment of gambling loss on 1969 Rose Bowl,” and signed by O.J. I still have it. I have been a sports marketing agent since the late 1980s. I was never one of those agents who only watched the bottom line—I was always emotionally attached, more than average. My childhood experience made me form fierce attachments, and to fear abandonment above all else. In my heart I identified with the fans; I was a fan. Even when I was moving among the elite, representing the athletes, I still felt my strongest affinity not with the them but with the fans, who represented innocence—who believed in something. My career as an agent began accidentally, in my sophomore year in high school, in 1971. A bunch of us took a Suburban to the big coliseum at Cal Berkeley to watch a Raiders-Rams pre-season game. We got there at half time. After the game we went over to the locker rooms, hoping for autographs. We saw one of the players—Ben Davisson– and without thinking, I had an inspired idea. “Uncle Ben!” I hollered. The security guards stepped away, and we all followed “Uncle Ben” into the locker room. We got a lot of autographs that day. Soon after that I started to understand and tap into the immense power that athletes have, to do good–raise a lot of money, fast. A friend of my brother’s had been paralyzed from the waist down in a car accident. I called the Raiders office and made arrangements for a few players to come to a fundraiser. They did. Very quickly and simply, we raised several thousand dollars for the family’s medical costs. One of the players even visited him in the hospital, which made him very happy. In that moment, I saw both the power of celebrity and the power of athletes, to do good, to give back. They are given so much because of a God-given ability—because they can run faster or jump higher. Everything is free and easy for them, as it was for O.J. By the mid-1980s, I was continuing to do work with the Raiders, and my reputation was growing. Before long, I signed my first superstar client– Marcus Allen. O.J. and Marcus were almost uncannily similar in their career paths. Both running backs, both alums of USC, both won the Heisman in their senior year of college, both were picked in the first round of the NFL draft. Both were expected to make immediate impacts on their NFL teams. Both were later inducted into pro football’s Hall of Fame. I was Marcus Allen’s marketing manager for ten years. Marcus and I had a great personal and professional relationship. Before I started representing O.J., Marcus was my most famous and lucrative client. Marcus gave me instant credibility in the industry. For Marcus I handled public appearances, endorsements, and the merchandising of collegiate and NFL memorabilia. This was where my own life began to change, in the late 1980s. Suddenly, I became a member of the elite. No more flying coach, no more Best Westerns, no more Denny’s. Once I was repping Marcus, everything was five star and first class. I had money, I had influence, I had tickets to every game, backstage passes—whatever I wanted. Before long, I started to buy into this lifestyle, to believe that I “deserved” it, and to resent whenever anything fell short of my expectations. This was also the time, looking back, when all sense of innocence started to become eroded and lost. Before long part of my job for Marcus included creating smokescreens that allowed him to more easily cheat on his lovely wife, Kathryn. I would leave false messages on his answering machine at his request—asking him to appear in fictional contexts, to give him an alibi and cover for his trysts with other women. I did it not only for him but for other athletes. I created alternate worlds for these guys to live in. The loyalty and honesty was to the athlete—not the wife. I didn’t like that part of the job, but I did it, very well. It started to become depressing—like the part in “The Wizard of Oz” where Dorothy looks behind the curtain. I remember I used to tell people, about the world of professional sports—that from the outside it’s sort of what you see when you go to Disneyland. We created an illusion. I wanted people to think that Marcus was this witty, charming, intelligent, sensitive person, because that was the image that NIKE or Reebok or American Express wanted to portray. That’s what we do in sports marketing. We create illusions. I want little Jimmy to go to McDonalds, and on the way I want him to be bouncing a basketball with a NIKE logo on it, while wearing a NIKE jogging suit and sneakers, dreaming that he’s his favorite ball player. In sports marketing, we create that dream, that illusion, and then sell it, sell it, sell it. Pretty soon, I became an illusion myself. I started cheating on my own wife too, even though I loved her more than anything in the world. I started thinking the only thing that mattered was not what I did but whether I got caught doing it. I started to think I was a hot shot — but I also started to like myself a little less and a little less every day. The less I liked myself, the more I had to prop up the image, to distract myself and others from who and what I had become. I started thinking I was better than and different from “ordinary” people. I moved among the gods, and although I wasn’t one myself, I was still among the elect, and I still felt I deserved royal treatment. A few years ago I had a dream in which my grandmother, who raised me, who loved me probably more than anybody in the world, placed her hand on my leg and said: “Michael, why are you crying?” I told her I was crying because I was unhappy. She said, “Michael, you are unhappy because you have gotten so far away from who you really are. I know who you really are. You need to return to being that boy I knew and loved. Then you will be happy again.” I woke up sobbing, and cried for a very long time. That was the turning point, when I decided never to try to get back to the privileged life, the royal, VIP treatment, or any of it. I decided to write this book, and not worry about how I might come across. Just to tell the story as honestly as possible. There were four people in the world I truly idolized and had wanted all my life to meet: Mohammed Ali, Clint Eastwood, Elvis Presley, and O.J. Simpson. To me they embodied perfection in the American male species. Each, in their way, was a hero, an iconoclast, one who defied all expectations and rose above all the forces that threaten to drag us down in this life, make us ordinary, make us blend into the crowd and live and die without distinction. That frightened me more than anything—ordinariness. I worshipped the extraordinary. I met Mohammed Ali, and Clint Eastwood. I never did meet Elvis. Meeting O.J., though, transcended my wildest dreams. Here’s how it all began: Marcus Allen, who had been my star client and friend for several years, had said on a few occasions, “I can hook you up with O.J., you know.” Marcus was good friends with O.J., and had been mentored and guided by him professionally. I told him I would be thrilled if he could make the introduction, but I didn’t press the issue. One night in 1989, late at night, I got a call. It was about 11 p.m. California time. I wondered: Who would call me at this hour? I answered the phone and a deep voice said: “This is O.J. Simpson…” I thought Marcus was playing a joke. “Fuck you, Marcus,” I said. “What the fuck’s going on?” “No really,” the voice said. “This is O.J. Simpson. Marcus suggested we might do some work together.” Then I heard Marcus laughing in the background, and I froze. I put on my best professional voice and said, “Mr. Simpson, sir, I apologize. I am very honored to talk to you, and would be happy to discuss the possibility of a professional arrangement.” O.J was very friendly and charming, said he’d heard I was the best, and he liked to only hire the best people. We set a date and time, then O.J. put Marcus back on the phone. The plan was I would meet O.J. and his assistant Cathy Randa at his office near Brentwood in one week. I was still very star struck, and quite nervous. As the time approached, Cathy Randa called me and said O.J. wanted me to meet him at the house instead, at Rockingham. I got directions. “One thing, Mike,” she said before we signed off. “He is very, very protective of his image. You have to be extremely careful. He can’t stand letting people down, so you mustn’t ever book him for anything if there is even the slightest chance he won’t be able to make it. Everything has to be checked and double checked. His image is everything to him.” “Understood,” I said. Cathy had been with him forever, and was extremely devoted to him. Sometimes it seemed she was even more protective of his image than he was. In Kathy’s eyes, the world revolved around protecting O.J. Back in the early days, that wasn’t very hard. He was a god on earth and America adored him. He was solid gold in the industry. He was the first black American athlete to score a national commercial, with Hertz car rental. That was because of all the things his image carried: He was an icon, a great athlete, and one of the great personalities of all time. He was all-American, almost post-racial– people trusted him. O.J. represented, ironically, an America that had gotten past its shameful racial history, a place where everything was going to be okay, where nothing traumatic was going to happen. He picked up more and more endorsements in the years leading up to the murders—he was very sought-after, as an icon, as a motivational speaker, a a network NFL commentator, even an actor. [Preceding graph maybe repetition] We were all riding high on a flying carpet and that carpet was O.J. Everything he touched turned to gold, everybody loved him, everybody wanted him. He was one of those athletes that represented something that was much more than the sum of his achievements. He was the god of flight. That’s what people wanted from him. That’s why all those people lined the 405 as the white Bronco passed with those signs that said, “Go Juice!” O.J. remarked in his book that his thought when he saw those people with the signs was: When did they have time to make those signs? Being a fan myself, it didn’t surprise me at all. I saw it wherever we went. People wanted to touch him, shake his hand; they felt he had some kind of magic to impart, and it was all about speed, flight, and hope. He had, after all, transcended some pretty tough odds. He’d grown up in a rough neighborhood, Portrero Hill in San Francisco, run in street gangs, gone to jail briefly as a teen, and been raised by a single mother—Eunice– after his father left her for a man. O.J. didn’t talk about his father much, but when he did it was fairly affectionate actually. O.J. was very respectful of his elders, no matter what—especially his beloved mother. His father had done something unusual for that era—he not only came out as gay, he left the family, then stayed in the neighborhood, living an openly gay lifestyle, living with a man, and eventually getting pulled into the San Francisco bathhouse scene. There are theories that O.J.’s notorious rage was rooted in some Freudian reaction to his father’s homosexuality, but if so, you’d never have known. Then again, there were so many things O.J. kept hidden. The most astonishing fact of O.J.’s childhood is that he had rickets—a disease of malnutrition that his mother always blamed herself for. It left him with skinny, bowlegged legs, which Eunice built homemade braces for, successfully straightening them out. He had to walk around as a child, for hours every day, in shoes that were welded together with an iron bar—if that isn’t symbolic I don’t know what is. He came from an environment of very strong, church-going and disciplinary women—his mother and his aunts. I think he developed into a fusion personality, both depending upon and raging against women’s power. The greatest terror was to be abandoned. I see this in myself as well, in the way I am with women. Sometimes I am not sure if I am talking about him, or me, or all men, or the place where all men have something in common. Everybody adored Eunice. She was a wonderful woman and I remember her vividly—hr warmth, charisma, humor, and church-going groundedness. People have pointed out that O.J. was actually something of a mama’s boy—he was very sensitive as a child and Eunice, who had not welcomed her third pregnancy so shortly after her previous two children, compensated for her guilt by lavishing attention on him. It was Eunice who pushed O.J. out of the ghetto and into a life of sports. She talked the baseball coach at a local high school into giving him a scholarship, but he lost it when he failed to show up for a crucial practice. O.J.’s original dream was actually to be a major league catcher. Fate steered him onto the path of another sport instead, football. Here is how Sheila Weller, in Raging Heart, describes O.J.’s discovery of his own talent. He was standing near a vacant lot, watching some other young people shooting off some guns. “I had to get through that lot…I stood there and figured I was gonna run this way, then that way, then the other way—to get my ass through those bullets. I saw the course. I saw myself doing it before it happened. That was it, man: visualization.” When I think back on this whole saga through the prism of race, class—all the things we refuse to talk about in America– I see a pretty astonishing picture. A black sports hero literally came running into white America through a blaze of bullets. That’s how he learned how to run like that—that’s how he became “O.J.” This talent for flight was the premise of his Hertz commercials—O.J. dashing, hurtling, and even flying through an airport, with that cute little old lady—remember her?—yelling “Go O.J. go!” Nicole once said, “He’ll kill me one day and get away with it. He’ll O.J his way through it.” She very brilliantly used O.J. as a verb. They even made a commercial in the early 90s—for an 800 collect calling company– featuring Eunice hurtling over her rose bushes to get to a phone when O.J. called. It was very funny—we loved it. I remember the contract too. Eunice got $50,000 to shoot the commercial, and O.J. got $100,000 just to agree not to make a competing commercial that year. That was probably the best contract I ever negotiated for him—he was thrilled. He got paid 100 grand just to not do something he wasn’t going to do anyway, and it put money in his mother’s pocket. But back to his youth. O.J. was not a thug or even a particularly tough guy. He had a lot of femininity in him, you might say. He was in equal parts disciplined and indulged. He had been relentlessly teased about his father’s homosexuality, as well as about the size of his large head, his crooked legs, and the thing he hated most—his name. Orenthal was a name given to him by one of his aunts who mistook it for the name of a famous French actor. He turned it into “O.J.” (because his middle name is James,) and never looked back. [More repetition?] Even beyond his athletic genius, I think O.J. was feeding us fantasies at a deeply subconscious level, like the dream of a post-racial America, where everything is forgiven and redeemed. Or rather, we were conjuring this ourselves, through him. By the time I started watching him play and started idolizing him, like so many millions of white American sports fans, his background had been burnished off and he was simply “O.J.” Sheila Weller dug up some pretty amazing tidbits, though, that are a powerful reminder of how openly racist the world of sports still was when O.J. came up, in the late 1960s, and became a USC star. She quotes a profile of O.J. in SC’s daily Trojan that kind of takes your breath away when you read it, and shatters the often quoted fallacy that O.J. “wasn’t really black.” The newspaper wrote of the young athlete: “His environment shows through in his grammatical inconsistencies in his deep rumbling speech, but he absorbs and understands as well as any man.” Holy cow. O.J. himself didn’t dwell on racism much, it’s true. Or rather, not before the murders, he didn’t. He was very strict about people never uttering the “n” word around him, but he himself made constant jokes about race, especially with Nicole. One story that came out in one of the books was that O.J. used to walk in to the bathroom when any white (male) houseguest was taking a shower and yell: ‘Hey Nicole, get in here and get a good look at what a white man’s penis looks like!” Everything in our world was lighthearted, jovial, fast-paced. We were on top of the world. We weren’t standing around trying to be perfect citizens. Now it’s as though everything any of us ever said or did—especially O.J.– is a piece of the mosaic that culminated with and around the murders. But the murders were an alien event, something totally other, shocking, irreconcilable and un-knowable. We could not then and can not today reconcile that crime with the O.J. Simpson we knew before. [line] O.J. was a proud American. He flew the flag in his back yard. I’m not sure how he voted, but if I had to guess, I’d guess Republican. He was not a radical of any kind, didn’t like politics, was fearful of the hippie culture in the 60s, and didn’t like what he called “marginal” figures—people who dabbled in drugs or crime, or people who “made excuses.” This was one of the clashing points at the end his marriage to Nicole—he was furious that she allowed people who he felt were dingy, drug-dabbling characters, especially Faye Resnick and her crowd, to be around her, and especially around the kids. [repetition?] People speculate, probably correctly, that much of this rage stemmed from the fact that his father abandoned the family, lived an openly gay lifestyle, and eventually got roped into the gay bathouse culture and the drugs that came with it, to die of an AIDS-related cancer. In a 1976 Playboy interview, O.J. described his childhood with characteristic romanticism: “To me, Portrero Hill was America The Beautiful, and I think most people who lived there felt the same way. At World Series time everybody would crowd around a radio and listen to the games, and when the national anthem was played, the whole room would stand up. Everybody—mothers, fathers, kids—would be on their feet.” To me, one of the tragedies of the whole O. J. saga – I mean besides the central tragedy of the murders – is that America lost this O.J., and O.J. lost that America. A lot of Americans felt he betrayed them, and so they betrayed him back. As I said before, you probably can’t imagine today that O.J. was so loved and admired, but it was still true in 1994, in the months before the murders brought it all crashing down. That whole year had been a great one for us—we were on top of the world. I had secured many new and lucrative contracts for both O.J. and Marcus. We were attending World Series games, NBA playoff games, Super Bowls, parties everywhere. O.J. was a broadcaster for NBC sports, was on the board of directors for Swiss Army, was doing countless gigs as a representative of Hertz rental car, and had started filming the Naked Gun movies. He did the coin toss at the 1993 Super Bowl in Pasadena. Even Presidents wanted his attention, wanted to meet him. Just weeks before the murders, in the spring of 1994, one of President Clinton’s security people came over to O.J. at the Riviera and asked if he wanted to play golf with the President the next day. O.J., in genuine confusion, replied, “The president of what?” “The President of the United States.” “Oh! That President. Sure.” So the next day, sure enough, they played golf. I was disgusted when O.J. told me this, because I despise the Clintons. O.J. and I argued about it a bit. He said, “Mike, if you met him you’d like him.” “No I wouldn’t.” “Mike,” O. J. said, “no matter who is in the White House, it’s always good if they’re your friend.” I remember him telling me that he’d made a putt that impressed Clinton, and that O.J. had cracked, “That’s why they call me the Juice.” Then Clinton made a putt and said, “That’s why they call me the Prez.” O.J. told me that Clinton had waxed enthusiastic about Anna Nicole Smith, who had a small part in Naked Gun. He had drawled, “I saw her and I said…there goes the White House.” O.J. was much less enthusiastic about Ms. Smith, but I don’t want to quote what he said about her. Also around this time, spring of 1994, I had been negotiating to have Ronald Reagan, who was a big sports fan, sign 1000 baseballs. His representatives were interested in this, and also said that President Reagan wanted to meet O.J. We worked very hard on scheduling a lunch, with the three of us, but O.J.’s Naked Gun shooting schedule made it impossible. I was very disappointed. Ronald Reagan was my favorite President. June 13, 1994: The Call It was shaping up to be a perfect weekend. My two star clients, O.J. and Marcus Allen, were both taking off on trips that weekend, all their contracts were in good shape, and I was finally taking a real vacation. I am an experienced rock climber, and my favorite place on earth is Yosemite. It’s where I go to find solace and peace, but it’s also something a little more complicated. My sister says I used to climb very deftly, in order not to fall, but that now, after all that happened, I seem to do the opposite. I think she’s right. I’m a coward, I guess. But often I have thought, one single wrongly-placed foot and I could fall into a place where nobody has a name, or a face, or a history—where nobody ever heard of O.J. Simpson, and where all of us are as loved and connected as we were when our souls entered time and space. It was my weekend with my kids from my first marriage, and my son David said he wanted to come with me to Yosemite, while my daughter Chrissy decided to stay home with my wife, Debbie, her stepmother. The weather was balmy and warm that time of summer, early June. Our lives were pretty great. Money was good, business was good, everybody was healthy. The only thing that was clouding my mind at all was the problem with O.J.—the thing Skip and I had discussed. The last time I spoke to O.J. was the day before we left for Yosemite, June 10th. His voice and diction were bizarrely altered. He sounded so strange, so dark, I thought somebody was pretending to be him on the phone. Imagine playing on a record player an album that has melted in the sun and become warped. O.J. had first sounded like that to me on June 3nd, when I called him from the Hyatt Hotel in Kansas City to ask why the hell he hadn’t signed and returned a $100,000 endorsement contract. That, first of all, was totally unlike him. In business, he was stellar and 100% dependable. He always told me never to book him on anything if there was even a remote chance he couldn’t make it. Now all of a sudden he wouldn’t answer his phone and ignored a barrage of pleas from me to sign the thing and fax it back before we lost the deal. When I finally got him on the phone, he sounded like a slowed-down audiotape version of himself. His voice was so dark and deep, his intonation so strange and foreign, I actually didn’t think it was him. Everything about him was different—everything. I wondered in passing whether he might have had a stroke. Either that or he was on something. I was very worried, and also like I said, literally unsure if this voice on the phone was really O.J. I asked him what year he won the Heisman. He answered groggily, “1968.” “And what year did you run 2003 yards?” “1973.” I hung up and called Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney, mentor, and guiding light since two decades. “Skip,” I said, “what’s wrong with him?” Skip sighed, in the sloping, gentle-father manner he had when things got rough, and I remember verbatim what he said: “Mike, Nicole has O.J. so fucked up, he doesn’t know whether he’s coming or going.” I was silent. “OK.” I said. Skip asked me to fax the contract to him, and said he would take it over to O.J.’s house, at Rockingham, have him sign it, and fax it back to me, which he later did. “Thanks buddy,” I said. “Love ya. I’ll talk to you when I get back from Yosemite.” I said the same thing to OJ, breezily, the day before we left, when I told him I would not be reachable for a few days, and wished him luck in Chicago, on the Hertz golf outing. “If you need anything, call the house,” I told him. “I’ll be checking in every few days.” We’d all been witnessing things deteriorate between O.J. and Nicole, for about a year before the murders. It got worse and worse, and reached an all time low point starting on Mother’s Day, 1994. That was when things really spun out. In the nine months weeks leading up to the murders, O.J. and Nicole were in that very brittle phase couples can get into in which they have broken their bond, but not accepted it. They were trying to have it both ways, both if them—being together and not being together. In the months leading up to the murders, things got steadily more complicated and freighted. Nicole had rather actively been trying to get back together with OJ for some time, calling him constantly, and springing surprise visits on him at out of town at events, which was not good because he had other women around, always. It fell upon me and Kathy Randa to make sure we could clear the runways in time for Nicole’s surprise arrivals. O.J. liked it when Nicole was chasing him, though he sometimes felt oppressed by it. Sometimes I remember Nicole would call, O.J. would put her on hold, and just leave her there, then not answer when she called back. Nicole, for her part, had not reacted well to being put out of the castle—Rockingham—where she was queen. In her condo, lavish though it was, she lost status, she was just another rich California divorcee–no longer the wife of an icon. She was pushing hard to move back into Rockingham and really make it work again. O.J. basically shunned her. The simple truth is, he was enjoying all his other women, and he also liked keeping Nicole dangling, so long as the roles remained the way they always had been. Nicole was a spitfire—had a real temper. She was nice after one drink, quiet after two, after three drinks she became very mean and by her fourth drink she was raving lunatic. She was not a good drunk. When the two of them would start to fight, the squirrels and rabbits would dive into the deepest holes in the ground and stay there. It was not fun to be around. I was with O.J. on October 25, 1993, the day of the now famous 911 call that Nicole made, pleading for cops to come save her from O.J. who had virtually broken down the door. I remember it for several reasons: Number one, it was my wedding anniversary, number two, I have never ever experienced O.J. in a mood that foul, not even when he was in jail. O.J. was filming one of the scenes in the Naked Gun movie in the Shrine auditorium in L.A., and I’d driven down to get some footballs signed and work on some business affairs in between scenes, in his downtime. I had my son Luke with me. Normally O.J. was incredibly charming, charismatic, high energy, but on this occasion he was just in a horrible, very foul mood. I finally said, “O.J. what’s the matter?” He said: “It’s just more Nicole…bullshit.” “Like what?” I asked. “Oh it’s just more of her fucking bullshit. I’m just fucking tired of it. He always said, afterwards, that his mood that day was perfectly normal, but that is a total lie. I remember looking at my watch and saying, “It’s my anniversary O.J. If I don’t get to the restaurant in time for dinner, I’ll have another ex wife.” I remember he said, “Well that’s the last mother fucking thing you want is another ex wife.” He wound up going over to Nicole’s house on Gretna Green that night, and that was the night of the 911 call. Something obviously set him off, beyond the by then 6 month old news that he’d found Nicole giving oral sex to bartender named Keith Slowowitz in her living room, with the kids asleep upstairs, when he came over to spy on her. At the time, O.J. told me he had rung the doorbell and left, just to let them know he’d been there. I don’t know what it was that enraged him that day, or that night, October 25th, 1993. I talked to him the next day. He told me what had happened—that Nicole had “wound up” calling 911—and immediately started justifying it. He said they were just “talking,” and that he was urging her to be careful how, when and with whom she “fooled around.” He felt that Keith Slowowitz– a bartender she had dated on and off– was beneath her, and he didn’t want people like him around the kids. Nicole had retorted: “O.J., I don’t want you stopping by here uninvited. You have no reason to come here uninvited, ever.” She was basically telling him he was a stalker. And she was right. I remember O.J. trying to sell me on a convoluted scenario involving his foot being in the door when she was trying to close it. “I didn’t break the door down. Mike, she was trying to close the door on my foot.” I remember in that moment when he was telling me I didn’t believe him. I didn’t believe a word he was saying and he was starting to exhaust me, from the energy it took just to play along. It was starting to become a very simple pattern: Everybody else is wrong, always. O.J is never wrong. Never. The 911 story wound up in The National Enquirer, and according to Faye Resnick, O.J. called Nicole when she was on her way to the airport with Faye to go on a trip, and said: ‘Get a copy of the National Enquirer at the airport. In it was an account of not only the 911 call, but also of O.J. and Nicole’s attempted marital reconciliation. It was so detailed, O.J. was certain it must have been leaked by somebody in Nicole’s inner circle. O.J. did love Nicole very deeply, but he was also very angry at her for the way he felt she treated him. He felt that without him she would have been just another uneducated girl, a waitress, and that because of him, she lived a millionaire’s life. He felt she was disrespectful, despite the fact that everything she had was because of him. I never liked her, and I am not going to pretend I did because she was murdered. I wish she were alive. The avalanche started with a few pebbles: Everything that could go wrong in the weeks and days leading up to the murders, did go wrong. Everything. Emotionally, what was going on with O.J. was that Nicole had rejected him in a very final and for him, humiliating way. She had communicated: ‘I don’t need you. Get lost.” This happened as a final result of his rejection of her, when, in the months and weeks before her death, she tried to persuade him to let her move back into Rockingham. He rebuffed her, and finally she said, well the hell with it then. That was when she really started showing O.J. in no uncertain terms that she did not want or need anything from him. She repeatedly told him this. But the simple truth remained that she did need him, if nothing else, for financial support. Everything she had, he had bought—the house, the Ferrari, the breast implants. In fact, I remember O.J. telling me how much Nicole had changed, for the worse, after she got breast implants. He said she was never the same after that. In the last weeks of her life, she had done a complete about face, and stopped doing the same dance steps that the two of them were somehow accustomed to. She just pushed him straight away from her, as though she was truly truly finished with him. Her new friend Faye Resnick encouraged her in this direction. Faye was telling her: “You don’t need him,” and encouraging Nicole to come out and party and develop a new life with new friends, which she did. O.J. and Nicole had been fighting for seventeen years at that point. They had divorced in 1992, but as various books—including O.J.’s—have described, they still had a stormy, addictive, passionate relationship that kept them bound to one another, through countless brawls, splits, reconciliations, and even serious beatings resulting in the now infamous 911 calls. They knew how to push each other’s buttons and they knew when and how to stop. O.J. would kick down a door, bash Nicole’s car, “get into a tussle” with her as he put it—that is, hit her. I am as guilty as we all are of looking the other way when it should have been obvious that O.J. was abusing Nicole. Did we now know or did we not want to know, or both? In Nicole’s diary, she describes a return from a Disney On Ice event when she was pregnant with Justin in 1988. We see a very different O.J. than the one who “loved Nicole” and was himself a victim of domestic abuse. Nicole wrote: We went to the show and when we got back he was still gone. When he and A.C. [Al Cowlings, O.J.’s friend and driver] got back A.C. seemed strange, like he was waiting for something to happen, that they might have discussed. He kissed Mama, Mini, but not me, which is weird for A.C. O.J. was drunk. Mama and Mini felt something too. They started to leave and O.J. started saying things about not being invited. No room for him. I said that he made excuses all week. Well, he followed Mini and Mama out the door rattling 100 miles per hour about what a liar I am. He never stopped. He followed Sydney and I around the house “Please, don’t yell and scream in front of Sydney.” So A.C. grabbed her. And I tried to get away from her so she wouldn’t have to hear it. He never let up. You’re a fat pig. You’re disgusting. (I’m two months pregnant.) You’re a slob. I want you out of my fucking house. Then I took Sydney to bed, tried to anyway. And he proceeded to cut me down with A.C. in the entry downstairs. I tried to tape the conversation but the recorder didn’t work. He was saying all those things again so that I could hear every word as he was telling A.C. My wife’s a fat ass, a liar. I stopped fucking other girls and now I jack off the fat ass. He locked me out of our room and I buzzed him. Get out of my fucking house you fat ass liar. He opened the door and started off on me again. I want you to have an abortion with the baby. So I packed a few things together. He locked the door again. I buzzed. Do I really have to go tonight. Sydney is sleeping. It’s late. Let me tell you how serious I am. I have a gun in my hand right now. Get the fuck out of here. I got real scared and grabbed Sydney and the cats and a bag for her and a bottle and a pair of sweats from the laundry room for me and got the heck out of the house. When this was read to A.C. when he was being deposed in O.J.’s 1996/97 civil trial, he claimed to have no memory of the event. It must have been devastating for A.C. to hear Nicole’s words. Her torture and conflict are reflected so clearly in everything she wrote–the combination of submission and strength, of trying to get close and trying to get through to O.J., to make him hear her. Maybe Al was just suppressing the memory. We all did a lot of suppressing. I myself have much more sympathy for Nicole now, especially now that I myself in some sense have completed the entire path of O.J.’s charisma and managed to break the spell. If you’d asked me if Nicole was a battered wife prior to the murders, I’d have said no. There was the one incident, the 911 call in October of ’93, but O.J. spun that his way, and although we didn’t believe him, the incident was soon forgotten. Just like Nicole’s friends and family, we were blinded by the fact that she herself seemed so in love with O.J. and was always back in his arms no matter what. It was a combination of a traditional marriage and a modern one. O.J. was a domineering authoritarian, a controlling patriarch, a sounding board, friend, and quasi-ex-husband. Nicole both wanted to be free of O.J. and begged him to put her back in her cage. Neither of them could make up their minds. Each of them had their allies and confidantes, and I was of course strictly on O.J.’s “side.” When he asked me if I thought he should get back together with Nicole, I always said, “No way.” I didn’t think it would ever be different, and I was exhausted myself, seeing O.J. always so strung out, angry, and unpredictable. Every day it was something else. If Nicole pissed him off, he took it out on us—on whoever was working with him that day. But he had two distinct faces—charming, public O.J. and crabby, enraged O.J. They had other lovers and separate lives, and they continued to weigh down their already frayed bond with transgressions and confessions. I am not going to attempt to de-thread this dynamic, because I think O.J. has given his side of the story and, through friends who spoke over the years on the record, we got Nicole’s side too. There is no disagreement on any side about the simple, essential facts: They had a very powerful love and bond, and they were obsessed with each other. They both tried to be by turns married, a family, separated, independent, single, free, diffident, relaxed, jealous, predatory, or whatever. They just shifted in and out of all this in a kind of incoherent dance only they understood. Everybody else they got involved with became a mere accessory, a way for them to hurt the other. With each new lover, they were just feeding their addiction to the one thing that was the core of their lives—the other. They switched roles on and off—who was most angry, jealous, thwarted, or solicitous. It is true that Nicole worked very hard at persuading O.J. to take her back and let her and the kids move back into Rockingham the year leading up to her death, and it is true that O.J. rebuffed her. He enjoyed being free to date other women, and he also enjoyed, to an extent, watching Nicole crawl, when she did. When she stopped chasing him, he absolutely hated it. We all had to listen to O.J. bitch about Nicole, ad nauseum. We had to help him dodge her calls and her surprise visits, we had to help him keep his other women away from Nicole’s notice and keep her away from them. It was very stressful for everybody, because they both would go from one set of emotions to the opposite at the flick of a switch. They were both ragers, and they could also both suddenly turn to ice. Deep down, Nicole always loved and adored O.J. no matter what was going on between them, and he absolutely felt the same about her. But at the very end, he started to become so icy toward her that it slowly generated a new feeling in her: contempt. I witnessed this personally. He would hang up on her, leave her on hold when she called, not call her back for days on end. Nicole—who was hellbent on reconciling at this point in time– was just made more and more desperate by this rejection, and she started acting “crazy” and “bitchy.” It was during this time that she would show up at Rockingham and start slapping his staff, or making bizarre demands. She was hanging out with her new gang of friends, with Faye Resnick at the center, and Faye was also O.J.’s confidant. Faye would field calls from the two of them, often at the same time, clicking back and forth, and God only knows what advice that woman gave out. She probably lied to both of them. We know she was more or less in love with Nicole, from her breathless recounting, in her book, of a kiss they once shared on a bed. My impression was that Faye influenced Nicole to make a real, final, unequivocal break from O.J. When she finally did, just days before her murder, it was because she herself had begun to truly dislike and disdain him. Why? Because he crossed a new line of cruelty. Nicole was falsely claiming a tax break by telling the IRS she lived at Rockingham and was renting out the Bundy condo. O.J. had one of his lawyers send her a letter threatening to turn her in to the IRS. That was when Nicole truly, once and for all, decided she was “done” with O.J. That was why she didn’t invite him to sit with the family at Sydney’s dance recital, or to join the family for dinner at Mezzaluna later that night. He had already been indifferent to the kids, and to her, on the numerous occasions when she turned up at the house crying and begging to be let in. But this was spite taken to a whole new level, and she simply shut down. Nicole wrote her in her diary: O.J. came to pick up kids at 8:30 p.m. This is June 3,1994. They wanted to stay home because I let them organize sleepovers at last minute. Thought daddy wasn’t coming. Told O.J. I’d drop them off first thing in the morning. He said okay. Then “you hung up on me last night. You’re gonna pay for this bitch. You’re holding money from the IRS. You’re going to jail you fucking cunt. You think you can do any fricking thing you want. You’ve got it coming. I’ve already talked to my lawyers about this bitch. They’ll get you for tax evasion bitch. I’ll see to it. You’re not gonna have a fucking dime,” et cetera. This was all being said as Sydney’s girlfriend Allegra was being dropped off. They may have already walked into the house. I’m not sure if they had heard all or any of it. I just turned around and walked away. The perfect storm was brewing, and it didn’t take long. It was a rogue tornado that one could even argue took shape on that very day—on June 12. Nicole, with Faye’s counseling, had planned very carefully how she would shun O.J. at Sydney’s middle school dance recital that afternoon. It was partly in retaliation for his cruelty to her and his increasing disregard for the kids. He had previously failed to show up for Sydney’s confirmation reception. Also, Nicole was furious about the IRS letter. So Nicole, and by extension her family, cut O.J. off cold, even refusing to let him sit near them at the recital. He had to sit behind them. Then, when the family went out to dinner at the restaurant Mezzaluna afterward, O.J. was explicitly not invited. If you knew how enmeshed all these people were, you’d understand how extreme that was. Something was clearly marked on June 12: Nicole was finished with O.J. and showing him that she “didn’t need” him. Kato Kaelin later testified that O.J. came home from the recital really angry about it. It had started a fire in his mind. He always ranted about how his money paid for everything Nicole had, so this was a sore spot, and her independence could only ever be a kind of pretend action. She was not independent and couldn’t be. She had never worked a day in her life. O.J. felt like he owned her, and her family. So there she was treating him with a level of distance and even disdain he’d never seen before – and wearing a very short, tight dress, in his mind provoking him and taunting him. None of his friends were around to talk him down, and he just went into a very bad tailspin. The dance was over. A little past 9:30, Nicole’s mother Juditha called Mezzaluna because she’d left her glasses there. Ron Goldman, a Mezzaluna employee, arranged to drop them off at Nicole’s. Some time between 10 and 11 p.m., somebody went into Nicole’s house and killed them both. At about 11:15, O.J. climbed into an airport limousine, and at 11:45 his flight left for Chicago. He would never come up with much of an alibi for where he was and what he was doing during the crucial period that the murders occurred. I believe there was one more fatal element to that night: Nicole had been having an on-again off-again affair with Marcus Allen. Marcus Allen, O.J.’s good friend and protégé. Marcus Allen, my friend and client. I did not know this at the time. I know this because Marcus himself told me so, not long after the murders. So did O.J. I’ll describe those conversations in more detail later. According to Faye Resnick, despite O.J.’s threat that he would kill Nicole if she started seeing Marcus again, she did. Her friends told her this was like signing her own death warrant. They were horrified to find Marcus’ car in her driveway on some days, right out in the open, when O.J. could drive past. They were very afraid of this affair, of her seeming nonchalance about it, and believed it could get her killed. Marcus, after all, was not only one of O.J.’s best friends, you could say he was a younger version of O.J. He never expressed rage toward Marcus directly—that part is true—but he was definitely enraged about it. Faye Resnick said that when she spoke to Nicole on June 12, she was on “cloud nine” because of Marcus, whom she was in love with, and who she said was the second love of her life after O.J. Faye concluded that Nicole “…had seen Marcus that day, or she was going to see him. I knew how she got when she was going to be with him.” Marcus Allen is the one person who has managed to miraculously stay out of this entire mess, and I also think it was he who caused it. I have always thought that, even though Marcus flew to the Cayman Islands late on the night of June 12 with his wife Kathryn, he was with Nicole either that day or earlier that night. At her house. And O.J. saw them together. I believe that if it weren’t for Marcus Allen, June 12, 1994, would have come and gone like any other summer night, and that Nicole and Ron would still be alive. When I spoke to O.J. on June 10th, the day before we left for Yosemite, I told him I would not be reachable for a few days, and wished him luck in Chicago, on the Hertz golf outing. “If you need anything, call the house,” I told him. “I’ll be checking in every few days.” [line] On June 11, David and I climbed the Royal Arches—a fairly short climb. The next day, June 12, we woke early and hiked to the top of Yosemite falls, looking out over Lost Arrow Spire. That was my Moby Dick—the one climb I had never done. I had been scheduled to do it 10 years previously, but my then-wife, Gerilyn, told me she had a dream that if I climbed it I would die, so I never did. On this crisp, perfectly still morning, David said, “Dad, let’s do it.” “Okay, let’s,” I said right away. I decided to hire a guide, and we set off down to the bottom of Yosemite Falls to use the payphone and call home to tell them what our plans were. I got the answering machine at the house and started leaving a message for my wife Debbie. She picked up the phone, and cut me off. “Mike,” she said, “Nicole’s been murdered and O.J. is in handcuffs. You need to get to Rockingham.” After a brief silence, I said, “So he finally did it.” Debbie shut off the answering machine. “God. What did you say? How could you say such a thing? Why would you think that?” Everything was already filmy, nauseating, unreal, like after a car crash. “I don’t know,” I said. “I don’t know why I said that.” I tried to steady my mind. I remembered that O.J. was scheduled to fly to Chicago the night before, and I clung to that. I immediately started looking for reasons to believe he didn’t do it. David was in shock, pale and quiet. “David, we got to go.” We packed up our stuff and hightailed it out of there. I must have been driving 100 mph on the straightaway stretches. We had no radio or phone reception for a good hour, until we got to a town called Oakhurst. I turned on the radio and the story was everywhere. I started making calls on my cellphone. This being 1994, my cellphone was the size of a small suitcase. But it worked. I called all of O.J.’s numbers, not expecting to reach him but wanting to get a message through to him. I called everybody. When I finally walked in the front door to my home in Hanford, Debbie was in front of the TV and the story was on every single channel. There was O.J. with his hands cuffed behind his back, leaning under a branch overhanging Sydney’s playhouse at Rockingham. I was totally lost, slightly out of my own body. The phone literally rang off the hook. Friends, business associates, clients—everybody was calling. I finally got to the point where I just answered the phone by saying, “I can’t talk,” click, “I can’t talk,” click, “I can’t talk,” click. The inner circle, the outer circle, and every possible layer of any O.J. circle that ever existed was calling my house. People we were doing business with, with whom we had signed various sorts of contracts, were wondering what to expect, whether they would get their money back. “I don’t know what to tell you,” I said. “The guy’s wife’s been murdered and he’s in handcuffs. We have to wait and see. I don’t know any more than you do.” Then there was the gang—those of us who actually interacted with O.J. on a daily basis. We became like a crisis unit, like a Red Cross tent, trying to act normal in an extremely abnormal situation. All I remember from our conversations back then is that they had that underwater, strange quality, like when you have severe jetlag. Every word you’re hearing and speaking is something foreign to you that you’d never think you’d hear or speak. One conversation that still stands out in my memory 14 years later was the one I had with Marcus Allen, whom I reached that first day, the 13th. Everything about it was puzzling and peculiar. It didn’t make sense–then. I called Marcus’ house and got his sister in law on the phone. She said Marcus and his wife Kathryn were in the Cayman Islands, which I knew. They had flown out late the night before. “Does Marcus know what’s going on?” I asked. “Yes.” “Tell him I need him to call me.” Marcus called moments later. “You know what’s going on?” I asked him. “Yes,” he said. He asked me how I was. “Blown away,” I said. I asked Marcus what I thought was a rhetorical question: “Are you coming back?” I expected him to say, “Of course, are you crazy?” Instead he said, “No.” “What? Why?” I asked, absolutely blindsided. “You’re going to the funeral, aren’t you?” Again he said flatly, “No.” I couldn’t comprehend anything anymore. Marcus and Kathryn has gotten married in O.J.’s living room. He had been friends with O.J. and Nicole since he was in college. “Mike, it’s going to be a media zoo,” he explained. “It’s going to be nuts. You shouldn’t go either.” I remember saying to myself, well, if one of their closest friends isn’t going to the funeral, I certainly don’t have to go. So I let myself off the hook too. To this day, I regret it. I never liked Nicole, and she never liked me, but I should have gone to her funeral. That the one of my first mistakes. I think the deeper reason I wanted an excuse not to go was that I had started to feel that O.J. did it, and I didn’t know how I would face him or what I would say. I got off the phone with Marcus and resumed calling O.J.’s house. I finally got an answer—it was Gigi, the housekeeper. Gigi sounded very nervous. I said to her, “Tell O.J. if there is anything at all that I can do, I’m here. And tell him…I’m sorry.” The phone kept ringing ceaselessly over the next few days. This was when the whirlwind started to become a typhoon. I was trying to stay under it all, and yet at the same time, on top of it all. I called the house again and told Gigi to tell O.J. that I was going to be at the Hyatt near the airport, standing by with $5,000 cash, or whatever else O.J. might need. On June 17, the day O.J. was to voluntarily turn himself in to the authorities, I got in my car and started driving toward Los Angeles—a four hour drive. As I got about 100 miles north of L.A., it came on the news that O.J. was wanted by the police and that they were actively searching for him. I thought Jesus, did he kill himself? Is he that spun? I called every number I ever had for him—cell, car, everything. Then suddenly O.J.’s friend and lawyer Bobby Kardashian came on and started reading O.J.’s suicide note. I could not believe anything that was happening was actually happening. I am a staunch atheist but I think I started praying: Please don’t let him throw his life away. We can get through this. What time did his flight leave again? He couldn’t have done this. This will all be straightened out. I got to the Hyatt, went to my room, and called O.J.’s cell. “O.J. it’s Mike. I’m at the Hyatt hotel and I have $5,000 cash. If you need to reach me call my cell. Whatever you need, I’m here.” I turned on the TV, and within seconds they broke into the NBA championship game and showed grainy footage of a car chase. The newscaster said: “The vehicle you are seeing contains O.J. Simpson on the 91 Freeway, in flight from police cars who are pursuing him.” My hotel phone rang. It was the hotel operator. “Mr. Gilbert, there is someone who called for you. They said they don’t know your last name but they have a package for you from UPS.” That sounded implausible. Nobody knew where I was, and I most definitely wasn’t expecting any package. I told her that if they called back, to put the call through. Seconds later the phone rang again and a voice said: “Mike? You don’t know me. I live near O.J. and I know him from the cellphone store where I work. He and I once had the same cell number by mistake…” “Yeah, right. I doubt anybody who lives in Brentwood works in a cellphone store. How stupid do you think I am? Who are you?” It was obviously either the cops or the tabloids, picking up every message that went to O.J.’s cell. The guy continued: “Do you expect O.J. to call you back? What did you mean ‘If you need anything?’” The TV was showing the white Bronco on the 405 now. I hung up, ran out of my room and jumped into my car. I knew O.J. was going home, to Rockingham. As soon as I got onto Sepulveda heading toward the 405 I looked toward the southeast and saw a swarm of helicopters; I knew that was where O.J. was. By the time I merged onto the 405 I was about a mile behind him. I exited on Sunset Boulevard and headed toward Rockingham. As I got close to the house, the streets were blocked by police barricades. Media everywhere. I parked the car near Cora Fischman’s house and started walking as close as I could get. Another barricade. The cops told me O.J. had not yet surrendered, and that nobody was coming in or out until he had. I showed them every piece of ID I had. “I’m his manager,” I pleaded. “Let me talk to him. I need to get in there.” A cop asked how they could be sure I was who they said I was. “Look,” I said, showing them my cellphone. I dialed O.J.’s house, and a police officer answered. “This is Mike Gilbert ,” I said. “I am O.J.’s manager. I need to talk to him.” Then all of a sudden I overheard some reporters saying that they had SWAT teams in the trees, because O.J. had a gun. The word was they were going to shoot him. I wheeled around to the nearest cop and got right up in his face. “If you fuckers kill him there will be hell to pay. Do you understand? Let me talk to him.” At this point I was panicked. Suddenly O.J. was a black man with a gun surrounded by SWAT teams. I was in a cold sweat, walking in circles, mumbling and praying that he would surrender. That was all I wanted at that point. “Surrender Juicer, goddamit,” I muttered. I used to call him Juicer. I don’t know if twenty minutes passed, or three hours, but finally, I heard what I wanted to hear– O.J. was in police custody. I felt a radiating wave of relief through my whole body. The police car with O.J. handcuffed in the back seat drove right past us, less than ten feet away. I could see O.J. in there, frozen, looking straight ahead. He looked like a wax figure of himself. The reporters started to walk back toward the main entrance road, like a herd just fed and moving on. I walked back to my car, feeling absolutely physically and emotionally drained. I got into my car and just sat there, relieved that he was in custody — that he was still alive. O.J. In Jail: The Show Must Go On O.J. had been in jail for about four days when I received a phone call from Cathy Randa. I was driving back from San Diego, from a meeting with the Ted Williams card company, when I got the call. Cathy said, “Mike, O.J. wants to meet with you. Do you want to go see him?” “Absolutely.” Randa explained how to get to the jail, where to park, how to get past the media hordes outside the jail, and who to look for when I got there. “Nicole will meet you there,” she said. “Nicole?” “Yes, Nicole Pulvers—from the attorney’s office.” “Oh. Okay.” Nicole Pulvers was a paralegal assigned to stay with O.J. at all times and communicate his needs to the rest of the dream team. She was more or less his babysitter. I drove to the Los Angeles County Jail, walked past the media hordes, into the jailhouse. Nicole found me, and I started going through all the security checks. When they ran my name though the computer, they said I was not approved to go in, as “material witnesses” had not yet been approved. Nicole went in to explain the situation to O.J. and I waited in the lobby. When she came back a short while later, she had a note for me O.J. had dictated. It said: “Mike, I need you now more than ever. Imagine: O.J. Simpson, L.A. County Jail. My autograph is worth more than anybody alive.” I looked at Nicole. “Is this what he wanted you to give me?” “Yes,” she said. “He dictated it and made sure I wrote it down, word for word.” “Why didn’t he write it himself?” I asked. “He can’t be given a pencil,” she said. I stared at the note in shock. For Christ’s sake, I thought, here his wife has been dead less than a week and he’s already thinking about business. I was floored. But I quickly regained my composure and my mind started clicking. O.J.wanted to start signing autographs again, despite the fact that he was in jail—or rather, precisely because he was in jail. Skip, Cathy and I were divided on it. Cathy felt very strongly that there should be no business while O.J. was in jail. Skip considered the matter carefully, then told us, “Look, we need to generate money. We are going to do this in good taste.” Skip Taft, O.J.’s business attorney for over two decades at that time, was and is the most stellar, upright, ethical, and dignified man I have ever known—just a beautiful human being. Whatever Skip said, I trusted. He was like a living incarnation of Atticus Finch—about six foor three, with silver hair. I remember speaking to Skip two or three days after the murders. We had lunch at our usual place, the Daily Grill. I told Skip that I had been getting a blizzard of calls from all the companies we were doing business with. We discussed how to handle ourselves, businesswise, what to say to people. Toward the end of the meeting, I finally asked him, “Skip, what do you think is going on? What do you think is happening?” He looked at me, and said, “Mike, I have known O.J. for 23 years and I have never known him to lie to me. He said he didn’t do it. Until he says otherwise, I will believe him.” I respected that, then. I still do. But things got a lot more complicated, pretty fast. Now when I look back on what Skip said that day I feel a nostalgia for that moment in time, when Skip believed in O.J.’s innocence and that meant we could too. Guilt and innocence always seemed so clear to me before I landed in the middle of this. I am ashamed of much of what I did, but not all of it. The thing I am looking really closely at is loyalty and disloyalty. I like to think we acted as good friends would. We did for him what you would want a real friend to do for you when you’re down. We didn’t realize how we were losing sight of reality, losing our souls, little by little. Before long we started to lie to ourselves, and believe every word. Each step of the way it was as though we got into deeper, darker parts of a forest we’d gotten lost in, and we did whatever we thought it might take just to get out of there, to get home again. We never really made it. Until that terrible night in June of 1994 we had been living the American Dream. It never occurred to us that it could all be lost in a matter of seconds, in an incomprehensible bloodbath. A few days later I saw O.J. for the first time. It was ten days after the arrest, the first time the judge allowed him to be seen by anybody other than his defense attorneys. I walked in to see him, and—imagine this—he was shackled. The chains around his waist rattled when he stood up from his chair. That alone just about broke my heart. He was wearing a blue jumpsuit. I remember how defeated he looked. That aura that he always had was gone. He didn’t have the charisma anymore. He was… human. A glass partition separated him from visitors. We could reach up and pass things over it to him, but we couldn’t touch him, or he us. Couldn’t hug him or shake his hand. Instead we did just like they do in countless prison movies: We’d put our hands up to either side of the glass. I was afraid to make eye contact with him because I was afraid of what I would see. Because I couldn’t look at him, I looked down at his hands, and I saw the cut on his middle finger, on the knuckle. The finger was swollen and had a very big gash on it. I looked at those hands and I thought, those are the hands that killed two people. I finally tried to look at his eyes but he couldn’t give eye contact either. I kept searching for words. I couldn’t bring myself to say, “O.J., we know you didn’t do it.” Even then I couldn’t say that. I looked at his hands, his eyes… and you could just see it, that he was guilty. I remember thinking: What happened to you? How could you go so far and not catch yourself? How could you throw it all away? It was so uncomfortable that the twenty minutes’ visiting time seemed like an eternity. I finally said, “O.J… is there anything at all that I can do?” “Yeah,” he said. “Get me the fuck out of here.” A bunch of us saw him that day. Marcus and Kathryn were there, and Cathy Randa of course. And Ron Shipp, a good friend of O.J.’s who wound up testifying for the prosecution. I think he was even the prosecution’s first witness. In our circle, that made him Judas. The first Judas, I should say. I know what you’re thinking: What about me, now? Am I not also a Judas? I can’t answer that. Maybe I am. It got to the point where there were no good options, so one by one, we started reaching for the less good options. We were literally damned if we did and damned if we didn’t. We could choose between being damned by the public, by the inner circle, our families, wives, or finally, ourselves. It came down to picking one course–—there was no way not to be damned at all. Shipp went to the other side because a writer who was working on a book about the Brown family got him to say some things that were not good for O.J. It got back to us and we started to shun him. That was when, I think, the prosecution got him. It was like choosing between freezing water or sharks. Going to my grave without putting this down on paper has become a less good option than telling it like it was, and risking betrayal. In a catastrophic situation like the one we faced, you start out all huddled together, protecting yourselves as a pack from the onslaught. The pressures are so monumental that people start to crack. The ship starts to take in water, starts to sink. Eventually, your community has been destroyed and it’s every man for himself. I have a thousand stories of how and when people started “betraying” O.J. I was always very scornful of such people, but now I am one of them. And now I understand why they did it. It is something you are driven to, in an attempt to reconcile horrible things, to return to planet earth from an exile so terrible you can’t imagine it unless you’ve been through it. My now ex-wife Debbie became an alcoholic after our marriage broke apart over all this. Today she has recovered, but I feel that my marriage was one of the casualties of those two murders. Two people were killed that night, but many more people were slowly destroyed. We all died on June 12, 1994. The dream we had been living died. Our hopes died. It was like the sun was snuffed out. We all drifted further and further from society, and from one another. All we experienced was hostility, the perception that we were all a gang of knife-sharpeners. O.J. was the super-pariah, but we were all made into smaller pariahs. The isolation is almost surreal. We felt banished to a hostile planet where everything is lies on the one hand, and on the other hand a rain of arrows from the “enemy” camp. By protecting O.J., we were protecting ourselves. Or rather, we were trying to protect ourselves—our names, reputations, our standing in the community, and our sense of loyalty. Like I said, in a situation like this, there are no good options, only bad ones. And even worse ones. By mid-July, we had decided that we would indeed go back into production and have O.J. sign objects while in jail. We started with cards—the easiest. We went to the Sheriff’s Department and requested permission to sign 5,000 cards for a company called Signature Rookies. The cards featured O.J. in his Buffalo Bills uniform—an action shot. Skip’s directive that we would only do this in a perfectly tasteful, completely kosher wayrequired a bit of fancy footwork and research. To our knowledge, this hadn’t ever been done before—a prisoner signing autographs in jail. I reminded Skip and Kathy that O.J. had not yet been convicted of any crime. Skip consulted the famous civil liberties lawyer Alan Dershowitz about O.J.’s First Amendment rights. Somehow we secured permission to take the cards to the jail. They prohibited us strictly from letting him add “Los Angeles County Jail” to his signature, but we found a way around that. They gave us permission to have him date the signatures. This increased the cards’ value, because the date showed they were signed by O.J. while he was incarcerated. An O.J. Simpson card signed by O.J. before the murders had a market value of about $25. These went for $250 each. Make of that what you want. In the beginning, getting the cards signed was a very slow and tortured process. I had to take ten cards at a time, and the pen, and give them to a lieutenant, who would give them to a sergeant, who would give them to the guard, who would give them to O.J. They’d take him out of his cell, hand him the pen, he would sign these ten cards, then give them back the cards and the pen. They would put him back in his cell, and send the signed cards all the way back through the chain of command to the lobby, where I would retrieve them. Then we would start the whole process all over again. We did this for about ten hours every day. After a few weeks of this, they told us we could send in 100 cards at a time. A funny thing started to happen: I never got 100 cards back. I got 92, or 94–never 100. I counted and re-counted, and it happened each and every time. I decided I had to talk to O.J. about this. That meant Kathy had to arrange for him to call me collect from the payphone near his cell, to the phone in the lobby. “O.J.,” I said, “are you by chance keeping any of the cards?” He got pretty irate. “What the fuck am I going to keep any of these cards for, Mike? Why would you ask me that?” I explained what was going on. We didn’t know what to do, so as usual, we turned to Dad. Kathy got Skip. “Skip,” I said, “the guards are lifting some of these cards from us.” Skip mulled it over. We have a good thing going. It could be that the Sheriff was purposefully having this done so that we’d raise the issue. Then he could say, “I’m not having my guards accused of theft. Bullshit. Shut it down.” They could easily have shut the whole thing down, and in fact, every single day we expected them to. Skip said, “Mike, let it go. This is just the cost of doing business.” So we continued. We got back 92, or 94, out of every 100 cards, and we never said a word. O.J. signed a total of about 5,000 cards. Then we turned to various photographs. Some were photos of O.J. playing at USC, some from his NFL days. We did probably 10,000 of those, maybe more. Then we got more and more ambitious. We had him signing footballs, jersey numbers, posters, lithographs, seragraphs, movie scripts—you name it, he signed it. We had to be very creative about transporting the goods into the jail. For example, we couldn’t bring in football helmets due to their bulk, and also because the metal facemask would set off the metal detectors. Our solution was to order helmet decals and have him autograph those. Normally a helmet is signed right on the helmet, so these decal-signed helmets are extra-valuable on the memorabilia market, where it is known O. J. signed them in jail. Footballs are also pretty bulky. We solved that too: Footballs are made of four panels, leather or vinyl. We ordered just the panels from a company called Daden Sports that produced footballs for the Downtown Athletic Club. We brought in briefcases filled with 150 panels at a time. As for the jerseys, we bought just the numbers, the 3 and the 2, and he signed one or the other. Later we had them sewn onto the jerseys. We had him sign stuff for the entire duration of his incarceration, clear up to the day of the verdict. We made well over $1 million. O.J. remained behind bars from June, 1994, into October, 1995. Eighteen months, while the bizarre spectacle of his trial played out. O.J. absolutely hated being in jail—hated everything about it. This was somebody who was used to having his food cooked to perfection and staying at the finest hotels in the world, so how would you expect him to feel about it? Once when I was sitting with him in jail I remembered having a meal with him at his house, at Rockingham, and recalled that he used to refuse to use paper napkins—only cloth, at every meal. Seeing him in jail tore me apart. I felt very sorry for him. Does it disgust you to hear me express sympathy for him? My sympathy for him doesn’t mean I didn’t also have sympathy for the murder victims, and for the kids, and for the families. The two didn’t cancel each other out. The world isn’t that simple, try as we do to make it be. It’s true that O.J. and I were friends, while Nicole and I were not. But that’s the thing—O.J. was my friend, and long before that he was my idol. I loved him. And I felt sorry for him. Can you understand that? If I could still feel anything today I would feel even sorrier for him now than I did then. In jail he was at least protected from all the hate. There was an order to our universe. At least we knew what to expect from one minute to the next. Unlike the public, the prison guards treated him very well. So did his fellow inmates. I actually think O.J. was better off in jail, all things considered. At least in jail he was serving out a small part of the penance, and so the punishment was present as opposed to something that was always at his heels. When he got out of prison, we never knew where or when the next person would hiss “murderer,” or walk out of restaurant, or cancel a contract, or spit at him as he passed by. In jail, things were predictable and ordered. Because he was in jail, the people around him didn’t feel it necessary to lash out with their own personal punishments. They left him alone. They accorded him his dignity. He had a few perks, but was by no means given special treatment. He was allowed to go up and use an exercise bike on the roof, and that was important to him, keeping fit. He lost a lot of weight in jail for the obvious reason that he hated the food. O.J. was on the same high profile prison ward as Lyle and Erik Menendez, the brothers who were being tried for the shotgun murders of their parents in their Beverly Hills home. (They would be convicted in 1996.) They sometimes passed us or were in the adjoining visiting room. On one occasion they got wind of the fact that O.J. was signing stuff and making money, and they had somebody ask me on their behalf whether I could help them do the same. I said I was sorry but no, I couldn’t. Once O.J. leaned in and whispered when the Menendez brothers had just walked past. “Mike, you want to hear a really strange coincidence? A weird story.” “Sure,” I said. “Well, Mr. Menendez, their father, use to work at Hertz when they were kids, and I met them and signed a football for each of them. It was when they were kids, so it was some time in the 1970s. And now here we all are, in prison together, on the same floor. Talk about a small world.” There was an additional level of macabre coincidence: O.J. told me that one of Nicole’s baby showers, I think it must have been for Sydney, had been held in the house where the Menendez parents were murdered, which at the time was being leased by a friend of O.J.’s. Sometimes when we were sitting there in jail, with O.J. chained to his chair, under the fluorescent lights, the musty airless smell, the hopeless environment, depressed out of our minds, he would start to tell stories, out of the blue. Game stories. He was a phenomenal story teller, and over the years, a few stories had become such classics that it was as if he were a musician and we were asking him to play the same song, over and over. I would look over at Skip and Skip would have tears in his eyes and he would say, “I could hear that story a hundred times, O.J., I still tear up.” When O.J. would tell the story, we would be transported back, right through those prison walls and back onto the field, with the crowds roaring and the wind on our faces, like we were there. For those minutes, as long as it took O.J. to tell the stories, we were not in jail, we were somewhere else; it sometimes felt like we were inside the huddle. There was one he liked to tell about a crucial Bills-Jets game at Shea in 1973, the year he became the first running back in history to rush for more than 2000 yards. The Bills had to win tis game or their season was over. The Bills had the ball, the clock was winding down, and the coach was shuttling wide receivers in and out of the huddle, bring the wuarterback plays. This was before they communicated through mics and headsets. The Bills had this one receiver they called Crackback Jones. There’s a kind of illegal block they call a crackback block. It’s illegal because you can hurt somebody. Anyway, Crackback had a stuttering problem, especially when he was stressed. His only relief for it was to sing what he was trying to say. The coach sends him into the huddle with a play. The clock is ticking. Crackback is definitely stressed. He’s stuttering, “Buh buh buh buh.” Finally, everybody yells at him, “Just fucking sing it!” So Crackback starts singing the play, and everyone in the huddle cracks up. They’re still laughing and grinning as they go to the line of scrimmage. The Jets defense is looking at them like, “Are you guys crazy? The clock is winding down, you’ve got to score, and you’re laughing?” To O.J., the point was that the laughter reminded them that it was a game. They were playing for the fun and the love of the game. And they ended up winning. Another story was from very early in O.J.’s career, in one of his first USC games. SC Trojans were playing against Notre Dame, at Notre Dame stadium. In the last game of the Trojans vs Fighting Irish, before O.J. had joined the team, the Fighting Irish had left the Trojans out on the field for such a long time, about 15 minutes, in ice cold freezing weather, that were frozen solid by the time the game started. They were demoralized, and just wanted to lose, quickly, and go home to sunny Southern California. Coach John Mckay said that would never happen again. So now it’s the following year, 1967, O.J.’s rookie year. As the visiting team, USC is expected to hit the field first. That’s how it’s always done. An official comes to the Trojan locker room and tell Mckay to get his team ready. “Is Notre Dame out yet?” Mckay says. The official says, “Home team always comes out last.” Mckay says, “We’re not coming out until Notre Dame is on the field.” “Coach, you need to get your team on the field or you forfeit the game,” the official replies. So Mckay shouts, “Boys, get your uniforms off, we’re going home!” O.J., the freshman, was dumfounded. He stood there agape. Mckay shouted at him, “Simpson, get your jersey off, we’re going gome!” The official leaves. O.J. is amazed. The team is actually getting undressed. A moment later, the official comes back in. He says, “Coach, Notre Dame is on the field.” And Mckay smiles and hollers, “Boys, get your uniforms on. It’s time to go kick some Irish ass!” They were so beside themselves with excitement by that time, so pumped up, they just went crazy. Mentally, they knew they had already won the game—that they had mentally defeated Notre Dame already, just as Notre Dame had done to them the year before. And sure enough, they won. They just destroyed them. Because they went out of the locker rooms already victorious. O.J. loved telling that one, and we loved hearing it, even there in jail. Why? Maybe because it was a story about the good old days, the days of youth and glory and victory, before the insanity of 1994. And maybe because it was about team spirit. Team spirit got harder and harder to maintain in 1994. For instance, O.J. had mixed feelings about his attorneys—the Dream Team. Headed up by the all-star quartet, the Four Horsemen of the legal profession, Robert Shapiro, Johnnie Cochran, F. Lee Bailey and Alan Dershowitz. His “defensive linemen,” as the Washington Post called them. The finest legal team a wealthy celebrity could buy. The one he was most wary of was Shapiro. He just didn’t trust him. He kept him on the Dream Team after a point because he thought he would leak stuff to the press if he was let go, so he didn’t dare. O.J. did not want Shapiro to be the attorney of record because he knew that black people in Los Angeles harbored a lot of ill will toward Jews. They accused Jews of giving them home loans they couldn’t repay and then seizing their houses. He didn’t want that to be playing in the minds of the black jurors. He simply did not want Shapiro in front of a black jury. The one lawyer he really wanted to lead the defense team was Johnnie Cochran. To the very end, he loved Johnnie and trusted him. When O.J. was first arrested, Johnnie was busy with Michael Jackson, and O.J. had to wait a bit. “I want Johnnie,” O.J. said, repeatedly. When Cochran finally came on board, O.J. was thrilled. He was careful about making sure Johnnie’s role was secured, and found ways to make sure the others didn’t get resentful or envious. This was a juggling act with some titanic egos, and O.J. understood how the ego and mind of an alpha male worked, being one himself. He made sure they all felt important and took his time navigating Johnnie to the top position, a process he was very apprehensive about. The two lawyers who wound up truly hating each other by the end of it, ironically, started out as the closest friends: Shapiro and F. Lee Bailey. They had been friends for decades, but tension grew and grew during the trial, and exploded when something was leaked to the press from the defense team and they accused each other. We never did find out who had leaked the information, but the damage was done, the friendship destroyed. They had a big blowup one day, and after that it was total ice and silence. It got very ugly. Shapiro at one point said that he would never work with nor speak with F. Lee Bailey again, and he kept his word. And then there was Bobby Kardashian. What can I say about Bobby Kardashian that has not been said? He set the original gold standard for O.J. betrayal with his covert, Faustian collaboration with the obese and malodorous Larry Schiller, author of American Tragedy: The Inside Story Of The Simpson Defense. Kardashian is perhaps the only person who betrayed O.J. whose conduct was so blatant and unprofessional that he even earned the scorn of the O.J.-haters, even the press, never mind us. You can see everything in the look on his face when the verdict was read. He wasn’t only shocked, he was miserable. He was counting on a guilty verdict. And then there were all the rest of us—O.J.’s friends, colleagues, business associates, confidantes, hangers-on, fellow celebrities. It was very complicated, its own cosmology almost, who visited O.J. and how and why and when. Because of the media hordes constantly outside the jail, nobody could visit O.J. without being tarred and feathered as an O.J. apologist, ally, or even accomplice. Visiting him became a political act, virtually. Some of his old football buddies had their wives threaten divorce if they visited O.J. Being associated with him dealt immediate and serious blows to people’s reputations, businesses, even marriages. Again I feel compelled to ask: What would you have done? As the trial progressed and the evidence looked more and more damning against O.J., people started to vanish. One after another they started slowly falling away. Almost everybody from Hollywood disappeared, almost overnight. Marcus Allen only went to visit O.J. one single time, that first day when we all went. Of course, as I said, I believe Marcus’ role in all this was deep and complex. No wonder he stayed away. Even Al Cowling’s visits were sporadic. A.C. was a long and close friend to O.J., a former Buffalo Bills teammate. He was behind the wheel of the infamous white Bronco on June 17. But neither the prosecution nor the defense wanted A.C. to be a witness in the trial, so it served everybody if he just kept away. The prosecution didn’t want A.C.’s testimony because he’d say that on June 17 he was driving O.J. to Nicole’s grave so O.J. could commit suicide there. They were afraid that this never-told suicide story might make O.J. seem sympathetic to the jury, grief-stricken over Nicole, wanting to shoot himself on her grave. They were determined from day one to depict him as a true monster with no feelings whatsoever. The reason the Dream Team didn’t want A.C. to testify was obvious and simple: He knew O.J. had committed the murders. How on earth would you chauffer your best friend to his own suicide attempt if not for the fact that yes, he was guilty of the murders? Let’s review the facts: A few days after the murders, when O.J. was supposed to turn himself in to the authorities, he had a few people at the house who stayed with him at all times. His sister Shirley and her husband Benny literally did not let him out of their sight the entire time. They took turns leaving the room. Everybody was afraid he would kill himself. O.J. asked A.C. if they could go for a drive, and they did, in A.C.’s white Ford Bronco. They just wanted to get out of the house, supposedly. The public believes that A.C. was shocked to discover that O.J. had a gun and was suicidal, and that he called the police to get their help in talking O.J. off the ledge. But in fact, AC drove O.J. to Nicole’s grave, explicitly so that he could shoot himself, there, and be reunited with her. Who told me this? O.J. did. During all those endless hours and days when we sat in jail, signing things. He was going to shoot himself in the head, rather than turn himself in. He said he wanted to be with Nicole. Another thing you have to remember is how important O.J.’s image was to him. He wanted to stop all the sordid details from getting dredged up in a lengthy trial for the world–and above all, for his kids–to see. If he killed himself, he would be a tragic figure, not a hero exactly, but at least the whole matter would have died down. They’d driven to the cemetery and O.J. had the gun that had been given to him years earlier by an NFL executive named Mike Orenstein. A.C. knew he was guilty. It was a very easy and obvious thing in that circle, and everybody knew it. Maybe we didn’t say it out loud–we had a kind of internalized taboo mechanism against that–but it was implicit. Would you take your best friend to kill himself if he were innocent? In his ’96/97 civil trial, O.J. was asked what he was thinking during that ride. “I felt at peace that I was going to stop feeling the way I was feeling,” he said. “… And what was the cause of that pain?” “Losing Nicole.” What happened was, they got to the cemetery and there were cops everywhere. They couldn’t get in through the front gates. A.C. took O.J. to the back and said goodbye. O.J. went off, leaving A.C. in a fairly excruciating position of having to stand there and wait to hear the gunshot. Time passed, no gunshot. Finally A.C. went up to him, in agony. “O.J., Jesus Christ. Are you going to do this or not?” O.J. retold this story with a hint of black humor. “Give me a fucking break, man,” he recalled saying. “I’m trying to kill myself over here!” A.C. just wanted to get it over with. Finally O.J. came back out of the orchard. He had pulled the trigger, he said, and the gun didn’t go off. “I thought this meant I was not supposed to do it,” he told me. “I remember what my mother always told me, that suicide is a sin, and if you kill yourself you don’t go to heaven. I’d never see Nicole again.” So he changed his mind, and told A.C. to take him back to Rockingham, mainly because he thought his mother was there. O.J. adored Eunice, who was a wonderful woman, and she adored him. But Eunice had already left Rockingham and returned to San Francisco, as it turned out. When A.C. drove O.J. from the cemetery back to Rockingham, he was in contact with the police, and told them he was bringing O.J. home. The famous slow Bronco “chase” on the 405 wasn’t really a chase at all. They were just tailing them, following them, almost like an escort. Shortly after he got home, he was taken into police custody. That’s the story neither the prosecutors nor O.J.’s team wanted the jury to hear, so A.C. was kept out of the trial. I have often wondered if O.J. regretted not killing himself that day. Many of us would become suicidal, over time, including myself, from the unrelenting pressures of the trial and the public loathing. If O.J. had killed himself that day, the entire story would have died with him, in the orchard. But that was not his destiny, or ours. O.J. suffered losses in jail that nobody knows about. One that really crushed him was what happened to Bobby Chandler. Bobby had played with O.J. at USC and they were very close friends. Bobby was always the pretty boy, the GQ ideal– blond, blue-eyed. He was also a very kind person, and he loved O.J. Bobby had gotten very severe stomach cramps while watching the Bronco chase on TV, and when we heard that we assumed it was from the stress of seeing O.J. in this situation. But the cramps didn’t stop in the coming days and Bobby went to a doctor. It was stomach cancer. Even after his diagnosis, Bobby kept up his regular visits. They had been golfing buddies, and if you know golfers, for them being on the greens is like being in paradise, or back in your mother’s womb. Bobby would tell O.J. to picture the two of then teeing off at the Riviera. “One year from now O.J., we’ll be up there having a beer, we’ll watch the sunset over the ocean, and life will be good again.” But Bobby died in January 1995, just before the trial started. O.J. was crushed by that. I often wondered what Bobby would have done when the DNA evidence started to come in. You have to understand that people who tried to believe in O.J.’s innocence were not bad people, or stupid people. They were people who knew O.J. before. They were people who knew what he meant when he said, “I couldn’t have done this.” They did not know what had happened to O.J. the night of June 12, but they knew that whatever it was, it was alien, foreign, something horrific that sprang from hell and seized him, something he couldn’t for once outrun. We all had different beliefs about what the trigger was, what the alien element was. For me, it was the Prozac. Because as soon as he went on it we lost him. He wasn’t O.J. anymore. Everything about him was different—everything. His voice, diction, memory, personality–everything. We knew he was spiraling, we knew he was in trouble, especially in the days right before the murders. I sometimes feel as if the circle of friends understood this, understood that O.J. had been a victim of something outside his control, but that he could never admit it, partially because O.J. doesn’t lose control. He’s O.J., remember? Of all the athletes I have ever worked with or met or known, he would be the last one I would ever imagine committing murder, for many reasons. I already told you his image meant everything to him. He was on top of the world, adored by everybody, and he liked it that way. I would like somebody, ideally somebody who knows, personally, about the line between killing somebody and not killing somebody, to explain this to me. Why that night was there a bloodbath? Why did he not have any of his normal inhibitions? As the trial ground on, the friends and well-wishers continued to fall away. The betrayals continued to sting. We were all pretty good people before June 12. Now we are all damaged goods. Passably decent people who were left with a series of bad choices, and eventually many of us chose all of them. I certainly did. The only person who I can look back and say was stellar, somehow, was Skip Taft. He is the most decent, good, trustworthy person I have ever known in my life. He is like the grandfather we all wish we had. To this day, Skip has not turned his back on O.J., nor has he ever spoken on the record about the trial. But I remember once when the trial was over, I asked him, “Skip, do you think O.J. would do for us what we just did for him? If the situation were reversed, would he have been there for us?” “No, Mike,” Skip said. “He loves us but he doesn’t have the ability to love like you and I do. He won’t sacrifice for us.” I was by no means a participant in the Dream Team, and I had absolutely no formal legal input, despite the impression created by the title of this book. Did I really help O.J. Simpson “get away with murder?” Yes and no. Specifically, what I did was that I became part of the larger organism of support, feedback, financing, and manipulation of public perception that ultimately, in the hands of the best lawyers in the country, resulted in O.J.’s acquittal. But it was the legal team that actually held the ball, naturally. I was a sounding board for O.J. every single day he was in jail, and I started offering ideas and suggestions, some of which he passed along to them. And over time, by virtue of being around every day, I became inveigled in the defense strategies. I am a very cunning person, and this came in handy throughout the trial. My mind works that way, because all my life I feel I have had to protect myself, and at my core I have deep seated distrust and cynicism. They didn’t call it the “dream team” for nothing. We were masters of illusion and deception. There was nothing we couldn’t spin our way, no witness whose credibility we couldn’t shred. It’s been said, correctly I think, that this was a matter of necessity. Because, put simply, we didn’t have a case. O.J.’s conviction was the prosecutors’ to lose. They had the motive, the evidence, witnesses, science on their side. We had bupkis. All we could do was poke enough holes in their arguments, sow enough doubt in the jurors’ minds—especially in the minds of the nine black jurors—to weaken their case against us. Take the blood, for example. Remember the cut I saw on O.J.’s hand? The prosecutors said he cut himself while committing the murders, then left a trail of blood from Nicole’s house to the Bronco to his house. It got on the gate at Nicole’s, on the Bronco, on the infamous glove, on one of his socks that was found in his bedroom. DNA testing—still in its infancy back them–showed both O.J. and Nicole’s blood on that sock, as well as the “blue-black” fibers from the clothes O.J. wore that night. These were also found on Ron’s shirt, and on the glove. This alone should have convicted O.J. Here is how we manipulated it—shifting the focus of attention, seeding doubt, telling the audience what they were seeing, like any good magician would do. First of all, we leaked the information about the sock to the press, wanting it to look like the prosecution had leaked it, and we spun it the way we wanted it to fly. The prosecution had video footage from the bedroom, and it does not show a sock on the floor. We stressed that–and omitted the fact that the video was showing a different part of the floor from where the sock actually was. Nonetheless, in the confusion, this seeded the idea that the sock could have been planted by the cops. Then we kept going: A sock has four sides, like a towel that you fold in half. We made a very big deal out of the fact that three sides of the sock had been soaked through with blood, as opposed to two, which suggested that the cops had poured blood on the socks. We went back to the vial of blood that was collected on O.J. and absolutely assailed the guy who had collected it at Parker Center. We went on and on about how sloppy the evidence processing was, and planted the suggestion that the blood samples were mishandled and contaminated with O.J.’s DNA there. Also, the guy testified that he had taken 8.5 cc’s of O.J.’s blood — but there were only six cc’s. We just took that and ran with it. The defense’s repetition of the question, Where is the missing blood?, created the illusion that there was missing blood. In truth, we knew that somebody drawing blood does not measure it all that exactly. What they thought was 8.5 cc’s could easily be six. What they mean to say is about 8.5 cc’s. Furthermore, the blood could easily have saturated three surfaces of the sock when O.J. took them off. Now, it should be obvious that if O.J. had nothing to do with the murders, there should never have been any blood at O.J.’s house. And yet it was everywhere—his blood and theirs. How would the cops have known that O.J.’s blood was even at the scene? How could they have planted the sock when he was still in Chicago? It’s absurd. But then, what made the whole matter fall into such hopeless fog is that there were a few places in the DNA evidence where it did seem possible that blood evidence had been planted. There was no blood on Nicole’s gate, for example, the night of the murders when the first pictures were taken. Three days later there was blood on the gate. It had more of O.J.’s DNA than any other blood they collected, as well as a preservative called EDTA, used in labs. It wasn’t hard for us to suggest that this blood had been brought from the lab and planted there. When the DNA evidence started coming in, I remember feeling punched in the stomach. It was just so damning. Blood drops near the victims matching O.J.’s. Twelve hairs on the cap found at Nicole’s matching O.J’s. A hair from Nicole, with blood on it, on the Rockingham glove. And so forth. It just kept coming in, more and more. It all pointed to O.J.’s guilt. I decided to go in and sit with O.J, to try to lend him support the day the DNA started to come in. He had a glassy expression on his face, and he spoke to me, suddenly, in what seemed like utter candor, for once. “You know, Mike,” he said, “it’s weird. I watch this DNA evidence…I believe in this stuff, the science. I believe in this science. I look at all this… and I see it and I think I know I had to have done this.” He paused, and looked at me with this vacant look. And then he said, “But Mike, if I did it…wouldn’t I remember that I did it?” He wasn’t saying that for the benefit of the TV cameras or the public. He was saying it to me, in a tone of true confused despair. I thought to myself: He did it, but he truly doesn’t know he did it. I thought back to the last time I spoke to O.J. before the murders. His slowed-down, out-of-it, drugged-out voice. I remembered thinking he was “on something.” Since then, I’d found out what it was: Prozac. If you’ve ever taken a sleeping pill, like Ambien, you know the feeling: a total blackout, when you truly have no idea where you were or what you did. It’s like a gap in your consciousness, like a piece of a film reel that’s been cut away. He looked like a kid who had just had a nightmare. I thought about his description of the Prozac, “some damn drug they put me on that was supposed to make me feel better but only made me worse.” And about what Dr. Joseph Glenmullen, the author of Prozac Backlash, had told me. He’d said that if O.J. committed these murders while on Prozac, he would only remember it like a dream, like something outside of himself, something he saw from above, like an out of body experience. I looked at him and said, “I don’t know, O.J.” In his 2007 confessional book If I Did It, O.J., through his ghost writer Pablo Fenvjes, who could not possibly have made this up,said that he found himself that night standing outside Nicole’s house, but “I couldn’t remember how I’d gotten there, when I’d arrived, or even why I was there.” Then he realized he was covered in blood, and registered the dead bodies of Nicole and Ron, lying “in giant pools of blood.” “Where the fuck was I when this shit went down?” he asks himself. He says it was “like part of my life was missing–like there was some weird gap in my existence.” I looked into O.J.’s behavior right after the killings, and it is consistent with Prozac withdrawal, which often causes acute suicidality. Another symptom of Prozac withdrawal is profuse sweating. Al Cowlings told a writer that while they were in the Bronco, O.J. was soaked in sweat. His face had turned “golden,” Cowlings recalled. Sweat poured from him. Simpson was so incoherent that [speaking to the cops] he let Cowlings do the talking for him. Now, I know how some people’s eyes roll whenever the “Prozac defense” is raised. But the truth is an incredible number of bizarre and brutal acts of violence in America in recent years seem to connected to the use of or withdrawal from antidepressants. Columbine killer Eric Harris had just been switched from Zoloft to Luvox when he went on his rampage. Steve Kazmierczak was withdrawing from Prozac when he went on his deadly shooting spree at North Illinois University in 2008. Leslie Demeniuk, who shot her four-year-old twin sons in Florida in 2001, was on Zoloft and Paxil. California teenager Jarred Vikto stabbed his grandmother 61 times ten days after being put on Paxil in 1995. Andrea Yates, who drowned all five of her small children in a bathtub in Houston in 2001, had been taking Wellbutrin and Haldol. Julie Rifkin, on Paxil, shot her two sons to death and then herself in Colorado Springs in 2005. The list goes on and on and on. In 1999, a physician wrote that “virtually all of the gun-related massacres that have made headlines over the past decade have had one thing in common: They were perpetrated by people taking Prozac, Zoloft, Luvox, Paxil or a related antidepressant drug.” The FDA now requires all antidepressants to come with a “black box” label warning about the increased danger of suicide in patients using the drugs. The FDA doesn’t make a move like that without good reason. I’m not saying that Prozac is an “excuse” for the murders. But I do think it was another piece of the perfect storm. Like I said—everything that could go wrong that night did go wrong. And that brings me back to the Marcus Allen factor. To this day I believe Marcus was with Nicole on the day or the evening before the murders. Even if he wasn’t, I believe O.J. thought he was. I know that Marcus was seeing Nicole. And I know O.J. knew it. I know because they both told me so. Not long after the murders, Marcus and I went to the Hyatt hotel in Buffalo, NY, where Marcus would be signing autographs. I was in my hotel room when I got a call from a friend. “Mike, you better turn your radio on,” he said. Faye Resnick’s quicky tell-all book Nicole Brown Simpson had come out that week. “Apparently she says in there that Nicole told her that Marcus’… was like a big piece of driftwood. That size.” “What?” “And this radio station is holding a contest. Whoever brings in the biggest piece of driftwood wins, then they’re going to burn it.” I was sickened and outraged. I knew the station—it was the one licensed to broadcast the Buffalo Bills’ home games. I called one of the top executives in the Bills organization and told him what “their” station was doing. I said it was disrespectful to Nicole, to Marcus, and to O.J., the greatest player in the Bills’ history. My friend had also said that the tabloids picked up the story. I went down to the hotel gift shop and sure enough, there on the newsrack were the tabloids with Marcus’ photo and articles about Resnick’s book. I grabbed every copy on the rack. “You got any more behind the counter?” I asked the clerk. “No sir,” he said. My anger was obviously making him nervous. I bought every copy and brought them back up to my room. I didn’t want people coming into the hotel for Marcus’ autograph session to see them. Marcus came to my room and we held the autograph session. He looked over and saw this big stack of tabloids. “Mike, what is that?” He picked one up and skimmed the story. “You know it wasn’t like that, right, Mike?” “Wasn’t like what?” “It wasn’t like what’s in here.” “You didn’t have an affair with Nicole?” “No.” “So you never had sex with Nicole?” “No, we never made love.” I stared at him. I didn’t like the evasiveness of his answer. “So,” I said carefully, “you never had sex with Nicole?” “Well…” He hesitated. “We had oral sex, but we never made love.” “Oh, well that’s okay,” I said sarcastically. I was shocked. This was the love of his best friend’s life we were talking about. They didn’t make love. They just had oral sex! “Mike, I went over, just trying to stay in touch with her, so she knew we were still her friends even though she was divorced from O.J. One thing led to another…I didn’t mean for it to happen.” I was just really taken aback. Until that day, I’d had no idea it was true. All I knew was that prior to Resnick’s book, Marcus denied having sex with Nicole. Not long after the murders, prosecutor Christopher Darden had asked him, “Did you ever have a sexual relationship with Nicole?” Marcus said, “No.” That was a lie, and he was under oath. He could have been prosecuted. There was no turning back after that. I believe that when Marcus denied the relationship to Darden, he thought it would die right there. And without Resnick’s book, it might have. We went down to lunch. Now that I knew, Marcus seemed eager to talk about it, to explain it to me. “It’s just amazing how quickly life can turn on you,” he sighed. “Everything was just great for all of us not long ago. I was at the top of my career, things were going great for O.J. Now look at us. Nicole’s been murdered. O.J.’s in jail. A.C. may be thrown in jail. I’m on the cover of a tabloid. Look at all of us.” At this time, I had no idea that O.J. knew. As soon as I got back to L.A., I went to the jail to see him. “O.J., I need to tell you something.” And I told him what Marcus told me. I expected him to be flabbergasted, but instead he just said, “So he admitted it?” “He said he said they had oral sex and stuff like that,” I stammered, “but didn’t make love.” “What do you mean stuff like that?” he growled. I said, “I don’t know, O.J. I was kind of shocked. I didn’t press him for details.” “You need to talk to Johnnie,” he said. “We need Marcus to come forward and admit this in court.” “Why?” “Because the prosecution will try to make it look like I was so jealous I killed Nicole over Marcus. He needs to testify that I have been cool about it.” O.J. said Nicole had tearfully confessed to him that she’d been seeing his best friend. He said she also asked him to ask Marcus to back off her. Marcus was treating her like any girl from the road, and she was very upset about it. According to O.J., he called Marcus and said, “Marcus, Nicole told me everything. You got to stop calling her. Just be cool.” “O.J., what are you talking about?” “Nicole told me everything.” “Nothing happened,” Marcus insisted. A few days later, O.J. said, “Marcus comes over and he’s crying. ‘I’m so sorry, man, one thing led to another…I’m sorry…’ I said, ‘Marcus, listen, Nicole and I are separated. What I’m disappointed in is that you never told me any of the things Nicole was saying to you about how she wanted to get back together with me.'” Now O.J. wanted me to persuade Marcus to come clean. “Mike, you got to go to Kansas City and talk to your boy. This isn’t about Marcus getting into the fucking hall of fame. I didn’t tell Marcus to fucking fuck my ex-wife. This is about me possibly never getting out of jail or never seeing my kids again.” I was in a horrible position. Marcus was the guy I always thought would put my kids through college if I suddenly died in a car wreck. He was that kind of person in my life. O.J. wasn’t. O.J. was my idol, but he wasn’t that kind of friend. Now he was pressuring me very hard to do something I didn’t want to do. They were both my clients, but I was closer to Marcus. I loved Marcus. His was the one friendship I lost in all this that I treasured and missed the most. But I flew to Kansas City to talk to Marcus. We met at the Crown Plaza Hotel. He said, “I’m not going to testify. You’re going to have to tell O.J. that if I testify I’m going to have to be honest and tell the whole thing. If they ask me if I ever saw O.J. stalk Nicole, I would have to say yes. I would have to tell them that I was with him when he pulled the car over and peered into a restaurant window when we saw her car.” He looked at me and said, “Mike, just because he didn’t get pissed off at me about this doesn’t mean he didn’t kill her.” That was true. Marcus was in a hell of a position, as was I. It was like a Gordian knot. I remember this with 100 per cent clarity saying to Marcus, “If this is the truth, and this is why you don’t want to testify, I accept it. Then don’t testify.” I went back and told O.J. what Marcus had said. “He would have to be honest, O.J.” “That’s what I want, for him to be fucking honest.” Haltingly, I told him what Marcus said about the stalking. “When the fuck did Marcus Allen see me stalk fucking Nicole?” O.J. exploded. “O.J., don’t get pissed at me. I went to Kansas City to talk to Marcus because you asked me to, and this is what he said.” “Then fucking let him tell about the stalking. I need him to testify.” I suggested that O.J. talk to Marcus directly. I orchestrated the call to be routed through Kathy Randa in jail. After they spoke, both of them called me. O.J. was livid. “I said, ‘Marcus, you got to come clean.’ He starts playing stupid. ‘What do you mean come clean, O.J.?’ I said, ‘About your affair with Nicole, Marcus.’ He said, ‘I can’t do it, because it never happened.’ I said, ‘Who the fuck is there with you? Is Kathyrn there? Your lawyer? Marcus, we both know it happened.’” When I spoke to Marcus, he said, “O.J. wants me to lie for him and say I had an affair.” “Marcus you told me you had the affair.” He said nothing. That was when I lost respect for him. And that was the last time that O.J. and Marcus ever spoke. I never understood why it blew up like that. My relationship with both of them was very strained after that. I wasn’t happy with Marcus, because I felt the bigger issue was to just be honest about the affair. But I also understand Marcus’ point that it doesn’t mean O.J. didn’t kill Nicole. And I also understand why O.J. was so furious after that phone call. I also absolutely believe Marcus that the stalking incident happened. So their friendship was destroyed. My friendship with Marcus eroded fast. I still repped him for a few years after that, but it bothered me. I understand that he was locked in by what he told Christopher Darden. He believed that O.J. killed Nicole. He told me once: “O.J. couldn’t look at me in jail. Couldn’t look me in the eyes.” They finally hauled Marcus in and deposed him, in the civil trial, when all of us finally got deposed. He still denied the affair, under oath. He must have something to hide that is even more serious than the fact of this affair: Q. Did you ever have a romantic relationship with Nicole? A. No, I did not. Q. Did Nicole and you, for example, ever kiss one another romantically? A. No, I did not. Q. So, no kind of sexual or romantic involvement did you ever have with her? A. None whatsoever. Q. Did she ever express to you romantic feelings that she had for you? A. No, she did not. Q. And did you ever express such feelings to her? A. No, I did not. Q. Your relationship with Nicole was purely one of friendship and nothing more? A. Yes, it was. Q. Did you make that clear to Mr. Simpson? A. Yes. I think he understood that. Marcus described how he and O.J. had been closed friends since 1978. Then: Q: Now, you have indicated to me that your relationship with Mr. Simpson is different now than it was for all these years, true? A: Yes, it is. Q: And it changed when? A: Well, the — I think one phone call I think he wanted me to write a letter in opposition to an article that I think Time magazine had written, and I didn’t do that. And I think secondly he also wanted me to testify to a conversation that we allegedly had — well, excuse me, a conversation that we had in reference to my admitting to him or something of that — you know, the fact about a relationship with his ex-wife, and the conversation, it wasn’t true. The relationship didn’t happen. And, so, I think he got upset with me, and obviously I felt — really — I felt really sort of — I was in a tough position, and I think thereby the conversation never took place again. I am sure he was disappointed, and I was sort of disappointed too, that I couldn’t help him as a friend, but I couldn’t go there and say these things because they didn’t take place. The trial dragged on, and the Dream Team spun and spun, dodged and weaved. With no good case of our own we did evertyhing we could to ridicule and punch holes in the prosecution’s. We had to plant as much doubt and mistrust as we could in the jurors’ minds. Take Mark Fuhrman. Our strategy was, as you know, to go after him at every chance. He was the pinnacle figure, the cop who had been in charge of collecting the evidence. Fortunately for us, we unearthed evidence of racist writings and utterances he’d made (“First thing — anything out of a nigger’s mouth for the first five or six sentences if a fucking lie.”), and we got him to perjure himself. We also made a very big deal out of the fact that Fuhrman jumped the fence at Rockingham, even though we understood perfectly well why he did it. He had two murder victims, and blood leading to O.J’s house, and O.J. was absent, so of course he jumped the fence. What if O.J. himself was in peril? In fact, I think they even tried calling the house but there was no answer. But the highest point of drama in the entire trial, of course, was the day O.J. tried on the bloody glove that had been found at Rockingham, to see if it fit his hand. Here was where I had my best, and worst, idea of the entire trial. Let me wind back a little bit first, and tell you about these gloves. O.J. was a professional athlete, and he had very large hands. This was one of the things I remember when I first met him and shook his hand, was how small my hand felt in his, like he was shaking hands with a second grader. When I saw pictures of the gloves during the trial, I am fairly sure I recognized them as a pair of gloves I had actually worn myself, when I was with O.J in Buffalo that preceding football season. We had gone there for a Buffalo Bills game, where O.J. was going to be broadcasting for NBC. It was a cold day, and O.J. was wearing gloves and an overcoat. I remember I was standing under a goalpost, and O.J. handed me his coat and gloves, because he had to put his Buffalo Bills jersey on over his shirt, so he could run out on the field for a re-enactment of the legendary 1973 Shea stadium game when O.J. broke the 2000 yard barrier. As he ran onto the field, I put the gloves on, admiring their quality and how warm they were. I looked at them on my hands—they were way too big—and thought, “Wow, there are really nice.” Cut to O.J. and me sitting in the jail, a few days before he was going to be asked to try on the gloves in front of the jury. O.J. brought it up, and was perturbed. “I don’t want to put them on Mike,” he said. That was understandable. They had Nicole’s blood all over them, and had been worn by her killer when she was murdered. I was pretty tough on him that day. “O.J.,” I said, “the jury is going to be watching you every move, your every flinch, everything about your demeanor when you try on those gloves. They’re going to want to see how you react. If I were a juror, I would be thinking, ‘How would I be feeling if I was innocent of the murders, and had to try on the gloves that killed my beloved ex-wife?'” There had been wax models made, and all kinds of measurings, and various experts called in about what this glove testimony would mean. Both sides were risking something, and both sides both wanted him to put it on, and didn’t want him to. O.J. sat quietly, taking this all in. “I don’t want to put it on,” was all he said. Then something just fell into my mind. I said, “O.J., why don’t you just not take your arthritis medicine the day before?” “What? Why?” he said. “What happens when you don’t take your arthritis medicine?” “My hands hurt like hell.” “What else happens?” “They swell up…” “Exactly.” I could see the penny dropping when I looked at his face. There had been a few times when we were traveling together when he forgot his arthritis medicine and his hands, especially his knuckles, would just get huge from swelling. I knew that if he did what I said the glove would not fit. We did not discuss it any further. I am not even sure he ever told his attorneys about this—I don’t think they knew. When he tried on the glove in the courtroom, with the whole world watching, he said, “It doesn’t fit,” and made that facial expression of gee-wiz, one of the iconic moments of the trial, the moment everybody remembers. And Cochran, of course, being a genius, came up with “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” And they did. So yes, in that sense I guess I did help O.J. “get away with murder.” Of course, the prosecution helped. The prosecution was ridiculously incompetent. The jury did not state that O.J. was either “innocent” or that they felt he was “not guilty” of the murders. What the verdict reflected was that the prosecution did not prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The Dream Team created and maniuplated that doubt, especially in the minds of the black jurors. We manipulated the suggestion that the cops had tampered with the evidence. We played up the fact that Furhman had in fact been recorded on tape expressing disdain—whether for theatrical purposes or not—toward “niggers.” As soon as we found the Fuhrman tapes, we knew it was over. Well, we all but knew. In his closing arguments, Johnnie compared Fuhrman to Hitler and made it sound like the jurors weren’t there to decide a murder trial but to help clean up the racist and corrupt Los Angeles Police Department. And the jurors sat there rivetted. It was like O.J. wasn’t even on trial. The LAPD was. We—and again, when I say “we” I don’t mean to imply that I was part of the Dream Team, but part of the larger team that helped out—did something I was very familiar with: We created illusions. The glove scene is the perfect example. There was no illusion we could not create for our audience. And maybe like any mesmerized audience, part of them wanted to be fooled. The truth is always harder work, and more painful. We all create illusions in order to survive. We just don’t all do it on this scale. Sitting there with O.J. every day in jail as we signed memorabilia, I got to hear a perspective that was, by sheer accident, the rarest one: I got to hear O.J.’s feedback. He would come in to the room each day after trial, and I would have either sat through the court proceedings or followed it in the media, and then we’d talk about it as we sat there signing. He would sometimes watch portions of the trial himself, on the TV in one of the prison hallways, but he was not permitted to select the channel. Only the guards could do that. He constantly narrated his retorts, answers and defenses to the various testimonies. He would rant and rave about how biased the media reports against him were—and he was right, they were. He always said that when anything went his way they downplayed it, but if it was a bad day for him it was banner headline news. By the time the verdict was read, the media had created such a bonfire of sentiment against O.J. that it quite literally was like a rampaging beast that was set loose upon the land. Once it was set loose, nobody could control it. It had a life of its own. O.J. and his crime and the evidence of his guilt were at the center of it, but it was so much more than that. It had picked up the dormant emotions of this nation’s entire racial history. The verdict became a proxy for unresolved racism, a place where it could attach itself and where it could be expressed. The “racism” did not reside in any one person stating the obvious, “O.J. did it.” Rather, the racism was expressed in the depth and intensity of how personally people took that fact, how personally they took the murders, and how personally they took the matter of showing O.J. how much they hated him. The thing O.J. thanked me for when it was over was continuing to work as his marketing agent, continuing to sign objects throughout, that we sold to help finance the costly defense. I could have done what many business associated of O.J.’s did—I could have quit, abandoned him, as soon as the evidence convinced me of his guilt. Why didn’t I? We were living in a parallel universe. Inside our bubble, it was as if we could torture the evidence until reality itself was altered. If we closed the windows tight enough, if we filled our minds with myopic interpretations of blood drops and possible scenarios of malfeasance, we could keep the truth monster outside the house. For a little while longer, O.J. could still be the hero he was to me when I was in the 8th grade, pretending to be him. If we could create doubt in the minds of the jurors, we could create doubt in our own minds, and in that space where doubt was created, we could breathe, we could survive. It was only years later, after the trial was long over, that I started to come apart at the seams. I told you I never like Nicole, and she never liked me. But she paid me a visit more than once in my dreams, when her ghost appeared, standing right over me, just looking at me. I started to try to tell her I was sorry but could not form any words or sounds. I woke up in a cold sweat. I know I created that apparition out of my own guilt-wracked mind. It was as if I was merging into O.J after all, like I dreamed of doing when I was a kid. Except I am much weaker than he is. O.J. was always able to block things out. That’s what made him the athlete he was. The Greek definition of tragedy is not when terrible things happen, but an internal measure of what is felt about those things that happen. O.J. knew how to outrun the pain in life. He’s running still. The trial had wrapped, and it was time for the jury to deliberate. We assumed the jurors would deliberate for at least two to three weeks, and were planning our lives accordingly. The day they began deliberating, October 2nd ,1995, I was sitting in O.J.’s old office down the hall from Skip’s office, making arrangements to meet a contact of mine near the jail and pick up some photographs to be signed by O.J. that day. All of a sudden Skip’s assistant Judy came running down the hall crying out, “They have a verdict!” I came out of my office and Skip came out if his, and we were both motionless, staring at Judy. This made no sense. O.J’s jury had only been deliberating for 3 ½ hours. “Who has a verdict?” I asked. “O.J.’s jury has reached a verdict,” Judy said. I looked over at Skip, who was ashen. The blood literally drained from his face. “Mike, this isn’t good,” he said. “This isn’t good.” Later, I learned that Fred Goldman, Ron’s father, was jubilant when he heard about the quick verdict. He told a reporter, “They’re going to find him guilty, they’ve found him guilty… This is great. I’ve had the feeling all weekend long. They found him guilty.” Skip walked over to the TV in his office and turned it on. There it was, all over the news: The jury had reached a verdict and they were going to deliver it the next morning. Skip and I could literally not believe our ears. Trying to reassure Skip, I said, “Skip, think about it. They’re not going to put a man in jail for the rest of his life after three hours of deliberation. Remember that this is a jury that will have been asked, ‘Do you believe that evidence was planted in this case?’ Skip, if they say yes then they have to let O.J. go. They have to.” Skip was sitting at his desk, and I was sitting across from his desk. Skip stood up and said, “I need to get to the jail. O.J. is going to be flipped out.” We turned off the TV and agreed to drive separately to the jail and meet there. On my way there, I stopped at the Denny’s near the jail to meet the guy who had the photographs. I was thinking maybe O.J. wanted something to do to take his mind off the verdict in the morning. But when I got to the jail I just left them in the car. I couldn’t handle it at all. My mind was reeling and everything seemed surreal. There is no way to describe the size of the media hordes outside that court house that day. It seemed to me that every person in the world who owned a camera or video camera was outside the L.A. County courthouse. (You know who wasn’t there? Israeli media. In Israel, there was no coverage of ther verdict at all, but not for lack of interest. Television and radio stations were off the air because the country was observing the solemn holy day of Yom Kippur. The Day of Atonement, no less.) I remember walking down the grey concrete walkway to the jail and hearing reporters call out, “Mike! Mike! I need to talk to you!” Many of them were people I’d gotten to know somewhat. We’d seen each other every day for the past year and a half. But I didn’t answer anybody this time. At that moment, I suddenly felt I had entered a dream, my own dream. I can remember walking up the sidewalk, but it seemed like I wasn’t walking. It felt like I was on a conveyor belt and everybody was being whisked past me. It was as if I was standing still, they were moving, and the building was getting closer to me. I could see the glass doors of the jail and I just focused on those. I got there, signed in, and for some reason didn’t even have to go through a metal detector. Somebody said O.J. was in his usual room. They closed the metal door behind me before they opened the other one, and in that moment I focused on making my demeanor strong and upbeat. I made my way into the attorney room. O.J. was off to one side. Skip was already there, as was Bobby Kardashian, who unbeknownst to us had sold O.J. out in a lucrative book deal with Larry Schiller. Kathy Randa was there with her attorney. I went up to O.J. and tried to act normal. “Hey O.J., how’s it going?” He just looked at me said, “Oh God. This is crazy Mike.” Before I had a chance to tell him that I had left the photos in the car, he said, “I can’t sign anything today Mike…” “I completely understand,” I said. “You don’t need to explain. I just thought you might want to be distracted.” Everybody was talking and buzzing about possible scenarios. The one possibility—that the verdict would be “guilty”–didn’t necessitate any planning, nor was it discussed or ever mentioned. That’s not to say it didn’t weigh very heavily, silently, in all of our minds. But we avoided mentioning it, speaking the words. The other possibility– “not guilty”—that one would require careful planning, so we threw ourselves into that. The questions were how to get O.J. out of there and where he should go. F. Lee Bailey had offered his private jet to fly O.J. wherever he wanted to go. A few of us, myself included, were pushing for him to fly to Maui and stay at the Ritz Carlton there until the madness died down a little. He of course wanted to see his kids right away, but they were in the custody of the Brown family, so that too was complicated. Then O.J. said he wanted to make a statement to the press outside the courthouse if he was acquitted. At that moment the lieutenant at the jail came over and asked if he could talk to me outside. “Sure,” I said, and we went out into the lobby. “Listen,” he said. “O.J. is under the impression that if the verdict goes his way he can just walk out of the courthouse and address the media on the steps, like Perry Mason. It doesn’t work like that.” “Okay,” I said. “Then how does it work?” “If he is found guilty he will immediately be transported to a holding facility until they figure out which prison to send him to.” “Okay.” “If he is found not guilty he will still have to be transported back to the jail and then processed out. His possessions will be boxed up and returned to him, and he will be released like all other inmates. I’ll show you. Follow me.” He walked me through the maze of the jail to show me the exit from which O.J. would be released. “I would suggest that you folks get a few different vehicles.” “Okay. But O.J. still wants to make a statement.” “That is not a good idea. We don’t want that.” “Why not?” “We have received numerous death threats against O.J. People have said that if he is found not guilty they will shoot and kill him as he leaves this jail. For that reason we will most likely have SWAT teams stationed around these buildings to make sure he is safe. As long as he is on this property, he is still our responsibility. We would like him to get off the property as quickly and quietly as possible.” I felt punched in the stomach. It is a feeling I would experience countless times in the years to come. This was my very first inkling that O.J. would not be welcomed back into the community with open arms. I went back in to the visiting room and started listening again to the clamor of plans. Various people were offering limos, vehicles, planes, houses…The only one who didn’t seem interested in any of this was O.J. himself. At one point he hushed us. He raised his arms and said, “Guys, guys, slow down. This could all be moot. This could all be a moot fucking point. We don’t know what the verdict is.” At that, everybody just kind of stopped. Skip broke the silence. “O.J. don’t think like that.” “But it’s true. We don’t know.” People have claimed at various times in the media that O.J. knew what the verdict was going to be. That is nonsense —he had no idea. “Well, the moment is finally here,” I said to him, and he nodded. I asked him what Johnnie had said about the extremely short deliberation time. O.J. said Cochrane thought it was good. “But he said it could go either way,” he still insisted. “Nobody knows.” I told O.J. what the lieutenant had said. “Death threats?” he said. “What the fuck are you talking about? This is crazy. Why are people talking like this?” “O.J., you can’t make a statement,” I said. “If you get shot, they’ll have the L.A. riots all over again.” He shook his head in disbelief. I explained that if he was found not guilty they would have to take him back to the jail and process him out. He said, “Mike, if I’m not guilty there’s no way I’m going back to that fucking cell.” “You’re not going back to the cell,” I said. “Your things will all be boxed up and they will quickly get you out, and you will leave the same way any inmate does. And we’ll have several cars.” “When am I going to see my kids?” he asked. I told him I had no idea but that I understood it was his first priority. We went back to the group, who were still discussing where O.J. would go if he were to be found not guilty. O.J. had made a decision. “Listen, folks, I want to go home,” he said. “I don’t want to go to Maui. I don’t want to go to Florida. I want to go home. I have not even been able to grieve for Nicole. I want to go back to the home we shared and grieve and start my life over. I want to see my kids. Just let me go home.” Everybody was quiet. “Whatever you say O.J.,” I said. “It’s your decision. Just understand, dude, the press will surround your house.” “I understand that. I still want to go home.” So that was that. It was close to 8 pm, the end of visiting hours. Everybody left, and it was only me, Skip and O.J. left in the room. O.J. put his hand up to the glass partition. He said, “I want you both to know that I love you. I never could have gotten this far without you, both of you. If the verdict is guilty, I never want to see you guys again. I wouldn’t want to burden you with having to come visit me. I wouldn’t have anything to offer, anything to share with you. I’m serious, guys. Don’t come back if the verdict is guilty. Don’t come back ever.” I looked at him, and wondered if this could be the very last time I ever saw him. The guards said we had to get going. My last words to him were, “I love you, man. I’ll see you tomorrow at Rockingham.” They came to take him back to his cell and I remember the sound of the chains rattling against the metal chair, a sound I prayed I would never have to hear again. They led him out of the room and I turned away. I started crying, and so did Skip. We went out to the middle room, and before we exited I said to Skip, “Hang on a second. Let’s not go out yet. We can’t go out there looking like we’ve been crying.” I found a tissue and started drying my eyes, and Skip dabbed his eyes with his sleeve. We took a deep breath and walked out, and as soon as we got out, we were instantly surrounded by the press. I didn’t want to say anything, and definitely didn’t want them to see my face because I had really been crying pretty hard. I dodged right behind them and found a path to get away, a trick I had used before, once I realized that cameramen can’t turn because of the weight and size of their cameras. I looked back over my right shoulder and saw Skip trapped in a blaze of camera lights. I was thinking about how hard it must have been for him, because Skip truly loved O.J. and had been his friend and attorney for over twenty years, much longer than I had known O.J. I kept going. I had to let him fend for himself. But I felt bad, like I had left a buddy in battle and allowed him to be surrounded by the enemy. I got to my car and drove off as fast as I could. I went to the Hyatt, to my room, and my cellphone was ringing absolutely nonstop. CNN got through and asked if they could come and film my reaction as the verdict was read, over at Rockingham. I said, “No way.” I turned off my cellphone and the hotel phone, and took an Ambien to help me fall asleep. It had no effect. I took another half. Still no effect; I was wide awake. I finally got up and started getting dressed. I decided to drive home then and there. It was about three in the morning and it was a four hour drive. It wasn’t the smartest move I ever made—driving home after taking a dose and a half of Ambien– but I drank a lot of coffee, drove at a steady good speed, and before I knew it, I was home. I got there about twenty minutes before they read the verdict. The kids were at school. Debbie had the TV on, and a few relatives had come over. I braced myself and stood stock still in front of the TV. I remember hearing the first part of the verdict, for the first charge, which was “murder,” and when they said “not guilty” I suspended my breathing and said, “Wait, it’s not over yet.” I was thinking that he could still go to jail for life even if one of the lesser charges like “manslaughter” stuck. They continued to repeat “not guilty” all the way through, and the moment I saw O.J. mouth the words “thank you” to the jury and saw Johnnie’s reaction, that was when it hit me. Every phone in the house started ringing off the hook. It was insane. Everybody from my entire life was calling– people I’d gone to high school with, or worked with at odd jobs I didn’t even recall. Neighbors were knocking on the door, people were just walking right in to the living room, sharing their reactions and asking me questions about what O.J. had said and felt the day before. They were all very upbeat. I was dazed and stunned. I sat down and just absorbed the moment, took stock. I remember feeling at that time that I had done the right thing by sticking by him, and that now we could go on with our lives. Debbie gave me a very long hug, not a celebratory hug but more of an it’s over hug. From the moment I had called home from Yosemite on June 13, 1994, to this, almost a year and a half later, our entire lives and consciousness had been dominated by this ordeal. I was worried about the toll it had taken on my family. But truthfully, back then my first instinct was always to worry about O.J. Later, when the cracks in my marriage started to manifest, it was too late. As with almost everything else in this hideous ordeal, it was too late to save it. I drove to my kids’ school and took them out of class to tell them the news. They already knew. “Dad, we watched the verdict on TV in the classroom,” Luke told me. I laughed a little. Luke asked, “Does this mean that uncle O.J. can come home now?” “Yes, sweetheart,” I said, “it does.” I knew I had to drive back to L.A. and get to Rockingham by nightfall, but first I had some urgent business to attend to. I had had O.J. sign one thousand envelopes in jail, and my brother in law had agreed to help me get them ready for the post office to turn them into what’s called caches, which are envelopes that are stamped and cancelled by the post office to verify their postage date. My brother in law was licking stamps on the entire four- hour drive to L.A., and then we had to wait in line at the post office in downtown Los Angeles to have each of them cancelled. I never wound up selling those, and still have them. I have received so many macabre offers from people for O.J.-related objects they wanted to buy for various ritualistic or commercial purposes. One guy, years later, wanted to affix crime scene photos to those O.J.-signed envelopes and offered me $250,000 for them. They are still in my attic. By the time I got to Rockingham it was dark, some time after 8 p.m. The media mob had descended there, predictably, and literally engulfed the neighborhood. As far as the eye could see there were news vans, trucks, satellite dishes, and hordes of reporters from every country in the world except possibly North Korea. The house itself had been barraged with deliveries from friends, well-wishers and, we later learned, journalists trying to get inside. Flowers, telegrams, pizzas, ice cream, cakes—everything imaginable was delivered to the house. Before long, it was discovered that the tabloids had made floral deliveries and planted microphones inside the flowers. Other reporters ordered deliveries of various items to be made so they could try to sneak inside when the gates opened, or at least shout questions. Before long, all deliveries had to be left outside the front gate and examined by the security guards. Those guards opened the gate for me and I went inside. I had only one thing on my mind—to see O.J. The first person I saw inside the house was Larry Schiller, who was dismantling some camera equipment. “Hey, you’re late,” he said, with characteristic lack of subtlety. “I was working,” I said. I spotted Kathy. She said O.J. was upstairs in his bedroom. The party was winding down by the time I got there, as it had been going on most of the day. I greeted a few people, then quickly went up to the bedroom. The door was ajar. I knocked and walked in. O.J. was lying on the bed propped up against some pillows. Gretchen Stockdale, whom O.J. had dated, was sitting on the edge of the bed, looking quite stunning. Because Gretchen was jaw-dropping beautiful, prosecutor Marcia Clark assumed she would have the IQ of a raisin. She got on the witness stand and dismantled Clark. Everybody on the defense team was blown away by Gretchen. Marcia kept trying to corner her and make her look stupid, but she just couldn’t do it. When Gretchen and O.J. broke up, Christy Prody was over, and O.J. told her to pretend she was with a guy named Ed who happened to be at the house. Christy went along, but Gretchen saw through it and confronted O.J. She went off on him the next day, told him to fuck himself. Gretchen graduated from law school a few years later. I was very happy for her when she broke up with O.J. She and Skip Taft are my two favorite people I met through him. She was very different from a few of the other beauties O.J. dated, who did not strike me as so bright. Like the one who told me, “I knew that I should be with O.J. because my birthmark looks like Africa.” She did have a birthmark that looked like the continent of Africa, but what a thing to say. Once, she visited O.J. in jail and said, “O.J., do you remember when we went to that big dam in Buffalo?” Big dam, I thought, in Buffalo? O.J. and I looked at each other. At the same moment O.J. and I clicked and we both said, “Niagara Falls?” “Yeah, that’s it.” “That’s a waterfall,” I said, “not a dam.” She said, “Well, I’m not good with geometry.” “Geography,” O.J. said, “not geometry.” I later told O.J., “If you get out of here and you marry her, I’ll kill you.” O.J. lit up when he saw me enter his bedroom. “Michael Gilbert!” he called out, and pulled me right onto the bed on top of him, hugging and kissing me. “Hey don’t give me jail sex, dude,” I joked. “You’re the one who’s been in prison for a year and a half, not me.” He laughed, and I sat down on the bed. “I told you I’d see you here,” I said. “You did, you certainly did,” he said. “Where the fuck have you been all day anyway?” “Well, while you all were partying, I was working,” I said. “Making sure we can keep paying all our bills around here.” I showed him one of the envelopes and explained about the post office. He said, “I should have figured, knowing you.” Somebody brought me a glass of champagne. We all talked and bantered for probably two hours about the verdict and our reactions when it was read. People always ask me what O.J. said about his own response to the verdict that night, and all I can remember is that he said he was extremely happy. I don’t remember specifically what his words were. I do remember that at one point he looked around his bedroom and said, “This is so good, to be back in my own bedroom, in my own bed.” He was in an extremely euphoric mood. He was still wearing the suit that he was acquitted in, and had a “lucky ring” on his finger that had been braided by one of the inmates out of multi-colored threads pulled from socks. Around midnight, exhausted, I excused myself and told O.J. I would be back in the morning. He hugged me goodbye and thanked me again. I said goodbye to Gretchen and the others, left the party, got my car, and drove to my hotel, totally exhausted. As I was laying on my hotel bed, I was simply thinking the obvious: “Wow. It’s all over. It’s done. The nightmare is over. We can all get back to real life now. Everything is going to normal again.” Wrong again. I flipped on the TV, and every station was covering it, talking about it. They were showing people’s reactions. Every single one was not only negative but shocked, disgusted, and enraged. Every single station, it was the same thing. It was like a futuristic nightmare world where the TV only shows one story, and within that story was only one emotion: Hate. You may well call me naïve or worse for not having anticipated this, but I didn’t. I remember O.J. in jail, talking very confidently about being on the A list for every party in Hollywood if he was acquitted. We were like an insulated society; we had our own emotions, values, instincts, reactions. After the acquittal, our bubble world was suddenly pressed against the “real” world, and for the first time, I could see the writing on the wall. I had a sick feeling. It’s like running a marathon, and you give every ounce of energy, you’re exhausted and beaten, you think your lungs are going to explode, but you can see the finish line. Then you look down and they’ve moved the finish line, and you’re nowhere near it. I went from pure jubilation, being full of energy and hope, to a feeling of despair. I laid back in my bed and it hit me like a punch in the gut. It’s not over. Not even close. It was like seeing thousands of raised pitchforks coming down over a hill straight toward your street. This was war, and it had only just begun. The next morning I turned on the news to see if there was anything I could grasp onto for comfort. There wasn’t. It was the same, on every channel, the same rage-filled responses. They were showing protesters outside of Rockingham with signs that said, “Murderer,” “Butcher,” or, “Get Out Of Our Neighborhood, Killer!” They showed a barricade near the house that somebody had spray-painted with the word, “Murderer.” I thought to myself, I hope he’s not seeing this shit. But of course, he was. He was watching TV just like everybody else. A lot of the anti-O.J. sentiment at that time was being driven by feminist groups, particularly the National Organization of Women. Even I was a target. Tammy Bruce, the head of N.O.W.’s Los Angeles chapter, recorded an outgoing message on N.O.W.’s answering machine not long after O.J.’s acquittal giving my home and cell numbers and urging people to call me and tell me what they thought of me. I fielded hundreds of calls—everybody from furious feminists to white supremacists. I decided to talk to as many of the callers as possible, rather than just hide, and I engaged them in real discussions about what it means to respect the rights of others, and what it means to incite hate like Ms. Bruce had done. I recorded a few of the most hate-spewing messages I got, including some from racist groups, and gave it to CNN, which aired a segment on it. They confronted Tammy Bruce with the recordings. Her only quote was deeply sarcastic: “Well, welcome to the real world, Mike Gilbert.” Denise Brown, who had reinvented herself as a staunch feminist and anti-domestic violence spokesperson, was being interviewed everywhere, furiously denouncing O.J. as a wife-beater and killer. To the best of my knowledge, when she was alive, nobody in Nicole’s family had ever urged Nicole to leave O.J.—not even after the 911 call. Her parents, without question, always urged her to stay in the marriage and try to hold it together. O.J. was very well-liked by Nicole’s family as far as I could tell. He was practically Santa Claus. He had paid for the college tuition of one of Nicole’s younger sisters, Dominique, and had set Lou Brown up with the Hertz car dealership that he ran. He frequently paid for the entire family to vacation in places like Hawaii. This was not lost on the black members of O.J.’s family. His sister Shirley used to comment on the fact that Nicole spent much more of O.J.’s money, at Christmas for example, on what she called “the white folks.” But all the contradictory, real, complex details of O.J.’s family relations were totally wiped out in the media glare. Nothing was recognizable anymore, nobody was permitted the faintest hint of positive commentary on who O.J. Simpson was, or had been, other than “murderer.” It proved too tempting for many. Everybody became an instant saint in the refracted media light of anti-O.J. sentiment. It quickly got to the point where all you had to do to be a public hero or heroine was denounce O.J. as a killer. This outpouring of hate reinforced my wish to protect O.J. The attacks were so vicious I felt I had no choice but to fight back. My position was in a sense defined in opposition to theirs. If we could have talked like reasonable people, we would have found points of mutual agreement. I never said—ever—that I thought O.J. was not guilty of the murders. But I still wanted to defend other aspects of the truth about him. Prior to the murders, I’d known him to be a generous person and a good friend. I always used to quote a line of Richard Gere’s from the movie Primal Fear. In that movie, Gere plays a criminal attorney who defends a killer in court. He is in a bar with a journalist who asks him why he does what he does, why he defends the guilty. He replies, “Because I don’t want to judge any man by the worst night in his life. I have always believed that sometimes really good people do really bad things.” I got to Rockingham that morning with a knot in my stomach. I took something to eat out of the fridge and then went upstairs to O.J., who was still in bed. He muted the TV when I came in. He was truly off the hook, furious, after watching an interviews with Denise and various hardcore feminists. “Can you believe this shit? I was found fucking not guilty. This is bullshit. These women would never have defended Nicole when she was alive. These are the same types of women who hated Nicole, and hated what she was. That she didn’t have an education, that she married a rich guy, got by in life on her looks. Now they’re gonna use Nicole for a membership drive? This is fucking crazy.” I saw the suit he’d been wearing the day before, when the verdict was read, crumpled on the floor, near the closet. We had joked about it being his “lucky suit.” I picked it up and put it on a hanger—the slacks, shirt, jacket, and tie. “O.J, what are you going to do with this? I asked. “This is a piece of history now.” He looked over. “You want it? Take it. You can have it if you want it. That’s the least I can do. Take it.” I thanked him. Went downstairs and got a shopping bag, folded the suit into it, and put it in my car. When I went outside, I was struck by the noise of the media who had simply moved “Camp O.J.” now to surround his house and watch his every move. He couldn’t go out. He had to stay in the house, for now, at all times. It occurred to me then that he had gone from being a prisoner in jail to being a prisoner in his house. The only difference was his cell was bigger now. And now he had something worse than chains. The prison guards had maintained strict order around him, and he had been sheltered from the reality outside, from the rage of the mob. This rage only matured fully when he was acquitted. Now he was on his own, and he found his world getting more and more ominous and claustrophobic. He was hunted, hated, abjected, exiled. Little by little, he lost everything that had ever mattered to him, beginning with his image, his friends, his business partners. Eventually he lost his house, his possessions, even his Heisman trophy. People ask me where the suit is today. It’s in the same place where it has been all these years, hanging in my closet in Hanford. It still has a fleck of blood on the collar of the shirt, where he cut himself shaving the morning he was released. I know the world of memorabilia collectors, and how much they are willing to spend to own an iconic piece of American pop culture history. I’ve been offered as much as $50,000 for the suit. At one point, Howard Stern declared he wanted to buy it, in order to set it on fire in a public place. I never participated in, or provided materials for, any of this kind of O.J. voodoo being acted out. In fact, I never sold anything, even when I was dead broke. At least that’s something small to be proud of. Over the years, O.J. forgot that he had given me that suit, and decided he wanted it back. He had been led to believe it was in that hotel room in Las Vegas, and went bursting in. I can see why it would have emotional and symbolic meaning to him. I have lost a lot of my humanity over these past 14 years, but I am still human enough to find it heart-rending that in the end O.J. trapped himself. And the lucky suit that he believed represented his freedom is now the very suit that may put him in prison for the rest of his life. O.J. and I were alone at Rockingham, with nobody around, a few weeks later. The kids were with their grandparents, the Browns, and the security guard was out in the guard shack. We had finished some business we had to tend to and I was spending the night there and driving home to Hanford the next day. We had been upstairs and OJ had gone out on the balcony to smoke some pot, a habit he acquired after the criminal trial. Marijuana had the same effect on him as it does most people, it made him slow, a little bit melancholy, more relaxed. It was pouring rain outside and that had a calming effect as well. We were both drinking Rolling Rocks, and for once we weren’t trying to get anything done, or struggling to evade some immense impending threat. It was a long, strangely hazy night. We sat around, we talked, we went outside, sometimes we sat quietly and said nothing. At one point it stopped raining and O.J. took me outside because he wanted to show me something. It was a huge tree in the back yard that I had never given any particular thought to before. He told me it had been a very special tree to both him and Nicole, but especially to Nicole. “Nicole loved this tree,” he said. “It was dying and we got on a crusade to save it. Spent thousands, and consulted all these tree specialists. It took a lot of work but finally we turned it around.” He showed me where they had carved their names into the trunk. He liked to go stand under that tree, he said. One thing that struck me was that although he seemed to grieve his own loss, he never once wept for Nicole. He never once said, “I wonder what she went through,” or “I hope she didn’t suffer.” Never once. We came downstairs and sat down in the living room. The only sound was the rain against the windows. It was now or never, I felt. This was my chance. I didn’t know if I really wanted to know the answer, but something about the atmosphere that night gave me the courage to ask him. I remember trying to steady my voice. “OJ,” I said, “what happened that night? What happened June 12th?” He took a breath, and leaned back. He did that familiar sigh. He got a very pensive look on his face. He looked at me. “What do you think?” he said. “What do you think happened that night, Mike?” I hesitated for a while. I thought: Do I just give him the same pat answer that everybody gives him? I gave very careful consideration to what I was about to say, and how I was going to say it. I finally answered: “O.J., I believe you were there. I have always believed you were there. Whatever happened…happened. I don’t believe it was your intention. I don’t know if you know you did it, if you think you did it, but yes, I believe that …you did it.” I remember looking at him as I was saying this, and waiting for shock, waiting for him to stop me. But he didn’t. He looked at me with no expression, no emotion, nothing. Then he said, “Mike, I did go there that night, but I didn’t take a knife.” It was quiet for a moment and I said gently, “I know that, because you told that to A.C.” We didn’t say any more. Nothing more needed to be said. Shortly after this, we both turned in for the night. It started to hit me what had just happened. I had asked to be burdened with the truth, and now I was. I felt very strange. It was so quiet in the house and I was all alone. I went down to the kitchen to get some fruit, some apples, and a knife to cut them with. I brought the fruit and the knife up to my room. In the eerie quiet, I started getting more and more apprehensive. I wanted to barricade the bedroom doors, but it was a double door that opened outward and it was impossible. I placed a chair and my suitcase near the door, and placed the knife on the bedside table, just as a neurotic form of imaginary protection. What if O.J. decided he had said too much? I knew my mind was playing tricks on me, and wondered if I was going crazy myself. His denial was always rooted entirely in his insistence that he was not there that night. He had always strenuously denied it. A few of us in the inner circle, though, knew that he had admitted to this. Al Cowlings had told a man named Mike Pullers, a former close friend of O.J.’s, and Pullers had told me. I confronted A.C. about this when he and I were at the Hyatt Hotel not long after O.J. was incarcerated, signing black and white NFL photographs of himself and O.J. A.C. came clean right away, and confirmed what I had heard. We talked about it from many angles. I remember him talking about how impossible it was to imagine Nicole confronting drug lords, which was O.J.’s proposed scenario. “Nicole was a chicken,” A.C. said. “Remember when she was too scared to drive under the overpasses after the 1992 earthquake?” I did. For a good year after the earthquake, Nicole had been so afraid that she exited at every overpass. I said, “Mike Pullers told me that you told him that O.J. told you he went there that night but didn’t bring a knife.” A.C. nodded. “So then why is it okay?” I asked. “Why do we stay with him? Why do we continue to defend him?” I remember AC’s words very clearly. He said, pretty forcefully, “What good would it do? Mike, it’s like this. The kids already don’t have a mom. If we help put OJ in jail for the rest of his life, then they don’t have a dad. And now they have it proven to them that their dad murdered their mom. We can’t do that to them.” I nodded. Part of me accepted this simple inner circle logic. Another part of me felt something else, but I didn’t say it. The something else was the obvious: We would do it because it would be justice. The trouble was, we all knew O.J. and we knew he wasn’t a crazed killer, like a Charles Manson type who would go out and kill again. We knew he was strung out on Prozac. We knew that everything had aligned that night for this catastrophe to occur, and that it would never happen again. Everything that could go wrong that night did go wrong, like I said. Nicole had shunned him, none of his friends were around, Marcus was in the Cayman Islands, I was in Yosemite. All of us were gone. Everybody he could lean on was gone. There was nobody there to reel him back in. I remember the complex ambiguity of something else A.C. said. “Mike, if Nicole wouldn’t have opened the door with a knife, none of it would have happened.” Well, that is one way of looking at it. This thing has taken on the deep mysticism of an ancient, impossible to obtain secret, like the riddle of the Sphinx, but that that’s all just veils and smoke and posture. The truth has been lying on the ground at our feet right out in the open the entire time. Selling O.J. Piece by Piece I can hear his voice to this day. Gruff and menacing. “Gilbert,” he told my answering machine, “you will be in the wrong place at the wrong time and I’ll kill you and your nigger client. We’ll kill your kids too, cut their throats like Ron and Nicole, and leave them on your doorstep.” Charming. And that was just one of the hundreds of calls I got after N.O.W.’s Tammy Bruce gave my number out to the world. I guess you could say they were wake-up calls. My golden goose of a client, my former idol who’s name had been so adored, was now the most reviled man in the country. Nothing in contemporary American history has revealed the Grand Canyon still dividing White American from Black America like the reactions to O.J.’s acquittal did. Black America rejoiced, as one writer put it, like they’d just won the Super Bowl. White America was aghast, appalled, enraged. I had to walk through the hate storm to believe it. Before it was all over, I would go from being pampered like a king, with five-star treatment wherever we went, to having my life threatened on a regular basis just for being O.J. Simpson’s agent. It was like something out of another century, or out of a bad movie, the levels of hate and terror that were unleashed by the O.J. verdict. Each day, we thought it would die down, and each day it just grew and grew. I wish I had kept track and counted the number of times I had to hear the word “nigger” (about O.J.) and “white nigger” (about me.) We were primarily targeted by two political groups when O.J. got out of jail: white supremacists and extreme feminists. Talk about your unholy alliances. I think everybody in between, “ordinary Americans,” mostly got swept up in it, but would never have generated so much of an uproar if left to their own devices. I got threats all the time from what I call feminazis. Tammy Bruce’s obsession with O.J., and the apparent racism that fueled it, have been well documented. During the trial, she denounced O.J. with practically every breath she took on her L.A. talk radio show. When it was announced that a verdict was in, she uncorked a bottle of champagne on air, she was so confident O.J. had been found guilty. When he was acquitted instead, she organized candlelight vigils and protest demonstrations outside Rockingham. In her crusading zeal, she made some huge and revealing tactical blunders. On ABC’s “Nightline” she basically declared that abuse of women was a more important issue than racism, and actually blurted out that focusing on domestic violence provided “a needed break from all that talk of racism.” Then she turned down an invitation to appear on a Philadelphia radio talk show, saying that she didn’t want to “argue with a bunch of black women” about O.J. Her superiors at N.O.W. publically censured her and apologized for those remarks. Bruce left N.O.W. a few months later. She went on to become a popular pundit on conservative media. Her web site describes her as “an openly gay, pro-choice, gun owning, pro-death penalty, voted-for-President Bush authentic feminist.” Make of that whatever you want. I got hate calls from the Klan, and from white supremacists. “You helped a nigger get away with murder. You are no better. You’re a white nigger.” Of course, I think they hated O.J. because he was a black man who had “miscegenated with” a beautiful blonde white woman. I really don’t think it was so much about the fact that he had murdered her as the fact that he had had sex with her, “defiled” her. There was also the fact that the Dream Team that “got him off” for the murder was made up of Jews and blacks. We heard a lot of vile and idiotic ranting from them. Tom Metzger, the founder of the neo-Nazi White Aryan Resistance, wrote that “O.J. had served the international Jew conspiracy in a most powerful way, suggesting by phony example that racially mixed marriage and mongrelization could be a glamorous lifestyle for the elite.” He suggested the Jews had butchered Nicole kosher-style, framed O.J., and then “sent their best shysters in to defend him.” Then again, there was the counter conspiracy theory that it was the white supremacists themselves who murdered Nicole and Ron and framed O.J. That’s just one small example of the kinds of hysterical lunacy the O.J. verdict provoked. Oddly enough, at the same time as this was going on, my phone was ringing off hook with people wanting to book O.J. for the first public appearances after his release. The very first post-jail deal we attempted was a microcosm of what was to come. It was with a Pennsylvania-based company called Signature Rookies, a major sports card memorabilia company. The deal was an appearance and autograph contract for $1 million. O.J. had to make an appearance and sign about 50,000 autographs on selected items and some different type of inscriptions. O.J. received so many sacks of mail in jail, at least hundreds of thousands of letters, both positive and negative, and we had kept a lot of it. We had agreed to give Signature Rookies the positive letters, so they could market these to O.J.’s fans. The gentlemen from Signature Rookies, Tim Slatt and Paul Golden, and I were to have a press conference in New York to announce the deal within a few days of O.J.’s release. Meanwhile, O.J. was booked to do an unpaid interview with NBC, in Burbank, CA, four days after verdict, with Bryant Gumbel. He believed this would take care of everything. He would explain everything, and as Nicole had put it, “O.J. his way out.” The President of NBC West Coast, John Olmeyer, a close friend of O.J., called him and warned him that it was going to be “brutal,” and that there was nothing he could do personally to help or protect O.J., because this was not his department. This was not entertainment, but news. At that point, O.J. started to get worried, but he still wanted to do it. He wanted his image back, very badly. He was obsessed with doing what he imagined to be the great Everything Is Forgiven TV interview, where he would be believed and heard and understood and redeemed. But the skies were darkening and the drums were beating. Now NBC was dealing with threats, bomb threats, mass public outrage, threats of boycotts. O.J.’s attorneys, meanwhile, cautioned him that everything that came out of his mouth would be used against him in the pending civil suit–everything. They told him to watch every single word he said in private and public. Well, that’s useless advice to a non-stop talker like O.J. On the day of the scheduled NBC interview, I got a call from Skip saying it was cancelled. O.J. would not do it. We regrouped and talked about what to do next. Most of us thought this was a minor storm that would pass, and that maybe if we just laid low, the tide would turn by itself in a few days. I was the one most in favor of putting O.J. back out there. I told O.J. and Skip that we needed to do something to turn public opinion, or at least spin public opinion. “If we don’t, we’re just sitting here taking a beating,” I said. “It’s just going to get worse.” I met with Signature Rookies and we all agreed to put the press conference on hold, sit back and wait for tide to past. In the coming days and weeks, it just got worse and worse and worse. Anti-O.J. sentiment had metastasized into a cult or crypto- religion within days of his release, and there was nothing whatsoever anybody could day or do to affect it. I don’t think Jesus Christ could have calmed people down. Soon we realized that anybody who did business with us would themselves be jeopardized, and it came down to whether we could force them to honor their contracts or not. For that first $1 million contract, Signature Rookies wound up asking me if they could form a secondary, front company just so that their name would not be targeted by hate and protest. I feared that a second company, which had no assets, would just be a way for them to get out of the contract legally. As it worked out, after a few weeks they did start to look for ways to breach the contract. It was becoming more and more evident that it wouldn’t work. Ultimately, we kept $50,000 of their money, they kept the cards and we both walked away. Signature Rookies went bankrupt a year or two later. I believe that it died of the plague, not natural causes. But there would be many, many more opportunities to market O.J. memorabilia, O.J.’s signature—O.J. himself—over the coming years. I know many people find that appalling. I can only say you don’t understand how celebrity and fame work in America. I’d add that almost everyone involved in the O.J. case, on both sides, marketed their experiences somehow. Everything had a price, and everybody was buying or selling. Those on the side of the victims were, in many cases, the ones who profited most. Prosecutor Marcia Clark got a $4 million advance for her book on the trial and pursued a post-O.J. career as a television expert on criminal justice. Nicole Simpson’s father sold her diaries to the National Enquirer, the same paper to which her sister Dominique sold topless photos of Nicole. Nicole’s parents sold use of O.J. and Nicole’s wedding video to “A Current Affair.” As one L.A.-based TV correspondent who toiled long hours during the trials said: “I think he’s guilty, but I bought my house because of this guy.” At the center of this industry stood O.J. himself — a pariah, at least in American public life, but the possessor still of a legendary autograph. Once it was a sports hero’s signature, then it was an infamous one, but maybe also a historic one. For years after the verdict, I arranged for O.J. to do a private signing for memorabilia dealers about once a month. Month after month, year in and year out. A typical signing would be in a hotel conference room where O.J. signed hundreds of items –maybe 200 footballs, 100 USC jerseys, 100 Buffalo Bills jerseys. Several thousand signed items in a given year. Of course, O.J.’s financial picture was complicated by the outcome of the ’96/’97 civil trial that found him liable for the killings. During the trial, the survivors of Nicole and Ron Goldman asserted that O.J. was worth at least $15.7 million. His financial advisers argued, to no avail, that he was actually $9 million in debt after paying for his criminal defense, and that his future earning prospects were minimal. (O.J. also got a $25,000-a-month NFL pension that no civil judgment could touch.) Even before the murders, O.J.’s net worth was estimated at no more than $10 million. Despite that, on March 9th, 1997, a jury awarded the plaintiffs a total of $33.5 million in compensatory and punitive damages. Fred Goldman’s share was worth almost $13.5 million. His ex-wife, Sharon Rufo, Ron’s mother, had not seen her son for fourteen years and was accordingly awarded “only” $7.5 million. The estate of Nicole Brown Simpson, which included Sydney and Justin, was awarded $12.5 million. The judgment was based on the faulty assumption by an expert witness during the trial, who declared that O.J. Simpson would be able to earn around $3 million a year by telling his story and signing autographs. That was totally absurd. In reality, he could make at the most $50,000 to $75,000 a year doing autographs. I couldn’t guarantee Michael Jordan $3 million a year from signatures. Because at a certain point, the market becomes saturated. One thing both sides agreed on: The income he earned from his autograph was not going to the Goldman and Brown families. As the years rolled by, O.J. did not pay any of his mammoth debt, which grew by almost $10,000 a day in interest alone. Winning the civil judgment against him was one thing. Collecting it was another matter altogether. In fact, the size of the award made it virtually impossible for the Brown or Goldman families to collect. You see, to get the money from O.J., they would have to catch him as soon as he made it, before he could spend it. The only money they made was from auctioning off his things, and from me. I turned over up to $8,000 of my own income. But that was it. The only money they could make was by seizing and auctioning off his possessions. They wanted not only his valuable possessions, they wanted his most sacred totemic objects from his football career, for sacrificial voodoo purposes. Things like his Heisman trophy, his NFL game worn jersey, his original Buffalo Bills game played footballs. O.J. was of course utterly defiant, and uncooperative. It was a very strange situation, to say the least. He owed $33.5 million dollars that he did not have to the family of a man he insisted he did not kill. We knew, at a certain point, that we were going to lose everything. The funny thing is, we started to become adept at that too, at losing. We did it shrewdly. We knew, for example, that we were going to lose the civil suit in Santa Monica almost as soon as it began, for the obvious reasons that Santa Monica is predominantly white, and the burden of proof is much lower in a civil suit. Our focus was to keep the dollar amount of the judgement as low as possible. O.J. had blown through astronomical sums of money during the criminal trial. Between lawyer’s fees, expert fees, travel expenses, court fees and so on, it was as much as $25,000 a day some days. Between $10,000 and $25,000 per day I would say. He started losing money from the day he went to jail. He immediately lost all his endorsement deals. It never even had to be formally spoken; I just let those go without a word. What do you say? “Oh really, you don’t want O.J. to be your spokesperson anymore? Gee, why not?” O.J. lost most of his $11 million fortune in jail, paying for his defense—about $9 million. He was still paying off various lawyers long after he got out, sometimes with cars or other highly valuable objects, to settle debts. I was with him in jail when he was served the papers for the first civil suit, filed by Sharon Rufo, Ron Goldman’s mother. He didn’t have much of a reaction, and seemed to know it was coming. That was always hovering on our minds as the next major crisis—but first we had to get O.J. out of jail. When he did get out of jail, his fortune was down to about $3 million. All he had in front of him at that point were his NFL pension, whatever money we could raise doing signings, and insanely, the monetary value of a true confession of the murders, were he to decide to go that route. Once upon a time his money rolled in because of his football talent. Now his only remaining worth was to confess to two brutal murders. If he did that, the assets would of course be owed to the civil judgment. (What Judith Regan and Rupert Murdoch were thinking when they decided to pay O.J. $1 million to write his confessional book, If I Did It, which he has since called “a fictional account,” is anybody’s guess. I could have told them that it would capsize.) He also had many valuable possessions—cars, houses, condos, art, expensive carpets, lamps, and all kind of sports memorabilia (mostly his own). Between legal debts for the two trials, the civil judgment, and the destruction of his name, he resigned himself to losing his earthly possessions, and in typical O.J. style, feigning a slight diffidence. He had worked very hard to amass all this wealth, all these things, but once his image and status were destroyed, he no longer had the deep connection to it, or the need for it. One thing that did infuriate him was when we got a notice from Fred Goldman’s attorneys that they had found out that O.J.’s mother, Eunice, lived in a fairly valuable house that was in O.J.’s name. They went after that house while Eunice was still in it, age 79. It never came to pass that Eunice got booted out of her house, but it was close. Looking back, it seems like a biblical flood that carried away absolutely everything. I said to him once, when the financial cat and mouse game between O.J. and the Goldman team was well underway: “O.J., you are hurting yourself more than them. Instead of hiding from the Goldmans, why don’t you make them a deal? Why don’t we just end this thing? Go to Goldman and say, ‘Listen, we’ll give you 30 percent of whatever we generate.’ They won’t protest that. It will stop all the rage, the protests—we can say we are paying off the civil judgement. Our lives can be a little normal maybe.” “No,” he said, darkly, “fuck that. I am not going to give them a dime. They will get nothing. I didn’t kill them.” He was resolute on this. “Okay, O.J., okay,” I would say, with a sigh. And so he lost and lost. The first condo he lost was the one he had in New York, on East 65th St., in the Bristol Plaza. He lost another condo in Laguna Beach, and all the furniture was put into storage units in California. O.J. didn’t want movers to move his things out of the New York condo, so he asked me if I would do it personally. I agreed, but told him it would cost more than movers would cost—renting a van, driving cross country. He didn’t care about the cost, he just didn’t want movers to come in, mainly because he feared they would tip off the press. “There’s stuff in that apartment that belongs to my kids and that belonged to Nicole,” he said. “I don’t want people I don’t know going through that stuff.” So my brother and I flew to New York and rented a moving van. It took us three days to load it. Some of the stuff went to storage in California, some went to Rockingham, some went to Arnelle, O.J.’s oldest daughter. There was a wicker bedroom set in Sydney’s room that O.J. told me Nicole had picked out. He wanted me to give it to my daughter Lindsay. She still has it, to this day. We moved every last thing out in those three days, and we managed to do it without the press finding out. The next place we had to clear out was the Laguna beach house he’d shared with Nicole. That was me and a guy named Gary Raza. We cleared that one out much faster—furniture, golf cart, household items, a jet ski. It was incredibly sad to walk around there in that ghostly beach house. You could almost hear the shrieks of happy beach-bound kids, without a care in the world. I could see Nicole walking around barefoot, with a towel around her waist and her sunglasses up on her head, telling O.J. to shut up. Nicole was always barefoot when she could be. We started selling off all the things that mattered least first, starting with the condo, a few cars—his Bentley and his Ferrari, the Laguna beach house, his shares in restaurant chains—until we got down to the thing we all dreaded most. The crowning jewel of O.J.’s earthly possessions was Rockingham, the opulent, sprawling home he’d lived in since 1977. Rockingham was a huge part of O.J.’s life. He had always loved that house more than just about anything. He’d lived there with both of his wives, and raised two families there. He lived there though the best times of his life, and the worst. We never thought of it as “O.J.’s house.” It was “Rockingham,” just like Elvis’ house was Graceland. We knew they were going to place liens on O.J’s property and possessions, but we did not know when or how. I arrived at Rockingham one day in 1997, with my son Luke, for what I thought was going to be a normal business day with O.J. Instead when I pulled up I noticed several other cars, which was odd that early in the morning. I rolled into the driveway. People were moving and taping boxes. I walked into the house and it was a madhouse, with all kinds of people walking around with cardboard boxes. The first person I saw in the kitchen was Kathy. I asked her what the hell was going on. “We have been informed that the Sheriff is coming in the morning to seize all of O.J.’s valuables,” she said. “It was faxed to us by one of the guards at the L.A. jail. Anything we don’t want them to seize we have to get out of here now.” The Goldmans had hired a moving company to come the next day to pick up OJ’s stuff. O.J. was out playing golf. That way he had deniability. Everyone else was moving out valuable stuff. I took off my jacket and rolled up my sleeves. We had very little time, and it was just chaos, boxes and people and things going this way and that. People took stuff to their homes, to storage, you name it. The problem was no one kept track of where went what. Most of the stuff O.J. saw again, but not all. The court order stated that O.J. was allowed to keep necessary living items, which created a grey area. A lamp is a necessity, but is a $65,000 Tiffany lamp a necessity? We found the Goldmans had gotten a list from O.J.’s insurance company estimating his valuables, stating the value of every Persian carpet or Tiffany lamp in the house. So the game plan was to move as much as we could, hide as much as we could, and replace that which could be replaced. His good golf clubs, for example. I packed them into one of the cars. Then I went by Salvation Army and bought some cheap old golf clubs and left them in the garage. One of O.J.’s most prized possessions was his old USC jersey. It hung in a glass case in the living room. We couldn’t let them seize that. We had a bunch of replica jerseys he would sign so we could sell them to the public. In fact, we found some in the house that he had mis-signed somehow. He might have misspelled his name, or the ink ran out, something of that nature. We decided to replace the real one with one of those. But the replica looked too new. So we took it outside and rubbed it around on the lawn, kicked some dirt on it to make it look worn. We took apart the glass case and put the dirty replica in there. We did the same with his authentic game balls, switched them for replicas. Everything valuable that could be replaced was. It went on all night. At some point in the night O.J. wanted to come home. He’d played golf, he’d had some drinks afterward, he was drunk and sleepy. But we weren’t done and he couldn’t see what we were doing, so he could plausibly deny knowledge of it later. Also, if the sherriff knew he was home, he could serve O.J. the papers as of 12:01 a.m., and we didn’t want that, because we were nowhere near done making all those replacements. So we had someone drive down the street get him, and sneak back with O.J. in the car. He parked in the garage, and O.J. crawled out of the car and went inside the house through the garage. He was drunk, mumbling, stumbling, singing. Whistling the theme song from Wizard of Oz and singing, “If I only had a brain.” “O.J., shut up,” I said. “Nobody can know that you’re here.” We packed him off to bed, while the rest of us went on taping boxes, loading cars, and driving off for the rest of the night. By 7 a.m. the only ones left in the house were me, my son Luke asleep in Kato’s old room, and O.J. asleep up in his room. I was still loading items into my BMW, which looked like a low rider because it was so loaded with stuff. I went up to O.J.’s bedroom to wake him, and saw the Goldmans’ two moving vans pulling up. “I can’t keep my eyes open,” I told O.J. “We’ve done a lot, but there’s stuff in the garage we couldn’t get to. Take a look real quick look before they come in.” We went downstairs and did a quick walk-through together. He was impressed by how much we’d replaced. But he did point to a Persian rug and say, “No, no, we’ve got to grab this. You don’t know how much this carpet is worth.” I rolled it up. “O.J., I have to get to get out here. My car is on your property and they might want to go through it and see if I’m removing anything.” We went and woke Luke. O.J. ruffled his hair fondly, which he often did. We told Luke to get ready, and I went upstaurs with O.J. In his bedroom he suddenly said, “Shit. I can’t have this around.” He reached under his bed and pulled out this wicked-looking machine gun, some sort of fully automatic assault weapon. My eyes bugged. “Where did that come from?” “Oh, some guy over at SWAT.” I was thinking yes, that would be a hell of a sight. The sherriff, the movers and the media knock on the door, and O.J. answers with a machine gun in his hand. “We’ve got to hide it,” I told him. So we went back downstairs. O.J. unrolled the Persian rug and rolled the gun up in it, and handed it to me. O.J. walked me and Luke to the door and gave me a hug. “Alright, buddy. Thanks for everything. I appreciate it. Luke, I’ll see you later. Go get some breakfast.” Luke and I walked out at the same time. I put the carpet with the gun in my trunk. As I drove my low-rider BMW out the Rockingham gate, the sherriff and his crew were driving in the Ashford gate. As we drove away, Luke looked around the car sleepily and asked, “What’s all this stuff?” “It’s just stuff we’re keeping for Uncle O.J.” I kept expecting to see blinking lights in the mirror. I didn’t relax until we reached the 405. We drove to a Denny’s for breakfast. That replica USC jersey was later sold for several thousand dollars by the Los Angeles auction house Butterfield and Butterfield in 1999. The buyer took it to the courthouse where O.J.’s murder trial had been to burn it on the steps as a protest. The hilarious thing is, instead of just burning, the way the real jersey would have, it almost exploded in his face—because, being a cheap knock-off, it was polyester. That should have tipped someone off that it was a fake, but it didn’t. And where is the real jersey? In a very safe and secure place. Among the numerous other items auctioned off that day in 1999 was O.J.’s Heisman trophy. It went for $230,000. And it was the real one, not a fake. It would have been awfully hard for us to fake. I first saw it the very first time I went to Rockingham to meet my idol O.J. Simpson in 1989. It was in a glass case. It felt like I was seeing the Holy Grail. In fact, I think ultimately I was much more attached to that thing emotionally than he was. To me, after all that happened, the Heisman was the symbol of a paradise lost, a sacred object. It was a great achievement, a trophy he had won fair and square, and I fought long and hard to keep it from becoming a token of destruction, a way for people to vent their fury against O.J. Fred Goldman had told the press that he wanted to get hold of the trophy so he could smash it with a sledge hammer. There was also talk of melting it down and making Nicole Brown Simpson angel pins out of it. I wanted something—anything—to be kept away from that mob fury, to preserve a small piece of history, of who O.J. had been. It was very personal. Not only was O.J. a hero, and my hero, when he won that trophy, but it also represented a time when I myself was still innocent. O.J. won that trophy the day his first child, Arnelle, was born, in December of 1968. My feeling was: They can punish him however they like, but they can’t take this away. They can’t take away what he did on the field. Wrong again. The battle over the Heisman was like the battle over O.J.’s soul. I wanted it protected at all costs because it held and symbolized O.J.’s achievements as an athlete. The Goldmans wanted it for that very same reason—to be able to achieve revenge on “O.J. Simpson,” by crushing the very place where that identity was formed. Their objective, I believe, was to find a way to hurt O.J.. Which I must say he provoked himself by always taunting the Goldmans. For my part, I was no longer sure if I was defending “O.J. Simpson,” the athlete, O.J. Simpson, the man, myself, a vanquished dream, or my own self-image. All I knew was I had to fight. The battle was on, and I was prepared to fight to the death. In 1997, O.J. was ordered to turn over the Heisman along with other valuables as part of the civil judgment. Funnily enough, though, it had vanished from its glass case at Rockingham. O.J. testified in his deposition for the civil trial that he came home from golf one day and it was just not there. Like a missing Pepsi from the fridge or something. He was completely nonchalant about it and said he had no idea where it was. He claimed he didn’t “really think much about it.” Fred Goldman’s attorneys came after me and Skip Taft and accused us of hiding it, which was not true. The Heisman was, at that time, being held by Leo Turrell, a black attorney in L.A. who never worked on any of O.J.’s legal cases, but was a close friend of O.J.’s. Leo also had lots of things that had been collected by O.J.’s sister after we lost the judgment but before they collected on it. Leo kept these things safe in his office, and nobody ever thought to look there. While the Heisman was “missing,” one of the tabloids offered something like $100,000 to whoever found it. Our lie was that I had seized it and that O.J. had no idea I had done so. I didn’t have it, and O.J. knew exactly where it was, of course. We all just did what needed to get done, quietly, wink wink, often without saying a word to any of the others, because it did not need to be said and one was careful not to rope in others when it could be avoided. We knew we were going to have to turn it over, or some of us were going to wind up in jail, in contempt of court. I was given a deadline of December 15 1997 to turn it over or go to jail. Finally we worked it out that I got the trophy from Leo and turned it over to one of O.J.’s attorneys, Ron Slate, who gave it up. Another item, wracked with tragic irony, was a 2ft by 3 ft plaque that Disney had presented to O.J. when they anointed him as their Man Of The Year. When we got to Ron Slate’s office, before we went in, I stopped. As a final act of defiance, and without even thinking about it too carefully, I unscrewed the name plate from the trophy and put it in my pocket along with the screws. This was crazy of course. But I was stalling for time. If they didn’t have the nameplate, in my mind, there was still a small piece of him, of O.J. the football hero, that they did not have. They could smash it, burn it, melt it down, but this way, without the name plate, they couldn’t completely humiliate him. Because he won it on the day that Arnelle was born, I had always hoped Arnelle would get to keep it, and I felt that would have been fair. When I removed the nameplate, my thought was that maybe we could have another trophy made, and put O.J.’s nameplate on that one. I never dreamed it would cause such a hell storm—a new one now. The nameplate was estimated to be worth up to a quarter of a million dollars. Over the next several months, I was subpoenaed, deposed, and ordered by courts six different ways till sundown to turn over the nameplat, or go to jail. I finally took it over to O.J., who had by then moved out of Rockingham to a house on Alta Mura. I said, “O.J., it’s up to you. You want me to hold it? I’ll hold it, and go to jail.” O.J. was quiet for a moment, then said, “Turn it over.” I handed it to O.J. He was holding it, looking at it. Then he got up, walked to a kitchen drawer, and took something out. At first I wasn’t sure what he was doing. I walked over to him. He had a knife, and he was defacing the name plate on the kitchen table. I said, “O.J., stop. What are you doing? We can fight this. We’ll get it back in court.” He said, “No Mike, I’ll never see it again.” “You can’t be sure.” “Mike, we’ll never see it again.” He started gashing the plate. The scratches weren’t going deep enough. He grabbed a screwdriver and started digging with the screwdriver, slashing harder. This was his last act of defiance. But he was defacing himself. It was among the saddest sights of my entire life. I want to say to whoever the person is who owns the trophy today—if they want to know how all those scratches and gashes got there, it was done by O.J., just like he did to Ron and Nicole. It was that same frustrated anger and rage. There you have it. By the way, I still have the original screws. I ran up over $20,000 in legal bills over the Heisman and the nameplate. The guy who bought the trophy at the auction called me two or three times asking me for those screws. I’m not giving them over. When O.J. was questioned about it by Rolling Stone in 2000, he said: “I couldn’t understand why anybody would want to buy somebody else’s trophy. That was kind of perplexing. But losing the trophy really didn’t mean that much to me. I guess I kind of wish I had it now, for my kids. I feel about football the way I feel about high school. It’s part of my past. It’s just something I did.” As usual, O.J. doesn’t care, right? That’s always his answer and his central lie, that he didn’t care so much. Not about Nicole, not about her affair with Marcus, not about that trophy, not about what people think of him. Of course he cares. He cares deeply. Why can’t he be honest? This entire nightmare we have all been trapped in for almost 15 years is the result of O.J.’s total inability to be honest. This, in turn, is a by-product of the culture of sports and hero worship and celebrity. I myself fostered and fed it—that was my profession as a sports marketing agent. It’s a tissue of lies and delusions that we all create in order not to have to deal with the pain, humiliation, and difficulty of being real people, real men, who hurt, and cry, and suffer. None of that is tolerated or admitted in the narrow world of sports hero worship. If it were, the dream would all fall apart. It’s lies that make money, not truth. Financially, the whole civil judgment thing was so bizarre and complex. Just to give you one of countless examples of financial Gordian knots: Lou Brown had sold the rights to Nicole’s diaries to the tabloids for $1 million, claiming she had left them in her safe deposit box in an envelope addressed “to Dad.” But funnily enough, he could never produce the envelope. O.J. felt that money should go to the kids, not to the Brown family. That was something that came up for discussion a lot. The three parties had a joint settlement, the Browns, the Goldmans and Sharon Rufo, Ron’s mother. It wasn’t divided equally three ways. It was very convoluted, based on who had spent what on lawyers and all kinds of factors, where human loss is calculated. Human loss, of course, is incalculable. In the end, it degenerated into what I call cannibalism, because instead of it being fair and equitable it became all about who got there first. O.J. was willing to let assets go to the estate of Nicole, i.e. his kids, but not to the Goldmans or Sharon Rufo. The Brown family, in turn, were left in a position where if they helped the Goldmans, they hurt Sydney and Justin. It was so Byzantine, I doubt anybody alive can describe it all accurately. That 1999 auction reportedly netted the victims’ families just under $400,000. Obviously, that didn’t even make a dent in the interest on the $33.5 million O.J. was ordered to pay. It was an unattainable number that he could never come up with as long as he lived, even before the murders. If it had been a few million dollars, we could have paid it off. Somebody could have paid it for him, possibly one of his wealthy friends. Instead, the enormity of the sum, in keeping with everything about this case, made it crushing, impossible, and even absurd. At one point there was talk, between the attorneys, of a settlement, but Goldman rejected it. Maybe the Goldmans are telling the truth when they say “it’s not about the money.” What they want is to pursue O.J. to the last breath he draws. And I think they will. I can’t say I blame them. I do, sincerely, empathize with the Goldmans. All those years, we all had what we called the “bunker mentality,” and for me, the Goldmans were the bad guys, because of this battle we were in. But the longer I have been away from O.J. the worse I feel for Mr. Goldman. I wish I could take back every cutting thing I ever said about him. I put my sons’ faces on Ron Goldman, and it breaks my heart. When I reviewed the timeline of June 12, I saw that he had clocked out of work at Mezzaluna at 9:33 pm, and apparently 42 minutes later he was dead. Why? Because he was being a good guy, being thoughtful, being a good friend, just like the kind of thing my kids would do, go return somebody’s glasses. When I saw that timeline I started thinking about what I was doing at that exact time, and I started crying, for the first time in years. I was with my oldest son, David, in Yosemite. It all hit me, hard, after all these years of such extreme defensiveness. How often does Kim Goldman wish she could call her brother and she can’t? How often does Fred Goldman imagine what Ron’s life would have been like, or how many kids he might have if he’d been allowed to live? And why? Because of O.J.? The Goldmans are the only people I would really like to be forgiven by. It was the last day at Rockingham. O.J. had lived in this house for almost 21 years. It had been his port in the storm and the one thing in his life that held its center, that didn’t, in his mind, let him down or abandon or betray him. The house. You remember how badly he wanted to get to Rockingham both when during the Bronco chase and when he got out of prison? “I want to go home,” he said adamantly in both cases. Nicole had also developed an acute longing for that house, not necessarily as the house she loved the most–that would have been her condo at Bundy–but as the house where O.J.was, where life with O.J. was. She knew that to get back together with O.J. she had to get back into Rockingham. She pleaded with him to let her move back in. He was rather cold about it, refusing her each time. He was willing to start “dating” her again in that last year to see if it would work out, but he would not let her and the kids back into “his” house. I always found this relationship–between O.J. and his house–a little strange. So the day had finally come. The house was virtually empty but for a few stray boxes, some broken lamps, things nobody wanted. All we had to do now was say good bye. Leave. O.J. always flew the American flag in the back yard. I went out and looked at it, and felt an immense, complex sadness. We had come so close to living the American dream, actually holding it in our hands and knowing what it was. Now we were ship-wrecked, packing up and leaving, in disgrace, and also in confusion. What was it, really, exactly, that has caused our terrible downfall? Double murder, you might say. But what caused those double murders? O.J. Simspon, in a rage, with a knife. Fair enough, but how did he get there, with that knife in hand, in that dark driveway, and why, when he had climbed so high, transcended so much, only to lose it all, literally, in a few seconds in a slashing fury? This is the mystery. I had a camera and a video camera with me that last day at Rockingham. I documented everything. I filmed him taking down the flag for the last time. Then we walked through the house, room to room. When we got to O.J.’s office, he became very solemn. He was staring at the floor. He pointed to a part of the carpeted floor and said: “Right there…was the first place I ever made love to Nicole. Right there.” He just stood there staring. “O.J.,” I said, “why don’t you take part of the carpet? It’s obviously very important to you.” “I can’t destroy the carpet Mike.” “Why not?” I said. “This means a lot to you. We don’t have to take it out of the main floor, we can take a piece out of the closet carpet.” I opened the door to a small closet in the office and got down on my knees with a box cutter in hand. “I’m sure when they auction off the house they won’t notice this.” I cut out two pieces, about 8 X 8 inches each. I gave one to him and kept one for myself, which I still have to this day. Then we went outside. In the concrete outside, near the patio, they had carved their names “O.J. & Nicole,” and their wedding anniversary date. O.J. said, “I would hate to leave this.” “Why don’t we take it with you I said, if it means so much to you.” This time I didn’t have to persuade him. I got a skill saw, put a diamond blade on it, and used a Rotterdam to cut the concrete. It took a couple of hours. O.J. would come and check my progress from time to time. To the very end, I was trying to answer his losses with preservation of memories, as if that would make anything better or different. I am a very sentimental person in many ways, and in fact, so is O.J. I finally managed to cut loose that piece of concrete–it was about 16 inches long, 6-7 inches wide, and 4 inches deep. “Here,” I said, handing it to O.J. He took it and placed it in one of his bags. Then we did one last walk through of the house, to see if we’d forgotten anything. When I went to see O.J. in the house he leased right after he left Rockingham, up on the hill in Alta Mura, he still had that piece of concrete and the piece of carpet. I am pretty sure he brought those two things with him wherever he moved after that.	i don't know
"The truth is out there" was the tagline for what TV series?	The X-Files \| X-Files Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Lone Gunmen The X-Files is a popular television series that was created by Chris Carter . Episodes of the series were first broadcast on the Fox Television network , starting with the pilot episode on September 10, 1993 . In 1998 , a feature film, The X-Files: Fight the Future , was released, starring the main cast of the television series. During the initial run of the series, two spin-off shows were aired. These series were set in the same universe as The X-Files and were named Millennium and The Lone Gunmen . The X-Files television series completed its ninth and final season with a two-hour episode that first aired on May 19, 2002 . A second feature film, entitled The X-Files: I Want to Believe , followed in 2008 . In January 2015, Fox TV heads Dana Walden and Gary Newman confirmed as part of the Television Critics Association Press Tour that the network was in talks to bring the series back in something of a "revival." [1] On March 24 2015, Fox officially picked up the revival for a 6-episode run. [2] Contents Episode Types Mythology Episodes Mythology episodes deal with the show's overall story arc, usually involving the Syndicate , Colonization , Hybrids , or Super-Soldiers . Most of the episodes that fall into this category were, in 2005 , released in official Mythology DVD sets . Monster of the Week Episodes Monster of the Week episodes deal with some type of supernatural or paranormal creature or sometimes a simple criminal with a unique gift. They are usually separate from mythology episodes. Crossovers As the first series created by Chris Carter , The X-Files is considered to be the central series of the fictional universe which also includes Millennium and The Lone Gunmen , and there are several crossovers seen throughout the series. A character who appeared in both The X-Files and Millennium was fictional novelist José Chung . Chung, first created by writer Darin Morgan for The X-Files episode " José Chung's From Outer Space ", was also the focus of the Millennium episode " José Chung's Doomsday Defense ". The only specific crossover featuring regular cast, however, was The X-Files episode " Millennium ", in which the story arc of Millennium was finally resolved, following that series' cancellation. The episode featured Frank Black and his daughter, Jordan . First appearing in The X-Files episode " E.B.E. ", the characters of the Lone Gunmen were later given their own spin-off series, The Lone Gunmen. Featuring appearances from Fox Mulder, Walter Skinner and Morris Fletcher , the series lasted only one season. Like "Millennium" before it, the resolution for the series finale cliffhanger was later shown in the episode " Jump the Shark ", featuring "The Lone Gunmen" characters of Jimmy Bond , Yves Adele Harlow and Kimmy Belmont . The season five episode " Unusual Suspects " also features the character of Detective John Munch . Portrayed by Richard Belzer , the character of Munch is also a regular character of both Homicide: Life on the Street and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit . Following this connection further, all three series of The X-Files, Millennium and The Lone Gunmen are considered to be part of the " Tommy Westphall Universe ". Although The Simpsons was featured in a fictional sense in The X-Files episode " The End ", an episode of that animated series, entitled "The Springfield Files", included appearances by Agents Mulder and Scully as well as aliens , the Cigarette Smoking Man and FBI Headquarters . The X-Files featured many other references to films and television series, including Harsh Realm, the only other series created by Chris Carter's Ten Thirteen Productions . Like The Lone Gunmen, Harsh Realm also lasted only one season. Although it did not include any direct references to The X-Files, a scene from the series can briefly be seen playing on a television screen in The X-Files episode " Sein Und Zeit ", watched by Bud LaPierre , who exclaims while watching the scene, "This is great!" and later recalls, while being interviewed by Mulder, that he had never before heard of the series but that it had been good. The character of Bud Lapierre was portrayed by Mark Rolston , who appeared in Harsh Realm's second episode as a bounty hunter. Furthermore, the movie The X-Files: I Want to Believe includes cameo appearances by Sarah-Jane Redmond , whose character introduces herself as Special Agent in Charge Fossa ; the same actress played a recurring character called Inga Fossa on Harsh Realm. Morley cigarettes, a brand depicted in The X-Files and Millennium, have also appeared in many different films and television series, including Buffy The Vampire Slayer . Main Cast Background Terminology Legends Legends are explanatory pieces of information accompanying illustrations, maps or charts. Many legends appear in episodes of The X-Files, usually including information such as time or setting over the events of a scene. Although a notice preceding the series' pilot is described in the episode's script as a legend, the first regular legend appears later in the same episode and reads, " COLLUM NATIONAL FOREST ; NORTHWEST OREGON ". The television series' final legend appears in " The Truth " and reads, " ROSWELL ; NEW MEXICO ". Legends were also used in episodes of Millennium . The term "legend" was never used on-screen in either series, but originates from terminology used by production personnel, and can be found in scripts for the series. Taglines The most commonly used tagline of The X-Files episodes. Taglines were a feature of The X-Files episodes. Although the series' opening credits sequences usually ended with "The Truth is Out There", other lines occasionally replaced it. The following is a list of other taglines used in episodes of the series. This Is The End - " My Struggle II " Executive Producer R.W. Goodwin recalled, "Every episode of the first season had the same tagline, except the last one, 'The Erlenmeyer Flask,' in which we killed Deep Throat . As Deep Throat lay dying, the last thing he said was, 'Trust no one.' That became the tagline. When Chris [Carter] feels that it is necessary, he will change the tagline to relate to the episode." According to Producer and Director Rob Bowman , "They don't change very often, but when they do, they pertain to the episode. Like 'Apology is Policy,' you know, 'Oh, we're sorry about the POWs,' as though that exonerates them." Several taglines were used to advertise The X-Files: Fight the Future , most frequently including "Fight the Future". However, unlike those used in episodes of the series, most of the movie taglines were never seen or heard in the film and only appeared on posters and other promotional products. It should be noted that some of the episodes that had a replacement tagline when they originally aired on TV have the regular "The Truth is Out There" tagline on the DVD release. See Also	The X-Files
Born Annelies Marie on June 12, 1929, who famously received a diary for her 13th birthday?	The X-Files "The Truth Is Still Out There" Promo (HD) - YouTube The X-Files "The Truth Is Still Out There" Promo (HD) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 28, 2015 The next mind-bending chapter of THE X-FILES debuts with a special two-night event beginning Sunday, Jan. 24 ( 10:00 -11:00 PM ET/7:00-8:00 PM PT), following the NFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME, and continuing with its time period premiere on Monday, Jan. 25 ( 8:00 -9:00 PM ET/PT). The thrilling, six-episode event series, helmed by creator/executive producer Chris Carter and starring David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson as FBI Agents FOX MULDER and DANA SCULLY, marks the momentous return of the Emmy Award- and Golden Globe-winning pop culture phenomenon, which remains one of the longest-running sci-fi series in network television history. Subscribe to tvpromosdb on Youtube for more The X-Files season 1 promos in HD!	i don't know
June 16 is a day to celebrate the life of Irish writer James Joyce and to relieve the events in which of his novels?	1000+ images about Bloomsday/Bloomsbury Group on Pinterest \| Interwar period, Happy and Irish Forward Bloomsday is an annual commemoration and celebration of the life of Irish writer James Joyce during which the events of his novel Ulysses. The event takes place every year on 16th June since 1954. During this day, local people lunch and dinner on the same way as the characters of the book, or perform various acts linked to the novel. In addition, meetings are held in Dublin to follow the exact path of the story. See More	Ulysses
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, what word represents the letter M (the 13th letter, that falls between Lima and November)?	Ulysses eBook by James Joyce - 9786050326093 \| Kobo Show more Show less Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement". According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking." However, even proponents of Ulysses such as Anthony Burgess have described the book as "inimitable, and also possibly mad".Ulysses chronicles the peripatetic appointments and encounters of Leopold Bloom in Dublin in the course of an ordinary day, 16 June 1904. Ulysses is the Latinised name of Odysseus, the hero of Homer's epic poem Odyssey, and the novel establishes a series of parallels between its characters and events and those of the poem (e.g., the correspondence of Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus).Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length, uses a lexicon of 30,030 words (including proper names, plurals and various verb tenses), and is divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book has attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars." Ulysses' stream-of-consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—full of puns, parodies, and allusions, as well as its rich characterisations and broad humour, made the book a highly regarded novel in the Modernist pantheon. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Ulysses first on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday. Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach in February 1922, in Paris. It is considered to be one of the most important works of modernist literature, and has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement". According to Declan Kiberd, "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking." However, even proponents of Ulysses such as Anthony Burgess have described the book as "inimitable, and also possibly mad". Buy the eBook	i don't know
What arrived in New York Harbor on the French freighter Isere on June 17, 1885, having been packed in 214 crates, except for the right arm, which had been in country for 9 years?	The Statue of Liberty : Wikis (The Full Wiki) [9] . Maurice Koechlin —chief engineer of Gustave Eiffel 's engineering company and designer of the Eiffel Tower —engineered the internal structure. ^ The Statue of Liberty was created by Frederic Auste Bartholdi (Maurice Koechin, engineer for the Eiffel Tower designed the statue's internal structure) for America's centennial and as a symbol of friendship created between France and America during the American Revolution. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] The pedestal was designed by architect Richard Morris Hunt . Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction, and for the adoption of the repoussé technique, where a malleable metal is hammered on the reverse side. [10] . The statue is made of a sheathing of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron ) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes). ^ Did you know the Statue of Liberty was originally made of copper but because of oxidation, it caused the statue to turn green? Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ Hold on to this one for later: From William F. Buckley on the "nuclear option": "Really, you would think the Republicans had proposed to topple the Statue of Liberty." News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal with a foundation in the shape of an irregular eleven-pointed star. The statue is 151 ft (46 m) tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 ft (93 m) tall. . Worldwide, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the United States. ^ As you ride the ferry to Liberty Island, you have probably one of the most amazing views of the Manhattan skyline. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] [11] . For many years it was one of the first glimpses of the United States for millions of immigrants and visitors after ocean voyages from around the world. ^ Tell me more about that: NEW YORK - Joel Casamayor didn't want to see the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building or the World Trade Center on his first trip to New York shortly after defecting to the United States from Cuba in 1996. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ I always assumed that first there were little Ferris Wheels, then medium size ones, and then the great one at the World’s Fair. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ I Love America First Edition Help promote the spread of liberty around the world with these patriotic design items. I Love USA Statue of Liberty Heart : Top Pics 28 January 2010 0:55 UTC www.cafepress.com [Source type: General] . The statue is the central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument , administered by the National Park Service . ^ You can get to Liberty or Ellis Island via ferry from Jersey City or Battery Park in Manhattan by a company called Statue Cruises ( http://www.statuecruis... Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ Also, the National Park Service is now staffing the information desk and bookstore on days the Island is open to the public. Governors Island Alliance: Events 16 External links History Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States , Édouard René de Laboulaye . . French sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. ^ This might be something important: The next day, we also saw the birthplace of the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the Statue Of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a temporary arrangement by many, who wished a return to monarchism , or to some form of constitutional authoritarianism such as they had known under Napoleon . . The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a sister republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians. ^ Josh Goodman Sarah Palin's resignation will give other youthful politicians a chance to shine in Alaska politics. Ballot Box: Governors 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC ballotbox.governing.com [Source type: General] The replica Statue of Liberty on the Île des Cygnes in Paris , France ; inaugurated in 1889, it faces west towards her sister in New York Harbor The first small terracotta model was created in 1870. It is now exhibited at the Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon . [12] The first reduced scale bronze replica was given to the city of Paris by Americans residing in the French capital on May 13, 1885; the statue was originally located in the Place des États-Unis and was moved to the Île des Cygnes in 1889. [13] [14] [15] . While on a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of the Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps , who later became a lifelong friend of his. ^ To simply disagree based on the strength of one effect with no examination of what the effect even means from a psychological perspective is like saying you disagree with the world being round. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to the canal and drew plans for it. . It would be patterned after the Roman goddess Libertas , modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. ^ We lied down & looked upwards into the deep blue sky, While sunlight seeped through the tree leaves from above & kissed us in the eyes. Governors Island - New York, NY 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khedive, Isma'il Pasha , in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned because of financial issues then troubling the Ottoman Empire . [16] 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. . Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. ^ The Statue of Liberty was created by Frederic Auste Bartholdi (Maurice Koechin, engineer for the Eiffel Tower designed the statue's internal structure) for America's centennial and as a symbol of friendship created between France and America during the American Revolution. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower ) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. ^ The Statue of Liberty was created by Frederic Auste Bartholdi (Maurice Koechin, engineer for the Eiffel Tower designed the statue's internal structure) for America's centennial and as a symbol of friendship created between France and America during the American Revolution. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin . . Bartholdi had initially planned to have the statue completed and presented to the United States on July 4, 1876, but a late start and subsequent delays prevented it. ^ The park and public space master plan will be completed later this spring and will be unveiled to the public in late May. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] However, by that time the right arm and torch were completed. This part of the statue was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia , where visitors were charged 50 cents to climb the ladder to the balcony. The money raised this way was used to start funding the pedestal. . On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition , the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro Palace , while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars . ^ Great work on the death's head Statue of Liberty/bomb piece, though. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . Back in the United States, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by an Act of Congress on March 3, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island (named after Isaac Bedloe), where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification named Fort Wood . ^ New York State DOT (17) . Streetsblog New York City » Free Bike Share Debuts on Governors Island 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.streetsblog.org [Source type: General] [17] United States Minister to France Levi P. Morton hammered the first nail in the construction of the statue in Paris on October 24, 1881. [18] Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 On February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent , U.S. Patent D11,023 , on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-Paris, or other plastic composition." [19] . The financing for the statue was completed in France in July 1882. Fund-raising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts , proceeded slowly, so publisher Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort in 1883. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. ^ It opened officially for frolic (and five-figure fund-raising! Governors Island Alliance: Events Partnership for New York City (11) . Streetsblog New York City » Free Bike Share Debuts on Governors Island 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.streetsblog.org [Source type: General] ^ Due to set backs the Statue wasn't finished until 1884 and wasn't completed in New York until October 28th 1886. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ) . Joseph Henderson (pilot) was expressly selected to escort the French Steamer into the New York Harbor to Bedloe's Island. ^ The boat tours under the Williamsburg, Manhattan and Brooklyn bridges, and through New York harbor to circle the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The musicians are the New York Philharmonic, which has performed in more than 400 cities around the world but never before on Governors Island. Governors Island Alliance: Events [22] Financing for the pedestal was completed on August 11, 1885 and construction was finished on April 22, 1886. When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins. . Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. ^ It's been built on Thompsons "shooting range" where Hunter S. liked to fire his .44 Magnum into an old television set. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Thus, Liberty is integral with her pedestal. Used as a lighthouse, the original torch fatally disoriented birds Currier & Ives chromolithograph of the statue published one year before it was erected depicts the statue's original copper-bronze hue, but situates it facing southward, instead of eastward, showing Manhattan and the Brooklyn Bridge in the background . The statue, which was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, was then reassembled in four months. ^ The 151ft tall copper statue was made in 350 pieces, shipped to the US in 214 crates and took 4 months to assemble on top of the US designed pedestal (10 stories tall) that was built on top of Fort Wood (on what was then called Bedloe's Island). Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. ^ Due to set backs the Statue wasn't finished until 1884 and wasn't completed in New York until October 28th 1886. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ The Statue of Liberty was conceived and used as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 and was the first lighthouse in the US to use electricity for its light source. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ You pass thru security screeners and get on board a ferry that takes you past Ellis Island and around to the back side of Liberty Island, passing directly in front of the statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . (Cleveland, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to building of the pedestal. ^ The musicians are the New York Philharmonic, which has performed in more than 400 cities around the world but never before on Governors Island. Governors Island Alliance: Events ) [23] . Nearly 10 years after the Statue of Liberty was assembled, the United States donated $10,000,000 USD (adjusted for inflation) to various charities in France. ^ This year the conductor, Mark Johnson, who usually dresses as Uncle Sam for this piece, came dressed as the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ He sold the White House to a rancher on the installment plan for yearly payments of $100,000 USD, and tried to sell the Statue of Liberty to a visiting Australian, who went to the police. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ Next year, though, it appears nearly certain that the state will elect a governor who supports same-sex nuptials. Ballot Box: Governors 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC ballotbox.governing.com [Source type: General] [citation needed] . The Statue of Liberty functioned as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902. [24] At that time the U.S. Lighthouse Board was responsible for its operation. ^ Life is short, you don't have time to wait for The Statue Of Liberty to notice you, Fuck her! News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ We've looked at this a couple times to make sure: Guantánamo Bay is becoming the anti-Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ I didn't get to see the Statue of Liberty the first two times I was in NY. I guess the third time really IS the charm. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . There was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. ^ The Statue of Liberty was conceived and used as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 and was the first lighthouse in the US to use electricity for its light source. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . As a lighthouse, it is the first in the United States to use electricity; [25] there was also an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light. ^ It is said that about 40% of all Americans can trace their family history to a man, woman, or child who entered the United States through Ellis Island. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The Statue of Liberty was conceived and used as a lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 and was the first lighthouse in the US to use electricity for its light source. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] In 1913 a group of young pilots were graduated from the Moisant school of aviation based on Long Island . . One of the graduates, the Mexican pilot Juan Pablo Aldasoro was selected to perform the first flight above the statue. ^ You can be one of the first to explore Water Taxi Beach's innovative café and performance space, and its extraordinary views of the Harbor and Lower Manhattan. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] All of the graduates later on became members of the Early Birds of Aviation . In 1916, floodlights were placed around the base of the statue. [26] . Also in 1916, the Black Tom explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage ($1.98 million in 2008 dollars [27] ) to the statue, embedding fragmentation and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. ^ In 1909 Wilbur Wright was the first to fly around the statue -In 1916 the "Black Tom Explosion" happened, on what was then an island (used as a shipping port) off the coast of NJ called Black Tom. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ The explosion was so large that it was felt as far away as Maryland, windows as far as Times Square were shattered, and shards of explosives were embedded into the Statue of Liberty. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] The same year, Gutzon Borglum , sculptor of Mount Rushmore , modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light. [28] After these modifications, the torch severely leaked from rainwater and snow melts, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D. Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its Fiftieth anniversary (October 28, 1936). . In 1956, through an Act of Congress, Bedloe's Island was renamed Liberty Island officially, although Liberty Island had been used informally since the turn of the century. ^ In 1924 the Statue become a National Monument -In 1956 Bedloe's Island was officially changed to Liberty Island -Between 1984-1986 there was a 62 million dollar renovation for the Statues centennial, most of the renovations were in the structure of the statue however they also replaced the torch with a replica due to issues beyond repair. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] First you go through the security check to board the ferry to Liberty Island. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. [29] In 1972, President Richard M. Nixon dedicated the American Museum of Immigration , housed in structural additions to the base of the pedestal on top of what was Fort Wood. [30] . In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the list of World Heritage Sites . ^ News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives News from Around the World . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Filed in News from Around the World under statue of liberty . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The boat tours under the Williamsburg, Manhattan and Brooklyn bridges, and through New York harbor to circle the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Inspiration for the face Replica of the face of the statue, seen as part of the exhibit in one of the corridors of the statue's pedestal . Note the retention of the original copper color Unsubstantiated sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed Isabella Eugenie Boyer , the wife of Isaac Singer , the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and -- his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. . As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty." ^ As today's rightwing America is trying to rid itself of anything French, the "de-Frenching" of the Statue of Liberty, one of the pivotal symbols of American collective identity which was produced almost entirely with funds donated by the French, is proving to be an embarrassing task. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ We've looked at this a couple times to make sure: Guantánamo Bay is becoming the anti-Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ This might be something important: The next day, we also saw the birthplace of the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the Statue Of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] [33] Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801–1891), with whom he was very close. [34] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. [35] Symbolism The classical appearance (Roman stola , sandals, facial expression) derives from Libertas , ancient Rome's goddess of freedom from slavery , oppression , and tyranny . Her raised right foot is on the move. . This symbol of Liberty and Freedom is not standing still or at attention in the harbor, it is moving forward, as her left foot tramples broken shackles at her feet, in symbolism of the United States' wish to be free from oppression and tyranny. ^ Thank you, the French, for such a beautiful symbol of what America stands for - freedom, opportunity, liberty, and expensive tourist meccas. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] [36] Since the 1940s, it has been claimed that the seven spikes or diadem atop of the crown epitomize the Seven Seas and seven continents . [37] Her torch signifies enlightenment . The Keystone in her hand represents knowledge and shows the date of the United States Declaration of Independence , in Roman numerals , July IV, MDCCLXXVI. . The general appearance of the statue’s head approximates the Greek Sun-god Apollo or the Roman Sun-god Helios as preserved on an ancient marble tablet (today in the Archaeological Museum of Corinth, Corinth , Greece)— Apollo was represented as a solar deity , dressed in a similar robe and having on its head a "radiate crown" with the seven spiked rays of the Helios - Apollo 's sun rays, like the Statue's nimbus or halo . ^ A woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty waved her torch at the crowds, while a five-story-high white balloon representing peace was erected at the protest site. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The ancient Colossus of Rhodes , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , was a statue of Helios with a radiate crown. . The Colossus is referred to in the 1883 sonnet The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus . ^ It's from the a poem called “The New Colossus” written by Emma Lazarus. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Lazarus's poem was later engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the Statue of Liberty in 1903. . To different observers, the statue is a symbol of the values that the United States should venerate and to which it should aspire. ^ Arabs or Muslims living in the United States had their immigrant status checked in ways that seemed often arbitrary, sometimes systematic and mostly inhumane. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] For example, documentarian Ken Burns recounts how the statue became a symbol of "America's open-door policy" with regard to immigration. [38] In his book, Man's Search for Meaning , the existential therapist Viktor Frankl recommended "that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast should be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast." [39] [40] Iconographic precedents Augustin Dumont 's Genius of Liberty As mentioned above, the colossus of Rhodes could have been one source of inspiration for the radiant crown . . In the modern era, radiant-crown-wearing allegorical statues were scuplted by Italian artists, notably Canova 's' allegory of Faith on the tomb of pope Clement XIII [41] , and Camillo Pacetti 's allegory of New Testament above the entrance of Milan Cathedral . ^ The President as the Statue of Liberty, wearing a Bishop’s mitre (an economical modern-day “tolerant liberal,” this artist manages to skewer two targets at once) and a button saying, “God hates fags” while... News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Chinese students erected a replica of the Statue of Liberty in Tiananmen Square . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . The decision to depict Liberty wearing a radiant crown rather than the traditional attribute of liberty, the phrygian cap , is a negative one, avoiding what was then perceived as the symbol of radical revolutionary movements [49] . ^ It has reemerged in the media as a symbol of a divided West rather than a symbol of freedom. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . Similarly, Thomas Crawford had to renounce to his project to dress the Capitol's Statue of Freedom with a phrygian cap because of the concern that it might be seen as an abolitionist symbol. ^ Every time we see an article on this, we have to check it out: There is a clear view of the U.S. Capitol, topped by the famous Statue of Freedom. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] The torch was associated with Liberty prior to Bartholdi's statue of Liberty in the right hand of Augustin Dumont 's Genius of Liberty on the July Column , a monument inaugurated in 1840. The idea of bringing light to the world was expressed with a torch by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux in his Imperial France bringing light to the world and protecting Agriculture and Science in 1866. [50] , but the idea proposed by Hector Horeau in 1868 to build a colossus of Intelligent France enlightening the world on the Hill of Chaillot was never carried out [51] Physical characteristics . Except for a period of time between September 11, 2001, and July 4, 2009, [52] the interior of the statue has been open to visitors. ^ Governors Island willbe open to visitors on Sundays this year for the first time, starting the first weekend in June. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] . Visitors must purchase crown tickets in advance. ^ My only regret is not booking Crown tickets several months in advance - they sell out fast! Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ NOTE: You need to buy this in advance; they don't sell crown tickets on the day of the visit. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . Once they arrive by ferry, they must check in at the information center, then go to the base for the start of the walk up the monument. ^ I've yet to go inside the base or the statue itself but will be sure to write an update once I do. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ I agree, without going up in the monument, some of the luster is gone, however to see something that has weathered this long, and so iconic, made it worth it. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ You aren't allowed to bring anything up with you except a camera, and while they do check they don't do any body cavity searches or anything. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] The climb to the top is 146 stairs on the double-helix stair case. Inside the copper statue it is approximately 15 to 20 degrees (F) warmer than it is outside. . The NPS allows 10 people at a time with 3 groups an hour up into the crown. ^ To reach the crown there are 146 steps up the statue, there are only 10 people allowed at a time and 3 groups per hour allowed. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ Tickets are required for NPS tours (60 people per tour) and are available at the Battery Maritime Building one hour before the tour; tours depart from there at 10 and 1. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] ^ And you can't spend much time there because they send you up in groups of 10 and those below you are impatient standing in the small stairwell. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . This provides a view of New York Harbor (the orientation of the statue faces Brooklyn) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46 cm) high. ^ Campaign for New York’s Future (18) . Streetsblog New York City » Free Bike Share Debuts on Governors Island 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.streetsblog.org [Source type: General] ^ The crown has 25 windows (the largest is only 18"), the statue is facing Brooklyn so you're not able to get a great view of lower Manhattan . Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ Due to set backs the Statue wasn't finished until 1884 and wasn't completed in New York until October 28th 1886. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] The view does not, therefore, include the skyline of Manhattan, except through the smallest windows on the left side of the crown. . The wait outside regularly exceeds three hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets. ^ Be sure to reserve your ticket and print it out beforehand - otherwise, you will wait one hour and a half to even buy a ticket to stand in line through security and wait another hour to get on the damn ferry! Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ Before you buy your ticket you are not informed of the actual wait times...If you buy your ticket in the Castle Clinton booth, the line is visible to your right outside the castle. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] The grey-green verdigris color is the patina which is caused by a chemical reaction and produces such copper salts as brochantite, atacamite , and antlerite , resulting in the current hue. [53] The sandstone used in the base is from Locharbriggs Quarry on the edge of Dumfries in south west Scotland . [54] Interior view of the statue upward, when reopened to the public in 1986 The statue as viewed from the ground on Liberty Island . There are 354 steps inside the statue and its pedestal, with 25 windows in the crown which comprise the jewels beneath the seven rays of the diadem . ^ I don't think it's worth getting crown tickets--mind you, the windows up there are the size of your hand. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ This time when visiting the Statue of Liberty, we could only go up to the pedestal observation level and not all the way up to the crown... Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] ^ I remember visiting the Statue of Liberty, climbing up the cramped stairwell to the statue's crown, and trying to count the number of steps all the way up with my brothers. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] . The keystone which the statue holds in her left hand reads, in Roman numerals, "July 4, 1776" the day of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence . ^ I’m like the one that reads the liner notes on the CD. I’m the one that — I read the Declaration of Independence before a speaking tour we did on AIDS in the Midwest. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] The Statue of Liberty was engineered to withstand heavy winds. . Winds of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) cause the Statue to sway 3 inches (76 mm) and the torch to sway 5 inches (130 mm). ^ The train ride was really nice and a lot more comfortable, its just a shame the train never seemed to go above 50 miles an hour. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] This became an issue for special effects technicians working on the movie Ghostbusters II . [57] Origin of the copper Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Visnes in the municipality of Karmøy , Norway , tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Visnes Mine. [58] [59] Ore from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, Bell Labs used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper. Other sources say that the copper was mined in Yekaterinburg or Nizhny Tagil . [60] The copper sheets were created in the workshops of the Gaget-Gauthier company, and shaped in the Ateliers Mesureur in the west of Paris in 1878. Funding for the copper was provided by Pierre-Eugène Secrétan. Liberty centennial First Lady Nancy Reagan re-opens the statue to the public . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. ^ Hold on to this one for later: From William F. Buckley on the "nuclear option": "Really, you would think the Republicans had proposed to topple the Statue of Liberty." News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ If I look out the window right now, I can see the Statue of Liberty right over the top of an IKEA. If that's not America rolled all into one, I don't know what is. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ We were thinking the exact thing a second ago: - One foot takeoff Statue of Liberty 360 (not sure who can do this; perhaps Josh Smith? News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statue of Liberty restoration project. [61] . In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial . ^ In 1924 the Statue become a National Monument -In 1956 Bedloe's Island was officially changed to Liberty Island -Between 1984-1986 there was a 62 million dollar renovation for the Statues centennial, most of the renovations were in the structure of the statue however they also replaced the torch with a replica due to issues beyond repair. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest) [62] and republican fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart ran the huge grassroots fundraising campaign. [63] . Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the rededication on July 3, 1986—the scaffolding-clad statue can be seen in the 1984 film Desperately Seeking Susan , in the 1985 film Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins, in the 1985 film Brewster's Millions , and on the cover of the 1986 Jackson Browne album Lives in the Balance . Inside work began with workers using liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. ^ We disembarked and walked around the island to get different views of the statue and then headed inside with our Monument Access tickets. Statue of Liberty - New York, NY 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC www.yelp.com [Source type: General] That left two layers of coal tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. [32] Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired with the addition of an inner lip upon which new copper patches were inset, riveted, and hammered flush. [64] Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos / pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. [64] The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46 m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61 m) to the left, which had been compromising the framework. [64] Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound. . Besides the replacement of much of the internal iron with stainless steel and the structural reinforcement of the statue itself, the restoration of the mid-1980s also included the replacement of the original torch with a replica, replacing the original iron stairs with new stairs, installing a newer elevator within the pedestal, and upgrading climate control systems. ^ It's like saying that they want to "restore" the Statue of Liberty and replace all the copper so that it is back to being copper colored instead of what happens to oxidized (totally spelled... News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] [64] The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986. New torch Original torch, replaced in 1986 A new torch replaced the original in 1986, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by very large spotlights embedded in the ground surrounding the monument. Dominion of Liberty Island Main article: Liberty Island . Liberty Island has been the property of the United States government since 1800, and until 1944 served as a military installation called Fort Wood . ^ More info is a click away: We took the ferry to Staten Island since it goes right by the Statue of Liberty and that was really awesome. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ It is said that about 40% of all Americans can trace their family history to a man, woman, or child who entered the United States through Ellis Island. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] The dominion of the island has variously been a subject of (or directly affected by) a land grant, a government directive, an interstate compact as well as several court cases and US Supreme Court decisions. [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] Aftermath of 9/11 Main article: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks . Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001 ; the island reopened in December, the monument reopened on August 3, 2004, the crown and interior finally reopened on July 4, 2009. The National Park Service claimed that the statue was not shut after 9/11 because of a terrorist threat, but principally because of a long list of fire regulation contraventions, including inadequate evacuation procedures. ^ About 15 yrs ago they turned this deserted island into a National Monument and restored it into the way it used to look but turned it into a museum that is fascinating. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ I made up my mind and decided to make for Battery Park and the statue of liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ Right or wrong, but never in doubt: at Forefather’s Monument National Park in Plymouth… it’s not listed with the National Park Service (? News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . The Statue of Liberty had previously been threatened by terrorism, according to the FBI. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three terrorists from the "Black Liberation Front", who allegedly were connected to Cuba , and a female co-conspirator from Montreal connected with the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), seeking independence for Quebec from Canada , who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national monuments—the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. . ^ Read more from this blogger: The Statue of Liberty, the Iraq connection . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ This year the conductor, Mark Johnson, who usually dresses as Uncle Sam for this piece, came dressed as the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ Personal relationship with (and tragic loss of) firefighters, multiethnic children, widows, orphans, police officers, servicemen, Statue of Liberty, and two giant, disembodied hands shaking each other in sky . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] The ladder to the torch still is closed and has been since 1916. Jumps At 2:45 p.m. on February 2, 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. . The New York Times reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away. ^ For some reason, reminds us of a recent art show: Lately the Statue of liberty in New York has changed symbolism. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ All the times I’ve been to New York over the years and I’ve never been that close to it. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The same thing he was doing before it started, if what actor Tom Arnold told the New York Times is accurate: . Ballot Box: Governors 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC ballotbox.governing.com [Source type: General] ^ If I look out the window right now, I can see the Statue of Liberty right over the top of an IKEA. If that's not America rolled all into one, I don't know what is. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Gleason was killed when he landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass. [81] On August 23, 2001, French stuntman Thierry Devaux parasailed onto the monument and got hung up on the statue's torch in a bungled attempt to bungee jump from it. He was not hurt and was charged with four misdemeanor offenses including trespassing. [82] Inscription . The bronze plaque, located in the Statue of liberty exhibit on the second floor of the pedestal, is inscribed with the sonnet " The New Colossus " by Emma Lazarus . ^ News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives News from Around the World . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The boat tours under the Williamsburg, Manhattan and Brooklyn bridges, and through New York harbor to circle the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ However, that postmark is not nearly as good as getting a postmark from Liberty Island in New York, where the Statue of Liberty is located. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] It has never been engraved on the exterior of the pedestal, despite such depictions in editorial cartoons. [83] . Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. ^ "A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name, Mother of Exiles. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ Read more from this blogger: "A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name, Mother of Exiles. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" The first two lines refer to the ancient Colossus of Rhodes . The bronze plaque in the pedestal contains a typographical error: the comma in "Keep, ancient lands" is missing, causing that line to read "'Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!' cries she", and noticeably altering its meaning. . The name "Mother of Exiles" was never taken up as the statue's name. ^ Read more from this blogger: "A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name, Mother of Exiles. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ "A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name, Mother of Exiles. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Main article: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty . Boy Scouts of America placed a small-scale replica of the Statue of Liberty at the Gentry Building in Columbia, Missouri in 1950. Located at the Parks & Recreation Administration Offices, at Seventh and Broadway, the plaque notes that the statue was dedicated as a pledge of everlasting fidelity and loyalty. ^ Probably the dedication of the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ SEveral beautiful colonial style buildings, A HUGE sanctuary, a lake for baptism complete with (drumroll please) their very own STATUE OF LIBERTY! Yes! News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ I made up my mind and decided to make for Battery Park and the statue of liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] The local project was a component of the Scouts' national 40th anniversary celebration which had Strengthen the Arm of Liberty as its theme. . More than 200 replicas were placed nationally as a result. ^ More than 200 artists have signed up to do their thing this year. Governors Island Alliance: Events [84] . There also is a replica statue in the middle of the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . ^ There is a replica of the Statue located in the center of a traffic roundabout at the entrance of Colmar. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] . The statue is almost entirely white as viewed from US-322 East and West going past the river. ^ As Victor Frankl said, there might be a statue of liberty on the east coast, but it should be balanced with a statue of responsibility on the west coast. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] Another replica, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri , stands at the entrance of Capaha Park. There is also a replica in Medford, Oregon . . There are replicas in theme parks and resorts, including the New York-New York Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas on the Strip , replicas created as commercial advertising, and replicas erected in U.S. communities by patriotic benefactors, including no fewer than two hundred donated by Boy Scout troops to local communities. ^ Town Hall Meeting with Citywide Candidates Questioning candidates to ensure commitment to New York parks. Governors Island Alliance: Events . Hundreds of other Statues of Liberty have been erected worldwide. ^ Chinese students erected a replica of the Statue of Liberty in Tiananmen Square . News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ A woman dressed as the Statue of Liberty waved her torch at the crowds, while a five-story-high white balloon representing peace was erected at the protest site. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ Over the years, these chemicals have spread, contaminating two hundred miles of river from the Hudson Falls to just shy of the Statue of Liberty. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] A smaller replica is in the Norwegian village of Visnes , on the island of Karmøy , in Rogaland County where the copper used in the original statue was mined. 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] During the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 , Chinese student demonstrators in Beijing built a ten meter image called the Goddess of Democracy , which sculptor Tsao Tsing-yuan said was intentionally dissimilar to the Statue of Liberty to avoid being "too openly pro-American." [85] At around the same time, a copy of this statue was made and displayed on Connecticut Avenue in Washington, D.C. , in a small park across the street from the Chinese Embassy. The sculptor James Alexander Ewing's most prestigious commission was for the carving of the Glasgow City Chambers ' Jubilee Pediment, its apex group of Truth, Riches, and Honour, and the statues of The Four Seasons on the building's tower. . The figure of Truth also is known as Glasgow's Statue of Liberty, because of its close resemblance to the similarly posed, but very much larger, statue in New York harbour. ^ The New York Senate has been stymied for weeks because of two major problems. Ballot Box: Governors Main article: The Statue of Liberty in popular culture The Statue of Liberty is on the reverse of all Presidential $1 coins . The Statue of Liberty quickly became a popular icon, featured in scores of posters, pictures, motion pictures, and books. ^ The poster, featuring the Statue of Liberty, says "Immigration is an American experience. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] ^ The picture of the Statue of Liberty (obligatory under a little-known but grimly enforced Federal regulation of libertarian book covers) is cropped to hardly more than a nostril. News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] A 1911 O. Henry story relates a fanciful conversation between "Mrs. Liberty" and another statue; [86] it figured in 1918 Liberty Loan posters. During the 1940s and 1950s, pulp Science Fiction magazines featured Lady Liberty surrounded by ruins or by the sediments of the ages. It has been in dozens of motion pictures. It is a setting in the 1942 Alfred Hitchcock movie Saboteur , which featured a climactic confrontation at the statue. Half submerged in the sand, the Statue provided the apocalyptic revelation at the end of 1968's Planet of the Apes . . The statue walked from Liberty Island to Manhattan in the 1989 film, Ghostbusters II , to defeat the villain with positive energy when it inspired hope amongst cheering New Yorkers. ^ Since 1995, Governors Island Alliance has worked to ensure that New Yorkers and their friends and family have the opportunity to visit this unique and wonderful place. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] It was the setting for the climax of the first X-Men film. . It can also be seen lying broken on the ground in the movie Independence Day , after the first wave of attacks by extraterrestrials. ^ Also, the first 250 visitors each day will be given a kite to fly on the Island's Parade Ground. Governors Island Alliance: Events 2 February 2010 14:50 UTC www.governorsislandalliance.org [Source type: General] In the 2004 movie The Day After Tomorrow , the statue gets frozen, and in the 2008 movie Cloverfield , it is decapitated by a giant monster; its head lands in a Manhattan street. . In the 1994 Gundam series G Gundam , the protagonist hides his Gundam in the abandoned statue and then makes it jump out of the statue, destroying it. ^ Specifically, the hoops she had to jump through to see the Statue of Liberty: First you go through an airline-style screening before you get on the ferry to go out... News from Around the World: statue of liberty archives 6 February 2010 13:37 UTC news.blogcarnival.com [Source type: General] In the film, National Treasure: Book of Secrets, the sister statue in Paris provides a clue. The history of the Statue of Liberty is retold in the hit 2008 illustrated book Lady Liberty: A Biography. It was the subject of a 1978 University of Wisconsin–Madison prank in which Lady Liberty appeared to be standing submerged in a frozen-over local lake. [87] It has appeared on New York and New Jersey license plates, is used as a logo for the NHL 's New York Rangers and the WNBA 's New York Liberty , and it was the subject of magician David Copperfield 's largest vanishing act. [88] Michael Jackson's music video Black and White where you can see him at the torch. In 1982 Jessica Skinner was born inside the statue. Her mother went into labor while climbing the stairs, and gave birth before she could get back to ground level. [89] In Men in Black II , an emergency neuralizer is built into the Statue of Liberty to erase everyone's memories in case of a mass display. It also starred in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV , in which it's called "The Statue of Happiness", since the statue is smiling in the game. It also holds up a cup of coffee instead of a torch. See also	Statue of Liberty
Who famously opined that "In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes"?	Matt's Remember Origins \| Fanon Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia I. When was Jesus born? A. Popular myth puts his birth on December 25th in the year 1 C.E. B. The New Testament gives no date or year for Jesus’ birth. The earliest gospel – St. Mark’s, written about 65 CE – begins with the baptism of an adult Jesus. This suggests that the earliest Christians lacked interest in or knowledge of Jesus’ birthdate. C. The year of Jesus birth was determined by Dionysius Exiguus, a Scythian monk, “abbot of a Roman monastery. His calculation went as follows: a. In the Roman, pre-Christian era, years were counted from ab urbe condita (“the founding of the City” [Rome]). Thus 1 AUC signifies the year Rome was founded, 5 AUC signifies the 5th year of Rome’s reign, etc. b. Dionysius received a tradition that the Roman emperor Augustus reigned 43 years, and was followed by the emperor Tiberius. c. Luke 3:1,23 indicates that when Jesus turned 30 years old, it was the 15th year of Tiberius reign. d. If Jesus was 30 years old in Tiberius’ reign, then he lived 15 years under Augustus (placing Jesus birth in Augustus’ 28th year of reign). e. Augustus took power in 727 AUC. Therefore, Dionysius put Jesus birth in 754 AUC. f. However, Luke 1:5 places Jesus’ birth in the days of Herod, and Herod died in 750 AUC – four years before the year in which Dionysius places Jesus birth. D. Joseph A. Fitzmyer – Professor Emeritus of Biblical Studies at the Catholic University of America, member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, and former president of the Catholic Biblical Association – writing in the Catholic Church’s official commentary on the New Testament[1], writes about the date of Jesus’ birth, “Though the year [of Jesus birth is not reckoned with certainty, the birth did not occur in AD 1. The Christian era, supposed to have its starting point in the year of Jesus birth, is based on a miscalculation introduced ca. 533 by Dionysius Exiguus.” E. The DePascha Computus, an anonymous document believed to have been written in North Africa around 243 CE, placed Jesus birth on March 28. Clement, a bishop of Alexandria (d. ca. 215 CE), thought Jesus was born on November 18. Based on historical records, Fitzmyer guesses that Jesus birth occurred on September 11, 3 BCE. II. How Did Christmas Come to Be Celebrated on December 25? A. Roman pagans first introduced the holiday of Saturnalia, a week long period of lawlessness celebrated between December 17-25. During this period, Roman courts were closed, and Roman law dictated that no one could be punished for damaging property or injuring people during the weeklong celebration. The festival began when Roman authorities chose “an enemy of the Roman people” to represent the “Lord of Misrule.” Each Roman community selected a victim whom they forced to indulge in food and other physical pleasures throughout the week. At the festival’s conclusion, December 25th, Roman authorities believed they were destroying the forces of darkness by brutally murdering this innocent man or woman. B. The ancient Greek writer poet and historian Lucian (in his dialogue entitled Saturnalia) describes the festival’s observance in his time. In addition to human sacrifice, he mentions these customs: widespread intoxication; going from house to house while singing, and consuming human-shaped biscuits (still produced in some English and most German bakeries during the Christmas season). C. In the 4th century CE, Christianity imported the Saturnalia festival hoping to take the pagan masses in with it. Christian leaders succeeded in converting to Christianity large numbers of pagans by promising them that they could continue to celebrate the Saturnalia as Christians.[2] D. The problem was that there was nothing intrinsically Christian about Saturnalia. To remedy this, these Christian leaders named Saturnalia’s concluding day, December 25th, to be Jesus’ birthday. E. Christians had little success, however, refining the practices of Saturnalia. As Stephen Nissenbaum, professor history at the University of Massachussetts, Amherst, writes, “In return for ensuring massive observance of the anniversary of the Savior’s birth by assigning it to this resonant date, the Church for its part tacitly agreed to allow the holiday to be celebrated more or less the way it had always been.” The earliest Christmas holidays were celebrated by drinking,indulgence, singing in the streets (a precursor of modern caroling), etc. F. The Reverend Increase Mather of Boston observed in 1687 that “the early Christians who first observed the Nativity on December 25 did not do so thinking that Christ was born in that Month, but because the Heathens’ Saturnalia was at that time kept in Rome, and they were willing to have those Pagan Holidays metamorphosed into Christian ones.”[3] Because of its known pagan origin, Christmas was banned by the Puritans and its observance was illegal in Massachusetts between 1659 and 1681.[4] However, Christmas was and still is celebrated by most Christians. G. Some of the most depraved customs of the Saturnalia carnival were intentionally revived by the Catholic Church in 1466 when Pope Paul II, for the amusement of his Roman citizens, forced Jews to race naked through the streets of the city. An eyewitness account reports, “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily.”[5] H. As part of the Saturnalia carnival throughout the 18th and 19th centuries CE, rabbis of the ghetto in Rome were forced to wear clownish outfits and march through the city streets to the jeers of the crowd, pelted by a variety of missiles. When the Jewish community of Rome sent a petition in1836 to Pope Gregory XVI begging him to stop the annual Saturnalia abuse of the Jewish community, he responded, “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”[6] On December 25, 1881, Christian leaders whipped the Polish masses into Antisemitic frenzies that led to riots across the country. In Warsaw 12 Jews were brutally murdered, huge numbers maimed, and many Jewish women were raped. Two million rubles worth of property was destroyed. III. The Origins of Christmas Customs A. The Origin of Christmas Tree Just as early Christians recruited Roman pagans by associating Christmas with the Saturnalia, so too worshippers of the Asheira cult and its offshoots were recruited by the Church sanctioning “Christmas Trees”.[7] Pagans had long worshipped trees in the forest, or brought them into their homes and decorated them, and this observance was adopted and painted with a Christian veneer by the Church. B. The Origin of Mistletoe Norse mythology recounts how the god Balder was killed using a mistletoe arrow by his rival god Hoder while fighting for the female Nanna. Druid rituals use mistletoe to poison their human sacrificial victim.[8] The Christian custom of “kissing under the mistletoe” is a later synthesis of the sexual license of Saturnalia with the Druidic sacrificial cult.[9] C. The Origin of Christmas Presents In pre-Christian Rome, the emperors compelled their most despised citizens to bring offerings and gifts during the Saturnalia (in December) and Kalends (in January). Later, this ritual expanded to include gift-giving among the general populace. The Catholic Church gave this custom a Christian flavor by re-rooting it in the supposed gift-giving of Saint Nicholas (see below).[10] D. The Origin of Santa Claus a. Nicholas was born in Parara, Turkey in 270 CE and later became Bishop of Myra. He died in 345 CE on December 6th. He was only named a saint in the 19th century. b. Nicholas was among the most senior bishops who convened the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE and created the New Testament. c. In 1087, a group of sailors who idolized Nicholas moved his bones from Turkey to a sanctuary in Bari, Italy. There Nicholas supplanted a female boon-giving deity called The Grandmother, or Pasqua Epiphania, who used to fill the children's stockings with her gifts. The Grandmother was ousted from her shrine at Bari, which became the center of the Nicholas cult. Members of this group gave each other gifts during a pageant they conducted annually on the anniversary of Nicholas’ death, December 6. d. The Nicholas cult spread north until it was adopted by German and Celtic pagans. These groups worshipped a pantheon led by Woden –their chief god and the father of Thor, Balder, and Tiw. Woden had a long, white beard and rode a horse through the heavens one evening each Autumn. When Nicholas merged with Woden, he shed his Mediterranean appearance, grew a beard, mounted a flying horse, rescheduled his flight for December, and donned heavy winter clothing. e. In a bid for pagan adherents in Northern Europe, the Catholic Church adopted the Nicholas cult and taught that he did (and they should) distribute gifts on December 25th instead of December 6th. f. In 1809, the novelist Washington Irving (most famous his The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle) wrote a satire of Dutch culture entitled Knickerbocker History. The satire refers several times to the white bearded, flying-horse riding Saint Nicholas using his Dutch name, Santa Claus. g. Dr. Clement Moore, a professor at Union Seminary, read Knickerbocker History, and in 1822 he published a poem based on the character Santa Claus: “Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse. The stockings were hung by the chimney with care, in the hope that Saint Nicholas soon would be there…” Moore innovated by portraying a Santa with eight reindeer who descended through chimneys. h. The Bavarian illustrator Thomas Nast almost completed the modern picture of Santa Claus. From 1862 through 1886, based on Moore’s poem, Nast drew more than 2,200 cartoon images of Santa for Harper’s Weekly. Before Nast, Saint Nicholas had been pictured as everything from a stern looking bishop to a gnome-like figure in a frock. Nast also gave Santa a home at the North Pole, his workshop filled with elves, and his list of the good and bad children of the world. All Santa was missing was his red outfit. i. In 1931, the Coca Cola Corporation contracted the Swedish commercial artist Haddon Sundblom to create a coke-drinking Santa. Sundblom modeled his Santa on his friend Lou Prentice, chosen for his cheerful, chubby face. The corporation insisted that Santa’s fur-trimmed suit be bright, Coca Cola red. And Santa was born – a blend of Christian crusader, pagan god, and commercial idol. IV. The Christmas Challenge · Christmas has always been a holiday celebrated carelessly. For millennia, pagans, Christians, and even Jews have been swept away in the season’s festivities, and very few people ever pause to consider the celebration’s intrinsic meaning, history, or origins. · Christmas celebrates the birth of the Christian god who came to rescue mankind from the “curse of the Torah.” It is a 24-hour declaration that Judaism is no longer valid. · Christmas is a lie. There is no Christian church with a tradition that Jesus was really born on December 25th. · Many of the most popular Christmas customs – including Christmas trees, mistletoe, Christmas presents, and Santa Claus – are modern incarnations of the most depraved pagan rituals ever practiced on earth. It was an appropriate thought for the day. This Christmas, how will we celebrate? 5 Christmas Crafts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Earth Day Flag created by John McConnell Earth Day is an annual event, celebrated on April 22, on which day events worldwide are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. It was first celebrated in 1970, and is now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network,[1] and celebrated in more than 192 countries each year.[2] In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a Proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award in recognition of his work.[3] While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations.[4][5] Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on environmental issues. Contents [hide] 1 Earth Day 1970 1.1 New York City 1.2 Philadelphia 2 Earth Day 1990 3 Earth Day 2000 4 Subsequent Earth Day events 5 The Earth Day name 6 Earth Day Canada 7 History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20) 8 April 22 observances 8.1 Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970 8.2 Significance of April 22 9 Earth Day anthems 9.1 Earth Anthem (Abhay Kumar) 9.2 Earth Day Anthem (William Wallace) 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Earth Day 1970 The first Earth Day family had participants and celebrants in two thousand colleges and universities, roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities across the United States. More importantly, it "brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform."[6] It now is observed in 192 countries, and coordinated by the nonprofit Earth Day Network, chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer Denis Hayes, according to whom Earth Day is now "the largest secular holiday in the world, celebrated by more than a billion people every year."[7] Environmental groups have sought to make Earth Day into a day of action which changes human behavior and provokes policy changes.[8] New York City In the winter of 1969–1970, a group of students met at Columbia University to hear Denis Hayes talk about his plans for Earth Day. Among the group were Fred Kent, Pete Grannis, and Kristin and William Hubbard. This New York group agreed to head up the New York City part of the national movement. Fred Kent took the lead in renting an office and recruiting volunteers. "The big break came when Mayor Lindsay agreed to shut down Fifth Avenue for the event. A giant cheer went up in the office on that day," according to Kristin Hubbard (now Kristin Alexandre). 'From that time on we used Mayor Lindsay's offices and even his staff. I was Speaker Coordinator but had tremendous help from Lindsay staffer Judith Crichton." In addition to shutting down Fifth Avenue, Mayor John Lindsay made Central Park available for Earth Day. The crowd was estimated as more than one million—by far the largest in the nation.[citation needed] Since Manhattan was also the home of NBC, CBS, ABC, The New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, it provided the best possible anchor for national coverage from their reporters throughout the country.[9] Philadelphia U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking to an estimated 40–60,000 at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia on Earth Day, 1970 The event was hosted by environmentalist Ira Einhorn.[10] U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate Ralph Nader; Landscape Architect Ian McHarg; Nobel prize-winning Harvard Biochemist, George Wald; U.S. Senate Minority Leader, Hugh Scott; and poet, Allen Ginsberg. Photos, video, and other previously unpublished information are available to the public at EarthWeek1970.org. Earth Day 1990 The official logo of the Mount Everest Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of environmental issues onto the world stage, Earth Day activities in 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Unlike the first Earth Day in 1970, this 20th Anniversary was waged with stronger marketing tools, greater access to television and radio, and multimillion-dollar budgets.[11] Two separate groups formed to sponsor Earth Day events in 1990: The Earth Day 20 Foundation, assembled by Edward Furia (Project Director of Earth Week in 1970), and Earth Day 1990, assembled by Denis Hayes (National Coordinator for Earth Day 1970). Senator Gaylord Nelson, the original founder of Earth Day, was honorary chairman for both groups. The two did not combine forces over disagreements about leadership of combined organization and incompatible structures and strategies.[11] Among the disagreements, key Earth Day 20 Foundation organizers were critical of Earth Day 1990 for including on their board Hewlett-Packard, a company that at the time was the second-biggest emitter of chlorofluorocarbons in Silicon Valley and refused to switch to alternative solvents.[11] In terms of marketing, Earth Day 20 had a grassroots approach to organizing and relied largely on locally based groups like the National Toxics Campaign, a Boston-based coalition of 1,000 local groups concerned with industrial pollution. Earth Day 1990 employed strategies including focus group testing, direct mail fund raising, and email marketing.[11] The Earth Day 20 Foundation highlighted its April 22 activities in George, Washington, near the Columbia River with a live satellite phone call with members of the historic Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb who called from their base camp on Mount Everest to pledge their support for world peace and attention to environmental issues.[12] The Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb was led by Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mt. Everest (many years earlier), and marked the first time in history that mountaineers from the United States, Soviet Union, and China had roped together to climb a mountain, let alone Mt. Everest.[12] The group also collected more than two tons of trash (transported down the mountain by support groups along the way) that was left behind on Mount Everest from previous climbing expeditions. The master of ceremonies for the Columbia Gorge event was the TV star, John Ratzenberger, from "Cheers", and the headlining musician was the "Father of Rock and Roll," Chuck Berry.[12] Warner Bros. Records released an Earth Day-themed single in 1990 entitled "Tomorrow's World", written by Kix Brooks (who would later become one-half of Brooks & Dunn) and Pam Tillis.[13] The song featured vocals from Lynn Anderson, Butch Baker, Shane Barmby, Billy Hill, Suzy Bogguss, Kix Brooks, T. Graham Brown, The Burch Sisters, Holly Dunn, Foster & Lloyd, Vince Gill, William Lee Golden, Highway 101, Shelby Lynne, Johnny Rodriguez, Dan Seals, Les Taylor, Pam Tillis, Mac Wiseman, and Kevin Welch. It charted at number 74 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated May 5, 1990.[14] Earth Day 2000 Earth Day 2000 combined the ambitious spirit of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. This was the first year that Earth Day used the Internet as its principal organizing tool, and it proved invaluable nationally and internationally. Kelly Evans, a professional political organizer, served as executive director of the 2000 campaign. The event ultimately enlisted more than 5,000 environmental groups outside the United States, reaching hundreds of millions of people in a record 183 countries.[15] Leonardo DiCaprio was the official host for the event,[15] and about 400,000 participants stood in the cold rain during the course of the day. Subsequent Earth Day events Earth Day 2007 at San Diego City College in San Diego, California To turn Earth Day into a sustainable annual event rather than one that occurred every 10 years, Nelson and Bruce Anderson, New Hampshire's lead organizers in 1990, formed Earth Day USA. Building on the momentum created by thousands of community organizers around the world, Earth Day USA coordinated the next five Earth Day celebrations through 1995, including the launch of EarthDay.org. Following the 25th Anniversary in 1995, the coordination baton was handed to Earth Day Network. As the millennium approached, Hayes agreed to spearhead another campaign, this time focusing on global warming and pushing for clean energy. The April 22 Earth Day in 2000 combined the big-picture feistiness of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. For 2000, Earth Day had the internet to help link activists around the world. By the time April 22 came around, 5,000 environmental groups around the world were on board reaching out to hundreds of millions of people in a record 184 countries. Events varied: A talking drum chain traveled from village to village in Gabon, Africa, for example, while hundreds of thousands of people gathered on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., USA. Earth Day 2007 was one of the largest Earth Days to date, with many people participating in the activities in thousands of places including Kiev, Ukraine; Caracas, Venezuela; Tuvalu; Manila, Philippines; Togo; Madrid, Spain; London; and New York. On 2012 Californians for Population Stabilization (CAPS) group brings back Earth Day to human overpopulation as the main concern.[16] Earth day founder Gaylord Nelson stated that he was disappointed in followers for neglecting overpopulation.[17] The Earth Day name According to Nelson, the moniker "Earth Day" was "an obvious and logical name" suggested by "a number of people" in the fall of 1969, including, he writes, both "a friend of mine who had been in the field of public relations" and "a New York advertising executive," Julian Koenig.[18] Koenig, who had been on Nelson's organizing committee in 1969, has said that the idea came to him by the coincidence of his birthday with the day selected, April 22; "Earth Day" rhyming with "birthday," the connection seemed natural.[19][20] Other names circulated during preparations—Nelson himself continued to call it the National Environment Teach-In, but national coordinator Denis Hayes used the term Earth Day in his communications and press coverage of the event was "practically unanimous" in its use of "Earth Day," so the name stuck.[18] The introduction of the name "Earth Day" was also claimed by John McConnell (see "Equinox Earth Day," below).[21] Earth Day Canada The first Canadian Earth Day was held on Thursday, September 11, 1980, and was organized by Paul D. Tinari, then a graduate student in Engineering Physics/Solar Engineering at Queen's University. Flora MacDonald, then MP for Kingston and the Islands and Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, officially opened Earth Day Week on September 6, 1980 with a ceremonial tree planting and encouraged MPs and MPPs across the country to declare a cross-Canada annual Earth Day. The principal activities taking place on the first Earth Day included educational lectures given by experts in various environmental fields, garbage and litter pick-up by students along city roads and highways as well as tree plantings to replace the trees killed by Dutch Elm Disease.[22][23] Paul Tinari officially launching the first Canadian Earth Day on September 11, 1980 – waiting to speak are Flora MacDonald MP, secretary of state for external affairs, Ken Keyes, mayor of Kingston, and Dr. Ronald Watts, principal of Queen's University Earth Day Canada (EDC) is a national environmental charity founded in 1990 that provides Canadians with practical knowledge, tools, and simple easy-to-accomplish actions to support a healthier environment through EDC's year-round and award-winning programs. Education: EcoKids supports teachers and students, grades K-8, with free educational resources, curriculum-linked lesson plans including ESL and FSL, and homework help and games for students. EcoMentors offers youth the training and resources they need to facilitate local environmental education workshops with their peers and other young Canadians. Action: EDC's challenges, contests and campaigns promote practical, culturally relevant and cost-effective solutions to help individual Canadians support a healthier environment. EDC also encourages action by supporting individuals and community groups in the organization and delivery of local Earth Day (April 22) events. Recognition and Financial Support: Toyota Earth Day Scholarship Program recognizes tomorrow's environmental leaders providing twenty $5 000 scholarships to graduating high school students going on to post-secondary education in the discipline of their choice. The Hometown Heroes Award Program recognizes environmental leaders at the community level with an individual and a group award (each with a cash-prize of $10 000), and business leaders with a small business award. Earth Day Canada's Community Environment Fund funds sustainable community projects in Ontario providing grants of up to $20 000 to schools and not-for-profit organizations. The Diversity Engagement and Inclusion Initiative helps the environmental sector to better communicate with, engage and activate Canada's diverse social and cultural communities. The Employee Engagement program works with employers to achieve business and sustainability goals through inclusion of best practices. History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20) The equinoctial Earth Day is celebrated on the March equinox (around March 20) to mark the precise moment of astronomical spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is that point in time (not a whole day) when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures, the equinoxes and solstices are considered to start or separate the seasons. John McConnell[24] first introduced the idea of a global holiday called "Earth Day" at the 1969 UNESCO Conference on the Environment. The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto on March 21, 1970. Celebrations were held in various cities, such as San Francisco and in Davis, California with a multi-day street party. UN Secretary-General U Thant supported McConnell's global initiative to celebrate this annual event; and on February 26, 1971, he signed a proclamation to that effect, saying: May there be only peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life.[25] United Nations secretary-general Kurt Waldheim observed Earth Day with similar ceremonies on the March equinox in 1972, and the United Nations Earth Day ceremony has continued each year since on the day of the March equinox (the United Nations also works with organizers of the April 22 global event). Margaret Mead added her support for the equinox Earth Day, and in 1978 declared: "Earth Day is the first holy day which transcends all national borders, yet preserves all geographical integrities, spans mountains and oceans and time belts, and yet brings people all over the world into one resonating accord, is devoted to the preservation of the harmony in nature and yet draws upon the triumphs of technology, the measurement of time, and instantaneous communication through space. Earth Day draws on astronomical phenomena in a new way – which is also the most ancient way – by using the vernal Equinox, the time when the Sun crosses the equator making the length of night and day equal in all parts of the Earth. To this point in the annual calendar, EARTH DAY attaches no local or divisive set of symbols, no statement of the truth or superiority of one way of life over another. But the selection of the March Equinox makes planetary observance of a shared event possible, and a flag which shows the Earth, as seen from space, appropriate."[26] At the moment of the equinox, it is traditional to observe Earth Day by ringing the Japanese Peace Bell, which was donated by Japan to the United Nations.[27] Over the years, celebrations have occurred in various places worldwide at the same time as the UN celebration. On March 20, 2008, in addition to the ceremony at the United Nations, ceremonies were held in New Zealand, and bells were sounded in California, Vienna, Paris, Lithuania, Tokyo, and many other locations. The equinox Earth Day at the UN is organized by the Earth Society Foundation.[28] Earth Day ringing the peace bell is celebrated around the world in many towns, ringing the Peace Bell in Vienna,[29] Berlin, and elsewhere. A memorable event took place at the UN in Geneva, celebrating a Minute for Peace ringing the Japanese Shinagawa Peace Bell with the help of the Geneva Friendship Association and the Global Youth Foundation,[30] directly after in deep mourning about the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe 10 days before. Beside the Spring Equinox for the Northern Hemisphere, the observance of the Spring Equinox for the Southern Hemisphere is of equal importance ! It is a "new sign of hope" for Peace that the International Day of Peace[31] is celebrated on the Spring Equinox of the South! right along the original intentions of John McConnell, U-Thant, Muller, Mead,... April 22 observances Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970 In 1968, Morton Hilbert and the U.S. Public Health Service organized the Human Ecology Symposium, an environmental conference for students to hear from scientists about the effects of environmental degradation on human health.[32] This was the beginning of Earth Day. For the next two years, Hilbert and students worked to plan the first Earth Day.[33] In April 1970—along with a federal proclamation from U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson—the first Earth Day was held.[34] Project Survival, an early environmentalism-awareness education event, was held at Northwestern University on January 23, 1970. This was the first of several events held at university campuses across the United States in the lead-up to the first Earth Day. Also, Ralph Nader began talking about the importance of ecology in 1970. The 1960s had been a very dynamic period for ecology in the US. Pre-1960 grassroots activism against DDT in Nassau County, New York, had inspired Rachel Carson to write her bestseller, Silent Spring (1962). Significance of April 22 Nelson chose the date in order to maximize participation on college campuses for what he conceived as an "environmental teach-in". He determined the week of April 19–25 was the best bet as it did not fall during exams or spring breaks.[35] Moreover, it did not conflict with religious holidays such as Easter or Passover, and was late enough in spring to have decent weather. More students were likely to be in class, and there would be less competition with other mid-week events—so he chose Wednesday, April 22. The day also fell after the anniversary of the birth of noted conservationist John Muir. Global selfie - Earth Day, April 22, 2014. Unbeknownst to Nelson,[36] April 22, 1970, was coincidentally the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin, when translated to the Gregorian calendar (which the Soviets adopted in 1918). Time reported that some suspected the date was not a coincidence, but a clue that the event was "a Communist trick", and quoted a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution as saying, "subversive elements plan to make American children live in an environment that is good for them."[37] J. Edgar Hoover, director of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, may have found the Lenin connection intriguing; it was alleged the FBI conducted surveillance at the 1970 demonstrations.[38] The idea that the date was chosen to celebrate Lenin's centenary still persists in some quarters,[39][40] an idea borne out by the similarity with the subbotnik instituted by Lenin in 1920 as days on which people would have to do community service, which typically consisted in removing rubbish from public property and collecting recyclable material. Subbotniks were also imposed on other countries within the compass of Soviet power, including Eastern Europe, and at the height of its power the Soviet Union established a nation-wide subbotnik to be celebrated on Lenin's birthday, April 22, which had been proclaimed a national holiday celebrating communism by Nikita Khrushchev in 1955. Earth Day anthems Earth Anthem (Abhay Kumar) Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the continents and the oceans of the world united we stand as flora and fauna united we stand as species of one earth black, brown, white, different colours we are humans, the earth is our home. Our cosmic oasis, cosmic blue pearl the most beautiful planet in the universe all the people and the nations of the world all for one and one for all united we unfurl the blue marble flag black, brown, white, different colours we are humans, the earth is our home. “ ” "Earth Anthem" by Abhay K (Under CC by ND-NC)[41] There are many songs that are performed on Earth Day, that generally fall into two categories. Popular songs by contemporary artists not specific to Earth Day that are under copyright or new lyrics adapted to children's songs. UNESCO has termed Indian poet-diplomat Abhay Kumar's idea of an official Earth Anthem as a creative and inspiring thought that would contribute to bringing the world together.[42] Kumar's "Earth Anthem" has been translated into eight languages including all official languages of the United Nations viz. Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish.[43] The other two languages are Hindi and Nepali. It was launched in June 2013 on the occasion of the World Environment Day by Kapil Sibal and Shashi Tharoor, Union Ministers of India at a function organized by the Indian Council of Cultural Relations in New Delhi.[44] India's Central Board of Secondary Education or CBSE has started using it for educational purposes.[45] The US Consul General Jennifer McIntyre has called Kumar's Earth Anthem a significant contribution to Earth Day and truly an anthem for the Earth. [46] Bollywood actress Manisha Koirala and singing nun Ani Choying Drolma have advocated an official Earth Anthem and appreciated the work being done by poet-diplomat Abhay K towards an official Earth Anthem. [47] Earth Day Anthem (William Wallace) The "Ode to Joy" melody by Beethoven, the official anthem of the European Union, also is performed on the Earth Day. Lyrics for the Earth Day Anthem set to "Ode to Joy" are as follows: Joyful joyful we adore our Earth in all its wonderment Simple gifts of nature that all join into a paradise Now we must resolve to protect her Show her our love throughout all time With our gentle hand and touch We make our home a newborn world Now we must resolve to protect her Show her our love throughout all time With our gentle hand and touch We make our home a newborn world[48] See also Portal icon Environment portal Arbor Day Earth Charter Earth Hour Expo '74: "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment" International Day of Forests Live Earth Pale Blue Dot World Environment Day by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Water Day References 1.Jump up ^ "Earth Day Network". Earthday.net. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 2.Jump up ^ "Earth Day International". Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 3.Jump up ^ "Earth Day \| Care2 Healthy Living". Care2.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013. 4.Jump up ^ "Staff — The Builtt Foundation". Bullitt.org. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 5.Jump up ^ "The Rumpus Interview With Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 6.Jump up ^ Jack Lewis (November 1985). "The Birth of EPA". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. 7.Jump up ^ "About Earth Day Network". Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 8.Jump up ^ "Earth Day: The History of A Movement". Earth Day Network. Retrieved August 16, 2013. 9.Jump up ^ "The Spirit of the First Earth Day". U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. January–February 1990. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010. 10.Jump up ^ "Earth Day co-founder killed, composted girlfriend". NBC News. April 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 11.^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Business of Earth Day". Nytimes.com. November 12, 1989. Retrieved April 22, 2012. 12.^ Jump up to: a b c Ellensburg Daily Record – Google News Archive Search 13.Jump up ^ Hurst, Jack (April 22, 1990). "Earth calling. . .Help! Cautious Nashville is starting to turn green". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 14.Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 424. ISBN 0-89820-177-2 . 15.^ Jump up to: a b Gerth, Jeff (April 23, 2000). "Peaceful, Easy Feeling Imbues 30th Earth Day". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 16.Jump up ^ EARTH DAY: POPULATION GROWTH IS THE OVERWHELMING, AND OVERLOOKED, PROBLEM, CAPS, 2012 17.Jump up ^ "Earth Day 2013 – The Paramount Issue of Overpopulation!, 2013". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 18.^ Jump up to: a b Gaylord Nelson Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Box 231, Folder 43. 19.Jump up ^ "Origin Story". This American Life. Episode 383. June 19, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 20.Jump up ^ "Statement by Paul Leventhal on the 25th Anniversary of the Nuclear Control Institute". June 21, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 21.Jump up ^ "Who invented Earth Day?". Retrieved March 4, 2014. 22.Jump up ^ Tait, Teresa (July 23, 1980), "A Little Litter is Too Much", Kingston This Week. 23.Jump up ^ Wright, Sylvia (July 1980), "Canada's First Earth Day Scheduled for Sept. 11", The Kingston Whig Standard. 24.Jump up ^ "EarthSite". "EarthSite". Retrieved April 22, 2010. 25.Jump up ^ "Earth Day 2004". Retrieved April 15, 2013. 26.Jump up ^ Margaret Mead, "Earth Day," EPA Journal, March 1978. 27.Jump up ^ "Japanese Peace Bell". Un.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 28.Jump up ^ "Earth Society Foundation". "Earth Society Foundation". Retrieved April 22, 2010. 29.Jump up ^ "Earth__Day/EarthDay2010". DorfWiki. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 30.Jump up ^ "Seeds of Change - Heiner Benking's Blog - quergeist.info". Newciv.org. March 21, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2013. 31.Jump up ^ "International Day of Peace, 21 September 2012". Retrieved April 15, 2013. 32.Jump up ^ "Bentley Historical Library Finding Aids". Quod.lib.umich.edu. October 18, 1976. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 33.Jump up ^ "Historical Timeline – About UM SPH". Sph.umich.edu. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 34.Jump up ^ "Earth Day co-founder Morton S. Hilbert dies". Ns.umich.edu. January 5, 1999. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 35.Jump up ^ "A proposal reprinted across the country". Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies. April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 36.Jump up ^ Gaylord Nelson; Susan Campbell; Paul R. Wozniak (October 4, 2002). Beyond Earth Day: fulfilling the promise. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-299-18040-9 . Retrieved April 15, 2013. 37.Jump up ^ "A Memento Mori to the Earth". Time. May 4, 1970. Retrieved April 15, 2013. 38.Jump up ^ Finney, John W. (April 15, 1971). "Muski says FBI spied at rallies on '70 Earth Day". The New York Times. p. 1. 39.Jump up ^ "Of Leo and Lenin: Happy Earth Day from the Religious Right". Church & State 53 (5): 20. May 2000. 40.Jump up ^ Marriott, Alexander (April 21, 2004). "This Earth Day Celebrate Vladimir Lenin's Birthday!". Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved April 22, 2007. 41.Jump up ^ Download Earth AnthemEarth Anthem Website, 27 April, 2014 42.Jump up ^ UNESCO finds Indian poet-diplomat's idea of an Earth Anthem inspiring Business Standard, 27 February 2014 43.Jump up ^ http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2013/06/04/160-Earth-Anthem-sung-by-Nepali-singer-Shreya-Sotang-released-in-New-Delhi-.html Earth Anthem sung by Nepali Singer Shreya Sotang, ANI,4 June 2013 44.Jump up ^ http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Indian-diplomat-pens-anthem-for-earth/2013/06/05/article1620381.ece Indian Diplomat pens an anthem for Earth,The New Indian Express,5 June 2013 45.Jump up ^ [1] CBSE Website 6 October 2013 46.Jump up ^ [2]U.S. Department of State Newsletter Vol.4, Issue 2, U.S.Consulate General, Chennai, Apr-Jun 2014 47.Jump up ^ http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/04/22/capital/manisha-drolma-for-earth-anthem/388590.html Manisha, Drolma for Earth Anthem, The Kathmandu Post, 22 April 2014 48.Jump up ^ William Wallace. "Earth Day Anthem". Retrieved April 21, 2014. External links Look up earth day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth Day. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Environment Wikinews has related news: Earth Day 2008 marked in various ways Wikinews has related news: Earth Day 2009 celebrated around the globe Earth DayMilford Connecticut Earth Day - Doing our Share Together. Earth Day Network – Coordinating worldwide events for Earth Day. Earth Day Event Calendar at the EnviroLink Network Celebrate Earth Day How to Celebrate Earth Day from WikiHow Earth Day 2009 Special Coverage on China Development Gateway. United States Earth Day – The U.S. government's Earth Day site. Earth Day Canada – The Canadian Official Site for Earth Day Earth Day at The Nature Conservancy Earth Day at The History Channel How the First Earth Day Came About by Senator Gaylord Nelson EPA Journal: Earth Day – an entire journal dedicated to Earth Day, written in early 1990 Keep America Beautiful holds Earth Day cleanup activities in communities nationwide. The organization launched the famous Crying Indian campaign on Earth Day, 1971. "Beyond Earth Day: Fulfilling the Promise," by Gaylord Nelson, with Susan Campbell and Paul Wozniak, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2002 Earth Week 1970 \| The First Earth Day and the Earth Week Committee of Philadelphia – The history of the First Earth Day in 1970, the founding of Earth Week, and the historic events of the first Earth Week in Philadelphia Gaylord Nelson and Earth Day: The Making of the Modern Environmental Movement narrative account of the origins of Earth Day, Nelson's political career, as well as online access to documents from the Wisconsin Historical Society's Nelson Papers collection Gaylord Nelson letter outlines the origins Earth Day April 1971 to CBS President Stanton to correct TV news reporting about Earth Day's origins Deepdale Outdoor & Wildlife Festival Annual Earth Day event on the North Norfolk Coast Earth Day Carol a free educational resource available on their website and downloadable app Earth Day event in Nicaragua 2013 Nicaragua celebrates Earth Day Equinoctial Earth DayEarth Society Foundation – Official organization arranging annual equinox Earth Day celebration at the United Nations Who Started Earth Day – The Origins of the equinox Earth Day. Earth Day by year 2010 Billion Acts of Green (Beta) – Official Earth Day Network's "Billion Acts of Green" website for students and young adults 2011 A Billion Acts of Green (®) – A "people-powered campaign to generate a billion acts of environmental service and advocacy before Rio +20" (as well as a registered trademark). 2012 Earth Day 2012 – Mobilize the Earth 2013 Earth Day 2013 – The Face of Climate Change [hide] v · United States Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States January New Year's Day (federal) · Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (federal) · Confederate Heroes Day (TX) · Idaho Human Rights Day (ID) · Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA) · Robert E. 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Categories: 1970 establishments in California April observances Counterculture of the 1960s Environmental awareness days History of environmentalism History of San Francisco, California March observances Recurring events established in 1970 Secular holidays United Nations days Navigation menu Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages ??????? ??????? Avañe'? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? ????????? Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Ceština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Español Esperanto Euskara ????? Français Galego ??? ?????? Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ????? Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuviu Magyar ?????????? ?????? ????? Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands ?????? ??? Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ????? ?????? Polski Português Româna ??????? Scots Shqip Simple English Slovencina Slovenšcina ????? ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Suomi Svenska ????? ???????/tatarça ?????? ??? Türkçe ?????????? ???? Ti?ng Vi?t ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 22 April 2015, at 13:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki How Easter Was Originated Presentation by Matthew Davis. Millions assume that Easter, one of the world's major religious holidays, is found in the Bible. But is it. Easter is one of the most popular religious celebrations in the world. But is it biblical? The word Easter appears only once in the King James Version of the Bible (and not at all in most others). In the one place it does appear, the King James translators mistranslated the Greek word for Passover as "Easter." Notice it in Acts:12:4: "And when he [King Herod Agrippa I] had apprehended him [the apostle Peter], he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him; intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people." The Greek word translated Easter here is pascha, properly translated everywhere else in the Bible as "Passover." Referring to this mistranslation, Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible says that "perhaps there never was a more unhappy, not to say absurd, translation than that in our text." Easter is such a major religious holiday. Yet nowhere in the Bible—not in the book of Acts, which covers several decades of the history of the early Church, nor in any of the epistles of the New Testament, written over a span of 30 to 40 years after Jesus Christ's death and resurrection—do we find the apostles or early Christians celebrating anything like Easter. The Gospels themselves appear to have been written from about a decade after Christ's death and resurrection to perhaps as much as 60 years later (in the case of John's Gospel). Yet nowhere do we find a hint of anything remotely resembling an Easter celebration. If Easter doesn't come from the Bible, and wasn't practiced by the apostles and early Church, where did it come from? "The term ‘Easter' is not of Christian origin. It is another form of Astarte, one of the titles of the Chaldean goddess, the queen of heaven. The festival of Pasch [Passover] held by Christians in post-apostolic times was a continuation of the Jewish feast . . . From this Pasch the pagan festival of ‘Easter' was quite distinct and was introduced into the apostate Western religion, as part of the attempt to adapt pagan festivals to Christianity" (W.E. Vine, 1985, emphasis added throughout). Easter isn't a Christian or directly biblical term, but comes from a form of the name Astarte, a Chaldean (Babylonian) goddess known as "the queen of heaven." (She is mentioned by that title in the Bible in Jeremiah:7:18 and 44:17-19, 25 and referred to in 1 Kings:11:5, 33 and 2 Kings:23:13 by the Hebrew form of her name, Ashtoreth. So "Easter" is found in the Bible—as part of the pagan religion God condemns!) Further, early Christians, even after the times of the apostles, continued to observe a variation of the biblical Passover feast (it differed because Jesus introduced new symbolism, as the Bible notes in Matthew:26:26-28 and 1 Corinthians:11:23-28 ). Moreover, Easter was very different from the Old Testament Passover or the Passover of the New Testament as understood and practiced by the early Church based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles. And again, Easter was a pagan festival, originating in the worship of other gods, and was introduced much later into an apostate Christianity in a deliberate attempt to make such festivals acceptable. Easter symbols predate Christian : The English term, according to the [eighth-century monk] Bede, relates to Eostre, a Teutonic goddess of the rising light of day and spring, which deity, however, is otherwise unknown . . ." (1909, Vol. 5, p. 224). Eostre is the ancient European name for the same goddess worshipped by the Babylonians as Astarte or Ishtar, goddess of fertility, whose major celebration was in the spring of the year. The subtopic "Easter Eggs" tells us that "the custom [of Easter eggs] may have its origin in paganism, for a great many pagan customs, celebrating the return of spring, gravitated to Easter" (ibid., p. 227). The subtopic "Easter Rabbit" states that "the rabbit is a pagan symbol and has always been an emblem of fertility" (ibid.). Author Greg Dues, in his book Catholic Customs and Traditions, elaborates on the symbolism of eggs in ancient pre-Christian cultures: "The egg has become a popular Easter symbol. Creation myths of many ancient peoples center in a cosmogenic egg from which the universe is born. "In ancient Egypt and Persia friends exchanged decorated eggs at the spring equinox, the beginning of their New Year. These eggs were a symbol of fertility for them because the coming forth of a live creature from an egg was so surprising to people of ancient times. Christians of the Near East adopted this tradition, and the Easter egg became a religious symbol. It represented the tomb from which Jesus came forth to new life" (1992, p. 101). The same author also explains that, like eggs, rabbits became associated with Easter because they were powerful symbols of fertility: "Little children are usually told that the Easter eggs are brought by the Easter Bunny. Rabbits are part of pre-Christian fertility symbolism because of their reputation to reproduce rapidly" (p. 102). These symbols demean the truth of Christ's death and resurrection. Easter substituted for Passover season But that's not the entire story. In fact, many credible sources substantiate the fact that Easter became a substitute festival for the Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread. Britannica says : "There is no indication of the observance of the Easter festival in the New Testament, or in the writings of the apostolic Fathers . . . The first Christians continued to observe the Jewish festivals, though in a new spirit, as commemorations of events which those festivals foreshadowed . . . "The Gentile Christians, on the other hand, unfettered by Jewish traditions, identified the first day of the week [Sunday] with the Resurrection, and kept the preceding Friday as the commemoration of the crucifixion, irrespective of the day of the month" (11th edition, p. 828, "Easter"). Easter, a pagan festival with its pagan fertility symbols, replaced the God-ordained festivals that Jesus Christ, the apostles and the early Church observed. But this didn't happen immediately. Not until A.D. 325—almost three centuries after Jesus Christ was crucified and resurrected—was the matter settled. Regrettably, it wasn't settled on the basis of biblical truth, but on the basis of anti-Semitism and raw ecclesiastical and imperial power. Britannica further explains: "A final settlement of the dispute [over whether and when to keep Easter or Passover] was one among the other reasons which led [the Roman emperor] Constantine to summon the council of Nicaea in 325 . . . The decision of the council was unanimous that Easter was to be kept on Sunday, and on the same Sunday throughout the world, and ‘that none should hereafter follow the blindness of the Jews'" (ibid., pp. 828-829). Those who did choose to "follow the blindness of the Jews"—that is, who continued to keep the biblical festivals kept by Jesus Christ and the apostles rather than the newly "Christianized" pagan Easter festival—were systematically persecuted by the powerful church-state alliance of Constantine 's Roman Empire . With the power of the empire behind it, Easter soon became entrenched as one of traditional Christianity's most popular sacred celebrations. British historian Sir James Frazer notes how Easter symbolism and rites, along with other pagan customs and celebrations, entered into the established Roman church: "Taken altogether, the coincidences of the Christian with the heathen festivals are too close and too numerous to be accidental. They mark the compromise which the Church in the hour of its triumph was compelled to make with its vanquished yet still dangerous rivals [the empire's competing pagan religions]. "The inflexible Protestantism of the primitive missionaries, with their fiery denunciation of heathendom, had been exchanged for the supple policy, the easy tolerance, the comprehensive charity of shrewd ecclesiastics, who clearly perceived that if Christianity was to conquer the world it could do so only by relaxing the too rigid principles of its Founder, by widening a little the narrow gate which leads to salvation" ( The Golden Bough, 1993, p. 361). In short, to broaden the appeal of the new religion of Christianity in those early centuries, the powerful Roman religious authorities, with the backing of the Roman Empire, simply co-opted the rites and practices of pagan religions, relabeled them as "Christian" and created a new brand of Christianity with customs and teachings far removed from the Church Jesus founded. The authentic Christianity of the Bible largely disappeared, forced underground by persecution because its followers refused to compromise. Easter does not accurately represent Jesus Christ's suffering, death and resurrection, though it appears to do so to those who blindly accept religious tradition. In fact, it distorts the truth of the matter. Easter correctly belongs to the Babylonian goddess it is named after—Astarte, also known as Ashtoreth or Ishtar, whose worship is directly and explicitly condemned in the Bible. The ancient religious practices and fertility symbols associated with her cult existed long before Christ, and regrettably they have largely replaced and obscured the truth of His death and resurrection. When confronted with these facts about Easter, many professing Christians might raise this question to justify its continuance: With hundreds of millions of well-meaning Christians observing Easter, doesn't this please Jesus Christ? Yet He has already answered this question in Matthew:15:9: "In vain they worship Me, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men." Father's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood, paternal bonds, and the influence of fathers in society. Many countries celebrate it on the third Sunday of June, though it is also celebrated widely on other days. Father's Day was created to complement Mother's Day, a celebration that honors mothers and motherhood. History[edit] Father's Day was inaugurated in the United States in the early 20th century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating fatherhood and male parenting. After the success obtained by Anna Jarvis with the promotion of Mother's Day in the US, some[who?] wanted to create similar holidays for other family members, and Father's Day was the choice most likely to succeed.[citation needed] There were other persons in the US who independently thought of "Father's Day",[1][2] but the credit for the modern holiday is often given to Sonora Dodd,[2] who was the driving force behind its establishment.[3] Father's Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas.[3] Its first celebration was in the Spokane YMCA on June 19, 1910.[3][4] Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there.[3] After hearing a sermon about Jarvis' Mother's Day in 1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring them.[3] Although she initially suggested June 5, her father's birthday, the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday of June.[1][2] It did not have much success initially. In the 1920s, Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying in the Art Institute of Chicago, and it faded into relative obscurity, even in Spokane.[5] In the 1930s Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again, raising awareness at a national level.[6] She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday, for example the manufacturers of ties, tobacco pipes, and any traditional present to fathers.[7] Since 1938 she had the help of the Father's Day Council, founded by the New York Associated Men's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the commercial promotion.[8] Americans resisted the holiday during a few decades, perceiving it as just an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother's Day, and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes.[9] But the trade groups did not give up: they kept promoting it and even incorporated the jokes into their adverts, and they eventually succeeded.[10] By the mid-1980s the Father's Council wrote that "(...) [Father's Day] has become a Second Christmas for all the men's gift-oriented industries."[11] A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913.[12] In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak in a Father's Day celebration[13] and wanted to make it official, but Congress resisted, fearing that it would become commercialized.[14] US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed by the nation, but stopped short of issuing a national proclamation.[13] Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress.[13][15] In 1957, Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers, thus "[singling] out just one of our two parents".[15] In 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers, designating the third Sunday in June as Father's Day.[14] Six years later, the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972.[13][14][15][16] In addition to Father's Day, International Men's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 for men and boys who are not fathers. Similar celebrations[edit] A "Father's Day" service was held on July 5, 1908, in Fairmont, West Virginia, in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South, now known as Central United Methodist Church.[1] Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father when, on December 1907, the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men, 250 of them fathers, leaving around a thousand fatherless children. Clayton suggested her pastor Robert Thomas Webb to honor all those fathers.[17][18][19] Clayton chose the Sunday nearest to the birthday of her father, Methodist minister Fletcher Golden. Clayton's event did not have repercussions outside of Fairmont for several reasons, among them: the city was overwhelmed by other events, the celebration was never promoted outside of the town itself and no proclamation was made in the City Council. Also two events overshadowed this event: the celebration of Independence Day July 4, 1908, with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event, which took over the headlines in the following days, and the death of a 16-year-old girl on July 4. The local church and Council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event, and it was not celebrated again for many years. The original sermon was not reproduced in press and it was lost. Finally, Clayton was a quiet person, who never promoted the event or even talked to other persons about it.[17][18][19] Clayton also may have been inspired by Anna Jarvis' crusade to establish Mother's Day; two months prior, Jarvis had held a celebration for her dead mother in Grafton, West Virginia, a town about 15 miles (24 km) away from Fairmont.[citation needed] In 1911, Jane Addams proposed a city-wide Father's Day in Chicago, but she was turned down.[2] In 1912, there was a Father's Day celebration in Vancouver, Washington, suggested by Methodist pastor J. J. Berringer of the Irvingtom Methodist Church. They believed mistakenly that they had been the first to celebrate such a day.[1] They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian.[2] Harry C. Meek, member of Lions Clubs International, claimed that he had first the idea for Father's Day in 1915.[1][2] Meek claimed that the third Sunday of June was chosen because it was his birthday (it would have been more natural to choose his father's birthday).[2] The Lions Club has named him "Originator of Father's Day".[1] Meek made many efforts to promote Father's Day and make it an official holiday.[1][2] Spelling[edit] In the United States, Dodd used the "Fathers' Day" spelling on her original petition for the holiday,[3] but the spelling "Father's Day" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday,[12] and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.[20] Halloween or Hallowe'en (/?hæl?'wi?n, -o?'i?n, ?h??l-/; a contraction of "All Hallows' Evening"),[6] also known as Allhalloween,[7] All Hallows' Eve,[8] or All Saints' Eve,[9] is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It initiates the triduum of Allhallowtide,[10] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed believers.[11] Within Allhallowtide, the traditional focus of All Hallows' Eve revolves around the theme of using "humor and ridicule to confront the power of death."[12] According to many scholars, All Hallows' Eve is a Christianized feast initially influenced by Celtic harvest festivals,[13][14] with possible pagan roots, particularly the Gaelic Samhain.[8][15][16] Other scholars maintain that it originated independently of Samhain and has solely Christian roots.[17][18] Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related "guising"), attending costume parties, decorating, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted house attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories and watching horror films. In many parts of the world, the Christian religious observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead, remain popular,[19][20][21] although in other locations, these solemn customs are less pronounced in favor of a more commercialized and secularized celebration.[22][23][24] Because many Western Christian denominations encourage, although most no longer require, abstinence from meat on All Hallows' Eve,[25][26] the tradition of eating certain vegetarian foods for this vigil day developed, including the consumption of apples, colcannon, cider, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[26][27][28] Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Gaelic and Welsh influence 2.2 Christian influence 2.3 Spread to North America 3 Symbols 4 Trick-or-treating and guising 4.1 Costumes 4.2 UNICEF 5 Games and other activities 6 Haunted attractions 7 Food 8 Religious observances 8.1 Perspectives 8.1.1 Christianity 8.1.2 Other religions 9 Around the world 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology The word Halloween or Hallowe'en dates to about 1745[29] and is of Christian origin.[30] The word "Halloween" means "hallowed evening" or "holy evening".[31] It comes from a Scottish term for All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day).[32][33] In Scots, the word "eve" is even, and this is contracted to e'en or een. Over time, (All) Hallow(s) Eve(n) evolved into Halloween. Although the phrase "All Hallows'" is found in Old English (ealra halgena mæssedæg, all saints mass-day), "All Hallows' Eve" is itself not seen until 1556.[33][34] History Gaelic and Welsh influence An early 20th-century Irish Hallowe'en mask displayed at the Museum of Country Life. Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which have pagan roots, and others which may be rooted in Celtic Christianity.[35][36] Indeed, Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that "the sacred and the religious are a fundamental context for understanding Halloween in Northern Ireland, but there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".[37] Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end".[35] Samhain (pronounced SAH-win or SOW-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and was celebrated in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[38][39] It was held on or about 31 October – 1 November and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year by the Brittonic Celts; for example Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany). Samhain and Calan Gaeaf are mentioned in some of the earliest Irish and Welsh literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[40] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween. Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland. Samhain/Calan Gaeaf marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.[41][42] Like Beltane/Calan Mai, it was seen as a liminal time, when the spirits or fairies (the Aos Sí) could more easily come into our world and were particularly active.[43][44] Most scholars see the Aos Sí as "degraded versions of ancient gods [...] whose power remained active in the people's minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs". The Aos Sí were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[45][46] At Samhain, it was believed that the Aos Sí needed to be propitiated to ensure that the people and their livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left for the Aos Sí.[47][48][49][50] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes.[51] Places were set at the dinner table or by the fire to welcome them.[52] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night or day of the year seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures throughout the world.[53] In 19th century Ireland, "candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin".[54] Throughout the Gaelic and Welsh regions, the household festivities included rituals and games intended to divine one's future, especially regarding death and marriage.[55] Nuts and apples were often used in these divination rituals. Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers, and were also used for divination.[40][41] It is suggested that the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun, helping the "powers of growth" and holding back the decay and darkness of winter.[52][56][57] Christian minister Eddie J. Smith suggests that the bonfires were also used to scare witches of "their awaiting punishment in hell".[58] photograph A traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland In modern Ireland, Scotland, Mann and Wales, the festival included mumming and guising,[59] the latter of which goes back at least as far as the 16th century.[60] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food.[59] It may have come from the Christian custom of souling (see below) or it may have a Gaelic folk origin, with the costumes being a means of imitating, or disguising oneself from, the Aos Sí. In Scotland, youths went house-to-house on 31 October with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[59] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked (or blackened) with ashes taken from the sacred bonfire.[60] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[59] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney dressed as the opposite gender.[59] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses—some of which had pagan overtones—in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.[61][62] Elsewhere in Europe, mumming and hobby horses were part of other yearly festivals.However, in the Celtic-speaking regions they were "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".[59] As early as the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.[59] Wearing costumes at Halloween spread to England in the 20th century, as did the custom of playing pranks.[59] The "traditional illumination for guisers or pranksters abroad on the night in some places was provided by turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces to represent spirits or goblins".[59] These were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[59] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of England and became generally known as jack-o'-lanterns.[59] Christian influence Part of a series on Christianity Jesus depicted as the Good Shepherd Jesus · Christian cross Christianity portal v · t · e Today's Halloween customs are also thought to have been influenced by Christian dogma and practices derived from it. Halloween falls on the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day).[63] Since the time of the primitive Church,[64] major feasts in the Christian Church (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils which began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows'.[65] These three days are collectively referred to as Allhallowtide and are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. All Saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on 13 May.[66] In 835, it was switched to 1 November (the same date as Samhain) at the behest of Pope Gregory IV.[66] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea.[66] It is also suggested that the change was made on the "practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it", and perhaps because of public health considerations regarding Roman Fever – a disease that claimed a number of lives during the sultry summers of the region.[67] On All Hallows' Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit graveyards to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[68] By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for the souls in purgatory. In addition, "it was customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls."[69] "Souling", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[70] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[71] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[72] and was found in parts of England, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Italy.[53] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers' friends and relatives.[73][74][72] Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[75] The custom of wearing costumes has been explicated by Prince Sorie Conteh, who wrote: "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities".[76] In the Middle Ages, churches displayed the relics of martyred saints and those parishes that were too poor to have relics let parishioners dress up as the saints instead,[77] a practice that some Christians continue in Halloween celebrations today.[78] folklorist Kingsley Palmer, in addition to others, has suggested that the carved jack-o'-lantern, a popular symbol of Halloween, originally represented the souls of the dead.[79][1] On Halloween, in medieval Europe, "fires [were] lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk."[80] In addition, households in Austria, England, Ireland often had "candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes". These were known as "soul lights".[81][82][83] Many Christians in continental Europe, especially in France, acknowledged "a belief that once a year, on Hallowe'en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival," known as the danse macabre, which has been commonly depicted in church decoration, especially on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries, and cemeteries.[84] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that "Christians were moved by the sight of the Infant Jesus playing on his mother's knee; their hearts were touched by the Pietà; and patron saints reassured them by their presence. But, all the while, the danse macabre urged them not to forget the end of all earthly things."[85] This danse macabre, which was enacted by "Christian village children [who] celebrated the vigil of All Saints" in the 16th Century, has been suggested as the predecessor of modern day costume parties on this same day.[86][87] In parts of Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation as some Protestants berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. Thus, for some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; without the doctrine of purgatory, "the returning souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits. As such they are threatening."[82] Other Protestants maintained belief in an intermediate state, known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham),[88] and continued to observe the original customs, especially souling, candlelit processions and the ringing of church bells in memory of the dead.[89][63] With regard to the evil spirits, on Halloween, "barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth."[80] In the 19th century, in some rural parts of England, families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him in a circle, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay, derived either from the Old English tendan (meaning to kindle) or a word related to Old Irish tenlach (meaning hearth).[90] The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland.[91] There and in Ireland, they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since at least the early Middle Ages, and the Scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.[91] In France, some Christian families, on the night of All Hallows' Eve, prayed beside the graves of their loved ones, setting down dishes full of milk for them.[81] On Halloween, in Italy, some families left a large meal out for ghosts of their passed relatives, before they departed for church services.[92] In Spain, on this night, special pastries are baked, known as "bones of the holy" (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and put them on the graves of the churchyard, a practice that continues to this day.[93] Spread to North America The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in New York City is the world's largest Halloween parade.[94] Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott both write that Anglican colonists in the South and Catholic colonists in Maryland "recognized All Hallow's Eve in their church calendars",[95][96] although the Puritans of New England maintained strong opposition to the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[97] Mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century increased the holiday’s celebration in the United States.[98] "In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside."[99] Confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.[100] The annual New York Halloween Parade, initiated in 1974 by puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee of the Lower Manhattan neighborhood of Greenwich Village in New York City, is the world's largest Halloween parade and America's only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, 2 million in-person spectators, and a worldwide television audience of over 100 million.[94] Symbols At Halloween, yards and public spaces may be decorated with traditionally macabre symbols including witches, skeletons, cobwebs, and headstones. Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o'-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows' Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[1][101] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o'-lantern,[102] which in lore, is said to represent a "soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell":[103] On route home after a night's drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[104] In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[105][106] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip.[105] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[107] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[108] The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy).[109][110] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha, in the Christian tradition, serves as "a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life" and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[111] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[112] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are "decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils," a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[113] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' "Halloween" (1785).[114] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[115] Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional colors. Trick-or-treating and guising Main article: Trick-or-treating Trick-or-treaters in Sweden Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[71] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling (discussed above).[116] John Pymm writes that "many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church."[117] These feast days included All Hallows' Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[118][119] Mumming, practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[120] involved masked persons in fancy dress who "paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence." Their "basic narrative framework is the story of St. George and the Seven Champions of Christendom."[121] In England, from the medieval period,[122] up until the 1930s,[123] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[89] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[73] In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money.[106] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.[124] Souling was a Christian practice carried out in many English towns on Halloween and Christmas. American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America": The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burns' poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.[125] —Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".[126] While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[127] The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta, Canada: Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.[128] —Blackie Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927 The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[129] The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them".[130] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934,[131] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[132] An automobile trunk at a trunk-or-treat event at St. John Lutheran Church and Early Learning Center in Darien, Illinois A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgaiting), occurs when "children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot," or sometimes, a school parking lot.[93][133] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[134] such as those of children's literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[135] Because the traditional style of trick-or-treating was made impossible after Hurricane Katrina, trunk-or-treating provided comfort to those whose homes were devastated.[136] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it "solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart".[137][138] Costumes Main article: Halloween costume A costume party in 1890 Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as vampires, monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, in the United States the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.[71] Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[106] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States. Rev. Dr. Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed Be Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows' Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures "who at one time caused us to fear and tremble", people are able to poke fun at Satan "whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour." Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[139][140] UNICEF Main article: Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[71] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[141][142] Games and other activities In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband. There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called "dooking" in Scotland[143] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is thought by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[71] A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. In All Hallows' Eve celebrations during the Middle Ages, these activities historically occurred only in rural areas of medieval Europe and were only done by a "rare few" as these were considered to be "deadly serious" practices.[80] A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.[144] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[145] from the late 19th century and early 20th century. A common custom includes picking and purchasing pumpkins from patches Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame.[146] The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Hallowe'en-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before Halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. Haunted attractions Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California Main article: Haunted attraction (simulated) Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraising.[147] They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[148] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimated $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time.[147] This maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.[149] Food Pumpkins for sale during Halloween On All Hallows' Eve, many Western Christian denomination encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[28] Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[150] While there is evidence of such incidents,[151] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.[152] One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany. A candy apple List of foods associated with Halloween: Barmbrack (Ireland) Bonfire toffee (Great Britain) Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland) Candy apples, Candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America) Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Scotland and Ireland) Caramel apples Caramel corn Colcannon (Ireland; see below) Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread Roasted pumpkin seeds Roasted sweet corn Soul cakes Religious observances The Vigil of All Hallows' is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe'en. On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve.[153] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows' Eve "as a meatless day with pancakes or Callcannon" being served instead.[154] In Mexico, on "All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar to invite the angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit."[155] The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil "when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself."[156] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[157][158] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[159][160] After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day.[161][162] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light votive candles there, they "are known as valomeri, or seas of light."[163] Perspectives Christianity Halloween Scripture Candy with gospel tract Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow's Eve.[164][165] Some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[2][3][4] Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen. —All Hallow's Eve Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours[166] Votive candles in the Halloween section of Wal-Mart Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it.[167][168] This is because Martin Luther nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows' Eve, because hundreds of visitors would come to the church during the celebration of Allhallowtide.[169] Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held on All Hallows' Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[170] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe'en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe'en celebrations.[171] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[172] Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[173] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."[174] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween.[175] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.[176] In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.[177] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use "Hell houses", themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[175] Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[178] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, the Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers and/or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[179] Other religions The reaction of non-Christian religions towards Halloween has often been mixed, ranging from stern disapproval to the allowance of participation in it. According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3 which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor, which is equivalent to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, as prayers are said for both "martyrs and for one's own family."[180] Nevertheless many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[181] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that "There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews observing the holiday.[182] Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam , has argued that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that "participation in it is similar to one commemorating Christmas or Easter, or congratulating the Christians upon their prostration to the crucifix".[183] Javed Memon, a Muslim writer, has disagreed, saying that his "daughter dressing up like a British telephone booth will not destroy her faith".[184] Most Hindus do not observe All Hallows' Eve, instead remembering the dead in the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony "to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest."[185] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[186] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have "begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals."[187] Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[188] although some neopagan individuals choose to participate in cultural Halloween festivities, opining the idea that one can observe both "the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween." Other neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Halloween, believing that it "trivializes Samhain",[189] and "avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters."[190] The Manitoban writes that "Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised but at its core, the holiday is simply a time to celebrate darkness and the dead — a possible reason why Samhain is often confused with Halloween celebrations."[188] Around the world A Halloween display in Saitama, Japan Main article: Geography of Halloween The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[191][192] In Brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards.[193] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia,[194] New Zealand,[195] (most) continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[196] In the Philippines, on the night of Halloween, Filipinos return to their hometowns and purchase candles and flowers,[197] in preparation for the following All Saints Day and All Souls Day (Araw ng Patay) on 1 November.[198] Wikimania 2015, the biggest wiki-gathering of the year, comes to Mexico City on July 15-19 Register now! Close From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Fourth of July" and "4th of July" redirect here. For the date, see July 4. For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation). For other related material, see Fourth of July (disambiguation). Independence Day Fourth of July fireworks behind the Washington Monument, 1986.jpg Displays of fireworks, such as these over the Washington Monument in 1986, take place across the United States on Independence Day. Also called The Fourth of July The Fourth Observed by United States Type National Significance The day in 1776 that the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress Celebrations Fireworks, family reunions, concerts, barbecues, picnics, parades, baseball games Date July 4 Next time July 4, 2016 Frequency annual Independence Day of the United States, also referred to as Fourth of July or July Fourth in the U.S., is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, by the Continental Congress declaring that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and no longer part of the British Empire.[1] Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks, parades, barbecues, carnivals, fairs, picnics, concerts, baseball games, family reunions, and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States.[2][3][4] Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Observance 3 Customs 4 Celebration gallery 5 Notable celebrations 6 Other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7] Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8] Historians have long disputed whether Congress actually signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13] Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but another Founding Father who became a President, James Monroe, died on July 4, 1831, thus becoming the third President in a row who died on the holiday. Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872, and, so far, is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Observance In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find quite familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[14] In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[15] In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[15] In 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[15] In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled "The Psalm of Joy." This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today.[16] In 1791 the first recorded use of the name "Independence Day" occurred.[citation needed] In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[17] In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[18] Customs An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (like the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue and take advantage of the day off and, in some years, long weekend to gather with relatives. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often in the morning, while fireworks displays occur in the evening at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares. The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts (on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials, where the tradition of bonfires in celebration had persisted), composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels; these are the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England towns.[19] Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", "God Bless America", "America the Beautiful", "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", "This Land Is Your Land", "Stars and Stripes Forever", and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812. Independence Day Parade in Washington, D.C. Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. Illicit traffic transfers many fireworks from less restrictive states. A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[20] In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with over 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded.[21] Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.. During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day. While the official observance always falls on July 4, participation levels may vary according to which day of the week the 4th falls on. If the holiday falls in the middle of the week, some fireworks displays and celebrations may take place during the weekend for convenience, again, varying by region. The first week of July is typically one of the busiest American travel periods of the year, as many people utilize the holiday for extended vacation trips.[22] Celebration gallery In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[21] in the country File:Independence Day, 1940 Promotion.ogv Play media Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940 A festively decorated Fourth of July cake. Notable celebrations Originally entitled Yankee Doodle, this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of '76. Often imitated or parodied, it is a familiar symbol of American patriotismHeld since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States. Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated “America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA” by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City” by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[23] Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark.[24] Since 1972, Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest has been held in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River. Numerous major and minor league baseball games are played on Independence Day. The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[25] Since 1970, the annual 10-kilometer Peachtree Road Race is held in Atlanta, Georgia. The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[26] The event was broadcast nationally from 1987 until 2002 on A&E, and from 2003 until 2012 on CBS (who aired the final hour of the event in primetime). In 2013, CBS dropped the Pops broadcast, with no reason given; however, executive producer David G. Mugar believed that an encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks on NBC aired at 10:00 PM ET/PT was successfully counterprogramming the Boston Pops, since the broadcast lost as much as 20% of its audience in 2012 in comparison to 2011. As it did prior to the cancellation, the full concert continues to air locally by Boston's CBS affiliate WBZ-TV.[27][28] On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually. Other countries The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[29] July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day, commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Denmark also celebrates American independence on July 4. National parks in Denmark are said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[30] See also Portal icon Holidays portal Portal icon United States portal 1776 (musical) Constitution Day (United States) To the Fourth of July (1898), poem References 1.Jump up ^ "What is Independence Day in USA?". Tech Notes. 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-02. 2.Jump up ^ "National Days of Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. New Zealand. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 3.Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency. "National Holiday". The World Factbook. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 4.Jump up ^ "National Holiday of Member States". United Nations. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 5.Jump up ^ Becker, p. 3. 6.Jump up ^ Staff writer (July 1, 1917). "How Declaration of Independence was Drafted" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2009. "On the following day, when the formal vote of Congress was taken, the resolutions were approved by twelve Colonies–all except New York. The original Colonies, therefore, became the United States of America on July 2, 1776." 7.Jump up ^ "Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, ‘Had a Declaration…’". Adams Family Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 8.Jump up ^ Maier, Pauline (August 7, 1997). "Making Sense of the Fourth of July". American Heritage. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 9.Jump up ^ Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 191–96. ISBN 1104991853 . 10.Jump up ^ Warren, Charles (July 1945). "Fourth of July Myths". William and Mary Quarterly. 3d 2 (3): 238–272. 11.Jump up ^ "Top 5 Myths About the Fourth of July!". History News Network. George Mason University. June 30, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2009. 12.Jump up ^ Becker, pp. 184–85. 13.Jump up ^ For the minority scholarly argument that the Declaration was indeed signed on July 4, see Wilfred J. Ritz, "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776". Law and History Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179–204. 14.Jump up ^ Heintze, "The First Celebrations". 15.^ Jump up to: a b c Heintze, "A Chronology of Notable Fourth of July Celebration Occurrences". 16.Jump up ^ [1][dead link] 17.Jump up ^ Heintze, “How the Fourth of July was Designated as an 'Official' Holiday”. 18.Jump up ^ Heintze, "Federal Legislation Establishing the Fourth of July Holiday". 19.Jump up ^ "The Night Before the Fourth". The Atlantic. July 1, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011. 20.Jump up ^ "Origin of the 21-Gun Salute". U.S. Army Center of Military History. October 3, 2003. Retrieved July 4, 2014. 21.^ Jump up to: a b Biggest fireworks show in U.S. lights up sky, USA Today, July 2009. 22.Jump up ^ AAA Chicago Projects Increase in Fourth of July Holiday Travelers PR Newswire, June 23, 2010 23.Jump up ^ "History of Seward Nebraska 4th of July". 24.Jump up ^ "History". Rebild Society. Rebild National Park Society. Retrieved June 30, 2009. 25.Jump up ^ "2009 Macy's 4th of July Fireworks". Federated Department Stores. April 29, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009. 26.Jump up ^ "Welcome to Boston's 4th of July Celebration". Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation. 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2009. 27.Jump up ^ James H. Burnett III. Boston gets a nonreality show: CBS broadcasts impossible views of 4th fireworks. Boston Globe, July 8, 2011 28.Jump up ^ Powers, Martine; Moskowitz, Eric (June 15, 2013). "July 4 fireworks gala loses its national pop". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 16, 2013. 29.Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Day, Official Gazette (Philippines), retrieved July 5, 2012 30.Jump up ^ Lindsey Galloway (3 Jul 2012). "Celebrate American independence in Denmark". Further reading Becker, Carl L. (1922). The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. New York: Harcourt, Brace. ISBN 0-394-70060-0 . Retrieved June 28, 2009. Criblez, Adam (2013). Parading Patriotism: Independence Day Celebrations in the Urban Midwest, 1826-1876. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. Heintze, James R. "Fourth of July Celebrations Database". American University of Washington, D.C. Retrieved February 10, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fourth of July. Fourth of July Is Independence Day USA.gov, July 4, 2014 U.S. Independence Day a Civic and Social Event U.S. State Department, June 22, 2010 The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro by Frederick Douglass Fourth of July Orations Collection at the Division of Special Collections, Archives, and Rare Books, Ellis Library, University of Missouri The Fourth of July, Back in the Day – slideshow by Life magazine [show] Links to related articles United States United States United States Categories: Holidays related to the American Revolution Fireworks shows Independence Day (United States) Public holidays in the United States July observances National days History of the United States Annual events in the United States Navigation menu Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans ??????? ?????????? Català Ceština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara ????? Føroyskt Français Gaeilge ??? Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ????? Lietuviu Magyar Malti ?????? ?????????? Dorerin Naoero Nederlands ?????? ??? Norsk bokmål Polski Português Româna ??????? ????? Simple English Slovencina Slovenšcina Suomi Svenska Türkçe ?????????? Ti?ng Vi?t ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 4 July 2015, at 20:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Martin Luther King, Jr. Day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the American federal holiday. For Martin Luther King Jr.'s actual birthday, see January 15. Martin Luther King Jr. Day Martin Luther King press conference 01269u edit.jpg Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1964 Official name Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Also called MLK Day, King Day Observed by United States Date Third Monday in January 2014 date January 20 2017 date January 16 Frequency annual Martin Luther King Jr. Day (officially Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.)[1] is an American federal holiday marking the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. It is observed on the third Monday of January each year, which is around the time of King's birthday, January 15. The floating holiday is similar to holidays set under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. King was the chief spokesman for nonviolent activism in the civil rights movement, which successfully protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. It was officially observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Reluctance to observe 3 Alternative names 4 King Day of Service 5 Outside the USA 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History[edit] Sign from 1969 promoting a holiday to honor the anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The idea of Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a holiday was promoted by labor unions in contract negotiations.[2] After King's death, United States Representative John Conyers (a Democrat from Michigan) and United States Senator Edward Brooke (a Republican from Massachusetts) introduced a bill in Congress to make King's birthday a national holiday. The bill first came to a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1979. However, it fell five votes short of the number needed for passage.[3] Two of the main arguments mentioned by opponents were that a paid holiday for federal employees would be too expensive, and that a holiday to honor a private citizen would be contrary to longstanding tradition (King had never held public office).[3] Only two other people have national holidays in the United States honoring them: George Washington and Christopher Columbus. Soon after, the King Center turned to support from the corporate community and the general public. The success of this strategy was cemented when musician Stevie Wonder released the single "Happy Birthday" to popularize the campaign in 1980 and hosted the Rally for Peace Press Conference in 1981. Six million signatures were collected for a petition to Congress to pass the law, termed by a 2006 article in The Nation as "the largest petition in favor of an issue in U.S. history."[2] Ronald Reagan and Coretta Scott King at the Martin Luther King Jr. Day signing ceremony At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, creating a federal holiday to honor King.[4][5] It was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986. The bill established the Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday Commission to oversee observance of the holiday, and Coretta Scott King, Martin Luther King Jr.'s wife, was made a member of this commission for life by President George H. W. Bush in May 1989.[6][7] Reluctance to observe[edit] Senators Jesse Helms and John Porter East (both North Carolina Republicans) led opposition to the bill and questioned whether King was important enough to receive such an honor. Helms criticized King's opposition to the Vietnam War and accused him of espousing "action-oriented Marxism".[8] Helms led a filibuster against the bill and on October 3, 1983, submitted a 300-page document to the Senate alleging that King had associations with communists. New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan declared the document a "packet of filth", threw it on the Senate floor and stomped on it.[9][10] President Ronald Reagan originally opposed the holiday, citing cost concerns. When asked to comment on Helms' accusations that King was a communist, the President said “We'll know in thirty-five years, won't we?”[11] He later signed the measure, after it passed with a 338 to 90 veto-proof margin in favor in the House of Representatives.[8] Former Arizona governor Governor Bruce Babbitt, a Democrat, created the holiday in Arizona by executive order just before he left office in 1986, but his Republican successor Evan Mecham, armed with an attorney general's opinion that Babbitt's order was illegal, rescinded it days after he took office.[12] In 1989, the Arizona state legislature replaced Columbus Day with the King holiday.[13] In 1990, Arizonans were given the opportunity to vote to observe an MLK holiday. In 1990 the National Football League threatened to move the Super Bowl that was planned to be in Arizona in 1993 if the MLK holiday was voted down.[13] The state legislature passed a measure to keep both Columbus Day and Martin Luther King Day, but 76% of voters rejected the King holiday. Consequently, the state "lost $500 million and the Super Bowl" which moved to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.[13] In a referendum in 1992, the voters approved recognition of the holiday.[14] In 1991, the New Hampshire legislature created "Civil Rights Day" and abolished "Fast Day".[15] In 1999, "Civil Rights Day" was officially changed to "Martin Luther King Day," becoming the last state to have a holiday named after Dr. King.[16] On May 2, 2000, South Carolina governor Jim Hodges signed a bill to make Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday an official state holiday. South Carolina was the last state to recognize the day as a paid holiday for all state employees. Prior to this, employees could choose between celebrating Martin Luther King Day or one of three Confederate holidays.[17] Overall, in 2007, 33% of employers gave employees the day off, a 2% increase over the previous year. There was little difference in observance by large and small employers: 33% for firms with over 1,000 employees; and, 32% for firms with under 1,000 employees. The observance is most popular among nonprofit organizations and least popular among factories and manufacturers.[18] The reasons for this have varied, ranging from the recent addition of the holiday, to its occurrence just two weeks after the week between Christmas and New Year's Day, when many businesses are closed for part or sometimes all of the week. Additionally, many schools and places of higher education are closed for classes; others remain open but may hold seminars or celebrations of King's message. Some factories and manufacturers used MLK Day as a floating or movable holiday. Many business that used to close on Presidents' Day now stay open on that day and close on MLK Day instead.[citation needed] Alternative names[edit] While all states now observe the holiday, some did not name the day after King. For example, in Utah, the holiday was known as "Human Rights Day" until 2000,[19] when the Utah State Legislature voted to change the name of the holiday from Human Rights Day to Martin Luther King Jr. Day. In that same year, Governor Michael O. Leavitt signed the bill officially naming the holiday "Martin Luther King Jr. Day".[19][20] Several additional states have chosen to combine commemorations of King's birthday with other observances, in some cases creating compatible pairings, in other cases incongruous ones: In Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is known as "Robert E. Lee/Martin Luther King Birthday".[21] In Arizona, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is known as "Martin Luther King, Jr./Civil Rights Day".[22] In Arkansas, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is known as "Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert E. Lee’s Birthdays".[23] In Idaho, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is known as "Martin Luther King, Jr.-Idaho Human Rights Day"[24] In Mississippi, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is known as "Martin Luther King's and Robert E. Lee's Birthdays".[25] In New Hampshire, its official name is "Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Day".[26] In Virginia, it was known as Lee–Jackson–King Day, combining King's birthday with the established Lee–Jackson Day.[19] The incongruous nature of the holiday, which simultaneously celebrated the lives of Confederate Army generals and a civil rights icon, did not escape the notice of Virginia lawmakers. In 2000, Lee–Jackson Day was moved to the Friday before Martin Luther King Jr. Day, establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a holiday in its own right.[27] King Day of Service[edit] In honor of the Martin Luther King Day of Service, President Barack Obama serves lunch in the dining room at So Others Might Eat, a soup kitchen in Washington, January 18, 2010. The national Martin Luther King Day of Service[28] was started by former Pennsylvania U.S. Senator Harris Wofford and Atlanta Congressman John Lewis, who co-authored the King Holiday and Service Act. The federal legislation challenges Americans to transform the King Holiday into a day of citizen action volunteer service in honor of Dr. King. The federal legislation was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 23, 1994. Since 1996, Wofford's former state office director, Todd Bernstein, has been directing the annual Greater Philadelphia King Day of Service,[29] the largest event in the nation honoring Dr. King.[30] Several other universities and organizations around the U.S., such as Arizona State University, Greater DC Cares and City Year, participate in the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day of Service. In honor of MLK, hundreds of Volunteer Centers, and volunteers across the country donate their time to make a difference on this day. Outside the USA[edit] One place outside the United States where Martin Luther King Jr. Day is observed with equal importance is in the Japanese city of Hiroshima under mayor Tadatoshi Akiba, who holds a special banquet at the mayor's office as an act of unifying his city's call for peace with King's message of human rights.[31] The city of Toronto, Canada, is another city that has officially recognized Martin Luther King Jr. Day, although it is not a paid holiday in Toronto, and all government services and businesses remain open.[32] In 1984, during a visit by the U.S. Sixth Fleet, Navy chaplain Rabbi Arnold Resnicoff conducted the first Israeli Presidential ceremony in commemoration of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, held in the President's Residence, Jerusalem. Mrs. Aura Herzog, wife of Israel's then-President Chaim Herzog, noted that she was especially proud to host this special event, because Israel had a national forest in honor of Dr. King, and that Israel and Dr. King shared the idea of "dreams".[33] Resnicoff continued this theme in his remarks during the ceremony, quoting the verse from Genesis, spoken by the brothers of Joseph when they saw their brother approach, "Behold the dreamer comes; let us slay him and throw him into the pit, and see what becomes of his dreams." Resnicoff noted that, from time immemorial, there have been those who thought they could kill the dream by slaying the dreamer, but – as the example of Dr. King's life shows – such people are always wrong.[34] Martin Luther King, Jr. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Martin Luther King" and "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see Martin Luther King (disambiguation) and MLK (disambiguation). This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg King in 1964 Born Michael King, Jr. January 15, 1929 Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Died April 4, 1968 (aged 39) Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. Cause of death Monuments Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Alma mater Morehouse College (B.A.) Crozer Theological Seminary (B.D.) Boston University (Ph.D.) Occupation Clergyman, activist Organization Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Movement African-American Civil Rights Movement, Peace movement Religion Christianity Denomination Baptist (Progressive National Baptist Convention) Spouse(s) Coretta Scott King (m. 1953–1968) Children Yolanda Denise King (1955–2007) Martin Luther King III (b. 1957) Dexter Scott King (b. 1961) Bernice Albertine King (b. 1963) Parents Martin Luther King, Sr. Alberta Williams King Awards Nobel Peace Prize (1964), Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977, posthumous), Congressional Gold Medal (2004, posthumous) Signature Martin Luther King Jr Signature2.svg Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. He was born Michael King, but his father changed his name in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia (the Albany Movement), in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. On October 14, 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In 1965, he and the SCLC helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches and the following year, he took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include poverty and speak against the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled "Beyond Vietnam". In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated on April 4 in Memphis, Tennessee. His death was followed by riots in many U.S. cities. Allegations that James Earl Ray, the man convicted of killing King, had been framed or acted in concert with government agents persisted for decades after the shooting. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, and as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor. In addition, a county was rededicated in his honor. A memorial statue on the National Mall was opened to the public in 2011. Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 1.1 Doctoral studies 2 Ideas, influences, and political stances 2.1 Religion 2.2 Non-violence 2.3 Politics 2.4 Compensation 2.5 The lack of attention given to family planning 3 Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 4 Southern Christian Leadership Conference 4.1 Albany movement 4.2 Birmingham campaign 4.3 St. Augustine, Florida 4.4 Selma, Alabama 4.5 New York City 5 March on Washington, 1963 6 Selma Voting Rights Movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965 7 Chicago Open Housing Movement, 1966 8 Opposition to the Vietnam War 9 Poor People's Campaign, 1968 9.1 After King's death 10 Assassination and its aftermath 10.1 Aftermath 10.2 Allegations of conspiracy 11 FBI and King's personal life 11.1 FBI surveillance and wiretapping 11.2 NSA monitoring of King's communications 11.3 Allegations of communism 11.4 Allegations of adultery 11.5 Police observation during the assassination 12 Legacy 12.1 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 12.2 Liturgical commemorations 13 Awards and recognition 13.1 Eponymous places and buildings 14 Bibliography 15 See also 16 References 16.1 Notes 16.2 Citations 16.3 Sources 16.4 Further reading 17 External links Early life and education King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar Booker T. Washington Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King.[1] His legal name at birth was Michael King.[2] King's father was also born Michael King. The father changed his and his son's names following a 1934 trip to Germany to attend the Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther.[3] King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather.[4][5] Martin, Jr., was a middle child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King.[6] King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind.[7] King liked singing and music. King's mother, an accomplished organist and choir leader, took him to various churches to sing. He received attention for singing "I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus." King later became a member of the junior choir in his church.[8] King said his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen and a neighbor reported hearing the elder King telling his son "he would make something of him even if he had to beat him to death." King saw his father's proud and unafraid protests in relation to segregation, such as Martin, Sr. refusing to listen to a traffic policeman after being referred to as "boy" or stalking out of a store with his son when being told by a shoe clerk that they would have to move to the rear to be served.[9] When King was a child, he befriended a white boy whose father owned a business near his family's home. When the boys were 6, they attended different schools, with King attending a segregated school for African-Americans. King then lost his friend because the child's father no longer wanted them to play together.[10] King suffered from depression throughout much of his life. In his adolescent years, he initially felt some resentment against whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South.[11] At age 12, shortly after his maternal grandmother died, King blamed himself and jumped out of a second story window, but survived.[12] King was originally skeptical of many of Christianity's claims.[13] At the age of thirteen, he denied the bodily resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school. From this point, he stated, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly".[14] However, he later concluded that the Bible has "many profound truths which one cannot escape" and decided to enter the seminary.[13] Growing up in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. He became known for his public speaking ability and was part of the school's debate team.[15] King became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the Atlanta Journal in 1942 at age 13.[16] During his junior year, he won first prize in an oratorical contest sponsored by the Negro Elks Club in Dublin, Georgia. Returning home to Atlanta by bus, he and his teacher were ordered by the driver to stand so white passengers could sit down. King refused initially, but complied after his teacher informed him that he would be breaking the law if he did not go along with the order. He later characterized this incident as "the angriest I have ever been in my life".[15] A precocious student, he skipped both the ninth and the twelfth grades of high school.[17] It was during King's junior year that Morehouse College announced it would accept any high school juniors who could pass its entrance exam. At that time, most of the students had abandoned their studies to participate in World War II. Due to this, the school became desperate to fill in classrooms. At age 15, King passed the exam and entered Morehouse.[15] The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, an eighteen-year old King made the choice to enter the ministry after he concluded the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity". King's "inner urge" had begun developing and he made peace with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest."[18] In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a B.A. degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with a B.Div. degree in 1951.[19][20] King's father fully supported his decision to continue his education. King was joined in attending Crozer by Walter McCall, a former classmate at Morehouse.[21] At Crozer, King was elected president of the student body.[22] The African-American students of Crozer for the most part conducted their social activity on Edwards Street. King was endeared to the street due to a classmate having an aunt that prepared the two collard greens, which they both relished.[23] King once called out a student for keeping beer in his room because of their shared responsibility as African-Americans to bear "the burdens of the Negro race." For a time, he was interested in Walter Rauschenbusch's "social gospel".[22] In his third year there, he became romantically involved with the daughter of an immigrant German woman working as a cook in the cafeteria. The daughter had been involved with a professor prior to her relationship with King. King had plans of marrying her, but was advised not to by friends due to the reaction an interracial relationship would spark from both blacks and whites, as well as the chances of it destroying his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully told a friend that he could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke the relationship off around six months later. He would continue to have lingering feelings, with one friend being quoted as saying, "He never recovered."[22] King married Coretta Scott, on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama.[24] They became the parents of four children: Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King.[25] During their marriage, King limited Coretta's role in the civil rights movement and expected her to be a housewife.[26] Doctoral studies See also: Martin Luther King, Jr. authorship issues King then began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University and received his Ph.D. degree on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation on "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman". An academic inquiry concluded in October 1991 that portions of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had acted improperly. However, "[d]espite its finding, the committee said that 'no thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree,' an action that the panel said would serve no purpose."[27][28][29] The committee also found that the dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." However, a letter is now attached to King's dissertation in the university library, noting that numerous passages were included without the appropriate quotations and citations of sources.[30] Ideas, influences, and political stances Religion King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, when he was twenty-five years old, in 1954.[31] As a Christian minister, his main influence was Jesus Christ and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses. King's faith was strongly based in Jesus' commandment of loving your neighbor as yourself, loving God above all, and loving your enemies, praying for them and blessing them. His non-violent thought was also based in the injuction to turn the other cheek in the Sermon on the Mount, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52).[32] In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other Christian pacifist authors, which was very usual for him. In another sermon, he stated: "Before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the Gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. You know, actually all that I do in civil rights I do because I consider it a part of my ministry. I have no other ambitions in life but to achieve excellence in the Christian ministry. I don't plan to run for any political office. I don't plan to do anything but remain a preacher. And what I'm doing in this struggle, along with many others, grows out of my feeling that the preacher must be concerned about the whole man." —King, 1967[33][34] In his speech "I've Been to the Mountaintop", he stated that he just wanted to do God's will. Non-violence King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. Veteran African-American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin served as King's main advisor and mentor in the late 1950s.[35] Rustin came from the Christian pacifist tradition; he had also studied Gandhi's teachings and applied them with the Journey of Reconciliation campaign in the 1940s.[36] King had initially known little about Gandhi and rarely used the term "nonviolence" during his early years of activism in the early 1950s. King also believed in and practiced self-defense, even obtaining guns in his household as a means of defense against possible attackers. Rustin guided King by showing him the alternative of nonviolent resistance, arguing that this would be a better means to accomplish his goals of civil rights than self-defense.[37] Rustin counseled King to dedicate himself to the principles of non-violence.[38] Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's success with non-violent activism, King had "for a long time...wanted to take a trip to India".[39] With assistance from the Quaker group the American Friends Service Committee, he was able to make the journey in April 1959.[40] The trip to India affected King, deepening his understanding of non-violent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity". Bayard Rustin's open homosexuality, support of democratic socialism, and his former ties to the Communist Party USA caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin,[41] which King agreed to do.[42] However, King agreed that Rustin should be one of the main organizers of the 1963 March on Washington.[43] King's admiration of Gandhi's non-violence did not diminish in later years. He went so far as to hold up his example when receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, hailing the "successful precedent" of using non-violence "in a magnificent way by Mohandas K. Gandhi to challenge the might of the British Empire... He struggled only with the weapons of truth, soul force, non-injury and courage."[44] Gandhi seemed to have influenced him with certain moral principles,[45] though Gandhi himself had been influenced by The Kingdom of God Is Within You, a nonviolent classic written by Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy. In turn, both Gandhi and Martin Luther King had read Tolstoy, and King, Gandhi and Tolstoy had been strongly influenced by Jesus' Sermon on the Mount. King quoted Tolstoy's War and Peace in 1959.[46] Another influence for King's non-violent method was Thoreau's essay On Civil Disobedience, which King read in his student days. He was influenced by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system.[47] He also was greatly influenced by the works of Protestant theologians Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich,[48] as well as Walter Rauschenbusch's Christianity and the Social Crisis. King also sometimes used the concept of "agape" (brotherly Christian love).[49] However, after 1960, he ceased employing it in his writings.[50] Politics As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both—not the servant or master of either."[51] In a 1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the Republican party is a party full of the almighty God nor is the Democratic party. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party."[52] King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality: Actually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern Dixiecrats. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of reactionary right wing northern Republicans. And this coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right wing reactionary northern Republicans defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.[53] Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he was undecided as to whether he would vote for Adlai Stevenson or Dwight Eisenhower, but that "In the past I always voted the Democratic ticket."[54] In his autobiography, King says that in 1960 he privately voted for Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy for a second Kennedy term, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964."[55] King supported the ideals of democratic socialism, although he was reluctant to speak directly of this support due to the anti-communist sentiment being projected throughout America at the time, and the association of socialism with communism. King believed that capitalism could not adequately provide the basic necessities of many American people, particularly the African American community.[56] Compensation King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for Playboy in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups.[57] He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils".[58] He presented this idea as an application of the common law regarding settlement of unpaid labor, but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of all races".[59] The lack of attention given to family planning On being awarded the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Margaret Sanger Award on 5th May, 1966, King said: Recently, the press has been filled with reports of sightings of flying saucers. While we need not give credence to these stories, they allow our imagination to speculate on how visitors from outer space would judge us. I am afraid they would be stupefied at our conduct. They would observe that for death planning we spend billions to create engines and strategies for war. They would also observe that we spend millions to prevent death by disease and other causes. Finally they would observe that we spend paltry sums for population planning, even though its spontaneous growth is an urgent threat to life on our planet. Our visitors from outer space could be forgiven if they reported home that our planet is inhabited by a race of insane men whose future is bleak and uncertain. There is no human circumstance more tragic than the persisting existence of a harmful condition for which a remedy is readily available. Family planning, to relate population to world resources, is possible, practical and necessary. Unlike plagues of the dark ages or contemporary diseases we do not yet understand, the modern plague of overpopulation is soluble by means we have discovered and with resources we possess. What is lacking is not sufficient knowledge of the solution but universal consciousness of the gravity of the problem and education of the billions who are its victims. ...[60][61] Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 Main articles: Montgomery Bus Boycott and Jim Crow laws § Public arena Rosa Parks with King, 1955 In March 1955, a fifteen-year-old school girl in Montgomery, Claudette Colvin, refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with Jim Crow laws, laws in the US South that enforced racial segregation. King was on the committee from the Birmingham African-American community that looked into the case; because Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, E.D. Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for a better case to pursue.[62] On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat.[63] The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed.[64] The boycott lasted for 385 days,[65] and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed.[66] King was arrested during this campaign, which concluded with a United States District Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation on all Montgomery public buses.[67][68] King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.[69] Southern Christian Leadership Conference In 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Joseph Lowery, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King led the SCLC until his death.[70] The SCLC's 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom was the first time King addressed a national audience.[71] On September 20, 1958, while signing copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumstein's department store in Harlem,[72] King narrowly escaped death when Izola Curry, a mentally ill black woman who believed he was conspiring against her with communists, stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener. After emergency surgery, King was hospitalized for several weeks, while Curry was found mentally incompetent to stand trial.[73][74] In 1959, he published a short book called The Measure of A Man, which contained his sermons "What is Man?" and "The Dimensions of a Complete Life". The sermons argued for man's need for God's love and criticized the racial injustices of Western civilization.[75] Harry Wachtel—who joined King's legal advisor Clarence B. Jones in defending four ministers of the SCLC in a libel suit over a newspaper advertisement (New York Times Co. v. Sullivan)—founded a tax-exempt fund to cover the expenses of the suit and to assist the nonviolent civil rights movement through a more effective means of fundraising. This organization was named the "Gandhi Society for Human Rights". King served as honorary president for the group. Displeased with the pace of President Kennedy's addressing the issue of segregation, King and the Gandhi Society produced a document in 1962 calling on the President to follow in the footsteps of Abraham Lincoln and use an Executive Order to deliver a blow for Civil Rights as a kind of Second Emancipation Proclamation - Kennedy did not execute the order.[76] Lyndon Johnson and Robert Kennedy with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963 The FBI, under written directive from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began tapping King's telephone in the fall of 1963.[77] Concerned that allegations of communists in the SCLC, if made public, would derail the administration's civil rights initiatives, Kennedy warned King to discontinue the suspect associations, and later felt compelled to issue the written directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other SCLC leaders.[78] J. Edgar Hoover feared Communists were trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights movement, but when no such evidence emerged, the bureau used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years in attempts to force King out of the preeminent leadership position.[79] King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that convinced the majority of Americans that the Civil Rights Movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.[80][81] King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights.[68] Most of these rights were successfully enacted into the law of the United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[82][83] King and the SCLC put into practice many of the principles of the Christian Left and applied the tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.[84] Throughout his participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks such as Nation of Islam member Malcolm X.[85] Stokely Carmichael was a separatist and disagreed with King's plea for racial integration because he considered it an insult to a uniquely African-American culture.[86] Omali Yeshitela urged Africans to remember the history of violent European colonization and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.[87] Albany movement Main article: Albany movement The Albany Movement was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel."[88] The following day he was swept up in a mass arrest of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. According to King, "that agreement was dishonored and violated by the city" after he left town.[88] King returned in July 1962, and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a $178 fine. He chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Police Chief Laurie Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail."[89] It was later acknowledged by the King Center that prominent evangelical preacher Billy Graham, who claimed in his autobiography that he had developed a close friendship with King after he accepted an invitation to appear at his 1957 New York City crusade,[90] was the one who bailed King out of jail during this time.[91] After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote non-violence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts.[92] Though the Albany effort proved a key lesson in tactics for Dr. King and the national civil rights movement,[93] the national media was highly critical of King's role in the defeat, and the SCLC's lack of results contributed to a growing gulf between the organization and the more radical SNCC. After Albany, King sought to choose engagements for the SCLC in which he could control the circumstances, rather than entering into pre-existing situations.[94] Birmingham campaign Main article: Birmingham campaign King following his arrest in Birmingham In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign used nonviolent but intentionally confrontational tactics, developed in part by Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. Black people in Birmingham, organizing with the SCLC, occupied public spaces with marches and sit-ins, openly violating laws that they considered unjust. King's intent was to provoke mass arrests and "create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation".[95] However, the campaign's early volunteers did not succeed in shutting down the city, or in drawing media attention to the police's actions. Over the concerns of an uncertain King, SCLC strategist James Bevel changed the course of the campaign by recruiting children and young adults to join in the demonstrations.[96] Newsweek called this strategy a Children's Crusade.[97][98] During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs against protesters, including children. Footage of the police response was broadcast on national television news and dominated the nation's attention, shocking many white Americans and consolidating black Americans behind the movement.[99] Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. But the campaign was a success: Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely.[97] King was arrested and jailed early in the campaign—his 13th arrest[100] out of 29.[101] From his cell, he composed the now-famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail" which responds to calls on the movement to pursue legal channels for social change. King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed."[102] He points out that the Boston Tea Party, a celebrated act of rebellion in the American colonies, was illegal civil disobedience, and that, conversely, "everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was 'legal'".[102] King also expresses his frustration with white moderates and clergymen too timid to oppose an unjust system: I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Councilor or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who paternalistic-ally believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season".[102] St. Augustine, Florida Main article: St. Augustine Movement In March 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with Robert Hayling's then-controversial movement in St. Augustine, Florida. Hayling's group had been affiliated with the NAACP but was forced out of the organization for advocating armed self-defense alongside nonviolent tactics. Ironically, the pacifist SCLC accepted them.[103] King and the SCLC worked to bring white Northern activists to St. Augustine, including a delegation of rabbis and the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, all of whom were arrested.[104][105] During June, the movement marched nightly through the city, "often facing counter demonstrations by the Klan, and provoking violence that garnered national media attention." Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. During the course of this movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed.[106] Selma, Alabama Main article: Selma to Montgomery marches In December 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, where the SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months.[107] A local judge issued an injunction that barred any gathering of 3 or more people affiliated with the SNCC, SCLC, DCVL, or any of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at Brown Chapel on January 2, 1965.[108] New York City On February 6, 1964, King delivered the inaugural speech of a lecture series initiated at the New School called "The American Race Crisis". No audio record of his speech has been found, but in August 2013, almost 50 years later, the school discovered an audiotape with 15 minutes of a question-and-answer session that followed King's address. In these remarks, King referred to a conversation he had recently had with Jawaharlal Nehru in which he compared the sad condition of many African Americans to that of India's untouchables.[109] March on Washington, 1963 Main article: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom King, representing the SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were Roy Wilkins from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; Whitney Young, National Urban League; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James L. Farmer, Jr. of the Congress of Racial Equality.[110] The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin.[111] For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march.[112][113] Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation. However, the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.[114] With the march going forward, the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success. President Kennedy was concerned the turnout would be less than 100,000. Therefore, he enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and the UAW union to help mobilize demonstrators for the cause.[115] King is most famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech, given in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern U.S. and an opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks. However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone.[116] As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington", and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending the march.[116][117] I Have a Dream 30-second sample from "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963 Problems playing this file? See media help. The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee.[118][119][120] Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success.[121] More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history.[121] King delivered a 17-minute speech, later known as "I Have a Dream". In the speech's most famous passage—in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of Mahalia Jackson, who shouted behind him, "Tell them about the dream!"[122][123]—King said: I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.' I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today.[124] "I Have a Dream" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory.[125] The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers in the United States and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[126][127] The original, typewritten copy of the speech, including Dr. King's handwritten notes on it, was discovered in 1984 to be in the hands of George Raveling, the first African-American basketball coach of the University of Iowa. In 1963, Raveling, then 26, was standing near the podium, and immediately after the oration, impulsively asked King if he could have his copy of the speech. He got it.[128] Selma Voting Rights Movement and "Bloody Sunday", 1965 Main article: Selma to Montgomery marches Acting on James Bevel's call for a march from Selma to Montgomery, King, Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize the march to the state's capital. The first attempt to march on March 7, 1965, was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has become known as Bloody Sunday, and was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement. It was the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. King, however, was not present.[129] The civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965 King met with officials in the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration on March 5 in order to request an injunction against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line."[130] Footage of police brutality against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.[131] King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against the State of Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement.[132] The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, 1965.[133][134] At the conclusion of the march on the steps of the state capitol, King delivered a speech that became known as "How Long, Not Long". In it, King stated that equal rights for African Americans could not be far away, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".[a][135][136] Chicago Open Housing Movement, 1966 Main article: Chicago Freedom Movement King with President Lyndon Johnson in 1966 In 1966, after several successes in the South, King, Bevel, and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as their first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Ave., in the slums of North Lawndale[137] on Chicago's West Side, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.[138] The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Coordinating Council of Community Organizations, an organization founded by Albert Raby, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of the Chicago Freedom Movement.[139] During that spring, several white couple / black couple tests of real estate offices uncovered racial steering: discriminatory processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income, background, number of children, and other attributes.[140] Several larger marches were planned and executed: in Bogan, Belmont Cragin, Jefferson Park, Evergreen Park (a suburb southwest of Chicago), Gage Park, Marquette Park, and others.[139][141][142] Abernathy later wrote that the movement received a worse reception in Chicago than in the South. Marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs. Rioting seemed very possible.[143][144] King's beliefs militated against his staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor Richard J. Daley to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result.[145] King was hit by a brick during one march but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.[146] When King and his allies returned to the South, they left Jesse Jackson, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization.[147] Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the Operation Breadbasket movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.[148] Opposition to the Vietnam War See also: Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War External audio You may watch the speech, "Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam", by Martin Luther King here. King long opposed American involvement in the Vietnam War,[149] but at first avoided the topic in public speeches in order to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created.[149] However, at the urging of aide James Bevel,[150] King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public.[149] In an April 4, 1967 appearance at the New York City Riverside Church—exactly one year before his death—King delivered a speech titled "Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence".[151] He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony"[152] and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today".[153] He also connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change: A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."[154] King also opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been spent on social welfare at home. The United States Congress was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs at the same time. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death".[154] He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands",[155] and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children".[156] King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms.[157] King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies, including President Johnson, union leaders and powerful publishers.[158] "The press is being stacked against me", King said,[159] complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his non-violence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children".[160] Life magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi",[154] and The Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people".[160][161] King speaking to an anti-Vietnam war rally at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul on April 27, 1967 The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive Highlander Research and Education Center, with which he was affiliated.[162][163] King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice.[164] He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to communism by his enemies, but in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism.[165] In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic..."[166] In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and claimed, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism."[167] King had read Marx while at Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism", he also rejected communism because of its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism", and its "political totalitarianism".[168] King also stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring".[169] King quoted a United States official who said that, from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world revolution".[169] King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World rather than suppressing their attempts at revolution.[169] On April 15, 1967, King participated in and spoke at an anti-war march from New York's Central Park to the United Nations organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam and initiated by its chairman, James Bevel. At the U.N. King also brought up issues of civil rights and the draft. I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.[170] Seeing an opportunity to unite civil rights activists and anti-war activists,[150] Bevel convinced King to become even more active in the anti-war effort.[150] Despite his growing public opposition towards the Vietnam War, King was also not fond of the hippie culture which developed from the anti-war movement.[171] In his 1967 Massey Lecture, King stated: The importance of the hippies is not in their unconventional behavior, but in the fact that hundreds of thousands of young people, in turning to a flight from reality, are expressing a profoundly discrediting view on the society they emerge from.[171] On January 13, 1968, the day after President Johnson's State of the Union Address, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars".[172][173] We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of freedom and self-determination in Southeast Asia.[172][173] Poor People's Campaign, 1968 Main article: Poor People's Campaign In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created an "economic bill of rights" for poor Americans.[174][175] The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely provided "poverty funds with miserliness".[175] His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced".[176] The Poor People's Campaign was controversial even within the civil rights movement. Rustin resigned from the march, stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, that its demands were unrealizable, and that he thought that these campaigns would accelerate the backlash and repression on the poor and the black.[177] After King's death The plan to set up a shantytown in Washington, D.C. was carried out soon after the April 4 assassination. Criticism of King's plan was subdued in the wake of his death, and the SCLC received an unprecedented wave of donations for the purpose of carrying it out. The campaign officially began in Memphis, on May 2, at the hotel where King was murdered.[178] Thousands of demonstrators arrived on the National Mall and established a camp they called "Resurrection City". They stayed for six weeks.[179] Assassination and its aftermath Main article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the National Civil Rights Museum. I've Been to the Mountaintop Final 30 seconds of "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Problems playing this file? See media help. On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black sanitary public works employees, represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.[180][181][182] On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I've Been to the Mountaintop" address at Mason Temple, the world headquarters of the Church of God in Christ. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane.[183] In the close of the last speech of his career, in reference to the bomb threat, King said the following: And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.[184] King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis. Abernathy, who was present at the assassination, testified to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed at room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite".[185] According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, King's last words on the balcony before his assassination were spoken to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty."[186] Then, at 6:01 p.m., April 4, 1968, a shot rang out as King stood on the motel's second-floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder.[187][188] Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.[189] Jackson stated after the shooting that he cradled King's head as King lay on the balcony, but this account was disputed by other colleagues of King's; Jackson later changed his statement to say that he had "reached out" for King.[190] After emergency chest surgery, King was pronounced dead at St. Joseph's Hospital at 7:05 p.m.[191] According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though only 39 years old, he "had the heart of a 60 year old", which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement.[192] Aftermath Further information: King assassination riots The assassination led to a nationwide wave of race riots in Washington D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, Louisville, Kansas City, and dozens of other cities.[193][194] Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was on his way to Indianapolis for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave a short speech to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of non-violence.[195] James Farmer, Jr. and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response.[196] The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.[197] President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader.[198] Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence.[199] At his widow's request, King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church was played at the funeral,[200] a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on February 4, 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity".[201] His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral.[202] Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the United Kingdom on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on his way to white-ruled Rhodesia.[203] Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed to the assassination on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later.[204] On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pled guilty to avoid a trial conviction and thus the possibility of receiving the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.[204][205] Ray later claimed a man he met in Montreal, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy.[206][207] He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had.[205] Allegations of conspiracy Ray's lawyers maintained he was a scapegoat similar to the way that John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald is seen by conspiracy theorists.[208] Supporters of this assertion say that Ray's confession was given under pressure and that he had been threatened with the death penalty.[205][209] They admit Ray was a thief and burglar, but claim he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon.[207] However, prison records in different US cities have shown that he was incarcerated on numerous occasions for charges of armed robbery.[210] In a 2008 interview with CNN, Jerry Ray, the younger brother of James Earl Ray, claimed that James was smart and was sometimes able to get away with armed robbery. Jerry Ray said that he had assisted his brother on one such robbery. "I never been with nobody as bold as he is," Jerry said. "He just walked in and put that gun on somebody, it was just like it's an everyday thing."[210] Those suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point to the two successive ballistics tests which proved that a rifle similar to Ray's Remington Gamemaster had been the murder weapon. Those tests did not implicate Ray's specific rifle.[205][211] Witnesses near King at the moment of his death said that the shot came from another location. They said that it came from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house—which had been cut away in the days following the assassination—and not from the rooming house window.[212] However, Ray's fingerprints were found on various objects (a rifle, a pair of binoculars, articles of clothing, a newspaper) that were left in the bathroom where it was determined the gunfire came from.[210] An examination of the rifle containing Ray's fingerprints also determined that at least one shot was fired from the firearm at the time of the assassination.[210] Martin Luther King and Coretta Scott King's tomb, located on the grounds of the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site in Atlanta, Georgia In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a new trial.[213] Two years later, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, along with the rest of King's family, won a wrongful death claim against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found in favor of the King family, finding Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy against King and that government agencies were party to the assassination.[214][215] William F. Pepper represented the King family in the trial.[216] In 2000, the U.S. Department of Justice completed the investigation into Jowers' claims but did not find evidence to support allegations about conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless some new reliable facts are presented.[217] A sister of Jowers admitted that he had fabricated the story so he could make $300,000 from selling the story, and she in turn corroborated his story in order to get some money to pay her income tax.[218][219] In 2002, The New York Times reported that a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson — not James Earl Ray — assassinated King. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his claims.[220] King researchers David Garrow and Gerald Posner disagreed with William F. Pepper's claims that the government killed King.[221] In 2003, William Pepper published a book about the long investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial, laying out the evidence and criticizing other accounts.[222] King's friend and colleague, James Bevel, also disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man."[223] In 2004, Jesse Jackson stated: The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ... I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.[224] FBI and King's personal life FBI surveillance and wiretapping FBI director J. Edgar Hoover personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader.[158][225] According to the Church Committee, a 1975 investigation by the U.S. Congress, "From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was the target of an intensive campaign by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to 'neutralize' him as an effective civil rights leader."[226] The Bureau received authorization to proceed with wiretapping from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in the fall of 1963[227] and informed President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Stanley Levison, a New York lawyer who had been involved with Communist Party USA.[228][229] Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so",[230] Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy.[231] The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison's and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country.[228][232] In 1967, Hoover listed the SCLC as a black nationalist hate group, with the instructions: "No opportunity should be missed to exploit through counterintelligence techniques the organizational and personal conflicts of the leaderships of the groups ... to insure the targeted group is disrupted, ridiculed, or discredited."[225][233] NSA monitoring of King's communications In a secret operation code-named "Minaret", the National Security Agency (NSA) monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam.[234] A review by the NSA itself concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."[234] Allegations of communism For years, Hoover had been suspicious about potential influence of communists in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights.[235] Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC as it was established (it did not have a full-time executive director until 1960).[79] The investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when the FBI learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison.[236] The FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them.[237] Another King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).[238] However, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.[226] For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism, stating in a 1965 Playboy interview that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida".[239] He argued that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to "aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements".[226] Hoover did not believe King's pledge of innocence and replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country".[240] After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country".[232] It alleged that he was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists".[241] The attempt to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators".[242] However, the civil rights movement arose from activism within the black community dating back to before World War I. King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."[243] Allegations of adultery Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, March 26, 1964 Having concluded that King was dangerous due to communist infiltration, the FBI shifted to attempting to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he also engaged in numerous extramarital affairs.[232] Lyndon Johnson once said that King was a "hypocritical preacher".[244] Ralph Abernathy stated in his 1989 autobiography And the Walls Came Tumbling Down that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation".[245] In a later interview, Abernathy said that he only wrote the term "womanizing", that he did not specifically say King had extramarital sex and that the infidelities King had were emotional rather than sexual.[246] Abernathy criticized the media for sensationalizing the statements he wrote about King's affairs,[246] such as the allegation that he admitted in his book that King had a sexual affair the night before he was assassinated.[246] In his original wording, Abernathy had claimed he saw King coming out of his room with a lady when he awoke the next morning and later claimed that "he may have been in there discussing and debating and trying to get her to go along with the movement, I don't know."[246] In his 1986 book Bearing the Cross, David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship ... increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings ... of King's travels." He alleged that King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction". Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt".[247] King's wife Coretta appeared to have accepted his affairs with equanimity, saying once that "all that other business just doesn't have a place in the very high level relationship we enjoyed."[248] Shortly after Bearing the Cross was released, civil rights author Howell Raines gave the book a positive review but opined that Garrow's allegations about King's sex life were "sensational" and stated that Garrow was "amassing facts rather than analyzing them".[249] The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family.[250] The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work.[251] One anonymous letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part: The so-called "suicide letter",[252] mailed anonymously by the FBI The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [sic]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation.[253] A tape recording of several of King's extramarital liaisons, excerpted from FBI wiretaps, accompanied the letter.[254] King interpreted this package as an attempt to drive him to suicide,[255] although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC".[226] King refused to give in to the FBI's threats.[232] Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr. in 1977 ordered that all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027.[256] Police observation during the assassination Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which Ray was staying, was a fire station. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance.[257] Agents were watching King at the time he was shot.[258] Immediately following the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King.[259] The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an all points bulletin to find the killer, and the police presence nearby led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.[260] Legacy President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King, Jr. statue over the west entrance of Westminster Abbey, installed in 1998. Protestors at the 2012 Republican National Convention display Dr. King's words and image on a banner. King's main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the U.S. Just days after King's assassination, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968.[261] Title VIII of the Act, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibited discrimination in housing and housing-related transactions on the basis of race, religion, or national origin (later expanded to include sex, familial status, and disability). This legislation was seen as a tribute to King's struggle in his final years to combat residential discrimination in the U.S.[261] Internationally, King's legacy includes influences on the Black Consciousness Movement and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa.[262][263] King's work was cited by and served as an inspiration for South African leader Albert Lutuli, who fought for racial justice in his country and was later awarded the Nobel Prize.[264] The day following King's assassination, school teacher Jane Elliott conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students in Riceville, Iowa. Her purpose was to help them understand King's death as it related to racism, something they little understood as they lived in a predominately white community.[265] King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism.[266] King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed in her husband's footsteps and was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide.[267] Their son, Dexter King, serves as the center's chairman.[268][269] Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.[270] Even within the King family, members disagree about his religious and political views about gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. King's widow Coretta said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported gay rights.[271] However, his youngest child, Bernice King, has said publicly that he would have been opposed to gay marriage.[272] On February 4, 1968, at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, in speaking about how he wished to be remembered after his death, King stated: I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody. I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity. Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind.[196][273] Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Main article: Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Beginning in 1971, cities such as St. Louis, Missouri, and states established annual holidays to honor King.[274] At the White House Rose Garden on November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Following President George H. W. Bush's 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday.[275][276] On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states.[277] Arizona (1992), New Hampshire (1999) and Utah (2000) were the last three states to recognized the holiday. Utah previously celebrated the holiday at the same time but under the name Human Rights Day.[278] Liturgical commemorations King is remembered as a martyr by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America with an annual feast day on the anniversary of his death, April 4.[279] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America commemorates King liturgically on the anniversary of his birth, January 15.[280] Awards and recognition Statue of King in Birmingham's Kelly Ingram Park Dexter Avenue Baptist Church where King ministered was renamed Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church in 1978 King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities.[281] On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S.[282] In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the American Jewish Committee for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty".[281][283] In his acceptance remarks, King said, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free."[284] In 1957, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP.[285] Two years later, he won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story.[286] In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity".[287] Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[288] In 1971 he was posthumously awarded a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam.[289] In 1977, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was posthumously awarded to King by President Jimmy Carter. The citation read: Martin Luther King, Jr., was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet.[290] King and his wife were also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004.[291] King was second in Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century.[292] In 1963, he was named Time Person of the Year, and in 2000, he was voted sixth in an online "Person of the Century" poll by the same magazine.[293] King placed third in the Greatest American contest conducted by the Discovery Channel and AOL.[294] Eponymous places and buildings More than 730 cities in the United States have streets named after King.[295] King County, Washington rededicated its name in his honor in 1986, and changed its logo to an image of his face in 2007.[296] The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King.[297] In 1980, the U.S. Department of the Interior designated King's boyhood home in Atlanta and several nearby buildings the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. In 1996, Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, of which King had been a member, to establish a foundation to manage fund raising and design of a national Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial on the Mall in Washington, D.C.[298] King was the first African American and the fourth non-president honored with his own memorial in the National Mall area.[299] The memorial opened in August 2011[300] and is administered by the National Park Service.[301] The address of the monument, 1964 Independence Avenue, S.W., commemorates the year that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law.[302] Memorial Day is a US federal holiday wherein the men and women who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces are remembered.[1] The holiday, which is celebrated every year on the final Monday of May,[2] was formerly known as Decoration Day and originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the Union and Confederate soldiers who died in the Civil War. By the 20th century, Memorial Day had been extended to honor all Americans who have died while in the military service. It typically marks the start of the summer vacation season, while Labor Day marks its end. Many people visit cemeteries and memorials, particularly to honor those who have died in military service. Many volunteers place an American flag on each grave in national cemeteries. Annual Decoration Days for particular cemeteries are held on a Sunday in late spring or early summer in some rural areas of the American South, notably in the mountains. In cases involving a family graveyard where remote ancestors as well as those who were deceased more recently are buried, this may take on the character of an extended family reunion to which some people travel hundreds of miles. People gather on the designated day and put flowers on graves and renew contacts with kinfolk and others. There often is a religious service and a "dinner on the ground," the traditional term for a potluck meal in which people used to spread the dishes out on sheets or tablecloths on the grass. It is believed that this practice began before the American Civil War and thus may reflect the real origin of the "memorial day" idea.[3] Memorial Day is not to be confused with Veterans Day; Memorial Day is a day of remembering the men and women who died while serving, while Veterans Day celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans.[4] History of the holiday The practice of decorating soldiers' graves with flowers is an ancient custom.[5] Soldiers' graves were decorated in the U.S. before[6] and during the American Civil War. A claim was made in 1906 that the first Civil War soldier's grave ever decorated was in Warrenton, Virginia, on June 3, 1861, implying the first Memorial Day occurred there.[7] Though not for Union soldiers, there is authentic documentation that women in Savannah, Georgia, decorated Confederate soldiers' graves in 1862.[8] In 1863, the cemetery dedication at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was a ceremony of commemoration at the graves of dead soldiers. Local historians in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, claim that ladies there decorated soldiers' graves on July 4, 1864.[9] As a result, Boalsburg promotes itself as the birthplace of Memorial Day.[10] Following President Abraham Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, there were a variety of events of commemoration. The sheer number of soldiers of both sides who died in the Civil War, more than 600,000, meant that burial and memorialization took on new cultural significance. Under the leadership of women during the war, an increasingly formal practice of decorating graves had taken shape. In 1865, the federal government began creating national military cemeteries for the Union war dead.[11] The first widely publicized observance of a Memorial Day-type observance after the Civil War was in Charleston, South Carolina, on May 1, 1865. During the war, Union soldiers who were prisoners of war had been held at the Charleston Race Course; at least 257 Union prisoners died there and were hastily buried in unmarked graves.[12] Together with teachers and missionaries, black residents of Charleston organized a May Day ceremony in 1865, which was covered by the New York Tribune and other national papers. The freedmen cleaned up and landscaped the burial ground, building an enclosure and an arch labeled, "Martyrs of the Race Course." Nearly ten thousand people, mostly freedmen, gathered on May 1 to commemorate the war dead. Involved were about 3,000 school children newly enrolled in freedmen's schools, mutual aid societies, Union troops, black ministers, and white northern missionaries. Most brought flowers to lay on the burial field. Today the site is used as Hampton Park.[13] Years later, the celebration would come to be called the "First Decoration Day" in the North. David W. Blight described the day: "This was the first Memorial Day. African Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina. What you have there is black Americans recently freed from slavery announcing to the world with their flowers, their feet, and their songs what the war had been about. What they basically were creating was the Independence Day of a Second American Revolution.”[14] However, Blight stated he "has no evidence" that this event in Charleston inspired the establishment of Memorial Day across the country.[15] On May 26, 1966, President Johnson signed a presidential proclamation naming Waterloo, New York, as the birthplace of Memorial Day. Earlier, the 89th Congress adopted House Concurrent Resolution 587, which officially recognized that the patriotic tradition of observing Memorial Day began one hundred years prior in Waterloo, New York.[16] According to legend, in the summer of 1865 a local druggist Henry Welles, while talking to friends, suggested that it might be good to remember those soldiers who did not make it home from the Civil War.[citation needed] Not much came of it until he mentioned it to General John B. Murray, a Civil War hero from Waterloo, who gathered support from other surviving veterans.[citation needed] On May 5, 1866, they marched to the three local cemeteries and decorated the graves of fallen soldiers.[citation needed] It is believed that Murray, who knew General John A. Logan, told Logan about the observance and that led to Logan issuing Logan's Order in 1868 calling for a national observance.[citation needed] Name and date "On Decoration Day" Political cartoon c 1900. Caption: "You bet I'm goin' to be a soldier, too, like my Uncle David, when I grow up." The preferred name for the holiday gradually changed from "Decoration Day" to "Memorial Day", which was first used in 1882.[35] It did not become more common until after World War II, and was not declared the official name by Federal law until 1967.[36] On June 28, 1968, the Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Act, which moved four holidays, including Memorial Day, from their traditional dates to a specified Monday in order to create a convenient three-day weekend.[37] The change moved Memorial Day from its traditional May 30 date to the last Monday in May. The law took effect at the federal level in 1971.[37] After some initial confusion and unwillingness to comply, all 50 states adopted Congress' change of date within a few years. Memorial Day endures as a holiday which most businesses observe because it marks the unofficial beginning of summer. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) advocate returning to the original date, although the significance of the date is tenuous. The VFW stated in a 2002 Memorial Day Address: Changing the date merely to create three-day weekends has undermined the very meaning of the day. No doubt, this has contributed a lot to the general public's nonchalant observance of Memorial Day.[38] Starting in 1987 Hawaii's Senator Daniel Inouye, a World War II veteran, introduced a measure to return Memorial Day to its traditional date. Inouye continued introducing the resolution until his death in 2012.[39 Traditional observance On Memorial Day, the flag of the United States is raised briskly to the top of the staff and then solemnly lowered to the half-staff position, where it remains only until noon.[40] It is then raised to full-staff for the remainder of the day.[41] Memorial Day observances in small New England towns are often marked by dedications and remarks by veterans, state legislators, and selectmen The half-staff position remembers the more than one million men and women who gave their lives in service of their country. At noon, their memory is raised by the living, who resolve not to let their sacrifice be in vain, but to rise up in their stead and continue the fight for liberty and justice for all. The National Memorial Day Concert takes place on the west lawn of the United States Capitol.[42] The concert is broadcast on PBS and NPR. Music is performed, and respect is paid to the men and women who gave their lives for their country. For many Americans, the central event is attending one of the thousands of parades held on Memorial Day in large and small cities all over the country. Most of these feature marching bands and an overall military theme with the National Guard and other servicemen participating along with veterans and military vehicles from various wars. One of the longest-standing traditions is the running of the Indianapolis 500, an auto race which has been held in conjunction with Memorial Day since 1911.[43] It runs on the Sunday preceding the Memorial Day holiday. The Coca-Cola 600 stock car race has been held later the same day since 1961. The Memorial Tournament golf event has been held on or close to the Memorial Day weekend since 1976. Poppies Main article: Remembrance poppy In 1915, following the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae, a physician with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, wrote the poem, "In Flanders Fields". Its opening lines refer to the fields of poppies that grew among the soldiers' graves in Flanders. In 1918, inspired by the poem, YWCA worker Moina Michael attended a YWCA Overseas War Secretaries' conference wearing a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed over two dozen more to others present. In 1920, the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance.[44] Interpretations Scholars,[45][46][47][48] following the lead of sociologist Robert Bellah, often make the argument that the United States has a secular "civil religion" - one with no association with any religious denomination or viewpoint - that has incorporated Memorial Day as a sacred event. With the Civil War, a new theme of death, sacrifice and rebirth enters the civil religion. Memorial Day gave ritual expression to these themes, integrating the local community into a sense of nationalism. The American civil religion, in contrast to that of France, was never anticlerical or militantly secular; in contrast to Britain, it was not tied to a specific denomination, such as the Church of England. The Americans borrowed from different religious traditions so that the average American saw no conflict between the two, and deep levels of personal motivation were aligned with attaining national goals.[49] Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood. For other uses, see Mother's Day (disambiguation). Mother's Day Clara's Card.jpg A mother posing with her card Observed by Many countries Significance Honors mothers and motherhood Date Many dates; Frequency annual Related to Children's Day, Siblings Day, Father's Day, Parents' Day Mother's Day is a modern celebration honoring one's own mother, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day and Siblings Day. The celebration of Mother's Day began in the United States in the early 20th century; it is not related to the many celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have occurred throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration (originally a celebration of the mother church, not motherhood).[1][2][3][4] Despite this, in some countries, Mother's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Founding (United States) 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country (A–G) 4.3 By country (H–M) 4.4 By country (N–S) 4.5 By country (T–Z) 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References Founding (United States) Main article: Mother's Day (United States) The modern American holiday of Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1908, when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which now holds the International Mother's Day Shrine.[6] Her campaign to make "Mother's Day" a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her beloved mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Anna's mission was to honor her own mother by continuing work she started and to set aside a day to honor mothers, "the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world". Anna's mother, Ann Jarvis, was a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the Civil War and created Mother’s Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. In 1908, the US Congress rejected a proposal to make an official holiday, among jokes that they would have to proclaim also a "Mother-in-law's Day".[7] Due to the campaign efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all US states observed the holiday, with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday,[7] the first in 1910 being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state. In 1914 Woodrow Wilson signed the proclamation creating Mother’s Day, the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.[8] Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother's Day, she soon became resentful of the commercialization and was angry that companies would profit from the holiday. By the early 1920s, Hallmark and other companies started selling Mother's Day cards. Jarvis became so embittered by what she saw as misinterpretation and exploitation that she protested and even tried to rescind Mother's Day. The holiday that she had worked so hard for was supposed to be about sentiment, not about profit.[9] Jarvis' intention for the holiday had been for people to appreciate and honor mothers by writing a personal letter, by hand, expressing love and gratitude, rather than buying gifts and pre-made cards.[10] Jarvis organized boycotts and threatened lawsuits to try to stop the commercialization. She crashed a candymakers' convention in Philadelphia in 1923. Two years later she protested at a confab of the American War Mothers, which raised money by selling carnations, the flower associated with Mother's Day, and was arrested for disturbing the peace.[9][10] Jarvis' holiday was adopted by other countries and it is now celebrated all over the world. Spelling In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases "second Sunday in May" and "Mother's Day", and created the Mother's Day International Association.[11] She specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers of the world."[12] This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills,[13][14] and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.[15] However, "Mothers' Day" (plural possessive) or "Mothers Day" (plural non-possessive) are also sometimes seen. Dates around the world As the United States holiday was adopted by other countries and cultures, the date was changed to fit already existing celebrations honoring motherhood, such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or, in Greece, the Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple (2 February of Julian Calendar). Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece. Mothering Sunday is often referred to as "Mother's Day" even though it is an unrelated celebration.[5] In some countries the date was changed to a date that was significant to the majority religion, such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries. Other countries selected a date with historical significance. For example, Bolivia's Mother's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated.[16] See the "International history and tradition" section for the complete list. Ex-communist countries usually celebrated the socialist International Women's Day instead of the more capitalist Mother's Day.[17] Some ex-communist countries, such as Russia, still follow this custom[18] or simply celebrate both holidays, which is the custom in Ukraine. Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother's Day, but International Women's Day remains a more widely popular holiday. Note: Countries that celebrate International Women's Day instead of Mother's Day are marked with a dagger (†). Gregorian calendar Second Sunday of May May 11, 2014 May 10, 2015 May 8, 2016 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Chile[20] China[21] Colombia Croatia Cuba[22] Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic[23] Denmark Dominica Ecuador Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guernsey Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Isle of Man Jamaica Japan Jersey Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru[24] Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia[23] South Africa[25] Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 15 May Paraguay (same day as Día de la Patria)[26] 19 May 20 Jumada al-thani[n 1] 20 April 2014 30 March 2016 Iran[34] International history and tradition Mother's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother's Day 1916. Mother's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother's Day card In most countries, Mother's Day is a recent observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States. As adopted by other countries and cultures, the holiday has different meanings, is associated with different events (religious, historical or legendary), and is celebrated on different dates. In some cases, countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday, such as giving carnations and other presents to one's mother. The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.[citation needed] Religion In the Roman Catholic Church, the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary.[35] In some Catholic homes, families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary. In Hindu tradition Mother's Day is called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population, especially in Nepal. The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh, i.e., April/May. This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US-inspired celebration by at least a few centuries.[citation needed] Buddhist have holiday of Ullambana (Ghost Festival), also known as signaling ceremony, derived from the integration of modern bodhisattva Maudgalyayana saved his mother. By country (A–G) Arab world Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin[36] in his book Smiling America (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time. Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor. The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother. Hearing this, Amin became motivated to promote "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser[citation needed] but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956[citation needed]. The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries. When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day" as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder[citation needed]. These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day. Afghanistan In Afghanistan, Mother's Day was celebrated on 12 June 2010, on the second Saturday in June.[citation needed] Angola In Angola, Mother‘s Day is celebrated on the first sunday of May Argentina In Argentina, Mother's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council, which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January, the Mother's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition.[30] Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother's Day in this date. In 17 October 2010 Google made a Google doodle exclusively to celebrate the Argentinian Mother's Day, and published it only in google.com.ar (Google's website for Argentina).[37] Armenia In Armenia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 7 April (Maternity and Beauty Day). Australia In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother's Day in Australia was started by Mrs. Janet Heyden,[38] a resident of Leichhardt, Sydney, in 1924. She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women, where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers. To cheer them up, she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women. Every year thereafter, Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor. The day has since become commercialised. Traditionally, the chrysanthemum is given to mothers for Mother's Day as the flower is naturally in season during May (autumn in Australia) and ends in "mum", a common affectionate shortening of "mother" in Australia.[citation needed] Men will often wear a chrysanthemum in their lapels in honor of mothers.[citation needed] Bangladesh In Bangladesh, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May. In observance of the day discussion programs are organized by government and non-governmental organizations. Reception programs and cultural programs are organized to mark the day in the capital city. Television channels air special programs, and newspapers publish special features and columns to mark the day. Greeting cards, flowers and gifts featuring mothers are in high demand at the shops and markets. Belarus Belarus celebrates Mother's Day in 14 October. Like other ex-Communist republics, Belarus used to celebrate only the International Women Day in 8 March. Mother's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarus government, and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996.[29] The celebration of the Virgin Mary (the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God) is celebrated in the same day.[39] Belgium In Belgium, Mother's Day (Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother's Day. Typically, the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed – the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother. There are also many people who celebrate Mother's Day on 15 August instead; these are mostly people around Antwerp, who consider that day (Assumption) the classical Mother's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons. It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck, a painter and Alderman from Antwerp. Bolivia In Bolivia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes. The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla, which took place on 27 May 1812, during the Bolivian War of Independence, in what is now the city of Cochabamba. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a festive day, but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day.[contradiction][16] Brazil In Brazil, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The first Mother's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre (Young Men's Christian Association of Porto Alegre) on 12 May 1918. In 1932, then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother's Day. In 1947, Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara, Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church. Mother's Day is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of this, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country, second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday.[40] Bulgaria In Bulgaria, 8 March is associated with International Women's Day. The holiday honors women as human beings and equal partners. Another Bulgarian holiday related to maternity and the family is Babinden (Bulgarian ????????), celebrated on 8 January. Canada See also Other observances in Canada Mother's Day cookie cake Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family. Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations, such as Australia, the United Kingdom the United States of America and Ireland. Many people in Canada express their gratitude towards mothers and mother figures on Mother's Day. A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women. China Mother's Day is becoming more popular in China. Carnations are a very popular Mother's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day.[41] In 1997 Mother's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region.[41] In the People's Daily, the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."[41] In recent years, the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of Mèng Zi. He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society, with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics.[42][43] Li and the Society want to replace the Western-style gift of carnations with lilies, which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home.[43] Mother's Day remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities. Cyprus Mother's Day in Cyprus is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Czech Republic In the Czech Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May. It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923.[23] The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková.[23] After World War II communists replaced Mother's Day with International Woman's Day, celebrated on 8 March.[23] The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989.[23] After the split of the country in 1993, the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother's Day again.[23] Estonia In Estonia, Mother's Day (emadepäev in Estonian) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but is not a public holiday.[44] France In France, amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families.[45] In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising "High Maternal Merit" ("Haut mérite maternel").[46] American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose.[45] In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but instead decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses." The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families.[45] The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families.[47] Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families. In 1941, by initiative of Philippe Pétain, the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families, but all mothers were now honored, even mothers with smaller families.[47] In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June).[citation needed] During the 1950s, the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.[45] In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action sociale et des familles.[citation needed] In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families.[citation needed] Germany Mother's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s, Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and the declining trend was continuing. This was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, influential groups in society (politicians of left and right, churchwomen, and feminists) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so. However, all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag, the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America[citation needed] and Norway. The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday. He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk, and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood.[48] The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children, which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation. The holiday did not celebrate individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives, and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women. Die Frau, the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to recognize the holiday. Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or "healthier" children.[48] With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, the situation changed radically. The promotion of Mother's Day increased in many European countries, including the UK and France. From the position of the German Nazi government, the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to nazi eugenics. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.[48][49] The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV (National Socialist People's Welfare Association) and the NSF (National Socialist Women Organization). This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women's organizations. Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.[48] Mother's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 the government began issuing an award called Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz), according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had. The medal was awarded on Mother's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients. The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children, and recipients were required to have at least four. For example, a gold cross recipient (level one) was obliged to have eight children or more. Because having fewer children was a recent development, the gold cross was awarded mainly to elderly mothers with adult children. The Cross promoted loyalty among German women and was a popular award even though it had little material reward and was mostly empty praise. The recipients of honors were compelled to be examined by doctors and social workers according to genetic and racial values that were considered beneficial. The mother's friends and family were also examined for possible flaws that could disqualify the mother, and they also had to be "racially and morally fit." They had to be "German-blooded," "genetically healthy," "worthy," "politically reliable," and could not have vices like drinking. Criteria that weighed against honors were, for example, "family history contains inferior blood", "unfeminine" behavior including smoking or doing poor housekeeping, not being "politically reliable", or having family members who had been "indicted and imprisoned". There were instances where a family was disqualified because a doctor saw signs of "feeblemindedness". Even contact with a Jew could disqualify a potential recipient. Some social workers had become disillusioned from the Weimar Republic and supported Nazi ideas personally as a means to "cure" the problems of the country. The application of policies was uneven, as doctors promoted medical criteria over racial criteria, and local authorities promoted economic need over any other criteria.[48][49] The holiday is now celebrated on the second Sunday of May, in a manner similar to other nearby European countries. Greece Mother's Day in Greece is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. By country (H–M) In Iceland, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Hungary In Hungary, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth. India The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture,[50] and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May.[51] Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event and it is celebrated mostly in urban centers while a majority of the population still remains unaware of a formal Mother's Day. Indonesia Indonesian Mother's Day (Indonesian: Hari Ibu) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree (Indonesian: Dekrit Presiden) no. 316 in 1953, on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress. The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, the meaning of Mother's Day has changed, and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers (such as flowers) and hold surprise parties and competitions, which include cooking and kebaya wearing. People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores.[52] The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (Indonesian: Kongres Perempuan Indonesia), which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928.[32][53] The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran, which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (Indonesian: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Brigjen Katamso Street, Yogyakarta. The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., Kartini, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Meutia, Maria Walanda Maramis, Dewi Sartika, Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said, etc.[32] The Congress intended to improve women's rights in education and marriage.[54] Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day (Indonesian: Hari Kartini) on 21 April, in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini. This is a celebration of the emancipation of women.[53] The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress.[54] During President Suharto's New Order (1965-1998), government propaganda used Mother's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home.[54] Iran In Iran, Mother's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al-thani. This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar. This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah,[34][55] Prophet Muhammad's only daughter according to Shia Islam orthodoxy. Mother's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The celebration is both Women's Day (replacing International Women's Day) and Mother's Day.[34][56] In 1960, the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar (16 December) of the Iranian official calendar, the date the Institute was founded. The Institute's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi, the wife of the last Shah of Persia, who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day. The government used the holiday to promote its maternalist view of women. The Shah's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime, including mothers who had many healthy children.[57] The Islamic Republic government is accused of using the holiday as a tool to undercut feminist movements and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family. Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles.[34][58][59] However, supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such "traditional" roles. In Islamic and especially Shia religious culture, Fatimah is seen as the ideal model of womanhood. She was daughter (to the Prophet), wife (to Ali, the first Shia Imam and Prophet's successor, and historically the fourth caliph), and mother (to Hasan ibn Ali and Hussein ibn Ali, the second and third Shia Imams, and to Zaynab bint Ali). She is seen to be ideally dedicated to the defining roles of wifehood and motherhood and, at the same time, assimilating the autonomous and assertive qualities that are sometimes associated with her daughter, Zaynab (in the latter regard, Fatimah is particularly noted for her tragic leadership in the brief interval between her father's passing away and her own, during which, according to Shia accounts, both her husband's right to Caliphate, i.e. Succession to Muhammad, and her own inheritance—the garden of Fadak—were forcefully taken away). Israel The Jewish population celebrates Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died. Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (??? ????) was set as Mother's Day (???? ?????, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (???? ?????????????, yom hamishpacha). Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday either.[33] Ireland In Ireland, Mother's Day is celebrated on Mothering Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent. Italy Mother's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 12 May 1957, in the city of Assisi, thanks to the initiative of Rev. Otello Migliosi, parish priest of the Tordibetto church.[60] This celebration was so successful that the following year Mother's Day was adopted throughout Italy. In 18 December 1958 a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make official the holiday.[61] It is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Japan In Japan, Mother's Day (??? Haha no Hi?) was initially commemorated during the Showa period as the birthday of Empress Kojun (mother of Emperor Akihito) on 6 March. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on 8 May, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother's Day in Japan. Currently Mother's Day in Japan is a rather commercial holiday, and people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses. Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan, Mother's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year. The holiday was first celebrated in 2012.[62] Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day. Latvia Mother's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922. Since 1934, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.[63] After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992.[64] Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day. Malta The first mention of Mother's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good quality restaurant. Mexico See also: Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico, the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother's Day holiday from the US in 1922, and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year.[65] The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.[65] In the mid-1930s, the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers; to introduce new morals to Mexican women; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women.[66] The government sponsored the holiday in the schools.[66] However, ignoring the strict guidelines from the government, theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes. Consequently, the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.[66] Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, promoted the holiday during the 1940s, resulting in an important state-sponsored celebration.[67] The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost.[67] Due to Orozco's promotion, the Catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941.[68] Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country.[69] Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time.[70] This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.[70] The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society. They concluded that the government's long-term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men.[70] They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays. The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events in order to "depaganize" them.[71] The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz, the patron of León, Guanajuato, in replacement of Mother's Day.[68] In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of Mother's Day, the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León.[71] There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including its efforts to influence Mother's Day.[68] Today the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May,[72] because it's the date when it was first celebrated in Mexico. In Mexico, to show affection and appreciation to the mother, it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song "Las Mañanitas", either a cappella, with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio. Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers in order to honor them on their day. They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant. Also, mothers receive flowers, gifts, and multiple stores offer their goods discounted in order to stimulate purchases. By country (N–S) Netherlands In the Netherlands, Mother's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army.[73] The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany, a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists, worked to promote the holiday; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists.[74] They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria, but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US.[74] Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925. This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals, radio broadcasts, newspapers ads, and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons.[74] In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date. In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag - Bloemendag (Mother's Day - Flowers' Day) was coined, and the phrase was popular for many years.[75] In the 1930s and 1940's "Mother's Day cakes" were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen, who is known as the "mother of the country".[75] Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts.[75] Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary, the divine mother, which took place during the whole month of May. In 1926 Mother's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints.[76] Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday, but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized.[76] In later years, the initial resistance disappeared, and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother's Day.[77] In the 1980s, the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known, so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler, Hitler's mother.[78] Nepal In Nepal, there is a festival equivalent to Mother's Day, called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon"), or Mata Tirtha Puja ("Mother Pilgrimage Worship"). It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar. It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April–May (in 2015, it will occur on 18 April). The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon. This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers, and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more. To honor mothers who have died, it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds, located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu. The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds. Previously, the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley. Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country. Many tragic folklore legends have been created, suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site. The most popular version says that, in ancient times, the mother of a shepherd died, and he made offerings to a nearby pond. There he saw the face of his mother in the water, with her hand taking the offerings. Since then, many people visited the pond, hoping to see their deceased mother's face. Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mother's souls by visiting the sacred place. There are two ponds. The larger one is for ritual bathing. The smaller one is used to "look upon mother's face", and it's fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing on it.[79] Traditionally, in the Katmandu valley the South-Western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the North-Eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South-Western half of the valley, while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi, the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers, is located in Gokarna, Nepal, in the North-Eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Katmandu valley.[80] Mother's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali, which literally means "day to see mother's face". In Nepal Bhasa, the festival is known as Mam ya Khwa Swayegu, which can be translated as "to look upon mother's face". New Zealand In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed.[citation needed] Nicaragua In Nicaragua, the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s. The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, his wife's mother.[28] Maldives In Maldives, Mother's Day is celebrated on 13 May. The day is celebrated in different ways. Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers. Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and son's give their mothers gifts and flowers. Maldivians love to celebrate Mother's day, and they have it specially written on their calendar. Pakistan In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Media channels celebrate with special shows. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost. Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers. But not only one day. Panama In Panama, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother's Day under Law 69, which was passed the same year.[31] According to another account, in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May. Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal, so that the celebration would be held on 8 December. He then established Mother's Day as a national holiday on that date.[81] Palestine Palestinians celebrate Mother's Day on 21 March, similar to other Arab countries. Paraguay In Paraguay, Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 May, the same day as the Dia de la Patria, which celebrates the independence of Paraguay.[26] This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.[82] In 2008, the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because, in Paraguay, Mother's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed. As a result, Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month.[83] A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day.[83] In 2008 the Comisión de festejos (Celebration Committee) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May.[84] Philippines In the Philippines, Mother's Day is officially celebrated every first Monday of December, together with Father's Day, but it is not a public holiday.[85] Although not a traditional Filipino holiday, the occasion owes its popularity to American influence, and is thus more commonly celebrated every second Sunday of May like in the United States. According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency, in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother's Day "to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God’s children into this world." In response, Governor-General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration. In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213, changing the name of the occasion from "Mother's Day" to "Parent's Day" to address the complaints that there wasn't a "Father's Day". In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother's Day and Father's Day. In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266, changing Mother's Day to the second Sunday of May, and Father's Day to the third Sunday of June, discontinuing the traditional date.[86] In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December.[85] A Filipina mother is called the "light of the household" around which all activities revolve, and in accordance with Filipino culture, is the object of filial piety. Common practices include treating mothers and mother-figures to meals out, strolling in a park or shopping at malls, or giving mothers time to pamper themselves. Most families celebrate at home, with children doing household chores that the mother routinely handles such as preparing food, or giving mothers small handcrafted tokens such as cards. Poland In Poland, "Dzien Matki" ("Mother's Day") is celebrated on 26 May. Portugal In Portugal, the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day). Romania In Romania, since 2010, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.[87] Law 319/2009 made both Mother's Day and Father's Day official holidays in Romania. The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA).[87] Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of International Women's Day (a tradition from the days when Romania was part of the communist block). Now Mother's Day and Women's Day are two separate holidays, with Women's Day keeping its original date of 8 March. Russia Main article: International Women's Day In Russia, the Mother's Day holiday was established in 1998 by law initiated by "Committee on Women, Family and Youth" of the State Duma. The initiative belongs to Alevtina Viktorovna Aparina, State Duma deputy and a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Since 1998, Mother's Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of November. Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women's Day and Mother's Day on 8 March, an inheritance from the Soviet Union, and a public holiday.[88] Women's Day was first celebrated in 1913 and in 1914 was proclaimed as the "day of struggle" for working women. In 1917, demonstrations marking International Women's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February (which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar) initiated the February Revolution. Following the October Revolution later that year, the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965. On 8 May 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."[89] Samoa In Samoa, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May, and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following. Singapore In Singapore, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The day is celebrated by individuals but not recognized as a holiday by the government. Many companies offer special products and services for the day. Slovakia Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the country split in 1993, Slovakia started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, and social-democrats want to make Women's Day an official holiday. Currently, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays". In the Slovak Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May.[23] South Sudan In South Sudan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July. The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan. Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers. The first Mother's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012. Spain In Spain, Mother's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It is also said to be celebrated in May, as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Catholicism. Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May. Although relatively new to Sri Lanka, this occasion is now becoming more popular, and more people now honor their mothers on this day. Mother's Day is celebrated by individuals but is not yet recognized as a holiday on the government calendar. However, the day has a commercial importance with many companies that offer special products and services for the day. Sweden In Sweden, Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized. Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes. This was in contrast to Father's Day, which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s. Mother's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May. A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers. Switzerland In Switzerland, the "règle de Pentecôte" law allows Mother's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost. In 2008, merchants declined to move the date.[90] By country (T–Z) Taiwan In Taiwan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with Buddha's birthday and the traditional ceremony of "washing the Buddha". In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha's birthday, so they would be celebrated in the same day.[91][92] Since 2006,[93] the Tzu Chi, the largest charity organization in Taiwan, celebrates the Tzu Chi Day, Mother's Day and Buddha's birthday all together, as part of a unified celebration and religious observance.[94][95][96] Thailand Mother's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand, Queen Sirikit (12 August).[97] The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's Royal family.[98] Father's Day is celebrated on the King's birthday.[98] Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May. Tunisia Tunisia celebrates Mother's Day ("??? ????") on the last Sunday of May. Turkey Turkey celebrates Mother's Day ("Anneler günü", literally "Mothers' Day") on the second Sunday of May. Ukraine Ukraine celebrates Mother's Day (Ukrainian: ???? ??????) on the second Sunday of May. In Ukraine, Mother's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999[99] and is celebrated since 2000. Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women's Day (a holiday embraced in the USSR and that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse) to Mother's Day. United Kingdom Main article: Mothering Sunday Balloons outside, in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday, which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent (15 March in 2015). This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday.[5][100] Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th-century Christian practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday.[5] As a result of this tradition, most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend. As a result of the influence of the American Mother's Day, Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one's mother. Commercialization and secularization further eroded the concept, and most people now see the holiday only as a day to make a gift to their mothers.[citation needed] The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches, with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church. The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century, but with the Industrial Revolution, traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined.[100] By 1935, Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe.[citation needed] Constance Penswick-Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s–1920s. However, US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother's Day celebration to the UK,[101] and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England.[102] By the 1950s, the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK, thanks to the efforts of UK merchants, who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity.[102] People from UK started celebrating Mother's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent, the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries. Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived, such as the tradition of eating cake on that day, although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time.[citation needed] The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day, although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins.[103] Mothering Sunday can fall at the earliest on 1 March (in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March) and at the latest on 4 April (when Easter Day falls on 25 April). For many people in the United Kingdom, Mother's Day is now the time of year to celebrate and buy gifts of chocolate or flowers for their mothers as a way to thank them for all they do throughout the year. United States Main article: Mother's Day (United States) Prince Harry, Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother's Day cards at the White House, 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872, to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace".[104] Her 1870 "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" is sometimes referred to as Mother's Day Proclamation. But Howe's day was not for honoring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American "Mother's Day", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.[104] The current holiday was created by Anna Jarvis in Grafton, West Virginia in 1908 as a day to honor one's mother.[12] Jarvis wanted to accomplish her mother's dream of making a celebration for all mothers, although the idea did not take off until she enlisted the services of wealthy Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker, who celebrated it on 8 May 1910 in Bethany Temple Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, PA of which he was the founder. In a letter to the pastor, she said it was, "our first Mother's Day".[105] Jarvis kept promoting the holiday until President Woodrow Wilson made the day an official national holiday in 1914.[104] The holiday eventually became so highly commercialized that many, including its founder, Anna Jarvis, considered it a "Hallmark holiday," i.e. one with an overwhelming commercial purpose. Jarvis eventually ended up opposing the holiday she had helped to create.[12][70] This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. She died in 1948, regretting what had become of her holiday.[105] In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; Mother's Day is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls.[106] Moreover, churchgoing is also popular on Mother's Day, yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter.[107] Many worshipers celebrate the day with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is dead.[107] Commercialization Nine years after the first official United States Mother's Day, commercialization of the holiday became so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself became a major opponent of what the holiday had become and spent all her inheritance and the rest of her life fighting what she saw as an abuse of the celebration.[12] Later commercialization and other exploitations of Mother's Day infuriated Jarvis and she made her criticisms explicitly known the rest of her life.[12][108] She criticized the practice of purchasing greeting cards, which she saw as a sign of being too lazy to write a personal letter. She was arrested in 1948 for disturbing the peace while protesting against the commercialization of Mother's Day, and she finally said that she regretted having started it.[108] Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions. It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, such as Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, do not have the same level of popularity.[109] Mother's Day is also prominent in the Sunday comic strips in the newspapers of the United States, expressing emotions ranging from sentimental to wry to caustic. See also Portal icon Holidays portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mother's Day. Father's Day International Mother's Day Shrine International Women's Day May crowning National Grandparents Day Mothers in space Notes Footnotes 1.Jump up ^ Since the Islamic Calendar uses the lunar year, which is shorter than the solar year, the day migrates through the seasons. Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar, so it is listed separately. Citations Enstam, Elizabeth York. “The Dallas equal suffrage association, political style, and popular culture: grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919.” Journal of Southern History 68.4 (2002):817+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. References 1.Jump up ^ L. James Grold (April 1968), "Mother's Day", American Journal of Psychiatry 124: 1456–1458, "Mother's Day, conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers (...) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother's Day custom, secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years 10 May 1908: the first church – St. Andrew's in Grafton, West Virginia – responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele (...)" 2.Jump up ^ Tad Tuleja (1999), Curious Customs: The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals, Galahad Books, p. 167, ISBN 9781578660704 , "Although attempts have been made to link Mother's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess, especially the worship of Cybele, the association is more conceptual than historic. Mother's Day is a modern, American invention." 3.Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers, Hallmark Cards (1972), Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays, Doubleday, p. 143, "Our observance of Mother's Day is little more than half a century old [this was written in 1972], yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times. Many antiquarians, holiday enthusiasts, and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess, particularly the worship of Cybele." 4.Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007, p. 208 "The American origin of the Day, however, was duly acknowledged. 'The idea is imported,. America led the way.'" 5.^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mothering Sunday", BBC, retrieved 4 March 2010 6.Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Andrea (6 April 2010). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Sage Publications (CA). p. 602. ISBN 978-1-4522-6629-9 . "She organized the first official Mother's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, on the morning of May 10, 1908. That same afternoon, 15,000 people attended a Mother's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia, which she also organized. Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother's death and selected her mother's favorite flower, the white carnation, as the day's official emblem." 7.^ Jump up to: a b Connie Park Rice; Marie Tedesco (15 March 2015). Women of the Mountain South: Identity, Work, and Activism. Ohio University Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-8214-4522-8 . 8.Jump up ^ Mother's Day 100-year history a colorful tale of love, anger and civic unrest, Deseret News, 6 May 2014 9.^ Jump up to: a b http://www.kansas.com/2014/04/27/3424594/hallmark-celebrates-the-100th.html 10.^ Jump up to: a b http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602516/Mothers-Day-100-year-history-a-colorful-tale-of-love-anger-and-civic-unrest.html 11.Jump up ^ Larossa, 1997, page 72(footnote 51) 12.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Louisa Taylor, Canwest News Service (11 May 2008). "Mother's Day creator likely 'spinning in her grave'". Vancouver Sun (Canada). Retrieved 7 July 2008. 13.Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 (7 May 2008) H. Res. 1113: Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother's Day (Vote On Passage) 14.Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 (7 May 2008) Table Motion to Reconsider: H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother's Day 15.Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project: 71 – Proclamation 2083 – Mother's Day Proclamation, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3 May 1934. Proclamation 3535 Mother's Day, 1963 John F. Kennedy, 26 April 1963. Proclamation 3583 – Mother's Day, 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson, 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 – Mother's Day, 1976, Gerald Ford, 5 May 1976. Proclamation 5801 – Mother's Day, 1988, Ronald Reagan, 26 April 1988. Proclamation 6133 – Mother's Day, 1990, George Bush, 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 – Mother's Day, 1993, Bill J. Clinton, 7 May 1993. Proclamation 8253 – Mother's Day, 2008, George W. Bush, 8 May 2008. 16.^ Jump up to: a b c Sources for Bolivia: "27 de mayo: madres que inspiran valentía". Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 27 May 2009. "El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen", La Razón (La Paz) (in Spanish), 27 May 2006 17.Jump up ^ Nicolette Hannam, Michelle Williams (2011), German Festivals and Traditions - Activities and Teaching Ideas for Ks3, Brilliant Publications, p. 45, ISBN 9781905780815 18.Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov (2010), Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Historical dictionaries of French history 78 (illustrated ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 246, ISBN 9780810854758 19.Jump up ^ John MacIntyre (2005), The amazing mom book: real facts, tender tales, and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth, Sourcebooks, p. 7, ISBN 9781402203558 , "Lebanon in the first day of Spring." 20.Jump up ^ "Días Nacionales en Chile". Retrieved 8 April 2013. 21.Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily (16 May 2006). "It's Mother's Day". SCUEC online. 22.Jump up ^ "Principales efemérides. Mes Mayo". Unión de Periodistas de Cuba. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 23.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Mixed emotions on Women's Day in Eastern Europe, euractiv.com, 9 March 2010 24.Jump up ^ "Calendario Cívico Escolar". Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 25.Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana (2014-05-09). "Mother's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries: Best Quotes to Say 'Thank You' to Mum". International Business Times. Retrieved 2014-05-11. 26.^ Jump up to: a b Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay, Día de la Madre (in Spanish) 27.Jump up ^ Sources: "Haiti: Main Holidays". discoverhaiti.com. Retrieved 8 July 2008. "6310.- Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti" (in French). Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008. 28.^ Jump up to: a b Lic. Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa (27 May 1999), "El origen del Día de la Madre", El Nuevo Diario 29.^ Jump up to: a b The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus (14 October 2009), Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus’ social policy 30.^ Jump up to: a b Padre Fabián Castro (3 October 2010). "El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina" (in Spanish). http://padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013. "La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II. Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María. (Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero). Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11. Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres." 31.^ Jump up to: a b editorial (8 December 2001), "Bendita Madre", Crítica (in Spanish) 32.^ Jump up to: a b c seenthing (21 December 2010), Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe 33.^ Jump up to: a b Sources for Israel: Gil Ronen (9 March 2010), Knesset, Emunah Mark International Women's Day, Arutz Sheva Nechemia Meyers (7 May 2004). "No Mother's Day in Israel, but mothers have real clout". j. 34.^ Jump up to: a b c d Wendy S. DeBano (2009), "Singing against Silence: Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival", in Laudan Nooshin, Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia, Soas Musicology Series (illustrated ed.), Ashgate Publishing, p. 234 (footnote 18), ISBN 9780754634577 , "In 2002, Fatemeh's birthday celebration (observed according to the hejri calendar) fell on Thursday 29 August (20 Jamadi 1423) (...) Fatemeh's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother's Day in Iran, ritually recollecting, emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother, wife and daughter. Prior to the revolution, Mother's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime." 35.Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria, Peter J. García (2004). Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 375. ISBN 9780313332104 . 36.Jump up ^ Jehl, Douglas (16 April 1997). "Mustafa Amin, Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 March 2013. 37.Jump up ^ "Google Argentina festeja el Día de la Madre con un nuevo doodle", nanduti.com.py (in Spanish), 17 October 2010 38.Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden: "Near and Far". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2 May 1927. "A Gift for Mother". The Sun Herald. 9 May 1954. 39.Jump up ^ "Belarus celebrates Mother's Day for 15th time. The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers.", Belteleradio, 14 October 2010 40.Jump up ^ "Dia das Mães: shoppings têm promoções especiais". Retrieved 13 May 2012. 41.^ Jump up to: a b c "Mother's Day Popular in China". People's Daily. 14 May 2001. 42.Jump up ^ people.com.cn, sina.com.cn (17 June 2008). "Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother's Day". All-China Women's Federation. 43.^ Jump up to: a b "Do we need our own Mother's Day?". China Daily. 16 May 2007. 44.Jump up ^ "Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus". Retrieved 3 March 2012. 45.^ Jump up to: a b c d Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de "l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas", Union des Familles en Europe 46.Jump up ^ Artas, berceau de la Fête des mères, mairie d'Artas 47.^ Jump up to: a b Luc Capdevila (CRHISCO – University of Rennes 2), Fabrice Virgili (IHTP – CNRS), "Guerre, femmes et nation en France (1939–1945)", in IRICE. 48.^ Jump up to: a b c d e Michelle Mouton (2007), "From Mother's Day to Forced Sterilization", From nurturing the nation to purifying the Volk: Weimar and Nazi family policy, 1918–1945, Publications of the German Historical Institute (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 107–152, ISBN 0-521-86184-5 49.^ Jump up to: a b Ann Taylor Allen (February 1995), "Reviewed work(s): Muttertag und Mutterkreuz: Der Kult um die "Deutsche Mutter" im Nationalsozialismus, by Irmgard Weyrather", American Historical Review (Frankfurt A.m) 100 (1): 186–187, doi:10.2307/2168063 50.Jump up ^ TTN (13 March 2004). "Social change in India discussed". Times of India. "Prof Bradley Hartel from Virginia, USA, reiterated that cultural and artistic exchanges have led to a confluence of ideas and traditions between India and USA. He said that India is unique in it's [sic] adaptability of new cultures as is exemplified by integrating Valentine's Day or Mother's Day, etc, into it's [sic] list of numerous festivals despite the many protests. He stressed that many traditions are being universalised in a global world." 51.Jump up ^ Charu Amar (1 May 2009), "Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai!", The Times of India, "Mention Mother's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest." 52.Jump up ^ Wardhani, Lynda K. (22 December 2010). "In observance of Mother's Day". The Jakarta Post. 53.^ Jump up to: a b Chilla Bulbeck (2009), Sex, Love and Feminism in the Asia Pacific: A Cross-cultural Study of Young People's Attitudes, ASAA women in Asia, Routledge, ISBN 9781134104697 54.^ Jump up to: a b c Kathryn Robinson (2009), Gender, Islam and Democracy in Indonesia, ASAA women in Asia, Routledge, pp. 3, 36, 44, 72, ISBN 9781134118830 55.Jump up ^ "Ahmadinejad highlights women's significant role in society". Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service. 24 June 2008. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 19 July 2008. "(...) the occasion of the Mother's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra (SA), the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad. The day fell on 23 June [2008]" 56.Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri (1993). "Obedience versus Autonomy: Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan". In Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, Helen Hardacre, Everett Mendelsohn. Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education. The Fundamentalism Project 2 (2 ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780226508801 . "The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse, negotiating and bargaining over their rights (Islamic or otherwise), the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal, the Fatimah model, the quintessential obedient woman. The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male-female relationships: should women emulate a Zainab-autonomus and assertive-or a Fatimah-obedient and submissive? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies, the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter. Thus Woman's Day and Mother's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah's birth." 57.Jump up ^ Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet (2011), Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran (illustrated ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 201–206, ISBN 9780195308860 58.Jump up ^ Mahdi, Ali Akbar (2003). "Iranian Women: Between Islamization and Globalization". Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects. Ali Mohammadi. London and New York: Routledge/Curzon. ISBN 0-415-30827-5 . Archived from the original (DOC) on 9 June 2006. "This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali's family in which Fatima Zahra (the Prophet Mohammad's daughter) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause. Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah, the prophet Mohammad's wife, and Zaynab, daughter of the first Shi'i (sic) Imam Ali. In fact, the IRI [Islamic Republic of Iran] replaced the universal Mother's Day with Fatima Zahar's (sic) birthday." 59.Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri (2009), "Women, Religion, and Political Agency in Iran", in Ali Gheissari, Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society (illustrated ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 137, ISBN 9780195378481 , "Such [feminist] gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime's ceaseless effort to discourage, even harass, women activists and their supporters. Within the narrative of Islamization, the state's argument has been, all along, that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism, and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order. Above all, the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language: "protecting women," "respect for women," "gender complementarity." Accordingly, in order to accommodate, and yet control and channel women's movements and activitites, the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh, the Prophet Muhammad's daughter, as a national woman's/mother's day." 60.Jump up ^ Anonymous (1 April 2010), "La Festa DeLLa Mamma", Italian America (registration required) 61.Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari - together with Senators Bellisario, Baldini, Restagno, Piasenti, Benedetti and Zannini. Senato della Repubblica, 78ª Seduta Pubblica, 18 dicembre 1958. "Istituzione de la festa della Mamma." (Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge) 62.Jump up ^ ???????? ???????? (17 May 2013). "????????? ????????? ????????????? ? ???? ??????". ???????? ??????. "19 ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ? ??????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ???????." 63.Jump up ^ Apollo.lv (13 May 2012). "Šodien sveicam Maminas!". Apollo.lv India. "Mates dienu Latvija saka svinet 1922. gada, bet ar 1934. gadu tika noteikts, ka ši diena svinama katra maija otraja svetdiena lidzigi ka citas Eiropas valstis. 1938. gada pec prezidenta Karla Ulmana ierosinajuma Mates dienu saka devet par Gimenes dienu, uzsverot mates lielo lomu gimenes pavarda veidošana un uzturešana." 64.Jump up ^ Latvija atzime Mates dienu TVNET 65.^ Jump up to: a b Newcomer, page 133 66.^ Jump up to: a b c Sherman, page 44 67.^ Jump up to: a b Newcomer, pages 133–134 68.^ Jump up to: a b c Newcomer, page 134 69.Jump up ^ Newcomer, 134–135 70.^ Jump up to: a b c d Newcomer, 135–136 71.^ Jump up to: a b Newcomer, 136–139 72.Jump up ^ The History of Mother's Day from The Legacy Project, a Legacy Center (Canada) website 73.Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007, p. 206 74.^ Jump up to: a b c Helsloot 2007, p. 208 75.^ Jump up to: a b c Helsloot 2007, p. 209 76.^ Jump up to: a b Helsloot 2007, p. 210 77.Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007, p. 213 78.Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007, p. 211 79.Jump up ^ Bandana Rai (2009). Gorkhas: The Warrior Race. Gyan Publishing House. p. 126. ISBN 9788178357768 . 80.Jump up ^ J. C. Heesterman; Albert W. Van den Hoek; Dirk H. A. Kolff; Marianne S. Oort (1992). Ritual, State, and History in South Asia: Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman. BRILL. p. 786. ISBN 978-90-04-09467-3 . Retrieved 12 May 2013. 81.Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez (9 December 2005), "Origins. La celebración del Día de la Madre", La Prensa (in Spanish) 82.Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores. Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun, p. 25 83.^ Jump up to: a b "Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre", Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay, 14 May 2008 84.Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion (27 July 2008), Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario, con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes 85.^ Jump up to: a b "Proclamation No. 58, s. 1998". Official Gazette (Philippines). December 11, 1998. Retrieved December 1, 2014. 86.Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 (December 1, 2014). "The First Monday of December is Mother’s Day and Father’s Day". Malacañan Palace (official residence of the President of the Philippines). 87.^ Jump up to: a b "Romania Celebrates Father's Day On Second Sunday Of May". Bucharest: mediafax.ro. 4 May 2010. 88.Jump up ^ ????????????? ?? ???(?). (8 March 1966). ? ????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ????????????? ???? 8 ?????. (DJVU). ????????? ????????? (in Russian). p. 4. Retrieved 22 March 2013. 89.Jump up ^ ???????????, ?. ?. (1969–1978). ??????????, ?????, ed. «??????? ????????? ????????????» (???) ????????????? ??????? ???? 8 ?????. (in Russian). ??????: «????????? ????????????». 90.Jump up ^ Fleurop-Interflora (Suisse) (22 April 2008), La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée (in French) 91.Jump up ^ Camaron Kao (14 May 2012), "Thousands of believers mark Buddha's birthday", China Post 92.Jump up ^ Ko Shu-Ling (9 May 2011). "Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated". Taipei Times. "The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha – which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar – a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother's Day, which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May." 93.Jump up ^ "300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries". Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012. 94.Jump up ^ Staff (4 May 2008), "Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother's Day event", Taipei Times 95.Jump up ^ Caroline Hong (23 May 2004), "Cultural center performs `bathing Buddha' ceremony", Taipei Times 96.Jump up ^ unsigned (15 May 2006), "Taiwan Quick Take: Tzu Chi celebrates birthday", Taipei Times: 3 97.Jump up ^ Thai News Agency (10 August 2012). "Police chief returns earlier for Mother's Day". MCOT news. "(...) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday, which is also observed as National Mother's Day." 98.^ Jump up to: a b Paul M. Handley (2006). The King Never Smiles: a biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 288. ISBN 9780300106824 . (online version) 99.Jump up ^ http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/489/99 Verkhovna Rada Official Website. ????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????.(Ukrainian) 100.^ Jump up to: a b Robert J. Myers, Hallmark Cards (1972), Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays, Doubleday, pp. 144–146 101.Jump up ^ "How Mothering Sunday became Mother's Day". Owenspencer-thomas.com. Retrieved 16 July 2011. 102.^ Jump up to: a b Ronald Hutton (2001), The stations of the sun: a history of the ritual year in Britain (illustrated, reprinted ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 174–177, ISBN 9780192854483 103.Jump up ^ David Self (1993), One hundred readings for assembly, Heinemann Assembly Resources, Heinemann, pp. 27–29, ISBN 9780435800413 104.^ Jump up to: a b c Bernhard, Virginia (2002). "Mother's Day". In Joseph M. Hawes, Elizabeth F. Shores. The family in America: an encyclopedia (3, illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 714. ISBN 9781576072325 . 105.^ Jump up to: a b Cristina Rouvalis, For the mother of Mother's Day, it's just never been right, Cristina Rouvalis, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 11 May 2008. 106.Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson, "We love you – call collect". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2010.03.08. 107.^ Jump up to: a b J. Ellsworth Kalas (19 October 2009). Preaching the Calendar: Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days. Westminster John Knox Press. "Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter. Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased." 108.^ Jump up to: a b "Mother's Day reaches 100th anniversary, The woman who lobbied for this day would berate you for buying a card". Associated Press (via MSNBC). 11 May 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008. 109.Jump up ^ Leigh, page 256 General Schmidt, Leigh Eric (1997). Princeton University Press, ed. Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays (reprint, illustrated ed.). pp. 256–275. ISBN 0-691-01721-2 . Larossa, Ralph (1997). University of Chicago Press, ed. mother's+day&dq=%22Ann+Jarvis%22+OR+%22Anna+Jarvis%22+%22mother's+day%22 The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History (illustrated ed.). pp. 90,170–192. ISBN 0-226-46904-2 . Helsloot, John (2007), "10. Vernacular Authenticity: Negotiating Mother's Day and Father's Day in the Netherlands", in Margry, Peter Jan; Roodenburg, Herman, Reframing Dutch Culture: Between Otherness and Authenticity, Progress in European Ethnology (illustrated ed.), Ashgate Publishing, pp. 6–7, 203–224, ISBN 978-0-7546-4705-8 Newcomer, Daniel (2004). Reconciling Modernity: Urban State Formation in 1940s León, Mexico (illustrated ed.). University of Nebraska Press. pp. 132–139. ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman, John W. (1997). The Mexican Right: The End of Revolutionary Reform, 1929–1940 (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 44. ISBN 9780275957360 . [show] v · United States Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States [show] v · t · e Mexico Mexican public holidays Categories: Family member holidays Public holidays in the Soviet Union May observances Motherhood Sunday observances Generic types of holidays Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Navigation menu Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch ??????? Avañe'? Az?rbaycanca ????? ????????? ??????? Català Ceština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Español Esperanto Euskara ????? Français Galego ??? ??????? ?????? Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ????? 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Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki Saint Patrick's Day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.show/hide details Jump to: navigation, search Page semi-protected Saint Patrick's Day Kilbennan St. Benin's Church Window St. Patrick Detail 2010 09 16.jpg Saint Patrick depicted in a stained glass window at Saint Benin's Church, Ireland Official name Saint Patrick's Day Also called Feast of Saint Patrick Patrick's Day Lá Fheile Pádraig (St) Paddy's Day (St) Patty's Day[1][2] Observed by Irish people and people of Irish descent, Catholic Church (see calendar), Anglican Communion (see calendars), Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar), Lutheran Church (see calendar) Type Ethnic, national, Christian Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick, commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland[3] Celebrations Attending parades, attending céilithe, wearing shamrocks, wearing green, drinking Irish beer, drinking Irish whiskey Observances Attending mass or service Date 17 March Next time 17 March 2015 Frequency annual Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig, "the Day of the Festival of Patrick"), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c. AD 385–461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[4] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland,[3] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[5] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilithe, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[6] Christians also attend church services[5][7] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.[5][6][8][9] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[10] Northern Ireland,[11] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Contents [hide] 1 Saint Patrick 2 Celebration and traditions 2.1 Wearing of the green 2.2 Celebrations by region 2.2.1 Ireland 2.2.2 Argentina 2.2.3 Canada 2.2.4 Great Britain 2.2.5 International Space Station 2.2.6 Japan 2.2.7 Malaysia 2.2.8 Montserrat 2.2.9 Russia 2.2.10 South Korea 2.2.11 Switzerland 2.2.12 United States 3 Celebrations around the world 4 Celebrations in Ireland 5 Sports events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links §Saint Patrick Main article: Saint Patrick Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[12] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he "found God". The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans. According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint. §Celebration and traditions §Wearing of the green On St Patrick's Day it is customary to wear shamrocks and/or green clothing or accessories (the "wearing of the green"). St Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[13][14] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.[15][16] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[15] However, Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context – icons of St Patrick often depict the saint "with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".[17] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".[18] The colour green has been associated with Ireland since at least the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[19] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[20] adopted green as its colour.[21] However, when the Order of St. Patrick—an Anglo-Irish chivalric order—was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. During the 1790s, green would become associated with Irish nationalism, due to its use by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a song of the same name, which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day grew.[22] The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".[23] §Celebrations by region §Ireland A St Patrick's Day religious procession in Downpatrick, 2010 Saint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely known as the patron of Ireland.[24] Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[25] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 14 March. St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[26][27] However, the secular celebration is always held on 17 March. In 1903, St Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara.[28] O'Mara later introduced the law that required that pubs and bars be closed on 17 March after drinking got out of hand, a provision that was repealed in the 1970s. The first St Patrick's Day parade held in the Irish Free State was held in Dublin in 1931 and was reviewed by the then Minister of Defence Desmond Fitzgerald. In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[29] The government set up a group called St Patrick's Festival, with the aims: Traditional St Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century, photographed at the Museum of Country Life in County Mayo To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebration in the world To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[30] A Saint Patrick's Day parade in Dublin The first St Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009's five-day festival saw close to 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[31] Skyfest forms the centrepiece of the festival. The topic of the 2004 St Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish", during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week").[citation needed] Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. In The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr. Vincent Twomey wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival." He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together."[32] As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford. Everyone's Irish on 17 March Sign promoting the drinking of Guinness beer on Saint Patrick's Day at Dublin's Guinness Storehouse The biggest celebrations outside Dublin are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is rumoured to be buried. In 2004, according to Down District Council, the week-long St Patrick's Festival had more than 2,000 participants and 82 floats, bands, and performers and was watched by more than 30,000 people.[citation needed] The shortest St Patrick's Day parade in the world takes place in Dripsey, Cork. The parade lasts just 100 yards and travels between the village's two pubs.[33] §Argentina A Saint Patrick's Day in Buenos Aires (Argentina) In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[34][35] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[36] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[37] take part in the organisation of the parties. §Canada One of the longest-running and largest St Patrick's Day parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[38] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The annual celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held annually without interruption since 1824. St. Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France. Children watch the Saint Patrick's Day Parade in Montreal. In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs an annual three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.[39] In 2013, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised an annual festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their culture. This event, which includes a parade, occurs the weekend closest to St Patrick's Day.[40] In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after an absence of more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests. There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[41] The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on Saint Patrick's Day, they wore green Saint Patrick's retro uniforms. There is a large parade in the city's downtown core on the Sunday prior to 17 March which attracts over 100,000 spectators.[citation needed] Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[42] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick's Day in Canada. In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[43] §Great Britain 2006 St Patrick's Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square London In Great Britain, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother used to present bowls of shamrock flown over from Ireland to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army consisting primarily of soldiers from both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Guards still wear shamrock on this day, flown in from Ireland.[44] Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[45] Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with St Patrick's Day.[46] Birmingham holds the largest St Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[47] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[48] London, since 2002, has had an annual St Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[49] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade. Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to St Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[50] The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[citation needed] also has a Saint Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[citation needed] Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[51] Due to this large Irish population, there is a considerable Irish presence in Glasgow with many Irish theme pubs and Irish interest groups who run annual celebrations on St Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow began an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival in 2007.[citation needed] §International Space Station Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick's Day on the International Space Station. Chris Hadfield wearing green in the International Space Station on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013 Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[52][53][54] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages.[55] Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "Danny Boy" in space.[56][57] §Japan St Patrick's Parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[58] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992. Nowadays parades and other events related to Saint Patrick's Day spread across almost the entire month of March. §Malaysia The St. Patrick's Society of Selangor, which has been in existence since 1925, organises the annual St. Patrick's Ball, the biggest St Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching. §Montserrat The tiny island of Montserrat is known as "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, St Patrick's Day is a public holiday. The holiday also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[59] §Russia The first St Patrick's Day parade took place in Russia in 1992.[60] Since 1999, there is an annual international "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[61] The Moscow parade has both official and unofficial parts. The first seems like a military parade and is performed in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is performed by volunteers and seems more like a carnival and show with juggling, stilts, jolly-jumpers and Celtic music. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes St. Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[62] §South Korea The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in Seoul (the capital city of South Korea). The place of parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[63] §Switzerland While Saint Patrick's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress accordingly in green.[64] §United States Main article: Saint Patrick's Day in the United States St Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, eating and drinking, religious observances, and numerous parades. The holiday has been celebrated on the North American continent since the late eighteenth century. §Celebrations around the world §Sports events Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick's Day in Ireland. The Saint Patrick's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 with Ireland winning the first two tests with the US winning the last 4 in 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[65] Traditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick's Day in Croke Park, Dublin. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn. The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day. "Keep love in your heart. A life without it is like a sunless garden when the flowers are dead." Oscar Wilde Valentine's Day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Page semi-protected This article is about the liturgical celebration and romantic holiday. For Brazil's Dia de São Valentim, see Dia dos Namorados. For uses of Valentine, see Valentine. For other uses, see Valentine's Day (disambiguation). Saint Valentine's Day Antique Valentine 1909 01.jpg Antique Valentine's card Also called Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine Observed by People in many countries; Anglican Communion (see calendar) Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar) Lutheran Church (see calendar) Type Cultural, Christian, commercial Significance Feast day of Saint Valentine; the celebration of love and affection Observances Sending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services Date February 14 (fixed by the Catholic Church) July 7 (fixed by the Orthodox Church) Frequency annual Shrine of St. Valentine in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland Saint Valentine of Terni and his disciples Saint Valentine's Day, also known as Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine,[1] is a holiday observed on February 14 each year. It is celebrated in many countries around the world, although it is not a holiday in most of them. St. Valentine's Day began as a liturgical celebration one or more early Christian saints named Valentinus. Several martyrdom stories were invented for the various Valentines that belonged to February 14, and added to later martyrologies.[2] A popular hagiographical account of Saint Valentine of Rome states that he was imprisoned for performing weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry and for ministering to Christians, who were persecuted under the Roman Empire. According to legend, during his imprisonment, he healed the daughter of his jailer, Asterius. An embellishment to this story states that before his execution he wrote her a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell.[3] Today, Saint Valentine's Day is an official feast day in the Anglican Communion,[4] as well as in the Lutheran Church.[5] The Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrates Saint Valentine's Day, albeit on July 6 and July 30, the former date in honor of the Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and the latter date in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni). In Brazil, the Dia de São Valentim is recognized on June 12. The day was first associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion in which lovers expressed their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"). In Europe, Saint Valentine's Keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver’s heart", as well as to children, in order to ward off Saint Valentine's Malady.[6] Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves, and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[7] Contents [hide] 1 Saint Valentine 1.1 Historical facts 1.2 Legends 2 Folk traditions 3 Connection with romantic love 3.1 Lupercalia 3.2 Chaucer's love birds 3.3 Court of love 3.4 Valentine poetry 3.5 Modern times 3.6 Antique and vintage Valentine cards, 1850–1950 4 Celebration worldwide 4.1 China 4.2 Finland and Estonia 4.3 France 4.4 Greece 4.5 India 4.6 Iran 4.7 Israel 4.8 Japan 4.9 Latin America 4.10 Philippines 4.11 Portugal 4.12 Romania 4.13 Saudi Arabia 4.14 Scandinavia 4.15 Singapore 4.16 South Korea 4.17 Spain 4.18 Taiwan 4.19 United States 4.20 Wales 5 Conflict with Islamic countries and political parties 5.1 Iran 5.2 Malaysia 5.3 Pakistan 5.4 Saudi Arabia 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Saint Valentine For more details on this topic, see Saint Valentine. Historical facts St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla, Jacopo Bassano Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine.[8] The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. m. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).[9] Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred about AD 496 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate of Nicholas IV".[10][11] The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Other relics are found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.[12] Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) about AD 197 and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian. He is also buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location than Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Jack B. Oruch states that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe."[13] The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early martyrologies under date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with a number of companions, but nothing more is known about him.[14] Saint Valentine's head was preserved in the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated.[15] February 14 is celebrated as St. Valentine's Day in various Christian denominations; it has, for example, the rank of 'commemoration' in the calendar of saints in the Anglican Communion.[4] In addition, the feast day of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of saints of the Lutheran Church.[5] However, in the 1969 revision of the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints, the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the General Roman Calendar and relegated to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: "Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14."[16] The feast day is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta) where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by Traditionalist Catholics who follow the older, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine's Day is celebrated on July 6, in which Saint Valentine, the Roman presbyter, is honoured; furthermore, the Eastern Orthodox Church obsesrves the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on July 30.[17][18][19] Legends J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians."[20] Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this Diocletianic Persecution in the early 4th century.[21] In the 5th or 6th century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period. The same events are also found in Bede's Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century.[21][22] It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman paganism in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-four member household (family members and servants) came to believe in Jesus and were baptized.[21] A later Passio repeated the legend, adding that Pope Julius I built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).[22] The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting by Bede's martyrology in the 8th century.[22] It was repeated in the 13th century, in Legenda Aurea.[23] The book expounded briefly the Early Medieval acta of several Saint Valentines, and this legend was assigned to the Valentine under February 14. There is an additional embellishment to The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added centuries later, and widely repeated.[3] On the evening before Valentine was to be executed, he would have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine."[3] The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.[24] This legend has been published by both American Greetings and The History Channel. John Foxe, an English historian, as well as the Order of Carmelites, state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church of Praxedes in Rome, located near the cemetery of Saint Hippolytus. This order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship."[25][26] Another embellishment is that Saint Valentine would have performed clandestine Christian weddings for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.[27] The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers.[27][28] However, this supposed marriage ban was never issued, and in fact Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths.[29] According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God’s love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians, a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on St. Valentine's Day.[30] Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian bishops with an image of Cupid engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;[28][31] Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.[28] Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is thought to attract love.[32] Folk traditions While the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and St. Valentine's Day have become marginalized by the modern Anglo-American customs connecting the day with romantic love, there are some remaining associations connecting the saint with the advent of spring. While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England. In Norfolk, a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.[33][34] In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of beekeepers and pilgrims.[35] A proverb says that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots". Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi spomladin" ("Valentine — the first spring saint"), as in some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.[36] Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love was traditionally March 12, the Saint Gregory's day, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day. The patron of love was Saint Anthony, whose day has been celebrated on June 13.[35] Connection with romantic love Lupercalia Main article: Lupercalia There is no evidence of any link between St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman festival, despite many claims by many authors.[15][37][notes 1] The celebration of Saint Valentine did not have any romantic connotations until Chaucer's poetry about "Valentines" in the 14th century.[21] Popular modern sources claim links to unspecified Greco-Roman February holidays alleged to be devoted to fertility and love to St. Valentine's Day, but prior to Chaucer in the 14th century, there were no links between the Saints named Valentinus and romantic love.[21] Earlier links as described above were focused on sacrifice rather than romantic love. In the ancient Athenian calendar the period between mid-January and mid-February was the month of Gamelion, dedicated to the sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera. In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia, observed February 13–15, was an archaic rite connected to fertility. Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning "Juno the purifier "or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14. Pope Gelasius I (492–496) abolished Lupercalia. Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the Purification of Mary in February 14 and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.[notes 2][38] Also, the dates don't fit because at the time of Gelasius I the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity on January 6.[notes 3] Although it was called "Purification of Mary", it dealt mainly with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.[39] The Jerusalem's Purification of Mary on February 14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.[40] Alban Butler in his Lifes of the Principal Saints (1756–1759) claimed without proof that men and women in Lupercalia drew names from a jar to make couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this custom. In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with men drawing the names of girls at random to couple with them. This custom was combated by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the altar. However, this religious custom is recorded as soon as the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could have a different origin.[15] Geoffrey Chaucer by Thomas Hoccleve (1412) Chaucer's love birds Jack B. Oruch writes that the first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Parlement of Foules (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer.[21] Chaucer wrote: For this was on seynt Volantynys day Whan euery bryd comyth there to chese his make. ["For this was on St. Valentine's Day, when every bird cometh there to choose his mate."] This poem was written to honor the first anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia.[41] A treaty providing for a marriage was signed on May 2, 1381.[42] (When they were married eight months later, they were each only 15 years old). Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Valentine's Day; however, mid-February is an unlikely time for birds to be mating in England. Henry Ansgar Kelly has pointed out that Chaucer could be referring to May 3, the celebration in the liturgical calendar of Valentine of Genoa, an early bishop of Genoa who died around AD 307.[41][43][44] Jack B. Oruch says that date for the start of Spring has changed since Chaucer's time because of the precession of equinoxes and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The date would correspond to the modern 23 February, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England.[21] Chaucer's Parliament of Foules is set in a fictional context of an old tradition, but in fact there was no such tradition before Chaucer. The speculative explanation of sentimental customs, posing as historical fact, had their origins among 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".[15][45] There were three other authors who made poems about birds mating in St. Valentine's Day around the same years: Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them, but, due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not possible to ascertain who of the four had the idea first and influenced the others.[46] Court of love The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the Charter of the Court of Love. The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.[47] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.[48] No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.[47] Valentine poetry The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orléans to his wife, which commences. Je suis desja d'amour tanné Ma tres doulce Valentinée... —Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2[49] At the time, the duke was being held in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.[50] The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to her future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".[51] Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in Hamlet (1600–1601): To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine. Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes, And dupp'd the chamber-door; Let in the maid, that out a maid Never departed more. —William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act IV, Scene 5 John Donne used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day: Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is All the Ayre is thy Diocese And all the chirping Queristers And other birds ar thy parishioners Thou marryest every yeare The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue, The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue, The houshold bird with the redd stomacher Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone, As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed. This day more cheerfully than ever shine This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine. —John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day The verse Roses are red echoes conventions traceable as far back as Edmund Spenser's epic The Faerie Queene (1590): She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew, And all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew.[52] The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in the collection of English nursery rhymes Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784): The rose is red, the violet's blue, The honey's sweet, and so are you. Thou art my love and I am thine; I drew thee to my Valentine: The lot was cast and then I drew, And Fortune said it shou'd be you.[53][54] Modern times Valentine's Day postcard, circa 1910 In 1797, a British publisher issued The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of suggested sentimental verses for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines," and a reduction in postal rates in the next century ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines. That, in turn, made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly Victorian.[55] Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.[56] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in Britain, despite postage being expensive.[57] The Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century, printed by the major publishers of the day.[58] The collection is cataloged in Laura Seddon's book Victorian Valentines (1996).[59] Child dressed in Valentine's Day-themed clothing. In the United States, the first mass-produced valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts.[60][61] Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.[62][63] Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.[63][64] A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday."[65] The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly."[66] Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".[61] Valentines candy Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.[7] In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards being sent.[67] The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the United States to follow.[68] Valentine's Day red roses In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts. Such gifts typically include roses and chocolates packed in a red satin, heart-shaped box. In the 1980s, the diamond industry began to promote Valentine's Day as an occasion for giving jewelry. The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.[60] The average valentine’s spending has increased every year in the U.S, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131 in 2013.[69] The rise of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Millions of people use, every year, digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love coupons or printable greeting cards. An estimated 15 million e-valentines were sent in 2010.[60] Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a Hallmark holiday due to its commercialization.[70] In the modern era, liturgically, the Anglican Church has a service for St. Valentine's Day (the Feast of St. Valentine), which includes the optional rite of the renewal of marriage vows.[71] Antique and vintage Valentine cards, 1850–1950 Valentines of the mid-19th and early 20th centuries Esther Howland Valentine, circa 1850: "Weddings now are all the go, Will you marry me or no"? Handwritten poem, "To Susanna" dated Valentine's Day, 1850 (Cork, Ireland) Comic Valentine, mid-19th century: "R stands for rod, which can give a smart crack, And ought to be used For a day on your back." Valentine card, 1862: "My dearest Miss, I send thee a kiss" addressed to Miss Jenny Lane of Crostwight Hall, Smallburgh, Norfolk. Folk art Valentine and envelope dated 1875 addressed to Clara Dunn of Newfield, New Jersey Whitney Valentine, 1887; Howland sold her New England Valentine Company to the George C. Whitney Company in 1881 Seascape Valentine, date unknown Postcards, "pop-ups", and mechanical Valentines, circa 1900–1930 Buster Brown Valentine postcard by Richard Felton Outcault, early years of the 20th century Advertisement for Prang's greeting cards, 1883 Postcard by Nister, circa 1906 Valentine postcard, circa 1900–1910 A tiny 2-inch pop-up Valentine, circa 1920 Football-playing anthropomorphic rat and bulldog are set in motion by the pull-tab on the right, circa 1920 A grommet affixed to the center of the card permits the dog's eyes to glance side-to-side when the blue bow is moved Rocking horse and rider, circa 1920–1930 Children's Valentines Anthropomorphic Valentine, circa 1950–1960 Others Taipei 101 in Valentine's Day 2006 Box of Valentine chocolates Valentine's Day chocolates Self-made Valentine's Cake Barney the dog and India the cat, pets of George W. Bush, in the White House on Valentine's Day 2007 Pink heart sunglasses US-Lovestamp Celebration worldwide Valentine's Day customs developed in early modern England and spread throughout the Anglosphere in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs have also spread to other countries along with other aspects of American pop culture, but its impact so far has been rather more limited than that of Halloween, or that of US pop-culture inspired aspects of Christmas (such as Santa Claus). Tree in San Diego decorated with hearts on Valentine's Day with hearts Due to a concentrated marketing effort, Valentine's Day is celebrated in some East Asian countries with Chinese and South Koreans spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.[72] China In China, the common situation is the man gives chocolate, flowers or both to the woman that he loves. In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called lovers' festival (simplified Chinese: ???; traditional Chinese: ???; pinyin: qíng rén jié). The so-called "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the Qixi Festival, celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. It commemorates a day on which a legendary cowherder and weaving maid are allowed to be together. Valentine's Day on February 14 is not celebrated because it is often too close to the Chinese New Year, which usually falls on either January or February.[citation needed] In Chinese culture, there is an older observance related to lovers, called "The Night of Sevens" (Chinese: ??; pinyin: Qi Xi). According to the legend, the Cowherd star and the Weaver Maid star are normally separated by the Milky Way (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese calendar. In recent years, celebrating White Day has also become fashionable among some young people. Finland and Estonia In Finland Valentine's Day is called Ystävänpäivä which translates into "Friend's Day". As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia Valentine's Day is called sõbrapäev, which has the same meaning.[73] France In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's Day is known simply as "Saint Valentin", and is celebrated in much the same way as other western countries. Greece St. Valentine's Day, or ?µ??a t?? ????? ?a?e?t???? in Greek tradition was not associated with romantic love; In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another Saint who protects people who are in love, Hyacinth of Caesarea (feast day 3 July), but in contemporary Greece, this tradition has mostly been superseded by the "globalized" form of Valentine's Day.[citation needed] India In India, in antiquity, there was a tradition of adoring Kamadeva, the lord of love; exemplificated by the erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing of the Kamasutra treaty of lovemaking.[74] This tradition was lost around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon.[74] This repression of public affections persisted until the 1990s. In the state of West Bengal, Saraswati Puja, a festival observed in early spring where Saraswati, the goddess of learning is worshipped; has often been seen as a Bengali version of Valentine's Day; especially among the urban middle-class youth. Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as MTV, dedicated radio programs and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.[74][75] Economic liberalization also helped the Valentine card industry.[75] The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages.[74] In modern times, Hindu and Islamic[76] traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of the globalization in India.[74][75] Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the "public admission of love" because of them being "alien to Indian culture".[77] Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: arranged marriages, Hindu joint families, full-time mothers, etc.[75][76] Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.[78] Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left. The holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", "neocolonialism", and "the exploitation of working classes through commercialism by multinational corporations".[79] Studies have shown that Valentine's Day promotes and exacerbates income inequality in India, and aids in the creation of a pseudo-westernized middle class.[citation needed] As a result, the working classes and rural poor become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of demonization that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.[80][81] Right wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. In February 2012 Subash Chouhan of the Bajrang Dal warned couples that "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up".[82] He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places".[83] Iran In Iran, the Sepandarmazgan, or Esfandegan, is a festival where people express love towards their mothers and wives, and it is also a celebration of earth in ancient Persian culture. It has been progressively forgotten in favor of the Western celebration of Valentine's Day. The Association of Iran's Cultural and Natural Phenomena has been trying since 2006 to make Sepandarmazgan a national holiday on 17 February, in order to replace the Western holiday.[84] Israel In Israel, the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Av (usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them (Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (beside Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in western societies. In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to pronounce love, propose marriage and give gifts like cards or flowers.[85] Japan In Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners. Later in 1953 it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958 the Isetan department store ran a "Valentine sale". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.[86][87] The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.[88] In particular, office ladies give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,[88] candies, flowers, or dinner dates[89] are uncommon, and most of the activity about the gifts is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.[88] Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year.[88] Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as giri-choko (?????), from giri ("obligation") and choko, ("chocolate"), with unpopular co-workers receiving only "ultra-obligatory" cho-giri choko cheap chocolate. This contrasts with honmei-choko (?????, favorite chocolate), chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as tomo-choko (????); from tomo meaning "friend".[90] In the 1980s the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "reply day", where men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the color of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a marshmallow manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.[86][87] Men are expected to return gifts that are at least two or three times more valuable than the gifts received in Valentine's Day. Not returning the gift is perceived as the man placing himself in a position of superiority, even if excuses are given. Returning a present of equal value is considered as a way to say that the relationship is being cut. Originally only chocolate was given, but now the gifts of jewelry, accessories, clothing and lingerie are usual. According to the official website of White Day, the color white was chosen because it's the color of purity, evoking "pure, sweet teen love", and because it's also the color of sugar. The initial name was "Ai ni Kotaeru White Day" (Answer Love on White Day).[86][87] In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated to Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve.[91] In a 2006 survey of people between 10 and 49 years of age in Japan, Oricon Style found the 1986 Sayuri Kokusho single "Valentine Kiss" to be the most popular Valentine's Day song, even though it sold only 317,000 copies.[92] The singles it beat in the ranking were number one selling "Love Love Love" from Dreams Come True (2,488,630 copies) and "Valentine's Radio" from Yumi Matsutoya (1,606,780 copies). The final song in the top five was "My Funny Valentine" by Miles Davis.[92] In Japan, a slightly different version of a holiday based on a lovers' story called Tanabata (??) has been celebrated for centuries, on July 7 (Gregorian calendar).[93] It has been considered by Westerners as similar to St. Valentine's Day,[94] but it's not related to it, and its origins are completely different. Latin America In some Latin American countries Valentine's Day is known as "Día del Amor y la Amistad" (Day of Love and Friendship). For example Colombia,[95] Costa Rica,[96] the Dominican Republic,[citation needed] Ecuador,[97] Mexico,[98] and Puerto Rico, as well as others. It is also common to see people perform "acts of appreciation" for their friends. In Guatemala it is known as the "Día del Cariño" (Affection Day).[99] In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados (lit. "Lovers' Day", or "Boyfriends'/Girlfriends' Day") is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before Saint Anthony's day, known there as the marriage saint,[100] when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals, called simpatias, in order to find a good husband or boyfriend. Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it usually falls too little before or too little after the Brazilian Carnival[101] — that can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week. Because of the absence of Valentine's Day and due to the celebrations of the Carnivals, Brazil is a popular tourist spot during February for Western singles who want to get away from the holiday.[102] In most of Latin America the Día del amor y la amistad and the Amigo secreto ("Secret friend") are quite popular and are usually celebrated together on the 14 February (one exception is Colombia, where it is celebrated on the third Saturday in September). The latter consists of randomly assigning to each participant a recipient who is to be given an anonymous gift (similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret Santa). A chocolate gift box Cup cake with hearts Philippines In the Philippines, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso ("Hearts Day"), and is celebrated in much the same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses. 2014 Portugal In Portugal it is more commonly referred to as "Dia dos Namorados" (Lover's Day / Day of the Enamoured). Romania In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions[103] and nationalist organizations like Noua Dreapta, who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist and imported Western kitsch. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of Baba Dochia. His name has been associated, possibly through folk etymology, to the word drag ("dear"), which can also be found in the word dragoste ("love"). Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has illegalized Valentine's Day. Youth people in Saudi Arabia has arrested since Saudi Arabia think Valentine's Day is not an Islamic festival. Scandinavia In Denmark and Norway, although February 14 is known as Valentinsdag, it is not celebrated to a large extent, but is largely imported from American culture, and some people take time to eat a romantic dinner with their partner, to send a card to a secret love or give a red rose to their loved one. The cut-flower industry in particular is still working on promoting the holiday. In Sweden it is called Alla hjärtans dag ("All Hearts' Day") and was launched in the 1960s by the flower industry's commercial interests, and due to the influence of American culture. It is not an official holiday, but its celebration is recognized and sales of cosmetics and flowers for this holiday are only exceeded by those for Mother's Day. Singapore According to findings, Singaporeans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.[72] South Korea In South Korea, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 (White Day). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on 14 February or March go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (??? jajangmyeon) and lament their 'single life'.[89] Koreans also celebrate Pepero Day on November 11, when young couples give each other Pepero cookies. The date '11/11' is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December: Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.[104] Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women.[89] Spain In Spain, Valentine's Day is known as "San Valentín" and is celebrated the same way as in the UK, it is however not celebrated in Catalonia. Taiwan In Taiwan, traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on White Day.[89] United States In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year. And that figure does not include the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.[105] Additionally, in recent decades Valentine's Day has become increasingly commercialized and a popular gift-giving event, with Valentine’s Day themed advertisements encouraging spending on loved ones. In fact, in the United States alone, the average valentine’s spending has increased every year, from $108 a person in 2010 to $131 in 2013.[106] Wales In Wales, many people celebrate Dydd Santes Dwynwen (St Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates St Dwynwen, the patron saint of Welsh lovers. Conflict with Islamic countries and political parties Iran In the first part of the 21st century, the celebration of Valentine's Day in Iran has been harshly criticized by Islamic teachers who see the celebrations as opposed to Islamic culture. In 2011, the Iranian printing works owners' union issued a directive banning the printing and distribution of any goods promoting the holiday, including cards, gifts and teddy bears. "Printing and producing any goods related to this day including posters, boxes and cards emblazoned with hearts or half-hearts, red roses and any activities promoting this day are banned ... Outlets that violate this will be legally dealt with", the union warned.[107][108] Malaysia Islamic officials in Malaysia warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the celebration of romantic love was "not suitable" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department (Jakim), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a fatwa (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day 'is associated with elements of Christianity,' and 'we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping rituals.' Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called "Awas Jerat Valentine's Day" ("Mind the Valentine's Day Trap"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on 14 February 2011. Activities include conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.[109][110] On Valentine's Day 2011, Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.[111] Pakistan The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.[78] Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great amount of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card publishers.[112] There was a protest in Lahore against the celebration of St. Valentine’s Day led by the "Tahaffuz-e-Namoose-Risaalat [an organization defending the Prophet's code of life]."[113] Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.[114][115] This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper.[115][116] In 2012 the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops.[117] Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.[118] In 2014, religious police in Saudi Arabia arrested five men for celebrating St. Valentine's Day "in the company" of six women. The Buraidah criminal court pronounced sentences totaling 32 years of imprisonment and 4,500 lashes to the men.[119] "Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes bid'a – a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom – and mimicry of the West."[120][121] See also Portal icon Christianity portal Portal icon Holidays portal Sailor's valentine Saint Valentine's Day Massacre Singles Awareness Day Valentine's Day (2010 film) V-Day, the global movement to end violence against women and girls. Women's Memorial March, held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia. Notes 1.Jump up ^ For example, one source claims incorrectly that "Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals." Seipel, Arnie, The Dark Origins Of Valentine's Day, Nation Public Radio, February 13, 2011 2.Jump up ^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says "It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action." 3.Jump up ^ Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This feast is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2. A wedding is the ceremony where people are united in marriage. Wedding traditions and customs vary greatly between cultures, ethnic groups, religions, countries, and social classes. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of wedding vows by the couple, presentation of a gift (offering, ring(s), symbolic item, flowers, money), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or leader. Special wedding garments are often worn, and the ceremony is sometimes followed by a wedding reception. Music, poetry, prayers or readings from religious texts or literature are also commonly incorporated into the ceremony. A number of cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the white wedding, in which a bride wears a white wedding dress and veil. This tradition was popularized through the wedding of Queen Victoria. Some say Victoria's choice of a white gown may have simply been a sign of extravagance, but may have also been influenced by the values she held which emphasized sexual purity.[1] Within the modern 'white wedding' tradition, a white dress and veil are unusual choices for a woman's second or subsequent wedding. The use of a wedding ring has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America, but the origin of the tradition is unclear. One possibility is the Roman belief in the Vena Amoris, which was believed to be a blood vessel that ran from the fourth finger (ring finger) directly to the heart, thus when a couple wore rings on this finger their hearts were connected.[2] Historian Vicki Howard points out that the belief in the "ancient" quality of the practice is most likely a modern invention.[3] "Double ring" ceremonies are also a modern practice, a groom's wedding band not appearing in the United States until the early 20th century.[4] The wedding ceremony is often followed by a drinks reception then a wedding breakfast, in which the rituals may include speeches from the groom, best man, father of the bride and possibly the bride,[5] the newlyweds first dance as a couple, and the cutting of an elegant wedding cake. Most Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage; the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship. A church wedding is a ceremony presided over by a Christian priest or pastor. Ceremonies are based on reference to God, and are frequently embodied into other church ceremonies such as Mass.[14] Arab Christian wedding party. Customs may vary widely between denominations. In the Roman Catholic Church "Holy Matrimony" is considered to be one of the seven sacraments, in this case one that the spouses bestow upon each other in front of a priest and members of the community as witnesses. As with all sacraments, it is seen as having been instituted by Jesus himself (see Gospel of Matthew 19:1-2, Catechism of the Catholic Church §1614-1615). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, it is one of the Mysteries, and is seen as an ordination and a martyrdom. The wedding ceremony of Saint Thomas Christians, an ethnoreligious group of Christians in India incorporate elements from Hindu, Jewish and Christian weddings. Wedding ceremony participants[edit] A wedding party in 1918 Wedding ceremony participants, also referred to as the wedding party, are the people that participate directly in the wedding ceremony itself. Depending on the location, religion, and style of the wedding, this group may include only the individual people that are marrying, or it may include one or more brides, grooms (or bridegrooms), persons of honor, bridespersons, best persons, groomsmen, flower girls, pages and ringbearers. A woman’s wedding party consists of only those on her side of the wedding party. Those on a groom’s side are called his groom’s party. Bride: A woman about to be married. Bridegroom or Groom: A man who is about to be married. Marriage officiant: the person who officiates at the wedding, validating the wedding from a legal and/or religious standpoint. This person may be a judge, justice of the peace, or a member of clergy. Best Man, Woman, or Person: The chief assistant to a bridegroom at a wedding, typically a sibling or friend of special significance in his life. Often holds the wedding rings until their exchange. Mother of the Bride or Groom: The mother of either the bride or groom. The mother of the bride is required to choose her outfit before the mother of the groom. Maid, Matron or Man of Honor: The title and position held by a bride's chief attendant, typically her closest friend or sibling. Bridesmaids: The female attendants to a bride. Males in this role may be called honor attendants or sometimes bridesmen, but that term has a different traditional meaning. Groomsmen or Ushers: The attendants, usually male, to a bridegroom in a wedding ceremony. Female attendants, such as a sister of the groom, are typically called honor attendants. Page(s): Young attendants may carry the bride’s train. In a formal wedding, the ring bearer is a special page who carries the rings down the aisle. The coin bearer is similar page who marches on the wedding aisle to bring the wedding coins. Flower girl(s): In some traditions, one or more children carry bouquets or drop rose petals in front of the bride in the wedding procession. This is a featured article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Statue of Liberty (disambiguation). Statue of Liberty Location Liberty Island Manhattan, New York City, New York,[1] United States Coordinates 40°41'21?N 74°2'40?WCoordinates: 40°41'21?N 74°2'40?W Height Base to torch: 151 feet 1 inch (46 meters) Ground to torch: 305 feet 1 inch (93 meters) Dedicated October 28, 1886 Restored 1938, 1984–1986, 2011–2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million (in 2009)[2] Governing body U.S. National Park Service UNESCO World Heritage Site Designated September 14, 1976[6] Statue of Liberty is located in New York City Statue of Liberty Location of Statue of Liberty in the New York Harbor in New York City The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, built by Gustave Eiffel, and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad. Bartholdi was inspired by French law professor and politician Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to American independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. He may have been minded to honor the Union victory in the American Civil War and the end of slavery. Due to the troubled political situation in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the Americans provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World started a drive for donations to complete the project that attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was constructed in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland. The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. The statue was closed for renovation for much of 1938. In the early 1980s, it was found to have deteriorated to such an extent that a major restoration was required. While the statue was closed from 1984 to 1986, the torch and a large part of the internal structure were replaced. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was closed for reasons of safety and security; the pedestal reopened in 2004 and the statue in 2009, with limits on the number of visitors allowed to ascend to the crown. The statue, including the pedestal and base, was closed for a year until October 28, 2012, so that a secondary staircase and other safety features could be installed; Liberty Island remained open. However, one day after the reopening, Liberty Island closed due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York; the statue and island opened again on July 4, 2013. Public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916. Contents [hide] 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design, style, and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.5 The pedestal 1.5.1 Design 1.5.2 Fundraising 1.5.3 Construction 1.6 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886–1933) 2.2 Early National Park Service years (1933–1982) 2.3 Renovation and rededication (1982–2000) 2.4 Closures and reopening (2001–present) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications 3.3 Physical characteristics 4 Depictions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Design and construction process Origin According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Edouard de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a conversation between Édouard René de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor in mid-1865. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations."[7] The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.[8] In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, "With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy."[9] Bartholdi's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye's comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi.[7] Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III, Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects; in the late 1860s, he approached Isma'il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, with a plan to build a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant, robed and holding a torch aloft, at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said. Sketches and models were made of the proposed work, though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios. This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet (30 m) high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships.[10] Any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France.[7] As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans.[11] In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye.[12] Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: "land common to all the states."[13] As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant, who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue.[14] Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans he felt would be sympathetic to the project.[12] But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.[15] Bartholdi's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870.[16] The son of a friend of Bartholdi's, American artist John LaFarge, later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France.[16] He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort, a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort, which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.[17] Design, style, and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., showing two early symbols of America: Columbia (left) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty.[18] In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation.[19] One of these symbols, the personified Columbia, was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess, which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans.[19] The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time,[18] and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building.[18] Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol.[18] A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France.[18] However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830). In this painting, which commemorates France's Revolution of 1830, a half-clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen.[19] Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution, and so Bartholdi's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes.[19] Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold.[20] Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus, the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southerner who would later serve as president of the Confederate States of America, was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet.[21] Delacroix's figure wears a pileus,[19] and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a diadem, or crown, to top its head.[22] In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a pileus.[23] The seven rays form a halo or aureole.[24] They evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents,[25] and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world.[20] Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother,[26] but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact.[27] He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose.[20] Bartholdi wrote of his technique: Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple, defined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms, in order to render them more clearly visible, or by enriching them with details, we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally, the model, like the design, should have a summarized character, such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study, and that the artist, concentrating his knowledge, should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity.[28] Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does rise over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground.[22] Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata, a keystone-shaped tablet[29] used to evoke the concept of law.[30] Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution, he chose to inscribe "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI" on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty.[29] Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor, architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, in the project.[27] As chief engineer,[27] Viollet-le-Duc designed a brick pier within the statue, to which the skin would be anchored.[31] After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repoussé, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers.[27][32] An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only .094 inches (2.4 mm) thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet (46 m) for the statue, double that of Italy's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius, both made with the same method.[33] Announcement and early work By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support.[34] In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World.[35] The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal.[36] The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia.[35] French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life.[36] Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde, the French version of the statue's announced name.[35] Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty, 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway,[37] though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples.[38] According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, 90,800 kilos (200,000 pounds) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos (128,000 pounds) of copper.[39] Historian Yasmin Khan, in her 2010 book about the statue, states that the firm of Japy Frères, copper merchants, donated copper valued at 64,000 francs (about $16,000 at the time or the equivalent of US$ 354,000 in 2015).[40][41] Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop.[42] In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition,[43] and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities.[44] The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the "Colossal Arm" or "Bartholdi Electric Light". The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi.[45] Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds.[46] After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.[46] During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.[47] Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.[48] The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee".[49] One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States.[47] On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.[50] Construction in France The statue's head on exhibit at the Paris World's Fair, 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered.[41] The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised.[51] The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet-le-Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier.[52] The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel.[41] Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars[27] which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles", that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor-intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually.[53][54] To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.[55] Eiffel's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown.[56] Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, 40 feet (12 m) long.[57] As the pylon tower arose, Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure.[58] The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret.[59] The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island.[60] In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton.[61] The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors.[62] Some work was performed by contractors—one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban.[63] By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.[64] Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York.[65] The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.[66] The pedestal Richard Morris Hunt's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete.[67] There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue.[67] There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works—the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen.[68] Harper's Weekly declared its wish that "M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once."[69] The New York Times stated that "no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances."[70] Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.[70] Design Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, June 1885, showing (clockwise from left) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris, Bartholdi, and the statue's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood, a disused army base on Bedloe's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station.[71] The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven-point star. The statue's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean.[72] In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months.[73] He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m).[74] Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture.[27] The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue.[74] In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 40 U.S. states), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises.[75] According to author Louis Auchincloss, the pedestal "craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty".[74] The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work.[76] Construction on the 15-foot-deep (4.6 m) foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884.[73] In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, faced with granite blocks.[77][78] This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut.[79] The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.[78] Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue’s frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel.[80][80] Fundraising Unpacking of the head of the Statue of Liberty, which was delivered on June 17, 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events.[81] As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue.[82] The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus", including the iconic lines "Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base.[83] Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.[84] Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World, a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000 – the equivalent of $2.3 million today.[40] Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given.[85] The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world" donated "60 cents, the result of self denial."[86] One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy's mite toward the Pedestal Fund." A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with."[87] Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman."[86] Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York's rival city of Brooklyn – the cities would not merge until 1898 – donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons.[88] A kindergarten class in Davenport, Iowa, mailed the World a gift of $1.35.[86] As the donations flooded in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal.[89] Construction On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère, laden with the Statue of Liberty, reached the New York port safely. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue, as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère.[90] [91] After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.[92] Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel's iron framework was anchored to steel I-beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled.[93] Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached.[94] Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding, and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections. Nevertheless, no one died during the construction.[95] Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch – which was covered with gold leaf – and placed the lights inside them.[96] A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs.[97] After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York's Central Park and Brooklyn's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe's Island in anticipation of the dedication.[98] Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World (1886) by Edward Moran. Oil on canvas. The J. Clarence Davies Collection, Museum of the City of New York. A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event.[99] On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square, once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway, with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade.[100] A nautical parade began at 12:45 p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe's Island for the dedication.[101] De Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator William M. Evarts. A French flag draped across the statue's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts's speech, but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts's address.[100] President Cleveland spoke next, stating that the statue's "stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world".[102] Bartholdi, observed near the dais, was called upon to speak, but he refused. Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address.[103] No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies, which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only females granted access were Bartholdi's wife and de Lesseps's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists, who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote.[102] A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather.[104] Shortly after the dedication, The Cleveland Gazette, an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation "in reality": "Liberty enlightening the world," indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the "liberty" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the "liberty" of this country "enlightening the world," or even Patagonia, is ridiculous in the extreme.[105] After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886–1933) Statue of Liberty ca. 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon."[97] Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design.[97] In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department, as it had proved useless as a lighthouse.[106] A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.[107] The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight. Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled, I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, "Lady, you're such a beautiful! [sic] You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America." And always that statue was on my mind.[108] Originally, the statue was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green patina, also called verdigris, caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue.[109] Accepting a view that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized $62,800 for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out.[110] There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting.[111] The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, "softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful."[112] The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.[112] On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State Park, close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about $100,000. The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.[103] That same year, Ralph Pulitzer, who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World, began a drive to raise $30,000 for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor—a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue.[113] After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.[114] In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument.[106] The only successful suicide in the statue's history occurred five years later, when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death, glancing off the statue's breast and landing on the base.[115] Early National Park Service years (1933–1982) Bedloe's Island in 1927, showing the statue and army buildings. The eleven-pointed walls of Fort Wood, which still form the statue's base, are visible. In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe's Island.[106] With the Army's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park.[116] The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete;[117] the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal.[118] The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.[117] During World War II, the statue remained open to visitors, although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts. It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on D-Day, June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed "dot-dot-dot-dash", the Morse code for V, for victory. New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944–1945, and beginning on V-E Day, the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night.[119] In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away.[118] In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it.[120] Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965.[106] In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.[93] September 26, 1972: President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration. The statue's raised right foot is visible, showing that it is depicted moving forward. Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam war veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a Federal Court order.[121] The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence, opposition to abortion, and opposition to US intervention in Grenada. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally.[122] A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island.[123] The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.[124] Renovation and rededication (1982–2000) July 4, 1986: First Lady Nancy Reagan (in red) reopens the statue to the public. Main article: Restoration of the Statue of Liberty (1984–86) See also: Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986.[125] In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced.[126] Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.[127] In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca, to raise the funds needed to complete the work.[128] Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350 million in donations.[129] The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project.[130] In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world's largest free-standing scaffold,[27] which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper.[131] The restorers' work was hampered by the asbestos-based substance that Bartholdi had used – ineffectively, as inspections showed – to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed "moon suits", with self-contained breathing circuits.[132] Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary.[133] The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing.[134] The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi's unaltered torch.[135] Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead.[136] The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24-carat gold.[30] The torch reflects the sun's rays in daytime and lighted by floodlights at night.[30] The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced. Low-carbon corrosion-resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium, an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves.[137] To prevent the ray and arm making contact, the ray was realigned by several degrees.[138] The lighting was again replaced—night-time illumination subsequently came from metal-halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue, showing off various details.[139] Access to the pedestal, which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s, was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation.[140] A modern elevator was installed, allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal.[141] An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder.[142] July 3–6, 1986, was designated "Liberty Weekend", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail,[143] and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5.[144] In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see."[143] Closures and reopening (2001–present) The Statue of Liberty on September 11, 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off-limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004,[144] but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration.[145] New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue's reopening a personal crusade.[146] On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a "special gift" to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.[145] The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011 for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was closed to the public until October 28, 2012.[1][147][148] A day after the reopening, the statue closed again due to Hurricane Sandy.[149] Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done.[150] Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be "optimistically ... months" before the island was reopened to the public.[151] The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013.[152] Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013.[153] For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other federally funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings.[154] Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island, June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.[155] As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.[156] No charge is made for entrance to the national monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.[157] The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.[158] All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.[159] Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket.[160] Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.[161] Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island. There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty. A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie (Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co.). A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."[162] There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal. The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.[162] In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base. It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.[162] A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel—are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.[163] In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."[164] Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature[72] U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal (ground level) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet, length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet, width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet, thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3/32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also: Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York-New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide.[165] A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister.[165] A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years;[165] it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum.[166] In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2,500 mm) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States.[167] Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty.[168] Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[169] Head of Liberty, U.S. airmail stamp, 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series.[170] An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins.[25] Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill.[171] The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.[172] Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986 and 2000, New York State issued license plates featuring the statue.[173][174] The Women's National Basketball Association's New York Liberty use both the statue's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch's flame doubles as a basketball.[175] The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue's head on their third jersey, beginning in 1997.[176] The National Collegiate Athletic Association's 1996 Men's Basketball Final Four, played at New Jersey's Meadowlands Sports Complex, featured the statue in its logo.[177] The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem.[178] The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music, it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies, as in Toby Keith's song "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American)", and in opposition, appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys' album Bedtime for Democracy, which protested the Reagan administration.[179] In film, the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock's 1942 movie Saboteur.[180] The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes, in which it is seen half-buried in sand.[179][181] It is knocked over in the science-fiction film Independence Day [182] and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off.[183] In Jack Finney's time-travel novel Time and Again, the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role.[184] Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, wondered in 1979, Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted [E]arth—giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future."[185] See also Portal icon New Jersey portal Portal icon New York portal Portal icon New York City portal Portal icon NRHP portal Portal icon United States portal Portal icon Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États-Unis, in Paris, France The Statue of Liberty, 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City References Notes 1.^ Jump up to: a b "Statue of Liberty National Monument". National Park Service. December 31, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2011. 2.Jump up ^ Schneiderman, R.M. (June 28, 2010). "For tourists, Statue of Liberty is nice, but no Forever 21". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2011. 3.Jump up ^ "National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act". National Park Service. January 16, 2003. Retrieved October 12, 2011. 4.Jump up ^ National Park Service (1994). National Register of Historic Places, 1966–1994: Cumulative List Through January 1, 1994. Washington DC: National Park Service. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-89133-254-1 . 5.Jump up ^ "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places - Hudson County". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection - Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved August 2, 2014. 6.Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty National Monument" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 14, 1976. Retrieved October 12, 2011. 7.^ Jump up to: a b c Harris 1985, pp. 7–9. 8.Jump up ^ Joseph, Rebecca M.; Brooke Rosenblatt; Carolyn Kinebrew (September 2000). "The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor". National Park Service. Retrieved July 31, 2012. 9.Jump up ^ "Abolition". National Park Service. 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Connecticut Humanities. 80.^ Jump up to: a b http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1484 81.Jump up ^ Khan 2010, pp. 163–164. 82.Jump up ^ Khan 2010, pp. 165–166. 83.Jump up ^ Moreno 2000, pp. 172–175. 84.Jump up ^ Levine, Benjamin; Story, Isabelle F. (1961). "Statue of Liberty". National Park Service. Retrieved October 19, 2011. 85.Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984, pp. 40–41. 86.^ Jump up to: a b c Harris 1985, p. 105. 87.Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003, p. 51. 88.Jump up ^ Harris 1985, p. 107. 89.Jump up ^ Harris 1985, pp. 110–111. 90.Jump up ^ Harris 1985, p. 112. 91.Jump up ^ "The Isere-Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely" (PDF). The Evening Post. June 17, 1885. 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Cause Marketing for Nonprofits: Partner for Purpose, Passion, and Profits. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-471-71750-8 . 131.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 81. 132.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 76. 133.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 55. 134.Jump up ^ Harris 1985, p. 172. 135.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 153. 136.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 75. 137.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, pp. 74–76. 138.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 57. 139.Jump up ^ Moreno 2000, p. 153. 140.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 71. 141.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 84. 142.Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986, p. 88. 143.^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland 2003, p. 106. 144.^ Jump up to: a b "History and Culture". Statue of Liberty. National Park Service. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 145.^ Jump up to: a b Chan, Sewell (May 8, 2009). "Statue of Liberty's Crown Will Reopen July 4". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 146.Jump up ^ Neuman, William (July 5, 2007). "Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 147.Jump up ^ Raja, Nina (August 10, 2010). "Liberty Island to remain open during statue's renovation". CNN. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 148.Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month". AP via Sacramento Bee. September 11, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012. 149.Jump up ^ Powlowski, A. (November 2, 2012). "Statue of Liberty closed for 'foreseeable future'". NBC News. Retrieved November 2, 2012. 150.Jump up ^ Mcgeehan, Patrick (November 8, 2012). "Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors". The New York Times. Retrieved November 9, 2012. 151.Jump up ^ Barron, James (November 30, 2012). "Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane, but its home took a beating". The New York Times. Retrieved December 1, 2012. 152.Jump up ^ Long, Colleen (July 4, 2013). 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Retrieved October 20, 2011. 170.Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty postage stamps". Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 171.Jump up ^ "The redesigned $10 note". newmoney.gov. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 172.Jump up ^ Severson, Kim; Healey, Matthew (April 14, 2011). "This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 173.Jump up ^ "State to start issuing new license plates July 1". The New York Times. January 24, 1986. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 174.Jump up ^ "State license plates to get new look". The New York Times. January 11, 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 175.Jump up ^ "'Liberty' for New York club". The New York Times. February 14, 1997. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 176.Jump up ^ Lapointe, Joe (January 12, 1997). "Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 177.Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (March 29, 1996). "Final Four: States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 178.Jump up ^ Axinn, Mark (October 28, 2011). "The Statue of Liberty after 125 years - by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn". Libertarian Party of the United States. Retrieved November 19, 2012. 179.^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Tracy S. "The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture". USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 180.Jump up ^ Spoto, Donald (1983). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. New York: Ballantine. pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-0-345-31462-8 . 181.Jump up ^ Greene, Eric; Slotkin, Richard (1998). Planet of the Apes as American myth: race, politics, and popular culture. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8195-6329-3 . Retrieved October 20, 2011. 182.Jump up ^ 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty >> Page 6 of 10 at the Wayback Machine (archived March 24, 2014) 183.Jump up ^ 'Cloverfield' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR at the Wayback Machine (archived April 14, 2008) 184.Jump up ^ Darrach, Brad (June 26, 1970). "The spy who came in from 1882". Life (New York). p. 16. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 185.Jump up ^ Nicholls, Peter (1979). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. St Albans, Herts, UK: Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-586-05380-5 . Bibliography Bell, James B.; Abrams, Richard L. (1984). In Search of Liberty: The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-385-19624-6 . Harris, Jonathan (1985). A Statue for America: The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty. New York City: Four Winds Press (a division of Macmillan Publishing Company). ISBN 978-0-02-742730-1 . Hayden, Richard Seth; Despont, Thierry W. (1986). Restoring the Statue of Liberty. New York City: McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 978-0-07-027326-9 . Khan, Yasmin Sabina (2010). Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4851-5 . Moreno, Barry (2000). The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7385-3689-7 . Sutherland, Cara A. (2003). The Statue of Liberty. New York City: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-3890-0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to: Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty. Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Soleia Company Preserved and repurposes artifacts from the centennial restoration of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. 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What is the name of the brand of tools sold by Sears?	Is It Time for Sears to Sell Craftsman? -- The Motley Fool Is It Time for Sears to Sell Craftsman? No. If anything, it's time for Craftsman to sell Sears. And here's why ... Rich Smith ( TMFDitty ) Dec 7, 2013 at 4:09PM If anyone was still on the fence as to whether Sears Holdings Corp ( NASDAQ:SHLD ) is doomed , yesterday's news removed all doubt. Sears is doomed. 11 years after spending $1.9 billion to buy Lands' End to shore up "the softer side" of its business, Sears changed its mind Friday, and announced it's spinning off the clothing business. This leaves investors wondering if other brands, such as Craftsman tools or Kenmore appliances, might be next. Sears won't make any money off the Lands' End spinoff -- won't collect a single red cent with which to pay down its $4.7 billion debt load. Instead, Sears will just transfer Lands' End to its shareholders -- so that if you owned a piece of Sears before, you'll soon own a piece of Sears ... and also a piece of Lands' End, separately. The plan continues an 8-year-long trend of corporate dismemberment at Sears under the "leadership" of Chairman Eddie Lampert, which has seen the company: spin off its Orchard Supply Hardware Stores unit in 2011 (only to see the chain go bankrupt two years later ) then spin off Sears Hometown and Outlet (SHO) last year liquidate $383 million worth of Canadian real estate two months ago and muse publicly about its hopes of selling Lands' End and Sears Auto. At this point, investors must be wondering "after all that's been sold, what's left?" Sears' shelves look bare The answer is "not much." Not much worth selling. Not much that anyone in their right mind would want to buy. Sales at Sears' hardlines businesses are down 19% year-to-date, in comparison with where the company was at just one year ago. Food and drug sales have dropped 11%. And while Apparel and Soft Home revenues declined "only" 5%, this is the very business that Sears is now spinning off. Apparel -- with Lands' End as the flagship -- was Sears's only business showing any signs of life this year. And yet, even Apparel is performing so poorly that Sears couldn't attract a decent offer to buy Lands' End. That's probably why the company decided to go the spinoff route instead of negotiating a sale to private equity. What's next? At this point, there's not much left worth saving at Sears, and not much reason to visit the stores either -- as the declining sales figures attest. In food and drugs, Sears plays fifth fiddle to dedicated grocery chains like Kroger and Harris Teeter, and better general stores Walmart and Target. The apparel category is also crowded with competitors -- Walmart and Target, again. And also Gap, the "three As" of Abercrombie, Aeropostale, and AE, and a host of other alternatives. If Sears is looking to sell off, spin off, or shut down more bits and pieces of itself, soft goods and food and drugs look like the right places to start. Kenmore -- still looking pretty What's worth saving? Really, the only retail niche where Sears can still compete is hardlines, where the company's Kenmore appliances and Craftsman tools still hold some appeal for consumers seeking a nice balance between price and quality. But even here, the clock is ticking. At Kenmore, Sears benefits from the worst-kept secret in retail -- that many of its "Kenmore" appliances are actually manufactured by Whirlpool ( NYSE:WHR ) and General Electric ( NYSE:GE ). This gives Sears two valuable benefits: If you like the Kenmore brand, you can buy one at Sears. But even if you're unsure about Kenmore, you can still talk yourself into buying one on the theory that it's "really a Whirlpool." But the same cannot be said about Craftsman. Sears Craftsman brand -- a little dusty, but we can clean it up. "America's most trusted tool brand" That's how Craftsman still describes itself , but it's becoming less true by the day. Under Eddie Lampert's management, Sears committed the unpardonable sin of outsourcing much of its Craftsman manufacturing to China . In doing so, Sears cut costs -- but also sacrificed quality, and damaged decades of customer loyalty to this "Made in the U.S.A." brand. You can see the results in the steep sales declines in hardlines at Sears these past three quarters. But Craftsman can still be saved. It's not too late. The surprising popularity and rapid growth of new "patriotic" store brands such as the Made in America chain in New York, which has grown from one store to three in just three years, and the All American Store in Ohio (two locations in three years) shows there's still a hunger for American-made products out there -- and American-made is what Craftsman used to be. With Sears's store name tarnished, what the company really needs to do is finish the plan that Lampert began eight years ago -- close down the poor-performing businesses, sell off and monetize the real estate, complete the dismemberment. What remains will be the company's core Craftsman, Kenmore, and Sears Auto businesses -- hard goods that still have a following among consumers, and a chance to succeed. Were Sears to sell the rest of its businesses off, then rebrand itself as the "Craftsman" store, focus on selling American-made goods to distinguish itself from the Home Depots and Lowe's of the world, I think Craftsman might still have a chance of making a comeback. So to answer the question we began with -- "should Sears sell Craftsman?" -- I say no. Craftsman should sell off Sears for parts, and use whatever money it can get for these parts to reinvest in itself. Fool contributor Rich Smith owns shares of Abercrombie & Fitch Co.. The Motley Fool recommends Home Depot. The Motley Fool owns shares of General Electric Company. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days . We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy . Author	Craftsman
According to the nursery rhyme, what merry old soul called for his pipe and he called for his bowl And he called for his fiddlers three?	About Sears Brands Find info about particular brand items under ' Products' Throughout its history, Sears has committed itself to quality private-label brands. For Sears, its brands are more than just the names of product lines. They are symbols of the company. Sears stakes its reputation on the strength of its brands. Products must meet the most rigorous standards of quality and safety before they earn the right to bear such names as DieHard , Kenmore , and Craftsman . Over the years, many popular Sears brands have come and gone, leaving behind them proud legacies of many satisfied customers and significant cultural impact. Brands such as J.C. Higgins sporting goods, David Bradley farm implements, Harmony House furniture, Coldspot appliances, Silvertone guitars and many others have all carved their niches in history. Other brands have survived the test of time at Sears. In 2002, both Kenmore and Craftsman celebrated their 75th anniversaries, and DieHard celebrated its 35th anniversaryï¿½and all did so with a series of new products plus reputations that outpace all of their competitors'. All Sears' brands past and present have interesting stories behind their products, their staff, the origins of their names, and more.	i don't know
Used primarily for stability, where on a fish, whale, dolphin, or porpoise, do you find the dorsal fin?	Frequently Asked Questions about Facts about whales and dolphins \| WDC Home › Frequently Asked Questions › Frequently Asked Questions about Facts about whales and dolphins Frequently Asked Questions about Facts about whales and dolphins What are the differences between whales, dolphins and porpoises? Collectively, whales, dolphins and porpoises are known as cetaceans. Cetacean species are divided into two groups; (1) Baleen whales – these are the “great whales” and as their name suggests they all have baleen plates that are used to filter their food (which consists of plankton and small species of fish). (2) Toothed whales (otherwise known as odontocetes and including all species of dolphin and porpoise) – which as you would expect, have teeth, and eat larger prey items, including at times, other marine mammals. The main differences with porpoises are that they are usually smaller than other toothed whales and instead of cone-shaped teeth they have flat, spade-shaped teeth. As a general rule of thumb, baleen whales are larger (except the sperm whale ), and slower (except the fin whale which is known as the “greyhound of the sea”) than toothed whales. Additionally, ALL baleen whales have two blowholes, whilst toothed whales only have one. Humpback whale Vanessa Mignon (3) Difference between a dolphin and a porpoise. The biggest difference is size, with all species of porpoise being that much smaller than their dolphin cousins. Porpoises don't have the pronounced beak that most, but not all dolphins have and they also have a different teeth shape. Porpoise teeth are spade-shaped whilst dolphins are conical. Harbour porpoise © Charlie Phillips Charlie Phillips/WDC A dolphin has a hooked or curved dorsal fin (except for those species that don't have a dorsal fin) whereas a porpoise has a more triangular dorsal fin, and generally speaking, dolphin bodies are leaner, whilst porpoises’ are a little more chunky. Dolphins are also more "talkative" than porpoises. The whistles made by dolphins are produced through their blowholes and whilst porpoises do not do this, possibly due to structural differences in the porpoise’s blowhole, they can still be pretty noisy as they "puff" the air out when they surface. Short-beaked common dolphin Tim Stenton Dolphins and porpoises also have many similarities, one of which is their extreme intelligence. As research evolves, it is likely that more (or perhaps fewer) differences between dolphins and porpoises will be revealed. More facts about whales and dolphins or have a look in our whale and dolphin species guide . How many species of whales, dolphins and porpoises are there? There are currently 89 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises. This is composed of 14 species of mysticetes (otherwise known as baleen whales) and 75 species of odontocetes (otherwise known as toothed whales and includes all species of dolphin and porpoise). If however you were to include sub-species and sub-populations then that figure would rise to 118. Find out more in our species guide . How do whales, dolphins and porpoises communicate with each other? Communication amongst whales and dolphins is achieved in several ways. They create sounds, make physical contact and use body language. Large whales can communicate over huge distances (across entire ocean basins) using very low frequencies. Dolphins and porpoises however, usually use higher frequencies, which limits the distance their sounds can travel. In general, dolphins make two kinds of sounds, “whistles” and “clicks”. Clicks are used to sense their surroundings through echolocation, while they use whistles to communicate with other members of their species and very likely, with other species too. It is also thought that each dolphin has a unique whistle called a ‘signature whistle’, which is used to identify an individual. What are the different fins on a dolphin used for? The tail fin, or fluke, is used for propulsion through the water. The pectoral fins (on each side) provide directional control and the dorsal fin (in those species that have one) provides stability whilst swimming. Many individuals however have been documented without a “complete set” of fins (likely as a result of incidental entanglement in fishing gear, being hit by a boat’s propeller or a lucky escape from a predator) and therefore they can sometimes adapt quite well to losing part or all of a fin. Dolphin illustration More facts about whales and dolphins . How do dolphins “see” underwater? As well as having extremely good eyesight (except the river dolphins who are bordering on being blind) that allows them to see both above and below the water, toothed whales use a sense called echolocation to navigate and hunt underwater. This means that they emit sound waves and then detect and interpret the echoes that bounce back off of other creatures and objects in the water around them, allowing them to build up a picture of their surroundings. More facts about whales and dolphins . How do whales, dolphins and porpoises hear? Whales do not have ears on the outsides of their heads. Instead, they generally hear sounds through special structures in their jawbones. More facts about whales and dolphins . Do whales, dolphins and porpoises have a sense of smell? No – they lack an olfactory nerve and associated lobes and therefore it is believed that they have no sense of smell. They do however have a keen sense of taste, showing a preference for specific types of fish and seafood. More facts about whales and dolphins . What do dolphins eat? Dolphins are carnivores; they eat other animals. Dolphins eat a variety of fish, squid, shrimps, jellyfish and octopuses. The types of fish and other creatures dolphins eat depends on the species of dolphin, where the dolphins live and the wildlife that shares their habitats. There are more than forty species of dolphin and they live in environments ranging from fresh water rivers, estuaries, coastal waters to deep sea open oceans. Most dolphins are opportunistic feeders, which means they eat the fish and other animals sharing their homes. All dolphins eat fish and those living in deep oceans also eat squid and jellyfish. Bottlenose dolphins are found worldwide in temperate and tropical seas and the types of fish they eat, is dependent on where they live and what time of year it is. Bottlenose dolphins living in the Moray Firth, Scotland, favour salmon when it is available in the spring and summer months. In the winter, salmon is scarce, and so they eat herring and mackerel. Bottlenose dolphins living elsewhere eat their favoured local fish which can be mullet, mackerel, catfish and more tropical species of fish. All dolphins have teeth but they don't chew their food, they just, grab, bite and swallow! Amazon river dolphins are known to eat more than 40 different species of fresh water fish and they also eat fresh water crustaceans. Spinner dolphins eat fish, jellyfish and krill. Dusky dolphins eat shrimp, squid and various fish, including tiny anchovies. Rough-toothed dolphins live in deep water oceans and eat mostly squid. Commerson’s dolphins feed on small fish, crabs, octopus, and small crustaceans in kelp beds close to shore and near the seabed. New Zealand dolphins feed on species of small fish and squid in shallow coastal waters. Orcas are the biggest members of the dolphin family; resident orcas in Northern British Columbia, Canada eat only fish – their favourite is salmon. Other orcas specialise in eating much bigger prey including seabirds and mammals such as sea lions, dolphins and whales. Orca diet depends on what food is available to them where they live and what techniques they have learnt from their elders to hunt their food. Dolphins hunt using their highly-developed echolocation , which means they can find food no matter how murky the water might be. Not only that but they can even use it to identify any prey that might be hiding, such as under the sand! What do dolphins drink? Dolphins get all the water they need directly from the food they eat. Their main prey (fish and squid) contains large amounts of water. Dolphins don’t lose water by sweating, like we do, and so they need less water than us in their diets. More facts about whales and dolphins . Bottlenose dolphin Zephyr with salmon Charlie Phillips/WDC How do dolphins sleep? Dolphins sleep in a very different way to the way we humans do. Humans have prolonged periods of unconscious sleep and we are not aware of our surroundings for periods of time while sleeping. Humans have a breathing reflex and when we sleep or become unconscious, we continue to breath automatically. Dolphins cannot sleep in this way, they have to remain conscious, even when they are sleeping. This is because their breathing is not automatic, it is consciously controlled. In other words dolphins have to actively decide when to breath, and so they must be continually conscious to breath. If like us, dolphins went into a deep unconscious sleep, they would stop breathing and suffocate or drown. To get around this, dolphins only allow one half of their brains to sleep at a time; the other half stays alert to enable the dolphin to continue breathing and look out for dangers in the environment. Dolphins only close one eye when they sleep; the left eye will be closed when the right half of the brain sleeps, and vice versa. This type of sleep is known as unihemispheric sleep as only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time. Dolphins alternate which side is sleeping periodically so that they can get the rest they need without ever losing consciousness. When sleeping, dolphins often rest motionless at the surface of the water, breathing regularly or they may swim very slowly and steadily, close to the surface. In shallow water, dolphins sometimes sleep on the seabed rising regularly to the surface to breath. More facts about whales and dolphins . Atlantic white-sided dolphin WDC/Anja Reckendorf Do whales and dolphins sneeze? No - A whale or dolphin already exhales far faster than humans and other land mammals do. A human sneeze is about 100 mph ... whales are even faster than that at their normal breathing rate ... so it's possible that they have no "need" for sneezing in the traditional sense. More facts about whales and dolphins . Do whales, dolphins and porpoises have hair? All mammals have hair at some point in their life and cetaceans are no exception. Although lost before or shortly after birth, tiny hairs are found around the tip of the rostrum. The only exception to this is the boto, which doesn’t lose these hairs and maintains them throughout its life. More facts about whales and dolphins . What is baleen? Baleen is made out of keratin, the same protein that makes up our fingernails and hair. A baleen whale, such as the humpback whale below, has about 600 baleen plates in its upper jaw, which act like a strainer as it feeds. Like humans, whales cannot drink saltwater. Hairs on the baleen plates catch the fish or plankton, while the saltwater washes through and goes back into the ocean. Some whales eat about one ton (2,000 lbs.) of fish each day. That’s the weight of a large car! You can tell if you see a baleen whale by their blowholes. All baleen whales have two blowholes visible on the top of their heads. More facts about whales and dolphins . How do dolphins breathe? Dolphins are mammals and breathe air into their lungs, just like we do. Dolphins cannot breathe under water like fish can as they do not have gills. Dolphins breathe through a nostril, called a blowhole, located right on top of their heads. This allows them to take breaths by exposing just the top of their heads to the air while they are swimming or resting under the water. After each breath, the blowhole is sealed tightly by strong muscles that surround it, so that water cannot get into the dolphin’s lungs. When a dolphin surfaces for air, he breathes out (exhales) first and then breathes in (inhales) fresh air; it only takes a fraction of a second for the dolphin to do this. If you are close by, it is easy to hear a dolphin’s ‘blow’ at the surface; in fact you will often hear a dolphin before you see him! The blow is the sound you hear, and the spray of water you see, when the dolphin forcefully breathes out and clears away any water resting on top of his blowhole. The water spray is not coming from the dolphin’s lungs; it is just water sitting on top of its head around the blowhole being blown away before he inhales. Dolphins do not breathe through their mouths in the same way as people can, they only breathe through their blowholes. In this way, breathing and eating are kept entirely separate in dolphins so that they can capture prey in their mouths and swallow it without the risk water getting into their lungs. However, in 2016 a paper was published that reported on a dolphin that had learnt to breathe through its mouth . Dolphins are able to hold their breath for several minutes but typically they breathe about 4 or 5 times every minute. Bottlenose dolphin at surface Sign up for email updates Adopt a whale	Human back
“Give me a break, give me a break; break me off a piece of that” what?	Sea Watch Foundation » Species Identification Species Identification Download our bite size guides to UK whale and dolphin species. Species ID British Isles – most common species in the UK particularly in the South and South-West, including the Irish Sea. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) General Guide When a live cetacean is seen, you may only have a very brief time to note any distinctive features. For this reason it is very important to know exactly what to look for. First, obtain some idea of the animal’s length. Where possible, compare it to some object of known length in the vicinity, such as a boat. Otherwise, be prepared for the estimate to be only very approximate, but try to place the animal within a size range, for example 4-8, 6-10, 8-12, 10-20, 15-30, 25-50, 40-60, greater than 60 feet. This should take a matter of seconds (though be prepared to have to estimate on the basis of only a dorsal fin and part of the back). On the first look, see if there is a dorsal fin at all (right whales do not have one, and the sperm whale has only a series of ridges along the back). If one exists, note its position (either halfway or two-thirds along the back), its relative size and its shape. The harbour porpoise can readily be distinguished from the various dolphin species not only by its smaller size (~ 4ft total length compared with 6-12ft in the case of dolphins), but also by its small triangular dorsal fin. Most dolphins have recurved fins, somewhat sickle-shaped. Of the whales, most species have a small fin two-thirds of the way along the back. The two exceptions with centrally placed dorsal fins which are likely to be seen in Northern European waters, are the long-finned pilot whale, with a taller curved fin that in adults is more rounded and flag-shaped, and the killer whale, with a conspicuous fin that in the adult male, reaches a height of six feet. The shape of the dorsal in both species varies with age and between the sexes, being more curved in females and immatures. In the male killer whale, the fin is actually triangular, sometimes even swept forward. Most other whales have small curved fins. In the blue, sei and minke whales, the relative size of the fin increases as the total length of the whale diminishes. It also tends to be more curved, a trait most pronounced in the sei. Observers may confuse the minke whale with the northern bottlenose whale. The head shape is very different, but often the identification is based primarily on the view of a back and a fin. Both are of similar size, and in both, the fin is two-thirds along the back. The best way to distinguish them is to look for a more upright and deeply curved fin in the bottlenose whale, and if one is close, a conspicuous white patch on the outer surface of the minke whale’s flippers. Other beaked whales such as Cuvier’s beaked and Sowerby’s beaked whale are very difficult to identify at sea. In very calm conditions, they may lie at the surface allowing one to see the rounded head, prominent beak, and in males, a single pair of teeth in the jaw. They have a small but distinct curved dorsal fin two-thirds along the back. The larger species are best separated either by their characteristic head shapes, or the size and shape of their blows (only the sperm whale has a pronounced forward blow, and the right whale has a double blow) and by their surfacing and diving characteristics. Many of the whales are rather uniform in colouration: dark on the back and flank, pale on the belly (often concealed). For the smaller dolphins, however the markings on their flanks, used in combination with the length of the beak, can confirm identification according to the species. The only long-beaked species in our waters are the common and striped dolphins, and the latter only occasionally come into the region, from the south. The common dolphin has a characteristic hourglass pattern of tan on the flanks, extending to the back only on the tail stock; the striped dolphin has a dark blaze on its flanks, sweeping forward from the dorsal fin, and three distinct dark lines of variable length extending back from the eye. The white-beaked dolphin, the commonest dolphin in northern Britain, is often misidentified as white-sided because it has white patches on the sides. But, unlike the species of that name, the white area almost invariably extends over the back behind the dorsal fin, and in some individuals, the white is not very distinct. The Atlantic white-sided dolphin, on the other hand, has a very conspicuous long, white, oval patch on the flanks behind the dorsal fin, from which rises a yellow ochre blaze. From a distance, the large curved dorsal fin of the white-beaked dolphin is sometimes confused with that of a female and immature killer whale. The same goes for that of the Risso’s dolphin (locally termed Grampus), though it is usually readily distinguished by its frequent pencil-like markings on the uniform grey flanks, which whiten with age. (It is possible that some sightings of white whales are of old Risso’s dolphins.) The bottlenose dolphin, though probably the most familiar dolphin to many, is ironically one of the more difficult to identify with certainty, having no distinctive pattern markings. Instead, it is uniformly dark brown or grey above and pale below, the one shade merging inconspicuously into the other down the flanks. External features are generally more useful for species identification than behaviour patterns because the latter can vary with circumstance. Nevertheless, sometimes these can provide useful support. Porpoises, for example, rarely do more than break the surface, so that leaping animals are much more likely to be dolphins. Humpback and sperm whales frequently throw their tail into the air before making a deep dive. Humpbacks are perhaps the most acrobatic of large whales, not uncommonly propelling themselves right out of the water. They also have large tail flukes and very lone white flippers. Some whales, such as the minke whale and fin whale, will sometimes lunge thr0ugh the surface so that their entire heads can be seen and occasionally also breach. 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Born on this day in 1971, what rapper, who was killed in a drive by shooting in Las Vegas in 1996, is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist, with over 75 million albums sold worldwide, including 4 posthumous albums that have gone platinum or better?	Tupac Shakur · 2017 Tour Dates and Concert Tickets \| Thrillcall Track Artist for New Show Alerts Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide. His double d... Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide. His double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone which ranked him 86th on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest rappers ever, as well as one of the most influential rappers of all time. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground, eventually branching off as a solo artist. The themes of most of Shakur's songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism and other social problems. Both of his parents and several other people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. During the latter part of his career, Shakur was a vocal participant during the East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry, becoming involved in conflicts with other rappers, producers, and record-label staff members, most notably The Notorious B.I.G. and the label Bad Boy Records. On September 7, 1996, Shakur was fatally shot in a drive-by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, where he died six days later. Early life Shakur's birth name was Lesane Parish Crooks, but in 1972, he was renamed after the last Incan emperor. was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. He was named after Túpac Amaru II, the 18th-century Peruvian revolutionary who was executed after leading an indigenous uprising against Spanish rule. His mother, Afeni Shakur (born Alice Faye Williams), and his father, Billy Garland, were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The infant was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of "Conspiracy against the United States government and New York landmarks" in the New York "Panther 21" court case. Shakur lived from an early age with people who were involved with the Black Liberation Army and convicted of serious criminal offenses and who were imprisoned. His godfather, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery, although his sentence was later overturned. His stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur (also known as Joanne Chesimard) to escape from a penitentiary in New Jersey. She had been imprisoned for killing a state trooper in 1973. Mutulu was caught in 1986 and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a half-sister, Sekyiwa, two years his junior, and an older stepbrother, Mopreme "Komani" Shakur, who appeared in many of his recordings. At the age of twelve, Shakur enrolled in Harlem's 127th Street Repertory Ensemble and was cast as the Travis Younger character in the play A Raisin in the Sun, which was performed at the Apollo Theater. In 1986, the family relocated to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his second year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, he transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet. He performed in Shakespeare plays, and in the role of the Mouse King in the ballet The Nutcracker. Shakur, accompanied by one of his friends, Dana "Mouse" Smith, as his beatbox, won many rap competitions and was considered to be the best rapper in his school. He was remembered as one of the most popular kids in his school because of his sense of humor, superior rapping skills, and ability to mix with all crowds. He developed a close friendship with a young Jada Pinkett (later Jada Pinkett Smith) that lasted until his death. In the documentary Tupac: Resurrection, Shakur says, "Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life." Pinkett Smith calls him "one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime." A poem written by Shakur titled "Jada" appears in his book, The Rose That Grew from Concrete, which also includes a poem dedicated to Pinkett Smith called "The Tears in Cupid's Eyes". During his time in art school, Shakur became affiliated with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA, and began dating the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA. In June 1988, Shakur, then 17, and his family moved to Marin City, California, a residential community located 5 miles (8.0 km) north of San Francisco, where he attended Tamalpais High School in nearby Mill Valley. Shakur contributed to the school's drama department by performing in several productions. In an English class, Shakur wrote a paper "Conquering All Obstacles" where he said, "our raps not the sorry-story raps everyone is so tired of. They are about what happens in the real world. Our goal is [to] have people relate to our raps, making it easier to see what really is happening out there. Even more important, what we may do to better our world." He began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg in 1989. That same year, Steinberg organized a concert with a former group of Shakur's, "Strictly Dope"; the concert led to him being signed with Atron Gregory. He set him up as a roadie and backup dancer with the hip hop group Digital Underground in 1990. Career 1987–93: Beginnings and rise to fame Shakur started recording in 1987 but his professional entertainment career began in the early 1990s, when he debuted his rapping skills in a vocal turn in Digital Underground's "Same Song" from the soundtrack to the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble and also appeared with the group in the film of the same name. The song was later released as the lead song of the Digital Underground extended play (EP) This Is an EP Release, the follow-up to their debut hit album Sex Packets. Shakur appeared in the accompanying music video. After his rap debut, he performed with Digital Underground again on the album Sons of the P. Later, he released his first solo album, 2Pacalypse Now. Though the album did not generate any "Top Ten" hits, 2Pacalypse Now is hailed by many critics and fans for its underground feel, with many rappers such as Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli having pointed to it as inspiration. Although the album was originally released on Interscope Records, rights of it are now owned by Amaru Entertainment. The album's name is a reference to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now. The album generated significant controversy. Dan Quayle criticized it after a Texas youth's defense attorney claimed he was influenced by 2Pacalypse Now and its strong theme of police brutality before shooting a state trooper. Quayle said, "There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society." Shakur stated that he felt he had been misunderstood. He said, "I started out saying I was down for the young black male, you know, and that was gonna be my thang," Shakur said. "I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males. I just figured since I lived that life I could do that, I could rap about that." The record was important in showcasing Shakur's political conviction and his focus on lyrical prowess. On MTV's Greatest Rappers of All Time list, 2Pacalypse Now was listed as one of Shakur's "certified classic" albums, along with Me Against the World, All Eyez on Me and The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. 2Pacalypse Now went on to be certified Gold by the RIAA. It featured three singles; "Brenda's Got a Baby", "Trapped", and "If My Homie Calls". His second studio album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993. The album did better than the previous one debuting on number 24 on the Billboard 200. The album contains many tracks emphasizing Shakur's political and social views. This album had more commercial success than its predecessor, and there were noticeable differences in production. While Shakur's first effort had an indie-rap-oriented sound, this album was considered his "breakout" album. It spawned the hits "Keep Ya Head Up" and "I Get Around" and reached platinum status. On vinyl, Side A (tracks 1–8) was labeled the "Black Side" and Side B (tracks 9–16) the "Dark Side". It is his tenth-biggest selling album, with 1,366,000 units moved as of 2004. 1994–95: Acting and rise to prominence In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with a number of his friends, including Big Syke, Macadoshis, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Rated R. The group released their only album Thug Life: Volume 1 on September 26, 1994, which went gold. The album featured the single "Pour Out a Little Liquor", produced by Johnny "J" Jackson, who went on to produce a large part of Shakur's album All Eyez on Me. The group usually performed their concerts without Shakur. The album was originally released by Shakur's label Out Da Gutta Records. Due to criticism about gangsta rap at the time, the original version of the album was scrapped and re-recorded with many of the original songs being cut. Among the notable tracks on the album are "Bury Me a G", "Cradle to the Grave", "Pour Out a Little Liquor" (which also appears in the soundtrack to the 1994 film Above the Rim), "How Long Will They Mourn Me?" and "Str8 Ballin'". The album contains ten tracks because Interscope Records felt many of the other recorded songs were too controversial to release. Although the original version of the album was not completed, Shakur performed the planned first single from the album, "Out on Bail" at the 1994 Source Awards. Although the album was originally released on Shakur's label Out Da Gutta, Amaru Entertainment, the label owned by Shakur's mother, has since gained the rights to it. Thug Life: Volume 1 was certified Gold. The track "How Long Will They Mourn Me?" appeared later in 1998 from 2Pac's Greatest Hits album. His third album, Me Against The World, was very well received, with many calling it the magnum opus of his career. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential hip hop albums of all-time. It is his fourth biggest selling album with 3,524,567 copies in the United States as of 2011.Me Against the World won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards. "Dear Mama" was released as the album's first single in February 1995, along with the track "Old School" as the B-side. "Dear Mama" would be the album's most successful single, topping the Hot Rap Singles chart, and peaking at the ninth spot on the Billboard Hot 100. The single was certified platinum in July 1995, and later placed at #51 on the year-end charts. The second single, "So Many Tears", was released in June, four months after the first single. The single would reach the number six on the Hot Rap Singles chart, and number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Temptations", released in August, was the third and final single from the album. The single would be the least successful of the three released, but still did fairly well on the charts, reaching number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100, 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and 13 on the Hot Rap Singles charts. 1996: Final recordings All Eyez on Me was the fourth studio album by 2Pac, released on February 13, 1996 by Death Row Records and Interscope Records. The album is frequently recognized as one of the crowning achievements of 1990s rap music. It has been said that "despite some undeniable filler, it is easily the best production 2Pac's ever had on record". It was certified 5× Platinum after just 2 months in April 1996 and 9× platinum in 1998. The album featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love". It featured 5 singles in all, the most of any 2Pac album. Moreover, All Eyez on Me (which was the only Death Row release to be distributed through PolyGram by way of Island Records) made history as the first double-full-length hip-hop solo studio album released for mass consumption. It was issued on two compact discs and four LPs. Chartwise, All Eyez on Me was the second album from 2Pac to hit number-one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. It sold 566,000 copies in the first week of its release, and was charted on the top 100 with the top one-week Soundscan sales since 1991. By the end of 1996, the album had sold 5 million copies. The album won the 1997 Soul Train R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year Award. Shakur also won the Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist at the 24th Annual American Music Awards. Makaveli – The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, commonly shortened to The 7 Day Theory, is his fifth and final studio album and was released under the new stage name Makaveli. The album was completely finished in a total of seven days during the month of August 1996. The lyrics were written and recorded in three days and mixing took an additional four days. In 2005, MTV.com ranked Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory at #9 on their greatest hip hop albums of all-time list and, in 2006, recognized it as a classic. The emotion and anger showcased on the album has been admired by a large part of the hip-hop community, including other rappers. George "Papa G" Pryce, former Head of Publicity for Death Row, claimed that "Makaveli, which we did was sort of tongue-in-cheek and it was not really to come out and after Tupac was murdered, it did come out. But before that it was going to be a sort of an underground [record]." The album peaked at number one on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and the Billboard 200. The album generated the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year, was certified 4× Platinum on June 15, 1999. Other ventures Death Row Records Upon his release from Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995, Shakur immediately went back to song recording. He began a new group called Outlaw Immortalz. Shakur began recording his first album with Death Row and released the single "California Love" soon after. On February 13, 1996, Shakur released his fourth solo album, All Eyez on Me. This double album was the first and second of his three-album commitment to Death Row Records. It sold over nine million copies. The record was a general departure from the introspective subject matter of Me Against the World, being more oriented toward a thug and gangsta mentality. Shakur continued his recordings despite increasing problems at the Death Row label. Dr. Dre left his post as in-house producer to form his own label, Aftermath. Shakur continued to produce hundreds of tracks during his time at Death Row, most of which would be released on his posthumous albums Still I Rise, Until the End of Time, Better Dayz, Loyal to the Game and Pac's Life. He also began the process of recording an album with the Boot Camp Clik and their label Duck Down Records, both New York – based, entitled One Nation. On June 4, 1996, he and Outlawz released the diss track "Hit 'Em Up", a scathing lyrical assault on Biggie and others associated with him. In the track, Shakur claimed to have had sexual intercourse with Faith Evans, Biggie's wife at the time, and attacked Bad Boy's street credibility. Shakur was convinced that some members associated with Bad Boy had known about the '94 attack on him beforehand due to their behavior that night and what his sources told him. After the attack, Shakur immediately accused Jimmy Henchman (an associate of Bad Boy CEO Sean Combs) of orchestrating the attack, according to a 2005 interview with Henchman in Vibe magazine. After the attack, Shakur therefore aligned himself with Suge, Death Row's CEO, who was already bitter toward Combs over a 1995 incident at the Platinum Club in Atlanta, Georgia, which culminated in the death of Suge Knight's friend and bodyguard, Jake Robles; Knight was adamant in voicing his suspicions of Combs' involvement. In the years following their killings, associates of both Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. have made comments indicating the pair, were it not for their deaths, would have reconciled. In 2010, MC Treach, a member of the group Naughty by Nature and friend of Shakur's, said the rapper and the Notorious B.I.G. would have made up had Shakur lived. Lil' Cease, a cousin and protege of The Notorious B.I.G., in 2012 repeated these sentiments, saying the pair would have "saw each other and chopped it up". Collaborator Buckshot claimed in 2015 that Shakur defended him against Suge Knight, who had insisted that the East Coast rapper could not come with him to Las Vegas on the grounds of the ongoing hip hop rivalry. Shakur asserted that he would not board the plane unless accompanied by Buckshot and was described by the fellow rapper as looking "discomforted" while they recorded a song together in a studio after Shakur "tore up the plane tickets". In an August 15, 1996 appearance at the Brotherhood Crusade Rally, which featured several artists discussing the importance of voting, Shakur compared the sales of Death Row records to voters in the U.S. and the influence he and other artists had over an adoring fanbase. Outlawz When Shakur recorded "Hit 'Em Up", a diss song towards his former friend and rival The Notorious B.I.G. (also known as Biggie Smalls), he recruited three members from the former group Dramacydal with whom he had worked previously and was eager to do so again. Together with the three New Jersey rappers and other associates, they formed the original lineup of the Outlawz. When 2Pac signed to Death Row upon his release from prison, he recruited his step brother Mopreme Shakur and Big Syke from Thug Life. Hussein Fatal, Napoleon, E.D.I. Mean, Kastro, Yaki Kadafi, and Storm (the only female Outlaw) were also added, and together they formed the original lineup of the Outlaw Immortalz that debuted on 2Pac's multi-platinum smash All Eyez on Me. They later dropped the Immortal part of their name after the untimely deaths of 2Pac and Yaki Kadafi and moved on as Outlawz without the members of Thug Life. Young Noble was later added and appeared on 2Pac's second Death Row release The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. It was on 2Pac's Makaveli album that Outlawz first came to the greater rap community's notice, appearing on a few songs. The idea behind the group was for each member to have a rap name coinciding with the names of various tyrants or enemies of America, past and present. Outlawz chose in later years to make a backronym out of the letters of their group name Operating Under Thug Laws as Warriorz although it does not stand for the group's name and is used infrequently. On forming the Outlawz, Shakur gave each of them a name of a dictator/military leader or an enemy of America. Yaki Kadafi, after Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi Hussein Fatal, after Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein Mussolini (formerly Big Syke), after Italian dictator Benito Mussolini Komani (Shakur's half brother Mopreme Shakur), after Iranian Islamic Revolution leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Kastro, after Cuban leader Fidel Castro E.D.I. Mean, after Ugandan dictator Idi Amin Napoleon, after military strategist and leader Napoleon Bonaparte For himself, Shakur created the alias "Makaveli" from Renaissance Italian philosopher and strategist Niccolò Machiavelli, whose writings inspired Shakur in prison, but who also preached that a leader could eliminate his enemies by all means necessary. He mentioned Makaveli Records a few times before his death. This was supposed to be a music label for up and coming artists that Shakur had an interest in developing or potentially signing, and his own future projects would have also been published through it as well. Acting career In addition to rapping and hip hop music, Shakur acted in films. He made his first film appearance in the motion picture Nothing but Trouble, as part of a cameo by the Digital Underground. His first starring role was in the film Juice. In this film, he played Roland Bishop, a violent member of the Wrecking Crew, for which he was hailed by Rolling Stone's Peter Travers as "the film's most magnetic figure". He then went on to star in Poetic Justice and Above the Rim. After his death, three of his completed films were released: Bullet, Gridlock'd, and Gang Related. Shakur had been slated to star in the Hughes brothers' film Menace II Society, but was replaced by Larenz Tate after assaulting Allen Hughes as a result of a quarrel. Shakur reportedly wanted another type of role, but Hughes would not conform to his wishes, leading to the altercation between the pair which, according to Tyrin Turner, also led members of Shakur's entourage to become physically aggressive toward Hughes. In 2013, Hughes said Shakur would have outshined the other actors had he been in the film, "because he was bigger than the movie." Hughes comments were seen as validation that he had forgiven the rapper since the incident. Larenz Tate, who had several rehearsals with Shakur before his part was recast, recalled Shakur being close to the Hughes brothers but that his actions were the result of "creative differences". Director John Singleton mentioned that he wrote the script for Baby Boy with Shakur in mind for the lead role. It was eventually filmed with Tyrese Gibson in his place and released in 2001, five years after Shakur's death. The film features a mural of Shakur in the protagonist's bedroom, as well as featuring the song "Hail Mary" in the film's score. Artistry Shakur's music and philosophy is rooted in many American, African-American, and world entities, including the Black Panther Party, Black nationalism, egalitarianism, and liberty. Shakur's love of theater and Shakespeare also influenced his work. A student of the Baltimore School for the Arts where he studied theater, Shakur understood the Shakespearian psychology of inter-gang wars and inter-cultural conflict. During a 1995 interview, Shakur stated: ... I love Shakespeare. He wrote some of the rawest stories, man. I mean look at Romeo and Juliet. That's some serious ghetto shit. You got this guy Romeo from the Bloods who falls for Juliet, a female from the Crips, and everybody in both gangs are against them. So they have to sneak out and they end up dead for nothing. Real tragic stuff. And look how Shakespeare busts it up with Macbeth. He creates a tale about this king's wife who convinces a happy man to chase after her and kill her husband so he can take over the country. After he commits the murder, the dude starts having delusions just like in a Scarface song. I mean the king's wife just screws this guy's whole life up for nothing...". In a European interview music journalist Chuck Philips said that what impressed him the most about Shakur was that he was a poet. Philips said "I like sacred texts, myths, proverbs and scriptures. ... When Tupac came along, I thought he was quite the poet... It wasn't just how cleverly they rhymed. It wasn't just the rhythm or the cadence. I liked their attitude. It was protest music in a way nobody had ever thought about before. ...These artists were brave, wise and smart – wickedly smart. The thing about Tupac was he had so many sides. He was unafraid to write about his vulnerabilities." Shakur's debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, revealed the socially conscious side of Shakur. On this album, Shakur attacked social injustice, poverty and police brutality on songs "Brenda's Got a Baby", "Trapped" and "Part Time Mutha". His style on this album was highly influenced by the social consciousness and Afrocentrism pervading hip hop in the late 1980s and early 1990s. On this initial release, Shakur helped extend the success of such rap groups as Boogie Down Productions, Public Enemy, X-Clan, and Grandmaster Flash, as he became one of the first major socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. On his second record, Shakur continued to rap about the social ills facing African-Americans, with songs like "The Streetz R Deathrow" and "Last Wordz". He also showed his compassionate side with the anthem "Keep Ya Head Up", while simultaneously putting his legendary aggressiveness on display with the title track from the album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. He added a salute to his former group Digital Underground by including them on the playful track "I Get Around". Throughout his career, an increasingly aggressive attitude can be seen pervading Shakur's subsequent albums. The contradictory themes of social inequality and injustice, unbridled aggression, compassion, playfulness, and hope all continued to shape Shakur's work, as witnessed with the release of his incendiary 1995 album Me Against the World. In 1996, Shakur released All Eyez on Me. Many of these tracks are considered by many critics to be classics, including "Ambitionz Az a Ridah", "I Ain't Mad at Cha", "California Love", "Life Goes On" and "Picture Me Rollin". All Eyez on Me was a change of style from his earlier works; while still containing socially conscious songs and themes, Shakur's album was heavily influenced by party tracks and tended to have a more "feel good" vibe than his first albums. Shakur described it as a celebration of life, and the record was critically and commercially successful. He had enjoyed and had been influenced by the work of contemporary English and Irish pop musicians as a teenager such as Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinéad O'Connor and U2. Personal life Shakur never professed to follow a particular religion, but his lyrics in singles such as "Only God Can Judge Me" and poems such as The Rose That Grew from Concrete suggest he believed in God. Many analysts currently describe him as a deist. He believed in Karma, but rejected a literal afterlife and organized religion. Shakur has had several family members who were members of the Black Panthers; Mutulu Shakur, his step-father; Assata Shakur, his step-aunt; Billy Garland, his biological father; and Afeni Shakur, his mother. Shakur publicly spoke out against interracial marriage in an interview with Source magazine in 1994, but later retracted these comments. His bandana tied into rabbit ears struck mythic chords and remains one of hip-hop's most recognizable style flourishes to date. He was also engaged to Kidada Jones. Shakur was friends with Mike Tyson, Chuck D and Rosie Perez. Legal issues 1991: Lawsuit In October 1991, Shakur filed a $10 million civil suit against the Oakland Police Department, alleging they brutally beat him for jaywalking. Shakur received approximately $43,000 in settlement money, much of which went to pay his lawyer. 1992: Shooting On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed at an outdoor festival, and stayed for an hour afterwards signing autographs and pictures. A confrontation occurred and Shakur drew a legally registered Colt Mustang, and allegedly dropped it. As it was picked up by a member of his entourage, a bullet discharged. About 100 yards away, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a 6-year-old, was pedaling his bicycle at a school playground nearby when a bullet struck him in the forehead and killed him. Although the gun was matched by police to a .38-caliber pistol registered to Shakur, and his stepbrother Maurice Harding was initially arrested on suspicion of firing the weapon, no charges were filed. Marin County prosecutors have said they were stymied by a lack of witnesses. In 1995, a wrongful death suit was brought against Shakur by Qa'id's mother. The defense attorney acknowledged that the bullet that killed Qa'id was traced by authorities to a gun registered to Shakur. Charges were dropped when Shakur agreed to pay a $300,000–$500,000 settlement to the parents. 1993: Assault case On April 5, 1993, Shakur was charged with one count of felonious assault. He was accused of attempting to hit rapper Chauncey Wynn from the group M.A.D. with a baseball bat at a concert at Michigan State University. The incident reportedly began when Shakur became angry and threw a microphone. Shakur pleaded guilty on September 14, 1994 to a misdemeanor in exchange for the dropping of felony assault charges. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail, 20 of which were suspended, and ordered to perform 35 hours of community service. 1993: Shooting In October 1993, in Atlanta, two brothers and off-duty police officers, Mark and Scott Whitwell, were with their wives celebrating Mrs. Whitwell's passing of the state bar examination. The officers were drunk and in possession of stolen guns. As they crossed the street, a car with Shakur inside passed by them or "almost struck them". The Whitwells argued with the driver, Shakur and the other passengers, which was joined by a second passing car. Shakur shot one officer in the buttocks and the other in the leg, back or abdomen, according to varying news reports. Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later lying to the police during the investigation. Shakur was charged with the shooting. Prosecutors dropped all charges against the parties. 1993: Sexual assault case In November 1993, Shakur and others were charged with sexually assaulting a woman in a hotel room. Shakur denied the charges. According to Shakur, he had prior relations days earlier with the woman that were consensual (the woman admitted she performed oral sex on Shakur). The complainant claimed sexual assault after her second visit to Shakur's hotel room; she alleged that Shakur and his entourage raped her. As a result of the trial, Shakur was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse, and acquitted of the weapons and sodomy charges. The judge described the crimes during the sentencing of Shakur to 1½–4½ years in prison, as "an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman." While appearing on the Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur stated he was innocent of all charges and he was hurt that "a woman would accuse me of taking something from her" when he was raised by and was surrounded by females. Shakur, did however, admit that he should have been more responsible with the people he surrounded himself with. In October 1995, Shakur's case was on appeal but due to his considerable legal fees he could not raise the $1.4 million bail. After serving nine months of his sentence, Shakur was released from the Clinton Correctional Facility due in large part to the help and influence of Suge Knight, the CEO of Death Row Records, who posted a $1.4 million bail pending appeal of the conviction, in exchange for Shakur releasing three albums under the Death Row label. On April 5, 1996, a judge sentenced him to serve 120 days in jail for violating terms of his release on bail. 1994: Assault In early 1994, he was found guilty of assault on Menace II Society co-director Allen Hughes and served 15 days in jail. The previous year, Shakur had boasted during an appearance on Yo! MTV Raps that he had "beat up the director of Menace II Society", the line later being used against him in court. 1994: Attack at Quad Recording Studios On the night of November 30, 1994, the day before the verdict in his sexual abuse trial was to be announced, Shakur was robbed and shot five times by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan. Shakur stated that he believed the robbery to be a setup for the attack, wondering why they would take jewelry and leave his Rolex watch. Shakur checked out of the Bellevue Hospital Center against doctor's orders, three hours after surgery. In the day that followed, he entered the courthouse in a wheelchair and was found guilty of three counts of molestation and not guilty of six others, including sodomy, stemming from his 1993 arrest for sexual assault. In a 1995 interview with Vibe magazine. Shakur accused Sean Combs, an associate of Combs named Jimmy Henchman and Biggie among others of setting up the Quad Recording Studios attack. Vibe changed the names of the accused assailants upon publication. Later evidence did not implicate Biggie in the studio assault. When Biggie's entourage went downstairs to check on the incident, Shakur was being taken out on a stretcher, giving the finger to those around. On March 17, 2008, Chuck Philips wrote in the Los Angeles Times about an alleged order for an attack on Shakur. The article was retracted by the LA Times because it partially relied on FBI documents supplied by a man convicted of fraud which turned out to be forged. In 2011, Dexter Isaac admitted to attacking Shakur. Following Isaac's public confession, Philips named Isaac as one of his unnamed sources for the retracted article. 1995: Prison sentence Shakur began serving his prison sentence on sexual assault charges at Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995. Shortly afterward, he released his multi-platinum album Me Against the World. Shakur became the first artist to have an album at number one on the Billboard 200 while serving a prison sentence. Me Against the World made its debut on the Billboard 200 and stayed at the top of the charts for four weeks. The album sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a record for highest first week sales for a solo male rap artist at the time. While serving his sentence, he married his long-time girlfriend, Keisha Morris, on April 4, 1995; the couple divorced in 1996. Shakur stated he married her "for the wrong reasons". While imprisoned, Shakur read many books by Niccolò Machiavelli, Sun Tzu's The Art of War and other works of political philosophy and strategy. The works inspired his pseudonym "Makaveli" under which he released the album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. The album presents a stark contrast to previous works. Throughout the album, Shakur continues to focus on the themes of pain and aggression, making this album one of the emotionally darker works of his career. Shakur wrote and recorded all the lyrics in only three days and the production took another four days, combining for a total of seven days to complete the album (hence the name). According to Kevin Powell, who spoke to Shakur following his release from prison, he "seemed like a completely transformed person." Powell recalled Shakur being darker and menacing, to such an extent that he wondered the certainty of whether he had actually known Shakur to begin with. Death September 1996 shooting On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada. After leaving the match, one of Knight's associates spotted Orlando "Baby Lane" Anderson, an alleged Crips gang member from Compton, California, in the MGM Grand lobby. Earlier that year, Anderson and a group of Crips had robbed a member of Death Row's entourage in a Foot Locker store. Knight's associate told Shakur, who attacked Anderson. Shakur's entourage, as well as Knight and his followers, assisted in assaulting Anderson. The fight was captured on the hotel's video surveillance. After the brawl, Shakur went with Knight to go to Death Row-owned Club 662 (now known as restaurant/club Seven). He rode in Knight's 1996 black BMW 750iL sedan as part of a larger convoy, including many in Shakur's entourage. At around 11:00–11:05 pm (PDT), they were halted on Las Vegas Boulevard by Metro bicycle police for playing the car stereo too loudly and not having license plates. The plates were found in the trunk of Knight's car; the party was released a few minutes later without being fined. At about 11:10 pm (PDT), while they were stopped at a red light at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in front of the Maxim Hotel, a vehicle occupied by two women pulled up on their left side. Shakur, who was standing up through the sunroof, exchanged words with the two women, and invited them to go to Club 662. At approximately 11:15 pm (PDT), a white, four-door, late-model Cadillac with an unknown number of occupants pulled up to the sedan's right side, rolled down a window, and rapidly fired gunshots at Shakur. He was hit in the chest, pelvis, and his right hand and thigh. One of the rounds went into Shakur's right lung. Knight was hit in the head by fragmentation, though it is thought that a bullet grazed him. The bodyguard, Frank Alexander, stated that when he was about to ride along with the rapper in Knight's car, Shakur asked him to drive the car of Shakur's fiancée Kidada Jones instead, in case they needed additional vehicles from Club 662 back to the hotel. The bodyguard reported in his documentary, Before I Wake, that shortly after the assault, one of the convoy's cars drove off after the assailant but he never heard from the occupants. After arriving at the scene, police and paramedics took Knight and a wounded Shakur to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada. According to an interview with the music video director Gobi, while at the hospital, he received news from a Death Row marketing employee that the shooters had called the record label and threatened Shakur. Gobi told the Las Vegas police, but said they claimed to be understaffed. No attackers came. At the hospital, Shakur was heavily sedated, was placed on life support machines, and was ultimately put under a barbiturate-induced coma after repeatedly trying to get out of the bed. While in the critical care unit, on the afternoon of Friday, September 13, 1996, Shakur died of internal bleeding; doctors attempted to revive him but could not stop the hemorrhaging. His mother, Afeni, made the decision to tell the doctors to stop. He was pronounced dead at 4:03 pm (PDT). The official cause of death was noted as respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest in connection with multiple gunshot wounds. Shakur's body was cremated the next day. Some of his ashes were later mixed with marijuana and smoked by members of the Outlawz. However, E.D.I. Mean claimed in an interview in 2014 that despite believing that the ashes were those of Shakur at the time, he later found that the ashes did not in fact belong to Shakur. His fifth album, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory was released two months later. Aftermath In 2002, the LA Times published a two-part story by investigative reporter Chuck Philips, titled "Who Killed Tupac Shakur?", based on yearlong research that reconstructed the crime and the events leading up to it. Information gathered by the paper indicated that: "the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang called the Southside Crips to avenge the beating of one of its members by Shakur a few hours earlier. Orlando Anderson, the Crip whom Shakur had attacked, fired the fatal shots. Las Vegas police discounted Anderson as a suspect and interviewed him only once, briefly. He was later killed in an unrelated gang shooting." The article also reported the involvement of East Coast rapper Biggie, Shakur's rival at the time, and several New York criminals. Before they died, The Notorious B.I.G. and Anderson denied any role in the murder. In support of their claims, Biggie's family produced computerized invoices suggesting that Biggie was working in a New York recording studio the night of the drive-by shooting. His manager Wayne Barrow and fellow rapper James "Lil' Cease" Lloyd made public announcements denying Biggie's role in the crime and claimed further that they were with him in the recording studio the night of the event. The New York Times called the evidence "inconclusive", noting: The pages purport to be three computer printouts from Daddy's House, indicating that Wallace was in the studio recording a song called Nasty Boy on the afternoon Shakur was shot. They indicate that Wallace wrote half the session, was In and out/sat around and laid down a ref, shorthand for a reference vocal, the equivalent of a first take. But nothing indicates when the documents were created. And Louis Alfred, the recording engineer listed on the sheets, said in an interview that he remembered recording the song with Wallace in a late-night session, not during the day. He could not recall the date of the session but said it was likely not the night Shakur was shot. 'We would have heard about it,' Mr. Alfred said." In 2011, pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act, the FBI released documents revealing its investigation of the Jewish Defense League for making death threats against Shakur and other rappers. Legacy At a Mobb Deep concert following the death of Shakur and the release of The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, Cormega recalled in an interview that the fans were all shouting "Makaveli", and emphasized the influence of The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory and of Shakur himself even in New York at the height of the media-dubbed 'intercoastal rivalry'. Shakur is held in high esteem by other MCs – in the book How to Rap, Bishop Lamont notes that Shakur "mastered every element, every aspect" of rapping and Fredro Starr of Onyx says Shakur "was a master of the flow." "Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac," wrote 50 Cent. "He didn't sound like anyone who came before him." About.com for their part named Shakur the most influential rapper ever. To preserve Shakur's legacy, his mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation (later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation or TASF) in 1997. The TASF's stated mission is to "provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents." The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers and undergraduate scholarships. The Foundation officially opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts (TASCA) in Stone Mountain, Georgia, on June 11, 2005. On November 14, 2003, a documentary about Shakur entitled Tupac: Resurrection was released under the supervision of his mother and narrated entirely in his voice. It was nominated for Best Documentary in the 2005 Academy Awards. Proceeds will go to a charity set up by Shakur's mother Afeni. On April 17, 2003, Harvard University co-sponsored an academic symposium entitled "All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero". The speakers discussed a wide range of topics dealing with Shakur's impact on everything from entertainment to sociology. Many of the speakers discussed Shakur's status and public persona, including State University of New York at Buffalo English professor Mark Anthony Neal who gave the talk "Thug Nigga Intellectual: Tupac as Celebrity Gramscian" in which he argued that Shakur was an example of the "organic intellectual" expressing the concerns of a larger group. Professor Neal has also indicated in his writings that the death of Shakur has left a "leadership void amongst hip-hop artists." Neal further describes him as a "walking contradiction", a status that allowed him to "make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people." Professor of Communications Murray Forman, of Northeastern University, spoke of the mythical status about Shakur's life and death. He addressed the symbolism and mythology surrounding Shakur's death in his talk entitled "Tupac Shakur: O.G. (Ostensibly Gone)". Among his findings were that Shakur's fans have "succeeded in resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force." In "From Thug Life to Legend: Realization of a Black Folk Hero", Professor of Music at Northeastern University, Emmett Price, compared Shakur's public image to that of the trickster-figures of African-American folklore which gave rise to the urban "bad-man" persona of the post-slavery period. He ultimately described Shakur as a "prolific artist" who was "driven by a terrible sense of urgency" in a quest to "unify mind, body, and spirit". In Holler If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur, Michael Eric Dyson indicated that Shakur "spoke with brilliance and insight as someone who bears witness to the pain of those who would never have his platform. He told the truth, even as he struggled with the fragments of his identity." At one Harvard Conference the theme was Shakur's impact on entertainment, race relations, politics and the "hero/martyr". In late 1997, the University of California, Berkeley offered a student-led course entitled "History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur." In late 2003, the Makaveli Branded Clothing line was launched by Afeni. In 2005, Death Row released Tupac: Live at the House of Blues. The DVD was the final recorded performance of Shakur's career, which took place on July 4, 1996, and features a large number of Death Row artists. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy was released. The interactive biography was written by Jamal Joseph. It features unseen family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 removable reproductions of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other personal papers. Shakur's sixth posthumous studio album, Pac's Life, was released on November 21, 2006. It commemorates the 10th anniversary of Shakur's death. He is still considered one of the most popular artists in the music industry as of 2006. According to Forbes, in 2008 Shakur's estate made $15 million. In 2002, they recognized him as a "Top-Earning Dead Celebrity", coming in at number ten on their list. BET named 2Pac 'The Most Influential Rappers of All Time'. They then went on to say his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In 50 Cent, Ja Rule, Lil Wayne, newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend-turned-rival Biggie, it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does. On April 15, 2012, a "hologram" of Shakur (technically a 2-D video projection) performed his songs "Hail Mary" and "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" with Snoop Dogg at the Coachella Music Festival. The effect was created using an optical illusion called Pepper's ghost. The video footage was created by visual effects company Digital Domain. The Wall Street Journal reported Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg were in talks of a possible tour involving the two rappers and the projection version of Shakur, which was later turned down by Dr. Dre. Tupac's 1998 album Greatest Hits returns to the Billboard 200 the following week for the first time since 2000, as it jumps back in at No. 129 with 4,000 copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan (a gain of 571% over the previous week). The MC's other albums also saw gains, including All Eyez On Me (2,000; up 95%) and Me Against the World (1,000; up 53%). His singles also saw a boost in sales. His biggest seller of the week was "Hail Mary"—the song his projection opened with at Coachella. The song moved 13,000 downloads last week for a 1,530% sales increase. His second biggest seller was his No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit "California Love" (featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman), shifting 11,000 downloads (119% increase). His third best-seller was the second Tupac song that was performed at Coachella -- "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" (with Snoop). It sold 9,000 (up 881%). Holler If Ya Hear Me (2014), was a Broadway play based upon the lyrics of Tupac. The production lasted 6 weeks before it folded due to being one of Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years. It was announced in January 2015 the following month would see an exhibit dedicated to Shakur opened at the Grammy Museum. Executive director Robert Santelli praised Shakur as "one of the most original and important of all hip hop artists", adding that his writings were "both powerful and provocative". During a panel for the exhibit, attended by his mother Afeni, cousins and various members of his extended family, rapper YG said that he was inspired by Shakur to return to school, and that Shakur was like a "father figure" to some. On December 24, 2015 Demetrius Shipp Jr has been cast to star as Shakur in an upcoming biopic titled All Eyez on Me which started filming in Atlanta,GA. with distribution from Morgan Creek Productions the film had been in development since 2013, with producers Randall Emmett and George Furla having sued Morgan Creek for $10 million in October. Emmett/Furla claimed breach-of-contract after the production company allegedly picked a lead, set a budget, and production schedule without Emmett/Furla's approval. Morgan Creek also sued Afeni Shakur for the music rights for the film.The music video director Benny Boom will helm "All Eyez on Me," which had been hamstrung by production problems. Multiple directors were involved with the film before Mr. Boom, including John Singleton. Tupac has also been referenced in a 4chan meme called "Remove Kebab" or "Serbia Strong", which describes him as being alive in Serbia and recording an album about the country and also refers to him killing Turkish farm animals with his "rap magic". Accolades and honors In 2003, MTV's "22 Greatest MCs" countdown listed Shakur as the "Number 1 MC", as voted by the viewers. In 2004, at the VH1 Hip Hop Honors Shakur was honored along with DJ Hollywood, Kool DJ Herc, KRS-One, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Rock Steady Crew, and Sugarhill Gang. A Vibe magazine poll in 2004 rated Shakur "the greatest rapper of all time" as voted by fans. Editors of About.com ranked him No. 5 on their list of the Top 50 MCs of Our Time (1987–2007). In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 5 in their list of the top 50 hip hop lyricists of all time. In 2004, Pac was given the title of the highest selling rap/hip-hop artists of all time in the Guinness Book of Records – at that point he had sold 67 million records. In a 2005 Rolling Stone magazine vote, Shakur was named No. 86 of the "100 Immortal Artists of All Time" behind Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and John Lennon. MTV ranked him at No. 2 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time. Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame in 2002. VH1 ranked him 69th on the VH1 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time. At the First Annual Turks & Caicos International Film Festival held on Tuesday, October 17, 2006, Shakur was honored for his undeniable voice and talent and as a performer who crossed racial, ethnic, cultural and medium lines; his mother accepted the award on his behalf. In 2008, The National Association Of Recording Merchandisers in conjunction with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame recognized him as a very influential artist and has added him in their Definitive 200 list. On June 23, 2010, Shakur was inducted to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry. The seat of the Catholic Church released a list of 12 songs onto the social networking Web site's streaming music service. Among the artists included are Mozart, Muse and Dame Shirley Bassey; the list also includes Shakur's song "Changes", which was released two years after his shooting death on a greatest hits album in 1998. His double album, All Eyez on Me, is one of the highest-selling rap albums of all time, with over 5 million copies of the album sold in the United States alone by April 1996; it was eventually certified 9x platinum in June 1998 by the RIAA. In July 2014 it was recertified 10x platinum. Shakur's hit song "Dear Mama" is one of 25 songs that were added to the National Recording Registry in 2010. The Library of Congress has called Dear Mama "a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference." The honor came seven days after what would have been Shakur's 39th birthday. Shakur is the third rapper to enter the library, outside the copyright office, behind Grandmaster Flash and Public Enemy.	Tupac Shakur
What is the name of the cola that is favored by the characters on The Simpsons?	2Pac \| LetsSingIt Lyrics Strictly For My N.I.G.G.A.Z. [1993] Biography Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 — September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper. In addition to his status as a top-selling recording artist, Shakur was a successful film actor and a prominent social activist. He is recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records as the highest-selling rap artist, with over 75,000,000 albums sold worldwide, including over 50,000,000 in the United States. Most of Shakur's songs are about growing up amid violence and hardship in ghettos, racism, problems in society and conflicts with other rappers. Shakur's work is known for advocating political, economic, social and racial equality, as well as his raw descriptions of violence, drug and alcohol abuse and conflicts with the law. Shakur was initially a roadie and backup dancer for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground. Shakur's debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, gained critical recognition and backlash for its controversial lyrics. Shakur became the target of lawsuits and experienced other legal problems. Later, he was shot five times and robbed in the lobby of a recording studio in New York City. Following the event, Shakur grew suspicious that other figures in the rap industry had prior knowledge of the incident and did not warn him; the controversy helped spark the East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry. After serving eleven months of his sentence for sexual abuse, Shakur was released from prison on an appeal financed by Marion "Suge" Knight, the CEO of Death Row Records. In exchange for Knight's assistance, Shakur agreed to release three albums under the Death Row label. Shakur's fifth album, the first double-disc release in hip hop history All Eyez on Me, was counted as two albums. On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, and died six days later of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest at the University Medical Center. Tupac Amaru Shakur was born in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. He was named after Túpac Amaru II, an Incan revolutionary who led an indigenous uprising against Spain and subsequently received capital punishment. His mother, Afeni Shakur, was an active member of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s; Shakur was born just one month after her acquittal on more than 150 charges of "Conspiracy against the United States government and New York landmarks" in the New York Panther 21 court case.Although officially unconfirmed by the Shakur family, several sources list his birth name as either "Parish Lesane Crooks" or "Lesane Parish Crooks". Afeni feared her enemies would attack her son, and disguised their relation using a different last name, only to change it three months or a year later, following her marriage to Mutulu Shakur. Struggle and incarceration surrounded Shakur from an early age. His godfather, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt, a high ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery, although his sentence was later overturned. His stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982, when Shakur was a pre-teen. Mutulu was wanted in part for having helped his sister Assata Shakur (also known as Joanne Chesimard), Tupac's godmother, to escape from a penitentiary in New Jersey, where she had been incarcerated for allegedly shooting a state trooper to death in 1973. Mutulu was caught in 1986 and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which two police officers and a guard were killed. Tupac had a half-sister, Sekyiwa, two years his junior, and an older stepbrother, Mopreme "Komani" Shakur, who appeared on many of his recordings. At the age of twelve, Shakur enrolled in Harlem's famous "127th Street Ensemble." His first major role with this acting troupe was as Travis in A Raisin in the Sun. In 1984, his family relocated to Baltimore, Maryland, After completing his second year at Paul Lawrence Dunbar High School he transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet. He performed in Shakespeare plays, and in the role of the Mouse King in The Nutcracker. Shakur, accompanied by one of his friends, Dana "Mouse" Smith, as his beatbox, won most of the many rap competitions that he participated in and was considered to be the best rapper in his school. Although he lacked trendy clothing, he was one of the most popular kids in his school because of his sense of humor, superior rapping skills, and ability to mix in with all crowds. He developed a close friendship with a young Jada Pinkett (later Jada Pinkett Smith) that lasted until Shakur's death. In the documentary Tupac: Resurrection, Shakur says, "Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life," and Smith calls Shakur "one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime." A poem written by Shakur titled "Jada" appears in his book, The Rose That Grew From Concrete, which also includes a poem dedicated to Smith called "The Tears in Cupid's Eyes". In June 1988, Shakur and his family moved once again, this time to Marin City, California, where he attended Tamalpais High School. He joined the Ensemble Theater Company (ETC) to pursue his career in entertainment. His mother's crack addiction led him to move into Leila Steinberg's home with his friend Ray Luv at the age of seventeen and he eventually dropped out of high school. Leila Steinberg acted as a literary mentor to Shakur, an avid reader. Steinberg has kept copies of the books that he read, which include J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye, Jamaica Kincaid's At the Bottom of the River, Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, Eileen Southern's Music of Black Americans, and the feminist writings of Alice Walker and Robin Morgan. Most of these books were read before the age of twenty. It has been said that Shakur was, in fact, more well-read and intellectually well-rounded at that age than the average student in the first year class of most Ivy League institutions. In 1989, Leila Steinberg organized a concert with Shakur's group, Strictly Dope. The concert lead to him being signed with Atron Gregory who set him up with Digital Underground. In 1990, he was hired as a back-up dancer and roadie for up-and-coming rap group Digital Underground. Shakur's professional entertainment career began in the early 1990s, when he debuted his rapping skills on "Same Song" from the Digital Underground album This is an EP Release. He first appeared in the music video for "Same Song". After his rap debut, Shakur performed with Digital Underground again on the album Sons Of The P. Later, he released his first solo album, 2Pacalypse Now. Initially he had trouble marketing his solo debut, but Interscope Records' executives Ted Field and Tom Whalley eventually agreed to distribute the record. Shakur claimed his first album was aimed at the problems facing young black males, but it was publicly criticized for its graphic language and images of violence by and against law enforcement. In one instance, a young man claimed his killing of a Texas-based trooper was influenced by the album. Former Vice President Dan Quayle publicly denounced the album as having "no place in our society". 2Pacalypse Now did not do as well on the charts as future albums, spawning no top ten hits. His second record, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., was released in 1993. The album, mostly produced by Randy "Stretch" Walker (Shakur's closest friend and associate at the time) and the Live Squad, generated two hits, "Keep Ya Head Up" and "I Get Around", the latter featuring guest appearances by Shock G and Money-B of the Digital Underground. In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with a number of his friends, including Big Syke, Macadoshis, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Rated R. The group released their first and only record album Thug Life Vol. 1 on September 26, 1994. The group usually performed their concerts without Shakur. The concept of "Thug Life" was viewed by Shakur as a philosophy for life. He developed the word into a backronym standing for "The Hate U Give Little Infants Fucks Everybody". He declared that the dictionary definition of a "thug" as being a rogue or criminal was not how he used the term, but rather he meant someone who came from oppressive or squalid background and little opportunity but still made a life for himself and was proud. Even as he garnered attention as a rapper and actor, Shakur gained notoriety for his conflicts with the law. In October 1991, he filed a $10 million civil suit against the law enforcement of the Oakland Police Department, alleging they brutally beat him for jaywalking. The suit was later settled for $42,000. In October 1993, in Atlanta, Georgia, Shakur shot two off-duty police officers (one in the leg, one in the buttocks) who were harassing a black motorist. Charges against Shakur were dismissed when it was discovered that both officers were intoxicated and were in possession of stolen weapons from an evidence locker during the occasion. In December 1993, Shakur and others were charged with sexually abusing a woman in a hotel room. According to the complaint, Shakur sodomized the woman and then encouraged his friends to sexually abuse her. Shakur vehemently denied the charges. He had prior relations days earlier with the woman who was pressing the charges against him. She performed oral sex on him on a club dance floor and the two later had consensual sex in his hotel room. The allegations were made after she revisited his hotel room for the second time where she engaged in sexual activity with his friends and alleged that Shakur and his entourage had gang-raped her, saying to him while leaving, "How could you do this to me?" Shakur stated he had fallen asleep shortly after she arrived and later awoke to her accusations and legal threats. He later said he felt guilty for leaving her alone and did not want anyone else to go to jail, but at the same time he did not want to go to jail for a crime he didn't commit. Shakur was convicted of sexual abuse. In sentencing Shakur to one-and-a-half years in a correctional facility, the judge described the crime as "an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman". In 1994, he was convicted of attacking a former employer while on a music video set. He was sentenced to 15 days in jail with additional days on a highway work crew, community service, and a $2000 fine. In 1995, a wrongful death was brought against Shakur for a 1992 shooting that killed Qa'id Walker-Teal, a six-year old of Marin City, California. The child had been the victim of a stray bullet in a shootout between Shakur's entourage and a rival group, though the ballistics tests proved the bullet was not from Shakur or any members of his entourage's guns. Criminal charges were not sought, and Shakur settled with the family for an amount estimated between $300,000 and $500,000. After serving part of his sentence upon a conviction, he was released on bail pending his appeal. On April 5, 1996, a judge sentenced him to serve 120 days in jail for violating terms of probation.] On the night of November 30, 1994, the day before the verdict in his sexual abuse trial was to be announced, Shakur was shot five times and robbed after entering the lobby of the Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan, New York City, New York, by two armed men in army fatigues. He would later accuse Sean Combs, Andre Harrell, and Biggie Smalls — whom he saw after the shooting — of setting him up. Shakur also suspected his close friend and associate, Randy "Stretch" Walker, of being involved in the attempt. According to the doctors at Bellevue Hospital, where he was admitted immediately following the incident, Shakur had received five bullet wounds; twice in the head, twice in the groin and once through the arm and thigh. He checked out of the hospital, against doctor's orders, three hours after surgery. In the day that followed, Shakur entered the courthouse in a wheelchair and was found guilty of three counts of molestation, but innocent of six others, including sodomy. On November 30, 1995, exactly one year to the day of the shooting, Stretch was killed in an execution-style murder in Queens. On March 27, 2008, the LA Times issued an apology to Combs for blaming him for having a role in the 94' attack on Shakur. The article stated that Shakur was led to the studio by Biggie's associates to gun him down to make favor with Biggie. The newspaper relied on forged documents that Smokinggun.com proved to be faked. Combs stated that he is disgusted with the LA Times for printing the story. Shakur in a police mug shot (March 8, 1995)Shakur began serving his prison sentence at Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995. Shortly afterwards, he released his multi-platinum album Me Against the World. Shakur is the only artist ever to have an album at number one on the Billboard 200 while serving a prison sentence. The album made its debut on the Billboard 200 and stayed at the top of the charts for five weeks. The record album sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a record for highest first week sales for a solo male rap artist at the time.He married his long-time girlfriend, Keisha Morris, while serving his sentence[citation needed]. This marriage was later annulled. While imprisoned, Shakur read many books by Niccolò Machiavelli, Sun Tzu's The Art of War and other works of political philosophy and strategy.He also wrote a screenplay titled Live 2 Tell while incarcerated, a story about an adolescent who becomes a drug baron. In October 1995, Shakur's case was on appeal but due to all of his legal fees he could not raise the $1.4 million bail. After serving eleven months of his one-and-a-half year to four-and-a-half year sentence,Shakur was released from the penitentiary, due in large part to the help and influence of Marion "Suge" Knight, CEO of Death Row Records. Knight posted $1.4 million bail pending appeal of the conviction, in exchange for which Shakur was obligated to release three albums for the Death Row label. Image of Shakur, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight during Shakur's tenure on Death Row (1996)Upon his release from Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur immediately went back to song recording. He began a new group, Outlawz, and with them released the diss track "Hit 'Em Up", a scathing lyrical assault on Biggie Smalls and others associated with him. In the track, Shakur claimed to have had intercourse with Faith Evans, Biggie's wife at the time, and attacks Bad Boy's street credibility. Though no hard evidence suggests so, Shakur was convinced that some members associated with Bad Boy had known about the shooting beforehand due to their behavior that night and what his sources told him. Shakur aligned himself with Death Row's CEO Suge Knight, who was already bitter toward Sean Combs and his successful Bad Boy label; this added fuel to building an East Coast-West Coast conflict. Both sides remained bitter enemies until Shakur's death. In February 1996, Shakur released his fourth solo album, All Eyez on Me. This double album was the first and second of his three-album commitment to Death Row Records. It sold over nine million copies. The record was a general departure from the introspective subject matter of Me Against the World, being more oriented toward a thug and gangsta mentality. Shakur continued his recordings despite increasing problems at the Death Row label. Dr. Dre left his post as house producer to form his own label, Aftermath. Shakur continued to produce hundreds of tracks during his time at Death Row, most of which would be released on posthumous albums such as Better Dayz and Until the End of Time. He also began the process of recording an album with the Boot Camp Clik and their label Duck Down Records, both New York-based, entitled One Nation. While incarcerated in Clinton Correctional Facility, Shakur read and studied Niccolò Machiavelli and other published works, which inspired his pseudonym "Makaveli" under which he released the record album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. The album presents a stark contrast to previous works. Throughout the album, Shakur continues to focus on the themes of pain and aggression, making this album one of the emotionally darker works of his career. Shakur wrote and recorded all the lyrics in only three days and the production took another four days, combining for a total of seven days to complete the album (hence the name). The album was completely finished before Shakur died and Shakur had complete creative input on the album from the name of the album to the cover, which Shakur chose to symbolize how the media had crucified him. The record debuted at number one and sold 663,000 copies in the first week. Shakur had plans of starting Makaveli Records which would have included Outlawz, Wu-Tang Clan, Big Daddy Kane, Big Syke, and Gang Starr. The famous photograph of Shakur's last moment alive, taken just minutes before the drive-by shooting, from the cover of the book The Killing of Tupac Shakur by Cathy ScottOn the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur attended the Mike Tyson - Bruce Seldon boxing match at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada. After leaving the match, one of Suge Knight's associates spotted 21 year-old Orlando "Baby Lane" Anderson, a member of the Southside Crips, in the MGM Grand lobby and had Shakur aware. Shakur immediately rushed Anderson and knocked him to the ground. Shakur's entourage, as well as Knight and his followers assisted in assaulting Anderson. The fight was captured on the hotel's video surveillance. A few weeks earlier, Anderson and a group of Crips robbed a member of Death Row's entourage in a Foot Locker store, precipitating Shakur's onset. After the brawl, Shakur went to rendezvous with Knight to go to Death Row-owned Club 662 (now known as restaurant/club Seven). He rode in Knight's 1996 black BMW 750i sedan as part of a larger convoy with some of Shakur's friends, Outlawz, and bodyguards. At 10:55 p.m., while paused at a red light, Shakur rolled down his window and a photographer took his photo.[38] At around 11:00-11:05 p.m., they were halted on Las Vegas Blvd. by Metro bicycle police for playing the car stereo too loud and not having license plates. The plates were then found in the trunk of Knight's vehicle; they were released without being fined a few minutes later.[39][38] At about 11:10 p.m., while stopped at a red light at Flamingo Road near the intersection of Koval Lane in front of the Maxim Hotel, a vehicle occupied by two women pulled up on their right side. Shakur, who was standing up through the sunroof, exchanged words with the two women, and invited them to go to Club 662.[38] At approximately 11:15 p.m., a white, four-door, late-model, Cadillac driven by unknown person(s) pulled up to the sedan's right side, rolled down one of the windows, and rapidly fired around twelve to thirteen shots at Shakur. He was struck by four rounds; one hit him in the chest, the pelvis, and his right hand and thigh.[40][38] One of the rounds apparently ricocheted into Shakur's right lung.[41] Knight was hit in the head by shrapnel, though it is thought that a bullet grazed him. According to Knight, a bullet from the gunfire had been lodged in his skull, but medical reports later contradicted this statement. At the time of the drive-by, Shakur was riding alongside Knight, with his bodyguard following behind in a vehicle belonging to Kidada Jones, Shakur's then-fiancée. The bodyguard, Frank Alexander, stated that when he was about to ride along with the rapper in Knight's car, Shakur asked him to drive Kidada Jones' car instead just in case they were too drunk and needed additional vehicles from Club 662 back to the hotel. Shortly after the assault, the bodyguard reported in his documentary, Before I Wake, that one of the convoy's cars drove off after the assailant but he never heard back from the occupants. After arriving on the scene, police and paramedics took Knight and a fatally wounded Shakur to the University Medical Center. According to an interview with one of Shakur's closest friends and music video director Gobi, while at the hospital, he received news from a Death Row marketing employee that the shooters had called the record label and were sending death threats aimed at Shakur, claiming that they were going there to "finish him off". Upon hearing this, Gobi immediately alerted the Las Vegas police, but the police claimed they were understaffed and no one could be sent. Nonetheless, the shooters never arrived. At the hospital, Shakur was in and out of consciousness; heavily sedated, breathed through a ventilator and respirator, was placed on life support machines, and was ultimately put under a barbiturate-induced coma after repeatedly trying to get out of the bed. Despite having been resuscitated in a trauma center and surviving a multitude of surgeries (as well the removal of a failed right lung), Shakur had gotten through the critical phase of the medical therapy and had a 50% chance of pulling through. Gobi left the medical center after being informed that Shakur made a 13% recovery on the sixth night. While in Critical Care Unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died of internal bleeding; doctors attempted to revive him but could not stop his hemorrhaging. His mother, Afeni Shakur, made the decision to tell the doctors to stop. He was pronounced dead at 4:03 p.m. (PDT) The official cause of death was respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest in connection with multiple gunshot wounds. Afterwards, Shakur's body was cremated. Some of his ashes were later mixed with cannabis and smoked by members of Outlawz. Due largely to the perceived lack of progress on the case by law enforcement, many independent investigations and theories of the murder have emerged. Because of the acrimony between him and rapper Biggie Smalls, there was speculation from the outset about the possibility of Biggie's collaboration in the murder. He, as well as his family, relatives, and associates, have vehemently denied the accusation. In a notable 2002 investigation by the LA Times, writer Chuck Phillips claimed to have uncovered evidence implicating Biggie, in addition to Orlando Anderson and the Southside Crips, in the attack. In the article, Phillips quoted unnamed gang-member sources who claimed Biggie had ties to the Crips, often hiring them for security during West Coast appearances. Phillips' informants also state that Biggie gave the gang members one of his own guns for use in the slaying of Shakur, and that he set out a $1,000,000 contract on Shakur's life. By the time Phillips' specific allegations were published, Biggie himself had been murdered. In support of their claims, Biggie's family submitted documentation to MTV insinuating that he was working in a New York-based recording studio the night of the drive-by shooting. His manager Wayne Barrow and fellow rapper James "Lil' Cease" Lloyd made public announcements denying Biggie's partaking in the crime and claimed further that they were both with him in the recording studio during the night of the event. The high profile nature of the killing and ensuing gang violence caught the attention of British filmmaker Nick Broomfield, who made the documentary film Biggie & Tupac which examines the lack of progress in the case by speaking to those close to the two slain rappers and the investigation. Shakur's close childhood friend and member of Outlawz, Yafeu "Yaki Kadafi" Fula, was in the convoy when the drive-by occurred and indicated to police that he might be able to identify the assailants, however, he was shot and killed shortly thereafter in a housing project in Irvington, New Jersey. In the first few seconds of the song "Intro/Bomb First (My Second Reply)" on the record album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, Shakur can be heard saying "Shoulda shot me". While some believed that Suge Knight may have orchestrated Shakur's murder, theorists mistook the statement in the song as "Suge shot me" or "Suge shot 'em" until confirmation by multiple audio tests and confirmation from members of Outlawz. This, along with reports of Knight's strong-arm tactics with artists and other illegal business tactics including involvement with the Mob Piru Bloods street gang gave rise to a theory that Knight was complicit in the homicide, as it was supposedly reported that Knight owed Shakur up to $17,000,000 in back royalties, but no evidence has been provided to support this theory. Other theories have been put forth, including a conspiracy theory that Shakur is alive and well, but in hiding. Supporters of these theories point to the symbolism in Shakur's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory album and in the music video for "I Ain't Mad at Cha". Efforts exposing these conspiracy theories include 2Pac Lives The Death of Makaveli / The Resurrection of Tupac Amaru (Volume 1) released in 2005. A DVD titled Tupac: Assassination was released on October 23, 2007, more than eleven years after Shakur's murder. It explores aspects circulating the event and provides new insight about the cold case with details by Shakur's bodyguard, Frank Alexander. Shakur's music and philosophy is rooted in many American, African-American, and World entities, including the Black Panther Party, Black nationalism, egalitarianism, and liberty. His debut album, 2Pacalypse Now, revealed the socially conscious side of Shakur. On this album, Shakur attacked social injustice, poverty and police brutality on songs "Brenda's Got a Baby", "Trapped" and "Part Time Mutha". His style on this album was highly influenced by the social consciousness and Afrocentrism pervading hip hop in the late 1980s and early 1990s. On this initial release, Shakur helped extend the success of such rap groups as Boogie Down Productions, Public Enemy, X-Clan, and Grandmaster Flash, as he became one of the first major socially conscious rappers from the West Coast. On his second record, Shakur continued to rap about the social ills facing African-Americans, with songs like "The Streetz R Deathrow" and "Last Wordz." He also showed his compassionate side with the inspirational anthem "Keep Ya Head Up", while simultaneously putting his legendary aggressiveness on display with the title track from the album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. he added a salute to his former group Digital Underground by including them on the playful track "I Get Around". Throughout his career, an increasingly aggressive attitude can be seen pervading Shakur's subsequent albums. The contradictory themes of social inequality and injustice, unbridled aggression, compassion, playfulness, and hope all continued to shape Shakur's work, as witnessed with the release of his incendiary 1995 album Me Against the World. In 1996, Shakur released All Eyez on Me. Many of these tracks are considered by many critics to be classics, including "Ambitionz Az a Ridah", "I Ain't Mad at Cha", "California Love", "Life Goes On" and "Picture Me Rollin'".; All Eyez on Me was a change of style from his earlier works. While still containing conscious songs and themes, Shakur's album was heavily influenced by party tracks and tended to have a more "feel good" vibe than his first albums. Shakur described it as a celebration of life. Nonetheless, the record was critically and commercially successful. Shakur was a voracious reader. He was inspired by a wide variety of writers, including Niccolò Machiavelli, Donald Goines, Sun Tzu, Kurt Vonnegut, Mikhail Bakunin, Maya Angelou, Alice Walker, and Khalil Gibran. In his book, Dyson describes the experience of visiting the home of Shakur's friend and promoter Leila Sternberg to find "the sea of books" once owned by Shakur. A bronze statue of Shakur at the Peace Garden in Stone Mountain, Georgia.At a Mobb Deep concert following the death of the famed icon and release of The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, Cormega recalled in an interview that the fans were all shouting "Makaveli",and emphasized the influence of the The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory and of Shakur himself even in New York at the height of the media-dubbed 'intercoastal rivalry'. About.com named Shakur the most influential rapper ever. To preserve Shakur's legacy, his mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation (later re-named the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation or TASF) in 1997. The TASF's stated mission is to "provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents." The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers and undergraduate scholarships. The Foundation officially opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts (TASCA) in Stone Mountain, Georgia, on June 11, 2005. On November 14, 2003, a documentary about Shakur entitled Tupac: Resurrection was released under the supervision of his mother and narrated entirely in his voice. It was nominated for Best Documentary in the 2005 Academy Awards. Proceeds will go to a charity set up by his mother, Afeni Shakur. On April 17, 2003, Harvard University co-sponsored an academic symposium entitled "All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero." The speakers discussed a wide range of topics dealing with Shakur's impact on everything from entertainment to sociology. Many of the speakers discussed Shakur's status and public persona, including State University of New York English professor Mark Anthony Neal who gave the talk "Thug Nigga Intellectual: Tupac as Celebrity Gramscian" in which he argued that Shakur was an example of the "organic intellectual" expressing the concerns of a larger group.[58] Professor Neal has also indicated in his writings that the death of Shakur has left a "leadership void amongst hip-hop artists. Neal further describes Tupac as a "walking contradiction", a status that allowed him to "make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people". A memorial of Tupac Shakur at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg, VirginiaProfessor of Communications Murray Forman, of Northeastern University, spoke of the mythical status surrounding Shakur's life and death. He addressed the symbolism and mythology surrounding Shakur's death in his talk entitled "Tupac Shakur: O.G. (Ostensibly Gone)". Among his findings were that Shakur's fans have "succeeded in resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force". In "From Thug Life to Legend: Realization of a Black Folk Hero", Professor of Music at Northeastern University, Emmett Price, compared Shakur's public image to that of the trickster-figures of African-American folklore which gave rise to the urban "bad-man" persona of the post-slavery period. He ultimately described Shakur as a "prolific artist" who was "driven by a terrible sense of urgency" in a quest to "unify mind, body, and spirit". Michael Dyson, University of Pennsylvania Avalon Professor of Humanities and African American Studies and author of the book Holler If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur indicated that Shakur "spoke with brilliance and insight as someone who bears witness to the pain of those who would never have his platform. He told the truth, even as he struggled with the fragments of his identity. At one Harvard Conference the theme was Shakur's impact on entertainment, race relations, politics and the "hero/martyr".In late 1997, the University of California, Berkeley offered a student-led course entitled "History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur. In late 2003, the Makaveli Branded Clothing line was launched by Afeni Shakur. In 2005, Death Row released Tupac: Live at the House of Blues. The DVD was the final recorded performance of Shakur's career, which took place in July 4, 1996, and features a plethora of Death Row artists. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy was released. The interactive biography was written by Jamal Joseph. It features unseen family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 removable reproductions of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other personal papers. Shakur's sixth posthumous studio album, Pac's Life, was released on November 21, 2006. It commemorates the 10th anniversary of Shakur's death. He is still considered one of the most popular artists in the music industry as of 2006. Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2003, MTV's "22 Greatest MCs" countdown listed Shakur as the "number 1 MC", as voted by the viewers. In 2004, at the VH1 Hip Hop Honors Shakur was honored along with DJ Hollywood, Kool DJ Herc, KRS-One, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Rock Steady Crew, and Sugarhill Gang. A Vibe magazine poll in 2004 rated Shakur "the greatest rapper of all time" as voted by fans. At the First Annual Turks & Caicos International Film Festival held on Tuesday, October 17, 2006, Shakur was honored for his undeniable voice and talent and as a performer who crossed racial, ethnic, cultural and medium lines; his mother, Afeni Shakur, accepted the award on his behalf. Pictures (4) show more (16-31 of 136) Similar Artists show more (16-31 of 60) More artists show this week's top 1000 most popular artists 6 hours ago	i don't know
What porcine inspired name is given to amateur radio operators?	What if communication lines break down during disasters? #Agos What if communication lines break down during disasters? With power as low as 3 watts, a HAM radio operator in the Visayas can contact another operator located in any other given point of the country Published 5:59 PM, December 05, 2014 Updated 7:28 PM, December 05, 2014 RESILIENT. HAM radio can operate even with power as low as 3 watts. All photos by Roberto Vicencio MANILA, Philippines – When cell sites and telephones lines go down after a typhoon, can we still communicate with each other? The answer is yes and it can be powered by a simple flashlight battery. Communication without cellphones is possible, according to amateur radio (also known as HAM radio) enthusiasts. With power as low as 3 watts, a HAM radio operator in the Visayas can contact another operator located in any other given point of the country. There are 1,587 members of the Philippine Amateur Radio Association nationwide. In a disaster situation, the presence or absence of communication could mean life or death as it affects the fast exchange of information crucial in disaster response and recovery. This happened in the immediate aftermath of Super Typhoon Yolanda when electricity and cellular signals were cut. When Yolanda hit the country in November 2013 and cellular lines were disrupted , HAM radio operators continued to talk to each other, passing on messages for individuals, private firms, and government offices. "One of the first messages received by the group tracking the typhoon from Tacloban was 'we need cadaver bags'," Roberto Vicencio, an amateur radio operator in Metro Manila, recalled. They received the message on November 9, 2013, a day after Typhoon Yolanda first made landfall in Guiuan. According to Vicencio, the station in Tacloban relied on a car battery to power their radio. The request for body bags for Tacloban was coursed through Naga. Eventually, the message was picked up in Antipolo and passed on to DOH, Red Cross, and DSWD. From Roxas City, the first message from operator DV6ILA, Iver, was "Roxas City is gone, Jo." After the storm, along with other radio operators, Vicencio helped relay messages of Yolanda survivors – about their health and welfare – to relatives in Metro Manila. "Basically we are hobbyists. That we can provide public service is an added bonus that is realized by the flexibility of our equipment. Some hams even build their own equipment," Vicencio said. In preparation for Typhoon Ruby, the Philippine Amateur Radio Association Inc completed communication checks with HAM radios from Nueva Vizcaya to Mindanao and all points in between. Radio operators have embedded themselves in the following offices and evacuation centers to facilitate communication among government offices: DSWD and MDRRMC in Vallehermoso Negros Oriental, MDRRMC at San Agustin Surigal del Sur, PDRRMC in DIpolog, CDRRMC in Tacloban, Don Bosco School for boys in Borongan Eastern Samar, and Pinamalayan MDRRMC Oriental Mindoro. – Rappler.com	Ham
Who is the current mayor of Seattle?	ARES E-Letter Issues ARES E-Letter Issues ARRL Partners: Safety Tips from Red Cross 120 Operators Support the 2014 Bank of America Chicago Marathon Sunday, October 12, 2014 - One hundred twenty radio amateurs provided communications support for the 2014 Bank of America Chicago Marathon and its 2000 volunteer medical teams that work at 20 Aid Stations, two in-course field medical tents and the main medical facility in Grant Park. New for this year, the teams also walked with the nine Triage units who attended to runners within Grant Park. The hams communicated back to the ambulance company if further medical support was needed. Some of the ham operators on these teams walked as many as nine miles in the Park. The historic and long-running Bank of America Chicago Marathon is the pinnacle of achievement for elite athletes and everyday runners alike. On race day, runners from all 50 states and more than 100 countries set out to accomplish a personal dream by reaching the finish line in Grant Park. Most of the amateurs were deployed to the Aid Stations and helped the medical teams with communication issues. This was the sixth year that the ham radio community has supported this event. Operators came from four states and from cities as far away as Madison, Milwaukee, Indianapolis, Peoria and Pittsburgh. Twelve local ham radio clubs were represented. One team has come from Peoria every year for the past six years, and provides their own lodging and then drives back at the end of the event. Six local repeaters, and several simplex channels are employed. Many of the stations and communicators needed to be operational by 6:30 AM to let organizers know when the medical teams arrived and to assure that their medical services and supplies were in place and ready. Once the race begins, the hams continue to support the ambulance company and medical teams with information about transports and supplies. Eight operators worked at the Forward Command tent, alongside event officials, Chicago City Services and other agencies, providing health and welfare traffic to the medical doctor in charge, the medical logistics teams and the ambulance company. An event that attracts more than 2.5 million spectators and 45,000 runners only can happen with the support of many people. There were 12,000 volunteers, for instance. The 120 radio amateurs are a relatively small part of the enormous operation but provide a level of redundancy to the multiple levels of communication systems the event organizers use. Rob Orr, K9RST, serves as volunteer Lead, and needs more volunteers for next year. Contact Orr at [email protected] . - ARRL Illinois Section News Top Well-Known Eastern Mass SKYWARN Group Activated for Nor'easter WX1BOX, the Taunton (Massachusetts) SKYWARN Amateur Radio Club station that has often served as a model of excellence for the rest of the country, was activated for a late September nor'easter storm that caused strong to damaging winds and heavy rainfall. Nationally-known SKYWARN figure Rob Macedo, KD1CY, Eastern Massachusetts Assistant SEC and ARES SKYWARN Coordinator reported "At the height of the storm, fifty thousand people were without power and reports at one point were coming in as fast as one or two per minute." Rainfall of 2-5 inches, with isolated 7 inches, caused flooding during the morning commute. The WX1BOX Amateur Radio team was thanked for their efforts by the National Weather Service Taunton forecaster team. - Eastern Massachusetts Section News [Check out the excellent website of the WX1BOX SKYWARN program here . -- ed.] Top ARRL Seeks Nominations for International Humanitarian Award; Deadline December 31 As Amateur Radio operators provide public service and promote international goodwill and understanding, the International Humanitarian award is dedicated to those amateurs who, through Amateur Radio, are devoted to promoting the Welfare of mankind. The selection of the recipient of the award is made by a committee appointed by the President of the ARRL. Any licensed radio amateur world-wide, or group of amateurs, who by use of Amateur Radio skills has provided extraordinary service for the benefit of others in times of crisis or disaster, is qualified to receive the award. Nominations for the award will be accepted by the committee from a licensed radio amateur, governmental or any other organization that has received the benefits of the radio amateur's extraordinary service within the last 3 years. In the event that no nominations are received, the committee may determine possible recipients or may decide to make no award in a given year. All nominations and supporting materials for a given year's award must be submitted in writing in English to "ARRL International Humanitarian Award, 225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111," in sufficient time that they are received by December 31. A summary of the actions of the nominee that qualify the recipient for the award must be included, along with statements from at least two references including names and addresses for verification. The award is to include the following elements: An appropriate plaque or medallion to be presented to the recipient(s) at a home convention or event within the US, or the ARRL National Convention or a mutually agreed upon arrangement to be made with recipients residing outside the USA. An article describing the extraordinary achievements of the recipient(s) is to be written for use in QST, other ARRL venues and consumer magazines. Top Letters: More on Operating in Winter I appreciated your article in the November 2014 issue of QST (Public Service column) on operating in winter and the cold. I'd like to add several points: It's better to travel in a small group (3 or 4 minimum) so that if one is hurt and/or a victim of exposure, an evacuation can be started immediately. Use the buddy system, developed by scuba divers to ensure immediate rescue and life support if indicated. Operators in the field should dress in layers, and have a personal thermometer and wind chill charts to have a realistic assessment of conditions, and thus risks. Batteries drain faster in the cold so insulate yours for longer life. Have a personal heat source such as chemical hand warmers not only for your hands, but tucked in shirt pockets under your jacket and/or pants pockets to keep the body's core warm for better functioning and safety. Have a comprehensive knowledge of the area in which you are working, and carry a map and compass (plus a GPS receiver), and know how to use them. Your eyes are among the most important navigational aids that you have, so protect them with ski goggles and/or sun glasses, approved for the demanding operating environment (glare from snow, etc.). -- Frank E. Bonneau Jr., N7WCF SET 2014 Success Stories Idaho SET Sees Upswing in Participation for 2014 Michael Meier, WB7RBH, is Idaho's Section Emergency Coordinator and Public Information Coordinator, and is always looking for ways to get more of the state's amateur community involved with public service communications, including the annual Simulated Emergency Test (SET). Meier's ARES organization plans for and participates in the SET, and tries to tailor their operation for the state's diverse geography, including mountains and plains. For the past three years, they've concentrated on message handling and the use of recognized message formats, while tracking depth and breadth of statewide participation by message totals and origins. After-Action Reports helped identify strengths and weaknesses. This year, however, was different, reported Meier. "One of the counties (Latah) was planning a county wide exercise, which involved 24 hours of operation and testing of almost all modes including voice, digital, and cw. Bill Ward, K9GRZ, the planner of this operation, wanted to know if Meier could help him recruit other counties to give them more check-ins to lend more realism. So, SEC Meier started a campaign to get the word out via numerous outlets, including the state's ARES website www.idahoares.info , and also through email, club notifications, and posted news. The SET plan developed legs, and interest grew rapidly. Planners put a net control in a tent out in the wilderness, running nominal transmitter power, portable antennas, and purposefully less-than-ideal operating conditions. "We wanted to simulate conditions realistically to hopefully see what would happen in the real world," said Meier. Stations in several counties were set up at the local EOCs, while others teamed up and "went portable" like a Field Day operation. Starting on October 11, per a previously agreed upon protocol, stations employed HF SSB for the first 20 minutes of each hour, then digital PSK31 for the next 20 minutes, and finally cw for the last 20 minutes. Stations working all three modes were kept very busy, with the operation continuing non-stop for 24 straight hours. Local ARES groups and nets were also encouraged to take VHF-UHF check-ins and relay those stations into the larger operation. Net frequencies and bands were changed smoothly on the fly as propagation and conditions dictated. When all activity and messages were tallied, Idaho had 1400 check-ins to the SET in 24 hours. On HF, 619 SSB contacts were noted from 24 Idaho counties and eight other states, with 88 individual stations participating. There were 219 cw contacts made from all six Idaho ARES Districts, eight other states and by 24 individual stations. PSK31 was popular, with 127 contacts made from 12 counties, five other states, and 31 individual stations. On VHF, 424 contacts were made by 96 stations. An overall total of 1389 contacts were made by 239 stations. According to Meier, some 5.3% of Idaho Amateur Radio operators participated, "which is outstanding," he said. "I am so inspired by our Idaho Amateur Radio operators and ARES," Meier concluded. "All of our ARES operators stepped up and conducted a fantastic SET 2014; this one is going to be hard to beat."	i don't know
Used primarly to measure the distance between stars, what unit of length is defined as 9,460,730,472,580.8 km?	Light Year Conversion Light Year Conversion No Ads Light Year, unit of measure A light-year or lightyear, symbol ly, is a unit of length. A lightyear is the distance light travels in vacuum in one Julian year. A light-year is equal to 9,460,730,472,580.8 km (about 9.461 Pm) or about 5,878,625,373,183.61 statute miles or about 63,241.077 AU (often approximated to 63,240 AU) or about 0.306 601 394 parsecs. The actual, exact length of the light-year depends on the length of the reference year used in the calculation, and there is no wide consensus on the reference to be used. The light-year is often used to measure distances to stars. In astronomy, the preferred unit of measurement for such distances is the parsec, which is defined as the distance at which an object will generate one arcsecond of parallax when the observing object moved one astronomical unit perpendicular to the line of sight to the observer. This is equal to approximately 3.26 light years. The parsec is preferred because it can be more easily derived from, and compared with, observational data. However, outside scientific circles, the term light-year is more widely used. To perform conversions between light year and other Distance and Length units please try our Distance and Length Unit Converter Convert light year to:	Light-year
Popular among California surfers, what is the name of the style of station wagon in which the rear portion of the car's bodywork is made of wood?	ENCUENTROS UNIVERSITARIOS 3 CANTOS: Measuring the Universe (Midiendo el universo) ENCUENTROS UNIVERSITARIOS 3 CANTOS Una forma de seguir las actividades CULTURALES y CIENTIFICAS: Los derechos de autor son respetados, siendo borrados los contenidos al recibir aviso de su mal uso. La privacidad es respetada escrupulosamente, suprimiéndose cualquier imagen fotográfica que sea cuestionada. jueves, 1 de marzo de 2012 Measuring the Universe (Midiendo el universo) <iframe width="640" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/LY7UpSmgKL8?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> Publicado el 15/05/2012 por ciucinciu Three useful interlinked methods for determining the distances across the universe by Royal Observatory Greenwich Plus 3 weeks 5 hours ago This is the film from our micro exhibition 'Measuring the Universe: from the transit of Venus to the edge of the cosmos'. If you can make it to Greenwich then come and see the exhibition - its on from 1 March–2 September 2012 and its absolutely FREE! Design and direction: Richard Hogg Animation: Robert Milne, Ross Philips, Kwok Fung Lam, Music and sound effects: George Demure Narration and Astro-smarts: Dr Olivia Johnson Producer: Henry Holland Fuente: http://www.iau.org/public/measuring/ The IAU and astronomical units Scientists use units all the time. The concept of an internationally standardised system of units is one of the most fundamental in experimental science. Everyone uses familiar units such as kilograms, kilometres and seconds and they are indispensable in daily life. Scientists may need more exotic units such as measures of current, frequency and other scientific quantities, but the principle is the same, without an agreed scheme of measurement, scientists could not share results and there could be disastrous and costly mistakes. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is responsible for maintaining and approving a special set of units in astronomy, formally defined in 1976. One of the most important of these is the Astronomical Unit, abbreviated AU, which is defined by the IAU as equal to the distance from the centre of the Sun at which a particle of negligible mass, in an unperturbed circular orbit, would have a mean motion of 0.01720209895 radians/day. One AU is exactly 149,597,870.691 kilometres (roughly 150 million kilometres), slightly less than the mean Sun-Earth distance. The IAU also defines other astronomical units: the astronomical unit of time is 1 day (d) of 86,400 SI seconds (s) (SI is the International System of Units) and the astronomical unit of mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, 1.9891×1030 kg. Beyond the Solar System the distances in astronomy are so great that using the AU becomes too cumbersome. The IAU recognises several other distance units to be used on different scales. For studies of the structure of the Milky Way, our local galaxy, the parsec (pc) is the usual choice. This is equivalent to about 30.857×1012 km, or about 206,000 AUs, and is itself defined in terms of the AU – as the distance at which one Astronomical Unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond. Alternatively the light-year (ly) is sometimes used in scientific papers as a distance unit, although its use is mostly confined to popular publications and similar media. The light-year is roughly equivalent to 0.3 parsecs, and is equal to the distance traveled by light in one Julian year in a vacuum, according to the IAU. To think of it in easily accessible terms, the light-year is 9,460,730,472,580.8 km or 63,241 AU. While smaller than the parsec, it is still an incredibly large distance. Defining a unit is often more complex than first appears. For instance, to define a light-year it is necessary to understand exactly what a year is. When referring to a year in the precisely defined astronomical sense, it should be written with the indefinite article “a” as “a year”. Although there are several different kinds of year, the IAU regards a year as a Julian year of 365.25 days (31.5576 million seconds) unless otherwise specified. The IAU also recognises a Julian century of 36,525 days in the fundamental formulas for precession( more info ). Other measurements of time such as sidereal, solar and universal time are not suitable for measuring precise intervals of time, since the rate of rotation of Earth, on which they ultimately depend, is variable with respect to the second. Reference Fuente: http://www.iau.org/public/place_in_cosmos/ Defining our Place in the Cosmos – the IAU and the Universal Frame of Reference How do you know where you are now? How do we know where we are in space? How does the International Space Station or the latest space probe keep track of its location in the Universe? The best answer would be – with great difficulty! Ever since the earliest philosophers first considered our place in the Universe, it has always been a natural first step to define our position in the overall order and structure of the cosmos. One of the earliest Greek philosophers, Heraclitus, is often credited with advancing the concept of “everything changes or panta rhei”; a philosophy that develops the notion that the Universe is continually in motion, like a river. If we consider the Earth, the Solar System and the Universe as a whole, from the ground beneath our feet to some of the largest objects in the Universe, nothing is, in fact, immobile. On Earth the tectonic plates under our feet are moving, albeit slowly! And when we look out beyond the Earth, there is still no absolute reference point. The Earth rotates at half a kilometre a second at the equator, and is moving around the Sun at 29 kilometres a second; our Sun is also moving through space at about 19 kilometres each second and is orbiting the centre of the Milky Way (our galaxy) at about 215 kilometres a second. Stepping up a scale, the Milky Way is moving towards the Virgo Cluster, which is also in motion. As an added complication, the continuing expansion of the Universe must be included in large-scale distance measurements. The light we see today arriving from distant objects has taken so long to reach us that the Universe has expanded in the travel time of the light. So the task of defining a single reference frame from which the location of any other object in space can be defined is particularly complex. Traditionally this has required very precise measurements of the positions of many reference stars, with a catalogue of their motion across the sky through the year, referenced to their position at a particular precise date and time. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is responsible for defining a Universal Frame of Reference. This work touches on many aspects of our daily lives, so much so, that without a standard reference frame many of our modern gadgets would, at best, be incompatible with each other and, at worst, inaccurate or not fit for purpose. Many people nowadays use the Global Positioning System (GPS) in their everyday lives. GPS requires several aspects of the Universal Frame of Reference to be defined. For example, the systems that controlled the launches of the GPS satellites had to have an excellent understanding of the positions of the stars, orbital elements and the definitions of various units in order to position the satellite in the correct orbit needed to complete the “constellation” of satellites. The IAU Commission 8 (Astrometry ) and 4 (Ephemerides) provide valuable information about “physical position” and “position in time” respectively, mainly to astronomers and space scientists. Astronomers also need to have accurate definitions for concepts such as the celestial equator — the imaginary line on the sky above the equator on Earth — and the ecliptic — the path of the Sun across the sky — as some earlier reference frames were based on these. However, much more than basic positional input needs to be considered to establish a Universal Frame of Reference. Scientists have to agree on definitions for certain key reference units or parameters. These topics are covered by other IAU commissions, including Commission 31 (Time ). In the context of the Universal Frame of Reference the work of Commission 31 is also closely linked with Commission 19 on the Rotation of the Earth , as knowledge of the Earth's ever-changing orientation in space is necessary to link terrestrial and celestial frames. The Earth is not fixed, nor in moving in a way that is simply described, so much work goes into measuring and defining this complex movement. Phenomena such as precession, the slow, roughly 25 000 year cycle, of movement of the direction of the Earth’s axis, and nutation, the continual “nodding” of the Earth’s axis, due mainly to tidal forces from the Sun and Moon, all have to be taken into account when defining a Universal Reference Frame. In 1997 and 1998 the IAU, in collaboration with the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ( IERS ) and the International Very Long Baseline Interferometry Service ( IVS )International Celestial ReferenceFrame( ICRF ). The ICRF uses the relative positions of 212 extragalactic radio sources to establish an origin for the system at the centre of mass of the Solar System, and coordinate axes that are aligned with the conventional axes of the celestial equator and equinox ( the point at which the Sun crosses the equatorial plane moving from south to north ) of the epoch J2000.0 (1200 hours Terrestrial Time on 1 January 2000), but are obtained in a way that is independent of the dynamics of the Earth’s rotation . On 20 August1997, a t the 23rd IAU General Assembly in Kyoto, Japan, the IAU adopted the ICRF, and the celestial equator and the ecliptic were no longer central in establishing a celestial or Universal Reference Frame. In recent years more precise measurements have allowed the ICRF to be refined, allowing for a much more accurate system. At the IAU General Assembly in 2003 the IAU Working Group (WG) on the ICRF was dissolved and its work is now covered by the main Reference Frame Working Groups: Commission 8, Densification of the Optical Reference Frame and Division 1, Second Realization of International Celestial Reference Frame . On 24 August 2006, at the IAU General Assembly in Prague, new resolutions were adopted that aim to improve our definition of the Universal Frame of Reference. llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Imagine Home \| Ask an Astrophysicist \| Measuring the Size of the Universe The Question (Submitted November 24, 1997) I'm a 13 year old student from Denmark, who wants to know how big the Universe is and how the size of it is measured. The Answer The simple answer is that the observable Universe is about 10 billion light years in radius. That number is obtained by multiplying how old we think the Universe is by the speed of light . The reasoning there is quite straightforward: we can only see out to that distance from which light can have reached us since the Universe began. (But see my note marked * below). We determine the age of the Universe in a number of ways. One is to estimate the age of the oldest stars we see. Our knowledge of how stars of a given size evolve with time is very good (based on what we know about atomic and nuclear physics) so the major uncertainty here is usually measuring how far away (and so how big) such stars are. The standard method is to look for very small changes in the apparent positions of the stars as the Earth moves around the Sun. (This effect is called parallax ). A second way to get an age for the Universe is to try to figure out the time of the big bang itself. Here the method is to use a series of techniques (based on how bright things appear to be - like Cepheid variable stars - that we think we know the true brightness of) to determine first the distance of the nearby galaxies , then increasingly distant galaxies, until we have estimated distances for many galaxies for which relative velocity measurements have been made (using the Doppler red shift of features in their spectra). The relative velocities we observe for distant galaxies have been largely determined by the expansion of the Universe begun with the 'big bang'. So, once we've determined how expansion velocity correlates with distance for some range of distances, it's possible to extrapolate back (with some assumptions) to calculate the instant of the big bang, when all the matter in the Universe was at a single point. (If any of these terms like 'parallax', 'Cepheid' and 'red shift' are unfamiliar, try entering them in the search window on our home page). The determination of greater and greater distances is one of the great themes of astronomy. Most introductory books will give you an outline of the story, which you can then fill in to any level of detail with further reading. Our website has a lot of material on recent developments. For instance, there are already several answers in the 'Ask an Astrophysicist' archive which deal with the size and age of the Universe. If you enter things like 'size of the Universe', 'age of the Universe', or 'distance scale' in our search window you will get lists of links to many of the most relevant discussions. Paul Butterworth for the Ask an Astrophysicist team * Note: The observable Universe may be only a small part of the physical Universe. In some theories, the Universe may have expanded very fast just after the 'big bang', and only a little bit may have remained within range of detection. lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll The Woman Who Discovered the Key to Measuring the Universe By Sarah Zielinski \| February 17, 2012 By the late 1800s, astronomy had moved on from simple human observation to the collection of images of the sky on photographic plates — pieces of glass coated with light-sensitive silver salts. At the time they were made, these plates could be analyzed only through tedious, labor-intensive work. A person had to scan and measure and compare stars in the images before their position and brightness could be calculated and discoveries made. In 1879, Edward Pickering, head of the Harvard College Observatory, began hiring women to do this work. Paid just 25 to 30 cents an hour for their labors , women were cheaper than men, but Pickering found that they were also better than the male scientists who had done the work previously. The women were more detail-oriented and worked harder . (That didn’t mean they were more respected, however. Today this group of women is often called the “Harvard Computers,” but when they were working they were called “Pickering’s Harem.”) One of the computers was Henrietta Snow Leavitt. Leavitt joined the team as a volunteer in 1895, after studying astronomy at (what would become) Radcliffe College. In 1902, Leavitt became a permanent—and paid—member of the staff and eventually headed up the photographic photometry department. Leavitt’s job was to identify variable stars, which can change in brightness over hours to weeks. She used a blink comparator to look back and forth between two plates that showed the same spot in space days or weeks apart. A star that had changed in brightness over that time would appear as a blinking spot, and Leavitt identified more than 2,400 variable stars using this method. Anyone studying the brightness of stars quickly runs up against a problem—the brightness alone doesn’t give any information about the star. A very bright star from far away looks the same as a dimmer one closer to Earth. But Leavitt eliminated that problem by studying Cepheid variables in the Magellanic Clouds , which are really two tiny galaxies orbiting the Milky Way. She began studying these stars, which are approximately the same distance from Earth whatever their appearance, to determine whether there was a relationship between a variable star’s brightness and the period of its dimming-brightening cycle. Leavitt identified 1,777 variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds but, due to the difficulty involved in determining the period and maximum and minimum brightnesses for a single star, was able to gather this data for only 25 stars by 1912. But that was enough data for her to find a pattern. When Leavitt plotted these stars’ brightnesses versus their periods on a graph, she found that they were related logarithmically—the brighter the star, the longer its period. (Her study was published in the Harvard College Observatory Circular, dated March 3, 1912 , with Pickering as the official author on the paper; he did, however, credit Leavitt for the discovery and the write-up.) Other astronomers soon realized the value of Leavitt’s discovery. A year later, Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung determined the distance to several Cepheid variables in the Milky Way, and once this was combined with Leavitt’s data, astronomers could calculate the distance to any Cepheid variable in the sky. In 1922 and 1923, Edwin Hubble found Cepheid variables in several spiral nebulae and, when he calculated their distances, found they were too far away to be part of the Milky Way and concluded that our galaxy wasn’t the only one in the universe. Leavitt’s finding would also prove to play a key part in Hubble’s later discovery that the universe is expanding . Hubble recommended that Leavitt be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and the head of the Swedish Academy of Sciences began the paperwork for her nomination. That came to a halt, however, when they realized that she had died of cancer in 1921. After her death, Harlow Shapley, then director of the Harvard College Observatory, wrote : Much of the time [Leavitt] was engaged at the Harvard Observatory, her efforts had to be devoted to the heavy routine of establishing standard magnitudes upon which later we can base our studies of the galactic system. If she had been free from those necessary chores, I feel sure that Miss Leavitt’s scientific contributions would have been even more brilliant than they were. We can only imagine what Leavitt and the other computers during that time might have accomplished had they had the time and freedom to devote themselves to efforts outside that of routine astronomical data gathering. __________ Sarah Zielinski is an award-winning science writer whose work has spanned the range of science, from astronomy to zoology, with a healthy dose of kitty science along the way. Find out more at sarahzielinski.com . lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll	i don't know
What boxer was, who holds the record as the youngest to win the WBC, WBA, and IFB world heavyweight titles, was banned from boxing for a year for biting off a portion of Evander Holyfield's ear?	マイク・タイソンがホリフィールドに耳を返す。 Mike Tyson Bites Holyfields Ear Return and Apology - YouRepeat Add our chrome extension to repeat YouTube videos at the click of a button マイク・タイソンがホリフィールドに耳を返す。 Mike Tyson Bites Holyfields Ear Return and Apology Choose your time range using the slider. Start: Use this link to share your repeat GIF Creation Settings Separate tags with commas or press enter (max 5 tags) Quick GIF Create マイクタイソンの全盛期トレーニングがヤバすぎ！ Mike Tyson Michael Gerard "Mike" Tyson is an American retired professional boxer. Tyson is a former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win the WBC, WBA and IBF heavyweight titles at 20 years, 4 months, and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after defeating Trevor Berbick by a TKO in the second round. In 1987, Tyson added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker. He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the WBA, WBC and IBF titles, and the only heavyweight to successively unify them. In 1988, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks after 91 seconds. Tyson successfully defended the world heavyweight championship nine times, including victories over Larry Holmes and Frank Bruno. In 1990, he lost his titles to underdog James "Buster" Douglas, by a knockout in round 10. Attempting to regain the titles, he defeated Donovan Ruddock twice in 1991, but he pulled out of a fight with undisputed heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield due to injury. In 1992, Tyson was convicted of raping Desiree Washington and sentenced to six years in prison but was released after serving three years. After his release, he engaged in a series of comeback fights. In 1996, he won the WBC and WBA titles after defeating Frank Bruno and Bruce Seldon by knockout. With his defeat of Bruno, Tyson joined Floyd Patterson, Muhammad Ali, Tim Witherspoon, Evander Holyfield, and George Foreman as the only men in boxing history to that point to have regained a heavyweight championship after having lost it. After being stripped of the WBC title, Tyson lost his WBA crown to Evander Holyfield in November 1996 by an 11th round TKO. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield's ear. Date of birth: June 30, 1966 Place of birth: Bedford-Stuyvesant Nationality: United States of America Profession: Actor, Professional Boxer	Mike Tyson
What is the more common name for the dog known as the Alsatian?	1000+ images about Evander Holyfield & Mike Tyson Collection on Pinterest \| Legends, Larry holmes and Evander holyfield ear Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Evander Holyfield & Mike Tyson Collection The is a pinterest wall I made of the two greatest boxers in their time and two of the greatest of all time. Tyson and Holyfield had different fighting styles but those two will always be awesome fighters. Check out all of my Holyfield and Tyson photos throughout their amazing carries. 366 Pins1.47k Followers	i don't know
It has long been thought that the Reverend Elijah Craig, of Georgetown, Ky, produce the first batch of what, on June 14, 1789?	Boone County Kentucky Historical Society - A. M. Yealey, History of Boone County, KY Boone County Kentucky Historical Society Menu A. M. Yealey, History of Boone County, KY TABLE OF CONTENTS Biographical Sketch of the Author - 1 Early Visitors - 2 Roads and Mail Service - 9 Road Building - 10 From Cincinnati Newspapers, 1813 - 16 Rabbit Hash - 17 Destruction of a Mill - 21 Larkin Vaughn Killed - 25 Moses Scott's Circular Letter - 38 Beginning of Florence - 39 More about Toll Gates - 55 Hangman's Tree - 56 [1] BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR A. M. Yealey, the seventh child of Michael Yealey and Catherine Strebel, was born in Union County, Ohio, on January 29, 1873. Michael Yealey, the father, was born in Germany on January 10, 1827, and Catherine Strebel, the mother, was born in Germany on July 5, 1833. Catherine came to Ohio in 1847 and Michael in 1854. They were united in marriage at Bryan, Ohio, on October 24, 1854. To this union were born eight children, four boys and four girls. Two boys and two girls are still living, in 1959. A. M. Yealey received his grade and high school education in Union County, Ohio. His college work was at the National Normal University at Lebanon, Ohio; Wilmington College, Wilmington, Ohio; and the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. After teaching for five years in Union County, Ohio, he established a good business in selling coal, lime, salt, flour, sand, and other commodities in Columbus, Ohio. The flood of 1898 ruined the business by wrecking the buildings. On March 1, 1898, A. M. Yealey married Lucy Ann Rouse, the daughter of George Rouse, of Florence, Boone County, Kentucky. They lived with the bride's father and Mr. Yealey became a farmer and teacher. After teaching in four rural schools in the county he became the principal of the school in Florence where he remained for twenty-nine years. In 1911 he established the first high school in Florence to be recognized by colleges. In 1931, he and his son-in-law, Russell House, formed a partnership and built the Wild Wood Motel on U.S. Highway 42 on the southern limits of Florence. After six years Mr. Yealey planned to open a hotel. His wife's health prevented this and selling his home he purchased the house at 268 Main Street- His wife passed away in 1942. His longing for his chosen profession caused him to return to the school house. He taught in Florence from 1943 to 1945, and at New Haven for three years. His children are Mrs. Willa House, Russell Yealey, and Georgia Y. Tanner (deceased). Grandchildren are Dr. G. R. Tanner and Mary Russala Yealey Demoisey. Robert Tanner, Sherry Tanner, and Rene Demoisey are great-grandchildren. Realizing the need for the preservation of Boone County history, [2] Mr. Yealey began to write articles for the Boone County Recorder, the Walton Advertiser, and the Stringtown Christian under the title of "Early History of Boone County." The response from people who had once lived in Boone County was beyond expectations and to further the knowledge of the history of the area the Boone County Historical Society was formed. Mr. Yealey is the Historian of the society. He took pride in Florence and served as its mayor on four different occasions. During his first term of office, in 1908, the city's first sidewalks were laid on Main, Shelby, and Girard streets. His church membership is at the Unionville, Ohio, Methodist Church which he helped to build during 1893. Now, in 1959, Mr. Yealey is eighty-six years of age. He has taught school forty-one years. He is a very spry man and still writes on Boone County history for the local newspapers. EARLY VISITORS George the II, was king of England from 1727 to 1760. In the year of 1750 he issued a patent of 500,000 acres of land to the Ohio Company, which was composed of four prominent Englishmen and several Virginians. This land was in the Ohio Valley and the Ohio Company gave Christopher Gist and Mr. Lawrence Washington (a brother of George Washington) instructions to explore along the Ohio River and find a place that would consist of the above number of acres of land. Gist and Washington crossed the Alleghany Mountains to the Ohio River and descended to where Portsmouth is now situated. While here he met two French traders who had been at Big Bone Lick, and his diary states that they gave him a jaw-tooth over 4 pounds in weight, several rib bones 11 feet long and a skull 6 feet across, and several teeth called horns over 5 feet long. They also gave Gist a very good location of the place where they found the bones, stating that it was 20 miles below the mouth of the Big Miami River and up a small stream that flowed into the Ohio from the south, and that it had been six years since they had been there which would have made their visit to Big Bone Lick in 1774. We have no account of Gist ever having visited this place. Our next visitor was Mrs. Mary Ingles who, in 1758, with her two boys, her sister-in-law Mrs. Draper, and others, were taken prisoners by the Shawnee Indians from her home in what is now West Virginia. They [3] were taken down the Ohio in flatboats and on reaching the Shawnee town (Portsmouth) she was separated from her boys and Mrs. Draper. While the Indians were making salt at Big Bone Mrs. Ingles and the Dutch woman decided to escape, and under pretense of gathering grapes, they left. After 40 days of untold hardships they reached home. One of the boys died while captive among the Indians. The other was found by the father after 13 years of separation. Mrs. Ingles died in 1813, aged 84 years. THE FIRST BATTLE Gen. Rogers Clark in 1781 ordered Col. Lochrey of Pennsylvania to raise a company of men and assist him in an expedition against Detroit. Col. Lochrey raised a force of 120 men and was to meet Gen. Clark at Fort Henry (Wheeling W. Va.). When Lochrey reached this fort he found that Gen. Clark had already passed down the Ohio. Lochrey dispatched Captain Shannon with four men to overtake Clark and obtain supplies. These four men were captured (also letters from Lochrey to Clark) near Belleview. They were so placed on the Indiana shore at the head of Lochrey's island that any one passing up or down the river could see them. The Indians, about 400 in number, 200 on the Boone county side of the river and the rest on the Indiana side awaited the arrival of Col. Lochrey and his troop. Before reaching the island the troops made a landing on the Boone county side opposite Lochrey's creek to prepare a meal and graze the horses. While here they were attacked by the Indians on the Kentucky side, the troops defending themselves until their ammunition was exhausted when they took their boats, then the Indians on the Indiana side rushed out on a sand bar and deadly conflict ensued, rifle balls were coming from both sides of the river, further resistance was useless, and they were compelled to surrender. Col. Lochrey was massacred and 42 of his men fell in battle, the rest were taken prisoners, most of whom were ransomed by British officers, in 1783 and exchanged for British soldiers captured during the Revolutionary war. If the reader should chance to be at Aurora, Indiana, it will be of interest to visit the cemetery about three-fourths of a mile west of the town, there you will see the monument which was erected August, 1924, in memory of Col. Lochrey and his company that were slain in the above battle. [4] INDIAN WAR During the year 1778 and '79 the Indians from Indiana and Ohio were making frequent incursions into Kentucky, and molesting the settlements that were in existence. Col. Bowman, County Lieutenant of Kentucky County, Virginia, was ordered to prevent this depredation and consequently he ordered four companies to meet where Covington is now located. In April, 1779, Captain Logan, from Logan's Station, arrived with his company of 99 men; Captain Harlin from Harrodsburg with 60 men; Captain John Holder from Boonesborough with 56 men; Captain Wm. Harrod's company of about 60 men. Several of these companies met at Lexington and marched down the west side of the Licking River until they came to the head waters of Bank Lick Creek, where they camped for the night. Then they followed Bank Lick to the mouth of the Licking. Maj. Geo. Michael Bedinger was appointed Adjutant. The men then crossed the Ohio River and were formed into three divisions and placed in marching order by the Adjutant before Col. Bowman. The trail of the Indian was soon found and after two days marching they halted at the Indian town of Old Chillicothe (near the city of Xenia, Ohio). The object of Col Bowman was to surround the village and make a simultaneous attack, but before the companies were able to do this they were detected by an Indian sentinel and the alarm given. The Indian warriors collected in a few of the stronger cabins and kept up a withering fire through the cracks in the huts. The white men set fire to the unprotected cabins and burned about 35, also much spoil was taken such as blankets and kettles from the burning huts. One hundred and thirty-five horses were collected near their village. After an engagement lasting about two hours, the whites had lost seven men and the Red Man had lost their two leaders, Black Fish and Red Hawk. When Col. Bowman found his soldiers were fighting to disadvantage, ha ordered a retreat. The retreating army had reached where Spring Valley, Ohio, is today, when the Indians began to press hard upon the rear and continued with a scattering fire for the next ten miles, until Adjutant Gen. Bedinger, with about 100 men on horseback rushed on the Indian ranks and they retreated. Although the Indians were not completely subdued, their engagement taught them a lesson for a short time. [5] MAJOR BUSH'S CAMPAIGN Major John Bush was one of Boone County's pioneer citizens and lived in the North Bend bottoms and at that time it was called Campbell County. He was one of the County Court Justices and took a very prominent part in the warfare against Indians and volunteered in the expedition of General Harman. In 1790 he crossed the river to Cincinnati and left with the army that had congregated there for the purpose of chastising the Indians who had been disturbing the settlements in Northern Kentucky and the southern part of Ohio and Indiana. They followed the Big Miami and when they reached Piqua and St. Mary they encountered the Indians and a two-day battle took place. Major Bush says the first day he had charge of 20 men, the advance guard of the army, and had orders to fire on any force he encountered and if the number were ten thousand it was his duty to charge through them and form at their back. Bush further says that his detachment was drawn into ambuscade with a loss of one-third their number and his superior officer was killed and when he tried to retrieve the body his sword was shot from his hand and a ball pierced his cheek. The army having been defeated returned home. Mr. Bush was very prominent and as an inducement to come to Cincinnati, he was offered a lot at the corner of Main and Front Street 100 feet by 200 feet for the sum of $100. This was in 1793 and when our county was organized in 1798 he was offered 200 aces of land at the intersection of the Licking River and Ohio for the sum of $200 but he refused the offer stating "I would rather live in the North Bend Bottoms in Boone County." Orders were given to retreat and the horsemen were directed to ride as far as they could with safety to the rear and bring up the men who were given out. During this maneuver his horse got mired in the mud with another man on the horse with him. When he had him to dismount, two Indians suddenly appeared and took him captive. He then dismounted and started running. He was fired upon and the noise from the discharge of the gun scared the horse so badly that it caused it to free itself. When the horse passed by him, it was regained and mounted. [6] BOWMAN'S CAMPAIGN No better description of Bowman's campaign could be given than that by the Adjutant General, George M. Bedinger. Dr. Draper says he obtained this information from the lips of Geo. M. Bedinger. We left Sheperdstown March 1, 1776. There were 12 of us including myself, working our way to Boonesboro by way of Powell's Valley and Cumberland Gap until we came to the Boone Trail, which we followed to Boonesboro. While here Capt. John Holder was organizing a company (In connection with the Logans Station and Harrods stations) to make a raid on the Indian settlements at Old Chillicothe, Ohio, stating that they were to meet at the mouth of the Licking and reorganize. Col. John Bowman was County Lieutenant of Kentucky County, Virginia, at this time and had command of all the companies. Mr. Bedinger says their company followed the valley of the Licking River until they came to Bank Lick stream, which they followed until they reached the place where Covington is now situated. Mr. Bedinger had never met Col. Bowman and he was introduced to him by Capt. Holder as a man of considerable experience in Indian war-fare and he was appointed Adjutant General. He says they crossed the Ohio River and followed the Little Miami River to the Indian village (near where Xenia is now located) unobserved by the Indians, Logan's forces on the left of the village. Harrod's on the right and Holder's in front of the town, in the high grass. AH was quiet until midnight when in Indian who had been hunting came upon Holder's company and said "Who is there?" A man by the name of Ross shot him and he gave a loud yell. The noise of the rifle shot alarmed the dogs and they began to bark. The Indians were aroused and fled to the large council house in the center of the village. Holder's men lay still until 8 or 10 of the Indians approached. When they cocked their rifles the Indians retreated and the men fired and wounded several of them. At this point Harrod's and Logan's men ran into the town and shots were exchanged but most of the men were busy setting fire to the cabins and collecting spoils, such as silver ornaments, blankets, and guns. An attempt was made to storm the council house but the Indians fired through the cracks. Black Fish and Red Hawk urged their men saying, "Remember you are warriors. Your invaders are Kentucky squaws. You can conquer [7] them." Then they all would cry: "Ye-awe, ye-awe, ye-awe." After about 35 cabins had been burned the soldiers began to hunt the horses out-side the town and corralled 135. Mr. Bedinger and 15 other men screened themselves behind a large oak log, about 50 yards from the council house and expected a vigorous attack would be made at day-light against this fortification, but this was doomed as Col. Bowman had given the signal to retreat. Mr. Bedinger says, at 9 o'clock, 7 men behind the logs had been killed and he ordered the rest to put their hats on sticks and raise them above the logs and draw the Indian fire and before they could reload they made their escape but were followed and were continually harassed from the rear. When Major Bedingar called for men who had fought with Morgan at Quebec and they responded and a rush was made upon the Indians. Black Fish and Red Hawk were singled out and both were killed. The Indians then retreated and the soldiers retreated to the mouth of the Licking where they divided the spoils and each company returned to their settlement. It is believed that they met at a spring on Horse Branch Creek to care for the wounded and to divide the horses and other items captured from the Indians. FORMATION OF COUNTIES We shall now give you a brief history of the formation of some of the early counties, and by so doing the reader will readily see that many events took place in what is now Boone County while it was under the jurisdiction of another County. In fact from 1800 to 1870 nearly every time the legislature met they organized one or more counties. When Kentucky was admitted as a state there were only nine counties. During 1778 a part of Fincastle County, Virginia, was cut off and called Kentucky county and in 1780 Kentucky county was divided into three parts, viz: Jefferson, Lincoln, and Fayette. In 1785, Bourbon was organized out of Fayette. In 1788 Mason was organized out of Bourbon and Woodford out of Fayette. During 1792 Scott was organized out of Woodford and in 1793 Harrison County out of Scott and Woodford During 1794 Campbell County was organized out of Harrison, Scott and Mason and in 1798 Boone County was established out of Campbell. No further changes were made in this horseshoe bend in the Ohio river until 1840 when Kenton County was organized out of Campbell. So we [8] can readily see that all events that took place in Boone after 1794 to 1798 or in Kenton prior to 1840 were Campbell County events. The first courts of Campbell County which in 1794 included Boone and Kenton were held at Wilmington on the Licking River but in 1795 it was moved to Newport. Boone and Kenton had representatives in the County Court. Mr. John Bush from the North Bend bottom represented this section of Campbell County. In 1789 Gen. Harmer sent Captains Strong and Kearsey to procure food for the soldiers that ware stationed at Fort Washington to protect the settlement, they having been without food and were ready to abandon their post if not supplied at once. Mr. John S. Wallace who was a trader and lived close by the Fort selected a Mr. John Dement and John Drennon to go with him down the Ohio River. After reaching Big Boone Creek they secreted their canoe in the mouth of this stream and in a few days had killed deer, bear, and buffalo enough to last the garrison of 70 men until provisions had arrived from Pittsburg. So we see this happened nine years before Boone County was organized, but it took place on what isnow Boone County soil. DESCRIPTION The previous articles that have appeared on the early history of Boone County applied to it before it became organized as a county, in fact before the state of Kentucky was separated from Virginia. Perhaps it would be well here to have the reader understand that the people of Kentucky County, Virginia, in 1784 called a convention at Danville and discussed the separation from Virginia, and after eight different conventions had been called extending over a period of five years, Virginia passed an act December 1, 1789 agreeing to a separation. A ninth convention was called by the people of Kentucky county and the act of Virginia was accepted July 26, 1790, which fixed June 1, 1792, as the date Kentucky was to be admitted as a State, "never having been a territory of the Federal Government." In order to bring government nearer its people the state began the organization of the counties and in 1798 Boone county, the 30th, was organized out of the western part of Campbell county and in honor of Daniel Boone "the old pioneer." Our county has an average length of about 20 miles and an average width of 15 miles and is bounded on the East by Kenton county, [9] on the South by Grant and Gallatin counties and on the North and West by the Ohio river which flows along its border for about 40 miles. The county as a whole would be classed as generally hilly, but in the main it is nearly all tillable, the river bottoms for a distance of forty miles are exceedingly productive and the hill land produces fine tobacco and pasture, while fruit growing is taking a great step forward as shown by the two-day fruit course and apple show at Covington, Kentucky, November 21, and 22, 1924. Boone county has no very large streams, yet we find Gunpowder, Big Bone, Mud Lick, Woopler and Middle creek often inquired for by some city folks in the hope of passing a quiet day along their banks. When our country was organized in 1798 the population consisted of 1400 persons and its first State Senator was Squire Grant, and the first State Representative was William Arnold. ROADS AND MAIL SERVICE It has been 126 years since Florence was named and incorporated as a village, with a population of 63. The Covington and Lexington Roadway at that time was a dirt road. Taverns and all means of stopping places were being built along this roadway, this called for improvement in the building of roads. The state, in 1830, began to take active part in the road improvement. By 1835 the Lexington-Covington turnpike had been completed from Covington to Florence, a distance of about 10 miles and 15 miles North of Lexington, that left about 50 miles. 20 miles farther North had been graded, but no stone or gravel was placed upon it. This left about one half distance ungraded through which the stage coach had to plow between Cincinnati and Lexington. Transporting the mail was often delayed two or three days, due to the bad condition of the road. Remember Florence had a daily mail service beginning April 27, 1830. The coach that transported this mail proceeded to Lexington. It would arrive in Cincinnati every morning at 7 A.M. and depart at 10 A.M. The horses that were used to draw these coaches were generally given a rest and others substituted at Florence or Williamstown until the return trip was made. We also had a mail route to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, by way of Burlington 3 times a week, at 9 A.M. on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. [10] It left Lawrenceburg, by way of Burlington to Cincinnati, 10 A.M. on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. I find a clipping in the Western Statesmen, 1831, from James W. Hunter, Post Master at Lawrenceburg stating that a stage line had been established from Lawrenceburg to Cincinnati, leaving Lawrenceburg at 6 A.M. Monday, Wednesday and Friday and leaving Cincinnati Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday arriving at Lawrenceburg at 1 P.M., from this we assume that this mail route by horse back by way of Burlington to Lawrenceburg was discontinued about 1831. Cincinnati has always been the terminal of our mail service and her first Post Office was established in 1793. The first Postmaster was Abner Dunn, who held the office until his death in 1795, when Daniel Mayo assumed the office a short time after September 1795. W. Maxwell became the third Postmaster and was succeeded by William Ruffin. He was appointed by George Washington in 1796, held office until he resigned in 1814. On January 29, 1830, the state made its first appropriation in conjunction with individual stock holders. The road was completed by 1838. Toll gates were erected at convenient places, mainly at cross roads for the purpose of paying the up-keep of the roads. Two of these toll gate houses were built between Florence and Walton. They are still in existence, being removed to different locations and made into residences or places of business. ROAD BUILDING When Kentucky was admitted as a state in, 1792, the question of internal improvement became the great issue and a better and more rapid way of transportation was undertaken by trying to find the ways and means of building roads. We should remember that the same laws that applied to Virginia during a short period applied to Kentucky. In 1797 an act was passed for the opening of new roads and surveyors were appointed by the courts to survey routes over which roads could be constructed and all male laboring persons over 16 years of age were required to work the roads, except those who were masters of two or more slaves over said age or be fined $1.25 per day for each day's absence or neglect to work. The surveyors were ordered, also, to make these roads out of stone, timber, or earth and to receive their pay from each county levy of taxes as the law provided. [11] In March, 1797, Joseph Crockett was appointed to make a turn-pike leading from Crab Orchard and intersect with the trail that led from Madison Court House to Cumberland Gap. He completed this road and it was farmed out to the highest bidder. Robert Craig was the successful bidder on this road, and established a toll gate on the road and collected toll as follows: for every person except Post Riders, expresses, women and children under the age of ten years, 12 ½ cents. Every horse, two wheel carriage, cattle 4 per head. All surplus funds were to belong to the keeper of the toll road for keeping the same passable. This road was made of earth and graded 15 to 18 feet wide. This was the beginning of road building in our state and on February 4th, 1817, the legislature passed an act for the purpose of forming artificial roads. On February 8th, 1819, a Charter was granted to a stock company to build an artificial stone road from Georgetown to Cincinnati. This road was to follow the same course as the Dixie Highway but the U.S. Government was at that time building a National Highway west from Baltimore and the Legislature of Kentucky by a resolution February 3rd, 1828, recommended to Congress to extend a branch from Zanesville, Ohio, down through Kentucky, but it appears that when it came to a vote a Kentucky senator voted against this proposition and all senators from the Southern States did likewise. After this measure was lost the State then became more active and began to make appropriations on condition that the State would contribute $1.00 every time the subscriber and stockholder contributed $30.00 for the purpose of building a McAdamized road and by 1837 the State had spent $26,000 on the road from Covington to Williamstown, a distance of 37 miles, and when it was completed to Lexington, 85 miles, it had cost the State around $170,000 besides what the stockholders paid and subscriptions. This road was built of broken stone and spread 9 to 10 inches deep and the roadway was graded 20 to 50 feet wide and the stone laid 16 to 20 feet wide. Toll gates were built at convenient places, and it became the most traveled road in the State and paid the best dividend (4%) of any road in the State. About 12 miles of this road lies in Boone county. When the auto appeared these toll roads charged 20 cents a mile for a motor driven machine, this had a tendency to keep the auto off the roads as the horse and buggy days were here and the horses became frightened and caused many accidents. Think of it, $2.40 for a round trip from Florence to Burlington! [12] BOONE COUNTY FIRSTS The first white man to visit Boone County was M. Longuiel who was at Big Bone Lick in 1739. The first white woman in Boone County was Mrs. Mary Ingles at Big Bone Lick, 1756. The first settlement was Tanner's Station (Petersburg) in 1789. The first white child born was Polly Ann Ryle in 1790 The first white child born after the county was organized was John Underhill, 1798. The first survey was made by Thomas Bullitt in 1773 at Big Bone Lick and the second survey was made by John Floyd in 1774. The first state senator was Squire Grant, 1801. The first representative was William Arnold, 1801. The first Baptist church was organized at Bullittsburg in 1794. The first census of Boone County was taken by the U. S. Government in 1800 — population 1534. The first salt manufactured in Boone County was by the Indians at Big Bone Lick. The first salt made by white men was in 1812 at Big Bone Lick. The first shoemaker, Wm. Underhill, was at Taylorsport in 1790. The first run-away slaves ever advertised were in 1794. A reward of $15 was offered. The first Baptist preacher was John Tanner 1789 — the second was Lewis Dewees in 1792. The first agricultural fair in Boone County was held at Florence in 1855. The first prisoner ever captured by the Indians was John Tanner in 1790, age 9 years. This boy lived with the Indians for 28 years after his capture. The first town to be incorporated was Burlington in 1824. Aaron Burr made his first trip through Florence in 1805 and his second trip in 1806. General LaFayette and his son, Col. Geo. Washington LaFayette, passed the night at Florence in 1826. The writer of this article has a fifty cent coin that was issued by the Mint in 1820 that the General used to pay part of his lodging. The first school term established in Boone County consisted of 3 months — 1838. [13] In 1869 the school term was extended to five months. The first Lutheran Church was organized in 1807. The first Lutheran preacher was William Carpenter who came in 1813. The first Christian Church was at Florence in 1835. The original building burned and was replaced in 1842 by the brick building which still stands. The first Methodist Church was organized in 1842 and Reverend Gilby was the first minister. The coldest day in Boone County from 1818 to 1870 was January 19, 1857, when the temperature fell to 24 1/2 degrees below zero. The hottest day from 1818 to 1870 was September 3, 1854 when the temperature soared to 102 degrees. Also on August 14, 1870 the temperature rose to 102. The first railroad (a short line) was from Covington to Louisville and was built in 1869. The first serious accident on the short line railroad was near Verona. A train fell through an iron bridge killing 2 and wounding 53 in 1872. The first horse to bring fame to Boone County was Purity, bred by L. A. Loder. The first law enacted to allow Boone County to levy a tax to purchase tools to be used on public roads was in 1822. The first charter granted to build the road from Georgetown to Cincinnati was in 1861 — this is known as Dixie Highway. According to John Uri Lloyd, the only time the Confederate Flag ever flew over the State Capital building at Frankfort, it was hung there by Felix Moses. He was a Jew peddler who traded in Boone County for many years. REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS It is a credit to the State of Kentucky to know that she owed her intellectual development to the fact that at the close of the Revolutionary war, in 1781, many of her officers and soldiers from Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland sought homes in Kentucky. At least three thousand of these brave men came to our State. It is difficult to trace them as the pension records only have names of the wounded and invalid. Many refused aid from the Government they had [14] helped make free and many died or were killed by Indians during the period from 1781 to 1798, when Boone county was organized, or 1840 when Kenton county was organized. The writer has searched old records and will vouch for these men who served in the Revolutionary War. Boone County: Joseph Barlow, William Brady, Jacob Brennon, Peter Brumback, John H. Craig, Daniel Goff, Richard Huebell, Cave Johnson, A. Ross, John Brown, Hugh Steers, John Tomlinson, Geo. West, Jerusha Alexander. Kenton County: Joseph Casey, Stephen Collins, John Ducker John Keen, Edmund Massey, Wm. Worthington, Nancy McGlasson. No doubt there are several more but our ancestors are dead. We failed to get this information while they lived and very few records are now available. EARLY CURRENCY PROBLEMS The early settlers of Boone county experienced difficulty in making change with currency. In the early times, skins of raccoons, minks and other animals were used for currency. When our first settler came they brought a small supply with them. Most of this was silver coin, this was the Spanish milled dollar and it failed to relieve the small change short age. Mr. Tanner, in his 1816 shop book, states that these silver dollars were laid on the anvil and cut into four equal parts or quarters, worth twenty-five cents each. Very often it would be cut into eight equal parts and when so cut this money was called "sharp skins" because of its wedge shape. If the change was less than 12i cents the storekeeper generally gave pins, pencils, or needles as change. During the period of 1816 Mr. David Thomas, a scientist traveled through Boone County and this is what he says, "In this district, cut money is very common, if change cannot be made, the chisel and mallet are introduced, but there is a speculation even in the business, for one fifth is often palmed on the traveler for a quarter. This invention is supposed to be of Kentucky origin and was probably caused by necessity. "In this country, so far as we can discover, the banks have done nothing to accommodate the people with change." The writer has found that the milled dollar was often cut into five quarters or ten eights. This practice was justified on the grounds that a person should be paid expense of coinage. [15] A Mr. John Bartle conducted two large stores, one in Cincinnati and one in Newport Ha became exasperated at the wedge-shaped coins and had them barreled aid shipped by water to Pittsburgh, then by wagon to Philadelphia. There the first mint was located and had all these sharp-skin pieces re-coined. He also had the mint officials send him several barrels ofthose large pennies, which are dated 1824-1825, some earlier and some later than these dates. A number of Boone County people have them as keepsakes. It seems that Mr. Bartle got the jump on other store keepers and they thought of mobbing him at one time, but finally concluded to barrel their own and have them re-coined. The writer of this article has in his possession twenty large pennies and several two-cent pieces, a fifty-cent dated 1820, and another dated 1826. There came a time in 1873 that all specie payments were suspended and all silver change disappeared and paper money (shin-plasters) in amounts of less than one dollar were issued by cities, towns, and villages. There being so many different varieties and backed by different people, the exigencies of the Civil War of 1862 demanded a substitute for the retired silver change and the government of the U.S. issued fractional currency. The writer of this article has two of these and they are also called "shin-plasters." This fractional currency was issued in March 1863 and on the back we find inscribed the following: "This note is exchangeable for United States Notes by the Assistant Treasurer and designated depositories of the United States." This act of the government gave this currency uniformity of value, freedom of circulation and a certainty of redemption of the larger national currency, the legal tender and national bank notes. There were very few banks for the Boone County settlers to patronize. The nearest one was a private and only temporary one established in Covington in 1821 by Benjamin W. Leathers in connection with his store. This bank was organized when fractional currency was called for. Mr. Leathers issued his own promise to pay or "shin-plaster" in denominations of 6 ¼, 12 ½, 25 and 50 cents. This seemed to have helped, but the day of redemption came, and Mr. Leathers took them in like an honest banker. He threw them in a large fireplace, little realizing that a strong wind carried them up the flue, and deposited them in the street in front of his store where people picked them up and had them cashed the second time. [16] Finding his assets nearly exhausted, he found the wind caused all the "shin-piasters" to go up the flue- He then got an old trunk and deposited all "shin-plasters" there-in, and took them to the Beechwood Farm where under his watchful eye he could see the flames of fire consume them. FROM CINCINNATI NEWSPAPERS, 1813 Col. Johnson's big bull dog got mashed to death in John Houston's wolf trap. Col. Sebree and John Hornsby, who took a flat boat load of pork to New Orleans, have returned. They gave a thrilling account of their return afoot through the Indian country. They came through Nashville, Tennessee, and report Gen. Jackson raising a large army to meet the British at New Orleans. Col. John J. Flournoy, who lives in the big house in Petersburg, received a clock from Philadelphia two or three weeks ago, the first one in Boone County. People from far and near go to see the wonderful machine. Mrs. Parker's black man Jack, went to see it Sunday, and when he returned home he said he heard it strike seventeen times and still kept on clocking. Our women are busy with spinning wheels and looms, making material to clothe the soldiers under Gen. Harrison and Dick Johnson. Robert Mosby and Mary Spangler were married during the holidays. The bride was handsomely attired in a linsey dress of her own making, from the spinning wheel up. The groom looked every inch a man in his regulation suit of brown jeans. Robert Kirtley, the youthful pastor of Bullittsburg Church, performed the ceremony. Kittlehead John Grant returned lately from the army near the Great Lakes, where he was shot in the knee by an Indian and disabled for further duty. The keel boat Christopher Columbus, passed up from New Orleans to Pittsburgh last week, heavily loaded with sugar and molasses, 57 days out. It took three hours of hard pulling and cussing to get her through the swift water in front of Laughery bar. Bears have been very destructive on hogs this winter. They raid somebody's hog pen almost nightly. While Sam Johnson was breaking flax, the brush took fire and destroyed nearly everything around. Expectation has been on tip-toe for some time on account of a report that a steam-boat would pass down the river on its way from Pittsburgh to New Orleans. [17] RABBIT HASH From old Kentucky history books, old papers, private diaries of men who explored the river front of Boone County I gain the following information: During 1816 Mr. Meeks conducted a ferry across the Ohio river to what is now Rising Sun, Indiana. During the period between 1816 and 1840 a great number of salt agents and fur agents traveled the route from Cincinnati by way of Rising Sun, crossing the Ohio river at Meeks' ferry. It so happened that two of these agents going in opposite directions met at the landing on the Indiana shore when one remarked, "Can you get anything to eat at Meeks' ferry?" The other replied, "Yes, plenty [of] rabbit hash." It was at this time that the Ohio river was just receding from flood water that had driven all the rabbits from the lowlands to the hillsides where they were killed in great numbers and used as food called "rabbit hash." Rabbit Hash lost its name for a short period of time. In 1879 shefelt big enough to ask Uncle Sam to let her have a Post Office as ail other places in Boone County had one and why not she? So Uncle Sam granted her a Post Office on January 3, 1879, it was called Carlton, with Mrs. Elizabeth C. Kennon as Postmaster. Where there is a cause there is surely an effect and no Rabbit Hasher or Carltonians received any mail. What was the cause? One man found the cause when lingering in Carrollton, Carroll County, Ky. and Uncle Sam advised a change of name in the Post Office and on the twelfth day of March, 1879, Uncle Sam had its baptismal name restored (Rabbit Hash) as a Post Office and it has retained this name to the present time. When the rural routes became popular about 1912 Uncle Sam discontinued the post office. The name Rabbit Hash will be here as long as Bunny exists. He still knows his way to the hillsidewhen the floods come. HOPEFUL LUTHERAN CHURCH Do you know the third oldest church in Boone County was erected at Hopeful in 1807 and if the building industry keeps going westerly as it has during the past four years, there is reason to believe that this territory which was a wilderness 150 years ago will become a part of the city of Florence in the not too-distant future. [18] What was here in 1807? Just a little log church and five log houses to accommodate a colony of religious home seekers that wished to worship God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and clear the forests and make the land tillable so that they and their children would have a future home We have past evidence that they did their part well. !n 1813 they employed Rev- William Carpenter as a regular pastor and in 1823 the congregation had so grown in numbers that a new and larger log church was built. Their minister, Rev. Carpenter, passed away in 1833. The Rev. Jacob Crigler of Berlin, Pa. was called and became their pastor and remained there until 1842. It was during his time, 1837, that a brick church was erected. It continued to be used as a place of worship until 1917, when the f. resent church building was completed. In searching over our records we find that Rev. Crigler was a faithful, progressive pastor. He was heartily in favor of preaching his sermons in English instead of German; although he formerly lived in the state of Pennsylvania, a state opposed to slavery, when he came here he purchased a slave woman named Tina for the sum of $180, on the 30th day of December, 1839. This slave had previously belonged to Joseph Kendrick and Jacob Clarkson. Rev. Crigler after leaving Hopeful in 1842 went to Ohio and organized several Lutheran churches. He returned in 1845 to his farm near Hopeful, where he died in 1847. RYLE FAMILY During the autumn of 1790 two brothers, James and John Ryle with their families, a sister and a colored slave left North Carolina for Boone County, following the Daniel Boone trail. James, Jr., age 9, a son of James Ryle, rode on a horse all the way behind the colored slave. They arrived at Tanner's Station, (Petersburg) in his fort, and while there a daughter was born to James Ryle and wife, (Polly Ann Ryle) undoubtedly the first while child born in Boone county. When she became grown she married William Presser, and was the mother of the late Hogan Presser. In the spring of 1791 they left the fort at Petersburg and located near the mouth of Middle Creek, where they remained for about two years, but the land being swampy they contracted fever and were compelled to seek higher ground, purchasing from the government a [19] great number of acres of hill land near Waterloo and Belleview at a low cost of 72 ½₵ per acre. A great part of this land is still in possession of the Ryle family. As a whole all the former immigrants to Boone County were religious, the Ryle's united with the Buliittsburg Baptist church walking a distance of 14 miles to their church on Sunday, taking their dinner with them. This church was their place of worship until 1803, when the settlers along Middle Creek erected for themselves the old Middle Creek Baptist church. (Now called the Belleview Baptist church). A few of the settlers of Middle Creek in addition to the Ryle's were the Hogan's, Porter's, Presser's, Campbell's, and John Marshall who had fought in the French and Indian wars and died at the ripe old age of 91 years. LEONARD STEPHENS Leonard Stephens was the younger of two boys and was born in Orange Co., Va., March 10th, 1791 and died in Boone County, Ky. March 8, 1873. With the aid of his father and brother John, he erected a fine colonial mansion on the Richardson pike not far from the Boone County line and at that time the residence was in Campbell county, as Kenton county was not organized until 1840. When Mr. Stephens came here with his father in 1807 there was no Williamstown, Dry Ridge, Walton or Florence. Cincinnati had two brick buildings, two frame buildings and a few log cabins. Burlington had a log court house, a log jail and a few cabins. Where Covington is now located we find that Thomas Kennedy had a stone residence at what is now Second and Garrard Streets. Mr. Kennedy also operated the ferry across the Ohio River and transferred the soldiers who took part in the Indian raids. His craft consisted of row boats for foot passengers and the cost per person was 12 cents. For carrying horses across he used large flat boats controlled by oars. In 1823 when the side wheel or treadle came into use, this mode of transportation was used until 1833, when steam ferry boats were used. This was the best crossing for travel of the inhabitants over the Ridge Road for the central part of the State. Mr. Stephens represented Campbell County in the lower House of the General Assembly from 1823 to 1826 and the counties of Campbell and Boone from 1829 to 1833 in the Senate. [20] Mr. Stephens built his large brick home on the Richardson Pike with the assistance of his father and brother The bricks were made by them and this mansion was the high spot for Northern Kentucky politicians, who met with him in his mansion, then off to Big Bone Springs where the candidates for office would plan the strategy that was needed to become an orifice holder for the county or state. Big Bone Springs from 1815 up to 1845 was one of the best watering places and health resorts west of the Alleghany Mountains, an ideal place at the Clay Hotel (named forHenry Clay) for Mr. Stephens, who was always deeply engrossed in politics. When Kenton County was organized in 1840 he became the first high sheriff, he held the office of Justice of the Peace of Campbell County in 1839. Mr. Stephens was a member of the old Dry Creek Baptist Church and took an active part in the proceedings of the Association, which was held there September 25 and 26, 1819. During April, 1855, letters of dismission were given to D. M. Scott, Benjamin Dulaney, Leonard Stephens, Henry Snyder, Sally Snyder, Polly Scott, and Louisiana Finch for the purpose of constituting a Church at Florence. We find later during the year 1855 seven others were dismissed in order that they might be received on application to the Florence Baptist Church. The names of the messengers that requested admittance into the Association were Leonard Stephens and D. M.Scott. We further find that Mr. Stephens continued to represent the Florence Baptist Church as a Messenger to all the Baptist Association meetings until 1861 Mr. Stephens died March 8, 1873 (aged 82). He was laid at rest in a family cemetery near the colonial residence he built. The residence is now gone and a brick bungalow adorns the site. FIGHTING NEAR FLORENCE During the Civil War, great excitement was caused in Boone County when Gen. Kirby Smith marched his army in and around Lexington. Brig. Gen. Henry Heath with 5000 veteran Confederate troops from Gen. Smith's army was camped at Corinth and several companies had reached Snow's pond near Walton, thus threatening the three cities of Cincinnati, Covington and Newport. Had Gen. Heath moved immediately upon these cities no doubt he could have captured them, but he was prevented by orders from Gen. Smith who held until Gen. Bragg, who had the main army and [21] was at the present time at Paris gave orders to move and Gen. Bragg failed to send such orders. In the meantime the people of Cincinnati were alert. Business houses closed and nearly all business suspended. All male citizens, ministers of the gospel, old men, were forced into military service and drilling these undisciplined men was begun. Large earthworks were thrown up at Ft. Mitchell and at Ft. Perry in order to protect these three cities. Gen. Lew Wallace was in command of all the forces around Cincinnati, September 15, 1862, his pickets encountered the Confederate advance guard at Florence, where an engagement took place between these two forces, and one man was killed. The Confederates fell back as far as Walton. A skirmish took place near here and one company of Union soldiers was captured and the regiment put to flight, retreating back to the entrenchments south of Covington. Gen. Wallace then ordered several regiments to proceed out the Covington and Lexington Turnpike and when they arrived near Walton Gen. Basil W. Duke, with a regiment of Morgan's Confederate Calvary hastened up the Ohio River in order to make a crossing and threaten Cincinnati from the East, thus expecting to draw back the Union soldiers which were near Walton. The Union officers immediately sent two gunboats, the Belfast and Allen Collier to prevent this crossing, but the Confederates had howitzers and the gunboats fled down the river and out of range of the cannon fire. A fierce battle was fought near Augusta, in which 125 home guards fought so bravely that Gen. Duke after losing 21 killed and 18 wounded fell back towards Brooksville and this ended any further threat by the Confederates. DESTRUCTION OF A MILL The story of the Civil War has been written and many books have been printed. These books cannot be large enough to contain all the incidents of local interest. To many people the community happenings are of most interest. One purpose of the Boone County Historical Society is to record as many of these incidents is can be found. Kentucky tried to remain neutral, but she finally abandoned this position and, being a border state, she soon became a recruiting station and battle ground for both the North and South. We find Boone County men enlisting in the Northern army and in the Confederate army. [22] Sometimes brothers in the same family faced each other in battle. Many slaves escaped or were stolen from their master and transported across the Ohio for enlistment in the U.S. Army. A bounty was offered for such enlistment. Reports indicate that this bounty was seldom collected. All captured slaves were ordered enlisted in Kentucky Regiments by the Provost Marshal of each County. General Stephen Burbridge ordered the arrest of a number of citizens of Boone County because they had been reported as having sympathized with the South. Some were Dr. John Dulaney, Spencer Fish, Henry Terrill, Warren Rogers, Edmond Grant, James T. Grant, Julius Rouse, and George E. Rouse. Mr. Fish will be remembered as owning a great many acres of land west of Shelby street in Florence. At a very early date he formed the Fish Subdivision to the city of Florence. The City Clerk is trying to locate a copy of the plat of this subdivision. He would be glad to know where one can be found. Dr. John Dulaney was a practicing physician with wide practice throughout Boone County during the War. Boone County borders on the Ohio River for about forty miles and since sympathy was divided, information was constantly conveyed to military authorities on both sides. The Federal headquarters at Fort Mitchell received much information concerning actions of southern sympathizers in Boone County. General Lew Wallace, who commanded all of the forces in the area pressed all male citizens into the military services for the defense of Covington, Newport, and Cincinnati. Ministers of the Gospel and old men were not exempt from this service. General Kirby Smith had marched his army in and around Lexington, Brigadier-General Heath, with 5,000 Confederate veterans from Smith's army was encamped at Corinth and several of his companies had reached Snow's Pond near Walton. At that time there were several mills in the country for grinding corn. The soldiers began searching for these mills. Mr. Will Aydelotte told the writer that he was a boy of about ten years of age at the time. As he was helping his father cut wood along the Union-Florence road they saw many wagons drawn by four mules loaded with ground corn and slabs of bacon, on their way to Snow's Pond. General Heath's army was preparing to move as soon as sufficient supplies were on hand. There is no doubt but that General Smith felt that this twenty-mile distance on the Ridge Road was the logical way to advance on Covington, Newport, and Cincinnati. [23] Another means of securing food was from the mill on the farm of Julius Rouse, two and one half miles from Florence on the Burlington Pike. Here the advanced companies of Smith's army received a great many loads of ground corn and wheat. On September 15, 1862, the owners of the mill were arrested on the charge of aiding the Confederates and the officers of General Wallace blew the mill to atoms. In 1902 the writer, while plowing, turned up debris of this mill about 200 yards from where it originally stood. There was but one thought that entered his mind and that was the poem in McGuffey's Fifth Reader entitled "The Battle of Blenheim." In it the grandfather saw his grandson roll something large and round and repeated, "Tis some poor fellow's skull, and when I go to plow, the plow share turns them out." After the day’s work was completed, the mules stabled and fed and supper over, and everyone seated on a wooden bench on the front porch, the writer told his story of what his plow-share had brought up. The owner of the land in 1862 still owned it at the time in 1902. He began the story of the mill, "My father and I owned this mill and did general mill work, both in sawing lumber and grinding corn and wheat until it was blown to atoms on September 15, 1862. We were arrested with several others and taken to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, and put in a prison camp." The above statement suggested a question and answer procedure in an effort to get the details of the destruction of the mill. Here is the story. Question. "Did you grind corn for Smith's army?" Answer. "It was for the soldiers at Snow's Pond." Q. "Where were you when the mill blew up?" A. "I was standing on the back porch under guard and saw the mill go up and debris go in all directions." Q. "What happened after the mill was blown up?" A. The man returned and said, "We want to search your house as we understand you have a gun and pistol in your bedroom." Q. "Did you show any disposition to prevent the search?" A. "No, they seemed to know exactly where the gun and pistol were hidden." Q. "What happened after the search?" A. "They came out on the porch with the gun and pistol." Q. "What happened to the gun and pistol?" A. "One of the men asked me if the gun was loaded." [24] Q. "State what you told him." A. "I told him the gun was not loaded." Q. "What did he then do?" A. "He stepped off the porch and fired it into the air." Q. "What effect did this have on you?" A. "I was wishing all the time that it had been loaded to the end of the barrel." Q. "What was the next procedure?" A. "The officers then went to the barn and saddled a riding horse and had father and myself to accompany them, which we did." Q. "Where did they proceed with you?" A. "On leaving the farm the officers had us to ride ahead of them to the Burlington and Florence Pike, then we followed the pike to Limaburg, and we were held there until two of the officers went beyond Burlington and returned with several men. Then we followed the Limaburg and Hebron road to the farm of (the writer here will blank the name). The officers were treated to a pitcher full of cold water and cake. A lengthy conversation took place, then we moved forward to Hebron. When we reached Hebron we turned left and followed the road towards Petersburg until we reached Bullittsburg where we were halted again, and several officers reconnoitered and came back with several men. Then we began our journey forward and finally crossed the Ohio River and were put in a prison camp near Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Tents were used for sleeping and shelter." Q. "What opinion did you have of a military prison camp?" A. "Well it would do all right but every Sunday visitors came in roaming about and would pull back the flaps of our tents and stare at us as if we were wild animals." Q. "How long were you in the prison camp?" A. "About two weeks and then we were sent to Cincinnati and we sent for an influential citizen who resided at Hebron, Boone County, to come over and he came over and through him we took the oath of allegiance to the U. S. Government and were told then to go home. After the return home an organization was established among a goodly number of these men so that when they became drafted they could pool their money and purchase a substitute. Several of these men were drafted, but evaded service in this way, yet by skillful manipulation substitutes seldom received what was allotted for them. One man, who was treasurer of the above organization, told the writer that he had in his possession oft times as much as $5,000 for the purpose of purchasing substitutes. [25] Note: The mill was on Gunpowder Creek a short distance below where the Florence-Burlington Pike crosses the creek. The bridge there is known as the George Rouse bridge. LARKIN VAUGHN KILLED We had the opportunity to have a chat with William Aydelotte, a man that was born in Florence on September 14, 1851. Although old in years, Mr. Aydelotte's mind is keen and he can give much information in reference to Boone County, as we can readily see that he was ten years old when the Civil War broke out and remembers quite well that he and his father were cutting wood on the Union pike, when a company of Union soldiers were retreating back toward Ft. Mitchell, and in trying to cover their retreat kept firing along the Lexington pike. At the junction of Shelby Street and the Lexington pike Larkin Vaughn was shot and died as he was being carried to a nearby house. He also stated that the Confederate soldiers did not attempt to go any farther than the intersection of the Union pike with the Lexington pike, then wheeled to the left and went out the Union pike with a dozen wagons. In about three hours they returned with their vehicles loaded with ground corn and wheat and a great number of sides of bacon. The camp was located at Snow's pond near Walton. FIRST HOUSE The first house built in Florence was opposite the school at the junction of Oblique and Center Streets. The writer has a record of the boy who lived in this house during the Civil War and helped carry Larkin Vaughn from the junction of Shelby and Main Streets when he was shot by a stray bullet from the advance guard of Gen. Wallace's army stationed at Ft. Mitchell. After the Civil War was over John Latham purchased this house and moved it to the corner of Oblique Street and Burlington Pike, when it was used as a barn. It was later torn down. [26] BIG BONE LICK From 1754 to 1763 the colonies hesitated to follow up their explorations in the Ohio Valley on account of the French and Indian war, but at its close we find Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia still encouraging the settlement of this vast territory. Col. Geo. Croghan, an Indian agent, in 1765 visited Big Bone Lick and encamped there. Eight years later Virginia sent the following company of men: Thomas Bullit, Hancock Taylor, Robert McAfee, Simon Kenton, and James Douglas. We are indebted to Mr. Douglas for the records he kept of what he saw at Big Bone Lick. He says, "The Lick constituted about 10 acres, bare of trees, no herbage of any kind, three flowing springs whose waters would produce one bushel of salt to every 550 gallons of water, also a large number bones so large and long that he used the ribs for tent poles." There have been four collections of these bones. The first collection was made in 1803 by Dr. Goforth who sent it to England where it was divided into three parts, viz: One part to the Royal College of Surgeons in London, one part to Dublin, Ireland, and the other to Edenburgh, Scotland. The second collection was made by order of President Jefferson in 1805, this collection was divided between the America Philosophical Society and the French Naturalist, Mr. Cuvier. The third collection, 1819, by the Western Museum Society. The fourth in 1831 by Mr. Finnell, who sold the same for $2,000 to a Mr. Graves, who resold to a firm in New York, for $5,000. It has been estimated that the bones oi at least 100 mastodons, 25 elephants and other animals were collected in the above four collections. No place in America (except Boone county) can boast of the findings of remains of pre-historic animals as were found in the above four collections. Undoubtedly these animals were in search of salt and as Mr. Douglas says, "The land being marshy they became mired in the mud and died of exhaustion, thus leaving many of their bones in an upright position." [27] BIG BONE LICK The following article was prepared by A. M. Yealey of Florence, after Big Bone was chosen as one of the sites for the proposed State Park. Many interesting historical events are outlined by Mr. Yealey in the following article: Big Bone Lick has long been remembered for its salt springs, the depository of bones of animals of the glacial age in North America and its geographical surroundings. Twenty years ago the writer published articles stating that M. Longueil was the first white man to visit the Lick, 1739. We should know that the French and Indian wars that were fought in the Ohio Valley from 1744 to 1783 prevented settlements in this region, and those that were getting a foothold were attacked and plundered. Robert Smith, a frequent visitor at the Lick lived in the village of Pickwithanny. This hamlet was situated on the Big Miami River near Urbana, Ohio. Mr. Smith was a frequent visitor at the Lick from 1744 to 1751 and was the first person to realize the value of those large bones, and he had transported quite a number of them to the village where he lived when the French and Indians plundered and destroyed the village. There is no doubt that Mr. Smith, being the first visitor that knew these bones would be of great value to the twin sciences, viz. Geology and Paleontology had the choice and selected the best. So we may conclude that the first choice was lost or destroyed. From 1751 to 1780 Big Bone had a great number of visitors. Christopher Gist, who was employed by the Ohio Land Company of Virginia, John Findley a fur trader, Mary Ingles the first white woman in Kentucky, George Croghan, a Kentucky explorer while here collected a great number of bones. During this period Kentucky was a county of Virginia and surveyors were sent to make land surveys. Therefore John Floyd and William Preston, surveyors of Fincastle County, Virginia made the first land grant surveys in 1774. At the close of the French and Indian war the King of England gave the governor of Virginia the power to give grant land to American soldiers who fought for her during the last war against the French. Thomas Jefferson was governor of Virginia during 1779 and 1780, and he made a land grant of 1000 acres to William Christian- This grant included all the springs, being the same tract surveyed by John Floyd in 1774. [28] Mr. Christian did not hold this land very long. In 1780 he sold the same to David Ross, a good friend to Jefferson. Mr. Ross was a real estate operator and held title to about 100,000 acres of land in Ohio and Kentucky. Most all this land was obtained by the purchase of grant lands that were sold by American soldiers, who had received them under the King of England's proclamation. Mr. Rose finally got in debt so much that he was forced to dispose of the Big Bone tract. Therefore in 1806 he sold this tract to Wilson Allen, Edmund Rootes and Jacob Myers, but held possession of it (through the influence of Thomas Jefferson, who then was president of the United States) until 1808. Mr. Ross then gave the president permission to make further search for these bones. The president then ordered Geo. Rogers Clark to have his brother William Clark and Meriwether Lewis, who had just returned from their famous expedition to the Oregon Territory, to employ laborers and collect as many of these bones as possible. After three weeks' work, Mr. Clark shipped three large boxes of bones to Mr. Jefferson by the way of New Orleans. One of these boxes was opened and put on display in the White House, the other boxes were given to the Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and the National Institute of France, in Paris. During the month of August, 1808, Mr. Ross completed his deal with Allen, Rootes and Myers, who became the owners. They did not fancy this wilderness and held the ownership but one year, 1809, and sold the tract to Mr. Colquohoun, who purchased it for the purpose of establishing a salt industry. Salt had been manufactured here since 1756, but the cost was about $4.00 per hundred-weight, which proved too high to be exported. Mr. Colquohoun thought he could reduce the cost of manufacture, and built two fine furnaces and mounted kettles that would hold from 15 gallons of water to one hundred gallons, but all his work w as in vain. He found the great distance over bad roads made it too expensive. Mr. Tanner's shop book shows that he purchased salt on the Cincinnati market in 1812 at a cost of $2.94 per barrel, or about 1 ¼c a pound. This was the end of the salt industry at Big Bone, but the salt industry and the large bones had advertised and made the Springs known for their medical value through Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. A large hotel was built and called the Clay Hotel (named for Henry Clay). From 1815 to 1845 Big Bone was one of the best watering places and health resorts west of the Alleghany Mountains, equipped [29] with a fine hotel, a long row of bath houses, a large open pavillion. Here in the evening we find the Negro slave fiddling the old Virginia reel, while his dancers and audience consist of representatives of the best families in Ohio and Indiana who came by steamboat on the Ohio River, landing at Hamilton, then traveling afoot or by hack to the Spring. But it was different with the bluegrass families. They came in their family coaches with their slave drivers and servants. It was not only a short visit, a great many spent the entire summer here. Mr. Leonard Stephens, who became the first sheriff of Kenton County in 1840 was always deeply engrossed in politics from 1825 to 1845, made it his political domicile and all the politicians over the state would meet him there lo plan the outlook for Northern Kentucky. We have records of the Clays, Breckenridges, Marshalls, Johnsons, and many others who sought his political advice here. The old hotel has disappeared, but another was built about 1870 on a hill above the road north of the springs. This was once very popular but it has been rapidly decaying perhaps today is entirely gone. Boone County was organized in 1798 and we have given you the owners up to 1810. Therefore you should be able to find all owners since then at the court house. EARLY SETTLERS The county being organized, representatives from Virginia began to invade the country for the purpose of seeking suitable places for settlement. We find in 1804 that William Carpenter, a preacher from Madison, Va, made a journey to our county for such a purpose, and on his return home he advised his friends that Boone county was an ideal place, and on October 8th, 1805, Geo. Rouse, Elizabeth Rouse, Jno. House, Milly House, Frederick Zimmerman, Rose Zimmerman, Ephriam Tanner, Susanna Tanner, John Rouse, Nancy Rouse, and Elizabeth Hoffman, packed their belongings in covered wagons, trudging down the Shenandoah Valley until they came to the Holston river, then up that river until they came to the road that Daniel Boone had made, which they followed to Lexington. From there they followed the ridge route or what we call the Dixie Highway, finally locating where the Hopeful church now stands. It is difficult for us to conceive the hardships that were endured by [30] these families in a wilderness of beech forest. Florence had no existence, where Covington is now situated there was one log cabin. Cincinnati had two brick buildings, two frame buildings, and a few log cabins. Burlington had a log court house, a log jail, and a few cabins. These hardy settlers with two utensils, the ax and grub-hoe, felled the trees erected cabins and prepared the soil for cultivation and were so pleased with the results of their labor and the location, that they encouraged John Beemon, Daniel Beemon, Jacob Rouse, Michael Rouse and Simeon Tanner to locate here in 1806. The above families were also a religious people and felt the need of a place to worship God. Therefore Geo. Rouse gave an acre of ground on which to build a church of un-hewn logs. The roof and door were made of clapboards, the floor with puncheons and the seats were made of saplings, there was an opening left at each end for a window, but these were always open for the want of glass. There was no stove no fireplace, and yet they always met for worship during the winter. Mr. Ephriam Tanner seems to have been their leader in the religious worship in absence of a regular minister and without a doubt he must have been a man of strong character and far-reaching influence to have held his flock together until 1813, when Rev. William Carpenter (the man who advised the settlement) moved here and became their first regular pastor. Boys and girls of today, do you realize that the above pioneers are your ancestors, and that several of them fought in the Revolutionary War and witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown? I fear that we are too prone to forget the inconveniences and privations our ancestors endured for our welfare. READING MATERIAL Reading material was very scarce in our County from 1762 to 1799. During that period Cincinnati had two papers, one the Freemans Journal and Cincinnati Sentinel. They were published weekly or monthly according to amount of paper they had, and at the close of 1799 they quit and the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette were issued in their place and these two papers issued a weekly copy until 1814 when the Western Spy assumed the name of Cincinnati Republican. The press, from 1814 to 1840, began to take sides in politics and three papers advocating Whig candidates were founded, viz: Cincinnati [31] Gazette, Cincinnati Chronicle and Cincinnati Republican. These three papers had a daily circulation of 2000. The one that advocated the Democratic cause was the Cincinnati Advertiser and Journal with a circulation of 400. There were also two neutral papers published daily called the Daily Times with a circulation of 1500 and the Public Ledger whose patrons numbered 1400. These last two papers had correspondents in Boone County who gave them the general news. Remember, Kenton County had not been organized and our information was through the Cincinnati papers. The school books that your grandparents studied consisted mainly of the Eclectic School Books which were the primer, spelling book, first, second, third and fourth readers, Ray's arithmetic and Mansfield's grammar. All these books were published in Cincinnati by Truman and Smith on Main St., and used in the Boone County schools in 1835. We shall now give you some of the news that our Boone County ancestors read in the Western Spy from 1799 to 1814. Obituary of Mrs. Martha Washington states she died on May 22nd, 1802 after 17 days illness. One-half column of the Spy, containing the details, shrouded in mourning. Andrew Jackson, (Old Hickory) advertises his negro slave, (George) as having eloped from his plantation, fifty dollars reward April 26, 1802. No Spy published for the last 3 weeks for want of paper, May 27th, 1803. No mail for 3 weeks, there is great dissatisfaction and with good cause. The first sea vessel passed Peterbsurg April 27, 1801, called the "Bright St. Clair" 100 tons burthen. This vessel was so well constructed that it could cross the Atlantic Ocean. A remarkable kind of fish caught in the Licking River, it had no scales. (Writer's opinion, a catfish). To our country subscribers: The printers of the Spy want some turnips and potatoes for which a reasonable price will be paid. [32] BELLEVIEW (GRANT) In reference to a letter I received I shall attempt to answer the question "How did Belleview receive its name and why was the post office called Grant?" During research study I find the spelling of this word "Belleview" has been spelled as follows: In early times "Belleview," I have maps and papers, 1880, which spell it "Bellevue," and during the past 75 years it has taken its early spelling "Belleview." Collin's history, 1870, lists the spelling "Belleview" with a population of 61. At this time we had a Belleview in Campbell County with a population of 381 and a Belleview in Christian County with a population of 140, but my historical atlas, 1890, lists Belleview, Christian County, with a population of 3,163 and having a post office. My morning paper "Cincinnati Enquirer" February 25th, gives a basketball score as "Boone County 62, Bellevue 47." In seeking information why Belleview was so named I have enriched my knowledge in reference to the early incidents that took place from 1770 to 1815 along the river front from Taylorsport to Rabbit Hash. We were surprised to know who held some of these land grant and who became owners later by purchasing small tracts that were in the former land grants. Also, the names of a great number of surveyors who laid out the boundaries containing these tracts. This information is a great help in understanding why places are so named. From 1780 to 1793 and later, the Indians committed many depredations by massacuring the white settlers and stealing their horses. For protection against these crimes warning bells were erected at convenient distances on the hillsides which gave a good view of the rivers thus detecting any Indians crossing from the Indiana side, thus the alarm was given to settlers. Therefore we have the word Belle, a beautiful sounding vessel shaped like a pear, and the word View, to behold, to see, to inspect, a mental survey — Belleview. There being other towns in the state pronounced the same or spelled the same Uncle Sam established the post office as Grant on July 15, 1869, with Jesse Hewitt as postmaster. So named in honor of J. Grant who owned much land where Belleview is now located. You should know Tanner's Station was protected by guards after 1791 and these guards used different signals, but the bell was the most sounding instrument used in giving warning to the settlers along this river frontage. [33] POST OFFICES A chapter on the early mail service of our county is quite interesting and we can see the great improvement from year to year in this department of our National Government. We shall now give you the names of some of the first Post Offices established in our county and the first Postmaster. The first Post Office established in our county was at Gaines Ford Road July 4th, 1815. The name was changed to Gaines Cross Roads Feb. 23, 1823, and to Walton Oct. 30, 1841 and the first Postmaster was James M. Gaines. Mr. Gaines was the eighth voter on August 4, 1845 to cast his ballot for John P. Gaines for congress and James N. Stephens for the State Legislature. John P. Gaines at that time was enrolled as a soldier in the Mexican War. He lost this race but Mr. Stephens was elected. The second Post Office was established at Petersburg November 6, 1819 and the first Postmaster was John J. Flournoy who lived in the big house at Petersburg and owned the first clock in Boone County and people came from far and wide to hear it strike the hours. Burlington Post Office was established November 10, 1823 and the first Postmaster was Charles Chambers. Mr. Chambers was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of Kentucky in 1849 and was elected as a state senator in 1859. Florence Post Office was established April 27, 1830 and the first Postmaster was Pitman Clondas. He was associated with Thomas Madden and purchased land in Florence when it was known as Cross Roads and he also became the first trustee of the town when it was incorporated in 1830. Post Offices changed names quite frequently in early times and very often they were cut out entirely. I shall try to give you a list of those that were in existence in 1850 in our county. (In addition to the four with the dates of establishment), Elijah Creek, Hamilton, Middle Creek Mills, Mitchellville, Union, and Verona. During 1790 they were only 75 Post Offices in the United States but by the great improvement of Post Roads they increased rapidly and in 1850 we had 19,000 Post Offices. During 1874 there were eleven Post Offices in our county: viz: Bullittsville, Burlington, Constance, Florence, Grant, Hamilton, Hebron, Union, Petersburg, Verona, and Walton and of all the Post Offices in our county at that time not one had the right to issue money orders. [34] The first Post Office at Florence was located at the junction of Banklick and Main St. (building now gone) a short time later it was moved across the street on the opposite corner (building now gone). This building was a large frame structure and was known as the Boone Hotel and had a great number of sleeping rooms on the second floor. It remained here a long time but Post Masters became gifts by political parties during those days and it was moved to the R. Scott drug store on Main St. opposite Youell St. (building now gone). During his time 1869, the I. O. O. F. building was completed and it was moved here. It remained here quite a time but was, for political reasons moved again to the store room now occupied by James Tanner. It has made five changes since and we find it in 1952 located on Main Street, opposite Shelby Street. The Post Office was elevated to Second Class on July 1, 1949, having reached the required yearly gross receipts of $8,000.00. Having reached this mark it was necessary to hold that figure for two successive years in order to hold the rating of Second Class. This was accomplished under Postmaster Fanny L. Scott, who served the office for seventeen years. The office took up its quarters at its present location, 313 Main Street in the Building & Loan Building on December 19, 1949. It was only through the untiring efforts of the Postmaster and the cooperation of Congressman Brent Spence that the new quarters, so badly needed were secured. Due to ill health, Postmaster Fanny L. Scott, resigned her position and the office was turned over at the close of business on June 30, 1951 to the regular clerk, Lawrence L. Aylor, who was promoted to acting Postmaster. On March 1, 1952 President Truman nominated several persons in Kentucky to the Senate for approval to be appointed Postmaster. On March 12, 1952 the appointment was confirmed nominating Lawrence L. Aylor, Postmaster of Florence, Kentucky. Mr. Aylor has served in the capacity of Local Secretary for the United States Civil Service Commission in this area for the past two years, in addition to his other required duties. Assistant to the Postmaster is the Senior Clerk, Mrs. Thelma M. Smith along with Sub-Clerk, Mrs. Garnet Lucas. Recently a Temp-Sub-Clerk, Shelley H. Aylor, was appointed to serve in the absence of the Postmaster, for annual leave and for emergencies. The office is served by two Rural Routes. Rural Route 1 being served by Roy C. Lutes and [35] Rural Route 2 by William L. Oliver. Mail between Florence and Union, Kentucky, has been handled under contract for many years by Star Route carrier A. M. (Buddy) Stephenson, of Union, Kentucky, who also serves patrons on the way to Union who desire Star Route service each morning. Mr. Claude Patterson of Burlington, serves the Star Route which originates at Grant, Kentucky. Mail from there also with the mail from Burlington, Union, and Florence, is carried by Mr. Patterson to Erlanger, Kentucky, which in turn finds its way to either the Greater Cincinnati Airport, in the case of Air Mail, and regular mail and parcel post is picked up there by Covington and is taken to the Cincinnati Annex for distribution. The Florence office is used as a separation point for all incoming mail destined for Burlington, Union or Grant, Ky. Two other part time employees not mentioned in the above paragraph, serve Rural Routes as substitutes in case of sickness or annual leave. L. Clifford Tanner is the substitute to serve in the absence of Roy C. Lutes on Rural Route 1, and Shelly H. Aylor is the substitute who was appointed to serve Route 2 in the absence of William L. Oliver. SALT MAKING Having received several letters in reference to the manufacture of salt in 1756 by the Indians and in 1812 by the whites in "Chapter of first things in Boone County." The questions asked were, "Why was this discontinued?" The writer will answer this question briefly by saying the cost of manufacturing salt was almost $4 per hundred weight at Big Bone Lick, which proved too high to be exported. It took about 550 gallons of this water to produce one bushel of salt (80 Ibs). The first mode of manufacture was to fill kettles with this water and hang them over an open fire, very often in their crude cabins. In this way it took about a month to make one bushel of salt but later we find that trenches about four feet deep were dug and large copper kettles holding 25 gallons of this water would be placed on this trench. As many as ten would be placed side by side and the interstices between them would be stopped by flat rocks and clay. In this way a furnace was constructed and a fire was maintained in both ends, day and night. This mode reduced the expense about 50 percent or to about $2.00 per hundred weight but the cost of cutting and transporting the fuel and the weakness of the brine made it unprofitable. [36] We have in our possession Ephriam Tanner's shop book and find where he purchased salt in Cincinnati for $2.94 per barrel (280 lbs.) September, 1815. Mr. Tanner at that time lived between Florence and Union. We can readily see the salt only cost him about 1 cent a pound yet at Big Bone the cost of manufacture was nearly 5 cents per pound. Other reasons why the manufacture was discarded at the Licks was the development of the salt spring at Mayslick and Bluelick on the Licking river. Bullits Lick on Salt River near Louisville was well developed and the brine at this place was very strong and as high as 50 furnaces were built. At one time 600 men were employed and the price of salt came down where the cost of manufacture was about 1 ¼ cents a pound. No doubt if the wells at Big Bone Lick had been bored deeper a better grade of brine would have been obtained, but transportation of material for the development of the salt works there was difficult and we often wonder how these old pioneers did the wonderful things which they accomplished having nothing to work with except a hoe, ax, mall and shovel. BEAVER LICK We must infer from the ending of the word that it derived its name from the animal called beaver. The word lick signifies a place where natural salt is found and wild animals come to lick it up. Beaver Lick is at the junction of two roads, one leading to the salt springs of Big Bone Spring. This junction is one place in Boone County where trappers and pioneers of the streams and forest brought their fur and sold it to agents who represented one of the six fur companies who were doing business in the Ohio Valley from 1780 to 1820. The agents representing the different companies were able to detect a pelt that was prepared out of season, or killed in any month that had the letter R in it. That is the reason that these appointments were always made during the month of May. Most all the pelts in Boone were sold to agents who represented the Missouri Fur Company at St. Louis. These furs and pelts purchased in Boone County were transported by horseback to some convenient loading place on the Ohio River, then shipped by boat to St. Louis. [37] UNDERBILL FAMILY During the year 1790 William Underhill and wife left Pennsylvania, passing down the Ohio river in a house boat and made a landing near Taylorsport. A family by the name of Craig had previously located here and in a conversation with Mr. Underhill, Mr. Craig learned that he was a shoe maker and insisted that he remain and make shoes for his family and some 20 slaves which he owned, other settlers hearing of a shoe maker being here gave Mr. Underhill all the work he could do and he decided to build himself a cabin and make Boone County his future home, which he did. While here a son John was born November 18, 1798 (the first white child born in the county after it was organized). In later life this boy studied for the ministry and preached at the Gunpowder church for more than fifty years. While living near Taylorsport Mr. Underhill had considerable experience in Indian warfare, as the Indians molested the whites along the river during the period of 1791 and 1792, and on one occasion a band of them crossed the river on the Boone county side and Mr. Underhill aroused the settlers to arms and the Indians were forced to re-cross the river in their canoes, and thinking that the white man's rifle could not reach them, gave a war-whoop and howled vile epithets at the white men when one Lewis Fitzgerald (nephew of Mrs. Underhill) called to them and said he would accommodate them and laying his gun on one of his comrades shoulders took a steady aim and when the gun cracked the Indian fell. The Indians then gathered their comrade up and retreated back in the forest. To stop these raids the settlers formed a company and called it the Squirrel Hunter's Brigade and chose Mr. Underhill their leader and marched to Chillicothe, Ohio, where the Indians had their village, but the Indians had left on their approach, but the whites set fire to their wigwams and cut down their corn, after that they were not molested by the Indian raids. Mr. Underhill moved his family from Taylorsport about the year 1894 to the forks of Gunpowder and settled on what is now known as the Onnie Rouse farm, but was ousted by an older claimant. He then moved to what is known as the Weaver farm but was again ousted. He then moved to the farm west of this and while living here another son Thomas was born March 6, 1811. He got a good title to the last farm and at his death his son John got possession of it and it is still known as the Underhill farm. [38] Few people of Boone County know that a survey was made of Gunpowder for a railroad by the Weaver and Crisler Mills. Moses Fray in 1810 also owned a mill near where the Gunpowder Baptist Church is situated. Mr. Tanner's shop book speaks quite often in reference to the repair work he did for Mr. Fray's Mill. Mr. Fray disappeared from that locality about 1828. The writer found his field tomb stone with his name carved thereon, buried beneath a foot of soil in a private cemetery on the farm once owned by Spencer Smith. (Perhaps the Crisler Mill was the same mill once owned by Mr. Fray.) The survey of this railway connecting Covington and Louisville brought Nelson Lloyd, a civil engineer from Bloomfield, New York, to assist in this work, but a financial panic during 1853 and 1854 stopped this project and Mr. Lloyd and wife remained here and followed the teaching profession. After teaching at Petersburg and Burlington he located at Florence and became town clerk and taught the higher branches of school work in the old town hall. Two of the boys (John Uri and Ashley) were born in New York, Curtis was born in Florence in 1859. MOSES SCOTT'S CIRCULAR LETTER, SEPTEMBER 26, 1819 [Written to the Baptist Churches of Northern Kentucky] Very Dear Brethren: Through the kind providence of our God we have been permitted to fulfill our appointment, and we desire to thank the great Head of our church, that our business has been conducted with that apparent degree of peace, love and harmony which has heretofore manifested themselves in the deliberation of the North Bend Association, and which we hope are the fruits of the Spirit. Although our hearts may not have been so much engaged, nor our affections raised so high in love and gratitude to God as we could wish, and as has been the case on former occasions of this kind, in consequence of very numerous additions being made to the churches yet when we hear the generality of them say: "We are at peace among ourselves;" when we hear them lamenting and moaning over their own coldness, barrenness and unfruitfulness in religion, and at the same time expressing ardent desires to be led, guided, quickened, animated and protected in the way of holiness, we must acknowledge (however cold our hearts may feel) that these things ought to excite increasing gratitude and love to God from every son and daughter of Zion. Oh [39] that God would prosper Zion and prosper us in her ways and love. In the sweat of his brow the husbandman tills his land, casts his seed into the ground, where for a short time it lies dead and buried, a dark and dreary winter succumbs, and all seems lost, but at the return of spring, universal nature revives and the once desolated fields are covered with grain, which when matured by the sun's heat, the reapers cut down, and it is brought home with shouts of joy. Here, O disciple of Jesus behold an emblem of thy present labor, and thy future reward, thou sowest perhaps in tears, thou doest thy duty amidst sickness, pain and sorrow, thou laborest in the church and no account seems to be made of thy labors no profit seems likely to arise from them. Nay, thou must thyself drop into the dust of death and all the storms of that winter pass over thee until thy form shall be finished, and thou shalt see corruption, yet the day is coming when thou shalt reap in joy, and plentiful will be that harvest, even complete redemption from sin death and hell. For thus your Lord and Master went forth weeping, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief, bearing precious seed and sowing it around him, till at length his own body, like a grain of wheat, was buried in the furrow of the grave, but he arose and is now in heaven, from whence he will certainly come again rejoicing with the voice of the archangel and the trump of God, bringing his sheaves with him. Then shall every man receive the fruit of his works and have praise of God. MOSES SCOTT, Moderator Why was this village located here? Whowere the people that thought this a good place for a town? How came it to be called Florence? Does it grow in population or stand as when first incorporated? After considerable research study we find it was called Cross Road and took it name from the intersection of the roads to Union and Burlington with the Ridge Road (now the Dixie Highway). During the period 1815 to 1820 the Wilhoit family, the Crisler family and Conner family emigrated here and purchased land and in 1821 a young lawyer by the name of Thomas Madden came here from Covington, Ky., and saw the possibility of the beginning of a large town on account of the [40] cross roads and purchased the farm from Joshua Zimmerman at junction of the Price Pike with the Burlington Pike. Mr. Madden in connection with Wilhelm Wilhoit, Henry Crisler, and Jacob Conner laid out the village and it was called Maddentown, but a year after Mr. Madden sold his land and the name was changed to Connersville (named for Jacob Conner) as he owned considerable land. It was called Connersville until 1829 when the U. S. Government then established the first Post Office here and requested a change in name as there was another Connersville in the State. The village had previously organized and trustees elected but it was not incorporated. Therefore, the trustees held an election for the purpose of finding a suitable name for the village. Twenty-five votes were cast, 16 for the name Florence and in 1830 it was incorporated by an act of the Legislature of Kentucky. The Post Office was then established and located at the junction of Banklick St. and Dixie Highway. Pitman Clondas became the first Postmaster. At this time, 1830, the population was 63, in 1850 it was 252, in 1940 it was 800, and at present 1350, an increase of about 69% in the past 10 years. There is only one town in Northern Kentucky that has surpassed Florence. There is but one answer to its rapid growth in the past 10 years, and that is, " In all the affairs of life, social, religious, and political we find even in our Church institutions an affability which seems to say to everybody "Take a Light." May their number be greatly multiplied. THE METHODIST CHURCH We shall now give you a historical sketch of the old Methodist Church. In research work we find that when Florence was incorporated in 1830 there were a few families living here that held to that faith and during the period from 1830 to 1842, the Craigs, Robinsons, Conners and Stansifers held meetings of this faith in the different homes and about four times a year a circuit rider would appear and conduct tent meetings or revival services. The Kentucky Methodist Conference was established during 1820. About 37 years after Frances Clark began to have meetings of this faith in the homes of the people of Kentucky. During the year 1798 the citizens of Bracken County secured from [41] the state 6000 acres of land for the purpose of establishing an academy and the trustees kept this land until it had increased in value and by 1822 the Kentucky Legislature granted this Institution a charter and a right to grant degrees. This was the first Methodist College in the U. S. and a very good one for that time. This Academy was a three-story building the first floor had a chapel thirty by forty feet, also two recitation rooms and on the third floor there were seven rooms, so we can readily see we were quite close to a Methodist Academy. During 1830 Rev. Gilby Kelly, Sr., had been presiding over the Covington District and had made frequent visits to Florence and Burlington, the latter place having been organized with Carrollton into one Circuit. Rev. Kelley failing in health moved to Burlington and died there in 1847, but previous to his death he helped organize the people of Florence who clung to the Methodist faith and a site on Banklick Street was chosen and purchased from Samuel Craig for the sum of $80.00. The deed was made July 18, 1842 to the following trustees: T. F. Robinson, Will Respess, Thos. H. Conner, Miacham Baston Robinson, John Stansifer and Lewis Conner. The Craigs at this time had a saw mill that stood at the present junction of Banklick St. and Route 42. The congregation got busy and most of the lumber was prepared in this mill- The distance from where the mill stood to where the church was being erected being short it was an easy proposition to transport the lumber and the church was soon erected and continued to be the place of worship until 1943. Rev. Rose, pastor at that time, felt that after serving the public as a place of worship and badly needing repair, it would be expedient to erect a new edifice and a tract of land was purchased on the Dixie Highway and a brick building was completed in 1938 under the leadership of Rev. Rose. Here, 1950, the Methodist faith still continues to survive under the leadership of Rev. C. N. Ogg. JOHN NORRIS One of Boone county's outstanding citizens was John Norris. During the War of 1812 with Great Britain, Mr. Norris volunteered as a sailor at the request of Commodore Perry and assisted with great heroism in that glorious victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10, 1813. Every school boy knows Perry's message to General Harrison, "We have met the enemy and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop." In later years Commodore Perry had the [42] General Assembly of the state of Kentucky procure a gold medal for Mr. Norris in appreciation of his heroic services during this Naval battle. After the war was over he returned to Boone and farmed on an extensive scale. Being the owner of slaves he had much trouble with their escaping over the Ohio River then through Indiana by the way of Richmond, Ft. Wayne and South Bend. Mr. Norris and his agents made several trips, returning slaves belonging to him from the northern part of Indiana and always received very bad treatment from those that assisted his run-aways and he failed to get any satisfaction in the state courts. During his last trip with slaves he had recaptured at South Bend, Indiana, and while returning with them he was attacked by a band of sympathizers of his slaves and they were taken from him by force. Realizing it was no use to sue in the state courts, he brought suit in the U.S. Circuit Court at Indianapolis against Newlan Crocker and others for his runaway slaves, which he had recaptured at South Bend and which they took from him by force. He recovered a judgment in this court in the sum of $2,800 and costs (about $2,000) but even these judgments were seldom of any value for the reason so many that assisted these run-aways were not responsible financially. THE BAPTISTS The Baptists were pioneers of religion in Kentucky. After the close of the American Revolution, a great number of Baptists came into Kentucky from Virginia and churches began to spring up everywhere in the wilderness. Before the houses of worship could be erected, the worshipers would assemble in the foreit, each man with his gun, while the minister, with a log or a stump for his pulpit and the heaven for his sounding-board, would preach the word of God. In 1801 these churches became so numerous and their boundaries were so extensive, it was thought advisable to divide the Elkhorn Association and the North Bend Association was formed, including Boone and Campbell Counties, and the writer will give a short sketch of the minutes of the North Bend Association which was held on Sept. 25 and 26, 1819, at the Dry Creek Baptist Church in Campbell County. We can locate the place where the church stood today by saying it was situated on Buttermilk pike, about the third house from the Dixie Highway. [43] There were 19 churches represented at this meeting, six being from Boone County, and we will just give the facts that applied to our county. The messengers representing the different churches were: Bullittsville, Absalom Graves, James Dickenson, Robert Kirtley, Thomas Whitaker and Edward Graves; Middle Creek, Moses Scott, James Hawkins, Elijah Hogan and William Garnett; Mud Lick, James Finnell, Robert Finnell, and Philip Roberts; Gunpowder, William Rogers, Isaac Carlton, Lewis Conner, and Frances Craig; Sand Run, William Montague and Cave Johnson; Bethel, Presley Peak, David Baldwin, and Wm. Harrod. The readers are familiar with the location of these churches unless it would be Bethel, which is situated on the Cleek farm about 1 mile from Union, on the Frogtown road, and has been converted into a barn. Where the rafters meet at the top, holes were bored through both and wooden pins were inserted in these holes to hold them in place. (It was built for strength and durability.) Rev. Moses Scott was chosen moderator and Absalom Graves, clerk of the meeting and Rev. James Suggett of Elkhorn preaching the introductory sermon taking his text from John the 3rd chapter and 3rd verse. Rev. Lewis Conner delivered the Sunday sermon folio wing the two days meeting. The records show that the next meeting was to be held at Middle Creek church on the fourth Friday of September, 1820, Wm. Montague of Sand Run to deliver the introductory sermon and in case of failure Absalom Graves of Bullittsville, and James Dickens of Bullittville, to write the circular letter. Boone County having only six churches out of nineteen represented at this meeting, shows very plainly that during this early period her ministers had great influence, as they were called upon to perform the most arduous tasks. Moses Scott during this same period, 1819 to 1820, represented Boone county in the Lower House of the General Assembly, and also wrote the circular letter of the above meeting and the writer will have part of this letter appear in the next issue for its historical value. The total membership of these 19 churches was 1370 and the membership of the six churches in Boone was 671. Bullittsville being the strongest in the Association with a membership of 267. [44] BOONE COUNTY JOURNAL The people of Florence do not realize that the town had a newspaper during the 1870's. Ben Deering was editor of the Boone County Journal. Its slogan was "Independent in all things, neutral in nothing; hew to the line; let the chips fall where they may." Our county Judge at this time was John S. Phelps; County Attorney, R. C. Green; County Clerk, L. H. Dills; Circuit Clerk, J. W. Duncan; Sheriff, B. K. Sleet; Coroner, James S. Shephard; Assessor, Edward Fowler. The officers of Florence at this time were F. H. Meyers, Police Judge; R. T. German, Marshal. We shall now give you some of the local and personal news at that time: R. P. Lodge, of the firm of Cowling and Lodge, pork dealers, Louisville, and his daughter Ida, are visiting Dr. Sayre and family. Mr. Lodge is suffering with a felon on his hand, which Dr. Sayer is treating. Mr. Allen Wilhoit, one of the old and prominent citizens of the county, has been very sick for several weeks, and it is probable that his death will be recorded in our next issue. Last Tuesday religious services were held at his residence at which Rev. J. Reeves, officiated, assisted by Elder E. Stephens. A large number of friends were present. Mr. Wilhoit has no hope of longer life and is prepared and willing to go when the summon shall come. His two sons, William and Merriman from Missouri, arrived yesterday. We are indebted to Captain Finch of this place for a late Kansas paper from which we learn that the West is threatened with devastation by the grasshoppers again this year. A vast quantity of wool has passed through Florence this week going to the Cincinnati market. As Albert Price attempted to mount his horse with a loaded shotgun in his hand at Cain's tollgate, on the Lexington pike, his saddle turned, throwing him to the ground, when both barrels of the gun exploded, some of shot striking Mr. Cain, John Wilson and John Conley, who where standing near, wounding them severely, but not seriously. Price was greatly frightened. At a meeting of the North Kentucky Trotting Association, R. S. Strader was re-elected president; Volney Dickerson, vice president; Jacob Strader, secretary and treasurer; H. A. Hicks. L. H. Dills, Owen Gaines, John Horshall, Columbus Carlisle, Wm. N. Smith and Benj. H. Stansifer, Directors. [44] BRADFORD FAMILY One of the older families to make early history of Kentucky and later Boone county history, was the Bradfords. The forerunner of this family was John Bradford, born in Fauquier country, Virginia, in the year 1749. He married Eliza James of the same county, in 1771 and had five sons and four daughters. He served in the Revolutionary War, and came to Kentucky in 1779 and fought in the Indian War and took an exceptional part against the Indians and was with the Kentucky Volunteers at the battle of Chillicothe when the Indians were finally subdued. He also published the first paper west of the Alleghany Mountains, called, The Kentucky Gazette, in 1789. This paper was published for a long time on half sheet fools-cap. In coming to Kentucky Mr. Bradford's boat capsized while crossing a stream of water and he lost some of his type, and later to overcome this, he cut type out of dogwood, in order to continue the publication of his paper. One of his sons, Charles Bradford, was born in 1793, and married Ann Corlis, but later in life emigrated to Florida, but his son, J. W. R. Bradford, who was born 1818, remained in Boone county and was united in marriage to Catherine Buchanan, who resided in Burlington, Kentucky, in 1848. To them were born Charles and William Respress Bradford. Charles the older, married Miss Mattie Talbort of Florence and William, the younger, married Anna Wightman at Harrodsburg These two boys will be well remembered as having made Florence famous by the manufacture of the Bradford buggies. This establishment was a two-story building divided into three departments, one for the woodwork, one for the painters, and one for the iron workers, and employed a great number of men, but new inventions produced a new way and faster way of travel and the auto put this busy enterprise out of commission. And thus Florence lost one of its best manufactories, but the painters wood-workers and iron workers were called to the cities, where the automobile is made and the building was wrecked. And now an oil station occupies the old site, and should the two boys, who have passed to that beyond, return, they would hardly realize the wonderful changes that have transpired and still are moving forward. [46] THE TANNER FAMILY We often have been informed that of all surnames found, the Smiths rank first in number, but if you were to visit Boone and ask what surname has the advantage you would not hesitate to say Tanner. John Tanner was the first Tanner to settle in Boone County at Petersburg yet he left soon thereafter and one of his boys disappeared, being captured by Indians. The German family of Tanners originally lived in Alsace and Robert Tanner with his wife and five children, one boy and four girls emigrated to Madison County, Virginia in 1717. Mr. Tanner's only son Christopher married Elizabeth Aylor and seven children were born to them, five boys and two girls. Frederick Tanner being one of these boys was the father of Ephriam Tanner the first Tanner to establish a sure foothold in our County. Mr. Tanner with his wife and three children came to Boone County in 1805 and had a large place in the pioneer development of Hopeful Church. He owned and built alog house which is still standing and in very good condition, considering the length of time—135 years since it was built. This log structure is located on what was once the Perry Utz farm Route 42. Mr. Tanner was born Oct. 17th, 1778 and his wife Susanna House was born November 20, 1784. Eleven more children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Tanner after locating here, 7 of the family being boys and four girls, so we can realize that they became a large and growing influence in and around where Florence is today as their descendants are numbered by scores and by marriage they are related to nearly everybody in this community. Mr. Tanner being a very religious man, had the colony of settlers that came here with him erect a log church which was made from un-hewn logs in 1807. This was the first Lutheran Church in Kentucky and perhaps west of the Allegheny Mountains. It was called Hopeful in the hope that their religious faith should be preserved. In 1823 another larger log structure was erected with hewn logs with an end gallery and a high pulpit, but the congregation increased so rapidly that in 1837 a brick building was erected. All the bricks were made near the church. This building was in use until 1917 when the present building was erected. [47] THE STORY OF A SILVER HALF DOLLAR Thomas Madden, one of the men who assisted in laying out the town of Florence owned the first tavern in the village and a family by the name of Williams had charge of it. During 1824 the Congress of the United States made a request to President Monroe that he invite Marquis de Lafayette to visit the United States. He arrived in New York on the 13th day of August, in 1824. He visited every state and most of the large cities. On his way from Cincinnati to Lexington by stage coach he stopped and dined at this tavern in Florence and left a half dollar to pay for his keep. Mr. Yeaiey came into possession of this coin, which was coined in 1820, in 1900 through heirs of Mr. Williams. He holds it as a keep sake in memory of the commanding equestrian statue of Lafayette erected in the center of Paris, in the grounds of the Louvre. On the base of this statue we read this inscription, "Erected by the school children of the United States, in grateful memory of Lafayette, statesman, soldier, patriot." PIONEER MERCHANTS A few days ago a youngster asked me this question: "How did the merchants get their stock of goods when their places of business were in such isolated places?" This question will be answered in this chapter, by giving the experience of a traveling salesman, Gideon Burton, in his book "Reminiscences of Gideon Burton." He gives, in this book, his trip to Burlington, Boone county. Me says when he was twenty years old his firm wanted him to take a trip West as a salesman. This was during the fall and winter of 1831. So he left Philadelphia November 10th by stage coach, and at the end of three days and nights he had reached Pittsburg, then Wheeling, Zanesvilie, Lancaster, Chillicothe, to Portsmouth, then to Cincinnati by boat where he made several sales. From Cincinnati he went to Lawrenceburg, Indiana. Here he got acquainted with Omer Tousey and purchased a horse of Noval Sparks; he than purchased a saddle, saddle bags, buffalo gloves and leggins, the last an article he had not seen before made of green baize, covering the leg from the foot to the knee. Mr. Tousey told him he had a cousin by the name of Erastus Tousey, located in business [48] at Burlington, Boone county, Kentucky. He then crossed the Ohio River at Lawrenceburg through floating ice and reached Burlington on County Court Day in December, 1831. After dinner at the Hotel, he called on Mr. Tousey, and Mr. Tousey asked him to come around about sunset. Mr. Burton did as requested and Mr. Tousey took him to his home and introduced him to his family and to a number of lawyers and doctors whom he had invited to meet him, and all had an excellent supper. After selling Mr. Tousey a good bill of goods, Mr. Burton retraced his steps to Lawrenceburg and continued his trip horse back to Rushville, Indiana. This is mostly the way goods were sold before Cincinnati became a wholesale city. From the foregoing we see that firms in the east sent their representatives or salesmen to these isolated places because the merchants generally purchased in large quantities and the shipments were arranged so that it could be reached either at Cincinnati, Petersburg, Belleview or several other landing places along Boone county river frontage. Merchants then, with their horses hitched to covered wagons, would go to the place where the goods were delivered by boat, and haul them to their places of business. This mode of transportation was slow in 1831 as there were no stone roads, but most all of them were dirt roads and merchants saw to it that their winter shipments generally reached them in the month of August before the roads got impassable. BENJAMIN STEPHENS Among the early settlers of Boone County were Benjamin Stephens and two sons, Leonard and John, who came to Boone County from Orange County, Virginia, in 1807. When the boundary line was established between Virginia and North Carolina by Dr. Thomas Walker in 1870, Benjamin Stephens was one of the men sent along as guard against the Indians. While on guard duty he carried on his horse a very short rifled gun with straps so he could swing it to his back. On account of its size, the officers on duty said it was of little value and made sport of it. Dr. Walker said to him, "We don't think much of your short gun." One day while surveying in a spur of the Cumberland Mountains in what is now Whitley County the officers called for the man with the short gun and said to him, "Do you see that turkey in that tall dead tree a hundred yards distant? A good target, try it with that short gun." [49] Mr. Stephens, becoming somewhat jittery at such difficult task and without hope of success, leaned his gun against a tree, took aim at the target high up in the tree and fired. The turkey fell dead, shot through the head. Dr. Walker spoke at once and said, "If his father had risen from the dead, and had told him he could kill that turkey with that thing he would not have believed him." John Stephens was 22 years old and his brother Leonard was 17 years old when they came to Boone County in 1807 with their father. They built two brick homes and one of the two is still here and is owned by L. D. Rennecker on the Dixie Highway near Devon. Mr. John Stephens, the older of the boys, lived on the Ridge Road (now called Route 25). He took great interest in the development of Florence and owned much land at the junction of 25 and 42. On April 14 1842, we find where he and his wife, Frances, in consideration of one dollar gave a warranty deed for one fourth acre of land to William Nichols, John Stephens, James Varner, George McDonald and Thomas Sanford, trustees for the Church. This transaction occurred on April 14, 1842, but the deed was acknowledged and recorded May 25, 1844, Book O, Page 178. We also find that the first persons who became members of the Church after it was constituted are as follows: Eliza Lamer, Wait Stephens, Wait Almeda, Jacob Shotts, Elenor Snyder, Mary Shotts, Philip and Annie Stoetger and Lucinda Aydelotte. Mr. Stephens burnt all the brick for the two residences he built also the brick used in the building of the church. We have one brick that we found when the wall collapsed while the church was being remodeled a few years ago marked 1835. He also owned the land now occupied by the Florence cemetery, and it was sold to the City of Florence for the sum of $125 per acre by Ezra K. Fish and N. B. Stephens who became executors of the last will of Mr. Stephens whose death occurred in 1856. Mr. John Stephens was the father of Ben Stephens, who in later years became County Judge and also represented Boone County in the General Assembly of Kentucky during the Taylor and Goeble Controversy over who was legally elected Governor. Goebel was killed during this perilous time at Frankfort, and the writer of this article suggested, to Mr. Stephens that he better come home. His remark was, "I will stay here (meaning at Frankfort ) till the stars fall. [50] Mr. John Stephens was united in marriage to Frances Faulconer who preceded him in death, having passed away April 22,1842. We visited the private burial ground where he was laid to rest back of the brick residence he constructed (which still stands) and this is what I found on his tombstone: "In memory of John Stephens, born in Orange County, Virginia, March 2, 1785; died in Boone County, Kentucky, May 4, 1856; age 71 years, 2 months and 12 days." JOHN P. GAINES The life of John P. Gaines was the subject of a paper presented by Lucian Bradford, president of the Boone County Historical Society, at its recent meeting in the Burlington Court House. The paper had been written by A. M. Yealey, former Florence High School principal and author of many articles on the history of the county. Mr. Yealey is compiling a history of the county which is expected to be published in the near future. At a future meeting another paper will be presented giving further material about Governor Gaines. Present at the last meeting were Mr. and Mrs. Ben F. Bedinger of Richwood. Mrs. Bedinger's maiden name was Gaines and she is a niece of Governor Gaines. The paper on Governor Gaines follows in part: During 1795 there was born at Augusta, Virginia (now West Virginia) a boy who not only helped to make history of Kentucky, but national history. This boy was John Pollard Gaines, who came to Boone county about 1808 and at the age of 17 enlisted as a soldier under William Henry Harrison during the war of 1812, and endured many hardships in the Michigan forests around Lake Erie. At the close of the war he returned to his farm at Richwood where he became one of Boone county's early pioneer farmers and allied himself in a political way with the Whig Party and in 1825 he was elected to represent Boone county in the lower house of the General Assembly and so well did he perform his duties that the people continued to elect him to this office until 1836. From 1836 to 1845 Mr. Gaines, in addition to farming, took an active part in politics and in 1845 made the race for Congress against John W. Tibbatts who was resident of Campbell county. Mr. Tibbatts was a congressman at this time, having in 1842 defeated William K. Wall, [51] prominent politician from Harrison county, by 343 votes in the whole congressionaldistrict. We have the old Poll Sheet at hand in the Florence Precinct and find that Mr. Gaines, on August 4, 5, 6 received (in those days elections were held for three days) 156 votes against Mr. Tibbatts 137 votes, but in the whole district was re-elected congressman. Made Escape "Mr. Gaines escaped and joined the forces of Gen. Scott which were marching toward the Mexican capitol and had the honor of being the only volunteer from Kentucky who helped in the famous charge at Chapultepec, Churnbusco and the Wall of Mexico. "On March 1, 1848, the Legislature put the following on record: "Resolved: that Maj. John P. Gaines, Capt. Cassius M. Clay, Lieut. George Davidson, and their 30 companions in arms, who were taken prisoners by a force of 3000 Mexicans under command of Gen. Minion at Encarnacion deserve the thanks of the people of Kentucky for their bravery and their cool determination to maintain the reputation of Kentucky. "When escape was impossible and destruction inevitable, that Maj. John P. Gaines has won the admiration of the people of Kentucky by honorably withdrawing his parole as a prisoner of war, when ordered by Gen. Lombardini to go to Tabico, by his escape through the lines of the enemy and his successful junction with the American army and his gallant bearing before the Walls of Mexico. Honored While in Prison "On June 8,1847, while Mr. Gaines was a prisoner of war in Mexico he was nominated for Congress by a Whig Convention at Covington, hand elected over Gen. Lucius B. Desha, a Democratic candidate. "While in Washington as a Congressman he became acquainted with Millard Fillmore who became President at the death of President Taylor, July 9, 1850. One of the first appointments President Fillmore gave was to John P. Gaines as governor of the Oregon territory. When Mr. Gaines received this appointment he owned a large farm at Rich-wood on the Ridge roar! and hesitated quite a while as he was well located and financially well-to-do. "President Fillmore finally got him to accept the appointment and he sold his farm and all his personal property, intending to make Oregon his future home and had all hit money ($75,000) in silver when he started. [52] "His family consisted of wife, son, and two daughters; all of whom he took with him and set out on a journey to New York City where he took the store ship Supply as he proceeded to his destination in 1850. Yellow fever became prevalent on the ship as they were near the Brazilian coast. The two daughters were attacked by this deadly pestilence and one of them died, when near the coast line of the island of Saint Catherines. 30,000 Population "This island, which is about 30 miles long and 10 miles wide, lies about four miles from the Brazilian coast and in 1850 had a population of 30,000. The capitol of the island is Dosterro and it had a population of 8,000. Very few of the people at that time could read or write, in fact their island was a wilderness of coffee and orange trees, shrubs and foliage that never felt the frost. "During that period our consular agent was Robert S. Catheast, a native of Massachusetts, once the captain of a whaler. Misfortune in early life drove him into exile and here he had made his home without seeing any of his former friends. Here he married a Brazilian woman and reared a large family and became very wealthy. "Mr. Gaines had the ship to anchor here and he got in contact with Mr. Catheast (our agent) and he made arrangements for her grave on the back of his estate. While this procedure was taking place the other daughter died, following her sister to her last home in a strange land. In Deep Depression "Mr. Gaines was deeply affected and seemed to sink into a state of deep depression, encountering such a blow before reaching the scene of his future labors and life. He did not mark the graves with a fence or a tombstone, expecting soon to have the remains removed to his new home in Oregon, but they still remain there. "After the two daughters had been laid at rest, the ship Supply proceeded around Cape Horn to Oregon and no sooner did Mr. Gaines get located than his son took sick and died of that dreaded disease, consumption. "A very short time thereafter his wife, while riding a horse, was thrown to the ground and killed and at last Gov. Gaines himself, crushed by blow after blow and bereft of all held dear, sank to the grave in what was almost as much a land of strangers to him as St. Catherines to his lovely daughters. [53] "About 1837 the U. S. Steamer Metacomet, on her way to Paraguay, called at the island of St. Catherines and the officers, hearing of the sad affair, ordered a wooden tablet to be erected to perpetuate the memory of this solitary spot, but did not erect any permanent monument or clear away the brush, or put up fence, probably from want of material or time. There was no stonecutter on the ship or on shore, or marble slabs to be had. The officers were content with what was humble. "During 1859-1860 the officers of the Metacomet and the Powhattan, making another trip to Paraguay, anchored here and found the spot, cleaned the grass and shrubs away, and let the sunlight of ten years in upon these fair young sleepers. "A nice slat fence was erected around the graves and painted and a thick, well carved plank, which would endure for many years was erected between the graves of the two sisters whose Christian names were not known. The following is the inscription that was placed upon this plank. "Sacred to the memory of two daughters of Governor Gaines of Oregon, who died of yellow fever on board the United States Store Ship Supply in 1850, while on their passage to Oregon. Ground cleared up and enclosed by officers of the United States steamers Metacomet and Powhattan in 1859 and 1860. "One of the officers of the ship had this to say: 'A spot of greater natural beauty can hardly be conceived, one of such utter loneliness I never saw. "'I walked around this cemetery and looked upon the graves again and again, calling up the history of these fair sleepers in this distant land, and the fate of the unhappy family till the luxury of sorrow became painful, and I gathered up some memorials of the sad spot and returned to the ship.' "Mr. Gaines held the position of governor of this Oregon Territory until 1853 when he came into serious conflict with the Territorial Legislature, notably over the location of the capitol." Boone County was formed from Campbell County in 1798. It has an average width of about 15 miles. The Ohio River flows along the county line for about 40 miles. At the time of formation there were about 1,400 persons living in Boone County. [54] TOLL GATES While reading the beautiful poem written by Riley Scott, a Kentucky boy, entitled "The Toll Gate" we were reminded of our early toll gates. "Life is but a Gate-way On the road of Time, Carved with many a legend And with flowers of Rhyme. "But an ancient Toil-Gate Where each passing trav'ler Pays his piece of gold." Yes, we had such gates in Boone County from 1837 up to the early 1900's. During 1837 when the ridge road was completed from Coving-ton to Lexington, toll gates were erected at the most convenient places along the road, (generally where another road intersected or close by). What we mean by toll gate was a long pole that extended from the residence of the keeper of the toll gate to the opposite side of the road. Here is where you paid for the right to travel a toll road in those by gone days. What is now the Dixie Highway had two of these gates between Florence and Walton, one of these being at Devon, the other one was located south of Richwood on the old road. Both are now used as residences. The Florence and Burlington Pike had two gates. In early times the toll was collected from what is now the Price Connor house, but later moved to the residence now occupied by Stanley Aylor. The other gate was located at the junction of the Hebron as Burlington Pike. This house has been removed, and a better approach to the Hebron and Limaburg road is the result. There were two toll gates between Burlington and Belleview and if you went to Petersburg from Burlington you would pass three. The Florence and Union Pike had two. The Price Pike one and the Mitchelville Dry Creek Pike had two. Before the bond issues were carried there were about twenty-five toll gates in our county. The fare for traveling these roads varied according to the vehicle, for a horse and buggy it was generally 2J cents a mile. As the auto appeared it was twenty cents a mile for a motor driven vehicle. The writer paid $2.40 for the privilege of driving his auto from Florence to Burlington and return. Roads would be less traveled today if we had toll gates. [55] We shall close this article by quoting the last stanza of "The Toll Gate." "Does love guide your foot steps? Are you led by hate? Are you smiling, Comrade;	Bourbon
Founded on June 13, 1942, Wild Bill Donovan headed what wartime intelligence agency that eventually became the CIA?	Full text of "Kentucky Baptist history, 1770...1922" See other formats iiinirinhi.: i "liiiiili V- :: _ _ : : ■iiji'l' llliliil iili i ililuiiiiiiiiiiiiHtiliiihtulitiiMltiiiiiliiiliilitiiUiilUiiliiliilnliilHiniilitiiiiii i i lIlUUHHiiiiliitiliilUltUlli LIBRARY OF THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY PRINCETON, N. J. Purchased by the Mrs. Robert Lenox Kennedy Church History Fund. Divisiou^X.£>. -2/ 4" S Section.MKjr.HB --«u^'siM«Mi«iHiB«M>£inaiiMiJiiM -T-^'^^^ KENTUCKY BAPTIST HISTORY 1770 — 1922 By y THE REV. WILLIAM DUDLEY NOWLIN, D.D., LL.D. Author of "What Baptists Stand For" "Fundamentals oj the Faith^ "God So Loved the World," etc. V^ BAPTIST BOOK CONCERN 1922 This book is dedicated by the author to Deacon J. W. Lam, of the First Baptist Church, Greenville, Kentucky, who backed his pastor financially in gathering and preparing the material for this history. AUTHOR'S FOREWORD THE story of the rise, progress, trials and triiimphs of Baptists in Kentucky is more thrilling and remarkable than the purest fiction of the wildest imagination. One hundred and fifty-two years ago there was one Baptist on Kentucky soil, Elder Squire Boone ; today there are about three hundred thousand Baptists in the State of Kentucky. This, too, in spite of the fact that Kentucky's fruitful soil has been the hotbed of almost every conceivable heresy. Kentucky has been in theological, as well as in profane history, a "dark and bloody ground." She has been the storm center of religious controversy, the battle-field of jarring opinions from her earliest history. Her preachers have been trained in a stern school, being men of war from their youth up. "Infidelity," "Deism," "Unitarianism," "HeU- Redemptionism, " "Arianism," " Two-Seedism, " "Campbellism," " Hard-shellism, " "Old Landmark- ism," " Whittsittism, " "Gospel Missionism," suc- ceeding and overlapping one the other, for more than 125 years have divided the Baptist forces of this state and shorn them of much of their power. But our brethren farther south should not complacently refer to Kentucky Baptists as "a scrappy bunch," forget- ting the fact that Kentucky has fought the battles for the other states as well as for herself, and that but for the heroic struggles in Kentucky there would of necessity have been greater struggles in these other states. Kentucky has served as a break-water for the South against the flood of heresies that has swept down from the North. Explanation We take the following, which is self-explanatory, from the minutes of General Association of Baptists in Kentucky for the year 1917 (page 70) : 5 6 Author's Foreword "W. D. Nowlin offered the following resolu- tion, which was unanimously adopted: "Inasmuch as we as Baptists are making history in Kentucky and inasmuch as it is very important to preserve our history, therefore be it "Resolved, That we, the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky, in session assembled, this, the 15th day of November, 1917, request Prof. W. J. McGlothlin to prepare and publish a readable history of Kentucky Baptists from their beginning in this State to the present time. ' ' Immediately following the meeting of the General Association, in which the above resolution was passed, the author turned over to Professor McGlothlin such materials as he had gathered for a history of Ken- tucky Baptists. Professor McGlothlin expected to prepare the history, but was later called to the presi- dency of Furman University, which position he accepted, and which removed him from the state. On leaving the state he turned back to the author the materials for the history. From the minutes of the Georgetown session of the General Association, 1919 (page 35), we take the following : * ' On motion W. D. Nowlin was requested to write a History of Kentucky Baptists, and the Kentucky Baptist Historical Society was requested to finance the publication." This gives us something of the history of this History. The original resolution called for "a read- able history of Kentucky Baptists from their begin- ning in this state to the present time." It has been the aim of the author to follow this instruction. How- ever, it has been hard sometimes to cut down the material to a readable volume, and yet give all that should be given to make clear a connected history of Baptists in Kentucky from the first appearance of Elder Squire Boone in January, 1770, to 1922. In this history the effort has been made to give the various movements among Kentucky Baptists in Author's Foreword 7 their chronological order, though at times there is considerable overlapping of these movements. Appreciation The appreciation of the author is here expressed to his friends, the Rev. W. W. Landrum, D. D., the Rev. C. M. Thompson, D. D., the Rev. W. J. McGloth- lin, D. D., the Rev. John T. Christian, D. P., and the Rev. J. G. Bow, D. D. for assistance and suggestions. He also extends thanks to the following who fur- nished old copies of papers, magazines, minutes, etc. : Hon. H. S. Robinson, Campbellsville ; Mr. 0. C. Fogle, Fairfield, 111.; Miss Mattie Wilson, Bardstown; Mrs. H. A. Buchanan, Burdick, Ky. ; Mr. J. B. Whitaker, Russellville ; the Rev. Benj. Connaway, Providence; Don Singletary, M. D., Clinton ; J. N. Smith, Lewis- ton, Mo. ; the Rev. C. 0. Simpson, Clay ; Mrs. F. T. Heyser, DeLand, Fla., and the Rev. W. M. Lee, Th. D., Cochran, Ga. To Deacon J. W. Lam of the First Baptist Church, Greenville, Ky., a fine Christian gen- tleman, who is interested in his denomination and its history, and who gave his encouragement and finan- cial support to his pastor, the author, in his arduous task of gathering and preparing this material, is the author greatly indebted. Yours fraternally, Wm. D. Nowlin. First Baptist Church Study, Greenville, Ky. June 5, 1922. INTRODUCTION ACCORDING to the canons of enlightened criti- cism the man behind the book needs interpreta- tion as well as the book itself. In order to reach this result one must take into consideration the fac- tors that make up character. These are admitted by- all Christians to be heredity, environment, choice and the grace of God. A brief sketch of the life and career of William Dudley Nowlin is therefore appropriate if not abso- lutely essential in this Introduction. The Nowlin Genealogy, prepared by Professor James Edmund Nowlin of the University of Utah, a large volume of more than five hundred pages, traces the descent of our author through the centuries back to Irish roy- alty. His American forbears began life in Virginia. From the Old Dominion they emigrated to Tennessee. In Weakley county of that state William Dudley Nowlin was born March 10, 1864. The home into which he was introduced was surcharged with a Chris- tian atmosphere. His parents, William David Now- lin and his mother, nee Caroline Glass, were both righteous before God and reared their son in the nur- ture and admonition of the Lord. Like the over- whelming numbers of the Baptist ministry he was brought up on a farm and enjoyed unusual physical development in God's great out of doors. He is the second of nine children. To become a Baptist, one has said in harmony with the teachings of Jesus, one must be born again. This new experience came to our author in his six- teenth year and was followed by baptism and union with the church. At the time he received his call to the work of the Gospel ministry Nowlin was conducting successfully 9 10 Introduction a large drug business. His response to that call involved financial sacrifices. Realizing his need of more thorough training for his most responsible voca- tion he went to the Southern Baptist Theological Sem- inary and there completed his course in three years. Added to this training was special study in the Uni- versity of Chicago. Because of his studious habits, wide reading, varied experience and philosophic tem- per united to pastoral efficiency and unsullied devo- tion to duty Georgetown college conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, and Union University the degree of Doctor of Laws. Few among his contemporaries have disclosed a greater variety of gifts and accomplishments than are exhibited in the ministry of Dr. Nowlin, His pas- torates have been held in several states, Tennessee, Florida and Kentucky, and far beyond their borders his influence has extended through his contributions to the press and his evangelistic preaching. Espe- cially is his name a household word in Kentucky in which state his leadership in denominational affairs has given him an enviable preeminence. Limited space forbids an enumeration of all the details of Dr. Nowlin 's multitudinous services to the kingdom of God as orator, executive officer, preacher, pastor, editor, author, and sane, sound, safe coun- sellor in the assemblies of his brethren. Quite recently his pen has given to the denomination a book entitled ''Fundamentals of the Faith," which, in the judg- ment of the most competent critics among us, is des- tined to be a text book in our Southern Baptist schools and colleges. Dr. Nowlin is at this time vice president of the S. B. Convention. The Kentucky Baptist General Association with a due regard for character, culture and disinterested devotion to truth, accuracy, comprehensiveness, and fairness chose Dr. Nowlin as the one man capable of writing a History of Kentucky Baptists. After care- ful, painstaking, laborious and tireless effort in this Introditction 11 direction running through several years he presents his work to the judgment of his brethren and to all others interested in the annals of the largest group of Christians in this commonwealth. These pages which follow may not be free from imperfections, to which all historians are liable, but it is believed that on the whole the subject matter comes up to all the require- ments of a clear, candid and impartial presentation of the facts as known to the writer. If history be philosophy teaching by example it befits all Baptists to read this work for an intelligent understanding of how God, through our people, has worked out his pur- poses in the spiritual activities of Kentucky Baptists. W. W. Landbum. Bethel College, June, 1922. CONTENTS CHAPTEE PAGE I. Period op Preparation 17 Daniel Boone and his brother Sqiiire exploring Kentucky. Lord Dunmore's war waged by Americans and for America. George Eoger Clark's brilliant campaigns. General Harrison's annihilation of the British and Indian forces. II. The First Preaching in Kentucky 22 Elder Squire Boone the first preacher in Ken- tucky. Preacher Boone marries the first couple in Ken- tucky, The first recorded preaching in Kentucky, by Jno. Lythe, Episcopalian. First Baptist Preaching on record, by Thos. Tinsley and Wm. Hickman. Filson says "Anabaptists were the first to pro- mote public worship in Kentucky." First preaching in Kentucky by Baptists. III. The First Churches Constituted — 1781 29 Severn's Valley Constituted June 18, 1781 — First church in Kentucky. Cedar Creek, Nelson County, July 4, 1781 — Second church in Kentucky. Gilbert's Creek — Lewis Craig's church — Decem- ber, 1781. Long list of churches constituted between 1781 and 1791, with their locations and the names of the preachers who constituted them. Theodore Eoosevelt in error about Eeformed Dutch Church in Kentucky, 1780. Two old subscription lists — Whiskey. IV. The First Associations Constituted — 1785.... 43 Elkhorn constituted October 1, 1785 — the first in Kentucky. Salem constituted October 29, 1785 — the second. South Kentucky, May, 1788. Other associations constituted. Summary of the seventy-six asso- ciations in Kentucky. 13 14 Contents CHAPTaft PAOE V. Thb Geeat Revival of 1800 C2 This revival began in 1797 under preaching of Presbyterians, Marked msntal and spiritual phenomena mani- fested. Baptists took little part in these excesses. Good accomplished. VI. The Eegulab and Sepajjate Baptists in Ken- tucky United — 1801 66 History of Eegular and Separate Baptists. History of the Union. Terms of the Union. The Union effective. VII. The Emancipation Rupture — 1807 71 Agitation of the slavery question began in Ken- tucky as early as 1789. The slavery agitation in Virginia. The rupture occurred 1807. Emancipation asso- ciation formed. Association dwindled and died. No permanent split. VIII. The Campbellian Split— 1830 78 Alexander Campbell landed in the United States 1809. Campbell began his preaching in Kentucky in 1823 as a Baptist. A definite separation between Baptists and Dis- ciples effected 1830. The Disciples opposed, strenuously, the separa- tion. Division forced. The doctrinal statement drawing the line. Camp- beUism on the decline. Has lost its proselyt- ing propaganda. IX. The Anti-Mission Split — 1832 to 1842 ' 100 Early Baptists in Kentucky all missionary in spirit and practice. John Taylor, anti-mission leader, was one time a missionary. Daniel Parker and "Two-Seed" doctrine. Camp- bell anti-missionary. The division in various associations. X. The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 116 Kentucky Baptifit convention of few days and full of troubles. Constitution of the Baptist State Convention. Baptists afraid of conventions. The convention dies. Has but few mourners. Contents 15 OHAPTEK PAGK XI. The General Association Constituted — 1837.. 124 General Association of Baptists in Kentucky strikes a more lesponsive chord. Constitution of General Association. Historical table of General Association for eighty-five years. XII. The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 130 The spirit of Gospel missions. Gospel missions in their beginning in Kentucky. What they have accomplished. Inconsistent claims. XIII. The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 142 When it began. The occasion. Johnson's Encyclopedia article. Independent editorials. Great disturbances. Action of S. B. Convention. Action of Kentucky Baptists. Doctor Whitsitt's resignation. XIV. The Unification Program and Great Forward Movement — 1919 155 The year 1919 a great year. The two Baptist papers in Kentucky consolidated. The great forward movement in all benevolent objects. Financial reports. XV. Kentucky Baptist Institutions 163 Western Becorder — Three editors not mentioned by Spencer; paper not suspended from 1861 to 1863 as claimed. Georgetown College — Chartered 1829; really dates back to 1788; co-educational — standard. Bethel College — 1849; standard junior; list of presidents. Bethel Woman's College — 1854; new presi- dent; new buildings; new spirit. Louisville Baptist Orphans Home — Cumberland College — Baptist Ministers Aid Society — Riissell Creek Baptist Academy — Kentucky Baptist Chil- dren's Rome — S. B. Theological Seminary. XVI. The Mystery of Lincoln's Eeligion Cleared Up 187 The Lincolns in Kentucky were Baptists. Lin- colns were anti-slavery but not anti-mission. The Little Pigeon Baptist Church, near Lin- coln City, Indiana, where Lincoln joined after leaving Kentucky, is now a Hardshell Baptist Church. Abraham Lincoln's simple Baptist faith never left him. Lincoln and his Bible. A man of faith and a man of prayer. Kentucky Baptist History 1770—1922 CHAPTER I Period op Preparation ' ' memory, thou choicest blessing, on thy speedy wing bear us back to the time when our country was young; and thou, Description, show us the scenes which met the vision of our heroic ancestors." In the year 1770 we find Squire Boone, a Baptist preacher on Kentucky soil ; and so far as records show the only Baptist in that, then vast wilderness, now known as Kentucky. The first settlers of Ken- tucky beheld at the base of the great forests and rich herbage a soil as fertile as that of the Nile valley of Egypt, and in marked contrast with the sterile coun- try of the settlements in the East from which they had come. Amid these scenes of natural beauty roamed the fleet-footed deer, the stately elk, the surly bear, the cunning wolf, the sly fox, the crafty pan- ther, the majestic buffalo, the graceful swan, the shy turkey, the timid goose, the clumsy duck, and other game without number. The flowing springs, cool and refreshing, sprang out of the ground, and coursed their way amid banks of grass and flowers, or under hanging vines, to the creeks and rivers. No wonder that Daniel Boone said that he had "found a para- dise in the great wilds beyond the mountains." Roosevelt says ("The Winning of the West," Vol. II, p. 37) "Lord Dunmore's war waged by Americans for the good of America was the opening act in the drama whereof the closing scene was played at York- 17 2 18 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 town. It made possible the two-fold character of the Revolutionary War, wherein on the one hand the Americans won by conquest and colonization new lands for their children, and on the other wrought out their national independence of the British king. Save for Lord Dunmore's war we could not have set- tled beyond the mountains until after we had ended our quarrel with our kinsfolk across the sea. It so cowed the northern Indians that for two or three years they made no further organized effort to check the white advance. In consequence, the Kentucky pioneers had only to contend with small parties of enemies until time had been given them to become so firmly rooted in the land that it proved impossible to oust them." The population, at the close of the third decade of the nineteenth century, of all that portion of the United States lying between the Alleghany Moun- tains and Mississippi River was estimated at three millions. But sixty years before this we find Daniel Boone and his brother Squire exploring the wilderness of Kentucky. About the year 1778-9 a young Virginian, George Rogers Clark, hearing of an attempt on the part of Colonel Hamilton then in command of the British forces at Detroit, to stir up all the western tribes of Indians to a concerted attack upon the frontier, un- dertook to prevent the frightful consequences which such an attack, should it be successful, would produce. Clark in two short and brilliant campaigns conquered and captured Hamilton at Vincennes and concluded his enterprise by capturing and holding all the terri- tory north of the Ohio River and extending from the AUeghanies to the Mississippi. The restless pioneers yearning for the Great West inspired by the daring of such champions as Boone and Robertson, and encouraged by the victories of Clark to hope for rea- sonable exemption from Indian attacks now began the westward march. Long wagon trains and strings of pack-horses could frequently be seen dragging their Period of Preparation 19 tedious lengths across the mountain passes, and ere long the rude log cabins and the well-tilled farms gave unmistakable evidence of the presence of the hardy and prosperous pioneer. Soon, however, the second war with England engaged the attention of all on both sides of the mountains, and in consequence, the Indian depredations in the Northwest and Southwest were poor inducements with which to lure would-be emigrants from the other side. The conflict between America and the mother country happily proved of short duration, the latter acquiescing in aU the demands which the victorious nation imposed upon her, thereby strengthening the American feeling of nationality and showing her power. Moreover during the War General Harrison completely annihilated the combined British and Indian forces in the battle of the Thames and so presently recovered the Northwest territory, while Andrew Jackson at the head of a few United States regulars in a bloody campaign of six or seven months, which was brought to a successful ter- mination by the battle of Tallapoosa in March, 1814, delivered a crushing blow to the Indian forces in the Southwest. Thus from the mountains to the Missis- sippi the settlers were again relieved of the fear of attack from the cruel red man. Shortly before the breaking out of the war a steamboat was launched on the Ohio at Pittsburgh and it was not long thereafter until the Ohio, with its tributaries, was provided with many such vessels bearing a constantly increasing stream of emigrants to their western homes. The suc- cessful termination of the war which begat a feeling of safetj^ and the introduction of steamboat travel, which greatly facilitated means of communication, undoubtedly had much to do with the westward expansion which now is only necessary to recall the fact that each year for four consecutive years, a new state in the Mississippi valley was added to the Union. This was a marvelous growth. The integrity of our possessions being now assured, and immunity from the aggressions of Indians guaranteed, the tide of 20 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 population temporarily held back, now set in again from the East with increased volume and momentum, and there was accordingly ushered in for "the next fifty years a material growth without a parallel in history." The people who came West were inclined to be religious. Theodore Roosevelt ("Winning of the West," Vol. I, p. 69) says in speaking of the character of these pioneers, "At the bottom they were deeply religious in their tendencies; and although ministers and meeting houses were rare, yet the backwoods cabins often contained Bibles and the mothers used to instill into the minds of their children reverence for Sunday." It is a great error, however, to suppose that repre- sentatives of the other Christian faiths were not found among the great numbers that now poured into the Middle West. There were many of all denominations, especially Presbyterians, who were second to the Bap- tists in establishing churches in Kentucky, and quite valiantly did they bear themselves in the struggle to improve not only their material, but the moral condi- tions in their new homes. It is not our purpose nor desire to derogate a tithe from the praise due to other denominations for their contribution to the moral enlightenment of the new territory, and yet to the Baptists is due the credit of first proclaiming the story of the cross in this great western wilderness. It appears that Daniel Boone was not a Baptist, but several members of his family were, and a brother. Squire Boone, was a Baptist preacher before coming to Kentucky. Many of the first settlers in Kentucky were Baptists. "As in Kentucky so in Ohio. The first church organized in the Northwest territory was the Colum- bia Baptist, whose date is January 20, 1790. The Co- lumbia Township was then about five miles from what is now the site of Cincinnati — the growth of the latter city having brought Columbia within her corporate limits. In 1889 a monument commemorative of this event was erected on the site of the first house of wor- Period of Preparation 21 ship built by the church. Two inscriptions recite the date of the coming of the Baptist pioneers, the date of organization, the name of the constituent members and the purchase of two acres of ground as a building lot from Maj, Benjamin Stites, who was at the head of the first band of pioneers that settled on Ohio soil and who later became a prominent member of this church. ' ' The same is true of Illinois. In Illinois territory in 1786, thirty-two years before its admission as a state, the Lemen family had founded the first church, organized the first association and were the leaders in the anti-slavery movement before the days of Parker, Phillips and Garrison who led the later ''abolition" crusade. In the region beyond the Mississippi the word of the Lord sounded forth, and here again, according to Newman, the Baptists were the first to proclaim it, and so the above facts would seem to indicate that it would not be difficult to prove that the Baptists were the first to preach the Gospel in the valley of the Mis- sissippi; and in reading the record of those days of toil and privation it is interesting indeed to meet with the names of those who became the noble progenitors of sons and daughters who today in secular and relig- ious pursuits are bearing themselves worthily and, by their devotion to the cause for which their fathers suffered, and for which many of them died, show that they are not insensible to the high source from which they sprang. The period of preparation for our Bap- tist hosts of Kentucky was a period of heroic struggle and grand achievements. CHAPTER II The First Preaching in Kentucky There has been much misunderstanding and dif- ference of opinion as to who did the first preaching in Kentucky. It was maintained for quite a while by the Baptists and some others, that Thomas Tinsley and William Hickman, Baptist ministers, did the first preaching in Kentucky at Harrodsburg in 1776, but this is an error, for Collins in his "History of Ken- tucky" says (page 501, Vol. 2) "Sunday 28, May, divine service for the first time in Kentucky was per- formed by the Rev. John Lythe." And again (Vol. I, page 441) Collins says: "The Rev. John Lythe of the Episcopal Church, or the Church of England, came early to Kentucky. When Col. Henderson estab- lished his proprietary government in 1775 Mr. Lythe was a delegate from the Harrodsburg station, or set- tlement, to the legislative assembly. The delegates met on the 23d of May, 1775, and the assembly having organized, divine service was performed by the Rev. Mr. Lythe, one of the delegates from Harrodsburg." Again in this same volume (page 515) "The first clergyman ever in Kentucky was the Rev. John Lythe of the Church of England who came to Harrodsburg April, 1775. This same preacher held the first preach- ing, or divine service, at Boonesborough on Sunday, May 28, 1775, under the shade of a magnificent elm tree." This was the Sunday following Henderson's convention. Yet on page 416 of this volume (I) in speaking of William Hickman, Sr., Collins says, "He was the first to proclaim the unsearchable riches of Christ in the valley of the Kentucky." Collins thus contradicts himself. Z. F. Smith in his History of Kentucky (Youth's edition, p. 89) says "Rev. John Lythe, of the Church of England, conducted the first The First Preaching in Kentucky 23 religious services known to have been held at Boones- borough May 28, 1775." He adds, however, "There may have been other religious services, and in other places, even earlier than this of which history does not give account." Now this last clause, I am sure, con- tains the truth. According to history Squire Boone, a Baptist preacher, was in Kentucky five years before the Rev. John Lythe came. Cathcart in his "Bap- tist Encyclopedia" says (Vol. I, p. 113) in speak- ing of Squire Boone, "It is not known at what period he united with the church or when he began to preach, but it was previous to his removal to the West," the date of which he gives as ' ' 1770. ' ' According to Collins' History of Kentucky (Vol. II, p. 56) on "the 22d December, 1769" Daniel Boone and Stuart were captured by the Indians and held by their captors "seven days, after which they escaped and returned to their camp which they found dis- mantled and deserted." This would put the date of "their return to their camp" probably December 30th or 31st. Collins then adds, "A few days after this, they were joined by Squire Boone, a brother of the great pioneer." This would make the date of the meeting of the brothers some time in January, 1770, which is in perfect accord with other state- ments concerning Squire Boone's arrival in Ken- tucky. Dr. Spencer is in error when he, in his "Preface" to his "History of Kentucky Baptists" (page 9) speaks of giving "the history of the Baptists in Ken- tucky, from the time that Elder Squire Boone first set his foot on the soil of the unexplored wilderness, in the spring of 1769, down to the year 1885," for Col- lins' "History of Kentucky" (Vol. II, p. 711) says "Late in the fall of 1769, Squire Boone and another adventurer (name unknown) left the Yadkin in search of his brother Daniel, ' ' who * ' had gone to the wilds of Kentucky on the 1st of May preceding." Squire Boone was probably on Kentucky soil in the winter of 1769, but history does not record the fact. 24 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 In Daniel Boone's autobiography, dictated to John Filson in 1784, as quoted by Collins (Vol. II, p. 711) Daniel Boone says ' ' On May 1, 1770, Squire returned home to the settlement by himself — for a new recruit of horses and ammunition, leaving Daniel by himself, without bread, salt or sugar, without company of his fellow creatures, or even a horse or dog. On July 27, 1770, Squire met him, according to appointment, at the old camp, ' ' with the supplies. So there is no ques- tion about Squire Boone being in Kentucky in 1770. John Lythe arrived in Kentucky ''April, 1775." On page 87 Smith's History in giving an account of the marriage of Sam Henderson and Elizabeth Calloway (one of the girls captured by the Indians and later rescued) says "Squire Boone, then an ordained min- ister of the Baptist Church, performed the first cere- mony in Kentucky." The marriage was one month after the rescue. Collins gives the date of this mar- riage as 1776 (Vol. I, p. 511) and says it was "per- formed by Squire Boone a preacher of the Calvinistic Baptist Church. ' ' This shows that Squire Boone was an active minister of the gospel. Now, if Squire Boone was a Baptist "Preacher before his removal to the West, ' ' as Cathcart says, and if he was active as a minister in Kentucky, marrying people, as history shows, and if there were "309 Bap- tists in Kentucky in 1774" as Asplund's Register records (quoted by Dr. W. P. Harvey in "Life and Times of William Hickman," p. 3) one year before Henderson's Convention, it stands to reason that there had been some Baptist preaching done in Ken- tucky before Henderson's Convention of May, 1775. The preaching of Mr. Lythe in May, 1775, is the first of which we have any record, and we would have had no record of this had it not taken place in connection with this convention, of which a record was kept. Dr. W, C. James in his "Western Baptist Theological Institute" of Covington, Kentucky, says "Squire Boone, a Baptist preacher, was the first man to preach the gospel in Kentucky and perhaps in the whole The First Preaching in Kentucky 25 West. " It is quite clear that the Rev. Squire Boone was the first preacher in Kentucky, and as he was here several years prior to Henderson's Convention active as a minister we think Dr. James is eminently correct in saying he ^'was the first to preach the gos- pel in Kentucky. ' ' This is peculiarly true since Bap- tists have always been a preaching people. John Filson in his history of Kentucky, the date of which is 1784, says on page 301 in speaking of the "manners and customs" of the people of Ken- tucky, "they have a diversity of manners, customs, and religions, which may in time perhaps be modified to one uniform." He then adds "The Anabaptists were the first that promoted public worship in Ken- tucky. " It is worth noticing that the Baptists as late as 1784 were called "Anabaptists" by this historian. This shows that the people now called Baptists were once called Anabaptists. To "promote public worship" evidently meant "held preaching services," as this is the way Bap- tists promoted public worship. One can hardly reach any other conclusion. Daniel Boone, Levi Todd and James Harrod, according to a signed statement, read and revised Filson 's history, and they declare it to be "as accurate as can possiMy be made." (page 271 — Date, May, 1784). Here is a statement by the ear- liest historian in Kentucky, that the Baptists first pro- moted public worship in Kentucky, and this statement has the endorsement of three of the earliest settlers, who were, as they say, "well acquainted with the country from its first settlement." Davidson in his history of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky, page 86, referring to the pioneer Baptists of Kentucky says : "To them belongs the credit of having been the first to inaugurate the regular public worship of God and the organization of churches. ' ' This should settle the question beyond any doubt that the Baptists were the first to conduct public worship in Kentucky, or did the first preaching in the state, and established the first churches. 26 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 The first record we have of Baptists preaching in Kentucky is the preaching of the Kevs. Thomas Tins- ley and William Hickman, which was in April, 1776, at Harrodsburg, In "The Life and Travels of Wil- liam Hickman" he writes "We got to Harrodsburg the first day of April, 1776. Myself, Brother Thomas Tinsley, my old friend, Mr. Morton, took our lodging at Mr. John Gordon's, four miles from town. "Mr. Tinsley was a good old preacher, Mr. Mor- ton a good pious Presbyterian and love and friend- ship abounded among us. We went nearly every Sun- day to town to hear Mr. Tinsley preach. I generally concluded his meetings. One Sunday morning sitting at the head of a spring at this place, he laid his Bible on my thigh and said, 'You must preach today.' He said if I did not he would not. It set me in a tremor. I knew he would not draw back. I took the book and turned to the 23d chapter of Numbers and tenth verse: 'Let me die the death of the righteous and let my last end be like his.' " The above is from "The Life and Times of William Hickman" as quoted in Publication No. 1 of the Kentucky Bap- tist Historical Society (page 6) by W. J. McGlothlin, D.D. Elder John Taylor in his "History of Ten Churches" (page 48) says of William Hickman: "In '76 he paid a visit to Kentucky and here the same year he first began to preach." From this date we have no trouble finding records of Baptist preaching in the State, though as yet there is no Baptist organi- zation on Kentucky soil. Benedict in his History of the Baptists, (page 811) says of Kentucky: "Many of the early settlers of this state were Baptists. Some came as early as 1775, and several Baptist ministers, among whom were the late John Taylor, and Lewis Lunsford, (known in Virginia as THE WONDERFUL BOY), made a visit to this land of promise. They returned to Virginia for a period, without constituting any churches. The few brethren they found in the coun- The First Preaching in Kentucky 27 try were in an unpleasant state, cold and neglectful in religion, constantly exposed to Indian depreda- tions, and destitute of provisions in a great measure, except what the wild game furnished. The soil was luxuriant, and the country enriched with all the beau- ties of uncultivated nature. The people lived in 'stations' or forts. These ministers preached a few times, and gave the people such advice as suited their circumstances. ''About 1781, several Baptist preachers and many brethren migrated to this new country. At that period, removal from Virginia to Kentucky was a slow and hazardous business. Two modes were adopted, one by land, the other by water. The first was performed on horseback, with a few bare necessa- ries of life on pack horses, over a vast tract of moun- tainous wilderness. Exposure to attacks from the Indians compelled them to perform their journeying^ in caravans, with sentries stationed round their camps at night. The other mode was to embark on the Ohio river in a flat boat, and float dow^n with the current to Limestone, or to Bear-grass Creek, (now Maysville and Louisville) the two principal landings "The Baptist emigration into this State was, in a great degree, from Virginia. A few families came from the Red Stone Country in Western Pennsylva nia, and a few more from New Jersey. This denomi nation was not only the earliest in preaching the gos- pel and forming churches, but for numbers and influence held the ascendency for many years. It is still the most numerous, influential and wealthy denomination in the state." At the close of the American war a flood of Bap- tists poured into Kentucky, mostly from Virginia by whom a number of churches were constituted. It seems to be a well established fact that the first preaching in Kentucky was by the Baptists. Mr. Roosevelt says: "By the time Kentucky was settled the Baptists had begun to make headway on the frontier, at the expense of the Presbyterians. The 28 Keniucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 rough democracy of the border welcomed a sect which was itself essentially democratic. " (" The Winning of the West," Vol. II, p. 113). We think the facts clearly warrant the statement that the Baptists did the first preaching in Kentucky. CHAPTER III The First Churches Constituted — 1781 ''It is a well established fact in history that the Baptists were the pioneers, of religion in Kentucky. They came with the earliest permanent settlers, ' ' says Collins' history. In the year 1780 many Baptists, chiefly from Vir- ginia removed to this state but it was not until the summer of the following year that a church was con- stituted. Severn's Valley — June 18, 1781 The first church of any denomination constituted on Kentucky soil, so far as history shows, was the Severn's Valley Baptist church which was constituted June 18, 1781. We learn from Spencer's History of Kentucky Baptists (Vol. I, p. 21) : "There are facts and circumstances connected with the early history of the Church with Avhich the present generation is little acquainted. When this present widespread and favored country was but a wilderness ; when not a human habitation was to be found between Louisville (then called the Falls of the Ohio) and Green river, save a few families, who had ventured to Severn's Valley — a dense forest, and unexplored — and com- menced a rude settlement far from the haunts of civi- lized man ; there the lamented John Gerrard, a minis- ter of God, came like John the Baptist, 'The Voice of One Crying in the Wilderness,' and finding a few of the disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ like sheep with- out a shepherd, on the 18th day of June, 1781, they were collected together under a green sugar tree ; and in the fear of God, in church covenant gave them- selves to the Lord and to one another, and were con- stituted a Baptist Church, named after Severn 's Val- 29 30 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 ley and the creek which flows through it. It has ever borne the same name, none having dared, and it is hoped never may, to lay impious hands upon it by changing its venerable and venerated name — 'Sev- ern's Valley Church.' " From "Haycraft's History of Elizabethtown, Kentucky, and Its Surroundings, ' ' which was written by Samuel Haycraft and published in the Elizabeth- town News in 1869, and published in book form in 1921, we gather the following facts concerning the Severn 's Valley Baptist Church, which is now located in Elizabethtown. "On the 17th (this should be the 18th) day of June, 1781, under the shadow of a green sugar tree, near Haynes Station, a Baptist Church was consti- tuted with eighteen members, by Elder William Tay- lor and Joseph Barnett, preachers, with Elder John Gerrard, who was ordained first pastor. The church was called the Regular Baptist Church of Severn's Valley. The same church still exists in Elizabeth- town and is known by the name of the United Bap- tist Church of Christ, called Severn's Valley, and is now the oldest Baptist church that maintains an exis- tence in Kentucky. All of the members and the preacher emigrated from Virginia, and Elder Gerrard might have been emphatically styled 'the voice of one crying in the wilderness.' "This man of God was only permitted to exercise the functions of his office for nine months." (Page 14). It is supposed that he was killed by the In- dians, as he went out hunting one day and never returned, and as the wilderness was infested with hos- tile Indians at that time. We say the date should be June 18, not 17, because the history of Salem Association written by its clerk, Spencer Clack, in 1826 says: "On Saturday, the 29th of October, 1785, four Regular Baptist Churches met at Cox's Creek, Nelson County, Kentucky, by their delegates, in order to form an association, and, after a suitable sermon on the occasion, preached by The First Churches Constituted^l781 31 our brother, Joseph Barnett, from the first chapter of John and 17th verse, proeeded to business. Brother Joseph Barnett was made moderatio, and Brother Andrew Paul, clerk. ' * I. Letters from four churches were read, viz. : Sevems Valley, constituted June eighteen, seven hun- dred and eighty-one, number of members, thirty-seven. No pastor." The number of members, of course, refers to the number when the church went into the association — not when constituted. Another reason why we say the date (June 17) in Haycraf t 's history is incorrect : we find that this same Samuel Haycraf t published a history of Severn 's Val- ley Church in Ford's Christian Repository of April, 1857, in which he stated that "The church was con- stituted of 18 members, June 18, 1781, under a green sugar tree, about a half mile from the present limit of Elizabethtown, the county seat of Hardin." This was while Mr. Haycraft was living, and if the date had been published incorrectly he evidently would have said so. Mr. Haycraft, on the next page (15) of his his- tory, gives a very interesting account of the manners and customs of the members of this old church, which we here reproduce: ' ' Church going folks of the present day who make it a point to appear in their best attire at the public religious services might feel some curiosity to know how our ancestors appeared on such occasions, and I hope they will not blush at the description. I received my impression from Jacob Vanmeter, who was the younger Jacob Vanmeter in the original con- stitution of the church. He died a few years since at the advanced age of about ninety-five, having been a Baptist about eighty-four years. "They then had no house of worship. In the sum- mer time they worshipped in the open air, in the win- ter time they met in the round-log cabins with dirt floors, as there was no mills and plank to make a floor. A few who had aspired to be a little aristocratic split timber and made puncheon floors. 32 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 ' ' The men dressed as Indians ; leather leggins and moccasins adorned their feet and legs. Hats made of splinters rolled in Buffalo wool and sewed together with deer sinews or buckskin whang ; shirts of buck- skin and hunting shirts of the same ; some went the whole Indian costume and wore breech-clouts. The females wore a coarse cloth made of Buffalo wool, underwear of dressed doe skin, sun bonnets, something after the fashion of men's hats and the never-failing moccasin for the feet in winter, in summer time all went barefooted. When they met for preaching or prayer, the men sat with their trusty rifles at their sides, and as they had to watch as well as pray, a faithful sentinel keeping a lookout for the lurking Indian. But it so happened that their services were never seriously interrupted, except on one occasion. One of the watches came to the door hole during a sermon and endeavored by signs and winks to apprise the people that something was wrong — not being exactly understood, a person within winked at the messenger, as much as to say, 'Don't interrupt us.' But the case being urgent, the outside man exclaimed, 'None of your winking and blinking — I tell you the Indians are about.' That was understood, the meet- ing was closed, and military defense organized. Now, gentle and fair reader, I beseech you not to blush or be ashamed of your forerunners ; they were the chosen of God and nature 's nobility. ' ' Our present day worshipers who live in their splendid homes and worship in their magnificent churches will read this account of the customs of our forefathers with absorbing interest. The following is from "Haycraft's History of Elizabethtown and Its Surroundings" (page 82) : ''The Baptists were the first in order of time in this valley. Their member- ship was scattered and covered a great deal of ground. For the accommodation of the church the monthly meetings were held alternately at the Valley and Nolin. These meetings were held in open air or a private house for many years. Old Nolin church The First Churches Constituted — 1781 33 was constituted in 1803 by a mutual agreement. ' ' This explains why Nolin Church is some times referred to as the oldest church in Kentucky. Benedict in hia "History of the Baptists," published 1848, on page 811, Chapter XXII— Kentucky, says: "The church called Nolin is supposed to have been the first Prot- estant religious society organized in the great West. ' ' The statement of Samuel Haycraft clears up this point in our history, and shows that Benedict is in error, and at the same time shows how the error easily occurred. Several other historians followed Benedict in this error. In the minutes of the Green River Association, of which Severn's Valley was now a member, for the year 1802, meeting held at "Mill Creek Meeting House, in Barren County, Kentucky, on Saturday 31st July 1802," has the following item: "Severns Valley church, messengers, Jacob LaRue, Christo- pher Miller, Geo. Helm. Baptized 125, reed by letter 12, dismissed by letter 7, dead 2, total member- ship 156." We call attention to this item because of the large number of members received during the past associational year. More than half the membership reported had been received since the 1801 session of the association. This, as will be remembered, was dur- ing the "Great Revival of 1800," and following. Another item in that same minute (1802) says: "Letters from thirty churches were read. Twelve of which had been constituted since last association, were received. ' ' These two items help us to estimate the results of the revival of 1800 and the years immediately follow- ing. We have given a somewhat extended account of this church because it was the first church on Ken- tucky soil. Cedar Creek Church — July 4, 1781 We come now to the second church in Kentucky, and which, but for patriotic reasons, might have been 34 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 the FIRST. This was only a few years after the Declaration of Independence and while the Revolu- tionary War was still continuing. This explains why those who constituted this church waited for the Fourth of July. "Cedar Creek Church," says Spencer (Vol. I, page 23), "was the second organized in Kentucky, It was gathered by Joseph Barnett who was assisted in its constitution by John Gerrard, July 4, 1781. It is located in Nelson county about five miles southwest from Bardstown. The first pastor was Joseph Bar- nett." This church is still in existence and reports 200 members. The next church on Kentucky soil was the Gil- bert's Creek Church which was brought over in a body from Virginia and located in Kentucky, Decem- ber, 1781. Lewis Craig was the pastor of this church. Attracted by the glowing accounts which were given by returning explorers of the beautiful scenery, the unexcelled productiveness, and the abundance of wild game of the charming region beyond the mountains, and revolting against the ecclesiastical persecution and domination of the State Church authorities of Virginia, the larger number of the members of this church, having been, at their own request, constituted into an independent church, and taking along with them the pastor and the old church book, began their long and tedious journey to the "foreign land." Car- rying their women, children, and baggage on horse- back, they travelled through the wilderness for 600 miles. Famine, cold, fatigue, and sickness impeded their journey. The wild beast and treacherous Indian made perilous their march. Winter, with its ice, snow, and mud, tested their patience and tried their strength. Many times during their journey, when a halt was called, did they engage in religious services. Many times did the primeval forest jof the Dark and Bloody Ground resound with the hymns of Zion ; the vales which formerly had reverberated with the scream of the catamount or the war whoop of the The First Churches Constituted — 1781 35 infuriated savage, now for the first time echoed with the hallelujahs of the saints. The "Great Spirit," whom the savages ignorantly worshipped by means of magic and incantations, was now worshipped "in spirit and in truth." On the second Sunday in De- cember, 1781, weary and exhausted, they arrived at Gilbert's Creek, and there permanently located. The church entered into the organization of Elkhorn Asso- ciation in 1785. Dr. S. H. Ford, in the Christian Eepository of March, 1856, (page 137), says of Craig and his traveling charge : ' ' About the first of Decem- ber, they passed the Cumberland Gap, .... and on the second Lord's day in December, 1781, thej- had arrived in Lincoln (now Garrard County) and met as a Baptist Church of Christ at Gilbert 's Creek. ' ' Then Dr. Ford adds, "Old William Marshall preached to them, with their pastor, the first Sunday after their arrival." John Taylor, in a biographical sketch of Lewis Craig, savs: "I think he moved to Kentucky in the fall of 1781." Dr. J. B. Taylor, another of his biographers, says : "It has already been stated that in 1781, he removed to the "West." Dr. R. B. Semple, in his history of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in Virginia, Revised and extended edition (p. 200), says, in speaking of Craig's Church, "formerly called Upper Spottsylvania" .... "in 1781, to the great mortification of the remaining members, Mr. Craig, with most of the church, moved to Kentucky. ' ' Then in a footnote on the same page, Dr. Semple, after naming their location in Kentucky, "Gilbert's Creek, Lincoln (now Garrard) County," says, "They were the third Baptist Church constituted in Kentucky, and held their first meeting on the second Sunday in December. ' ' This fixes the date of this church in Ken- tucky. This church has long since ceased to exist as an organization, though out of it came other churches. Dr. W. M. Pratt says in "Jubilee Volume" (page 40) : "In 1781 Lewis Craig, and probably his brother Joseph, came to Kentucky, followed, in 1786, by another brother, Elijah, and by his brother-in-law, 36 Kentucky Baptist Eistory—1770-1922 Richard Cave, a pioneer preacher. These Craigs were the sons of Toliver Craig, of Orange County, Virginia, whose large family of seven sons and four daughters were members of the church. The three sons who came to Kentucky were effective preachers in Vir- ginia, and were a number of times thrown in prison. Lewis Craig, the elder of the three, was pastor of the 'migrating church' of two hundred, of Upper Spott- sylvania, and after a long, fatiguing pilgrimage, main- taining their organization and worship on the way, settled on Gilbert Creek, Garrard County, October, (this should be December — Editor) 1781. Elijah Craig was first pastor of Big Crossing, laid out the town of Georgetown, established the classical school in that place, which is now the seat of Georgetown College. These two brothers were men of strong minds and of great influence in molding the character of the infant churches." The three churches above named (Severn's Valley, Cedar Creek and Gilbert's Creek) were the only churches in Kentucky in 1781 according to history. Mr. Roosevelt is evidently in error when he says ("Winning the West," Vol. II, p. 254), ''Thus this spring (1780) "a third of the congregation of a Low Dutch Reformed Church came to Kentucky bodily to the number of fifty heads of families, with their wives and their children." He then adds, "The fol- lowing year a Baptist congregation came out from Virginia, keeping up its organization while on the road, the preacher holding services at every long halt." There is plenty of evidence that the Baptist church came to Kentucky that year (1781) but no evi- dence that a "Low Dutch Reformed Church" was established in Kentucky in 1780. In fact, Filson after saying "The Anabaptists were the first that promoted public worship in Kentucky, ' ' says the only other sect at this time maintaining worship in Kentucky is the Presbyterians with four congregations. He says "at present there are no other religious societies formed, although several other sects have numerous adher- The First Churches ConsUtutedr—1781 37 ents" (301). So Filson in 1784 knew nothing of a "Low Dutch Reformed Church" in Kentucky, neither do other Kentucky historians. True Mr. Roosevelt does not say this church established itself in Ken- tucky as a church, but that is the inference. Dr. J. M. Cramp in his Baptist History in speaking of Ken- tucky Baptists says: ''In 1781 the first church was organized at Nolin, (This is the Severn's Valley Church — Editor). That church is supposed to have been the first Protestant religious society organized in the Great West." The above is practically the state- ment of all the historians. In the year 1790 there were in Kentucky forty- two churches, forty ordained ministers, twenty-one licensed preachers and 3,105 members. The list of early churches here given is by Dr. W. M. Pratt in Jubilee Volume (page 38) : "In 1782, Forks of Dix River was founded by Lewis Craig. In 1783, South Elkhorn, Fayette County, was founded by the removal of Lewis Craig, and a large portion of his church at Gilbert's Creek to this place, the first church north of Kentucky River. "In 1784, Bear Grass Church, Jefferson County, six miles east of Louisville, was constituted by John Whitaker, and Howard Creek (now Providence), Clark County, by Elder Robert Elkin. (This church really came over from Virginia in a body as a con- stituted church, as the old records show, and has a continuous history from its constitution in Virginia. Thus, it is the oldest church constitution on Kentucky soil, but not the first in Kentucky. — Nowlin.). "In 1785, twelve churches were founded, viz.: Limestone (now Washington), Mason County, by El- der William Wood; Clear Creek, Woodford County, by Elder John Taylor; Pottenger Creek, Nelson County, by Benjamin Lynn; Cox Creek, Nelson County, by William Taylor; Brachears (Clear Creek), Shelby County, by Elder William Taylor and John AVhitaker; Rush Branch, Lincoln County, by 38 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1923 Elder John Bailey; Head of Boone Creek, by Elder Joseph Craig; Big Crossing, Scott County, by Elder Elisha Craig ; Tates Creek, Madison County, by Elder John Tanner; Town Fork (Lexington), by Elder John Gano ; Bryant Station, Fayette County, by Elder Lewis Craig; Boone Creek (Athens), by Elder David Thompson. "In 1786, Tate's Creek, Madison County, by Elder Andrew Tribble. "In 1787, Marble Creek (East Hickman), Fayette County, by Elders William Hickman and John Price; Cooper's Run, Bourbon County, by Elder Augustine Eastin; New Providence, Lincoln County, by Elder William Marshall; South Fork, Nelson County, by Elder James S. Skaggs. "In 1788, Huston Creek, Bourbon County, by Elder Moses Bledsoe; Forks of Elkhorn, Franklin County, by Elder William Hickman; Rolling Fork, Nelson County, by Elder John Carman; Buck Run, Franklin County, by Elders John and James Dupuy; Shawnee Run, Mercer County, by Elder John Rice. "In 1789, Hardin Creek, Nelson County, by Elder Baldwin Clifton; May's Lick, Mason County, by El- ders Wood and Garrard. "In 1790, Indian Creek, Harrison County, by El- der A. Eastin ; Unity, Clark County ; Hickman Creek and Hardin Creek, Mercer County; Mount Pleasant, Franklin County, and West Fork, Cox Creek, Nelson County, White Oak, Nelson County. "1791, Stony Point, Mercer County, Strode 's Fork, Fayette County, Taylor's Fork, Green Creek, Bourbon, Bloomfield, Nelson County; Crab Orchard, Lincoln County; Pitman's Creek and Brush Creek, Green County." A number of other churches constituted within this period are not named, as they had been dis- banded. Some Early Customs in Kentucky Baptist Churches Dr. Spencer says (Vol. I, p. 485) : "Ruling Elders were nominal officers in many of our early churches. The First Churches Constituted — 1781 39 The name can only be appropriate when applied to the officer it designates, in a church having a Presby- terian form of government. In a Baptist church, the term is a misnomer. ' ' This custom soon passed away. The practice of the laying on of hands was com- mon. John Taylor in his "History of Ten Churches," says (page 10) : "The rite of laying on of hands, on the newly baptized, was practised by the Baptists in those days; this practice was performed as follows: Those upwards of fifty, stood up in one solemn line, on the bank of the river, taking up about as many yards as there were individuals — the males first in line, about four ministers went together, each one laid his right hand on the head of the dedicated person, and one prayed for him, and after praying for three or four of them, another proceeded till they went through. It would appear as if that solemn dedica- tion might be some barrier to future apostasy ; for the prayers were with great solemnity and fervor, and for that particular person according to their age and circumstances." Dr. Spencer says (Vol. I, page 486) : "Laying on of hands was a ceremony in common use among the early Baptists of Virginia and Kentucky, as well as some other regions." He adds, however, "The cere- mony has long since been discontinued among the churches in Kentucky." The washing of feet seems to have been a very common ceremony among some of the early churches of Kentucky. "Among the Regular Baptists, it was practiced partially a few years, and then went en- tirely out of use," says Spencer. (Vol. I, p. 486). None of these ''early customs" are now in use among the Baptists of Kentucky, so far as the author knows. We give two old subscription lists here of some interest. The first is for pastor's salary in South Elkhom Church, and has on it thirty-six gallons of whiskey. The other is a facsimile of a subscription found in minutes of the Robinson & Pitman Church — o o ^ o o O O) 5:^ M .S eM "t^ 52 00 cd o be o CO rCj ^ S pi "is ^o fl O .2 02 •S ^ o tf) <u -I ■^J pq '^ tn C w )-i ^ o pq c/) '3 1^ -^ /%^.<-t L< <ie,£-C k/at^rr7fi^ v^O-e^t ^'rt^J^a^<^ a. •^ /^ © -!» ^/V ' oA »J a>k 42 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 now Campbellsville Church — and containing eight gallons of whiskey. In contrast with the above subscription lists we give the following which was adopted by the South Kentucky Association No. 3 at its organization in 1845. Says Spencer (Vol. II, 580): "No church shall be considered in good standing in this union, that will encourage, by laxity of discipline, or other- wise, the making and vending of ardent spirits as a beverage, etc." This shows the change of sentiment on the whiskey trafSc in forty-seven years among the Qoxly Kentucky Baptists. And as compared with the present, it strik- ingly illustrates the great progress made in temper- ance reform in these 124 years. What was true of the early Baptist churches in this country was true of churches of other denomina- tions touching the whiskey traffic. Baptists were no worse and no better in this particular than those of other religious bodies of that time. CHAPTER IV The First Associations Constituted — 1785 It is customary with Baptists when they have a few churches close enough together for organization to form them into associations, and the early Baptists of Kentucky were no exception to this rule. Within four years and four months from the time the first church is constituted in Kentucky we find two asso- ciations constituted. The first of these was the Elk- horn which was constituted October 1, 1785, and the second was the Salem, constituted October 29, 1785. The Elkhorn Association Spencer says: "At the close of the year 1785 there had been constituted in Kentucky eighteen churches." He also says "The year 1785 was one of great interest, and much activity among the Baptists of Kentucky. Hitherto each little church had stood isolated from its sisters. No organization existed through which the churches could work together in harmony," John Taylor in his "History of Ten Churches" (page 55) gives an account of the organi- zation of the Elkhorn Association, After speaking of the churches needing the aid of one another, he says: "We soon began to contemplate an association for that purpose and partly to bring about a union with the South Kentucky Baptists. We held a conference at South Elkhorn, in June, 1785, but failed in the union with the South Kentucky Baptists ; we agreed to meet as an association at Clear Creek October 1, 1785. Six churches it seems met, one of them was from Tates Creek, south side of Kentucky, there and then, Elkhorn Association was formed." They met and had preaching at 3 P, M., September 30th and ' ' the day following their coming together the messen- 43 44 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 gers adopted the following constitution," says Spen- cer, so formed their organization on the first day of October, as John Taylor says. The Elkhorn Association was constituted of six churches, viz.: "Gilbert's Creek, Tate's Creek, South Elkhorn, Clear Creek, Big Crossing, and Limestone. The ministers representing these churches were El- ders George Stokes Smith, John Price, John Tanner, Lewis Craig, William Hickman, John Taylor, James Rucker, John Dupuy, and William Wood. This body was enlarged nearly every year until it comprised thirty-eight churches extending from Columbia Church near the mouth of Little Miami, Ohio, to Cum- berland, Tennessee. ' ' As this is the oldest association in the State we give a somewhat extended account of 137 years of her glorious history. Large use is made at this point of Dr. W. M. Lee 's "History of Elkhorn Association," presented as his thesis for the doctor's degree at the theological semi- nary, Louisville. The Elkhorn Association of Baptists, the first association of Baptist churches west of the Alleghany Mountains, is at present composed of twenty-nine churches, and is located in east central Kentucky, cov- ering what is known as the strictly Blue Grass sec- tion of the state. It includes all the Missionary Churches in Fayette, Woodford and Scott Counties, and some of those located in Bourbon, Grant, Frank- lin and Jessamine. It is bounded on the south and west by the Kentucky River, which with its pictur- esque canons furnishes perhaps the most beautiful and magnificent scenery to be found in Kentucky, and on the east by the south branch of Licking River, the divisive line between it and Union Association, which was organized out of Elkhorn in 1813. The original territory of Elkhorn Association was not so delimited and circumscribed. At one time dur- ing its history (1792-1796) it included churches as far north as "Columbia in the Western Territory," now Ohio, and as far south as Tennessee County, The First Associations Constituted — 1785 45 Cumberland Settlement." At this time it covered perhaps 15,000 square miles. During the one hundred and thirty-five years of its existence, the association has included, at different times, one hundred and sev- enteen churches. The larger number of these churches have been dismissed from time to time to form sister associations in correspondence with Elk- horn ; some have been excluded on account of heresy ; whereas some have withdrawn on account of dissatis- faction with associational discipline. The ranks of the following Baptist Associations have been strength- ened by churches dismissed from Elkhorn, viz. : North District, Licking, Bracken, Union, Franklin, Green Kiver, Tate's Creek, and North Bend. In addition to the above named sources of depletion, may be added the fact that during the war the churches composed of colored members withdrew to form associations of their own. In 1827, James Fishback, pastor of Lexington Church, created a division in his church by trying to change the name of it to the ' * Church of Christ. ' ' He led off a minority of thirty-eight members and became their pastor. Rev. R. T. Dillard subsequently suc- ceeded in uniting the two factions. H. Davidge, of the Big Spring (Versailles) Church, created some stir by a pamphlet of the ''Reforming" type, which he circulated. Campbell and his coadjutors won many of the best Baptist preachers and laymen over to the Reformation, prominent among them being Jacob Creath, his son, Jacob, Jr., William Morton and Jere- miah Vardeman. Many of the churches of the asso- ciation contained members of strong Campbellite sen- timent. Versailles, Providence, and South Elkliorn Churches were excluded from the association in 1830 and 1831 because of their Reformed ideas. Minorities were carried off from many of the churches. In one year (1830-1831) the membership of the association dropped from 4,321 to 3,201. The association entered this period with 48 churches and 5,291 members; it ends the period with 25 churches and 4,321 members. 46 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 During the period it has lost 35 churches by dismiis- sion and expulsion; and has had twelve added to its membership. During the first year of the next period the membership will drop from 4,321 to 3,201. Yet the Kingdom of Heaven is growing all the while, we hope. Most of the doctrinal controversy of the period was instigated by the Reformers. Worship was fre- quently disturbed by questioners and mockers, who would either arise and interrupt the speaker or else laugh out in meeting in scorn and derision. Large audiences gathered to hear debates on baptism, creeds, or missionary societies. The prevalence of doctrinal controversy fostered doubt and infidelity and worldliness among the unconverted. The churches allowed heresy and disregard to church fealty to go undisciplined. An age of doctrinal polemics call for well equipped defenders of the faith. The great need of the Bap- tists was an educated ministry. Many of their most vigorous and aggressive ministers had gone over to the Reformers. A number of the enterprising min- isters and laymen of the Baptist persuasion petitioned the state legislature, in January, 1829, for a charter incorporating a board of trustees called ''The Ken- tucky Baptist Educational Society." This charter was granted. The society had in view the establish- ment of a college under the control of Kentucky Baptists. Both Versailles and Georgetown entered into competition to secure the location of the col- lege. Georgetown won the prize by the gift of $6,000 and a lot of land. This, together with a gift of $20,- 000, donated by Isachar Paulding, constituted the property of the institution for the first ten years of its existence. This period extends from the year of the Campbel- lite schism to the beginning of the Civil "War. Political affairs affect the association scarcely any at all, until near the end of the period, when much confusion pre- vailed on account of the gloomy forebodings of war. The First Associations Constituted — 1785 47 The first year of this period witnessed the with- drawal of about 1,100 members from the churches; they followed the leaders of the current Reformation. In 1831 the association had only 3,201 members; in 1861, at the end of the period, her members num- bered 7,760. This period is, therefore, a period of revivals and growth. It witnessed a growth of over 125 per cent. The first period of revivals was during the years 1837-1843, when 3,285 members were added to the churches. It was at this time that religious services were first protracted to the length of a week or more, in Kentucky. During the first four years of this revival period. Licking Association, which opposed the lengthy protraction of services, added to her membership only 106 members ; during the same time Elkhorn witnessed the addition of 1,504 mem- bers to her churches. Elkhorn 's nest revival period came in 1855-1861, during which time 3,144 members were added to the churches by baptism. Perhaps the principal cause of the recurrent revi- vals was the ardent missionary spirit which prevailed. The missionary activity of the period eclipses that of any former period. All varieties of missions received cordial and hearty support — foreign, domestic, and Indian. Especially was this true of the latter half of the period. During the earlier half, there was con- siderable opposition to all benevolent enterprises and societies. Daniel Parker, John Taylor, and Alexan- der Campbell had sown the seeds of opposition to organized effort that bore corrupt fruit for many years. And the end its not yet. The progressive leaders and missionary organizers of the sect of the Disciples, which is rapidly crystallizing into a denom- ination, have considerable difficulty in eradicating the tares of the anti-organization spirit from the minds of the less cultured, and consequently more polemical, element of their body. The tares sown by Campbell have proven to be as hardy as the wheat he sowed. Beginning with the revival of 1855-1861 a greater interest was taken in missions. Contributions grew 48 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 much larger. The larger contributions are due also, to a considerable extent, to the improved method of securing them. Before 1855 efforts at raising mission money were delayed until the association met, and collections were then taken. But beginning with the year 1855, a plan of benevolent effort was adopted, which yielded far better results. In 1840 and 1841, respectively, $137 and $58.62 were raised by the old plan for domestic missions. In 1859 and 1860, respectively, $1,223 and $1,438 were raised for the same object, by the new plan. The association had urged the churches as early as 1848 to adopt this new plan of systematic benevolence, but they had delayed in the matter. The General Association was organized in Louis- ville, October 20, 1837. In 1844, Elkhorn Association entered into full co-operation with it in all its plans. This was a great step forward, and was not accom- plished without opposition. The dormant energies of Elkhorn Association were roused by her connection with the General Association. In 1840, Elkhorn rec- ommended that her churches support Sunday Schools in their respective congregations. By 1845, only three churches had Sunday Schools. These were Mount Vernon, Lexington, and Georgetown churches. By the end of the period, however, there were thir- teen Sunday Schools and twenty weekly prayer- meetings operative in the association. Elkhorn Association is now passing through the one hundred and thirty-seventh year of its existence. It was born in the wild and romantic days of early Kentucky pioneer life, its birth being preceded only a few years by the birth of the American Republic. It counts many associations among its children and grandchildren. The association has today the largest number of white members that it has had at any time during its history. And it bids fair, in the good providence and grace of God, to do, in the years to come, a great and glorious work, for the advancement in the earth of the Kingdom of our Lord and Savior, The First Associations Constituted — 1785 49 Jesus Christ. Elkhorn at this time reports thirty- three churches, 10,837 members. The Salem Association The churches which formed the Salem Association were separated from those that went into the consti- tution of tlie Elkhorn by a vast wilderness still infested by wild Indians, and communication was difficult and infrequent at the time of which we write. Under such circumstances we are not surprised that the churches of the more westerly settlement were ignorant of what those on the Elkhorn were doing. But they, as their brethren on the Elkhorn, felt the need of an association in which they could meet at least once a year and devise ways and means for promoting the work of the kingdom. So according to Spencer's History (Vol. I, page 109 f) '0n Satur- day, October 29, 1785, four Regular Baptist Churches met, by their messengers, on Cox's Creek, Nelson County, Kentucky, for the purpose of forming an association. A sermon suitable for this occasion was preached by Joseph Barnett, from John 2 :17. "Joseph Barnett was chosen moderator, and An- drew Paul, clerk. ''Letters from four churches were read and the following facts recorded: "Severn's Valley, constituted June 18, 1781. Mem- bers 37, No pastor. ''Cedar Creek, constituted July 4, 1781. Members 41. Joseph Barnett, pastor. "Bear Grass, constituted January, 1784. Members 19. John Whitaker, pastor. "Cox's Creek, constituted April, 1785. Members 26. William Taylor, pastor. "This was the second Regular Baptist Association organized west of the Alleghany Mountains. It was constituted only twenty-nine days later than Elkhorn Association, and evidently had not heard of the exis- tence of the latter organization. For, after adopting the 'Philadelphia Confession of Faith, and the 4 50 Kentucky Baptist Histonj~1770-1922 treatise of Discipline thereto annexed,' they proposed correspondence with the Philadelphia, Ketocton and Monongahela Associations, without mentioning Elk- horn. ' The fraternity thus formed assumed the name of Salem Association of Regular Baptists, and comprised all the Regular Baptist Churches in Kentucky, west of Frankfort, the church on Brashears Creek having been dispersed by the Indians. It had but three preachers within the bounds of its immense territory, and it received but f ew^ accessions to its ministry, till it raised them up in its own churches. This body was very small at the beginning, and its growth was very slow till the great revival of 1800-3, when it received very large accessions, and has since maintained a prominent position among the associations of the state." The South Kentucky The South Kentucky Association is the third asso- ciation formed, and Doctor Spencer fixes the date as May, 1788. Aspland says this association was consti- tuted "about 1785." Other historians have followed Asplund and said it was ' ' constituted 1785, ' ' but the old records fix the date as 1788. The churches com- posing this association were Separate Baptist churches (Vol. II, p. 81). "In the minutes of the proceedings of South Kentucky Association, at its annual meet- ing in 1791, the following item is recorded: " 'The association agrees to abide by the plan upon which the churches of our union were consti- tuted (an association), in October, 1787, and May, 1788.' "That is, after the example of Elkhorn, they held a preliminary meeting in October, 1787, and met again the following May to complete the organization. The constitution of this ancient fraternity, therefore, properly dates from May, 1788. "The preliminary meeting convened at Tates Creek meeting house, in Madison County, the first Friday The First Associations Constituted — 1785 51 in October, 1787. Eleven churches were represented." In speaking of the "Regular" and "Separate" Bap- tists Doctor Spencer says, "it was a distinction with- out a difference." This distinction, however, soon passed away as the two branches formed a union and called themselves the "United Baptists." This asso- ciation held its last meeting in August, 1801. This was the meeting at which the "terms of general union" were ratified by this body. Tates Creek Association The fourth association formed was the Tates Creek, and according to Spencer (Vol. I, p. 277) was as follows : "In 1793 a third effort was made to form a union between the Regular and Separate Baptists. At the meeting of Elkhorn Association, in May of that year, it was agreed that Ambrose Dudley, James Garrard, John Taylor, John Price and Augustine Eastin be appointed to visit the South Kentucky Association to confer with them on the subject of a union between the two bodies. Arrangements were made to have the churches of both associations to send messengers to a meeting to be held at Marble Creek, in Fayette County, in July. The meeting was accordingly held. A large majority of the messengers agreed on terms of union. But some of the Separates opposed the measure in such a manner as to defeat it. This so displeased some of the churches of South Kentucky Association that they at once declared nonfellow for that body. "On the 23d of the following November four churches met, by their messengers, and formed them- selves into an association under the style of 'Tates Creek Association of United Baptists.' This was the fourth association formed in Kentucky, and the first that styled itself United Baptists. This was done in imitation of the Baptists of Virginia, who had happily united and assumed this title six years before. "Tates Creek Association did not, at first, adopt 52 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 any confession of faith, but in general terms agreed to that adopted by Elkhorn and Salem. This gave some trouble, for, although Elkhorn entered into cor- respondence with the new fraternity immediately, it caused such uneasiness among some of the churches that she was compelled to withdraw her correspon- dence the next year. But in 1797 the correspondence was resumed, and has continued to the present time." Tates Creek is still a live and vigorous association. Bracken Association The first association constituted in Kentucky, according to Spencer (Vol. II, p. 96), was the Bracken, which was the eldest daughter of Elkhorn. "According to an arrangement made by Elkhorn Association, messengers from eight churches met at Bracken meeting house, near the present site of Minerva, in Mason County, on Saturday, May 28, 1799. A sermon was preached by the venerable David Thomas. James Turner was chosen Moderator, and Donald Homes Clerk. After proper consideration, Bracken Association was constituted in due form. Five of the churches, viz. : Washington, Mayslick, Bracken (now Minerva), Stone Lick and Locust Creek, had been dismissed from Elkhorn Association. The ministers of the new fraternity were Lewis Craig, David Thomas, Donald Holmes and Philip Drake. William Wood, the first preacher who had settled within the present bounds of Bracken Association, had been excluded from Washington Church the year before the association was constituted. The venerable and illustrious Lewis Craig was regarded the father of this association. "This fraternity was small at first. At its meet- ing in the fall of 1799 it reported 9 churches with 600 members. It did not share so largely in the fruits of the "Great Revival," as did the other associations in the state. For, while the churches of Elkhorn re- ported, in 1801, 3,011 baptisms, and those of Tates Creek, 1,148, those of Bracken reported only 139. The First Associations Constituted — 1785 53 The body, however, enjoyed a steady, healthful growth till 1805, when it numbered 19 church with 1,865 members." This association reports now 28 churches and 2,442 members. Green River Association The sixth association formed in Kentucky was known as the Green River (Spencer, Vol. II, p. 105). ' ' In 1799 there were about eight churches in what was known as the Green River country. In June of that year a conference was held at Sinking Creek meeting house, in Barren Comity, for the purpose of con- sidering the propriety of forming an association. The conclusion of the meeting was, that it was expedient for the churches to associate. An appointment was made for a meeting at the Sinks of Beaver Creek, to convene on the third Saturday in the following October, to carry into effect the sense of the present conference. The time and place of meeting were afterwards changed. Accordingly, messengers from several churches met at Mount Tabor meeting-house in Barren County, on the third Saturday in June, 1800, and Green River Association of nine Regular Baptist churches was constituted in due form. "A list of these churches is not now accessible; but those known to have been in existence at that time, within the territory occupied by the new fra- ternity, were Concord, Mud Camp (now Blue Spring), Mount Tabor, and Sinking Creek, in Barren County ; Brush Creek (and probably Pitman's Creek), in Green County; Sinks of Beaver Creek (now Drip- ping Springs, in Metcalf County) ; Mill Creek, in what is now Monroe County, and Severn's Valley, in Hardin County. The last named had broken off from Salem Association, some years before, on ac- count of that body tolerating slavery; hence its con- nection with Green River Association. It returned to Salem Association in 1803." Spencer's account of Green River Association shows that he did not have the minutes until the ses- 54 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 sion of 1802, when lie gives facts and figures accord- ing to the minutes, but the author, by the kindness of Hon. H. S. Robinson, Campbellsville, Kentucky, has before him the minutes for Green River Associa- tion for the years 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 and 1804. These sessions are not numbered, but 1800 seems to be the first session. Doctor Spencer may be right when he says, "Accordingly, messengers from several churches met at Mount Tabor meeting-house, in Bar- ren County, on the third Saturday in June, 1800 ; and Green River Association of nine Regular Baptist churches was constituted in due form, ' ' but if so this must have been only a preliminary meeting, for the old minute of that year reads as follows : "Minutes of the Green River Association of Baptists. "Held at Trammel's Creek Meeting-house, in Green County, on Saturday, November 1, 1800, and continued by adjournment until Monday the 3rd. Saturday, November 1, 1800. At 12 o 'clock Elder Car- ter Tarrant delivered the introductory sermon from Psalms 55-14. We took sweet counsel together, and walked unto the house of God in company. After the sermon business was opened with prayer, when Elder Robert Stockston was chosen moderator, and John Chandler clerk. Letters from nine churches were read, their messengers' names enrolled, and a list of their numbers taken, which are as follows : ' ' Here is given the list of the churches, the names of the messengers and the number of members in each church. The churches named are : Beaver Creek, Brush Creek, Pitman's and Robinson Creek, Sinking Creek, Trammel's Creek, Russell's Creek, Sinks of Beaver Creek, Barren, and Mill Creek. Of the nine churches they are all named for creeks but one. It will be observed that Severn's VaUey is not in this list. Severn's Valley first appears in the minutes of 1801. The minutes of that year report nineteen churches, nine of which came in at that session, and Severn's Valley is named as one of the nine. Then at the 1803 session the minutes mention the fact that The First Associations Constituted — 1785 55 "Severn's Valley requests a letter of dismission from the association to join one more convenient — granted." According to the old minutes the nine churches of which Green River Association was con- stituted aggregated 361 members. The preachers in the organization, as far as known, were Alexander Davidson, Carter Tarrant, Robert Stockton, Robert Smith, John Mulky, Elijah Summers, Benjamin Lynn, and probably Alexander McDougal and Baldwin Clifton. The association was constituted just about the commencement of "The Great Revival," and so the growth of the young fraternity was exceedingly rapid. Its third annual meeting was held at Mill Creek, in what is now Monroe County, July 31, 1802. Robert Stockton was chosen moderator and John Chandler clerk. Messengers were present from thirty churches, twelve of which had been constituted since the last session, which aggregated 1,763 members. The numerical strength of the body multiplied more than five-fold within two years. Benjamin Lynn, the Daniel Boone of the Kentucky Baptists, was present at this meeting, and was invited to a seat in the body. Elder Jonathan Mulky was present from Holston Association, in East Tennessee, ; Lewis Moore, from Mero District ; Owen Owens, from Salem ; and letters from Elkhorn, Bracken and News (N. C.). It was "agreed to open correspondence with all the Baptist associations in Kentucky." These were Elkhorn, Salem, Tates Creek, Bracken, North District, South District, and Mero District, the latter being partly in Kentucky and partly in Tennessee. This shows that there was a time when all the Baptists in Kentucky were united. According to history there were six associations of Baptists in Kentucky in the year 1800, all of which have been constituted within a period of fifteen years. According to the minutes of Green River Association, 1804, that body was divided into three associations — Green River, Russell's Creek, and Stockton's Valley. 56 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 Spencer says (Vol. II, p. 252), "When Green River Association divided on the question of missions, in 1840, it (the Salem church) entered with seven other churches into the constitution of Liberty Asso- ciation." This fixes the date when Green River Association became anti-missionary. The space allotted to this chapter is too limited to give even the names and dates of constitution of all the associations (there being at this date seventy-six in the state). We shall give only items of special historical interest from the others, and a summary at the end of the chapter. North District Association, according to history, resulted from a division of the old South Kentucky fraternity in August, 1801, and held its first annual meeting at Unity meeting-house in Clark County on the first Friday in October, 1802. There are several very interesting items recorded in the history of this association as given by Spencer (Vol. 2, p. 119 ff ) . One is the question of slavery which caused a division in the association as early as 1807, fifty-four years before the war between the states. "The question of slavery continued to be agitated in the bounds of the association for nearly twenty years," says Spencer. These facts will be brought out fully in the chapter on ''The Emancipa- tion Rupture.' ' The next item of interest is the question of Camp- bellism, which took root early in the association and caused another split. "Mr. Campbell visited Mount Sterling as early as 1824, and preached three sermons there. John Smith, commonly known as 'Raccoon' John Smith, the most attractive preacher and the shrewdest manager in the association, was speedily converted to his views. Several other preachers of less note soon followed him. The churches withered under the constant disputations for two or three years. But suddenly, about the close of the year 1827, a powerful religious excitement began to move the people here, as well as all over the northern part The First Associations Constituted — 1785 57 of the state. Multitudes professed conversion and were baptized. The Campbellite preachers were by- far the most active in this work. John Smith's biographer avers that Smith immersed most of the converts. Of course, they were 'baptized for the re- mission of sins.' This meeting has been called, not inappropriately, 'John Smith's Revival.' During the two years, 1828 and 1829, the churches of North District reported 1,059 baptisms, while five new churches were constituted 'on the Bible.' The asso- ciation now numbered 24 churches with 2,265 mem- bers. But it was no longer a Baptist association. The Campbellites had an overwhelming majority in the association, as well as in most of the churches. The association went through the ordinary routine of busi- ness in 1829, and appointed to meet the next year at Spencer Creek. "Instead of attending the meeting at Spencer Creek, where they knew they would be in a hopeless minority, the Baptists called a convention, which met at Lulbegrud, in April, 1830. Only seven churches were represented. The principal business transacted by the meeting was the examination of the records of South Kentucky and North District associations, to ascertain what had been the duties and customs of those bodies. The investigation showed that the established customs of North District Association had been repeatedly and flagrantly violated during the last three years." The full report of the committee appointed to make the investigation and the action of the body will appear in a chapter on "The Camp- bellian Split." "After giving their reasons for their conclusions, and transacting some other business, they conclude as follows : ' In conclusion, we declare that we withdraw from all churches that have departed, as before alleged, considering them in disorder and gone out of the union. But at the same time, our fellowship is not broken with such minorities, or in- dividual members, as are content with former usages of the churches' " (Spencer, Vol. 2, p. 123). This •oasooarej QOC^O — ^gO>— ■- "sa-jj'sg'sassc: 5r«aoTPcoa3vcoSot-«c S"§ ■spsfqowqiO ■sjM.rqoiaSpng SS8SS S'd'tDtOOTitDr— OQU3CJC •jCjcj-cga^joiSBj 8000 ■ OOOOOOOOOOOOOu o ■>»• o ■ ^ t: lO^o o<p op lo oo c CO lo c; is!" ■•B.'S'N'M"'i'nnN Vn 'd A a JsqninN •siooqDg ;C«puns jsqmnfj -dtqsjoqtmi^ ^aseajj SSSg" •J3ii»i ■^a •jsn^i ita ■aiBiidcg ^g ftcomt»3(?^QOtoc>iO'i'ecMvM — ot^c 2§ I6\| 35111 6« -15 •ei«e«<«i(0^ SSje?5SoS55aSS?KSS2c 3cocBor-Mo or- m —i <o op •— co co — »»• « ssssssssss 0> t* to »0 •-' — CO • Q W? OOOO •9' 0^»" -H CO ■* 00 ■<■ lO to ■ AO ^»OCM «OCOOtO ^^-^^J•«M^-M^O»nt^• r-oc^co ■QOfOOoaoto 5»A§C6oSc 3»or-poiooooco»fitO'; 35"COir50«0>r^'9'0— C" ojwi — oo^^ciooooao - •# 0» CS W CM c^^co dc ISSSSg 8S8S oSoooooooo OOOQOUJ^OOO'. ^r3>00Oc0"TOi«o S22222'^S2<=S2<='^C=>5S'=>oooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooo SU5O>rtOOO»nO«O<OOu5»rtOOOOQOO00OO cou?r-«rtc3oc^ Otoioooeot— ooowioocifoo 5CioiM(3>odc^c;od»ooSoo'-'Siooo— 'C^-rr2\|^^^^ r^-c^r^TFroo^ie^ -«r-(00 — m=or»— t^«oo»ocoeoc«t^Wo^ocMO»cj Scat^wjt— MeocoMo 33 = '' 'sn" tococooo^ooo 3SS3: -SSooSSc SS&5SS'25!; 522SE5aSSSSS2§SS2S52 ii ;3.3.j>j» SSSSzzzooooo ^16^ ■<Sc E^l i i-i i's aJ = 3 =5^^ = i i'i IS &8 8s 60 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 gives us an account of the beginning of Campbellism in Kentucky, the end of which is not yet. The next item of special interest is the account of Anti-missions which practically killed the association. "North District Association held its first meeting after the Campbellite schism at Howard's Upper Creek, in Clark County, on the fourth Saturday in July, 1831. It embraced 11 churches with 950 members. Thomas Boone, David Chenault, and James Edmon- son were the only preachers left in the association. Small as the body was then, it has never been so large since. It was acknowledged and encouraged by all the surrounding associations; but it gradually de- clined in numbers. The anti-missionary complexion of the body was manifested by its dropping corre- spondence with all the neighboring associations, except Burning Spring, between the years 1837 and 1842. In 1859 it assumed the name of 'Old Baptists,' which it still bears. At that time it numbered 9 churches, aggregating 337 members. It has had but little variation in numbers from that time to the present. In 1880 it numbered 9 churches with 417 members. From its organization in 1802 to the Camp- bellite schism in 1829 there were baptized into its churches 4,075 members. During the 39 years of which we have reports, since the Campbellite schism, there have been baptized into its churches 513 mem- bers. Its name, 'Old Baptists,' indicates that it is an anti-missionary body." (Spencer, Vol. 2, p. 124f.) Thus the once strong North District Association has practically died as the result of the anti-mission spirit. What the slavery agitation and the Camp- bellism split failed to do anti-missions accomplished. At the close of the year 1800 there were in Ken- tucky six associations — six churches belonging to the Mero District Association of Tennessee and three un- associated churches — with a total membership of about 5,119. The six associations were Elkhorn, Salem, South Kentucky, Tate's Creek, Bracken and Green River. The First Associations Constituted — 1785 61 The decade follewin^ 1800 added the following associations: North District and South District were formed by disbanding the old South Kentucky in 1802, South Kentucky (1803), North Bend (1803), Long Run (1803), Russell's Creek (1804), Stockton's Valley (1805), Red River (1807), Cumberland River (1809), Licking (1810). As Long Run is the largest association in the state, we give here a short history of this body. The Long Run Association was con- stituted September 16, 1803, at Long Run Church in Jefferson County, Kentucky. It seems that prac- tically all of the churches that went into this constitu- tion were from the Salem Association, and according to a resolution adopted by that body at its nineteenth annual session. The Long Run body was constituted of 24 churches with a membership of 1,619. Im- mediately following the constitution of the association two other churches were received into their fellowship. Long Run includes all the Baptist churches in Louisville, and those in Jefferson County outside of Louisville and a few outside of Jefferson County. At the present time they report 50 churches and 16,830 members. Their total contributions for last year is given as $427,548.08, while the valuation of church property is given at $1,091,529. This is a great association. CHAPTER V The Great Revival of 1800 In the great revivals betv^een 1797 and 1812, especially in Kentucky, most marked mental and spiritual phenomena appeared, such as "the Jerks," "The falling exercise," etc. The first instance noted was in 1797, under the preaching of McGready and McGree, Presbyterian ministers. From thence it spread rapidly over Ken- tucky and parts of Tennessee, and soon became in- separable from the "camp meetings," then so popular throughout the country. The following account is taken from Anti-Missionism (17-19) by Dr. B. H. Carroll, Jr. : "Some fell suddenly as if struck by lightning, while others were seized with a universal tremor the moment before, and fell shrieking. Piercing shrieks were uttered by many during the whole period of prostration, intermingled with groans, cries for mercy, and exclamations of "Glory to God!" In general there was no complaint of pain, but of general weak- ness during and after the paroxysms. Women would fall while walking to and from the meeting-house, engaged in narrating past exercises, or drop from their horses on the road. In this condition the subject would lie fifteen minutes or two or three hours; and we are even told of a woman's lying, without eating or speaking, for nine days and nights. Some were more or less convulsed, and wrought hard in frightful nervous agonies, the eyes rolling widely. But the greater number were quite motionless, as if dead or about to expire in a few moments. Some were capable of conversing, others were not. During the syncope, and even when conscious and talking on religious topics, the subject was insensible of pain. Vinegar 62 The Great Revival of 1800 63 and hartshorn were applied with no perceptible effects During the great camp meeting at Cane Ridge, August 6, 1801, three thousand were computed to have fallen. "A similar affection to this was 'the jerking exer- cise,' or as it was commonly called, 'the jerks.' In this exercise the subject was instantaneously seized with spasms or convulsions in every muscle, nerve and tendon. His head was jerked from side to side with such rapidity that it was impossible to distinguish his visage, and the most lively fears were entertained lest he should dislocate his neck, or dash out his brains. His body partook of the same impulse, and was hurried on by jerks over every obstacle, fallen trunks of trees, or, in a church, over pews and benches, apparently to the most imminent danger of being bruised and mangled. It was useless to attempt to restrain or hold him, and the paroxysm was per- mitted gradually to exhaust itself. "Wicked men were often taken with these strange exercises, and many would curse the jerks while they were under their singular operation. Some were taken at the tavern with a glass of liquor in their hands, which they would suddenly toss over their heads or to a distant part of the room. Others were taken with them at the card table, and at other places of dissipation, and would by a violent and unaffected jerk throw a handful of cards all over the room. "The rolling exercise, the running exercise, the dancing exercise, the barking exercise, the laughing exercise, and visions and trances were frequent con- comitants of camp meetings in Kentucky and Ten- nessee during the great revival. These exercises were simply such variations of the foregoing as their names would naturally suggest." It is generally conceded by historians that the Baptists declined to join in general camp meetings, and were therefore but little affected by these strange phenomena. "In 1800, in Kentucky, the statistics compared with those of 1790 show a falling off of 100 per cent in Baptist mem- 64 Kenincky Baptist History— 1770-1922 bership in proportion to increase in population, ' ' says Spencer. This was the ten years just prior to the great revival. The ten years just following the re- vival — 1800 to 1810 — show a great Baptist gain. Doctor Spencer says, "The revival of 1800 was one of the most wonderful events of modern times. It appeared more like the sudden conversion of a nation than the regeneration and reformation of indi- viduals." After telling of the marvelous manifesta- tions in the jerks, rolling, jumping, dancing, etc., Doctor Spencer says, "Doubtless there were many people truly converted," but he adds, "it is equally certain that great evil resulted." This, of course, would be expected. Periods of great religious excite- ment are often prolific of much evil. According to Spencer Baptists took but little part in these camp meetings where there was wild excite- ment. In fact, he says "they joined in only one of these union meetings so far as is known." Again he says, "It is certain that the Baptists in Kentucky were generally exempt from the excesses of the great revival of 1800 that so sorely afflicted the Presby- terians. And instead of its resulting in discord, it healed the only schism there was among them." (Spencer, Vol. I, p. 536.) There were other good results. "The revival had an especially happy effect on the Baptists in dispos- ing them to make more effort to heal some unhappy divisions that existed among them, and in enlarging the spirit of missions. Hitherto their missionary operations had been confined to sending their min- isters to look after their destitute brethren in Ken- tucky and in the adjacent borders of Tennessee, Indiana, and Ohio. But in 1801, at the meeting of Elkhorn Association, which comprised one-third of the Baptists in the state, and probably more than two-thirds of their wealth and influence, a request came up from South Elkhorn Church 'to send mis- sionaries to the Indian nations' " (Spencer, Vol. I, p. 543). As a result of this request a committee was The Great Revival of 1800 65 appointed to take charge of the matter, and at least one missionary was sent out, for the records show that "John Young was approved by the committee and sent as a missionary to the Indians. ' ' In the account of this revival, given by Mr. Roose- velt ("The Winning of the West," Vol. VI, p. 175), after saying many of the so-called converts went back into utter unbelief and sinful practices worse than the ones they had given up, he adds, "Nevertheless, on the whole there was an immense gain for good. The people received a new light, and were given a sense of moral responsibility such as they had not previously possessed. Much of the work was done badly, or was afterwards undone, but very much was really accomplished." We are very much inclined to agree with Mr. Roosevelt at this point. While there were wild excesses and evil results, there was much good on the whole accomplished by this great revival. The spiritual interest and gain in membership in our churches indicate this. CHAPTER VI The Regular and Separate Baptists in Kentucky United— 1801 Many of our people of the present time do not understand what is meant by ''United Baptists," as the term long since has fallen into disuse. In the early history of Baptists in Kentucky they were divided into "Regular Baptists" and "Separate Baptists," which, as Doctor Spencer says, "was a distinction without a difference, ' ' very largely. These distinctions continued for some years, but effort after effort was made until a union was finally effected. I use here a part of an address by Dr. W. M. Pratt, and published in Jubilee Volume 1887 (p. 46). "The early Baptist churches in Kentucky had troubles within. "First. To secure unity between the two classes of Baptists — the Regulars and the Separates. "The Separate Baptists had their origin in New England about the middle of the last century as the result of the great revival under the ministry of Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield. Those who withdrew from the 'Standing Order' (Congrega- tionalist) were called Separates or New Lights. Among their number was Shubal Stearns, who sub- sequently, on investigating the Scriptures, united with the Baptists and was baptized by Elder Wait Palmer at Tolland, Connecticut, and was ordained to the Bap- tist ministry by Elders Palmer and Moore. He felt impressed that his work in the ministry was to be outside of New England, as in 1754, together with his wife, sons, and his two brothers and their wives, his brother-in-law, David Marshall and wife, Joseph Breed and wife, Enos Steinson and wife, and Joseph Polk and wife, he left for the South, and located on Regular and Separate Baptists United — 1801 67 Sanday Creek, North Carolina, and immediately formed a church of these members of his household- David Marshall and Joseph R. Breed were appointed by the infant church to assist the pastor in his ministerial work. On his way to North Carolina he stopped for a short time in northeast Virginia and formed acquaintance with two churches in that region. The spirituality of the Christian religion was then untaught, and only in isolated instances was unknown in that region. The most wonderful effects resulted from the preaching of these men of God, and the spirituality of this little church on Sandy Creek, Guildford County, North Carolina, in the middle of the state, and about forty miles east of the Yadkin River, where Daniel Boone resided, at the time when he explored Kentucky. Doctor Cathcart says, 'The parent body in a few years had 606 members, and in seventeen years from its origin it had branches south- ward as far as Georgia, eastward to the sea and the Chesapeake Bay, and northward to the waters of the Potomac. It has become the mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother of forty-two churches, from which 125 ministers were sent out as licentiates or ordained clergymen. And in after years the power that God gave Shubal Stearns and his Sandy Creek Church in North Carolina with resistless force brought immense throngs to Christ and established multitudes of Baptist churches.' (Baptist Encyclo- pedia). Probably no one minister in America has exerted so extensive and permanent influence. George Whitfield was Calvinistic in his view, so was Shubal Stearns. A peculiar feature of his church was a refusal to formulate articles of faith. They merely had a written Church Covenant, and took the Bible alone as their rule of belief. He possessed the spirit and activity of the early Methodists, and communi- cated the same to his disciples. "The large majority of the earlier ministers of Kentucky were baptized by Separate Baptist minis- ters, imbibed the spirit and pursued the course of 68 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 Shubal Stearns, traveling to distant fields of evangeli- cal labor, organizing churches and becoming them- selves pioneers in church enterprise. The Philadel- phia Association was constituted 1707, and at one time comprehended nearly all the churches from New England to South Carolina. She was the originator of Eaton's Academy at Hopewell, N. J., and Brown's University in Rhode Island, and her ministers were of considerable culture. She adopted and published her creed in 1742. (Printed by Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, 1743). This was the 'Confession of Faith' by Baptists in London and the country in 1689. This mother of Baptist Associations in Amer- ica exerted a most conservative and wise influence over these newly formed churches in the South. She commissioned her wisest men to visit the settlements, and to give wholesome instruction to the churches and their ministers. The churches connected immediately with her body were called 'Regulars,' and those which arose from this new movement were termed 'Sepa- rates. ' As a result of this judicious course most of the early ministers who came to Kentucky and established churches adopted the 'Philadelphia Confession' as an exponent of their faith. The churches south of Ken- tucky River mostly organized on the original plat- form of Shubal Stearns, with simply a church cove- nant. The associations of the Regular Baptists, both in Virginia and Kentucky, made overtures to the Sep- arates for a union, which, after some delay, was con- summated in Virginia, August 10, 1787, and in Ken- tucky, partially in 1797, and fully in 1801, under the name of 'United Baptists,' adopting in both states the Philadelphia Confession of Faith, with certain 'explanations.' Thus the Baptists of Virginia and Kentucky possess the two-fold elements of- Calvinistic faith of the oldest association in America and the holy fervor and boundless zeal of the Separates — a most excellent combination. The two classes are so thoroughly wedded, that for years past not only party names dropped, but the word 'United' also, and 'Bap- Regular and Separate Baptists United — 1801 69 tist ' alone remains to indicate our distinctive views. ' ' This shows that the union was effective. Benedict (page 812) in speaking of "The Regulars and Sepa- rates in Kentucky," says : "These distinctions which we have described under the head of Virginia, the Carolinas, etc., began early to appear in this western region ; the parties which maintained them, were lineal descendants of the same people in the east, and here again we find the successors of Stearns, Marshall, and other New England New Lights. "The Elkhorn and South Kentucky Associations embraced the substance of the two parties in the early movements of the Baptists in this new region, and by these bodies a reconciliation and union was effected similar to those which have been described in Vir- ginia and North Carolina. "The meeting for this purpose was held at Howard's Creek, N. H., in Clark County, in 1801. A. Dudley, J. Price, J. Redding, D. Barrow, and R. Elkin represented the Regulars; D. Ramey, Thomas J, Chilton, M. Bledsoe, S. Johnson the Separates." The Terms of Union: The terms of the union as given by Benedict (page 821) are: "We, the com- mittees of the Elkhorn and South Kentucky Asso- ciations, do agree to unite on the following plan : "1. That the scriptures of the Old and New Tes- tament are the infallible word of God, and the only rule of faith and practice. "2, That there is one only true God, and in the God-head or divine essence, there are Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. "3. That by nature we are fallen and depraved creatures. "4. That salvation, regeneration, sanctification, and justification, are by the life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ. ' ' 5. That the saints will finally persevere through grace to glory. "6. That believers' baptism, by immersion, is necessary to receiving the Lord's Supper. 70 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 * * 7. That the salvation of the righteous and pun- ishment of the wicked will be eternal. "8. That it is our duty to be tender and affec- tionate to each other, and study the happiness of the children of God in general; to be engaged singly to promote the honor of God. "9. And that the preaching Christ tasted death for every man, shall be no bar to communion. "10. And that each may keep up their associa- tional and church government as to them may seem best. "11. That a free correspondence and communion be kept up between the churches thus united. " tJnanimously agreed to by the joint committee. Ambrose Dudley, Joseph Redding, Robert Elkin, John Price, David Barrow, Daniel Ramey, Thos. J. Chilton, Samuel Johnson, Moses Bledsoe." Benedict says ' ' This was the last body of the Sepa- rate Baptists which relinquishes the appellation by which they had been distinguished about fifty years. ' ' For a short time the term "United Baptists" was used, but it soon dropped out of use and our people were known simply as ' ' Baptists, ' ' until the split over the mission question, (about 1832), and then we were called "Missionary Baptists" to distinguish us from the Anti-missionary Baptists. However, as the Anti- missionary Baptists have about disappeared the term "Missionary" is not now necessary in connection with the name "Baptists" as we are now called. Our churches today are known simply as Baptist churches, which is quite sufficient, since other bodies using the name "Baptist" use some designating term as, "Free- will," "General," "Old School," etc. Our denomi- nation is put down in history and in statistics simply "Baptists." CHAPTER VII The Emancipation Rupture — 1807 Though the agitation of the emancipation of slaves began in 1789 in the meetings of Kentucky Baptists the rupture did not occur until 1807. ''The first reference to the unlawfulness of slavery, found on the public records of Kentucky Baptists, is con- tained in the following queries, sent from Rolling Fork Church, in Nelson County, to Salem Association, convened at Cox's Creek Church in the same county, on the third of October, 1789: 'Is it lawful in the sight of God for a member of Christ 's Church to keep his fellow creature in perpetual slavery?' The ques- tion was answered thus: 'The association judge it improper to enter into so important and critical mat- ter at present,' This answer gave no relief to the church." ("History of Kentucky Baptists," Vol. I, p. 183.) The question of slavery, however, was already agitating our brethren in Virginia. Semple's History of Virginia Baptists, Revised Edition, (p. 102), says: ' ' The next General Committee met at William 's meet- ing house, Goochland County, Friday, the seventh of March, 1778." The date here evidently should be 1788, for the meeting just prior to this was 1787, and the one just following was August, 1788, It seems that the committee met oftener than once a year. Doctor Semple then adds as the third item of busi- ness, "Whether a petition should be offered to the General Assembly, praying that the yoke of slavery may be made more tolerable. Referred to the next session. " It seems from the account of the next meet- ing, which was held at Dupuy's meeting house, Au- gust 11, 1788, the question of slavery was not taken up, but at the next meeting held in Richmond, Au- 71 72 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 gust 8, 1789, the matter came up as follows, says Sam- ple (p. 105) : 'The propriety of hereditary slavery was also taken up at this session, and after some time employed in the consideration of the subject the fol- lowing resolution was offered by Mr. Leland and adopted. (The Rev. John Leland-Nowlin). Resolved that slavery is a violent deprivation of the rights of nature and inconsistent with a republican govern- ment, and therefore recommend it to our brethren to make use of every legal measure to extirpate this horrid evil from the land; and pray Almighty God that our honorable Legislature may have it in their power to proclaim the great Jubilee, consistent with the principles of good policy." Then on page 393 Semple says: ''In 1787, the lawfulness of hereditary slavery was debated in the association. They deter- mined that hereditary slavery was a breach of the divine law. They then appointed a committee to bring in a plan of gradual emancipation, which was accordingly done." Thus it will be seen that the early Baptists in Vir- ginia expressed opposition, in unmistakable terms, to slavery, as early as 1787. Our Kentucky associations were in correspondence with the Virginia associations, both by letter and messengers, and were therefore advised as to their actions. So it is no surprise to see the matter coming up two years later, than the above Virginia action, in a Kentucky association — the Sa- lem. Elkhorn Association, at its meeting in August, 1791, says Spencer, (Vol. I, p. 184), "Appointed a committee of three to draw up a memorial to the con- vention to be held on the third day of April next, requesting them to take up the subject of Religious Liberty, and Perpetual Slavery in the formation of the constitution of this district, and report at the Crossing, on the eighth of September. Eastin, Gar- rard and Dudley were the committee. At the meeting at Great Crossings, in September of the same year, the 'memorial on Religious Liberty and Perpetual Slavery was read and approved.' This action of the The Emancipation Rupture — 1807 73 association did not meet the approval of the churches. Accordingly, the next association, which met at Bryants, in December of the same year, and which was probably convened, in extra session, for this express purpose, 'Resolved that the association dis- approve of the memorial which the last association agreed to send to the convention, on the subject of Religious Liberty and the Abolition of Slavery.' " After this, it seems that the question of slavery did not come up in the association for several years. But the preachers were preaching on the subject and it was being discussed in the churches. Emancipation parties were formed in many churches, which was a source of confusion and disturbance. The association finally had to act on the question of the emancipation of slaves. "Elkhorn Association, during its session at Bryant's, in 1805, again took up the subject and passed a resolution, that, 'This association judges it improper for ministers, churches or associations to meddle with emancipation from slavery, or any other political subject, and as such, we advise ministers and churches to have nothing to do therewith. ' "This resolution gave great offense to the emanci- pators. They became much more active and deter- mined in their opposition to slavery. Even the earnest and laborious William Hickman was carried beyond the limits of prudence. On a fast day of that same year, he preached at Elkhorn Church, of which he was a member, and the pastor. His text was Isa. 58 :6 : ' Is not this the fast I have chosen ? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?" This sermon, says Theodrick Boulware, 'was disingenuous and offensive. The speaker declared non-fellowship for all slave holders. A few days afterwards he wrote a letter to the church, declaring his withdrawal.' Whether he went into the constitu- tion of an emancipation church, or not, does not appear. John Shackelford was called to the care of Forks of Elkhorn Church for one year. Before his 74 Keniwky Baptist History— 1770-1922 time was out Mr. Hickman returned and gave satis- faction to the church, and, when the year was out, resumed its pastorate. " (" History of Kentucky Bap- tists," Vol. I, p. 185). This gives us some conception of the disturbance in the Elkhorn Association caused by the question of emancipation. About this same time John Sutton led off a party from the Clear Creek Church, which united with a faction led out of Hillsboro Church by Carter Tarrant, and formed an emancipation church, called New Hope, located in Woodford County, "the first emancipation church in this part of the world," says John Taylor. ("History of Ten Churches," p. 81). The question of slavery caused a division in the North District Association in 1807. Spencer says, (Vol. II, 119 f) : "In 1804, Thomas J. Chilton, from a party of South District Association, which after- wards took the name of South Kentucky Association, presented to North District, charges against Jere- miah Vardeman and John Kice. As the party repre- sented by Mr. Chilton was not recognized by the asso- ciation, the charges were not entertained. But the next year, the same body entertained five charges against David Barrow, the ablest preacher in their body. These charges were presented by the messen- gers from Bracken Association, and pertained to Mr. Barrow's sentiments on the subject of slavery. The association, after hearing him, in his own defense, decided that his explanations and apologies were suf- ficient. Some of the churches, however, were deter- mined to get rid of him; and new provisions were made for his expulsion. 'Providence and Boone's Creek Churches inquire how a church shall deal with a minister who propagates doctrines that' are unsound or pernicious to peace and good order? The asso- ciation advises that a church, in such casses, withdraw all the power they gave such preacher; and (that) two preachers may suspend, or stop such preacher from preaching, until he can be tried by a council of The EmaiicipaUon Rupture — 1807 75 five ministers, whose decision, in such case, ought to be obeyed, until reversed by the association.' This rule, however, unbaptistic, was applied to Mr. Bar- row almost immeditely after the association ad- journed. At the next meeting of the body, in 1806, the following proceedings were entered on its min- utes: ' 'A committee or council of five ministers re- ported: That, agreeable to provision made last asso- ciation, for the trial of ministers, they had been deal- ing with Brother David Barrow, for preaching the doctrine of emancipation, to the hurt and injury of the brotherhood. And the association, after consid- ering the foregoing report, and hearing what Brother Barrow had to say, in justification of his conduct, on that subject, and Brother Barrow manifesting no dis- position to alter his mode of preaching, as to the afore- said doctrine, they proceeded to expel him from his seat in this association, ' They also ' appointed a com- mittee to deal with Brother Barrow, in the church at Mount Sterling, at their next monthly meeting, and report to next association.' "Immediately after Mr. Barrow's expulsion from North District Association, he commenced arranging for the constitution of an Emancipation Association. A meeting was called to convene at New Hope, in Woodford County, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1807. Eleven preachers and nineteen other messen- gers were enrolled as members of the meeting. Pre- liminary steps were taken, for the organization of an association, which was constituted of nine churches, aggregiating 190 members, the following September, This association, which took the name of Licking Locust, will be noticed in its appropriate place. "North District Association saw the injustice of her rash act when it was too late to counteract its evil effects. At her annual meeting, in 1807: 'The asso- ciation proceeded to annul and revoke the act of last association, in expelling Elder David Barrow from his seat in the association. But she had already lost 76 Kentucky Baptist Hktory— 1770-1922 at least three churches and two preachers by the transaction; and they did not now choose to return. The subject of slavery continued to be agitated, in the bounds of the association, nearly twenty years." The foregoing shows that the agitation was long and bitter in this association. We are told by Spen- cer (Vol. I, p. 186) that ''The excitement extended all over the settled portion of the state. Several churches in Bracken Association fell in with the emancipation scheme. Among these were Licking Locust, Lawrence Creek, Gilgal and Bracken. Among the churches that united in the movement from North District, were Mount Sterling and Bethel. These and a number of other churches effected an organization, in September, 1807, under the name of ' The Baptized Licking-Locust Association, Friends of Humanity.' At their next meeting they resolved 'that the present mode of associations, or confederation of churches, was unscriptural. ' They then proceeded to form themselves into an 'Abolition Society,' * * * jn 1816 they met at Lawrence Creek meeting house, in Mason County, under the name of ' The Association of Baptists, Friends of Humanity.' The following churches were represented: Bracken, Gilgal, Law- rence Creek, Mount Sterling, Bullskin and Bethel. No account was received from New Hope in Wood- ford County. "The preaching was by Jacob Mahan, Moses Ed- wards and Alexander. The Lord's Supper was administered by David Barrow and Thomp- son. There is a manifest tendency to 'open com- munion' and other signs of decay, exhibited in the meager journal of their proceedings. The body kept up a feeble, withering existence till about the year 1820, when it was dissolved." It seems from this time on the emancipation ques- tion gave the churches in Kentucky little or no trou- ble. We are unable to understand why the agitation died down, and the Emancipation Association dis- banded, unless the leaders came to realize that they The Emancipation Rupture — 1807 77 were fighting a hopeless battle; and that their ener- gies could be more profitably spent along other lines. From the history we have of the emancipation movement it accomplished little, or no good, and a vast amount of harm. It disturbed Baptist churches and associations in Kentucky for a period of more than thirty years, and passed away, leaving no per- manent breach. CHAPTER VIII The Campbellian Split — 1830 We have now reached an important point in Ken- tucky Baptist History — ''The Current Reformation." It is not the author's purpose in this chapter to deliver a blow at Campbellism, but to give a fair statement of an important chapter in Kentucky Bap- tist history. As will be seen from the following facts a definite separation has taken place between the Bap- tists and the Disciples by the close of 1830. Thomas Campbell left Scotland for the United States the eighth day of April, 1807, and Alexander Campbell, his son, together with the family, sailed for the United States September 28, 1808, "but the vessel in which the family had embarked being shipwrecked off the Irish coast, the family returned to Europe and Alexander entered the University of Glasgow Novem- ber 8, the same year, and remained until the close of the university session the following May, 1809 ((pp. 130 and 190), The following August, the same year, Alexander, together with the family, again started for the United States, and landed in New York Sep- tember 29, 1809, and shortly after reached Washing- ton, Pa., in time to read and approve the ' Declaration and Address,' as the constitution of the Christian Association was called, which was then issuing from the press. (Mem. A. C, Vol. I, pp. 195 and 205)." Taken from "Origin of Campbellism," page 15. Thus in 1809 we find Alexander Campbell in the United States. It is not the author's purpose to fol- low Mr. Campbell in founding and developing a new sect, but to notice his life and labors as they touch and affect the history of Kentucky Baptists. Mr. Camp- bell began preaching in Kentucky as early as 1823, and by 1830 there was a definite separation between 78 The Campbellian Split— 1830 79 the Baptists and the Disciples, as they called them- selves. The labors of Mr. Campbell were begun in Kentucky as a Baptist, and in Baptist churches. In this way Mr. Campbell ingratiated himself into the favor of the Baptists before they learned that he ha^ been called to re-establish "the ancient order of things." Spencer in his "History of Kentucky Bap- tists" (Vol. I, p. 581) on "The Rise of Campbellism" says: "The Baptist denomination in Kentucky was probably never more prosperous than in the year 1820. The churches and associations were enjoying great peace, if we except a slight interruption of the correspondence between Licking and Elkhorn Asso- ciations, and the existence of the South Kentucky and Nolyun Associations of Separate Baptists, which did not correspond with the other associations in the state. The spirit of missions had been greatly revived and the churches were contributing more liberally to for- eign missions than those of any other portion of the United States. They had at this period a corps of ministers who, in all the elements of success, ranked favorably with any on the continent. Wm. C. War- field, Wm. Warder, Isaac Hodgin, Jeremiah Varde- man, George Waller, Silas M. Noel, Walter Warder and Wm. Vaughan, all brought into the ministry on the soil of Kentucky, were men of eminent ability, piety and usefulness. Besides these, there were many preachers of less note, who were eminent for piety, zeal and usefulness. With these advantages, and with a membership exceeding in numbers that of all other denominations combined, their prospects for the fu- ture were peculiarly hopeful. "The general revival that was just closing had produced no schisms or discords. Yet the enemy had sown tares among the wheat that were destined to yield an abundant harvest. Some bad leaven had been introduced, which was destined to work disas- trous consequences. The opposition to missions, theo- logical schools, and, indeed, all benevolent societies, 80 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 had already exhibited itself. Taylor, Parker and some others had taken the alarm, and sounded the tocsin of war. Suspicion was excited among the churches, and the spirit of missions began to subside, especially among the illiterate and uninformed. While avarice was not by any means, the primal cause of opposition to missions and other benevolent enter- prises, it doubtless added strength to it. Taylor was not persistent in his opposition; Parker, Nuckols and others were. But soon there arose another opponent to benevolent enterprises, whose brilliancy eclipsed all other lights, and whose influence among the Bap- tists of Kentucky was destined to exert greater evil among them than that of any other man of his gen- eration. This was Alexander Campbell, then and during the remainder of his life, a resident of Brook County, Virginia. For a time, after he commenced his career as editor of a popular religious periodical, he gave his influence principally to opposing missions, Bible and Tract Societies, and Theological Schools, and to curtailing the influence and pecuniary support of Christian ministers, whom he styled 'the kingdom of the clergy, ' and to bringing into discredit the doc- trines and practices of the principal religious sects of the country." In August, 1823, Mr. Campbell began the publica- tion of a monthly paper which he called The Chris- tian Baptist, and in October of the same year he debated with W. L. McCalla, Presbyterian, at Wash- ington, Mason County, Kentucky, on baptism. But to understand the "Current Reformation" in Kentucky we must take up the life and labors of Barton W. Stone, and to understand Stone 's movements we must take some notice of the great revival. From the Me- moirs of Wm. Vaughan (121 ff) we get the following informing account of Barton Stone's movement. "In the year 1796 a very eloquent Presbyterian preacher by the name of McGready immigrated to Logan County, Kentucky, and was settled as pastor over two churches known as Red and Muddy River. The CampheUian Split— 1830 81 These churches were in a cold back-sliddeu condition, and of this he writes with sadness. We quote his own words : " 'Our infant congregations remained in a state of deadness and darkness from the fall, through the winter and until the month of July, 1799. On Mon- day the power of God seemed to fill the congregation. The boldest, daring sinners in the county covered their faces and wept bitterly. After the congregation was dismissed, a large number of people remained about the doors, unwilling to go away. Some of the ministers proposed to me to collect the people in the meeting house again and perform prayer with them. The mighty power of God came among us like a shower from the everlasting hills. God's people were quickened and comforted ; sinners were powerfully alarmed, and some precious souls were brought to feel the pardoning love of Jesus. Gasper River, the fol- lowing August, was the scene of a deep religious interest. After the sermon the pastor gave a solemn exhortation. The people for some time kept their seats, while a deep solemnity prevailed throughout the congregation. Some cried out aloud and many fell on the ground and laid there, groaning, praying and crying for mercy. Not long after this a deep religious interest was awakened along the banks of the Ohio. ' ' Further Mr. Vaughan says : " 'In July, ' says Mr. McGready, 'multitudes crowded from all parts of the country, to see a strange work from the distance of forty, fifty and even a hundred miles. Whole families came in their wagons ; between twenty and thirty wagons were brought to the place, loaded with people and their provisions, in order to encamp at the meeting house. Of many instances I shall men- tion one of a little girl. I stood by her while she lay across her mother's lap, almost in despair. I was con- versing with her when the first gleam of light broke in upon her mind. She started to her feet, and in an ecstasy of joy she cried out: " 'Oh, what a sweet Christ he is!" etc. Then turning around she ad- 9 82 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 dressed sinners and told them of the glory and will- ingness and preciousness of Christ, and pleaded with them to repent.' "This was the first camp-meeting. The excitement continued and the Methodists, always more or less enthusiastic, joined in and fanned the flame. It ran from settlement to settlement until the whole coun- try was in a blaze. The people were amazed; vice hid her head and infidelity hushed its babbling mouth. "This religious excitement was communicated to Northern Kentucky in the following manner ; Barton W. Stone, who was pastor of two Presbyterian con- gregations, in Bourbon county, and which, like many other churches in the state, were in a condition of great coldness and deadness, hearing of the revival in Southern Kentucky and in Tennessee, under the labors of James McGready and other Presbyterian ministers, was very anxious to be among them, and early in the spring of 1801, he went there to attend a camp-meeting. He will give, in his own language, a description of the scene : " 'The scene to me was passing strange. It baf- fled description. Many, very many, fell down as men slain in battle, and continued for hours together in an apparently breathless and motionless state; some- times, for a few moments, recovering and exhibiting symptoms of life by a groan or a piercing shriek or by a prayer for mercy, most fervently uttered. After lying thus for hours, they obtained deliverance. I observed with critical attention every thing that passed. After attending to many such cases, my con- viction was complete that it was a good work — the work of God — nor has my mind wavered since on the subject.' "Stone returned to Cane Ridge, in Bourbon, carry- ing with him the intelligence of the wonderful revival in Logan County. The work commenced there imme- diately. He preached in the morning and a deep solemnity prevailed. At night two little girls were affected in a way precisely similar to those in Logan The Campbellian Split— 1830 83 County, and the next morning, as Mr, Stone returned to Cane Ridge, he was met by a prominent citizen, shouting praise to God. He says: 'In less than twenty minutes scores had fallen to the ground ; pale- ness, trembling and anxiety appeared on all. They continued on the spot till late in the night, and many found peace in the Lord. ' The effects of this meeting were electric. Men, women and children were in a perfect fever with excitement, the like of which was never known before. Following the example of the people in Southern Kentucky, it was resolved to hold a camp-meeting at Cane Ridge, and thus facilitate the good work already begun. This meeting was noted for the numbers that attended it, and the wild scenes that were then enacted. Hear Mr. Stone again : ' ' ' This memorable meeting came on Thursday and Friday before the third Lord's day in August, 1801. The roads were literally crowded with wagons, car- riages, horsemen and footmen, moving to the solemn camp. The sight was affecting. It was judged by military men on the ground that there were between twenty and thirty thousand collected. Four or five preachers were frequently speaking at the same time at different parts of the encampment, without confu- sion.' " Continuing Mr. Vaughan says (p. 128) : "From this there was a division among the Pres- byterians. Those who were opposed to the extrava- gancies of the revivalists formed one party, and those in favor of them the other. The differences between these two parties were sharp and well-defined. The excitement ran high. Crimination and recrimination were the order of the day. Those who headed the revival movement were Barton W. Stone, Robert Mar- shall, John Thompson, Richard McNemar and John Dunlevy. They abandoned the old land-marks as set forth in their confession of faith, and their funda- mental doctrines were 'Rational belief and war to the death on all creeds, systems, and confessions of faith. ' McNemar, one of their leaders, has thus written: 'They adopted a very different faith, and taught as 84 Kentucky Baptist Eistory— 1770-1922 an important truth that the will of God was made manifest to each individual who humbly sought after it, by an inward light shone into the heart.' They were therefore called 'New Lights.' "Barton W. Stone, the acknowledged leader of this party, renounced the doctrines of Calvinism and proclaimed on every side that Christ died for all men, and that all can be saved on the same terms. He and his party also urged that men had the same ability to believe as to disbelieve in Christ. These and other doctrines which they held and proclaimed were in direct opposition to the Confession of Faith; but they had become so popular that the church courts for awhile were afraid to deal with them. But at length Richard McNemar was summoned before the Springfield Presbytery, so called because it met in Springfield, Ohio, and the following specifications of heresy were preferred against him : " '1. He reprobated the idea of sinners attempt- ing to pray, or being exhorted thereto, before they were believers in Christ. " 2. He has condemned those who urge that con- victions are necessary, or that prayer is proper in the sinner. " '3. He has expressly declared at several times that Christ has purchased salvation for all the human race without distinction. " 4. He has expressly declared that the sinner has power to believe Christ at any time. " 5. That the sinner has as much power to act faith as to act unbelief; and reprobated every idea in contradiction thereto, held by persons of a con- trary opinion. " '6. He has expressly said that faith consisted in the creature's persuading himself assuredly that Christ died for him in particular ; that doubting and examining into evidences of faith were inconsistent with and contrary to the nature of faith; and in order to establish these sentiments, he explained away these words: 'Faith is the gift of God,' by The Campbellian Split — 1830 85 saying that Jesus Christ is the object of faith there meant, and not faith itself, and also these words: 'No man cometh to me except the Father who sent me draw him,' by saying that the drawing there meant was Christ offered in the gospel, and that the Father knew no other drawing, or higher power than holding up his Son in the gospel,' ''Mr. McNemar acknowledged that he held these doctrines, except the first part of the sixth article. The above charges will give the reader an idea of the peculiar views at that time held by the 'New Lights'! "From the Springfield Presbytery, the case was brought before the Synod at Lexington, Kentucky, in the fall of 1803, Stone and his party seeing that the decision of the Presbytery in regard to McNemar would be sustained, met in council, drew up a formal protest, presented it to the Synod, and then withdrew from the authority of that body. After a fruitless effort to bring these men back into the fold, they solemnly suspended Barton W. Stone, Richard McNe- mar, Robert Marshall, John Thompson and John Dunlevy, and declared their pulpits vacant. These men formed themselves into what they called the 'Springfield Presbytery.' 'From this period,' says Stone, 'I date the commencement of that reformation which has progressed to this day.' He wrote this in 1843. "Shortly after their suspension they were joined by two other ministers, Mathew Houston and David Purviance. In June, 1804, they issued a document styled, ' The last will and testament of the Springfield Presbytery,' in which they set forth a synopsis of their doctrines, and forever dissolved the Presbytery. They threw away all creeds and adopted the simple name Christian, by which they wished to be desig- nated. They urged all Christians to follow their example, to emancipate themselves from all confes- sions of faith and unite with them on the Bible. They were progressive. When first started they believed 86 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 in infant baptism, and that sprinkling was the proper act of baptism. After this they rejected the doctrine of infant baptism and proclaimed immersion as the only mode. And following quick upon this they pro- mulgated the dogma of baptism for the remission of sins. "When they united with the reformation in 1830 their number is not known, but in 1812, according to Doctor Benedict, they numbered 40 churches, 40 ministers and about 5000 members. "Mr. Stone and his followers held many views in common with Mr. Campbell; in fact they were sub- stantially the same, and consequently he and his ad- herents had no great difficulty in effecting with them a fundamental union. Although they originated long before Mr. Campbell developed his views, yet the sub- stance of the Campbellite theory was in their doc- trines, and the commencement of this sect may well be called the rise of the Current Kef ormation. " Thus it will be observed that Mr. Stone was con- siderably in advance of Mr. Campbell in his "Refor- mation" — Stone dating from 1803, while Campbell joined the Baptists in 1812, and was excluded from Baptist fellowship 1829. The starting of the Christian Baptist gave Mr. Campbell a great opportunity. Quoting again from Memoirs of Wm. Vaughan (pp. 161, 162, 163) : "Campbellism now began to assume a definite form. All over Northern and Central Kentucky Mr. Campbell had his adherents, and they read, as de- voutly as Moslem ever read his Koran, the Christian Baptist. Week after week it paid its welcome visits, bringing light and comfort and joy. Mr. Campbell's interpretations of scripture were regarded as infall- ible, and they were relied upon with iinplicit confi- dence. They had learned a new speech, no longer speaking the language of Ashdod. They were right, and that they knew full well, for they went by the 'book.' Half-grown boys and girls were thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the Great Reformer, and The Campbelliun Split— 1830 87 were ready at all times to discuss with you the pecu- liar doctrines of the ancient gospel. The veil was lifted, and they could explain anything in the Bible "The friends of Mr. Campbell were very busy in the dissemination of their principles. From the great leader at Bethany to the boy of fifteen summers there was unceasing activity. Every one of them was full of light and knowledge, and their hearts burned within them to communicate their doctrines to others. Whenever an opportunity presented itself, either in public or in private, they were discussing the topics suggested and developed in the Christian Baptist. They were as strong as Samson, who slew a thou- sand Philistines with the jaw-bone of an ass; they felt that one could chase a thousand and two could put ten thousand to flight. "Their numbers increased, and some were found in almost every Baptist Church in the state, at least in Northern and Central Kentucky. The turbulent and disaffected were drawn into their ranks, also many amiable and excellent people, who had not given the subject a thorough investigation, or who, from the ambiguity of Mr, Campbell's position, were unable to distinguish between truth and error. Camp- bellism raged like an epidemic in many parts of the country. The people were wild. There was strife and discord in the churches. Bitter feelings were engendered and hostile parties were arrayed one against the other. The humble, pious, peace-loving members mourned over the desolations of Zion, and by the rivers of Babylon they sat down and wept. Such men as Walter Warder, William Warder, Silas M. Noel, John Taylor and John S. Wilson saw the evils that beset our churches, but they wept and lab- ored on. They saw the storm that was gathering — they felt that the danger was imminent — but they hardly knew what to do. They did not see how they could beat back the tide that seemed to be sweeping all before it. They appeared to be paralyzed, and 88 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 especially was this the case with Walter Warder and Jeremiah Vardeman, They thought it would be more prudent to modify and direct the course of the Refor- mation than to give it a direct and decided opposi- tion ''They prayed for the peace of Jerusalem and for a season of refreshing from on high. They had waited long for a blessing, and at length God heard their prayer and the revival began. In the fall of 1827 the good work commenced. Ministers preached with unusual fervency and power and the people listened with deep interest, and large congregations assembled everywhere to hear the gospel. In the following win- ter and spring there were large additions to the churches. The brethren were so much absorbed in the revival, so overjoyed on account of the success of the gospel, that the Campbellite controversy was forgotten for a season. All over the state there was a glorious work of grace — such a revival as had not been witnessed since the great awakening of 1803. The Reformers who were still in the Baptist churches labored hard to bring over the young converts to their peculiar views. Shortly after their conversion, and while their hearts were warm and tender and easy impressed, they used every effort to instill their notions into their young minds. The older ministers were unsuspecting and off their guard, and before they were aware of it many had embraced the doc- trine of Mr. Campbell. While the Presbyterians were the sufferers in the revival of 1803, the Baptists were the especial sufferers in the revival of 1827-28." In the life of T. J. Fisher, (p. 56) by Spencer is this statement: "The germ of what is now known as Campbellism was published in a series of letters, addressed by Robert Sandeman, of Perth, Scotland, to Mr. Hervey, about A. D. 1757. He claimed that 'justifying faith' is 'the bare belief of the bare truth'. His system is known in England as ' Sandemanian- ism'. In his writings he was exceedingly bitter against all opposing doctrines, and particularly bit- The Campbellian Split — 1830 89 ter and sarcastic in writing against the ministers of the Kirk of Scotland, He spent the last seven years of his life in New England, where, after organizing a few small societies, he died, at Danbury, Connecti- cut, A. D. 1771. His doctrines seemed to die with him. But near A. D. 1800, Barton W. Stone (and others) began, in a confused manner, to hold forth the doctrine of Sandemanianism ; but, being unsuited for the work of a reformer, he made little progress, until Mr. Campbell, in his rapid changes from Hyper- calvinism to the extreme of modern Arminianism, embraced Mr. Stone's doctrine, and added to it the doctrine that 'baptism is essential to salvation.' " The heart of Campbellism is given in the follow- ing quotations. Dr. J. B. Jeter in his "Campbellism Examined and Re-examined" (p. 193), quotes from Campbell's "Christian System" (p. 233), the follow- which is the very heart of Campbellism : " 'There are three births, three kingdoms, and three salvations. One from the womb of our first mother, one from the water, and one from the grave. We enter a new world on, and not before each birth. The present animal life, at the first birth; the spir- itual, or the life of God in our souls, at the second birth ; and the life eternal in the presence of God, at the third birth. And he who dreams of entering the second kingdom, or coming under the dominion of Jesus without the second birth, may, to complete his error, dream of entering the kingdom of glory with- out a resurrection from the dead.' " Then again (page 196) Dr. Jeter quotes from ' ' Christian System ' ' as follows : " ' Whatever the act of faith may be, it necessarily becomes the line of discrimination between the two states before de- scribed. On this side, and on that mankind are in quite different states. On the one side, they are pardoned, justified, sanctified, reconciled, adopted, and saved; on the other, they are in a state of con- demnation. This act is sometimes called immersion, regeneration, conversion, ' ' Christian System, ' ' p. 193. 90 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 'These expressions,' (immersed, converted, regener- ated), 'in the apostle's style, denote the same act,' p, 203. 'For if immersion be equivalent to regenera- tion, and regeneration be of the same import with being born again, then being born again and being immersed, are the same thing.' p. 200." Also page 194, "Campbellism Examined and Re-examined" quoting "Christian System" p. 202. "The Holy Spirit calls nothing personal regeneration except the act of immersion." It will be seen that Mr. Campbell in these state- ments does not teach baptismal regeneration. That is, he does not teach that regeneration takes place in connection with the act of baptism, but that baptism is itself regeneration. There can be no mistaking his language here. So baptism is not the condition, nor a condition of regeneration, but is itself regeneration, and the Holy Spirit calls nothing else regeneration. That's simon pure Campbellism — "Be dipped or be damned. ' ' The separation between the Baptists and the "Re- formers" in Baptist Churches now began. The best account we have found of this separation is given in the Memoirs of Wm. Vaughn (page 170 ff) as follows : "Alexander Campbell, when he withdrew from the Redstone Association, united with the Mahoning Association, of Ohio. Through his influence that body became thoroughly imbued with the doctrines of the Reformation, and on that account the Beaver Asso- ciation, of Pennsylvania, in August, 1829, withdrew from her all fellowship on the ground that she had departed from the fundamental principles of the gos- pel. A copy of these resolutions was sent to Rev. Silas M. Noel, D. D., of Frankfort, Kentucky, and the church at that place immediately sent up a request to the Franklin Association, which was about to assem- ble at the Forks of Elkhorn meeting-house, in Wood- ford county, that the charges of Beaver against the Reformers should be indorsed and published by the The Campbellian Split— 1830 91 association. Franklin, after due consideration, not only complied with the request, but advised all the churches in her connection to follow the course pur- sued by the Beaver Association and discountenance the errors of Campbellism. These errors and corrup- tions were set forth in the following terms : " '1. They, the Reformers, maintain that there is no promise of salvation without baptism. " 2. That baptism should be administered to all who say that they believe that Jesus is the Son of God, without examination on any other point. '' '3. That there is no direct operation of the Holy Spirit on the mind prior to baptism. '' '4. That baptism procures the remission of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. " '5. That the Scriptures are the only evidence of interest in Christ. " '6. That obedience places it in God's power to elect to salvation. '' '7. That no creed is necessary for the church but the Scriptures as they stand ; and, " '8. That all baptized persons have the right to administer the ordinance of baptism.' " ''These resolutions were sent to the South Benson Church, Franklin County, Kentucky, where there was a considerable party in favor of Mr. Campbell, and after a lengthy discussion between George Wal- ler on the one side and Jacob Creath, Sr., on the other, they were spread upon the records of the church. The minority was so much incensed by this action that they met and, with the assistance of Jacob Creath, Sr., and his nephew, Jacob Creath, Jr., constituted them- selves into another church. The majority, regarding this matter as schismatic, at their regular meeting in February, 1830, unanimously excluded them from the Baptist Church at South Benson. "The work of separation had begun in earnest. A called meeting of the North District Association was held at Lulbegrud, Montgomery County, and Thomas Boone was chosen moderator. A committee was ap- 92 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 pointed to examine the records, correspondence, decisions and reports of the North District Associa- tion from the day of its constitution, in 1802, to its last session at Unity in 1829, and to report such results as they might deem to be of interest to the council. In due time the committee made the re- quired examination and reported in substance as follows : " '1. That the constitution of the North District Association makes it the duty of the association to have a watch care over the churches and gives it the right to withdraw from such as act disorderly. " '2. That the association exercised this watch care over both churches and preachers until their session at Cane Spring, in 1827. " 3. They find that at that association, Lulbe- grud complained of a new mode of breaking the bread when administering and receiving the Lord 's Supper ; but the association neglected to notice the conduct of such churches. " '4. They find also that in the year of 1829, Goshen complains to the association of new forms of words adopted and used in the administration of bap- tism, etc. ; and yet, though the church requested it, no attention was paid to the request. " 5. They find also that Cane Spring com- plained to the association, in the same year, and no attention was paid to her complaint. " '6. In 1829, Lulbegrud again complains that in consequence of changes taking place among the churches, respecting the administering and receiving of the Lord's Supper and other matters, she should not commune; and yet no attention was paid to her complaint.' "This meeting then adjourned to meet at Goshen on the fourth Saturday in June following. Elder David Chenault was elected moderator and James French, clerk. The following questions were then raised and promptly answered. " '1. Has North District, by abandoning the The Camphellian Split — 1830 93 supervisorship of the churches and preachers, de- parted from its constitution t Answered in the affirm- ative. " 2. Has a church, that takes upon itself the right to introduce and practice usages, unknown among the churches of Elkhorn and South Kentucky- Associations at the time of their union, departed from the constitution and gone out of the union ? Answered in the affirmative. * 'Our reasons,' said they, 'for deciding that North District Association has departed from its con- stitution are contained in the proceedings of the meet- ing at Lulbegrud in April last. In point of doctrine these departures from what was believed in the churches of either Elkhorn or South Kentucky Asso- ciation, at the time of their union, are so entire that to attempt an illustration throughout would be too long and tedious a writing. They even deny the special operation of the Spirit in quickening the dead sinner. And by way of ridicule they ask: "Where did the Spirit hit you? Was it on the shoulder or under the fifth rib?" " 'As to departures from church usage, they are so general that if any one thing in church customs, as practiced in the churches of Elkhorn and South Ken- tucky Associations, at the time of their union, remains unchanged, we know not what it is. Constituting churches, ordaining preachers, eating the Lord's Sup- per, words of baptism, the action of putting under the water in baptism — all are varied. Can it be thought strange that these innovations, all beating on the churches at once, should produce distress, con- fusion and schisms.' "We have not the space to give all these proceed- ings at length, but before they adjourned, by resolu- tion they declared themselves withdrawn from all churches that had departed, as before alleged; but that their fellowship was not to be considered broken with their ministers or individual members who were content with the former usages of the churches. 94 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 ''The course pursued by the North District Asso- ciation was soon followed by other associations. Franklin took decided ^ound against the innovations of the Reformers. Mr. Noel presented a circular let- ter, from which we make the following extract : " 'As an association we shall deem it our duty to drop correspondence with any and every association or church where this heresy is tolerated. Those who say they are not Campbellites, and yet countenance and circulate his little pamphlets, are insincere — they are to be avoided. When they say they are perse- cuted because they "will not swallow the Philadel- phia Confession of Faith," you are not to believe it, for no church has called one of them in question on that point, so far as we know. It is not so much their objection to this book as our objection to their con- fession of faith that makes the difference.' "This letter was adopted by the association and ordered to be printed and circulated among the churches of that body. "Elkhorn next showed herself true to 'the faith once delivered unto the saints.' She met on the sec- ond Saturday in August, 1830, with the church at Silas, Bourbon County, and, after much violent oppo- sition on the part of the Campbellites, adopted the following resolutions : " '1. That the church at Versailles be dropped from further correspondence with this association, for non-conformity to the rules, and for receiving into her membership a preacher, Jacob Creath, Jr., who in faith and practice departed from her constitution, and who has taken part in constituting minorities who also have thus departed.' "North District Association had split in twain, and each party was present with letters and messen- gers, and each one claiming to be the legitimate body. John Smith represented the Campbellites, and Reu- ben McDonald and others the Orthodox party. "The question now arose: 'Which body of Bap- tists shall be recognized by Elkhorn as the North Dis- The Camphellian Split~1830 95 trict Association ? ' Smith fought hard for a seat, but the association adopted the following resolutions : " 'Whereas, it appears that two communications from North District have been sent to this association, showing that a split has taken place in that body ; " ^Resolved, Therefore, that the ten churches, which met in council at Goshen meeting house, on the fourth Saturday in June, 1830, and in their minutes declare that the rest of the churches have departed from her constitution in faith and practice, be recog- nized as the North District Association, and that our correspondence be continued with them as heretofore. ' "Then followed the meeting of the Tate's Creek Association, which occurred on the fourth Saturday in August, 1830. The messengers composing this body unanimously resolved to withdraw all fellow- ship from every church and association that favored the Campbellite heresy. ' Within the Bracken Association matters had come to a crisis. May's Lick Church was in confu- sion. The members of this body who adhered to the grand old doctrines of the gospel determined that they would withdraw from the adherents of Mr. Campbell. They accordingly drew up and published the following resolution and protest, and thus com- pelled every one to show his colors : " 'Our church being in a state of painful confu- sion, resulting from attempts by Alexander Campbell and others to produce a reformation in society, as they have been in the habit of calling it — among other things denying the direct influence of the Spirit until after baptism, contending that persons professing faith in Christ shall be baptized, for the purpose of actually receiving forgiveness of sins — denying and rather, ridiculing what we call Christian experience, in part at least, namely, a burdened heart on account of sin, and sensible manifestation of God's pardoning mercy by faith in the blood of Christ : Slandering the Baptist society by saying that they are in Babylon — against which sentiments, and many others referred 96 Kentuckij Baptist History— 1770-1932 to by them, we solemnly protest ; also against the con- duet of the Campbells, Creaths, Smiths and others, who, in May, undertook to administer the Supper in our meeting house — a number of our brethren joining in that thing without the authority of the church — some, likely, without thinking of the wounds they were bringing on their brethren. Our brethren, a number of them, also, have been encouraging preachers to occupy our meeting house that many of us believe to be Arians, knowing they were trampling on our feelings, which we conceive to be contrary to good order. We have made every effort to place them and us on ground that we can live in some degree of peace, but in vain ; and we are now compelled to adopt the following resolution : " 'That all of us whose names are hereunto sub- scribed, protesting as above named against the Refor- mation (falsely so called), are willing and determined to rally around the original constitution and covenant of the church, which has never been disannulled — asso- ciating them with the principles of the union between the Regular and Separate Baptists — which were adopted by the Elkhorn Association when this church was a member of that body, and according to which we have acted ever since, which is a fact as relates to Baptists generally, thereby occupying precisely the same ground we did before the confused and confus- ing system of things that has destroyed our peace and the peace of many other churches among us, and that no person shall be considered a member of this church who will refuse to acknowledge the above by subscrib- ing their names, or causing them to be subscribed, or who will encourage the above-named Reformers.' " Thus the split occurred in the May 's Lick Church ; and Bethel, within the same association, also divided. The Bracken Association met in Washington, Mason County, on the first Saturday in September, 1830. This was one of great interest to both parties. The Reformers had been so active and busy that to a casual observer they seemed to be greatly in the ma- The Camphellian Split— 1830 97 jority. They were very anxious to remain in the denomination and control it. The period had now arrived when their comparative strength could be tested in the Bracken Association. When the ballots for moderator were counted Mr. Vaughan was declared elected. This was a test vote. And showed that the strength of the denomination still adhered to the ancient landmarks. "Each party in the May's Lick Church presented a letter, each claiming to be the church ; and so did the two parties of the Bethel Church. In regard to them the association made the following decision : " '1. The church at May's Lick having divided, and each party presenting letters to the Association, claiming to be the original church; " ^Resolved, That the majority be recognized as such; the minority having embraced a system of things called Reformation, thereby departing from the principles of the United Baptists in Kentucky and of the Association. " '2. Two letters also having been received from the church at Bethel, both claiming to be the original church, and it appearing to the satisfaction of the association that the majority of the church have de- parted from the original principles of the United Baptists and of this association ; " 'Resolved, Therefore, that the minority be rec- ognized as the church.' " The above is a very vivid account of the struggle through which our brethren passed in freeing the churches from Campbellism. In one case it is the majority that is right and in the other it is the minority. In his history of Frank- lin Association, Spencer says, "In 1830, the Camp- bellite schism was consummated in this and all the surrounding fraternities" (Vol. II, p. 291). This fixes the date of the Campbelliau split. ' ' Raccoon ' ' John Smith, a conspicuous follower of Mr. Campbell, and a man of unusual native ability, made it his business to visit the association of North- 10 98 Kentucky Baptist Histori/— 1770-1922 ern and Central Kentucky and oppose with all of his powers the separation when it was suggested. Perhaps the reason for the strenuous opposition of the Campbellites to being separated from the Baptists was a feeling that they could make proselytes faster being on the inside than they could being on the out- side. And, too, they may have felt that by holding off the separation for a while they would have a majority in practically all the churches and thus exclude the minority and take possession of the property, as they did in a few cases where they had the majority. The Baptists had to force the separation, and it would have been better for their cause had they forced it several years earlier. Campbellism is strong as a proselyting force, but weak as an evangelizing force. Perhaps their great decline in membership within the last few years is due to the fact that they have largely abandoned the proselyting method. For the first half cntury of its existence Campbellism was almost wholly an ecclesias- tical parasite. They built themselves up by tearing down others. The Rev. W. C. Taylor, in his Biography of Elder Alfred Taylor (p. 51) says, in speaking of "a most fearful church trial" in Green River Church, that "Troubles never come single-handed. The wounds of internal dissension are not healed until that system come along which thrives best where there is the least vital religion. I refer to Campbellism. History abundantly testifies to this. Where a church is at peace and in the enjoyment of the fruits of the Holy Spirit, Campbellism is powerless to aifect it for evil. But let a church become involved in petty strife and dis- sensions and there you will find the devil's prelude for the introduction of Campbellism. Thus it was at Green River. Satanic power having opened the way in the previous alienation, a son of A. Campbell enters in and proposes to complete the work of disin- tegration and destruction so effectually begun. Here they concentrated the Campbellite forces of the Green The Camphellian Split— 1830 99 River country. Finding some material suited to their building they proceeded with its erection. After their utmost efforts to ruin the church of God at Green River, they could only boast of having 'stolen eight fat wethers from the Baptists.' As Paul contended with beasts at Ephesus so did Alfred Taylor at Green River. ' ' This is Campbellism in its beginning. Another reason perhaps, for their declension is the fact that the disciples of Mr. Campbell have aban- doned practically everything that Mr. Campbell brought in as a "Reformation." None of their edu- cated ministers today will preach straight Campbell- ism — "Be dipped or be damned," or "The acceptance of one fact and the performance of one act procures salvation," or "The act of immersion is itself regen- eration"; nor will they ridicule the operation of the Holy Spirit. They have also given up the name "Christian Church" and accepted as their official title, ' ' Disciples of Christ. ' ' They no longer have any proselyting plea ; nor have they any excuse for their separate existence, as they hold and teach nothing that is not taught by others with priority in their cor- porate existence. CHAPTER IX The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 Kentucky has long been known as the "dark and bloody ground." She has been the storm center of controversy; the battlefield of many jarring opinions and conflicting doctrines. The anti-mission spirit flourished for a time in Kentucky's fruitful soil. In this chapter it is the author's purpose to give a some- what brief account of the rise, progress and decline of anti-missionism in Kentucky. Dr. Albert Henry NcAvman in his "Introduction" to "The Genesis of American Anti-missionism" by Dr. B. H. Carroll, Jr., says, (p. 3). "A connected and somewhat exhaustive account of the anti-missionary movement that resulted from the pressing of foreign mission, home mission, Sunday school, educational, and other forms of organized denominational work under the auspices of the Trien- nial Convention, with Luther Rice as its chief agent, and Judson's work in Burma as its chief inspiration, has long been a desideratum. The strength of the opposition throughout the South and the Southwest to the work of the Triennial Convention during the third and fourth decades of the nineteenth century may be illustrated by the following facts : During the first four or five yeai'S after the organization of the Triennial Connvention (1814), the Baptist churches of Tennessee were nearly all friendly to the foreign mis- sion cause and contributed toward its funds. Within a few years all the missionary societies that had been formed for co-operation with the Triennial Convention were dissolved and the association rescinded the reso- lutions that had been passed in favor of missions and related departments of denominational work. In Georgia and Alabama a life-and-death struggle 100 The Anti-Mission Splii—1832 to 1842 101 between the friends of missions and co-operative work and the malignant enemies of missions raged for years, and the issue, apart from firm faith in the God of missions, might well have seemed doubtful. As late as 1845 twelve of the thirty-four Virginia asso- ciations, including the old Ketokton, were aggress- ively anti-missionary. Equally successful was the anti-missionary propaganda in Kentucky. Ohio, where Alexander Campbell's influence was great, and the writings of Daniel Parker and John Taylor were circulated, was an equally fruitful field for the anti- missionary propaganda. In 1820 the Ohio Baptist churches had contributed $547.09 for foreign missions. From 1821 to 1828 contributions ceased entirely, while the contributions in 1829 and 1830 were $10 and $5 respectively. The wonderful success of the opponents of missions from 1820 to 1840 needs to be explained, and Doctor Carroll has performed a ser- vice of great value in bringing together from rare sources a large amount of material illustrative of the spirit and the methods of the opposition to organized missionary work. He has made effective use of the scarce writings of Daniel Parker and John Taylor, and has demonstrated more fully than any earlier writer the contribution of Alexander Campbell to the anti-missionary movement." Doctor Newman's state- ment is very comprehensive. Early Baptists in Kentucky All Missionary in Spirit and Practice Those who think that the ''Old Baptists" or "Primitive Baptists" because of their ancient sound- ing names are the original Baptists would do well to read history. Spencer (Vol. I, p. 570) says "Pre- vious to 1816, there was not an Anti-mission Baptist in Kentucky, so far as known. In every association, where a missionary enterprise was proposed, it met with universal favor." A long account is given by Spencer showing that the early churches, and asso- ciations of Kentucky sent missionaries to Tennessee, 102 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 Ohio, Indiana and to the Indians, paying them for their services, the amount paid, in one case, being named. It is an interesting fact, too, that history records that one of the men who afterwards became a leader of the anti-mission forces, went to Tennessee as mis- sionary in 1791, Here are the facts as given by Spencer (Vol. I, p. 570). "In the early period of the first churches, planted on the soil of Kentucky, mis- sionaries were sent to the surrounding country. The oldest church in what was then called West (now Middle) Tennessee, was constituted by Ambrose Dudley and John Taylor. These ministers in 1791 traveled through a wilderness, on horseback, nearly two hundred miles, where they were constantly ex- posed to destruction by the Indians, to establish the Redeemer's cause in this remote settlement. John Sutton and James Sutton were afterwards sent, in turn, by Elkhorn Association, to minister to this church, and the Moderator was directed to pay them £13, 12s, 8d, for this service'.' These missionaries were ''sent" and ''paid" for their services. As sad as it is to record the fact, from this time on in this chapter, we find John Taylor one of the most successful leaders of the anti-mission forces. The formal separation between the Missionaries and Anti-missionaries took place within the decade between 1832 and 1842. The anti-mission spirit was manifested in some of the associations prior to 1830 but not one had declared itself anti-mission. The date usually accepted as the beginning of "the split" is 1832. Dr. W. P. Throgmorton in his debate with Elder Lemuel Potter, Hardshell, held in Fulton, Ken- tucky, July 1887, takes this position. (Throgmorton- Potter Debate). Much of this chapter is taken from Chapter III, "The Rise of the Hardshells" in "The Genesis of American Anti-Missionism, " by Dr. B. H. Carroll, Jr. Doctor Carroll says, "The leaders against mis- sions have been many. The opposition against mis- The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 103 sions has been one, in origin, progress, argument, and spirit, although hydra-headed in its various forms of manifestation. It is the purpose of this chapter to ascertain its genesis and trace and demonstrate its unity through its varying forms. Every great move- ment is to a large extent identified with its leaders. The biographical method is the true one by which to study history. We therefore present some accounts of the three great leaders in the anti-mission crusade. .... The three leaders were John Taylor, of Ken- tucky; Daniel Parker, of Illinois; and Alexander Campbell, of Virginia. Mr. Campbell has not usually been given credit for his part in the rise and progress of anti-missions. John Taylor was an earnest, consecrated, self- sacrificing and conscientious minister of the gospel, and one time a thorough missionary, as we have shown. No man can read the account of his conver- sion, or the story of his efforts to evangelize Kentucky and Tennessee for Christ, without feeling that he was a converted and honest man. He was the victim of the prejudices engendered by his lack of education and his early environment. Yet all his good qualities but served to give respectability and force to his oppo- sition to the mission cause. It is pleasant to recall that in his later life he was more in sympathy with the mission movement and less timorous of the bug- bear which he had been the first to raise. But, as Doctor Spencer well says: "His pamphlet had gone forth on its pernicious mission, and probably did more to check the cause of missions, in Kentucky, than any other publication of the period." For a comprehension of the better side of John Taylor, one should read his "History of Ten Churches." Doctor Carroll says: "Daniel Parker was con- temporary with John Taylor and claims to be the first opponent of the Mission system. 'It makes me shudder when I think I am the first one (that I have any knowledge of) among the thousands of zealous religionists of America, that have ventured to draw 104 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 the sword against the error, or to shoot at it and spare no arrows.' But it is doubtful if this statement be true. Taylor wrote in 1819, Parker in 1820 and his pamphlet was republished in 1824, at which time it was printed at Lexington, Kentucky, along with an- other on the same topic and rehashing the same argu- ment, addressed to Maria Creek Church. Parker was a son of John Parker. He was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, reared in Georgia amid extreme poverty and ignorance, baptized in 1802, and licensed shortly after. In 1803 he removed to Trumbull Church in Tennessee, was ordained there in 1806, and moved to Southeastern Illinois in 1817. He claims to have traveled through a great many of the States of America. In 1810, an old brother in Tennessee advocated in a crude form the Two-Seed Doctrine. Parker rebuked him for it, but in 1826 set forth in pamphlet an elaboration of the same views. '"It is not easy to explain, at least what was meant by Mr. Parker himself, in the phrase 'Two-Seed,' which in time became so notorious. This at least may be said : The teaching represented by it was that form of antinomianism which carried the doctrine of predestination to its utmost extreme. "The essence of God is good; the essence of evil is the Devil. Good angels are emanations from or particles of God; evil angels are particles of the Devil. When God created Adam and Eve, they were endowed with an emanation from himself or particles of God were included in their constitution. They were wholly good. Satan, however, diffused into them particles of his essence by which they were corrupted. In the beginning God had appointed that Eve should bring forth only a certain number of offsprings; the same provision applied to each of her daughters. But when the particles of evil essence had been infused by Satan, the conception of Eve and her daughters was increased. They were now required to bear the original number, who were styled the seed of God, and an additional number who were called the seed of the serpent. ' ' The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 105 This Two-Seed doctrine is a curious revival, with some modifications of the ancient speculative philos- ophy of Manichffius. Doctor Newman calls it a 'very- disgusting form of Gnostic heresy.' It is easy to see how such a heresy would cause opposition to missions ; for the progeny of one of the seed would constitute the body of Christ, whose salvation is provided. The following quotation is taken from page 11 of a copy of the first minutes of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky, organized at Louisville, Friday, October 20th, 1837. ' ' The Anti-missionary spirit owes its origin to the notorious Daniel Parker. He was the first person called Baptist that lent a hand to the Infidel, and Papist in opposing the proclamation of the gospel to every creature, and the translation and circulation of the Scriptures in all languages and among all people. Possessing a strong native intellect, and a bold adven- turous imagination — with a mind cast in nature's most capacious mold, but for want of cultivation admirably calculated to be the receptacle of notions, the most crude, extravagant and chimerical, he generated an Utopian scheme of theology, the tend- ency of which was to subvert all practical religion. The grounds of his opposition to missions were that the devil was an eternal ' self-subsistent being' (to use his own phrase) ; that though God created all, yet the devil begat a part of mankind ; that those begotten of the devil were his bona fide children, and to their father they would and ought to go; and of course sending them the gospel and giving them the Bible were acts of such gross and supreme folly that no Christian should be engaged in them. On the other hand he taught that the remaining portion of the human family were the actual sons of God from eternity, and being allied to Jesus Christ ere 'the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy' by the nearest and dearest ties of consanguinity, being no less than 'particles' of his bodj' — bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh, the 106 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 Redeemer nolens volens, take them to mansions pre- pared for them in bliss; and hence Mr. Parker very wisely concluded, that if such were the case, the Lord had very little use for the Bible or Missionary Socie- ties But there were many who embraced only half the doctrine of Mr. Parker and though they manifested no great apprehension for the liege sub- jects of the Prince of Darkness, yet they expressed great alarm lest the missionaries should help the Lord to perform his work, and convert the souls of some in a way God never intended they should be. They were such staunch friends of the Lord 's doing all his work, that they set upon and terribly assailed their mis- sionary brethren, for fear they should by some means assist the Lord in the salvation of his elect. In their zeal against these ambitious strides of the missionaries, they have occasioned great disturbance and distress — and destroying the Peace of Zion, the progress of religion has been greatly retarded, and the influence and usefulness of many ministers and churches utterly paralyzed. ' ' Doctor Carroll, of Texas, in a speech before the Southern Baptist Convention at Hot Springs, Ark- ansas, in 1900, compared Parker in his violence to a wild boar rooting up the tender plants in a garden. The following description of the person and person- ality of Daniel Parker was written by Dr. John M. Peck, of Home Missions fame, while Parker was still alive and active : "Mr. Parker is one of those singular and extra- ordinary beings whom divine Providence permits to arise as a scourge to his church, and a stumbling- block in the way of religious effort. Raised on the frontier of Georgia, (by others he is spoken of as a native of Virginia), without education,' uncouth in manner, slovenly in dress, dimunitive in person, un- prepossessing in appearance, with shrivelled features and a small piercing eye, few men for a series of years have exercised a wider influence on the lower and less educated class of frontier people. With a zeal and an The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 107 enthusiasm bordering on insanity, firmness that amounted to obstinacy, and perseverance that would have done honor to a good cause, Daniel Parker ex- erted himself to the utmost to induce churches to declare non-fellowship with all Baptists who united themselves with any of the benevolent (or as he called them "new-fangled") societies. "His mind we are told was of a singular and original sort. In doctrine he was antinomian. He believed himself inspired, and so persuaded others. Repeatedly we have heard him when his mind seemed to soar above his own powers, and he would discourse for a few moments on divine attributes or on some devotional subject, with such brilliancy of thought and correctness of language as would astonish men of education and talents. Then again it would seem as if he were perfectly bewildered in a maze of abstruse subtleties. "Besides his itineracy among the churches, Parker was a writer, and among other things published for a time a periodical called the "Church Advocate." How much a person of influence he was is showTi by the fact that during four years, from 1822 to 1826, he was a member of the Illinois State Senate. His disastrous career in Illinois and Indiana came to a close in 1833, when he removed to Texas. "It is said of Daniel Parker, that at one time m his earlier career he applied for appointment as missionary, and when it was refused him, turned against mission societies and missionary effort of every kind. This was true at least of his coadjutor, Wilson Thompson. Just how far Parker was influ- enced by Taylor cannot be known ; but Wilson Thomp- son, his coadjutor, admits to being greatly influenced by reading Taylor's pamphlet. Recent mission troubles in Texas may possibly be due in part to Parker's labors after reaching that State, although we can discover nothing of his life after he moved to Texas. The Parkerite heresy has not vet died out, for the census bulletin for 1893 reports the mem- 108 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 bership of this sect in the entire country at 9,932." The third and greatest opposer to the mission system was Alexander Campbell. In August, 1823, he began to publish a small religious monthly, called The Christian Baptist. After making an exten- sive tour through some of the Western States and finding the anti-mission leaven implanted by Parker and Taylor already at work, he became much more bold in his attacks so that Daniel Parker established The Church Advocate, a periodical similar in size, form and aim to the Christian Baptist, for the purpose of advocating church sovereignty and exclusiveness, in opposition to benevolent societies in the West. There can be no doubt that in this Parker and Campbell made common cause. Doctor Carroll says, "While the chief root of Parker's opposition lay in his heresy, Campbell's lay in the fact that he considered himself a Reformer. As he said in his preface, it would do no good to con- vert heathens to a form of Christianity held by men who themselves needed to be converted to New Testa- ment Christianity. Reformers have never been mis- sionaries, nor the reforming ages periods of mission- ary activity in the church. This was true of the Roman church. For three hundred years, while the reformers were trying by means of councils to cleanse the church in head and members, there was no mis- sionary activity. Not until after the Reformation, when the Council of Trent had finally put a quietus on the reform movements, did Roman missionary activity begin. The same was true of the Protestant churches. As long as Europe was filled with the jan- gling of their warring creeds, missionary effort, though feebly attempted a few times, miserably failed. But in the fullness of time when religious opinions had all clarified and crystallized into settled creeds, Cary arose to set the Christian world on fire with mission- ary enthusiasm. Campbell, then, as a reformer could not readily be a missionary. His mistake lay in sup- posing the Baptists needed reformation. What they The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 109 needed was co-operation and missionary zeal. This, Campbell was not responsible for giving them, except as Judas was responsible for our redemption." Some combinations are hard to understand. We have here the curious spectacle of the highest anti- nomianism, represented by Parker and Taylor, and the most extreme Arminianism, represented by Camp- bell, combined to attack the principles of missions. So we find that other things than politics make strange bedfellows. The one side claimed it to be an infringe- ment of the divine, and the other of church sover- eignty. The Gospel Missioners of today make the latter claim. Doctor Spencer truly says of Campbell, that he exercised more influence over the Baptists of Kentucky than of any other state, and that while ' ' not the originator of opposition to missions he was its most successful advocate." It is not our purpose to follow Mr. ampbell into all the doctrinal and creedal vagaries into which his reform policy led him. But by attacking and attempting to change the very plan of salvation itself, the only doctrine more vital than that of missions, he finally succeeded in adding an- other to the already large number of sects in Christ- endom. His activity in this line was so great and its results are so well known as to obscure his responsi- bility for the Hardshell split. Doctor Carroll makes the charge that "Alexander Campbell was the father of twins, Hardshellism and Campbellism. Hardshell- ism first gave indication of its appearance, but as in the case of Jacob and Esau, it was supplanted in the womb by its brother, Campbellism. Hardshellism, though longer in taking to itself a local habitation and a name, was the first of the two to disturb the Baptist denomination. But here, as in the case of Parker, many followed him (Campbell) in his opposition to missions, who did not join him in his doctrinal vaga- ries and who were left behind to vex the saints when the believers in his creed, as set forth in the Christian Baptist and the Millennial Harbinger, went out from the Baptists to form a new denomination. The de- 110 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 nomination he founded has found it necessary in the struggle for existence to discard all his anti-mission- ary ideas, and to use all the methods he so unspar- ingly burlesqued." The "Non-progressive" wing of the Campbellites is still anti-mission in sentiment. They are simon pure Campbellites. As to Mr. Campbell's teaching and influence on Missions in Kentucky, we can give no better authority than Doctor Spencer in his "History of Kentucky Baptists" Vol. I, pp. 593, 594). "Mr. Campbell's opposition to theological schools and educated ministry was equally persistent with his endeavors to destroy Missionary and Bible socie- ties. Of the truth of this, sufficient evidence has been given in the extracts already quoted from his writings. If the reader desires to investigate the subject further, he is referred to the Christian Baptist in its original form; not to the more recent publications under that title. ' The effects of these teachings were felt as far as the Christian Baptist was circulated, and nowhere more than among the Baptists of Kentucky. The preachers who had hitherto received but a small pit- tance from their charges, were further reduced in their resources of living. The friends of education were discouraged in their endeavors to erect a college. The Baptist missionary societies, that started under such auspicious circumstances, were dwarfed, and ulti- mately perished. The ministers were brought into dis- repute among those who most needed the restraints of their teachings, and practical benevolence was well nigh destroyed in the churches, at least, so far as any effort to spread a knowledge of the gospel was concerned. It required the labors of thirty years to bring the Baptist churches of Kentucky 'up to the standard of Christian benevolence, to which they had attained, in 1816, and a considerable fraction of them continued their downward course, in this respect, thirty years longer." Doctor Spencer seems to be the first of our Baptist The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 111 historians to recognize and credit Mr. Campbell with the large part he played in anti-missionism. Quoting Doctor Carroll again (pp. 157-8) "Prior to 1830, the Licking Association of Kentucky adopted the policy of Mr. Campbell in regard to missions, be- nevolent societies and theological education, (The Licking Association, however, did not declare non- fellowship for missions until 1834. See Spencer, Vol. II, p. 243 — Nowlin), but rejected his theology. In the meantime, of course, Mr. Campbell had been developing his theology in its more well-known forms and laying the foundation for a new denomination. In Kentucky, by 1830, there was a definite separation between the Baptists and the Disciples, as they called themselves. The remnant of the one-time strong Arminian element among the Baptists had gone with the Disciples. But the fact that this Arminianism was made prominent prevented many of those among the Baptists who shared Mr. Campbell's views in re- gard to missionary operations, Bible distribution and theological education, from joining his 'Disciples.' These were left among the Baptists to cause yet fur- ther division. The anti-missionaries thus left behind were not agieed among themselves. The larger ele- ment, represented by Licking, Red River and other Associations, was decidedly antinomian in its doctrine. This antinomian faction was itself divided on the Two-Seeds doctrine of Parker and afterward on the resurrection. The other division of the anti-mission- aries followed Doctor Andrew Fuller's interpretation of the doctrines of grace, but 'opposed all human societies' for carrying the gospel. The number of these anti-missionaries left was about 7,000 ; their loss in numbers would have been seriously felt, but the power of the church to recuperate would have been greatly strengthened had they gone out with the rest of Mr. Campbell's 'Disciples."' " In the Life of Thomas J. Fisher (p. 68) Doctor Spencer, after giving account of the inroads made by Campbellism and anti-missionism says : ' ' This was 112 KcntucJnj Baptist History— 1770-1922 the condition of the Baptist denomination in Ken- tucky in A. D. 1835. For a number of years weakened and embarrassed by a heartless, inert fatalism (Hard- shellism) on one side, and a turbulent, factious ration- alism (Campbellism) on the other, she separated from them both at a cost of nearly or quite one-half of her entire membership." These losses, however, were gains to the Baptists in the end. The early Kentucky Baptists not only sent mis- sionaries to the Indians, but established schools for their children, as the following shows : ' ' The Ken- tucky Missionary Society established a school for Indian children near Georgetown, Kentucky, to which they gave the name of Choctaw Academy. The school opened with eight red children, in the spring of 1819. The number of students increased from year to year, till it became a large and flourishing school. In 1828, seventeen of the Indians in this school were baptized into Great Crossing Church, in Scott County, and of the number, Sampson Birch and Robert Jones, became preachers of the gospel among their people in the far West" ("History of Kentucky Baptists," Vol. I, p. 579). This shows that the early Baptists in Kentucky were favorable to both missions and education, and not only in sentiment, but in their efforts. ' ' The decade extending from 1810 to 1820 was one of great prosperity to the Baptists of Kentucky. There were ten associations formed during that period," says Spencer (Vol. I, p. 579). This shows that the anti-mission spirit had not yet become prevalent in Kentucky. In the history of the Salem Association Spencer records the fact that "In 1818, the association ear- nestly recommended the churches to contribute to mis- sionary purposes, and expressed the opinion that edu- cational societies greatly conduce to the promotion of the Redeemer's Kingdom." (Vol. II, p. 54). The anti-mission split in this association did not occur until 1839, when a few churches split off and The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 113 constituted "Otto Creek Association of Regular Bap- tists." In Tate's Creek Association according to Spencer (Vol. II, p. 95) the division took place in 1842. The Licking Association became a "Hardshell," or anti-mission association, in 1834. Spencer in his history of the Licking Association says (Vol. II, p. 243) : "The association still continued to increase slowly in numbers till 1834, when it reached a mem- bership of 32 churches, aggregating 1,483 members. These are the largest numbers it has ever attained. It had been made sufficiently manifest, by the transac- tions of 1820 that the body was opposed to missions. But now the more radical of the churches began to clamor for a direct expression on the subject. Accord- ingly the association in 1834 recorded its views in the following language : ' In answer to the suggestions made in several of the letters from our churches, we declare non-fellowship for missionary, Bible, tract (and) temperance societies, theological and Sabbath schools and Baptist conventions as religious institu- tions, believing (that) they are without divine war- rant.' " The call from the churches for "a direct expression" on the subject of missions shows that the association had not jet taken a definite stand on this question ; and the action of the association shows the same. At their meeting in 1820 "A circular letter from the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions was laid on the table, which was equivalent to withdrawing cor- respondence from that organization" (Spencer, Vol. II, p. 242). This action and the minutes of former meetings show that the association had been in cor- respondence with the Board of Foreign Missions. The above shows that the Licking Association did not declare itself anti-missionary until 1834, and the fol- lowing shows that as a result of that declaration she lost many of her churches. ' ' The church at Dry Run withdrew from the association the same year that she declared non-fellowship for missionary societies. In 11 114 Kentiickif Baptist History— 1770-1923 1837 East Hickman and Richland Creek withdrew ; and in 1839, Mill Creek, Poplar Grove, White Oak Run, North Fork and Licking Locust were dropped from the association, for failing, two successive years, to represent themselves." (Spencer, Vol. II, p. 244). The division in the Highland Association took place in 1835. The churches withdrawing at this meeting constituted the Little Bethel Association on Saturday- preceding the second Lord's day in September, 1836. The author has before him an old ledger givijig the minutes of the association from its organization in 1836 to 1866, written in a fine, clear, legible style. In the first minutes of the association is set forth the reason for its organization in the following : "First. On motion and second, it was unanimously agreed that the following preamble be inserted in front of our minutes. To all w^hom it may concern, be it known, that we the constituent members of the Little Bethel Association, this day formed at Flat Creek meeting house, Hopkins County, Kentucky, having been heretofore members of the Highland As- sociation, and having seen with mortification and deep regret the violent opposition of a majority of that body to the benevolent institutions of the day, and that they have repeatedly violated the spirit and let- ter of the constitution thereof within the last four years." Here they set forth a number of items of complaint. It will be observed that the main reason for this separation was "the violent opposition of a majority of that body to the Benevolent Institutions of the day." The Little Bethel Association is now a strong asso- ciation with a membership of 3,403, while the High- land, which became anti-missionary, has dwindled away. Of the North District Association Spencer says, (Vol. II, p. 124) : "The anti-missionary complexion of the body was manifested by its dropping correspon- dence with all the neighboring associations, except Burning Springs, between the years 1837 and 1842. The Anti-Mission Split— 1832 to 1842 115 in 1859 it assumed the name of 'Old Baptist,' which it still bears." The name "Old Baptist" indicates that it is an anti-missionary body. This name, how- ever, was not assumed until 1859. The Baptists have rallied from these blows and now probably outnumber all the Protestant denomi- nations in the state combined. So far as the author can ascertain there are but few anti-mission Baptist churches in Kentucky today, and the few that do exist, are weak and dying. Anti-missions is one of the most blighting heresies that can strike a church. The vital principle of the Christian religion seems to be, give and live or deny and die. "There is that scat- tereth and yet increaseth; there is that withholdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty." This has been thoroughly demonstrated by the Missionary and Anti-missionary Baptists, not only in Kentucky, but throughout the entire country. Baptist Growth According to a survey of the Baptist development in the United States in the century from 1821 to 1921, just completed by Dr. E. P. Alldredge, Secre- tary of Survey, Statistics and Information of the Baptist Sunday School Board, Nashville, Tenn., the Baptist growth during that period was 7,716,563, or 2,967 per cent. The larger part of this growth was experienced in the South, where there are now 6,162,- 500 Baptists. Kentucky has a total Baptist strength of 381,865, Doctor Alldredge finds. This number is accounted for as follows : White Baptists co-operating with Southern Bap- tist Convention, 261,135 ; non-co-operating white Baptists, 30,730 ; Negro Baptists, 90,000. Of the 30,- 730 "non-co-operating Baptists" Doctor Alldredge gives "Primitive Baptists 2,250." This seems to be the strength of the Anti-mission Baptists in Ken- tucky at the present time, while the white Baptists of the state number about 300,000. CHAPTER X The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 ' ' The Kentucky Baptist Convention " is an almost forgotten chapter in Kentucky Baptist history. It was like man born of woman "of few days and full of troubles." In March of the year 1832 a number of Baptists met in Bardstown and organized a state convention which had a short and checkered career. Spencer (Vol. I, page 651) says: "The whole number of dele- gates was thirty-four. Silas M. Noel was elected moderator, and Henry Wingate clerk. The meeting adopted the following : Constitution of the Kentucky Baptist State Convention "Art. 1. This convention shall be known by the name of the Kentucky Baptist Convention. "2. It shall be composed of those, and those only, who belong to or are in correspondence with the Gen- eral Union of Baptists of Kentucky. "3. Any church, auxiliary society or association belonging to the Baptist connection shall be entitled to three representatives qualified as in Article 2. "4. The representatives of the churches, societies and associations, when assembled in convention, shall have no ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches or associations, nor act even as an advisory council in cases of difficulty between churches,, nor shaU they interfere with the constitution of any church or asso- ciation, nor with the articles of general union. "5. The convention, when met, shall elect a moderator, three corresponding secretaries, clerk, treasurer, and as many other members as the con- vention may, from time to time, think necessary; 116 The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 117 who, together with said officers, shall be an executive board; a majority may constitute a quorum for busi- ness. During the recess of the convention, its business shall be transacted by the executive committee, who shall have power to fill vacancies in their own body, and shall submit a report of their proceedings to each annual meeting, "6. The convention shall, annually, collect and publish a statistical account of the churches and asso- ciations in this state, devise and execute plans for supplying destitute churches and neighborhoods with the gospel of Christ, and have the power to disburse monies, contributed by the churches and associations, in the manner specified by the contributors, provided special instructions are sent. "7. All monies contributed by the churches, associations and others to aid traveling preachers and to advance the benevolent views and objects of the convention generally shall be specifically appropriated to those purposes. ' 8. The convention shall send forth men of tried integrity and usefulness to preach the gospel. ''The two only remaining articles relate to the time and place of meeting, and the amending of the constitution. A brief circular letter was appended to the minutes of the convention, explaining the objects of the institution, as set forth in the constitution. The sum of $190.6834 was placed at the disposal of the convention, and after passing some unimportant resolutions it adjourned to meet at New Castle the following October. "The only important business transacted at the 'adjourned meeting' at New Castle was the adoption of Rules of Decorum and the report of a special committee that had been charged with the duty of establishing a weekly newspaper as the organ of the convention. This duty had been discharged by the establishment of the Cross and the Baptist Banner, the first Baptist weekly that was published in Ken- tucky. The first number had been issued previous 118 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 to this meeting of the convention. Uriel B. Cham- bers was its editor, and assumed all the pecuniary responsibility of its publication, taking the profits of the paper as a compensation for his labors. "The first annual meeting of the Kentucky Bap- tist Convention was held at Lexington, beginning May 25, 1833. George Waller preacher the introductory sermon. There were present twenty-six delegates, representing ten auxiliary associations and three churches. The report of the executive committee was encouraging. Forty commissions had been issued, ten of which had been accepted by the missionaries. Ninety weeks of missionary labor had been performed, and between 400 and 500 had been baptized. The receipts of the committee during the year amounted to $595,521/^, which was overdrawn by the mission- aries, leaving a small indebtedness on the com- mittee. "The second annual meeting of the convention began in Louisville October 18, 1834. Alfred Bennett of New York preached the introductory sermon. Only fifteen delegates were present. Only three churches were represented, the other twelve delegates being from auxiliary associations. The report of the execu- tive committee was gloomy and discouraging. They lament the death, from cholera, of David Thurman, Herbert Waggener, James H. L. Moorman and David Kelly, all friends of the convention, and the last two in its employ as missionaries at the time of their death. The treasurer's report showed the receipts for the year to have been only $339.17^. It was sufficiently manifest that the convention, which was unpopular from the beginning, was constantly becoming more so. The friends of the organization made strenuous efforts to sustain it. But their efforts were in vain. It was manifestly falling to pieces. Some of the district asso- ciations passed resolutions against it, while others were silent on the subject. A newspaper, called the Baptist Banner, was started in Shelbyville, edited by J. S. Wilson, M. D., and issued semi-monthly as a The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 119 rival of, if not in opposition to, The Cross and Baptist Weekly Journal, the organ of the convention, "An adjourned meeting of the convention was held at Frankfort in January, 1835. John S. Wilson preached the introductory sermon. Ten ministers and seven delegates were present. It appears from the wording of the minutes that the preachers present were not delegates. The finances of the convention were less satisfactory than at the previous meeting." In addition to the account as given by Spencer, we have a more extended account given by Dr. J, M. Pendleton in his Jubilee address in Jubilee Volume, page two, and following in which he says : "Messrs. Noel and Wilson, with others, felt that something should be done to supply the destitute parts of the state with the preaching of the gospel. In furtherance of this object, the Kentucky Baptist Con- vention was organized at Bardstown in March, 1832. Doctor Noel was chosen moderator, and the number of messengers was only thirty-seven. Truly this was, in one sense, 'the day of small things,' but in another sense it was the day of great things. It was the plant- ing of a grain of mustard seed which germinated slowly and grew slowly in its early years, but which has now become a tree of respectable size, and des- tined, as we trust, at no distant day to send out its branches so that all parts of the state may enjoy its grateful shade. "From the constitution adopted at Bardstown we learn that the chief functions of the convention were to 'devise and execute plans for supplying destitute churches and neighborhoods with the gospel of Christ, ' 'to disburse monies contributed by the churches and associations in the manner specified by the contribu- tors, provided special instructions are sent, and to send forth men of tried integrity and usefulness to preach the gospel. ' "The convention began its work with less than two hundred dollars in its treasury, and if all the Baptist ministers in the state had been its friends the 120 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 number would not have been much in excess of two hundred, while the churches were not far from five hundred, and the members not much more than thirty- five thousand. The difSculty of bringing these com- paratively small numbers into harmonious co-opera- tion was much greater than most persons can now easily imagine. Many brethren were, of course, sus- picious of interference with the independence of the churches, and many others knew that, as the pur- poses of the convention could not be carried into effect without money, the best way to keep their money was to stand aloof. There were doctrinal differences among ministers. Some in the upper part of the state were probably too Calvinistic, and some in the Green River section had Arminian proclivities. Brethren were afraid of one another, and very jealous for the interests of orthodoxy as held by themselves. Each minister believed himself orthodox, and always looked away from himself to find heterodoxy, and very often found what he looked for. In short, the state of things was by no means promising. The convention having been formed at Bards- town, adjourned to meet at New Castle in October, 1832. The convention at New Castle was not numer- ously attended, but some choice spirits were there. I saw Doctor Noel, a fine looking man, somewhat in- clined to corpulency, and as competent to say a good deal in few words as almost any man I have seen. Dr. George W. Eaton, then of the faculty of Georgetown College, was there and said eloquent things. Dr. Ryland T. Dillard was present, a fine specimen of manly beauty, and the words he spoke were words of wisdom. A few other ministers were there, among whom was Blackburn, of Woodford County ; but they have all passed away. I am, so far as I know, the only man living who was at the con- vention at New Castle in 1832. "In May, 1833, the annual meeting of the conven- tion -was held in Lexington, and the introductory ser- mon was preached by Rev. George Waller. The The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 121 attendance was small, only twenty-six messengers present. Ninety weeks of missionary labor were re- ported by ten missionaries who had baptized over four hundred persons. Receipts of money during the year amounted to nearly six hundred dollars. There was an adjourned meeting of the convention at Russell- ville in October of the same year, though Doctor Spencer in his history does not refer to it. I remem- ber well Rev. William Warder was moderator, and the ministers present were George Waller, John S. Wilson, William C. Warfield, Robert T. Anderson, Daniel S. Colgan, and others. Of the laymen present there was no better specimen of a Christian gentleman than Dr. A. Webber, of Hopkinsville. "The convention transacted very little business, but passed a number of resolutions. It has ever been easy to resolve. "The second annual meeting of the convention was held in Louisville, October, 1834. Rev. Alfred Bennett, of New York, agent of the old Triennial Convention for Foreign Missions, preached, by re- quest, the introductory sermon. The discreditable fact can not be denied that fifteen messengers only were present. The receipts of the year were a little more than half as large as those of the preceding year. This was discouraging; but it was more dis- couraging that such men of God as David Thurman, Herbert Waggener, J. H. L. Moorman, and David Kelley had fallen victims to cholera. The last two were missionaries, and their death cast sadness and gloom over the convention. The prayer of the Psalmist was appropriate, 'Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth.' "The convention met, by adjournment, at Frank- fort, in January, 1835. It was a small meeting. There were present ten ministers and seven laymen. A sermon introductory to business was preached by Rev. John S. Wilson, and a committee, appointed at the annual meeting in October, 1834, 'to devise a more efficient plan of itinerant preaching,' made a 122 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 long report. This committee consisted of John S. Wilson, George Waller, U. B. Chambers, John Scott, Silas M. Noel, and Samuel Haycraft. The report is rather a strange paper, and what it says about 'sub- ordination and coincidence in the arrangements for systematic labor' defies the comprehension of ordinary mortals. It was referred to by John Stevens, editor of the Baptist Advocate, of Cincinnati, as an 'able report.' It was written by Wilson, and concurred in by the other members of the committee ; and while Wilson was exceedingly brilliant as an exhorter, he was not very happy as a writer. "The report recommended that the state be divided into three parts, to be styled Eastern, Middle, and Western, and that a 'Helping Evangelist' be appointed for each division. There was to be in each division what was called the 'Evangelical Band' (probably evangelistic was meant), and this 'Band' was to be aided by the 'Helping Evangelist,' and to make report to him. "The report, though it seems to have in it some of the visionary element, was adopted by the conven- tion, and three 'Helping Evangelists' were elected by private ballot, namely, William C. Buck for the eastern, George Waller for the middle, and William C. Warfield for the western division. It is not prob- able that these brethren accepted the places offered them. If they did, so far as we know, they made no report of their work. Indeed, it is almost certain that they saw, on reflection, that they were clothed with powers, the exercise of which would not be agreeable to ministers or churches. "The third annual meeting of the convention was held in Louisville in October, 1835. It met with the First Church, on Fifth and Green streets. It was a time of sadness and sorrow. The pastor, the beloved John S. Wilson, had died the preceding August, and the church made great lamentation over him. He was followed to his grave by a loving band of sincere mourners. It was arranged for Doctor Noel to preach The Kentucky Baptist Convention — 1832 123 a funeral sermon on Sunday morning of the conven- tion. His text was Luke 12 :37 : 'Blessed are those servants whom the Lord when he cometh shall find watching. ' "There was but little business done at this meet- ing of the convention, and there was not much to justify the hope that the organization would ever accomplish a great deal. The convention, however, held an adjourned meeting at Greensburg in May, 1836; and in the meantime the stroke of death had fallen on William C. Warfield and Walter Warder, whose brother William died in August following. Thus the workers were ceasing while the work de- manded earnest prosecution. Prospects were gloomy, and the friends of Zion wept in secret places. ' ' If there was an annual meeting of the convention in October, 1836, it has escaped my memory, and Doctor Spencer makes no reference to it in his history. This, however, does not absolutely prove that the con- vention did not meet; for Doctor Spencer does not mention the meeting at Louisville in October, 1835, and the one at Greensburg in May, 1836. This shows how difficult it is not to overlook some historical facts ; for who could do better than the historian of Ken- tucky Baptists has done?" Baptists at this time were afraid of conventions. The very name did not sound good to their ears, and then they were afraid of ecclesiastical authority, so the convention died and its demise was mourned by but few. Dr. Silas M. Noel, however, did not give up his efforts to organize the work of the denomination in Kentucky. The Baptists of Kentucky owe much to the untir- ing efforts of the Rev. Silas M. Noel, D. D., for the organized work of the state. He, more than any other, seemed to realize the need of a general organi- zation for the promotion of our state work. CHAPTER XI The General Association Constituted — 1837 Five years after the organization of the "State Convention" another effort was made to effect a gen- eral organization of Baptists in Kentucky. Dr. Silas M. Noel, who was largely responsible for the constitution of the Baptist State Convention, with some others, was still saying ''something must be done." "The need of a state organization was felt by the brethren, so a call was sent out for a meeting in Louisville in response to which a number of delegates and brethren from various associations and churches met in the Baptist meeting-house in the city of Louisville, on Friday, October 20, 1837, for the purpose of organizing a general Association of Baptists in Kentucky." (Spencer here gives a list of those present.) Following is the constitution which this body adopted : 1st. This body shall be called the General Asso- ciation of Baptists in Kentucky. 2d. This association shall be composed of repre- sentatives from such Baptist churches and associations in this state as are in regular standing. 3d. Every such church and association, contribut- ing annually to the funds of this association, shall be entitled to a representation. 4th. This association shall, in a special manner, aim to promote, by every legitimate means, the pros- perity of the cause of God in this state. 5th. It is distinctly understood that this associa- tion shall have no ecclesiastical authority. 6th. At each meeting of this association there shall be elected by ballot a moderator, recording secre- tary, corresponding secretary, treasurer, and eleven 124 The General Association Constituted — 1837 125 managers, who shall constitute a board of directors for the management of all the business of this associa- tion during the recess of its annual meetings, and annually report to the same their proceedings. 7th. The moderator, secretaries and treasurer shall perform the duties usually performed by such officers in similar associations. 8th. All associations contributing to this, and co-operating in its designs, shall be considered aux- iliary to it. 9th. A general agent may be appointed by the association or board of managers, whose duty it shall be to survey all the destitution, the means of supply, etc., and report regularly to the board, so as to enable them to meet the wants of the destitute. He shall also raise funds, and in every practical way promote the designs of the association, for which he shall re- ceive a reasonable support. 10th. Any visiting brethren in good standing, as such shall be entitled to sit in counsel in the annual session of this association, but shall not have the right to vote. 11th. The annual meetings of this association shall be on Saturday before the third Lord's Day in October. 12th. This constitution may be amended or altered (the 5th article excepted) at any annual meeting by a concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers present. Under this constitution the General Association of Baptists of Kentucky was now fully organized by the election of George Waller, Moderator; James E, Tyler, recording secretary; John L. Waller, corresponding secretary ; and Charles Quiry, treasurer. A committee to nominate a board of managers, at least ten of whom should be located in or near Louisville, presented the following names, which were confirmed by the asso- ciation: B. F. Farnsworth, Wm. Colgan, C. Vanbus- kirk, T. R. Parent, W. C. Buck, E. A. Bennett, John B. Whitman, J. C. Davie, W. Vaughan, G. C. Sed- wick, and James M. Pendleton. 12G Kcniucl-u Baptist History— 1770-1922 "The association was composed of fifty-seven members, twenty of whom were ordained preachers, one a licensed preacher, and the remaining thirty-six private church members. The visiting brethren present were Elder Alfred Bennett, agent of the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions; Elder Noah Flood, of Missouri ; Silas Webb, M. D., of Alabama ; Elder T, G. Keene, of Philadelphia (now Doctor Keene, of Hopkinsville, Kentucky) ; and Elder R. B. C. Howell, of Nashville, Tennessee. "This was not a large meeting, yet it was one of very great importance to the Kentucky Baptists. It was destined to inaugurate a line of policy so different from that which had been pursued from the planting of the first churches in the West as to almost amount to a revolution in the practice of the denomination in the state." (Spencer, Vol. I, p. 666 f.) The "General Association" struck a more recep- tive chord than the "State Convention" had done, as its history demonstrates. The brethren were not so afraid of the name Association as they were of the name Convention. They already had district associations, and were used to the word, so they accepted the term ' ' General Asso- ciation." Thus Doctor Noel succeeded in getting the state work organized. Of course there were others who labored faithfully with Doctor Noel to effect this organization. When the General Association was constituted in 1837 there were 28,142 Baptists in Kentucky. Spencer in his Jubilee Address " Jubilee Volume" (p. 22) says : "From a membership of 45,442 comprised in 34 associations and 614 churches in 1829, the Baptists of Kentucky had been reduced to 39,263 .members, organized in 43 associations and 664 churches. Of these about 11,127 were anti-missionaries, leaving only 28,142 nominal missionaries — a number less than that of the Methodists, and hardly equaling that of the Campbellites. While they were being swallowed up by their prosperous and enthusiastic rival sects with- The General Assocuition Constituted — 1837 127 &^ :<K SOL , £ .«o 13 "O c c nj rt oj ri > r^^^ cd d rt c a S * I'm JJ^4 gSS'gdd s Wo i-j ^ i-s t^ »-5 i-j •-? fe fc fc fe ^^ ■<! fe ►g" • • • c c c c c c <!;■<;■ 02 H <i H,- H,- hi ^ ^ ^' ^" ^' ^' ^' ^' ^ KKK 1-5 "-J •-5 : : :RP c c c E E E c c « Q> a> Qj c c .— I flj G) 0) oS rt * t" >• t- ~ ~ * a 3 3 PhOhW ddd^l^ I I M I I Crj u cr. V. CO K o o o o o o QQQQQQ o S ^ E OPO!> rococo .. ...••^ Q ^ P M W K ^ W Q hi H,' h,' ccM CO »^ H ^ H^ p-i hi hJ ■< 1-5 i-i i-J hJ i-i hi i-i I-; hi M > > > o o o ecu t-ooAOfHMr4^u3tdb>ootf»OfHe<m'^u5C0tooekOf-tNco^ta«oc«ooo)Oi-tNro^ta<0 COCOW^'»J»'^^'^-<r-^^^miOU3kOIO»niOW3W5lrt^»<DtO»£>«0<D«WCDt-tb-t-t't-t- 00 oeoOOOOOGOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00 00 000000000000 OOOOQOOOoOeOOO 09 128 Kentucky Baptist Hidory— 1770-1922 i-; i-i H Hj" w ^' <^ s p^ hH- ^ fn' ^ ,^" p:; d m> ^ 1 4) a) 4) ( guhoiiBim di (B u 3 3 P???Pi)(l>(y . . , V a V w^j ccce ccc^^'-'-S •i^Mk^CaCQCQ^.-. • . — .- — — — — « . j'hHUt.OOOOOOO ■ SSSM««^j CCC MoJdoOOOCOO 5 ^ is (S ^ t.'i,t>,e,'i>^'^i.^j i J J i J »[ i i. J J J ii i ..' . ' ^ ^ ^ jt^ ^ jt ^' .- ^' . • ^,0^^^ Qj"^ ^"3 0) O C) <P 01 0) (D <P 0) — ^n^^^^^^^^^^Z^ I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I ooooOQ>aj'DQj'D<x>QJQJoa>ajojajOJQjcJCj(Pajo>GJQJfl>CJQjfl>a)r^^^^^JIi^^Z^« — Cr^ . . c c c c c c c c cc c c c cWKKKWWWteWWWWK -*«■-/ A isrt' « ^ AA h«' «« «i ka' «^ o o o o o o o c o o o c c OOUUUWCQWMPqMMWfflfflPQmWH5^,l^l^^,l^l-J^-,^^^-5^-5^-5^^h>^-5t^^-)^^-5l-5^-5^-5^,^,l-.l-:^^ ooao55oocddt^'&;fa^'^H^i^p:^fe^tH"h^^&^'h^^i-iH5-ddHih;«<<;W^^"^'^" >OOOt-I.Hr^i-tW»HrHiHi-(i-tC^C» The General Association Constituted — 1837 129 out, they were consuming themselves by perpetual discord and strife within. The churches were in a large measure destitute of the ministry of the word, without which any considerable measure of prosperity is hopeless. The whole number of preachers was esti- mated at two hundred. 0f these,' says Mr, Buck, not more than one-third were employed. ' According to this estimate there were about ten churches for every preacher actually engaged in the work. Of these faithful laborers, Mr. Buck says: 'There was not one settled pastor in Kentucky, nor one minister supported, and not one pastoral laborer except in the Louisville church.' The preachers were compelled to engage in some secular occupation for a support, and as a rule could preach at most only on Saturdays and Sundays, By this means less than half of the churches could be supplied with Saturday and Sun- day preaching once a month," The outlook that faced our brethren in 1837 when they organized the General Association was decidedly gloomy, but they were men of faith and courage. The General Association of Baptists in Kentucky now has a membership of 269,000 and 1,886 churches. We give below the historical table of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky for its eighty-five years of glorious achievements. CHAPTER XII The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894* It will be observed that the author does not say ' ' Gospel Mission Split, " but " Deflection. ' ' The split has not yet taken place, but will come sooner or later. Just as the "Hardshells" had to be removed from our churches for the sake of peace and harmony, and for the progress of the kingdom, so the "Gospel Missioners, " which is only another name for "Hard- shells, ' ' will have to be eliminated for the same reason. It is not the numbers but the spirit of the "Gospel Missioners" that will make this necessary. Their numbers are insignificant, but the spirit of this move- ment is bad. They have already reached the point where they call all of our Baptist people "liars," "thieves," "murderers," etc. In the Baptist Flag, the organ * Statement of Don Singletary, M. D., Clinton, Ky. (The author sent a copy of this manuscript to Doctor Singletary, and asked him to read carefully the chapter on "The Gospel Mission Deflection." Following is his answer.) Clinton, Ky., February 7, 1922. Elder Wm. D. Nowlin: My Dear Brother: — I have read and re-read your manu- script, chapter XII of Kentucky Baptist History on Gospel Missions with much interest. I have all the West Kentucky Association minutes now before me, and have just read and re-read them as to the beginning of the Gospel Mission Plan in Kentucky. They show that your history states the facts, and is in full accord with their own statements as written and published by themselves. I was also present at every meeting of the association and took part in their plan several years. Please send me a copy of your Kentucky Baptist History as soon as it is published. Your friend and brother, (Signed) Don Sinqletaey, M. D. 130 The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 131 of the Landmark Gospel Missioners, of April 29, 1920, a correspondent named Calvin Gregory of Pleasant Shade, Tennessee, in a page and a half of the vilest abuse he could heap on the Baptists of the Southern Baptist Convention, says: " Conventionism will stop at nothing short of murder. It will misrepresent, it will practice deception and fraud, it will rob the people, it will lie, it will embezzle the funds of the people, it is one of the greatest grafting machines ever known among the people." And to show that this is not simply an individual feeling of Mr. Gregory's on reading the above slanderous charges against the Baptists of the South, this author wrote a note which appeared in the Baptist Flag, July 22, 1920, calling attention to these awful charges, think- ing it would provoke an apology. Here is the note: "One Calvin Gregory in the Flag says: 'Conven- tionism will lie, steal, misrepresent, and will stop at nothing short of murder.' Now, of course, what he means by * Conventionism ' is those who are members of the Southern Baptist Convention. For an 'ism' cannot lie, steal, nor murder. He says they 'will not stop short of murder.' Then if they will not stop short of murder, they will go as far as to commit murder. Not to stop short of murder means to com- mit murder. Any intelligent person will admit that this is the meaning of this language. Murder is re- garded as the worst crime man can commit, and there- fore receives the highest penalty — capital punishment. No set of criminals can be worse than those who lie, steal and murder. So, Brother Gregory says, in effect, that those Baptists who belong to the Southern Baptist Convention are the worst criminals on earth, and deserve to be executed. This is the plain, legitimate meaning of his language. ' ' May our Father richly reward his faithful saints who are laboring earnestly and faithfully — giving their time and money to extend his kingdom to the uttermost parts of the earth, who suffer such slander and persecution ; and may he forgive our enemies who 132 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 so slander us. God's richest blessings on those who love truth and hate slander." Signed, Wm. D. Nowlin. But instead of an apology the editor, T. F. Moore, answers the above in the same issue in the following language: "Brother Gregory does not accuse you, neither any other convention man directly, as guilty of the things named, and yet you, with all who affiliate with conventionism, are guilty of many, if not all, the things charged." He not only includes this author in person by saying ''you," but includes every mem- ber in the Southern Baptist Convention, saying ''you, with all who affiliate with conventionism." "You are guilty of many, if not all." Again, in the Flag of August 5, 1920, a writer signing himself "Elder W. H. Moser, Clifton, Tenn., " says, referring to "the article written by Brother Wm. D. Nowlin in the Flag of July 22, 1920, in his comment on what Brother Gregory said about conventionism. Now I am going to take sides with Brother Gregory. I now make the assertion that conventionism will do anything to carry out its purpose." You will observe that this writer, as well as Editor Moore, endorses all that Gregory has said, that is, that * ' all affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention ' ' will ' ' lie, " " steal, " " embezzle, ' ' "rob," "deceive," "murder." In the same issue with the above is the following by W. C. Benson, Mangum, Okla. : * ' We heartily endorse Brother Clark's write up with regard to Oakley. If Brother Clark is not right with regard to this seventy-five million drive being hatched up by the devil, we do not know what truth means." Daniel Parker, John Taylor and Alexander Campbell never said worse things about the Baptists, in their fight against mis- sions, than those above. The above are but samples of the abuse heaped upon the Baptists by the so-called "Gospel Missioners." This is the reason why I say the split will come and should come. No self-respecting people can keep in their membership those who call them "liars," The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 133 "thieves," "embezzlers," " murderers," etc. And if they who say those things were sincere and had any self-respect, they would not stay in the churches with such people. However, when they are put out they are going to die, as did the "Hardshells" of nearly a century ago. The same anti-mission spirit which causes them to hate Baptists because of their mission zeal and success will keep them from building church houses, paying pastors and sending out and support- ing missionaries, which ultimately means death. These gospel missioners deny that they are opposed to mis- sions, as such, that they only oppose mission methods. That is exactly the plea made by Alexander Camp- bell, John Taylor and Daniel Parker when they began their fight against Baptist missions one hundred years ago; but time has demonstrated the fact that the malady was deeper than "methods." They soon went to the logical conclusion of their position and fought missions outright. Gospel Missions in Its Beginning in Kentucky This author is well informed as to the beginning of Gospel Missions in Kentucky. During the years of 1893, 1894 and 1895 he was pastor at Hickman, Ken- tucky. Elder J. N. Hall was then editing the Baptist Flag at Fulton, Kentucky. At this time Mrs. C. E. Kerr, Decatur, Georgia, was publishing a small sheet called "The Missionary Helper," which was advocat- ing Gospel Missions. Hall frequently quoted with approval this paper, and finally suggested that the West Kentucky Association, of which both of our churches were members, adopt and support an inde- pendent missionary, in addition to what we were doing through the regular channels. At Spring Hill at the meeting of the West Kentucky Association in October, 1894, the first definite action was taken towards Gospel Missions in Kentucky. In October, 1918, the author wrote to Dr. Don Singletary, of Clinton, Kentucky, the moderator of the West Kentucky Association, to know if he could furnish minutes of the association, or information as 134 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 to the first committee appointed, consisting of Hall, Bogard and Nowlin, to employ and look after the support of an independent foreign missionary. On October 26, 1918, the author received the following letter from Doctor Singletary: "My Dear Doctor Nowlin, your letter of inquiry came in due time, and I am glad to be able to produce you some information. I have attended every association of west Kentucky, and have the minutes of every meeting. The time was October 9 and 10, 1895, at Liberty Church. J. F. Cargill, of Macon, Georgia, was present and preached. J, N. Hall had invited him and tried hard to get us to employ him. Hall read a report of Gospel Missions and it was discussed freely, amended, and the next morning the 10th, the whole thing was tabled as shown in the minutes, but that report is not in the minutes because it was tabled. Nor is the committee of Hall, Bogard and Nowlin mentioned ; neither is Hall 's offer to be one of one hundred to pay $5.00 each year for an independent missionary. Yet I am sure the latter was made and discussed. (I am sure of it, too, for I agreed to be one of the one hundred — Nowlin.) In these discussions my memory is, that the Gospel Mis- sion plan was not in any way to interfere with, or to lessen, our board work ; and that Gospel Missions and money designated to it were to have a place in our minutes hereafter. "The next year at Arlington W. H. Williams read the Gospel Mission report, and it is printed. I will quote some of the points. 'One of the oldest mis- sionaries in China, T. P. Crawford, is laboring under this plan.' 'There need be no friction between the two plans. ' ' Churches have a right to designate their funds.' 'On this plan we now have twenty mission- aries in the foreign field.' On this arrangement I contributed to both plans, and increased my giving and my increase went to Gospel Missions. ' ' In 1904 at Columbus, T. A. Cross in Gospel Mis- sion report says: 'We have about twenty-seven mis- sionaries in the foreign fields,' naming 'China, Peru, The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 135 Mexico, Cuba, and Syria. ' In 1917 this same brother, T. A. Cross, in Gospel Mission report, says: 'T. L. Blalock, Tai An Fu Shantung, China, is our only real active worker on the foreign field.' They have lost ground rapidly and done much harm to our cause in West Kentucky Association. About three-fourths of our churches claim Gospel Mission plan and do almost nothing." Signed, Don Singletary. The author then wrote Doctor Singletary to look in the minutes of 1894 and he would find the appoint- ment of the committee. On November 1, 1918, Doctor Singletary replies as follows : ' ' Dear Doctor Nowlin : As to Gospel Missions, you are right. The previous year at Spring Hill Church, October 10, 11, 12, 1894, Ben M. Bogard read the report on foreign missions in which he said, 'There are two plans — convention plan — the other Gospel Missions which is led by T. P. Crawford, G. P. Bostic, D. W. Herring and others.' Further he asks that ' Our association takes a decided advance step' and recommended that 'This associa- tion employ a missionary as soon as arrangements can be made; and this, too, in addition to the work we already have on hand.' A committee was appointed for this new plan, consisting of 'Ben M. Bogard, W. D. Nowlin, J. N. Hall,' 'to look after the employ- ment and support of a foreign missionary' on Gospel Mission plan mentioned in report. This covers every point you ask for, I think. I quote the points in Bogard 's report as printed that cover the beginning, but I skip many sentences not to the point. ' ' Signed, Don Singletary. It will be seen from the foregoing facts that "Gospel Missions" was considered the first time in a Baptist association in Kentucky in October, 1894, and that the author of this history was a member of the first committee ever appointed by a Baptist body in Kentucky to select and look after the support of a gospel missionary; and yet the author has, all the while, been lined up with our organized work. The other members of the committee, Bogard and Hall, 136 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 were also lined up with the organized work at this time. Bogard was pastor of the Fulton Baptist Church, a church in line with our organized work. J. N, Hall was a member of, and a liberal contributor to, this church and its work, including missions. These facts show that "Gospel Missions" did not mean then what the term means now. What Has It Accomplished? The Baptist Flag of Fulton, Kentucky, is the exponent of this cult, so I shall let it speak. Here is their Missionary Directory as published July 29, 1920, in the Flag: Mission Directory FOREIGN missions Eld. T. L. Blalock, Helton, N. C. At present no one on China field, but will sail with helpers the coming summer.* HOME MISSIONS H. A. Roshto, Pineville, La. H. D. Clift, Maury City, Tenn. S. W. Joyner, Hollow Rock, Tenn, C. B. Massey, Pleasant Shade, Tenn. Calvin Gregory, Pleasant Shade, Tenn. A. G. Stinson, Pleasant Shade, Tenn. GENERAL MISSIONARIES T. F. Moore, Fulton, Ky. J. N. Joyner, Westport, Tenn. ORPHANAGE Mrs. Jennie Lamas, Mariel, Cuba. Treasurer T. A. Cross, Bardwell, Ky. "Those wanting to send direct to the missionary can do so, as it is your privilege, but our treasurer, * Note— Later the Flag reported that T. L. Blalock had returned with helpers. The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 137 T. A. Cross, sends every cent as directed, and is not a toll station to toll your funds. We donate to him during the year, and all should help." It will be observed that all are urged to help pay the treasurer, T. A. Cross. The above shows that they have hut one foreign missionary and he is not on the foreign field at this writing. "Home Missionaries" are men who have simply the "recommendation" of the Gospel Mission Association without salary. The following from J. A. Scarboro, one of their leaders, taken from the Flag of November 25, 1915, shows in what sense they are missionaries. Elder Scarboro says: "I am on a little farm in the piney woods of Georgia Stripped of everything I possessed and compelled to sell books and furniture to get here, we came last spring and have farmed this year All of us have labored in the field, including my devoted wife and little children I never spent a year in my life with a heavier burden on my heart I was compelled to do so. At the Gen- eral Association I was 'recommended as a missionary to cut his own hay as he went.' Anybody can be a missionary on that basis I could have done state mission work, or editorial work, or any sort of work, but nobody seemed to want me, or if they did, they did not say so. And so I left because I had to. And so I have spent the year, much of it in the cotton field We have a few Landmark Baptists with much means, and the few we have are scared half to death if they think they will lose a hundred dollars. It is pitiful and sickening to a man who sees oppor- tunities and wants to do something Letters continue to pour in, asking me to go here and there all over the South, and seven out of ten of them say little or nothing about expenses. God pity our people and our cause. Why ask men to perform impossi- bilities? If I were called upon to prescribe for the Landmarkers, I would say, Get religion enough to 138 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 support the workers. I have read appeals and begging for funds to support a few missionaries among them until my very soul is sick of it. I will never beg another Landmarker to do anything for me or any- body else. To urge a man to go out as a missionary and then advertise him as ready to starve for want of a pittance out of our abundance to support him is scandalous. Self-respecting men have no respect for a people who will do that sort of a thing. We have a faithful few among us, but there is an army of people who call themselves Landmarkers who are not worth two beans in any cause. They sadden and sicken the heart to contemplate them. Brethren, let's do mission work, or take that label off our name and just say we do not believe in missions. Let's be truthful." This wail of the strongest man among the kickers against God's mission work, as the Baptist churches are doing it through their organized channels, reiterates what has often been said, that the objections to conventions and boards — with few exceptions — are hypocritical excuses for doing nothing. Scarboro cer- tainly tells the truth — turns ' ' state 's evidence. ' ' This movement is led by a bunch of disgruntled would-be leaders, who kick the leaders and lead the kickers. Thus it will be seen that the ' ' General Association of Landmark Gospel Mission Baptists of the United States of America" has one paid missionary. The others only have the endorsement or ''recommenda- tion of the General Association to cut his own hay as he goes." And Scarboro adds, "Anybody can be a missionary on that basis." So he can. The following from a Flag editorial February 5, 1920, is in harmony with the above. "Perhaps not one church in all our fields is able or willing to try it alone in sending a missionary either into the home or the foreign field. Why not unite our forces and funds and keep alive one or two in both fields ? ' ' The editorial only suggests trying to "keep alive one or The Gospel Mission Deflection — ISOi 139 two (missionaries) on both fields." It doesn't sug- gest anything more than "keeping alive one or two" missionaries and this clearly implies that they are not now doing that. T. A. Cross, in his report to the West Kentucky Association, 1904, says, "We have about twenty-seven missionaries in the foreign fields. ' ' In 1917 this same brother, Cross, in his report on Gospel Missions to the West Kentucky Association, says, "T. L. Blalock, China, is our only real active worker on the foreign field." In a little more than a dozen years they have gone from twenty-seven foreign missionaries to one, according to their own report. This is due to the fact that in the beginning the Gospel Missioners did not fight the organized work of the Southern Baptist Convention, but claimed that their work was "in addition to the organized work," and in this way they had the help of many loyal Baptists such as Doctor Singletary and this writer, who contributed to this cause to encourage many who were doing practically nothing for missions ; but when they began to draw the lines and fight the organized work and vilify the Southern Baptist Convention these withdrew their support and you see how they dropped from twenty-seven foreign missionaries to one. That is the progress they have made. They have also made progress in their position on missions. In the first report on this work, October, 1894, made by Ben M. Bogard, he says "there are two plans — convention plan and gospel mission plan." In 1896 W. H. Williams says, "There need be no fric- tion between the two plans." At the time J. N. Hall urged the appointment of an independent missionary by the West Kentucky Association he was contributing to the regular or- ganized work through the Fulton Baptist Church, and for many years after was a member of the Southern Baptist Convention. Minutes of the Southern Baptist Convention for 1902 (p. 4) show " J. N. Hall, Fulton, Kentucky," a registered messenger on the financial 140 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 basis. He was a member of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky when he died. They have now reached the point where, instead of saying "there are two plans ' ' and * ' there need be no friction between the two plans ' ' they say ' ' conventionism is one of the greatest grafting machines ever known among the masses," and "an unbaptistic robbing machine." They also say "all who are affiliated with convention- ism" are guilty of "lying," "stealing," "robbing," "embezzlement," "deceiving," "murdering," etc. The attacks made by the Gospel Missioners on the Baptists are far more vicious and bitter than those made by the Hardshells nearly a century ago, and of which history gives account. The Gospel Missioners, so far as the author knows, have no organization in Kentucky. They have an association called "Kentucky-Tennessee Association," which is composed of a small following in a few west Kentucky churches and a few in Tennessee. The minutes of this association for September 15 and 16, 1920 (pp. 1 and 2), show twenty-seven churches rep- resented by messengers, but a note by the clerk just following the list says, "Not all the above named messengers were present," so we do not know how many churches were really represented by messengers in this meeting. Their general organization is "The General Asso- ciation of Gospel Mission Landmark Baptists of the United States of America," with headquarters at Texarkana, Ark.-Tex. They have made several changes in their title within the last few years. Minutes of the meeting of December 7 to 10, 1920, held with Nebo church. Bay Springs, Miss., says: "The messengers of the churches composing the Bap- tist General Association of the United States." At this same meeting, as recorded on page 5, the word "Missionary" was added to their title. We notice that the words "Gospel Missioners" and "Land- markers," made so prominent in their beginning, are entirely eliminated from their minutes of 1920. They The Gospel Mission Deflection — 1894 141 object to conventions, and so have an association claiming more territory than any Baptist convention in America. They object to a mission board, and so have a "Mission Committee" performing all the functions of a board. They decline to have a corre- sponding secretary, but have a "Mission Treasurer" to perform the duties of a corresponding secretary. They criticize the salary paid by the convention to their foreign mission corresponding secretary, and yet they pay their mission treasurer far more in pro- portion to the business done — the money handled and missionaries supported — than the convention pays. They claim that there is no scriptural authority for a "Southern Baptist Convention," but that there is scriptural authority for a "General Association of Missionary Baptist Churches of America." It is not the author's business to try to explain the inconsis- tencies of these claims, but to state them. The spirit that dominates Gospel Missions is not the spirit that sends out missionaries and supports them. CHAPTER XIII The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896* What is known as 'The Whitsitt Controversy" began in the spring of 1896. Doctor Whitsitt wrote an article on the Baptists for Johnson 's Encyclopedia, in which he set forth his theory that the English Bap- tists did not begin to baptize by immersion until 1641, when a part of the Anabaptists, as they were then called, began immersion. Doctor Whitsitt in this article used language which many Baptists interpreted to mean that immersion as a Christian ordinance was started at that time. It is but fair to Doctor Whitsitt, however, to say that he in the introduction to his book "A Question in Baptist History," a book called out by the controversy, says : ' Immersion as a religious rite was practiced by John the Baptist about the year 30 of our era, and was solemnly enjoined by our Saviour upon all his ministers to the end of time. No other observance was in use for baptism in New Testa- ment times. The practice, though some times greatly perverted, has yet been continued from the apostolic age down to our own. As I understand the scriptures, immersion is essential to Christian baptism." * The author furnished copies of this chapter, exactly as it stands, to three of our leading preachers and scholars who saw the "Whitsitt controversy" from different viewpoints, ask- ing that they read it carefully, make any suggestions, correc- tions or additions that they thought should be made. Following is the result: Eeply of the Eev. W. J. McGlothlin, .D. D., Ph.D. Hattiesburg, Miss., July 28, 1921. Dear Dr. Nowlin: Without access to the sources it is of course impossible for me to pass on the accuracy of your statements. As far as I know you have stated the facts as they occurred. While a 142 The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 143 Here is an extract from the eueyclopedia article: ' ' The earliest organized Baptist Church belongs to the year 1610 or 1611 Ezekiel Holliman baptized Williams and the rest of his company. The ceremony was most likely performed by sprinkling ; the Baptists of England had not adopted immersion, and there is no reason which renders it probable that Williams was in advance of them." Doctor Henry M. King of Rhode Island pointed out this as an attack on the Baptists, and criticized rather sharply Doctor Whitsitt 's position. Next Dr. J. H. Spencer, the Kentucky Baptist historian, wrote an article which appeared in the Western Recorder in which he strongly dissented from Doctor Whitsitt 's position. Dr. T. T. Eaton, editor of the Western Recorder, was at this time in Europe, but Mrs. Joe Eaton Peck, who had charge of the paper in the absence of her brother, took up the matter in the Recorder and most vigorously assailed Doctor Whitsitt 's position, main- taining that the Baptists, under different names, had had a continuous history, and a uniform practice on baptism, from the beginning of the Christian era. After the return of Doctor Eaton he took up the controversy and became the leader of the opposition to Doctor Whitsitt 's position. The friends of Doctor Whitsitt (known in the controversy as "Whit- sittites") started and used the Baptist Argus as an organ of propaganda and defense, while the * ' Anti- Whitsittites, " as they were called, used the Western Recorder for the same purpose. This, of course, made the controversy all the more bitter and personal in reader could probably determine where your sympathies lie, still it seems to me that you are fair and show a good spirit. Cordially yours, W. J. McGlothlin. Eeply of the Eev. J. T. Christian, D. D., LL.D. Collins, Miss., July 30, 1921. Dear Brother Nowlin: Your favor was forwarded to me here. I have read the chapter. I do not know the setting of this chapter — what you 144 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 Kentucky. The disputation waxed hot and was carried into churches, district associations, state con- ventions and finally into the Southern Baptist Con- vention. Dr. H. M. Dexter maintained that the idea was not new and pointed out that he had held substantially this position earlier than Doctor Whitsitt. In order to establish priority in this matter Doctor Whitsitt claimed some anonymous editorials which appeared in the New York Independent in 1880 as his work. Dr. John T. Christian, who had already gotten into the controversy, began to study the files of the Independent and found other editorials in which this position was set forth and in which the Baptists were attacked very vigorously. From internal evidence Doctor Christian decided that Doctor Whitsitt had written all of these editorials and so charged publicly. Doctor Whitsitt acknowl- edged the authorship of some of the editorials, but denied the others. There was sufficient material, how- ever, in those which he acknowledged to create in the minds of Baptists the most unfavorable impression. At this point Dr. B. H. Carroll of Texas wrote an article in which he set forth the fact that when Doctor Whitsitt acknowledged that he wrote a part of a series of editorials attacking the Baptists he admitted his guilt of the whole, pointing out the fact that in law a man who helps to plan or execute a murder — has any part in it — is guilty of the whole — particeps criminis. may have written in regard to the parties concerned in other parts of your work. I might not have said it just as you have, but I do not care to add anything. Yours fraternally, John T. Christian. Eeply of the Eev, W. W. Landrum, D. D., LL.D. I have been impressed with the clearness and directness of your statements. So far as I recall the facts you have stated them fairly and impartially as they occurred. W. W. Landeum. The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 145 We give here some extracts from the Independent editorials without expressing any opinion, as it is the business of the historian to give facts and not opinions. From the Independent, New York, September 2, 1880 : The Congregationalist speaks of the well-known immersion of Roger Williams by the unimmersed Ezekiel Holliman. To be sure all the Baptists of America so assume, but the editor of the Congrega- tionalist is more accurately acquainted with the origins of Baptist history than any of the Baptists themselves, and we expected that its statements would be more accurate. As we understand it, Roger Wil- liams never was a Baptist in the modern sense — that is, never was immersed, and the ceremony referred to was anabaptism, rebaptism by sprinkling, and not ' Catbaptism, ' or baptism by immersion. The baptism of Roger Williams is affirmed by Governor Winthrop to have taken place in March, 1639. This, however, was at least two years prior to the introduction of the practice of immersion among the Baptists. Up to the year 1641 all Baptists employed sprinkling and pour- ing as the mode of baptism We are inclined to believe that no case of immersion took place among the American Baptists before the year 1644. It seems likely that Roger Williams, on his return from Eng- land in that year, brought the first reliable news con- cerning the change which had taken place in the prac- tice of the English Baptists, three years before, and that it was then that the American Baptists first resolved to accept the innovation." This editorial was followed by another September 9, 1880, from which we quote the following : It was not until the year 1644, three years after the inven- tion of immersion, that any Baptist confession pre- scribes 'dipping or plunging the body in water as the way and manner of dispensing the ordinance' (Lon- don Confession of 1644, Article 40). . . . . Happily for us, however, the above assertion is confirmed by the authority of Edward Barber, the founder of the rite of immersion among the Baptists." 10 146 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 Doctor Whitsitt wrote three or more articles in which he defended his claim that "1641" was the date of ''the invention of immersion." One in the Examiner, April 23, 1896, one in the Religious Herald, May 7, 1896, and in his book "A Question in Baptist History," published September, 1896. In the Examiner article, April 23, 1896, he says: "Dur- ing the autumn of 1877, shortly after I had been put in charge of the school of Church History at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, in preparing my lectures on Baptist History, I made the discovery that, prior to the year 1641 our Baptist people in England were in the practice of sprinkling and pour- ing for baptism. I kept it to myself until the year 1880, when I had the happiness to spend my summer vacation at the British Museum. There I assured myself, largely by researches among the King George 's pamphlets, that my discovery was genuine, and estab- lished it by many irrefragable proofs from contem- porary documents. ' ' Then in this same article Doctor Whitsitt refers to Doctor Dexter 's claim to priority on this question in the following language: "Ap- parently Doctor Dexter was interested by my explana- tions and proofs, for he shortly found his way to the British Museum where he also convinced himself that my view was correct and my citations authentic. As a fruit of these researches he issued, near the close of 1881, more than twelve months after my discovery had iaeen declared in the Independent, the well-known volume entitled 'John Smyth the Se-Baptist' wherein he adopted my thesis, defended it by many citations, and entirely ignored my discovery as set forth in the Independent This discovery is my own con- tribution to Baptist History, and when my brethren heap reproaches upon me it is nothing but right that I should defend my property." A few months later Doctor Whitsitt 's book, "A Question in Baptist History," came off the press, from which I take the following (p. 133) : "In view of the foregoing body of materials, I candidly con- The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 147 sider that my proofs are sufficient. This question has been confirmed and strengthened by the renewed in- vestigation which I have lately undertaken in order to set forth these proofs. Whatever else may be true in history, I believe it is beyond question that the practice of adult immersion was introduced anew into England in the year 1641." The Baptists of the South very naturally asked the question, * ' Why should a Baptist holding the position which Doctor Whitsitt holds anonymously attack the Baptist denomination?" Doctor Whitsitt 's explana- tion was that he "wrote from a Pedobaptist stand- point in order to provoke discussion and compel the Baptists to study their own history." This explana- tion might have stopped the controversy had not Doctor Whitsitt written a number of articles and a book, all written from a Baptist standpoint, to prove his Independent editorials which "were written from a Pedobaptist standpoint." It was this that stirred the Baptists to the depths, and not Doctor Whitsitt 's "writing from a Pedobaptist standpoint." The controversy spread through the entire South, and even into the North, until it was finally taken up by the Southern Baptist Convention. The board of trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary took the following action at Wilmington, N. C, during the sitting of the Southern Baptist Convention, and which action was reported to the convention and recorded in its minutes. The Wilmington Action The following is an exact copy from the minutes : A communication from the Board of Trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary was presented as information by W. E. Hatcher, Virginia. Where- upon it was ordered that the communication be printed in the minutes of the convention. The trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, assembled in their annual meeting at Wilmington, N. C, May 6, 1897, desire to submit to the Baptists 148 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 of the South the following statement in regard to the institution whose interests have been committed to their care and management. 1. That we account this a fitting occasion to re- affirm our cordial and thorough adherence to the fundamental articles adopted at the time when the seminary was established, and to assure those on whose behalf we hold in trust and administer the affairs of this institution of our steadfast purpose to require hereafter, as we have in the past, that the fundamental laws and scriptural doctrines embodied in those articles shall be faithfully upheld by those occupying chairs as teachers. 2. That we cannot undertake to sit in judgment on questions in Baptist history which do not imperil any of these principles, concerning which all Baptists are agreed, but concerning which serious, conscien- tious and scholarly students are not agreed. We can, however, confidently leave to continued research and discussion the satisfactory solution of these questions. 3. That believing the seminary to hold an impor- tant relation to the prosperity and usefulness of southern Baptists, we consider it our duty, while demanding of those in charge of the departments of instruction the utmost patience in research and the greatest discretion in utterance, to foster rather than repress the spirit of earnest, reverent investigation. 4. That being fully assured that the tender affec- tion which we cherish for this institution, founded by our fathers and bequeathed by them to us, is shared by the Baptists of the South, we can safely trust them as we ask them to trust us, to guard its honor, pro- mote its usefulness and pray for its prosperity. Upon the adoption of the foregoing statement, the trustees appointed a committee to notify Doctor Whitsitt of this action, and to invite him to meet them and to make any voluntary statement he might desire. Whereupon Doctor Whitsitt appeared before the board and read the following paper : The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 149 Wilmington, N. C, May 7, 1897. To the Board of Trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary : Dear Brethren : — I beg leave to return sincerest and heartiest thanks for the noble and generous treat- ment that you have bestowed upon me. I have only words of affection for every member of the board. After consulting with the committee I have the fol- lowing to say: 1. That in regard to the articles written as edi- torials for the Independent, I have long felt that it was a mistake, and the generous action of the Board of Trustees renders it easy for me to make this state- ment. What I wrote was from a Pedobaptist stand- point with a view to stimulating historical research, with no thought that it would injure the Baptists, and with no intention to disparage Baptist doctrines or practices. 2. That the article in Johnson's Encyclopedia has probably passed beyond my control; but it will be very pleasing to me if I can honorably procure the elimination from it of whatsoever is offensive to any of my brethren. 3. Regarding the charge that I expressed a con- viction that a kinswoman of mine ought to follow her husband into a Pedobaptist church, that it was never my intention to indicate a belief that the family out- ranked the Church of God. I believe that obedience to God's commands is above every other human duty, and that people in every relation of life ought to obey God rather than man. 4. That on the historical questions involved in the discussion, I find myself out of agreement with some honored historians; but what I have written is the outcome of patient and honest research, and I can do no otherwise than to reaffirm my convictions and maintain my position. But if in the future it shall ever be made to appear that I have erred in my conclusions, I would promptly and cheerfully say so. 150 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 I am a searcher after truth, and will gladly hail every helper in my work. 5. That I cannot more strongly assure the brethren that I am a Baptist than by what I have recently declared with regard to the abstract of prin- ciples set forth in the Fundamental Laws of the seminary. I am heartily in accord with my Baptist brethren in every distinctive principle that they hold. My heart and life are bound up with the Baptists, and I have no higher thought on earth than to spend my days in their fellowship and service, in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Respectfully submitted, Wm. H. Whitsitt. At the conclusion of the reading of the foregoing paper the trustees joined in singing: "How firm a foundation, ye saints of the Lord, Is laid for your faith in His excellent Word," during which, amid flowing tears and many expres- sions of satisfaction and joy, the members of the board pressed forward and gave Doctor Whitsitt the hand of fellowship and confidence. The trustees then in- structed B. H. Carroll of Texas and W. E. Hatcher of Virginia to communicate to the Southern Baptist Convention this action, and also to give it to the pub- lic press. Please bear in mind that this statement is made to the convention for information and not for action. (Taken from Proceedings of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1897, pages 14-16.) Dr. B. H. Carroll, Texas, not only refused to accept the Wilmington action, but started the con- troversy afresh. The result of the renewed contro- versy was that the opposition to Doctor Whitsitt was greatly augmented and that state conventions began taking action calling for the removal of Doctor Whit- sitt from the Theological Seminary. However, we The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 151 are only concerned here in so far as the matter touches Kentucky Baptist history. In June following the Wilmington meeting, which was in May, the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky met in Georgetown, during the session of which the following action was taken: The Georgetown Action The resolution of J. A. Booth, special order for this hour, is as follows : Whereas, Dr. W. H. Whitsitt, President of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, reaffirms his belief in his discovery and will continue to teach it; and, Whereas, His course has been such as to place him out of touch and harmony with the denomination ; Resolved, That the trustees of the seminary from Kentucky be requested, and they are hereby requested, to urge, insist upon and vote for the retirement of Doctor Whitsitt from the presidency of the institu- tion and from the chair of Church History. The above resolution was voted on by yeas and nays. The yeas were 105, the nays 78, both of which are recorded below: (Taken from minutes of General Association of Baptists of Kentucky, 1897, page 29.) When the Booth resolution was called up for action in the Georgetown meeting the ''Previous Question" was called for and sustained, so the resolu- tion was voted on without discussion. Just following the Georgetown meeting. Dr. Carter Helm Jones pub- lished a statement in the Courier Journal referring to the above action as the "Gag-law" practice, and set- ting forth the claim that if the friends of Doctor Whitsitt had only had an opportunity to discuss the matter, the action of the General Association would have been very different. So the next year at Hop- kinsville it was decided that the matter should be thoroughly discussed before the vote was taken. 152 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 The Hopkinsville Action J. S. Coleman read the following preamble and resolutions : Whereas, The trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary at their recent session in Nor- folk, Va., adopted a resolution by which they decided to retain Dr. William H. Whitsitt as President of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and professor of Church History; and, Whereas, By their said resolutions the trustees waived aside the known and officially expressed con- victions and wishes of a great number of Baptist bodies, among these bodies being the General Associa- tion of Kentucky; and, by reaffirming that former action which produced the expression of these con- victions and wishes, declined to give them due con- sideration; and. Whereas, Our conviction that Doctor Whitsitt is unfit for his present position has been strengthened by the events of the last year. Now, therefore, Resolved, (1) That the Southern Baptist Theo- logical Seminary shall not be allowed to make any report nor present any appeals of any sort whatever to this body so long as Doctor Whitsitt shall be in any manner connected with the institution. (2) That if Doctor Whitsitt 's connection with the seminary has not ceased at the time of the next ses- sion of the Southern Baptist Convention, we urge that body to adopt, as the only means of preserving its unity, the resolutions proposed by Dr. B. H. Carroll, of Texas, whereby the convention shall dissolve the bond of connection between that body and the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. (Notice was given by Doctor Carroll at the Norfolk convention that he would offer a resolution at the next convention to "dissolve the relationship between this body and the seminary," which resolution is published in full on pages 22 and 23 of the Southern Baptist Conven- tion minutes for 1898.) The Whitsitt Controversy — 1896 153 (3) That the clerk of this association be instructed to forward a copy of these resolutions, duly signed and certified by himself and the moderator, to the Hon. Joshua Levering, chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Southern Baptist Theological Semi- nary, with the request that they be laid before the trustees at their next meeting. (4) That a committee of five be appointed by the moderator to present these resolutions to the Southern Baptist Convention at its next session. After remarks by J. S. Coleman and others the following motion prevailed: "That the above resolutions be made the special order for 2 o'clock; that the vote be taken not later than 5 o'clock, and that the time be divided as fol- lows: those favoring the resolution to open with one hour, those opposing the resolution then to have an hour and a half, and those favoring to close with a half hour." The above resolution was voted on by yeas and nays. The yeas were 198, the nays 26, both of which are recorded below: (Taken from minutes of General Association of Baptists of Kentucky, 1898, pages 9, 10, 11.) (These votes with the names are recorded in the minutes of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky.) The two votes recorded above show how the senti- ment in Kentucky was changing toward Doctor Whit- sitt and his position. The action of Kentucky Baptists was such as to cause both Doctor Whitsitt and his friends to feel that his resignation was absolutely essential to the welfare of the seminary. Accordingly the resigna- tion was wired by Doctor Whitsitt (as we understand from Hopkinsville where the General Association was in session) to Joshua Levering, Baltimore, chairman of the Board of Trustees of the seminary. The resig- nation was duly accepted and Doctor Whitsitt retired from all connection with the seminary. 154 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 Thus ended the unfortunate incident, so far as Doctor Whitsitt personally was concerned, but the feeling engendered by the controversy did not so soon pass away. Friends who were alienated by the con- flict did not soon forget the animosities that were aroused in the heat of discussion ; but the grace of God and time heal the worst of troubles. The principal actors in this great controversy, which stirred the Baptists of the South to their depths, Dr. W. H. Whitsitt and Dr. T. T. Eaton, have both passed to their rewards more than a decade ago. Green be the graves where sleep the heroes of faith; forgotten be the animosities and heart burnings of strife ; sacred be the trust committed to our memories and bright the vision of coming ages. CHAPTER XIV The Unification Program and Great Forward Movement — 1 919 From the beginning of the "Whitsitt Contro- versy" (or shortly thereafter) to the year 1919, Ken- tucky had two Baptist papers — The Western Recorder and the Baptist Argus (later The Baptist World). The very fact that these two papers had been con- sidered the organs of the "Anti-Whitsittites" and " Whitsittites " respectively served to perpetuate, at least in the minds of the people, the division. The Baptists of Kentucky, however, trying to get away from the old controversy and unite their forces in the state for a great forward movement, decided that the first step necessary to this much desired end was the consolidation of the two papers. The Two Papers Consolidated The following is the history of the transaction, as recorded in the minutes of the State Board of Mis- sions : Called meeting of the State Board of Missions at Broadway Church, Louisville, Ky., July 23, 1919. Secretary O. E. Bryan presented the following resolutions : Whereas, The Executive Committee of the South- ern Baptist Convention has requested a special cam- paign in the territory of the Southern Baptist Convention to place the denominational state papers in all of our Baptist homes as a method of publicity during the Seventy-five Million Campaign; and Whereus, Kentucky Baptists have two outstanding denominational papers, the Western Recorder and the Baptist World ; and Whereas, The relation between these papers seems 155 156 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 to forbid the most effective statewide simultaneous campaign in keeping with the request of the repre- sentatives of the Southern Baptist Convention; and Whereas, Kentucky Baptists keenly desire to co- operate with the Southern Baptist Convention in the simultaneous drive for the papers, therefore, be it Resolved, (1) That the Baptist State Board of Missions in Kentucky endeavor to purchase the Bap- tist papers of the state affiliated with our organized work, and operate them under the direct control of State Board Missions. Resolved, (2) That it is the purpose of the State Board to have one great denominational paper. Resolved, (3) That a committee of five be ap- pointed by the chairman with authority to consum- mate the financial transactions incident to the establishment of a single state paper subject to the ratification of the executive board. Resolved, (4) That we instruct this committee to make no concession in this transaction that would em- barrass the state board in naming the combined paper or in electing an editor for the same. Resolved, (5) That we instruct this committee in co-operating with the corresponding Secretary to close up the deals as early as possible, provided the man- agers of these papers are willing to sell. Resolved, (6) That this committee be instructed that if there be any disagreement as to the value of the properties under their consideration, that disin- terested business men be requested to appraise the same and that said appraisement shall be the basis for the consummation of the transaction. Resolved, (7) That we express our good will toward all of these papers and hereby earnestly re- quest their management to give due consideration to this proposition which we believe will be for the best interests of Kentucky Baptists and for the glory of God. Wm. D. Nowlin, one of the editors of the Western Kecorder, moved the adoption of these resolutions, and the vote was unanimous. Program and Great Forward Movement — 1919 157 The committee for establishment of paper was com- posed of the following brethren : 0. E. Bryan, W. M. Stallings, W. W. Landrum, H. S. Summers and B. H. Lovelace. Meeting of Board, August 10, 1919 Report of the Committee Your committee, according to instruction, opened negotiations with the Western Recorder and the Bap- tist World with a view to their purchase by the State Board of Missions. After several conferences with representatives of both papers, they called meetings of their directors and submitted the following proposi- tion: FIRST, We the directors of the Baptist Book Concern and publishers of the Western Recorder of Louisville, Kentucky, hereby offer to the Baptist State Board of Missions of Kentucky the Western Recorder and its entire subscription list consisting of 10,000 subscribers, more or less; the advertising contracts for said paper, for the sum of $20,000. It is hereby understood and agreed to by both parties to this con- tract that the name of the paper shall be unchanged and shall continue to be known as ''Western Recorder. ' ' (Signed) J. W. Porteb, Chairman of Board, F. H. GooDRiDGE, E. C. Farmer. SECOND : The Baptist World Publishing Com- pany desires to make this substitute offer to your com- mittee in lieu of the offer made your committee on July 29, 1919. "We will sell the paper and printing department, which would include the subscription list and amounts due on unpaid subscriptions to the Baptist World, together with the linotype, printing presses and all other machinery and appliances used in the printing department, together with the stock of paper on hand for the sum of $15,000. (Signed) Baptist World Pub. Co., By Boyce Watkins, President. ' ' 158 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 The committee communicated with News and Truths, of Murray, Kentucky, which paper was not for sale. The committee also communicated with the Russell Creek Baptist, which paper they did not consider a state paper. No liabilities of either paper assumed by us. The subscription lists of each paper with all amounts due and unpaid on same are included in said offer as well as amounts due on advertising contracts. It is also understood that neither the Baptist World Publishing Company nor the Baptist Book Concern shall own or publish a paper so long as the State Board of Missions owns and publishes the Western Recorder as a state organ and that the good will of both papers is included in purchase of said papers. While our committee was instructed to make no concession which would embarrass us in operating a paper for the state, certain conditions have been practically agreed to by representatives of both papers which we recommend as follows : That the name Western Recorder shall be the ex- clusive name of our state paper. We recommend that the salary of Dr. E. B. Hatcher for one year, or such part thereof as is un- paid, be assumed by the state board and he shall be retained on the new paper in such relation and for such service as shall be agreed upon by the Board of Managers. The items above named are mutually conceded. We further recommend that a Board of Managers consisting of seven members shall be appointed by the chairman of this board, of which Board Secretary O. E. Bryan shall be one and C. W. Elsey, chairman of state board, another. We further recommend that the finances of said paper shall be handled through the state board office and that our corresponding secretary, 0. E. Bryan, shall be its business manager. As the paper is to be owned and controlled by the Program and Great Forward Movement — 1919 159 State Board of Missions, and is to be an asset of the same, we recommend that money for the purchase of the paper shall be taken from the $900,000 designated for state missions in such amounts and at such times as it can be done without injury to other state mis- sion items. (Signed) 0. E. Bryan, W. M. Stallings, W. W. Landrum, H. S. Summers, B. H. Lovelace. The foregoing resolutions were adopted and the following Board of Managers was elected in the fol- lowing way : On motion the recording secretary was instructed to cast a ballot electing each of the following seven brethren as a member of the Board of Managers of the Western Recorder as the state paper. Following the instructions the secretary announced that the vote had been so cast: 0. E. Bryan, chairman, C. W. Elsey, C. M. Thompson, W. M. Stallings, W. W. Landrum, W. M. Seay, and H. B. Lovelace. The following motion was adopted : That the Board of Managers of the state board paper be author- ized to elect an editor for the official state paper. Meeting of the Board of Managers of the Western Recorder At the Watterson Hotel, September 9, 1919 Motion was made by Doctor Landrum, seconded by Doctor Thompson and carried unanimously, that at the top of the editorial page of each issue of the Western Recorder there shall appear this statement : EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT J. W. Porter Managing Editor E. B. Hatcher News Editor 0. E. Bryan Business Manager 160 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 Meeting of Board of Managers of Western Recorder State Mission Kooms. . . .205 E. Chestnut St. Louisville, Kentucky, May 24, 1920. Moved and carried: ''That it is the sense of this body that the dual editorship of the Western Recorder cease with September 1, 1920, and that the present editors of the paper be notified of that fact. From that date one man is to give his entire time to the paper, is to be held responsible for the editorial policy and general make-up of the paper, and that he be charged with looking after increasing its subscription list. It is further understood that this action is taken without prejudice to, or committing ourselves to either of the present incumbents. "Motion carried that secretary be instructed to send a copy of this action to each of the editors of the Western Recorder." The Rev. 0. E. Bryan, D. D., corresponding secre- tary of State Board of Missions in Kentucky, is en- titled to much credit for the consolidation of the two papers and the unifying of the forces in Kentucky. The Great Forward Movement In May, 1919, the Southern Baptist Convention in session in Atlanta, Georgia, put on foot the great ''Seventy-five Million Campaign." This, of course, helps to account for the great advance shown in 1920, for the actual campaign was not put on until after our state meeting in Georgetown in November, 1919. The minutes (p. 17) of the meeting in Georgetown November, 1919, show a total of receipts by the State Board of Missions of $455,104.61. The minutes for the Owensboro meeting November, 1920 (p. 19) show total receipts $1,412,165.92. This is a marvelous advance. The Rev. 0. E. Bryan, D. D., corresponding secre- tary of Missions in Kentucky at this time, is entitled to much credit for this success. He is a man of splen- did spirit and fine executive ability. It should be borne in mind, however, that Kentucky had already Program and Great Forward Movement — 1919 161 developed the "Budget System," and that it was functioning well before we put on the Seventy-five Million Campaign. Back of this glorious achievement there is a long struggle that should not be overlooked. Such men as J. W. Warder, D.D., J. G. Bow, D. D., and W. D. Powell, D. D., rendered efficient service as correspond- ing secretaries of our mission board. It was the day of small things when Doctor Warder traveled over Kentucky collecting a dollar here and there for missions, and urging the churches to adopt an envelope system of collecting mission money. He did a good work in getting many of the churches to adopt this system, which came to be known as ''The Warder System." Dr. J. G. Bow, than whom there is not a straighter, cleaner man and truer Baptist, followed Doctor War- der and put into the mission work of Kentucky a business system which has told immensely for good. It was through the efforts and influence of Doctor Bow that Mr. Theodore Harris left in his will the large sum that was left to the Baptists of Kentucky. The Baptists of Kentucky owe Doctor Bow a much larger debt than they will ever pay him. Few men have been worth more to the Baptist cause in Ken- tucky than J. G. Bow. Following the administration of Doctor Bow came the enthusiastic, energetic W. D. Powell. Doctor Powell was not the systematic executive that Doctor Bow was, nor that Doctor Bryan, his successor, was, but he was the superior of either of them in raising money under high pressure appeals. Here Doctor Powell was a brilliant success. Mission contributions grew very much under the eloquent and fiery appeals of this mission champion. Thus it will be seen that when Doctor Bryan came into office he found the foundation work well done. The systematic Bow had thoroughly systematized the work, and the zealous Powell had fanned the mis- sionary spirit all over the state into a flame, so that 11 162 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 Doctor Bryan 's work was largely a work of combining and directing the forces of the state. In this he exhibited rare ability. Doctor Bryan is one of the greatest mission secretaries in the South. He has re- signed his work with the State Board of Missions in Kentucky and gone to the Home Mission Board, Atlanta. On September 1, 1921, Dr. C. M. Thompson, a man of splendid ability and equipment, came from the pastorate of the First Baptist Church, Winchester, Kentucky, to the secretaryship of the State Board of Missions. Doctor Thompson is making a great secre- tary, though he is just now getting fairly started in his new position. CHAPTER XV Kentucky Baptist Institutions In this chapter we give a short history of the Ken- tucky Baptist Institutions now existing. Space does not allow an account of the many Baptist institutions which rendered efficient service in Kentucky for a time, but now extinct. The list would be long. We will name simply The Western Baptist Theological Institute, Covington ; Clinton College, Clinton ; The Baptist Female Academy, Danville ; Bardstown Bap- tist Female College ; Lynland College ; Ohio Valley Baptist College, Sturgis; Choctaw Academy, near Georgetown, a school for Indians ; a number of Baptist papers, missionary and educational societies that operated for a time and passed away. One writer says, "There were fifteen Baptist female schools in Kentucky at one time." The insti- tutions herein named are given in the order of their beginnings. The Western Recorder The author has had much trouble trying to get a connected and complete account of the establishing and developing of a Baptist paper in Kentucky. There are conflicting accounts given by writers on the early history of Kentucky Baptists at several points. The author has taken the dates which seem to be most consistent with all the facts. It seems that the first effort to establish a Baptist paper in Kentucky was in 1812. Elder Stark Dupuy, according to Spencer (Vol. I, p. 347) : "In 1812 commenced the publication of the Kentucky Mis- sionary and Theologian, he being sole editor. It was a quarterly magazine, four numbers of which made a volume of 244 pages." This paper was discon- 163 164 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 tinued the following February on account of the war of 1812, according to the statement of the editor, "Mr. Dupuy," says Spencer, "was doubtless the first Baptist editor of a religious periodical west of the Alleghany Mountains." The next effort, according to history, was in 1813. "Silas M. Noel commenced, in 1813, the publication of. The Gospel Herald." (Spencer, Vol. I, p. 347.) This paper, which was a monthly, was soon discon- tinued for lack of patronage. The next Baptist news- paper venture in Kentucky seems to date from 1826. Our great Kentucky Baptist historian, Spencer (Vol. I, p. 217), says: "About the beginning of the year 1826, George Waller and Spencer Clack began the publication of a paper (at Bloomfield, Kentucky,) called The Baptist Register. It was a semi-monthly and proposed to 'endeavor to strip religion of every- thing like the traditions of men, and to present the truth in a plain and simple manner.' The name of the paper was exchanged for that of The Baptist Recorder, and in 1830 it was changed to a monthly. Meanwhile the Baptist Chronicle, having been estab- lished by Uriel B. Chambers at Frankfort, the Baptist Recorder was soon discontinued." Again Spencer tells us (Vol. I, p. 597), concerning the Baptist Recorder : "Its issue was continued about four years, when it was succeeded by the Baptist Herald, afterwards called the Baptist Chronicle, edited by Uriel B. Chambers, Esq., at Frankfort, Kentucky. ' ' Just how long the Chronicle continued we have not learned, but in 1832 we find Mr. Chambers start- ing another paper, which indicates that the Chronicle had been discontinued. The next effort, the fifth, to establish a Baptist paper in Kentucky was in 1832, according to Spencer (Vol. I, p. 652). The Baptist State Convention started "The Cross and Baptist Banner, the first Baptist weekly that was published in Kentucky. The first number had been issued previous to this meeting of the convention. Uriel B. Kentucky Baptist Institutions 165 Chambers was its editor, and assumed all the pecu- niary responsibility." This is all we know of this paper. No further reference to it has been found. The next paper seems to have been started by James Wilson, M. D., at Shelbyville, in 1834. Doctor Spen- cer, in speaking of Dr. John L. Waller (Vol. I, p. 702), says: ''In 1835 he became editor of the Baptist Banner, a bi-weekly religious newspaper, which had been established at Shelbyville, Kentucky, in the preceding year by James Wilson, M. D. Soon after Mr. Waller became editor of the Baptist Banner, The Baptist, published at Nashville, Tennessee, and the Western Pioneer, published at Alton, Illinois, were merged into it. The new paper took the title of Baptist Banner and Western Pioneer. It was moved to Louisville, where Mr. Waller continued its chief editor until 1841, when he resigned in favor of William C. Buck." After the consolidation of the three papers the new paper became the denominational organ of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri Baptists, Under the editorship of the great Waller, the paper had the largest circulation in its history, except possibly during the editorship of T. T. Eaton, D. D., LL.D., who had associated with him as business manager Dr. W. P. Harvey, a man of unusual business ability. The statement is made by Doctor Harvey that "My recollection is that at one time we had a circulation of 27,500, with an advertising income of $15,000 per year." This record has never been dupli- cated. From the foregoing facts it seems that the Western Recorder is the lineal descendant of the Baptist Ban- ner started in Shelbyville in 1834. However, from the date on the Western Recorder they evidently number their volumes from the beginning of the Bap- tist Register, Bloomfield, 1826, later the Baptist Recorder. We find no connecting link between these two papers, however. Doctor Eaton, at the time editor, told the author that the Western Recorder 166 Kentuckij Baptist Historu— 1770-1922 continued the volumes of the Baptist Recorder, Bloom- field. An old copy of the Baptist Banner, in our posses- sion, dated Fe'bruary 28, 1849, published at 47 Wall Street, Louisville, Ky., is numbered Vol. XVI, No. 9, Also an old copv of Western Recorder, which we have, dated October ^22, 1851, is numbered Vol. XVIII, No. 43. These numbers show that the connection with the Bloomfield paper was made later. Of these two old papers W. C. Buck is editor of the former, and of the latter John L. Waller, R. L. Thurman and A. W. LaRue are editors. "William C. Buck continued as editor of the Baptist Banner and Western Pioneer about nine years," says Spencer. John L. Waller again became editor in 1850 and remained in this position until his death, October 10, 1854. Spencer adds, "Mean- while the name of the paper was exchanged in 1851 for that of the Western Recorder." (Vol. I, p. 703.) An old copy of the Recorder, dated September 27, 1854, gives John L. Waller and S. H. Ford as editors. Then another old copy, dated December 6, 1854, gives S. H. Ford as editor. This shows that Ford suc- ceeded to the sole editorship on the death of Waller, However, Ford did not continue as editor of the paper until the fall of 1861, as generally believed. An old copy of the Recorder, now in the hands of the editor, dated March 3, 1858, gives Dr. J. Otis, editor. Dr. Otis was editor until 1860. In June, 1861, S. H. Ford is named as editor again. It has been claimed that the paper was suspended during the Civil War. Doctor Armitage in his history of the Baptists (p. 884), in giving a history of the Western Recorder, says: "During a part of the Civil War its issue was suspended, but it was resumed in 1863." Here again an old copy of the paper comes to our rescue. An old Recorder, now in the hands of the author, dated Saturday, June 28, 1862, edited by Chas. Y. Duncan, says: "It is now four months since we Kentucky Baptist Institutions 167 resumed the publication of the Recorder, after its tem- porary suspension." This shows that the publication was resumed about the last of February, 1862. Armitage is correct when he says the paper ''was suspended a part of the time during the Civil War, ' ' but is in error when he says its publication "was re- sumed in 1863, ' ' as this old copy of 1862 proves. We learn also from this old paper that Duncan (not men- tioned by Spencer) preceded A. C. Graves as editor. In this issue of June 28, 1862, Editor Duncan says : "We have arrived at the time when we wish to make some radical improvements of the Recorder. As here- tofore announced, we wish this week 's issue to enlarge and in every way improve it. Conscious of our own individual inability to conduct it, we have procured the services of Rev. S. F. Thompson, of Shelbyville, a young man of piety, education, talent and position. ' ' This suggests that S. F. Thompson was editorial writer for the paper for a time. The Recorder of October, 1863, states that the paper had been suspended for fifteen months and on June 25, 1864, the Recorder united with the Baptist Book Store owned by G. W. Robertson ; then in July, 1864, A. C. Graves and J. C. Waller are named as editors. It seems that Graves continued only a short while and Waller's name is continued as editor up to October, 1866. R. M. Dudley is named as editor January 12, 1867, and August 1, 1868, J. W. Rust is associated with Dudley. June 15, 1870, W. W. Gar- dener and L. B. Woolfolk are named as associate editors; then in June, 1871, Dr. G. W. Varden seems to have taken Woolfolk 's place. July 8, 1871, A. S. Worrell and A. C. Caperton are names as co-editors. It seems that Worrell bought the paper and sold one- half interest to Caperton, then nothing appears in the paper about Doctor Worrell but Caperton is named as editor and proprietor. In October, 1887, Caperton sold out to Harvey, McFerran Co. and Dr. Eaton be- came editor. Then follows the long and brilliant editorial 168 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 career of the immortal T. T. Eaton, D. D., LL.D., until his death, June 29, 1907, a period of nearly twenty years. After the death of Doctor Eaton, Dr. J. M. Weaver supplied as editor until the election of Dr. C. M. Thompson, 1907. Doctor Thompson served about two years. His editorial work was of a high order. He was not a voluminous writer, but a careful and accurate one. Dr. J. G. Bow, a man who has filled a large place in the denominational life of the Baptists of Kentucky, was associate editor with Doctor Thomp- son and business manager of the Baptist Book Con- cern, which published the Recorder. The editorial career of J. W. Porter, D. D., LL.D., the brilliant and versatile, began in 1909 and con- tinued until February, 1921. Doctor Porter exhibited great ability as an editorial writer. This author was associate editor with Doctor Porter several years, which position he resigned when the paper was sold to the State Board of Missions, August, 1919. In February, 1921, Dr. V, I. Masters, the present in- cumbent, became editor of the Western Recorder, which position he is filling with conspicuous ability. His writings are of a wide range and voluminous. Dr. A. S. Worrell established and edited The Baptist Sentinel, Lexington, Kentucky. Before us at this time are several copies of this monthly magazine. The January, 1870, number is ''Vol. I, No. 3." This indicates that the Sentinel was launched November, 1869. In this January issue the editor says, "Brother D. B. Ray is now joint proprietor and assistant of the Sentinel. ' ' We do not know how long Doctor Worrell edited this journal, but a copy dated November, 1870, the latest we have, gives him as editor and D. B. Ray as assistant. Georgetown College — 1829- Georgetown has been an educational center almost from the beginning of the settlement of the Missis- sippi valley. Early in 1788, Elijah Craig, a noted pioneer Baptist preacher of Kentucky, opened at Kentucky Baptist Institutions 169 Georgetown, then called Lebanon, a classical school in accordance with the following quaint advertise- ment: "Lebanon, December 27, 1787. "Notice is hereby given that on Monday, 28th of January next, a school will be opened by Messrs. Jones and Worley, at the Royal Spring in Lebanon, Fayette County, where a commodious house, sufficient to contain fifty or sixty scholars, will be prepared. They will teach the Latin and Greek languages, to- gether with such branches of the sciences as are usually taught in public seminaries, at twenty-five shillings a quarter for each scholar. One-half to be paid in cash, the other half in produce at cash prices. There will be a vacation for a month in the Spring and another in the Fall, at the close of each of which it is expected that such payments as are due in cash shall be made. For diet, washing and house room for a year, each scholar pays three pounds in cash, or 500 weight of pork on entrance, and three pounds in cash at the beginning of the third quarter. It is desired that as many as can would furnish themselves with beds; such as cannot may be provided here, to the number of eight or ten boys, at 35s a year for each bed. "Elijah Craig." Little is known of the history of this school, but in 1789 the Legislature of Kentucky, by an act found- ing academies in the state, located one of them at Georgetown, and gave its trustees 6,000 acres of land for its support. As a result of this, Rittenhouse Academy began its career. In 1829 Georgetown Col- lege was chartered and immediately acquired the property and became the successor of Rittenhouse Academy. Georgetown College is the first chartered collegiate institution of Baptists south and west of the Alleghanies, and under its present name is fifth among Baptist institutions in the United States. In a real sense Georgetown College is the direct descen- 170 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 dant of the classical school above mentioned estab- lished in Georgetown by Elijah Craig in 1787. This school was absorbed by Rittenhouse Academy, which was chartered, largely through the influence of Mr. Craig, December 22, 1798, and which was operated as a county academy until 1829. Its quaint little two-story brick with the command- ing cupola became the first building of Georgetown College. This building was the only one owned by the college until 1840 and was used regularly until 1860. If this descent is accepted, Georgetown College in age is second to Brown University among Baptist colleges in the United States. The original charter in 1829, incorporated "The Trustees of the Kentucky Baptist Education Society" and empowered them to fill all vacancies in their own number caused by death, resignation, neglect, or otherwise; but by an amendment secured in 1851, the power to fill vacancies in the Board of Trustees was given to another corporation created for this purpose and composed of all persons who had contributed or who should thereafter contribute as much as one hun- dred dollars to the funds of the college. In 1906 the charter was again amended in such a manner as to vest in the Baptist Education Society of Kentucky the power of electing the trustees from suitable nominations made by the original society. Under this charter the college has had a continuous history from the year of its foundation to the present. Little by little it has grown in buildings, in means, in teachers, and in students. The Central building, now known as Giddings Hall, in which are most of the lecture rooms, was erected in 1840. Pawling Hall, erected in 1844 in recognition of the generosity of Issachar Pawling, was remodeled and much enlarged in 1877. The commodious building coiitaining the chapel, library, society halls, and gymnasium, was erected in 1894 ; and Rucker Hall, the beautiful home for the young women of the college, was erected in 1895, and named in honor of Prof. James Jefferson Kentucky Baptist Institutions 171 Rucker. The other buildings have been added at various dates as the means of the college have per- mitted. Since its foundation many thousands of students have been enrolled in its classes and there have been nearly a thousand graduates. They are in every walk of life and in many of the states of the Union. About one hundred of them are now serving as pastors in the State of Kentucky and some are missionaries in foreign lands. From the first the teachers in the college have been men and women of earnest Christian character, fit guides and exemplars for the students, with whose lives they have always been in intimate contact. Among these teachers are many whose lives are inter- woven with the history of education in Kentucky. The names of Rockwood Giddings, Howard Mal- colm, Duncan R. Campbell, and Richard M. Dudley, former presidents of the college, are known by all who have studied Kentucky educational history, while the memory of Prof. Jonathan E. Farnam, Prof. Dan- forth Thomas, and Prof. James J. Rucker is cherished with peculiar veneration on account of their many years of consecrated service to the college by all those who have passed under their influence. The younger men, who have in recent years been added to the teaching force, are most of them repre- sentatives of old and famous universities, and all of them specialists in their departments, but the quali- fications especially sought after in their selection have been Christian character and sympathetic understand- ing of the needs and ambitions of the young. Co-education For the first sixty years of its history, the college was conducted as a school for young men ; but in 1892 young women were admitted on the same terms as men. This step was taken in the belief that young women would not remain satisfied with an older type of edu- 172 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 cation which had been provided for them on the theory of their incapacity for the higher standards required of men. The leaders of this movement in Kentucky, among whom Prof. J. J. Kucker stands easily first, had become convinced that young women are as capable of first class education as young men. The results at Georgetown College in co-education have amply justified the experiment. The fact that this college took the bold stand that young women would come to demand the best in education, and that Georgetown attempts to offer only this, has made it noted as a home for college women who have caught a vision of the opportunities for large service which this country offers to the young woman who will pay the price of thorough educational training. Year by year the college views with increasing satisfaction the eager submission of mature young women to the labor required for the acquisition of a college education. The class of young women of in- telligence and trustworthy character who heed the call of higher education insures the absence of those so-called difficulties of co-education which are said to exist in the popular mind. Georgetown College sees its definite mission as a standard Christian college, working under the control of the Baptist denomination in Kentucky, and repre- sentative of its aims and ideals. It is a college in the true meaning of that term. It believes that the highest reality of true and useful culture lies, not outside of, but within the Kingdom of God; and so its educational work is deeply religious in the con- viction that a life of efficient and faithful human service in obedience to Jesus Christ is the noblest career open to man. The college endowment is now about $480,000, but at the end of the Seventy-five Million Campaign, if the proceeds come in as planned and expected, the endowment will be slightly over a million dollars. The enrollment of students at this date is 358. The presidents since the term of R. M. Dudley Kentucky Baptist Institutions 173 have been in the following order: A. C. Davidson, B. D. Gray, J. J. Taylor, Arthur Yeager, and M. B. Adams, the present incumbent. Bethel College— 1849 Bethel College was organized by the Bethel Asso- ciation of Baptists of southwestern Kentucky in 1849, under the name of "Bethel High School." The main building was erected in 1852, and the school was formally opened in January, 1854, under the manage- ment of Mr. B. T. Blewitt. The school prospered and, upon the public demand for work beyond the high school, a new charter was obtained, and the institu- tion entered upon its career as a college in September, 1856. Mr. Blewitt was made the president of the new college and continued with the institution until the summer of 1861, when the distractions of war made it necessary to close the school. In the winter of 1861 and 1862 the building was used as a hospital by the Confederate forces until the fall of Fort Donelson, in February. In Septem- ber, 1863, the college was reopened under Kev. George Hunt as president. The reorganization of the institu- tion was accompanied by many discouragements. In 1864 Mr. Hunt resigned, and J. W. Rust became the president. Under his direction the institution con- tinued to grow in numbers and influence until 1868, when President Rust was compelled to resign by rea- son of poor health. He was succeeded by Noah K. Davis. Under his direction the courses of study were divided up into schools, each school embracing all of the subjects contained in one line of study. Gradua- tion was dependent upon the completion of the work in a certain number of schools. In 1869 there was established a Chair of English, so that Bethel was the first American college thus to recognize the impor- tance of this department. During the period after the war many additions were made to the college property and to the endow- ment fund. In 1872 the president's house was built, 174 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 and in 1876 N. Long Hall, the college dormitory, was erected. The endowment had steadily increased from $40,000 in 1860 to $85,000 in 1875. Mr. James Enlow, of Christian County, in 1869 bequeathed to Bethel College about $6,000, the income from which, when it became available in 1872, was used as a loan fund from which to aid young men who were studying for the ministry in Bethel College. The ''Ewing Professorship of Philosophy" was so entitled in consideration of the valuable bequests of Judge E. M. Ewing and his son, H. Q. Ewing. The ' ' N. Long Professorship of English and History ' ' was named in honor of the constant and devoted services as well as liberality of Mr. Nimrod Long, of Russell- ville. The Norton brothers — George W., William F., and Eckstein, all of whom were natives of Russell- ville — were liberal contributors to the funds of the college, and in grateful recognition of this fact the "Norton Chair of Natural Sciences" was so named. During the administration of President Ryland the heirs of N. Long and G. W. Norton offered to the board of trustees the property formerly known as the Southern Bank of Kentucky to be used as a library and for kindred purposes. In 1908 Bethel College became affiliated with the Baptist Educational Society of Kentucky, which is striving to promote the welfare of the Baptist schools of Kentucky. The college has received considerable financial help from this society. As a result of the great Seventy-five Million Cam- paign in the fall of 1919, the value of the work will be increased by the $200,000 assigned to Bethel Col- lege for needed buildings and endowment. The board has recommended the construction of a new dormitory for the exclusive use of college students and has authorized a campaign among the former students and friends of the school for the construction of a memorial chapel to be dedicated to Professor James H. Fuqua, who died in February, 1920, after intimate association with the college since its opening in 1852. Kentucky Baptist Institutions 175 Presidents of Bethel College B. T. Blewitt 1854-61 College closed 1861-63 Kev. George Hunt 1863-64 J. W. Rust 1864-68 Noah K. Davis 1868-73 Leslie Waggener 1873-83 James H. Fuqua, Chairman of Faculty 1883-87 Rev. W. S. Ryland 1889-98 Rev. E. S. Alderman 1898-02 W. H. Harrison 1903-07 James D. Garner 1907-09 F. D. Perkins 1909-13 H. G. Brownell 1913-17 Rev. R. H. Tandy 1917-18 Geo. F. Dasher 1918- Bethel Woman's College — 1854 Bethel Female College was the culmination of a desire of the Baptists of Hopkinsville and Bethel association to provide an institution in which young women could receive an education beyond that which they could acquire in the ordinary public or private schools. The movement for this school began to take definite shape in 1853, when public-spirited citizens of Christian and adjacent counties, by private con- tributions, raised funds to buy six acres of ground in which is now the heart of the best residence section of the city of Hopkinsville. In 1854 a charter was secured under the name of Bethel High School. In 1855 the cornerstone was laid and in 1857 was com- pleted the splendid four-story building which, with its massive columns, still remains one of the most beautiful examples of Greek architecture to be found in the state. In 1858 the school was given a new charter under the name of Bethel Female College. This charter was afterwards repealed, but the new name was retained. In 1890 a charter was secured legalizing the name 176 Kentucky Baptist Histonj— 1770-1922 Bethel Female College and granting to the institu- tion the power to confer the usual college degrees. The first principal of the institution was W. F. Hill, elected in 1856. He was followed in 1857 by J. W. Rust, who resigned in August, 1863, when the school was closed for several months. T. G. Keen re-opened the school in March, 1864, and continued as principal until 1866. The school was then quite prosperous. M. G. Alexander succeeded Mr. Keen and resigned in 1868, to be succeeded by J. F. Dagg. In 1874 Mr. Dagg was succeeded by J. W. Rust, who remained with the college until his death in 1890. For about a year the office of president was vacant, but in January, 1891, T. S. McCall, of Liberty College, was elected to the position and remained with the school until 1896, when he was succeeded by Edmund Harrison. After a very successful administration of thirteen years. Doctor Harrison resigned in 1909 and H. G. Brownell was elected to fill the vacancy. In 1914 W. S. Peterson was chosen to succeed President Brownell, who was elected to the presidency of Bethel College, for men, at Russellville, Kentucky. In 1908 the college became a part of the system of the Baptist Education Society, and in 1916, under the administra- tion of Mr. Peterson, it was decided to cease giving the A. B. degree, to make Bethel a standard junior college and to omit the word ''Female" from the name, substituting ''Woman's." During all these years the policy of the trustees had been to lease the building and grounds to the president, who conducted the institution as a private enterprise. For many reasons this was unsatisfac- tory; so in 1917, upon the resignation of President Peterson, a new policy was adopted. Under this policy the trustees elect all officers and teachers. They likewise become responsible for and control all ex- penditures. Miss Clara Belle Thompson was chosen president and Mrs. Eager vice-president. Under their adminis- tration the results have been so satisfactory that the Kentucky Baptist Institutions 177 trustees have decided to continue the present policy. Upon Miss Thompson's resignation in the spring of 1919, J. W. Gaines was chosen president and dur- ing his first year the attendance increased three-fold. The stately old building is a beautiful sight as it stands in the center of the large campus covered with blue grass and shaded by magnificent trees. Year before last it was found necessary to increase the accommodations and a new residence hall was erected, forming a west wing to the old building. This building contains twenty-four bedrooms equipped with stationary washstands, with hot and cold water. The ground floor contains a well-equipped science laboratory and seven commodious class rooms. Last year an east wung was added which contains thirty bedrooms, a well-equipped infirmary, four large music studios, twelve practice rooms and a thoroughly modern gymnasium. A swimming pool has also been added and the interior of the old building remodeled and renovated, making it the most attractive portion of the college plant. Bethel Woman's College is a member of the co- ordinate school system in Kentucky. The Louisville Baptist Orphans' Homes — 1869 In the years following the Civil War, the children orphaned thereby became a pressing problem to Dr. George C. Lorimer and his people, the Walnut Street Church. They did what they could, but despite their efforts Baptist mothers were compelled to allow their children to go into Catholic orphanage asylums. The Catholics then solicited aid of the Baptists for the support of their orphanages on the ground that they were caring for Baptist orphans. This was more than Doctor Lorimer could stand, and he cried out as he talked with his Ladies' Aid, "There must be an end to this. Who will kneel and pray with me, God helping us we will build a home for these orphan children ? ' ' All bowed and his petition as he led them in prayer was one that had power with God and men. 178 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 The die was cast. The thing was done. The work was at once initiated. Some three years later, on June 30, 1869, the "Home for Helpless Children" was opened in rented quarters at 828 West Walnut Street. W. L. Weller of sainted memory guaranteed the first year 's rent. God 's favor was upon the enter- prise. His first great gift to the work was Miss Mary HollinsAvorth, who answered the call on July 6, 1869, and continued as the superintendent until March, 1905, when forced to retire by the infirmities of age. The home was chartered January 29, 1870. Ground was broken for the first wing of the present building at First and St. Catherine Streets, March 21, 1870, and the same was formally opened on December 19, 1870. This was made possible by the gift of the site by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith and wife, and the first $10,000 by three sisters — Mrs. J. Lawrence Smith, Mrs. W. B, Caldwell, and Mrs. John Caperton. The additional $10,000 needed was in the main raised by Mrs. Arthur Peter and other women of the committee. Through the efforts of Dr. W. M. Pratt, the home in 1872 was provided with the nucleus of a splendid library for that day. A thorough canvass by Prof. J. W. Rust in 1873 laid the interests of the home upon the hearts of the Baptists throughout the state. As early as 1874 the need for enlargement began to be felt; but it was the challenging gift of Capt. W. F. Norton and his mother of $5,000 to the building fund on February 28, 1891, that aroused the Baptists to quickly subscribe the $22,000 balance needed for the erection of the central wing of the building. The cornerstone was laid October 13, 1891, and the dedica- tion occurred October 2, 1892. Doctors A. T. Spald- ing, E. C. Dargan and John A. Broaddus had part in the dedication exercises. The celebration of the silver anniversary of the home, due June 20, 1894, for good and sufficient reasons did not take place until October 2d. The occasion was made much of. Dr. T. T. Eaton gave the historical sketch. Dr. George C. Lorimer, then pastor in Boston, was the guest of honor Kentucky Baptist Institutions 179 and made a masterly address upon "Memories of the past and deeds of the future." A collection for the home netted some $4,500. Board Presidents From the organization of the home to the day of his death in 1883, Dr. J. Lawrence Smith was the president of the Board of Trustees. His brother-in- law. Dr. W. B. Caldwell, succeeded him and served until he "fell on sleep" in 1892. Dr. J. B. Marvin, already the physician of the home, was the next presi- dent. His years of service were suddenly terminated by death on September 2, 1913. Mr. Frank Miller, honored by the Board of Trustees as his successor, continues the faithful and efficient presiding officer. Superintendents Miss Mary HoUinsworth, from July 6, 1869, to March 31, 1905; Miss Mary E. Abercrombie, who had been secretary and assistant to Miss HoUinsworth, succeeded her. She resigned the work September, 1912 ; Miss Mattie Priest was the next superintendent, and so continued until she was called up higher on August 22, 1919, save for one year spent with her sister on the mission field of China. Rev. 0. M. Huey and wife took charge on November 15, 1919, as super- intendent and assistant. Endowment The home has a productive endowment of $287,- 823.69, largely the bequest of Capt. W. F. Norton, whom it was found upon his death had made the home his principal heir. Under the will of Captain Norton the income only from this endowment can be used for the maintenance of the home. It is in every way desirable that the endowment shall grow by gifts and a place in the wills of Baptists who want what God has entrusted to them to go on doing good after they are gone. 12 180 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 The Orphan's Friend The official organ of the home was established in 1872 and has proven an invaluable aid in manj^ ways. Its monthly visit is eagerly anticipated in Baptist homes all over the state. Support The income from the endowment is the first source of support. The home is put into the budget of Ken- tucky Baptists each year for a definite sum. The two funds are not adequate to all of its needs. Present Situation The property is in good shape, the endowment funds wisely invested, and there are in the home at this time 130 children. Since the coming of the Rev. 0. M. Huey, the home has increased its capacity from 120 to 135. During the long and useful life of the home, Louisville has furnished only some 16 per cent of the inmates, but above 75 per cent of the income, while from out in the state has come 84 per cent of the children and 25 per cent of the revenue. The home feels it has a strong claim upon the Baptists all over the state. The home in all of its long history has had but four physicians — Drs. G. W. Burton, G. H. Cox, J. B. Marvin and R. Lindsey Irland, all of whom have served without compensation. As a specialist. Dr. Gaylord Hall is now rendering invalu- able services. Curnberland College — 1888 The first suggestion of a Baptist College at Wil- liamsburg, Kentucky, came in 1887 from Mount Zion Association, which met at Bethlehem that year. Late in the same year a special session of the association convened at Williamsburg. Rev. Green Clay Smith was present and gave such encouragement to the move- ment that $4,000 was subscribed. Articles of incor- poration were also drafted ; these were approved by Kentucky Baptist Institutions 181 the legislature April 6, 1888, and Williamsburg Insti- tute opened its doors for students January 7, 1889. W. J, Johnson was chosen principal of the school and pastor of the church in 1889, apparently. Both of these positions he held for the ensuing year, but becoming absorbed in the task of raising money, he yielded the presidency of the school to Prof. E. E. Wood in the fall of 1890. Professor Wood was vir- tually president until the spring of 1919, although Rev. J. N. Prestridge was actually president for a brief period. In 1892 the trustees obtained a conditional pledge of $10,000 from the American Baptist Education Society, provided an additional sum of $25,000 was raised for endowment. To secure this gift Dr. A. Gatliff gave $10,000 of the additional amount — his first large gift to the school. Through the unceasing efforts of the trustees and friends from the beginning of the enterprise unto the present the general endow- ment has been gradually increased until it now totals $275,000. New buildings have been erected and additional grounds acquired as the need arose. The principal buildings are: Administration, Grade, Manual Train- ing, Domestic Science, Johnson Hall for girls, Felix Hall for boys. The entire plant is valued at $200,000. The name of the institution was changed to Cumber- land College in 1913. Cumberland College is a first class "Junior Col- lege," that is, a college that completes freshman and sophomore work, and thus enables its graduates to enter the junior year of standard colleges. Fifteen units of high school work are required for entrance to the college proper. The only degree given is that of "Associate of Arts." Williamsburg, the location of Cumberland College, is in the southern part of the mountains of eastern Kentucky, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, about two hundred miles south of Cincinnati, about an equal distance from Louisville, and also about 182 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 ninety miles north of Knoxville. It is also on the Dixie Highway. It is a place of natural beauty and healthful surroundings. In name and in practice the school is religious. Not only is the Bible taught as a text-book, but in all the work of the institution it is honored. In chapel especially, but also in all the departments, religion is inculcated and a spiritual atmosphere is maintained. All pupils are required to attend chapel services every morning, and church at least once every Sun- day. The school is under Baptist auspices, and all students are welcome at the Baptist Church; yet in selecting a place of worship they are allowed to exer- cise conscientious preferences. The Rev. Charles William Elsey, D. D., was elected president of the institution in May, 1921, succeeding Prof, A. R. Evans, acting president during the term 1920-21. The Baptist Ministers' Aid Society of Ken^ tuchy—1888 The Baptist Ministers' Aid Society of Kentucky was organized at Eminence, Kentucky, June 21, 1888, and incorporated April 19, 1890. The Rev. J. S. Felix, D. D., pastor First Baptist Church, Owensboro, was largely responsible for bring- ing into existence this organization, and is the first named on the board of incorporators. The purpose of the institution as set forth in the articles of incorporation is "to provide for disabled Baptist ministers and missionaries, and the dependent infant orphans of Baptist ministers and missionaries in the State of Kentucky during the time of their disability with a comfortable home and the necessities of life, together with medical attendance and, in case of death, with respectable burial." Noble purpose! The maximum of the endowment was fixed at $50,000. At Hopkinsville, November, 1921, the Gen- eral Association voted to change this to $100,000, so bequests for this purpose could be accepted. This Kentucky Baptist Institutions 183 society has done a great work in helping to better care for our old and dependent preachers. While the board is still intact and carrying on the business at Owensboro, Kentucky, our beneficiaries are being served by the "Relief and Anuity Board" of the Southern Baptist Convention, located at Dallas, Texas. The Baptist Ministers' Aid Society of Ken- tucky has proven to be a very valuable institution. Russell Creek Baptist Academy — 1906 Situated at Campbellsville, Taylor County, Ken- tucky. The origin of this school was at the session of the Russell Creek Association, at Salem Church, in September, 1900, when a committee, with H. C. Wood as chairman, was appointed "to raise funds to build, equip and put in operation a Baptist school, to be known as the Baptist Academy of the Russell Creek Association." Under the leadership of those great Baptist lay- men, Judge James Garnett, Sr., B. W, Penick, the Rev. J. S. Gatton and the Rev. W. T. Underwood and their associates, the school was incorporated under the corporate name of the "Educational Committee of the Russell Creek Association." In 1906 a suitable site of ten acres of land in Campbellsville, Kentucky, was purchased and the erection of the Administration Building and a three-story dormitory for girls — both brick buildings — were erected. The dormitory was named after J. S. Stapp, who gave largely to its erection. In 1914 a farm of fifty-two acres near the campus was purchased for demonstration and experimental purposes, J. H. Kinnard of Red Lick, Kentucky, con- tributing the purchase price. A lot adjoining the farm has recently been bought and a six-room resi- dence erected thereon for use of the school farmer. In 1918 a house and lot adjoining the campus was purchased and a large addition built thereto, making a dormitory for the boys with thirty rooms. In 1919 another lot containing an acre of land and a two-story 184 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 dwelling with verandas and also outbuildings was con- veyed to the school by Mr. C. L. Brady of Springfield, Kentucky, and in the same year an addition of eight acres of land adjoining the campus was purchased and added to the campus, making a campus of eigh- teen acres besides the two adjoining lots and the farm. The girls' dormitory contains more than thirty rooms, besides dining-rooms, kitchen and halls. The buildings are all situated on a beautiful elevation and are both attractive and substantial. This school is a member of the Baptist Education Society of Kentucky, and A-1 accredit academy, and is so recognized by the State Department of Educa- tion, as well as by the denomination. The course of study extends from the primary through four years of high school. Special courses are given in music, art, expression, domestic science and normal training. The Bible is taught in every grade every day. The aim of the academy is to be thorough in all of its work, and not only to give an education, but to instill into the minds and hearts of the pupils the teachings and principles of Jesus; and to do it from the Baptist viewpoint. The enrollment each year has exceeded 300. Kentucky Baptist Children's Home — 1915 For a number of years the conviction had been growing that the Baptists of Kentucky ought to own and control a home in which to care for orphan and indigent children. In many sections of the state the demand was insistent, and the matter was discussed with earnestness in many Baptist gatherings. This conviction finally found expression in a memorial from the Ohio County Association to the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky in its session at Somerset, in November, 1914, calling for the estab- lishment of such an institution. The memorial was received with enthusiasm, and after much serious con- sideration the body voted to appoint the following committee: S. E. Tull, Paducah, Ky.; T. H. Athey, Kentucky Baptist Institutions 185 Shelbyville, Ky. ; W. L. Brock, Lexington, Ky. ; W. M. Stallings, Smith's Grove. Ky. ; W, W. Horner, Louis- ville, Ky. ; Thomas D. Osborne, Louisville, Ky. ; Edw. C. Farmer, Louisville, Ky. ; J. E, Martin, Jellieo, Tenn. ; and S. M. McCarter, Lawrenceburg, Ky., with full power to act in the establishment of a Kentucky Baptist Children's Home, said committee to become the trustees of the institution. Acting upon the in- structions of the General Association of Baptists in Kentucky, the beautiful and commodious property near Glendale, Hardin County, Kentucky, formerly Lynnland College, consisting of sixteen acres of land and the buildings thereon, was purchased and equipped. Elder A. B. Gardner, Beaver Dam, Ken- tucky, was elected as the superintendent, and on June 23, 1915, the home was opened for the reception of homeless, destitute children. Brother Gardner con- tinued as superintendent until December 31, 1916, when on account of failing health he was forced to give up the work that held such a large place in his loving heart. On October 12, 1918, he was called to his eternal home. During his superintendency there were 113 children received into the home, and he laid the foundation of what is confidently expected to be one of the greatest institutions of its kind in the United States. In 1916 the trustees purchased 120 acres of land, known as the Walker farm, situated a short distance from the home. On January 1, 1917, Rev. J. W. Vallandingham, at that time pastor of Gilead Baptist Church, Glendale, Kentucky, and a member of the Board of Trustees was elected superin- tendent and Mrs. Vallandingham was elected matron. Brother and Sister Vallandingham continued the work so ably begun by Brother Gardner. Many im- provements were made, including a large front porch and two large dormitories, waterworks and electric lights were installed and plans were made for more extensive improvements in the future. In June, 1919, realizing that his physical condition was such that he could no longer carry the burden, Brother Valland- 186 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 ingham tendered his resignation to the Board of Trustees, which was reluctantly accepted, and M. Geo. Moore, a layman, member of the First Baptist Church of Lexington, Kentucky, who was at that time and for seven and a half years previously superintendent of the Pythian Home of Kentucky, located at Lex- ington, was elected superintendent and Mrs. Moore elected matron. Mr. and Mrs. Moore took charge on August 14, 1919. In 1920, 173 acres of land, known as the Monin farm, adjacent to the home on the south side and extending to Nolin River, was purchased, making a total of 309 acres owned by the home which, together with improvements and personal property, is worth approximately $140,000. From June 23, 1915, to November 1, 1921, 321 children have been cared for, 146 of whom were in the home on the last named date. It will be observed that the Southern Baptist Theo- logical Seminary is not included in this list of ''Ken- tucky Baptist Institutions." While the seminary is located in Louisville, Kentucky, it is not a "Ken- tucky Institution, ' ' but a southwide institution. This is the reason why it is not included in this chapter. The seminary is a great and worthy institution, de- serving the sympathy and support of our people. CHAPTER XVI The Mystery of Lincoln ^s Religion Cleared Up One of the most interesting characters in all American history is Abraham Lincoln. Born in a one-room log cabin in the wilderness of Kentucky, reared in the grinding poverty and hardships of the backwoods of Indiana and Illinois, he, by dint of in- dustry and application, became a great lawyer and statesman, a great president and preserver of a nation. Every student of history is familiar with the real humanity and depths of character of this great Amer- ican citizen. In the study of such a character ques- tions will arise : * * What of his ancestry ? Were they pious, religious people ? What of his training ? What inspired him to a great life ? ' ' The student naturally looks for something in the dreary pioneer life of "Honest Abe" that inspired him to nobler and greater things beyond the horizon of his wilderness home. In our search for this inspiration we find that Lincoln's parents were pious, religious Baptist stock. The Lincolns were Baptists in Kentucky and united with a Baptist church in Indiana, where they first settled after leaving Kentucky, as shown by the fol- lowing : ''Lincoln City, Ind., Nov. 5, 1921.— Rolling back the mists of a century and offering the deerskin-bound records of Little Pigeon Baptist Church near here as the missing link of Abraham Lincoln's religion, Thomas B. McGregor, Assistant Attorney-General of the State of Kentucky, has given to an appreciative American substantial evidence that Abraham Lincoln was reared in the simple faith of the 'hard-shelled' Baptist Church." "Much of the mystery of Lincoln's religion, and 187 188 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 that of his parents, for over half a century a mooted question, has been evaporated by the finding of Mr, McGregor in the little old deerskin book of Little Pigeon Church. "There is no record of Abraham Lincoln's affilia- tion with any church denomination, but Mr. Mc- Gregor's story of Thomas Lincoln, moderator and pillar of the little Baptist church, proves conclusively, Mr. McGregor says, that the Lincoln family were Baptists. Were Well To Do * ' The parents of Abraham Lincoln deserve a fairer estimate than has been allotted them by most of the biographers of Lincoln," says Mr. McGregor, ''and the story, as told by the records that are still to be found in the archives of Little Pigeon Church, near Lincoln City, Spencer County, Indiana, of the devo- tion paid by the parents of Lincoln to him who guided the lad of Pigeon Creek in the hour of the nation's travail, goes far to give to them their true estimate. In fact, they were well-to-do pioneers of their day; of sturdy ancestral stock, owned a farm, domestic ani- mals, tools and a family Bible ; neighborly, sacrificing and active church-going members. ''Pigeon Creek Church was founded on June 8, 1816, the year that Thomas Lincoln and his family moved from Kentucky and settled on Little Pigeon Creek in what was then Warwick County, Indiana Territory. It was then, as now, the chief church in that vicinity. When the meeting-house was built, its site was selected about a mile west of Thomas Lin- coln's home, the church building today occupying practically the same place. When Lincoln's mother died she was buried between their home and the church, the graveyard not having been at that time started at the church, but when Lincoln 's sister, Sarah Grigsby, died in 1828, she was buried at the church burying ground, where her grave is yet to be seen, marked by a rough stone. Mystery of Lincoln's Religion Cleared Up 189 "This church, with its continuous existence since 1816, has only two books containing its records and minutes, the first covering the period from 1816 to 1840. It is in this book that we find Abraham Lin- coln's father, stepmother and sister were active mem- bers of the hard-shell Baptist Church of Pigeon Creek, and this book, with its deerskin cover, the hair still remaining, not only reveals in its crude, historic way the true religion of Lincoln's parents, but gives us the best insight yet found to his own religious views. Records of Church ' ' Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks were married by a Methodist minister by the name of Jesse Head, but shortly afterward they were united with one of the churches of Baptist Licking-Locust Association of regular Baptist churches of Kentucky, and when Nancy Lincoln died in Indiana, Abraham, by his own efforts, had their Kentucky pastor, Elder David Elkins, come to their wilderness home and preach his mother's funeral. "After Thomas Lincoln had married Sally Bush Johnson he sent back to his Kentucky church and obtained his letter of fellowship, and as the minutes on June 1, 1823, show, he united with the Pigeon Creek Church by this letter and his wife by experience. From that date until they moved to Illinois in 1830, their names appear frequently in the minutes of the church proceedings, Thomas being one of the pillars of the church acting as moderator, on committees to investigate the conduct of brethren and sisters, and messenger to associations, bearing the letter of Pigeon Creek to her sister churches. Text of Records "The historic minute which records the affiliation of Thomas Lincoln and his wife with this little pioneer church follows: "June the 7" 1823. 190 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 "The church met and after prayer proceeded to business. "1st Inquired for fellowship. "2nd Invited members of sister churches to seat with us. "3rd Opened a dore for the Reception of Mem- bers. "4th Received Brother Thomas Linkon by letter and * * * * "7th Received Brother John "Wire by Relation and Sister Linkhon and Thomas Carter by Ex- perance. ' ' "Thomas Lincoln was not in such poor circum- stances but that he always donated to the needs of his church, ' ' said Mr. McGregor in offering the follow- ing copy of an agreement to build a new chimney on the meeting-house : "We the undersigned Do agree one with another to pay the several Somes next our names in produce this fall to be Delivered Betwixt the first and 20 December, the produce, as follows, corn, wheat, whiskey, soft Linnen wool or any other article a material to do the work with, the produce will be delivered at Wm. Barker's in good mercantile prod- uce." Signed with other names is : "Thomas Lincoln, white corn, manufactured — pounds — 24. ' ' "Thus," continued Mr. McGregor, "we have re- vealed to us the religion of Abraham Lincoln's parents, his sister Sarah, and of himself. He was raised in the simple Baptist faith, which in after years never left him. "We have no record of Thomas LincoLn or his wife ever uniting with any church after they moved to Illinois in 1830." The above was published by the daily papers, and is taken from Judge McGregor's lecture on Lincoln. It will be observed that Judge McGregor refers to the "Licking Locust Association of Regular Baptists Mystery of Lincoln's Religion Cleared Up 191 in Kentucky" as "Hardshell." The Licking Locust Association, according to Spencer, was constituted 1807 as a result of a split on the slavery question. This association was an "emancipation association," but it disappeared about 1820, according to his- tory. Judge McGregor, however, makes a mistake when he concludes that the association, because anti-slavery, was anti-mission. The churches constituting the Lick- ing Locust Association were missionary, and all of them that now exist are still missionary. Many of the preachers who were known as "Emancipation preachers" were among the most evangelistic of the state. The Licking Locust association could not have been a "Hardshell Association," for it passed out of existence at least a decade before the mission split — or before there were any Hardshell associations. Prior to 1816, the date when the Lincolns left Ken- tucky, there were no "Hardshells" in Kentucky. To whatever Baptist church the Lincolns may have be- longed in Kentucky, it was not a * ' Hardshell ' ' or Anti- mission church, for Spencer says, "Previous to 1816 there was not an Anti-mission Baptist in Kentucky so far as known." (Vol. I, p. 570.) Neither could the Pigeon Creek Church, founded in 1816 in Indiana, be a "Hardshell" church, for the split between the Missionaries and Anti-missionaries had not taken place, and did not occur until about 1832 and follow- ing. John Taylor and Daniel Parker, the leaders, later in the Hardshell movement, were yet lined up with the Regular Baptist body, which was doing mis- sion work in 1816. William E. Barton, D. D., LL.D., in his "The Soul of Abraham Lincoln," published 1920, page 36, says: ' ' Thomas Lincoln is alleged by Herndon to have been a Free-will Baptist in Kentucky, a Presbyterian in the latter part of his life in Indiana, and finally a Disciple (I, 11). He does not state where he obtained his information, but it is almost certain that he got it from Sally Bush Lincoln on the occasion of his 192 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 visit to her in 1865, as she is the accredited source of most of the information of this character. "I am more than tempted to believe that either she or Herndon was incorrect in speaking of Thomas Lincoln's earliest affiliation as a Free-will Baptist. There were more kinds of Baptists in heaven and on earth than were understood in her philosophy ; and I question whether the Free-will Baptists, who origi- nated in New England, had by this time penetrated to so remote a section of Kentucky. What she prob- ably told Herndon was that he was not of the most reactionary kind — the so-called 'Hardshell' or Anti- mission Baptists The Scripps biography, read and approved by Lincoln, said simply that his parents were consistent members of the Baptist Church." This should settle the question as to the church affilia- tion of the Lincolns. Mr. Barton also gives evidence to show that the Lincolns were never Presbyterians nor Disciples. They were simply Baptists. Another point worth noticing is the subscription list for the building of the chimney to the church. Next to ''corn, " "wheat" came "whiskey" on the last. This shows that whiskey at that time was a staple commodity in commerce. We have two other such subscriptions. South Elkhorn and Pitman's Creek churches both have old subscription lists for pastor's salary and church building respectively with whiskey as a part of the payment. Mr. McGregor says Abraham Lincoln "had their Kentucky pastor. Elder David Elkins, come to their wilderness home (in Indiana) and preach his mother's funeral." We learn from Spencer that David Elkins was "one of the early pastors of Goodhope Church," and that "he labored with a good degree of success among the churches of Russell's Creek Association, and preached the introductory sermon before that body in 1814." (Vol. I, p. 336.) This puts pastor Elkins in that section of Kentucky where the Lin- colns lived, but Elkins was never a "Hardshell." All of these facts go to show that while the Lincolns Mystery of Lincoln's Religion Cleared Up 193 were Baptists they were not ' ' Hardshell ' ' Baptists in Kentucky. In response to a letter addressed to the postmaster at Lincoln City, Indiana, asking what kind of a Bap- tist Church "Little Pigeon Creek" was, and if the old records show from what Baptist Church in Ken- tucky Thomas Lincoln's letter came, the author re- ceived a reply from the clerk of the church, saying : "Old Pigeon Church is a Regular Baptist Church. Some call them Hardshells, but the right name is Primitive Baptist. The record don't show what church he (Thomas Lincoln) was lettered out of." This was signed "Lewis Varner, church clerk of Pigeon Church. Boonville, Ind., 1-4-22.". This shows that the church is now a Hardshell church, and this fact, perhaps, misled Mr. McGregor. In response to a letter to Hon. Thomas B. Mc- Gregor, the author received the following: Commonwealth of Kentucky Attorney General's Office FRANKFORT, KY. State House, Jan. 2, 1922. Dr. William D. Nowlin, Pastor, First Baptist Church, Greenville, Ky. My Dear Doctor: — I am in receipt of your letter of the 31st ult., rela- tive to my recent article upon the religious views of the parents of Abraham Lincoln, and I have noted with interest what you have to say touching upon the history of the Hardshell Baptist Church in Kentucky. The article you saw was doubtless taken from a Chautauqua address that I have delivered in several States and which was recently used in a magazine and by the Associated Press in tabloid form. I found the old church book of the Little Pigeon Church more than twelve years ago, and at that time I looked closely into the history of the Lincoln family 194 Kentucky Baptist History— 1770-1922 in Kentucky. Thomas Lincoln joined the Little Pigeon Creek Church in Spencer County, Indiana, by letter, and knowing the customs of the Primitive Bap- tist Church so well, I immediately begun to look for his church connection in Kentucky. In my search somewhere, I ran across the fact that his anti-slavery views were that of his church and that he was a member of such church in either Hardin or Washing- ton counties, Ky. In 1807 there was a dissension in the General Union of Baptists, and those churches refusing to give fellowship to slaveholders formed a separate Association and it was known as "The Baptized Licking Locust Association, Friends of Humanity." It was of short life, however, and by 1814 it had disappeared. The home of the Lincolns in Kentucky was in Baptist territory. With high regards and best wishes, and thanking you for your interest in my article, I am Yours very truly, Thos. B. McGregor. It should be remembered, however, that it was not the anti-slavery sentiment that marked a church as "Hardshell," but the anti-mission sentiment. Many of the early Baptists who were anti-slavery were thoroughly missionary. The zealous, evangelistic missionary, Wm. Hickman, was one of the "emanci- pators," but never anti-missionary. Mr. McGregor says Abraham Lincoln "was raised in the simple Baptist faith, which in after years never left him." While there is no record of Abraham Lincoln having ever joined a church, it is believed that he lived and died in the simple Baptist faith of his fathers. Lincoln and His Bible The following account of Lincoln and his Bible is taken from one of our Baptist papers: * * The Bible which fed the soul of Abraham Lincoln in the Kentucky log cabin of his boyhood was one of Mystery of Lincoln's Religion Cleared Up 195 the cheap little Bibles imported from England by vote of the American Congress in 1777, "Lincoln loved the Bible above all books, and once paid the following tribute to it: 'I am profitably- engaged in reading the Bible. Take all of this book upon reason that you can, and the balance by faith, and you will live and die a better man. In regard to the great Book, I have only to say that it is the best book which God has given to men.' " Lincoln's addresses, speeches, and messages are shot through and through with quotations from the Bible. For example, take this paragraph from his second Inaugural Address delivered March 4, 1865 : "The Almighty has his own purposes. 'Woe unto the world because of offenses ! for it must needs be that offenses come ; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh. ' If we shall suppose that Amer- ican Slavery is one of those offenses which in the providence of God must needs come, but which hav- ing continued through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the oft'ense come, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the be- lievers in a living God always ascribe to him ? Fondly do we hope — fervently do we pray — that this mighty scourge of war may pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bond- man 's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, 'The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.' " In Mr. Barton's recent book, "The Soul of Abra- ham Lincoln" he gives on page 86 a statement taken from Scribner's Monthly, 1873, page 343, as follows: "Here I relate an incident which occurred on the 4th of March, 1861, as told me by Mrs. Lincoln. She said: 196 Kentucky Baptist History — 1770-1922 " 'Mr. Lincoln wrote the conclusion of his in- augural address the morning it was delivered. The family being present, he read it to them. He then said he wished to be left alone for a short time. The family retired to an adjoining room, but not so far distant but that the voice of prayer could be dis- tinctly heard. There, closeted with God alone, sur- rounded by the enemies who were ready to take his life, he commended his country's cause and all dear to him to God's care and with a mind calm by com- munion with his Father in heaven, and courage equal to the danger, he came forth from that retirement ready for duty.' " Lincoln was a man of God, a man of prayer, a man of faith. He believed unquestionably in the eternal purposes of God, and in the infallibility of his revealed will — the Bible. DATE DUE ^g"'"'"^ r . GAYLORD PRINTED IN US. A. BX6248.K4N9 „ ^„^^ Kentucky Baptist history, 1770.. .1922, Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library 1 1012 00020 6583 M'l m ,!il!liii \|\|H!-i ■' ili!!!i!iil [ liiii i	i don't know
Pullet describes the young (less than 1 year of age) of what species of domesticated animal?	The Livestock Conservancy Cattle domesticated mammals of the genus Bos. Bull is an in-tact male bovine. Bull calf is a male calf. Calf is a young bovine. This term is used from the time of birth up until about 6 to 10 months of age when the animal is weaned. Cow is a female bovine that has had a calf. (This term may also be used for other species) Heifer is a female bovine that has not had a calf. Heifer calf is a female calf. Steer is a castrated male bovine or can be a future ox that is less than 4 years old. Ox is castrated bull that has been trained to work and is at least 4 years of age. Oxen is the plural of ox. Goat the domesticated form of capra hircus. Buck is a male goat over 1 year of age. Buckling is a young male goat less than a year old. Doe is a female goat over 1 year of age. Doeling is a young female goat less than a year old. Flock is a group of goats. (The term may be used in reference to other livestock.) Kid is a baby goat of either sex. Wether is a castrated male goat (or sheep). Horse is a domesticated large single hoofed mammal (Equus caballus) with a short-haired coat, a long mane, and a long tail used for riding, pulling, or carrying loads. Colt is a male horse under 3 years of age. Filly is a female horse under 3 years of age. Foal is a young equine under 1 year of age. Gelding is a castrated male horse. Mare is a female horse after her 4th birthday. Stallion is an intact male horse. Rabbit is a mammal of the family Leporidae or the domesticated Old World species Oryctolagus cuniculus. Buck is a male rabbit. Doe is a female rabbit. Fryer or “young rabbit” is a rabbit that is 2 months old and weighs 3 ¾ lbs to 4 ½ lbs. Kit is a baby rabbit. Rabbitry is where owners keep their herd of rabbits in separate cages. Stewer or “mature rabbit” is a rabbit 3 months of age or older averaging 6 pounds or more. Warren is where owners keep their herd of rabbits as a group in a large cage or enclosure. Sheep the domesticated species ovis aries. Ewe is a female sheep at least 1 year of age. Ewe lamb is a female sheep under 1 year of age. Flock is a group of sheep. (The term may be used in reference to other livestock.) Lamb is a young sheep. When referring to meat, lamb is meat from a sheep that is 12-14 months old or less. Lambkin or lambling is a newly born lamb. Ram is an in-tact male sheep that is at least one year of age. Ram lamb is a male sheep that is under 1 year of age. Sheep is a mature ovine at least one year of age and may also refer to the ovine species. Wether is a castrated male sheep (or goat). Swine are even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including pigs, hogs, and boars. Barrow is a castrated (before sexual maturity) male swine. Boar is an adult male swine. Gilt is a female swine that has not given birth. Drove is a group of swine. Feeder pig is a young pig, most often between 40-70lbs that is produced by one farmer and sold to another for growing out to market weight. Hog is a mature swine with an adult weight above 150 pounds. Lard types of pig were developed to have large deposits of fat that could be more easily butchered from the animal in large chunks. This makes rendering easier and results in less loss of good meat. Market hog is a hog that weighs from 220-260 pounds and is 5-7 months of age when it is sent to market. Meat types of pig (also known as Bacon types) were developed to have more lean meat with moderate marbling of fat. Pig is a young swine that is not sexually mature or a mature swine with an adult weight under 150 pounds. Piglet or baby pig refers to a young pig in its first 14-21 days of life and is still nursing. Shoat is a young hog (not sexually mature) that has been weaned and is ready for market weighing 150-260 pounds Sow is an adult female swine. Stag is a castrated (after sexual maturity) male swine. Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept for meat or eggs including birds of the order Galliformes: chicken, turkey, natatorial (swimming) birds: duck and goose. Flock is a group comprised of one species of poultry. Trio is typically a group of poultry with one male and two females Chicken is a common domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Broiler is a meat chicken processed at the age of 7-12 weeks when it reaches 2 ½ to 3 ½ pounds live weight. Fryer is a meat chicken usually marketed at 12-20 weeks. Capon are male chickens that have been castrated and they are harvested at 4-8 months old. They weigh 5-9 pounds and produce more white meat and have higher fat content than other chickens. Chick is a newly hatched or a very young chicken. Cock is a male chicken at least one year of age or older. Cockerel is a male chicken less than one year old. Cornish game hens are a cross between a Cornish and Plymouth Rock chicken (although originally they were pure Cornish), 4-5 weeks old, weighing about 2 pounds. They may be of either sex. Hen is a female chicken at least one year of age. Poussin or “spring chicken” is a young chicken, 3-4 weeks old, weighing about 1 pound that is prepared as a single serving. Pullet is a female chicken less than one year of age. A pullet is, in industry, a young female that has yet to start laying eggs Roasters are chickens that are 6-12 months of age weighing 4-7 pounds. Rooster is a male chicken over one year of age. Stewing fowl is a mature male or female chicken over one year of age. Ducks are any wild or domesticated swimming birds of the family Anatidae, typically having a broad, flat bill, short legs, and webbed feet. Drake is an adult male duck. Duck can refer to a female of the duck family. Ducklings are baby ducks. Old drake is a male duck over 1 year of age. Old duck is a female duck over 1 year of age. Young drake is a male duck under 1 year of age. Young duck is a female duck under 1 year of age. Geese are wild or domesticated water birds of the family Anatidae and of the genera Anser and Branta that typically have a shorter neck than a swan and a shorter, more pointed bill than a duck. Gander is a male goose over 1 year of age. (Also referred to as old gander.) Goose is the singular of geese or a female goose. Gosling is a young goose up until feathers have replaced all of their down. Old goose is a female goose over 1 year of age. Young gander is a male goose under 1 year of age. Young goose is a female goose under 1 year of age. Turkey is a large North American bird (Meleagris gallopavo) that is widely domesticated for food and comes in many varieties. Hen is a female turkey over one year of age. Old hen is a female turkey over one year of age. Old tom is a male turkey over 1 year of age. Poult is a young domestic (not wild) turkey. Tom is a male turkey. Young hen is a female turkey under 1 year of age. Young tom is a male turkey under 1 year of age.	Chicken
Following a much televised low-speed chase down Interstate 405, OJ Simpson was arrested on June 17, 1994, in connection with the murder of what two people?	ANS 1454 Study Guide (2010-11 Wood) - Instructor Wood at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. ANS 1454 Study Guide (2010-11 Wood) ANS 1454 Study Guide (2010-11 Wood) StudyBlue tendency toward pink eye (blindness) Shorthorn Bull (British) crosses well w/ British breeds variety of colors fat cells or fat tissue alleles genes occupying corresponding loci in homologous chromosomes that affect the same hereditary trait but in different ways alleles genes that affect the same hereditary trait but in different ways (on homologous chromosomes) antemortem before death anterior situated in front of, or toward the front part of, a point of reference. Toward the head of an animal Anterior towards the front/head of an animal Advertisement toward the head of an animal; situated in front of anterior situated in front of, or toward the front part of a point of reference anthelmintic a drug or chemical agent used to kill or remove internal parasites anitbiotic a product by living organisms, such as yeast, which destroys or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms, especially bacteria antibody a specific protein molecule that is produced in response to a foreign protein that has been introduced into the body antigen a foreign substance that, when introduced into the blood or tissues, causes the formation of antibodies. Antigens may be toxins or native proteins. as fed refers to feeding feeds that contain their normal amount of moisture avian refers to birds, including poultry Avian birds balanced ration one which furnishes the several nutrients (proteins, carbs, and fat) in such proportion and amount as will properly nourish a given animal for 24 hours Balanced ration one which furnishes the several nutrients in such proportion and amount as will properly nourish a given animal for 24 hours balance sheet a statement of assets owned and liabilities owed in dollar terms that shows the equity or net worth at a specific point in time balance sheet statement of assets owned and liabilities owned in dollar terms that shows the equity or net worth at a specific point in time Balance sheet a statement of assets owned and liabilities owed in dollar terms that shows the equity or net worth at a specific point in time (eg. net worth statement) barrow a male swine that was castrated before reaching puberty barrow male swine castrated before puberty beef the meat from cattle other than calves Beef the meet from cattle other than calves beef beet from cattle other than calves beef a general family grouping of cattle Bovine Cattle boxed beef cuts of beef put in boxes for shipping from packing plant to retailers. these primal and subprimal cuts are intermediate cuts between the carcass and retail cuts boxed beef cuts of beef put in boxes fro shipping from packers to retailers boxed beef cuts of beef in boxes for shipping from packing to retailers break joint denotes a point on a lamb carcass where the foot and pastern are removed at the cartilaginous junction of the front leg break joint the point on a lamb carcass where the foot and pastern are removed at the cartilaginous junction of the front leg breed animals of common origin with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species breed animals of common origin with similar characteristics breed animals of common origin with characteristics the distinguish them from others w/in species breed type distinctive features (such as form, head, color, and markings) in which on breed differs from another breed type distinctive features that differ breeds broiler (fryer) a young meat-type chicken of either sex (usually up to 6-8 weeks of age) weighing 3-5 lbs broiler (fryer) young meat-type chicken of either sex (6-8 weeks) weighing 3-5 lbs. broiler (fryer) young meat chicken; 3-5 lbs Broiler (fryer) a young meat-type chicken of either sex weighing 3-5 pounds. also referred to as a fryer or young chicken broodiness the desire of a female bird to sit on eggs (incubate) buck a make sheep or goat. this term usually denotes animals of breeding age Buck a male sheep or goat of breeding age buck mature male sheep or goat Buck a male sheep or goat. this term usually denotes animals of breeding age bull a bovine male. the term usually denotes animals of breeding age Bull a bovine male of breeding age bull a young bull, typically less than 20 months of age Bullock a young bull, usually less than 20 months of age bullock young bull, less than 20 mos. of age bullock young bull, less than 20 months by-product a product of considerably less value than the major product. for example, hide, pelt and offal By-Product a product of considerably less value than the major product (ex. Hide, skin, pelt, etc.) by-product a product of considerably less value than the major product by-product product of less value than major product calf a young male or female bovine animal under a year of age calf young cow under a year Calf a young male or female bovine under a year calorie the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water form 15oC to 16oC Calorie the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 15C to 16C calve giving birth to a calf. same as parturition Calve giving birth to a calf campanion animals an animal to whom an owner has an intense emotional tie capon castrated male chicken. castration usually occures between 3 and 4 weeks of age Capon castrated male chicken cash-flow statement a financial statement summarizing all cash receipts and disbursements over the period of time covered by the statement castrate an animal that has had its testicles removed caudal toward the tail of an animal chevon fertilization of the ovum (egg) conception fertilization of ovum condition in meat animals and draft horses, this term means degree of fatness; in race horses, state of being fit to race; in breeding animals, the state of being fit to concieve readily Condition In meat animals and draft animals, this terms means degree of fatness; in race horses, state of being fit to race; in breeding animals, the state of being fit to concieve easily condition meat animals and draft horses- degree of fatness race horses- state of being fit to race breeding animals- state of being fit to give birth condition in meat animals and draft horses in this term means degree of fatness; in race horses, state of being fit to race; in breeding animals, the state of being fit to conceive readily conformation the physical form of an animal; its shape and arrangement of parts Conformation the physical form of an animal; an animals shape and arrangement of parts conformation the physical form of an animal cow a sexually mature female bovine animal-usually one that has produced a calf cow a sexually mature female bovine, usually has produced a calf cow mature female bovine after one calf cranial toward the head of an animal, also anterior cranial toward the head of an animal creep an enclosure in which young can enter to obtain feed but larger animals cannnot enter. this process is called creep feeding creep young can enter to feed but not adults Creep an enclosure in which young can enter to obtain feed but larger animals cannot enter crossbred an animal produced by crossing two or more breeds cryptorchidism the retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity in animals that typically have the testicles hanging in a scrotal sac cryptorchidism the retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity cryptorchidism retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity when not supposed to Cryptorchidism the retention of one or both testicles int he abdominal cavity in animals that typically have the testicles hanging in a scrotal sac cull to eliminate one or more animals from the breeding herd or flock cutability fat, lean, and bone composition of meat animals. used interchangeably with yield grade cutability fat, lean, and bone composition of meat animals (also yield grade) cutability fat, lean and bone composition of meat animals cwt and abbreviation form hundred weight (100 lbs) Cwt feed ingredients or mixture of ingredients (including water) which are consumed by animals Diet feed ingredients or mixture of ingredients which are consumed by animals digestion the reduction in particle size of feed so that the feed becomes soluble and can pass across the gut wall into the vascular or lymph system What is Digestion? process of breaking down food and preparing it for absorption disease any deviation from a normal state of health distal position that is distant from the point of attachment of an organ dorsal of, on, or near the back of an animal double muscling a genetic trait in cattle where muscles are greatly enlarged rather than duplicate muscles down soft, fluffy type feather located under the contour feathers. serves as insulating material Down soft, fluffy type of feather located under the contour feathers; serves as unsulating material down soft, fluffy type of feather located under the contour feathers; insulator down soft, fluffy type of feather drake the period of mating activity in the female mammal. same as heat estrus the period of mating activity, same as heat estrus the period of mating activity in female noun- "heat" ethology study of animal behavior in the animal's natural environment ethology study of animal behavior ewe a sexually mature female sheep. a ewe lamb is a female sheep before attaining sexual maturity ewe a sexually mature female sheep ewe mature female sheep expected progeny difference (EPD) one-half of the breeding value, the difference in performance to be expected from the future progeny of a sire, compared with that expected future progeny of an average bull in the same test Expected progeny difference (EPD) one-half of the breedfing value; the difference in performance to be expected from future progeny of a sire, compared with that expected from future progeny of an average bull in the same test farrow to deliever, or give birth to, pigs Farrow to deliver, or give birth to pigs farrow to deliver pigs feed additive ingredient (such as an antibiotic or hormone-like substance) added to a diet to perform a specific role (e.g., to improve gain or feed efficiency) Feed additive ingredient added to a diet to perform a specific role feed efficiency the amount of feed required to produce a unit of weight gain or milk; for poultry, this term can alson denote the amount of feed required to produce a given quantity of eggs the amount of gain made per unit of feed feed efficiency amount of feed required to produce a unit of weight gain or milk amount of gain made per unit of feed Feed efficiency the amount of feed required to produce a unit of weight gain or milk; for poultry this term can also denote the amount of feed required to produce a given quantity of eggs the amount of gain made per unit of food feeder animals (e.g, cattle, lambs, pigs) that need further feeding prior to slaughter Feeder animals that need further feeding prior to slaughter feeder animals that need further feeding before slaughter femininity well-developed secondary female sex characteristics, udder development & refinement in head and neck femininity well developed secondary female sex characteristics feral domesticated animal that return to nature to survive and reproduce fertility the capcity to initate, sustain, and support reproduction. with reference to poultry, the term typically refers to the percentage of eggs that, when incubated, show some degree of embryonic development Fertility the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction. With reference to poultry, the term typically refers to the percentage of eggs that, when incubated, show some degree of embryotic development fertility the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction fertility capacity for reproduction Fertility the capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction. with reference to poultry, the term typically refers to the percentage of eggs that, when incubated, show some degree fo embryonic development fetus later stage of individual development within the uterus. generally, the new individual is regarded as an embryo during the first half of pregnancy, and as a fetus during the last half Fetus later stage of individual development within the uterus. Generally, the new individual is reguarded as an embryo during the first half of pregnancy, and as a fetus during the last half fetus later stage of individual development within the uterus fill the contents of the digestive tract Fill the contents of the digestive filly the degree of fatness of an animal fleece the wool shorn at one time from all parts of the sheep flock a group of sheep or poultry foal a young male or female horse (noun) or the act of giving birth (verb) Foal a young male or female horse; the act of giving birth foal v. to give birth to a baby horse foal to give birth baby horse free choice refers to individual feeds being available to animals so they can choose the proportion of each they prefer free martin female born twin to a bull (approximately 9 of 10 will not concieve) full sibs animals having the same sire and dam full sibs a male horse that has been castrated genetic engineering the technique of removing, modifying, or adding genes to a DNA molecule genetic engineering technique of manipulating genes in a DNA molecule gestation the time from breeding or conception of a female until she gives birth to her young gestation a young female swine prior to the time that she has produced her first litter gilt a young female swine prior to the time that she has her first litter gilt the testis of the male, the ovary of the female gonad growth the increase in protein over its loss in the animal body. growth occurs by increases in cell numbers, cell size, or both growth the increase in protein over its loss in the animal body (growth in cell numbers, size, or both) growth the increase in protein over its loss in the animal body. half-sib animals having one common parent half-sib unit of measurement equal to 4 inches hatchability a term that indicates the percentage of a given number of eggs set from which viable young hatch, sometimes calculated specifically from the number of fertile eggs set heifer a young female bovine cow before the time that she has produced her first calf heifer young female bovine cow before she has her first calf heifer a young female bovine vow before the time that she has produced her first calf heiferette a heifer that has calved once, after which the heifer is fed for slaughter, the calf has usually died or been weaned at an early age heiferette heifer that has calved once but calf dies or weaned early, and then she is fed for slaughter heiferette a heifer that has calved once hen an adult female domestic fowl, such as a chicken or turkey Hen an adult domestic fowl, such as a chicken or turkey hen an adult female domestic fowl hen the offspring that results from crossing a stallion with a female donkey (jenny) hinney the offspring from a stallion and a jenny hinney the offspring that results from grossing a stallion with a female donkey hog pig, either sex, usually between 160 lbs and market weight hormone a chemical substance secreted by a ductless gland. usually carried by the bloodstream to other places in the body where it has its specific effect on another organ hormone a chemical substnace secreted by a ductless gland. Usually carried by the bloodstream to other places in the body where it has its specific effect on another organ hormone chemical substance secreted by a ductless gland hormone incubation period the time that elapses from the time an egg is placed into an incubator until the young is hatched incubation period invasion of the body tissue by microbial agents or parasites other than insects in vitro outside the living body; in a test tube or other artificial environment in vitro Place ewe and lamb in jugs, strip teats, dip naval chords, colostrum, lard the fat from pigs that hasbeen prodiced through a rendering process Lard the fat from pigs that has been produced through a rendering process lard fat from pigs that has been produced lard lateral away from the median plane (that plane which divides the body into left and right halves, front to rear) lateral away from the median plane lateral away from the median plan layer a hen that is kept for egg production layer sex drive or the desire to mate on the part of the male libido life span of an animal, usually refers to a long life span longevity life span of an animal low-set having short legs maintenance a condition in which the body is maintained without an increase or decrease in body weight and with no production or work being done management the act, art, or manner of managing, handling, controlling, or directing a resource or integrating several resources management Management the act, art, or manner of managing, handling controlling, or directing a resource or integrating sever resources marbling the distribution of fat in muscular tissue; intramuscular fat marbling degree of muscling, or ratio of muscle to fat and bone medial toward the median plane (that plane which divides the body into left and right halves, front to rear) Medial Toward the median plane morbidity measurement of illness; morbidity rate is the number of individuals in a group that become ill during a specified time mule the hybrid that is produced by mating a male donkey with a female horse. they are usually sterile mule hybrid between male donkey and female horse; sterile mule the hybrid that is produced by mating male donkey with female horse mutton the meat from a sheep that is over 1 year old mutton includes chickens, turkeys, geese, pigeons, peafowls, guineas, and game birds poultry poultry primal cuts the most valuable portions of a carcass. usually includes leg, loin, and rib; may include others cuts as well Primal Cuts most valuble portions of a carcass, usually leg, loin, and rib primal cuts the most valuable portions of a carcass (leg, loin, rib) primal cuts most valuable portions of carcass prolific reproducing regularly and numerously proximal nearest. the position that is closest to the point of attachment for a limb or bone proximal proximal Proximal nearest, the position that is closes to the point of attachment for a limb or bone puberty the age at which the reproductive organs become functionally operative puberty pullet young female chicken from day of hatch through onset of egg production; sometimes the term is used through the first laying year Pullet young female chicken from day of hatch through onset of egg production; sometimes used through first year of laying pullet young female chicken from day of hatch through onset of egg production pullet an animal eligible for registry with a recognized breed association purebred a male sheep that is sexually mature ram refers to a long body ration the amount of total feed fed to an animal over a 24-hour period Ration the amount of total feed fed to an animal over a 24hr period regurgitate to cast up digested food to the mouth as is done by ruminants Regurgitate to ast up digested food to the mouth as is done by ruminants roaster a younf meat-type chicken, usually 3 to 5 months of age, of either sex, that can be cooked ender by roasting, and usually weighing 4 pounds or over roaster a young meat-type chicken, usually 3 to 5 months, of either sex, that can be cooked tender by roasting and usually weighing 4 pounds or over roaster young meat-type chicken, 3-5 months, 4 lbs or more Roaster a young meat-type chicken, usually 3-5 months of age, of either sex, that can be cooked tender by roasting, and usually weighing 4 pounds or over roughness refers to neatly connected and smooth hips, shoulders, and uniform lines smoothness neatly connected and smooth hips, shoulders, and uniform lines sow a female swine that has farrowed one litter or has reached 12 months of age sow female swine that has farrowed one litter or is 12 months old sow to remove the ovaries spool joint the joint where the foot and partern are removed from the front leg, used to identify a mutton carcass Spool Joint joint where thee foot and pastern are removed from the front led; used to identify mutton carcass spool joint the joint where the foot and pastern are removed from the front leg; identifies mutton carcass spool joint castrated male sheep, cattle, goats, or swine that has reached sexual maturity prior to castration stag castrated male sheep, cattle, goats, whine that have reached sexual maturity before castration stallion a sexually mature male horse stallion a castrated bovine male that was castrated early in life before puberty Steer a castrated male bovine male that was castrated early in life before puberty steer castrated bovine male before puberty steer stewing chicken a mature female chicken, usually more than 10 months of age, that requires moist, pressurized, or extended cooking; also called hen or fowl stewing chicken mature, female chicken, usually more that 10 months old, that requires moist, pressurized or extended cooking; also called hen or fowl stewing chicken mature female chicken, 10 months stocker (cattle) weaned cattle that are fed high-roughage diets (including grazing) before going into the feedlot stocker (cattle) weaned cattle that are fed high-roughage diets before feedlot stocker (cattle) an unusual or abnormal influence causing a change in an animal's function, structure, or behavior Stress stud usually the same as stallion. also a place where male animals are maintained (i.e., bull stud) Stud stallion; place where male animals are maintained stud subcutaneous situated beneath, or occurring beneath, the skin. a subcutaneous injection is an injection made under the skin substance refers to heaviness of bone substance animals that contain genes transferred from other animals, usually from a different species transgenic animals type the physical conformation of an animal all those physical attributes that contribute to the value of an animal for a specific purpose type suspension of attenuated or killed microbes or toxins administered to induce active immunity veal the meat from very young cattle, under 3 months of age veal the meat from very young cattle, under 3 months veal away from (below) the backbone or toward the mid-abdominal wall virus ultramicroscopic bundle of genetic material capable of multiplying only in living cells. viruses cause a wide range of disease in plants, animals, and humans, such as rabies and measles viscera internal organs and glands contained in the thoracic and abdominal cavities viscera internal organs and glands contained in the thoracic and abdominal viscera wasty as applied to a carcass, this term means having too much fat, requiring excessive trimming; may also be applied to paunchy live animals wasty carcass- too much fat, requires excessive trimming live- paunchy animals seperating young animals from their dams so that the offspring can no longer suckle Weaning separating yung animals from their dams so that the offspring can no longer suckle weaning separating young animals from their dams so that the offspring can no longer suckle weaning a male sheep castrated before reaching puberty wether the time before slaughter that a drug should not be given to an animal wool blindness sheep cannot see, owing to wool covering their eyes wool blindness animals that are approximately 1 year old yearling the yellow part of the egg the natural grease (lanolin) of wool Yolk Length of Estrous Cycle in Cattle Avg: 21 days Length of Estrous Cycle in Sheep Avg: 17 days Length of Sheep Estrous Cycle 17 days Length of Estrous Cycle in Goats Avg: 21 days Length of Estrous Cycle in Horses avg: 21 days Length of Estrous Cycle in Swine Avg: 21 days Length of Estrous Cycle in Chickens and turkeys Not Avalible Duration of Estrus in Cattle Avg: 18 hours Duration of Estrus in Sheep Avg: 30 hours Duration of Estrus in Goats Avg: 39 hours Duration of Estrus in Horse Avg: 7 days Duration of Estrus in Swine Avg: 50 hours Duration of Estrus in Chickens and Turkeys Not Appicable Type of Estrous Cycle in Cattle Polyestrus Type of Estrous Cycle in Cattle Polyestrous Type of Estrous Cycle in Sheep Seasonally Polyestrus Type of Estrous Cycle- sheep Seasonally Polyestrous Type of Estrous Cycle in goats Seasonally Polyestrus Type of Estrous Cycle in Horses Seasonally Polyestrus Type of Estrous Cycle in Swine Polyestrus Type of Estrous Cycle in Swine Polyestrous Type of Estrous Cycle in Chickens and turkeys Not Appicable Length of Gestation in Cattle Avg: 9.5 months Length of Gestation in Cattle 9.5 months Length of Gestation in Sheep Avg: 5 months Length of Gestation in Sheep 5 months Length of Gestation in Goats Avg: 5 months Length of Gestation in Horses Avg: 11 months Length of Gestation in Swine Avg: 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (114 days) Range: 112-116 days Length of Gestation in Swine 114 days Length of Incubation in Chickens Avg: 21 days Length of Incubation in Turkeys Avg: 28 days Time of Ovulation in Cattle 30 hours after onset of estrus Time of Ovulation in Sheep 26 hours after onset of estrus Ovulation time in sheep Time of Ovulation in Goats 30 hours after onset of estrus Time of Ovulation in Horses Highly Variable relative to the end of estrus: 24-48 hours before to 24 hours after Time of Ovulation in Swine 40 hours after onset of estrus Time of Ovulation in Chickens Every 29 hours Time of Ovulation in Turkeys Every 29-35 hours Optimum time to breed cattle 12 hours after onset of estrus Optimum time to breed Sheep 24 hours after estrus begins Optimum time to breed Goats 24 hours after estrus begins Optimum time to breed Horses 2nd and 3rd day of estrus Optimum time to breed Swine 24 hours after estrus begins Optimum time to breed Chickens Every 10 days Optimum time to breed Turkeys every 30 days a young meat-type chicken of either sex weighing up to 3-5 lbs. Crytorchidism the retention of one or both testicles in the abdominal cavity in animals that typically have the testicles hanging in a scrotal sac Freemartin female born twin to a bull; usually sterile freemartin female born twin to a bull (9/10 don't conceive) freemartin female born twin to bull; usually infertile Freemartin female born twin to a bull Hinney/jenny the offspring that results from crossing a stallion with a female donkey Jack Largest Worldwide Animal Protein Production Milk Nutrients Supplied by Animal Products Per Capita 50% of protein from meat Cereal Grains Contribute heavily to calories and protein Percentage of US Income spent on food <10% What is the most amount of money spent on in ag? Food-> means increase in productivity Ag supplies what percentage of Gross National Profit? 16% US Ranks what in numbers of cattle produced? pounds? 4th in numbers, 1st in pounds What do seedstock producers produce in the beef industry? Breeding stock- mainly bulls What do commercial cow-calf products produce in the beef industry? Calves What do yearling or stocker operators produce in the beef industry? Feeder steers and heifers What do feeders operations produce in the beef industry? Market Steers, heifers, cows, and bulls What do Packers produce in the beef industry? Carcasses What do Retailers produce in the beef industry? retail cuts What do consumers produce in the beef industry? cooked products Virginia Beef Cattle Industry is located primarily where? seedstock on east coast, ship west for feedlots, etc. VA Beef Cattle Industry Cash Reciets $395,946,000 and ranks 21st in US What is a cow/calf operation end product? weaned calf at 6-10 months at 300-700 lbs. $116/cwt What do stocker operationsend product? forage; buy low-sell high; backgrounding What are beef feedlot end products? Slaughter animals; 12-30 months, Avg of 24 months Time Conception to Birth for Cattle 9.5 months Time Birth to Puberty/Breeding for Cattle 12-18 months Age to have 1st Calf in Cattle 24 months Time between birth and processing 12-30 months Equine Industry generates how much annually? $25 billion Avg. Maintenance for horse owners per year $1500-15000 recreation, breeding, racing, entertainment, working horses How much total were horses sold for in 2008? $122.8 million US Ranks what in turkey production? Chickens and eggs? 1st, 2nd US Poultry ndustry is integrated how? vertically What is beneficial about vertical intergrated industries? efficient, small profit margins, contract growers, How do the Broiler and Turkey industries rank in US? 12th, and 6th Time between Laying of eggs and hatching for broilers 3 weeks Time between hatching and laying 1st eggs for broilers 24 weeks time between hatching and processing 42-48 days Time between laying the eggs and hatching for Turkeys 4 weeks Time between Hatching and 1st lay for turkeys 20 weeks Time between hatching and processing of turkeys 14-22 weeks depends if male or female Current calf Cattle $/lbs Time from Conception to Birth of Sheep 145 days Time from Birth to Puberty of Sheep 5-7 months Age at first lambing for Sheep 1 year Time from birth to processing for Sheep 4-12 months US is ranked what in swine production 2nd behind China Farrow to Finish, Feeder pig production(specialty), Finishing/Feedlot operations, Seedstock producers, genetics Sow Farrowing Operation Endproduct in Swine Industry Baby pigs -> weaned pigs -> nursery at 40 lbs Grow/Finishing Operations Endpoint in Swine Industry 230-270 lbs of pig Current Swine $ for carcass and live $74/cwt Time from Conception to farrowing of Swine 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days 114 days Time from Farrowing to Puberty in Swine 4-7 months Age of 1st breeding in Swine 8 months Age at first litter in Swine 1 year old Time between farrowing and processing 6+ months USDA YG for Market Steer 3.0 or less USDA YG for Market Hog US No. 1 USDA YG for Market Lamb 2.9 or less USDA QG for Market Steer Low Choice or higher USDA QG for Market Hog Not Appicable USDA QG for Market Lamb Choice or higher the purpose of sorting animals by classes and grades allow buyers and sellers to communicate without being face to face Subclasses of Market Classes What are USDA Slaughter Classes based on for Cattle, Sheep, and Swine Age and Sex What are USDA Slaughter Classes based on for Poultry Age Only What are USDA Feeder Classes based on for Cattle and Sheep Age and Sex What are USDA Feeder Classes based on for Swine Age Only What are USDA Feeder Classes based on for Poultry Not Used!! What is the primary determinant in Preliminary Yield Grade FAT Egg Quality Grades are based on what? Exterior Factors(Cleanliness, Soundness, Shape), Interior Factors(Air Cell Height, Albumin Thickness, Yolk Condition, Abnormalities Domestic Egg Grades AA, A, B, Dirty, Check Three Productive Stages of Livestock Breeding/Reproduction, Feeder/Growing, Slaughter/Carcass What Is the most desirable Yield Grade? 1 Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Utility, Commercial, Cutter, Canner What composes 58% of a hog's value? ham and loin What are the high priced cuts of Sheep? Leg, Loin, and Rack What are high priced cuts of Beef? Loin, Rib, Round How do you determine Final USDA Grades for hogs 4xBF-Muscle Score Where is backfat measured on a pork carcass? 10th rib How do you find the REA adjustment? (Actual REA-Required REA)(0.3) How do you find the final YG? Initial Grade-Adjustment How do you find the YG of Lamb Carcass? (BFx10)+0.4 How do you find Dressing Percents? (Carcass Weight/Live Weight)x100 Hormonally controlled cycle of events from one heat period to the next function of testosterone sperm maturation, libido, secondary sex characteristics function of infundibulum function of the vas deferens transport sperm into body cavity How long is the estrous cycle of the cow? 21 days How long is the estrous cycle of the ewe? 17 days Need fewer animals, Safer, Better genetics, disease barrier, can use older/dead sires Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination Startup cost, collecting males, AI Techniques, Genetics, Estrus detection, lower conception rates What is another name for the uterus in birds? Shell gland Where are testicles in birds contained? In the body cavity What are the parts of the female repro tract? Ovaries, Oviducts, Uterine Horns, Uterine Body, Cervix, Vagina, Vulva Vulva opening of repro system; passes urine; opening for mating; birth canal Vagina site where semen is deposited during natural mating in cows, ewes, and mares Cervix thick walled; where boar deposits semen Uterus where semen is deposited in cows during AI Oviducts carry ova(eggs) Ovaries Primary organ in a female repro tract; produces eggs; produces hormones throughout different stages of estrus cycle Primary Abnormalities in Semen disturbances of nuclear material or membrane of sperm head; harmful to fertility Secondary Abnormalities in Semen disruptions or the midpiece or tail of sperm; occur during maturation; less detrimental to fertility Pros of Artifical Insemination Need fewer animals, safer, better genetics, disease barrier, can use older/dead sires Cons of Artificial Insemination Startup Cost, Collecting Males, Techniques, Genetics, Estrus Detection, Lower conception rates Percentages of AI use in Beef Cattle 5-10% Percentages of AI use in Dairy Cattle 80-90% Percentages of AI use in Horses 40-50% Percentages of AI use in Swine 50-60% Percentages of AI use in Sheep <5% Percentages of AI use in Turkeys 95% weaning in pigs, "transport phenomenon" Artificial Estrous Synchronization cycling animals: regress CL and/or extend CL non-cycling animals: jump start system (ovulation), follow with other hormones Embryo Transfer Must have synchronized donors and recipients, nonsurgical techniques preferred, successful in all species, used as biosecurity tool in swine What is ultrasound used for? Ovarian Activity, Pregnancy Disgnosis, Fetal Age, Fetal Sexing, Guiding insemination rod Average Daily Gain (End Weight-Start Weight)/(End Date-Start Date) Weight/Day of Age Weight/Age on the day weighed expected progeny difference one half of the breeding value; the difference in performance to be expected from the future progeny of a sire compared with that expected from future progeny of an average bull in the same test expected progeny difference one half of breeding value expected difference in performance from future children of sire compared to average bull Expected Progeny Difference EPD, measure of genetic potential based on performance of individual and of its relatives dock remaining portion of tail of docked sheep reduce or lower in value Average Length of Estrous in Cattle 21 days Average Duration of Estrous in Cattle 18 hours Average Daily Gain for Markey Steer 3 lbs/day Average Live Weight of Market Steer 1050 to 1350 lbs Average carcass weight of market steer 625 to 850 lbs Average backfat thickness of market steer .2 to .5 inches Average ribeye area of Market steer 12 to 16 sq. in. Goal of Beef Cattle Nutrition Program provide adequate nutrients for optimum reproductive efficiency When is rapid growth rate critical for heifer calves used in breeding herds? birth to weaning and weaning to puberty why doe breeding heifers need to grow quickly to insure they will reach puberty in advance of breeding season how much of her mature weight should a heifer be in forder to breed? 60% (Target Weight-Wean Weight)/Days to breeding Period 1 of cattle breeding cycle increase energy and protein by 16 and 29% respectively Why are the nutrients requirements for cattle increased the last 60 days of gestation? the last few months of gestation are when the calf grows the quickest How much do the energy and protein requirements increase during lactation of cattle? 49 and 93% respectively When are cattle nutrient requirements at their lowest level? postweaning When is the most critical time for a cow to be moderate to good body condition calving indian/brahmn breed, hump, floppy ears how are cattle distinguished color, presence or absence of horn, conformation what is breed improvement based on? economically important traits british, black, early maturity, high quality carcass, good maternal breed Hereford British, hardy, good carcass, lower milk production, pink eye tendency What do you get when you cross Hereford and an Angus Black Baldy British, good growth, excellent milk production, good carcass quality Charolais French, double muscled, little marbling Simmential Swiss, good growth and carcass traits Brahman Indian, heat and parasite resistant, low birth weight, undesirable carcass characteristics Important Traits in Beef Cattle reproduction performance, weaning wt, postweaning growth, feed efficency, carcass merit, longevity, conformation Net Calf Crop at Weaning Equation (# of calves weaned/# of cows exposed for breeding) X 100 Average percent of Calves weaned 79% 205 day Adjusted Weaning Wt {[(wean wt-birth wt)/age at wean] x 205} + birth wt Adjusted 365 day yearling wt {[(yearling wt-birth wt.)/days from wean to yearling] x 160} +205 day wt Age Adjusted Wt Ratio (Individual Adj. Wt/Herd Avg. Wt) X 100 Heifer Selection Guidlines: Weaning cull those who are too light to show estrus, to large in frame Heifer Selection Guidlines: Yearling cull those not reaching target breeding wt(700-900lbs) or those w/ extreme sizes and wts. Heifer Selection Guidlines: After Breeding cull those not pregnant and those to calve in later 1/3 of breeding season Heifer Selection Guidelines: After weaning 1st calf cull to # of first time heifers needed for herd based on wean wt of calf Why is crossbreeding beneficial to commercial producers? takes advantage of heterosis, matches strengths and weaknesses Replacement Heifer Wean Wt Replacement Heifer breeding season wt 750 lbs Replacement Heifer wt gain required 275 lbs Replacement Heifer days from wean to breed 212 days Avg daily gain for Replacement Heifer 13.3 lbs/day What does a Bull breeding soundness exam test health/physical soundness, scrotal circumfrance, semen quality Ways to perform pregnancy checks rectal exaam after 30 days or ultrasound after 21 days What does underfeeding cows during gestation cause? decrease in calf birth wt, decrease milk production What does overfeeding cows during gestation cause? money loss, dystocia, poor milk production Post Partum Anestrus Causes Uterine Involution, Suckling of Calf, poor body condition, loss of weight after calving Body Condition Scores 1-2 (very thin) 3 (thin), 4 (marginal), 5-6 (adequate), 7 (fat), 8-9 (very fat) Baby calf processing dip naval chord, weigh, ID, vaccinate, inject vitamins A, D, and D and Selenium, castrate, implant growth promotant Preweaning conditioning re-implant growth promotant, vaccinate, deworm, introduce to feed bank and waterer How much should weaned calves weigh? 500 lbs when should calves be weaned? 7-10 months feedlot calves should gain how much per day? 2.8lbs/day how long should feedlot calves be on feed? 214 days how much in total should feedlot calves gain? 600 lbs cost of gain in feedlot calves? $75/cwt produce growth cheaply, develop heifers for replacements Margin of profit difference between purchase price and selling price per cwt Gaining Ability of cattle in stocker cattle operations depends on genetic ability, health status Nutrition in Stocker Cattle Operations IDEALLY forage, water Developing Heifers in Stocker Cattle Operations gain 1.25-1.75 lbs/day, 2.5% of body wt in forage, Ways cattle Producers reduce costs reduce feed costs, rotational grazing, genetics, reduce labor costs, good health program for cattle how many breeds of cattle around world? 250+ what defines a breed of cattle? related by desent and other similar characteristics what is the highest economic importance trait in cattle? repro performance is the heritability of fertility in catter low or high? low is the heritability of carcass traits in cattle low or high? high Cattle sire selection acounts for what percentage of genetic improvment in a herd? 80-90% concieve early, calve easily, good flow of milk, wean heavy calves, good genetic contribution Farm-Feeding Operations Advantages utilize cattle, utilize high roughage feeds, distributes labor evenly, flexible, cost of feed amounts to what percentage of total costs? 60-75% dust, odor, flies, water quality Where are pigs originally from? Spain and England family farm, diversified, farrow to finish, live market, outdoor enterprises Modern Pork Production total confinement, multiple farrow groups, early weaning, AI, efficient Where are pigs mostly located? Midwest and NC Vertical Integration, specialized farms, Murphy Brown Smithfield Foods, Inc. worlds largest pig producer and processor, contracts w/ growers, Premium genetics, 7 slaughter plants Maternal Swine Breeds Productivity, Growth Tate, Feed efficiency, Carcass Traits, Soundness What does sow productivity include? conception rate, littersize, 21 day wt, litters per sow per year What carcass traits are important in swine? BF at 10th rib, loin muscle area, meat quality When should you purchase new swine breeding stock 60 days prior How many times should you vaccinate swine stock against repro diseases? twice a year What is the recommendations for swine pen mating? 1 boar/10 females What is the recommendation for swine hand mating? once daily, 1 male and 1 female What is the recommendation for swine AI? collect 2x a week How much should Gilts weigh? 260 lbs When should gilts have first litter? 1 year When should sows be bred? 1st heat after weaning, 2-7 days post weaning How often do sows and gilts cycle? 18-22 days When should a sow/gilt be bred when using AI? 1st day of heat and 24 hours later When should a sow/gilt be bred when using Hand breeding? once daily until out of heat When should sows be checked for pregnancy? 35-40 days when should you vaccinate against baby pig diseases? mid gestation Swine Prefarrowing routine treat for parasites, vaccinate, clean and disinfect barn, wash sow, bring sow in 4-5 days before due date Swine Parturition routine assist if needed, dip naval chords, colostrum, Swine Lactation routine check sow for health problems-mastitis Day 1 of pig processing count teats, weigh, notch ears, clip teeth, dock tails, penicillin injection Day 3 of pig processing iron shots Day 7 of pig processing castrate, vaccinations Day 21 of pig processing weigh,vaccinations Avg Birth wt of swine 3.5 lbs Avg Preweaning, Death Loss in swine avg 21 day wt in swine 14 lbs $/lb of live wt X wt Duration of Estrous Cycle Average Daily Gain of Market Lamb 1/2 lb/ day Avg Live Weight of Market Lamb 110-145 lbs Avg Carcass Wt of Market Lamb 55-75 lbs Avg BF of Market Lamb 0.1-0.2 in.. Avg Ribeye Area of Sheep 2.5 sq. in What do sheep convert a variety of noncompetitive feedstuffs into? high quality meat and fiber products What percentage of lamb producers income is from sheep production? 90% When are flock lambing percentages highest? Spring How long are ewes in heat? 18-40 hours When should fall/winter born lambs be marketed? May When should spring born lambs be marketed? fall/winter What are the majority of livestock and poultry damage caused by? dogs and coyotes What is the difference between a coyotes attack and a dog attack? dogs mutilate prey-damage to hindquarters, flank, etc. coyotes bite behind jaw and below ear-suffocates stock, blood loss What are problems in the sheep industry? prices, predators, parasites, lack of consumer demand what is the majority of sheep income from? meat- 99% Price of wool for sheep $0.40/ lb current slaughter price for sheep $1.80/cwt What is meat from older sheep? mutton Virginia is ranked out of all producing states in the east? 4th Where does most of the VA sheep industry occupy? Shenandoah Valley, SWVA What is the trend in the VA sheep industry? fewer flocks, fewer sheep What are important traits in sheep? repro, growth rate, carcass traits, wool traits, conformation, no genetic defects Callipyge Black Faced, Muscular, high growth rate and carcass trait heritability Ewe Breeds White faced, excel in repro, milk production, medium to fine wool, What type of year to sheep like to breed? cold weather What factors influence seasonality and success in Sheep Genetics, Ram Effect, Nutrition, Manipulating Estrous Pregnancy Disease Ketosis, too much nitrogen in blood When are lambs weaned? What are advantages of Spring Lambing? natural breeding season, fewer facilities, efficient forage What are disadvantages of Spring Lambing Lower selling price, parasites, predators Advantages to Fall/Winter Lambing market lambs in spring, higher prices Disadvantages of Fall/Winter Lambing out of season breeding, more facilities, more grain feeding When are fall lambs marketed early spring when are winter lambs marketed spring when are spring lambs marketed? late spring on Where are farm flocks of sheep mostly located? East of Mississippi River- small flocks, all breeding, fences, Where are range flocks of sheep generally located? West of Mississippi River- large flock numbers, spring lambs, shephards What life cycle management occurs during breeding of sheep vaccinate, deworm, Ram effect, flushing What life cycle management occurs during gestation of sheep vaccinate for baby lamb diseases, nutrition(add 1 lb of corn late in preg), crutch What is crutch? removing wool from vulva and utter Lamb Processing IS, Selenium/Vitamin E injection, dock tails, castrate When should lambs be castrated? 2 weeks Landrace, Yorkshire, Chester White, superior in repro traits Sire breeds- swine colored breeds, durable, leaner, heavier muscled Pigs range of vision Why are sow and pig vocalizations during farrowing important? initiates and maintains normal nursing routines What percentage of the US population is employed in the ag industry? 14% What percentage of the US pop is involved in ag production? 2% transportation, processing, marketing, wholesale and retail sales, research, education, support services what percentage of the US Gross Domestic Product does agricultre generate? 13% What is the VA average net farm income per farm? $13k What is the US average net farm income per farm? $39k What is the minimum amount of income to qualify as a farm? $1k What percentage of total income from sheep is derived from the sale of lambs? 85-90% How do you measure sow productivity? litter size, number of pigs weaned, 21 day litter weight, number of litters/sow/year What influences the performance levels in swine? genetics, environment What percentage of gilt replacement is suggested for each farrowing? 20-25% what percent does boar selection contribute to the composition of the herd? 80-90% rotational cross system combines 2 or more breeds, with a different breed of boar being mated to the replacement crossbred females produced by the previous generation terminal cross system a two breed single or rotational cross female is mated to a boar of the third breed rota-terminal crossbreeding system combines three-breed rotational system and terminal system of crossbreeding; all pigs produced by terminal cross boars are sold How early to gilts start cycling 5 months management of cash flow, taxes, investments, retirement, debts, insurance, education and estate planning cash management What is a good rangee of credit score 300-850, higher the better Factors in determining credit score payment history, amount borrowed vs credit limit, number of credit cards, length of bred relationship, number of inquiries not made by you What is the number 1 reason for bankruptcy in the US medical bills What is the study of behavior called? Ethology What is the importance of ethology, the study of behavior? safety What does CHO represent in nutrition? carbohydrates What is the forgotten nutrient? water At birth, what percentage of the body is water? At maturity? 75%; What percentage of water is from metabolism? 10% What class of nutrition do animals get their energy from? Carbohydrates (CHO) What are three subtype of carbs? Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides What shape structure are carbohydrates (CHO)? ring structure What is the simplest form of carbohydrates (CHO)? monosaccharides What two forms of carbohydrates (CHO) must be metabolized? disaccharides, polysaccharides What are the 2 types of polysaccharides? Give examples of each. soluble- sugars, starches insoluble- structural components of plants (cellulose, lignin) What does VFA stand for? Volatile Fatty Acids What creates volatile fatty acids (VFA)? microorganisms in the rumen T/F: ruminants can use little to no kinds of CHO False What allows ruminants to use most kinds of CHO? microorganisms in the rumen that product volatile fatty acids (VFA) What kinds of CHO can ruminants use? most What are the 3 kinds of VFA? Acetic Where do horses ferment CHO? hind gut/cecum Acetic, proprionic, and butyric are all what? Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) What are the functions of CHO? energy building blocks of other compounds What nutrient class is the building block of other compounds? carbohydrates (CHO) What is the difference between Lipids and CHO's? the proportion of the elements How much more energy do lipids have than carbohydrates? 2.25x What is a lipid composed of? glycerol and an R group What is the R group in a lipid made of? 3 fatty acids Most feeds contain what percentage of lipids? What percentage of lipids should feeds not exceed? 8-10% T/F: fats and oils are consistently the same solidity false; there are degrees of saturations What is a degree of saturation? it is the state of the fat/oil at room temperature What determines if a fat/oil is solid at room temperature? more hydrogens and double bonds What are the functions of lipids? energy storage What are the functions of lipids? store energy, build cell membranes, reproduction, protenction, insulation What are the building blocks of protein? Amino Acids What is NH2 classified as? an amine group What are amino acids made of? NH2 (amine group) and CHO (carbohydrates) What bonds hold together amino acids? peptide bonds What are the backbone of amino acids? peptide bonds What besides peptide bonds hold together amino acids? hydrogen bonding (2o) What is the difference between essential and non-essential AA's? protein quality What is an example of high and low protein quality? high- meat What makes an AA a limiting AA? need lysine What can you feed mature ruminants along with their normal carbohydrate intake to create AA's? non-protein nitrogen What is added to NPN (non protein nitrogen) to create amino acids? CHO (carbohydrates) What are essential organic nutrients needed in very small quantities as organic catalysts? vitamins What are used as organic catalysts? vitamins What is used as classification for vitamins? solubility What are the two solubility classifications? fat soluble Name 4 fat soluble vitamins. A, D, E, K What are fat soluble vitamins used for? regulation of metabolism and tissue development Which classification of vitamins are used for cofactors in energy transfer reactions? Give 2 examples. water soluble Where can you find vitamins for your animal's diet? feeds, premixes, injectables What are the 2 classifications for minerals? macro minerals Which minerals are classified as macro minerals? Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Magnesium (Mg), and Potassium (K) What are the minerals Calcium and Phosphorus used for? Good bones T/F: Phosphorus should always be higher than Calcium. False: there should be a 1.2:1 ratio between Calcium and Phosphorus What mineral is poison if given in its separate elements? NaCl (sodium chloride) What is the percentage of salt that should be in an animal's diet? .25-.5% What are the micro minerals that can be found in feed? Co, F, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, I, Mo, Cu, Se, Si Which micro mineral affects anemia? Fe (Iron) Which micro mineral can be highly toxic to sheep? Copper What is included in ecology? animal well being, stress management, safety, repro, health, training, adaptation to environment, handling, management systems What are considered patterns of behavior in Farm Animals? Sexual, Care giving, Care soliciting, Agonistic, Ingestive, Eliminative, Shelter Seeking, Investigative, Allelomimetic What does the term Allelomimetic mean? Gregarious Why do we measure behavior? trends, research How much more energy do Lipids contain when compared to CHO? 2.25X more How much lipid do most feeds contain? less than 5%, never over 8-10% Why do feeds never go over 8-10% lipids expensive, hard to work with when more dense, goes bad faster What type of bonds do amino acids use? peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges What determines essential vs. non-essential amino acids? how well the protein quality meets animal requirements; limiting amino acid What are Vitamins? essential organic nutrients needed in very small quantities as organic ccatalysts How do we classify vitamins? Solubility What is the importance of fat soluble vitamins? regulate metabolism and tissue development What are the water soluble vitamins? B complex, C What is the importance of water soluble vitamins? cofactors in energy transfer reactions What are sources of Vitamins? Feeds, Premixes, Injectables minerals needed in large amounts What are micro minerals? minerals needed in small amounts What are examples of macro minerals? Ca, P, Na,Cl, Mg, K, S What is the importance of Ca? bone strength What is the importance of P? bone metabolism What is the lowest the ratio of Ca to P can go? 1.2:1 What percentage of an animals diet should be NaCl? 0.25-0.5% What are examples of micro minerals? Co, F, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, I, Mo, Cu, Se, Si How do we know where to find nutrients needed? analysis of feedstuffs, feed trials What is missing from Chemical Analysis? Digestibility, TDN, Palatability What does TDN stand for? Total Digestible Nutrients What determines the classification of feeds in diets? Fiber content and digestibility What types of animals eat concentrates? non-ruminent animals, young ruminents basal feeds and protein supplements What are examples of high quality forages? alfalfa hay, alfalfa silage, clover hay, lush pasutre What are examples of medium quality forages? mixed hays, good grass hay What are examples of low quality forages? straw, corn cobs, stover, weathered hay What are examples of basal feeds? cereal grains, milling by products, fruits, nuts, roots What are examples of protein supplements? SBM, linseed meal, fish meal, tankage, feather meal, cottenseed meal, peanut meal, meat/bone scraps, plasma protein, milk What is the process of digestion? Absorption of nutrients-Circlate the nutrients, metabolize the nutrients, store the nutrients Where is nutrients stored? Tissues: adipose, liver, muscle, bone/marrow What are the general anatomy parts of the digestive system? headgut, foregut, midguy, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut What are herbivores? Where is water absorbed in the Swine Digestive System? Large Intestine What is included in the small intestine? pancreas, gull bladder, bile What chemical is located in the stomach? HCl What does the small intestine do in digestion in swine? enzymatic digestion, absorption What is the length of the swine digestive tract? 14 times its body length What does non-protein nitrogen do? allows for the production of amino acids How much can the large intestine hold in a pig? 2 gal- 29% How much can the cecum of a pig hold? 0.5 gal- 7% What is the size of the Stomach? 2 gal- 29% What is the capacity of a pigs small intestine? 2.5 gal- 36% What is the crop used for in the poultry digestive tract? storage What is the Droventriculus in the Poultry Digestive tract? Stomach What does the gizzard do in the poultry digestive tract? grinds up food What is the purpose of the small intestine in poultry? enzymatic breakdown, protein absorption What is the plural form of cecum? Ceca Is there much use for the ceca in the poultry? no What is the 'butt hole' of a poultry bird? vent opening into the poultry repro/urine system What percentage of the Horses digestive tract is the large colon? 47% What is the purpose of the large colon in the horse digestive tract? water/vitamin absorption What percentage of the horses digestive tract in the cecum? 18%Definition What is the purpose of the cecum? Breaks down forages, fermentation What is the purpose of the horses small intesting? absorption What percentage of the horses digestive system is the small intestine? 27% Do horses have a gull bladder? no What percentage of the horses digestive tract is the stomach? 8% What percentage/capacity of the Cattles digestive tract is the large intestine? 9%- 7.5 gal What percentage/capacity of the cattles digestive tract is the cecum? 2.5 gal- 1% What is the process of rumination? regurgitate, remasticate, reswallow(resalivation and redeglutiination What is the name of the stomache in poultry? proventriculus What is the name of the stomach in ruminants? abomasum What is the most important portion of an animals diet? water What do you need to know in order to develop a balanced diet? animal characteristics, purpose of animal, requirements of animal, what feedstuffs are appropriate Where can you find the feed requirements of animals? NRC tables What are the typical feed requirements for non-ruminants energy concentrate, protein supplements, Ca and P, Salt, mineral premix, vitamin premix, additives, water What are the typical feed ingredients of young horses, finishing cattle, and lambs? foragem concentrate, protein, Ca and P, Salt, Trace minerals, vitaminds, additices What are typical feed ingrediates for open and pregnant mares, cows and ewes? forages, minerals When do you add concentrates to a pregnant mare. cow, or ewe? Last trimester of gestation What are the typical feed ingredients in lactating mares, cows, and ewes? forage, concentrate supplements as needed for milk production, minerals, vitamins, WATER! How does the horse industry differ from other livestock industries? companion animals, production goals, production component Nonruminant (monogastric) simple stomached or monogastric animal How do we know what to feed animals? Analysis of Feedstuffs What do we use to perform a missing chemical analysis? digestibility What are management decisions driven by in the equine industry? production goals, production components, industry diversity, companion animals, different houses, hobby, cant eat What are some shared characteristics between the feed animal industry and equine industry? marketing channels, consumer driven market What are contributions of the horse in human society food, agriculture/commercial, transportation, sports, military, recreation, arts, draft, therapy, companionship, What was the horse population in the early 1900's? 25 million What is the currrent horse population in the US? 6-7 million What are the different facets of the equine industry? Business, Training, Breeding, Boarding/Instruction What are different segments of the equine industry? Pleasure horses, stock horses, competitive horses, draft horses What are industries related to the equine industry (support)? feed, equipment, health care, publishing How many horses operations are in VA? 41,000 How many jobs are generated in VA from the equine industry?. 20,000 What is the average amount that Virginians spend on goods/services for them selves and horses per year? $3642 What is the direct costs of purchases and upkeep of each horse? $2796 What is the estimated annual impact of the equine industry on VA's economy per year? $1.5 million What is the largest expenditure per equine spent on? feed and bedding What percentage/amount of VA horses are used as trail/pleasure horses? 43% What percentage/amount of VA horses are used as Competition/Show horses? 17% What percentage/amount of VA horses are used as Breeding horses? 19% What percentage/amount of VA horses are used as Racing horses? 7% What percentage/amount of VA horses are used in other aspects of horse use? 12% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Thoroughbreds? 14% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Quarter Horses? 23% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Arabians? 6% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Ponies? 6% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Tennessee Walkers? 7% What percentage/number of horses in VA are Other breeds(Appaloosa, Paints, etc)? 44% What are the ways to classify horses? Size, Color, Purpose, Breed What are the different types of horses? Work, Warmblood, Light, Ponies What do Work Horses excel in? draft, logging What do Warmbloods excel in? Dressage, Eventing, etc What do Light horses excel in? Harness, under saddle What determines if a pony is a pony? 14.2 hands or less What is the size of a hand? 4 inches Where is height measured on horses/ponies? withers What color of coats are considered Black? having no brown heair around muzzle or in flank What color of coats are considered Brown? May look black but with lighter hairs around muzzle and flank What color of coats are considered Bay? Brown coat with black points What color of coats are considered Chestnut/Sorrel? brown with similar or lighter color mane and tail with no black on legs What are the characteristics of a roan horse? intermixed hairs What are the characteristics of a Dun dilution coat? yellowish with darker points; included buckskins, claybanks, copper dun What are the characteristics of a Palomino dilution coat golden colored; horse can be double registered What are the characteristics of a Paint/Pinto coat? black/white, brwown/white, or tri-color how are equine breeds based on? size, color, markings, functions What defines a draft horse? greater than 1400 lbs What is an example of a horse breed based on color? Palomino, Appaloosa What are examples of warmbloods? Hanoverian, Trakehner, Dutch warmblood, Oldenburg What are important horse traits? Feet/Legs; speed; breed type/conformation; endurance; reproduction; size; cow sense why is conformation critical in horses? athletic performance, longevity, function, soundness What is the difference between unsoundness and blemishes? unsoundness affects use while blemishes do not but could turn into an unsoundness What rule do you base conformation analysis on? 1/3 infection of the frog; similar to foot root ; anerobic What is founder? the swelling of the hoof What are absesses? pockets of infection in the hoof What percent of the horses weight is on their front legs? 65% What are points of shock absorption in the front leg? shoulder muscles, shoulder angle, the angle between the humerus and forearm; bones and tendons around the carpus What is the ideal hoof/pasture angle? 45 degrees What is the shock absorption in the hind leg? hocks What is the ideal pastern angle in the hind leg? 50% What six points of muscling is used to determine conformation chest, shoulder/forearm, heart girth, loin, croup, hindquarter/gaskin what are examples of shelter for equines? trees, run in sheds, barns, stalls What are good examples of fencing for equines? boards, thick woven wire, new plastic/plastic coated high tensile, pipe, poly tape What are examples of equine restraint? cross ties, post tie, stocks, twitches, hobbles, tranquilizers, chutes What is the recommended length of quarantine for horses? at least 3 weeks How effective is biosecurity in the equine industry? impossible How often should you deworm horses? every 6-8 weeks How can you manage equine pastures? dont spread manure on fields being grazed, rotate fields with ruminants, avoid over crowding fields Should owners change dewormers or keep the same? rotate When should horses have dental car taken care of? annually How often should horses hooves be trimmed or shod? every 6-8 weeks depending on horse, terrain, etc. What equine traits influenced by humans? training, preferential treatment, varying environments How heritable is size of horses? highly How heritable are performance traits of horses? moderately How heritable is reproduction of horses? lowly What are traditional selection decisions based on? conformation, environment, type What should be avoided in equine genetics? subjectivity, "famous ancestor syndrome" What are the different types of mating systems? inbreeding, line breeding, cross breeding, random backyard horse syndrome At what age do light horses reach sexual maturity? 12-18 months At what age do draft horses reach sexual maturity? 18-24 months Around what age do horses typically start breeding? 3 years What type of Estrous Cycle do equines have? seasonally polyestrus What is the average estrous cycle length of the horse? 21 days How long does estrus last in equines? 3-7 days How is estrus detected in mares? teasing When does ovulation occur in estrus? end What is the most effective mating strategy in equines? mate every other day starting on the second day of estrus If you want to maximize pregnancy rate in equines, what should you do? breed during the 36 hours before ovulation and up to 6 hours post ovulation What is the universal birth date for horses? Jan 1 How long is gestation in mares? 340 days What does fescue endophyte do in pregnant mares? abortion Is exercise important in pregnant mares? yes When does the horses udder enlarge before foaling? 2-6 weeks When do the horses teats fill before foaling? 4-6 days prior When do horses teats develop a wax formation before foaling? 2-4 days What should a mares behavior entail when she begins parturition? nervous, sweating, colicy How soon after birth should a foal stand? 1 hour How soon after birth should a foal nurse? 2 hours At what age are foal considered a weanling? 4-6 months of age What should be done prior to weaning? vaccination, creep feed, early handling What should a horses diet be based on? roughages How should horses ideally eat? continuously, on roughages, grain in small amounts What percentage of a weanling diet should be crude protein? 16% What percentage of a weanling diet should be roughage? 1% What percentage of a weanling diet should be grain? 0.75-1.5 What percentage of a yearling diet should be Crude protein? 14% What percentage of a yearling diet should be roughage? 1% What percentage of a yearling diet should be grain mix? 0.5-1% What percentage of a maintenance diet should be crude protein? 8.5% What percentage of a maintenance diet should be roughage? 1.5-2.5% What percentage of a maintenance diet should be grain? none What percentage of a working horse diet should be crude protein? 9% What percentage of a working horse diet should be roughage? 1.0-1.5% What percentage of a working horse diet should be grain? 1.25 What percentage of a pregnant mare diet should be crude protein? 14% What percentage of a pregnant mare diet should be roughage? 1.5-2.5% What percentage of a pregnant mare diet should be grain? 0-0.5% What percentage of a lactating mare diet should be crude protein? 16% What percentage of a lactating mare diet should be roughage? 1.5-2.5% What percentage of a lactating mare diet should be grain? 0.5-1.0% What are some preventative measures you can take to prevent colic? follow routine, slow eating, monitor water intake, do not work right after or before feeding What are some preventative measures you can take to prevent founder? change feed slowly, dont over feed, limit exposure to spring grass What are characteristics of low intensity exercise in horses? lots of O2 avalible; Fat used as an energy source, AEROBIC What are characteristics of high intensity exercise in horses? O2 deficit, glucose as an energy source; lactic acid build up occurs, ANAEROBIC What are characteristics of aerobic work in horses? heart rate less than 150 beats/minute; Fatty acids as energy source, metabolically efficient What are characteristics of anaerobic work in horses? heart rate over 150 bpm; Glucose is primary energy source; increased lactic acid Why is long slow distance training important in horses? conditions aerobic pathways; increases joint/tendon mobility; enhances muscle tone; establishes cardiovascular fitness Why is interval taining important in horses? conditions anaerobic pathways; increases muscle size; causing bone remodeling; establishes cardiovascular fitness What is fatigue in horses? decrease in muscle contraction strength coincident with depletion or muscle glycogen and accumulation of lactic acid What is recovery rate? rate at which the heart beat returns to the basal level What is a horses resting respiration rate? 8-16 bpm What is a horses resting heart rate? 40 bpm What is the importance of warming up horses? stretch muscles, tendons and ligaments; slows glycogen depletion; An increase in a horses temperature when exercising does what to metabolic efficiency? increases What is the importance of a warm down after horses work out? removes lactic acid, prevents soreness What was typical of the poultry industry in the 1950's? family farm; dual purpose breeds; meat was a by product When did the Broiler industry change from farm enterprises to agribusiness? 60's and 70's What were some characteristics of the Broiler industry in the 60's and 70's? scientifically oriented; automated and standardized production When did fast food and food service sectors start to influence the Broiler industry? 1980's What changed in the Broiler Industry in the 1980's? further processing; emphasis on live cost and improving efficiency; iincreased consumption When did the transition of the broiler industry change to food companies? 1990's to 2000's When did the change in consumer preferences shift to home meal replacements? 1990's to 2000's What did the rapid growth of the broiler industry in the 1990's and 2000's emphasise? Yield improvement; food satefty; aimal welfare In the 1920's what was the feed conversion ratio of poultry? 4.7 lbs of feed:1 lb of live wt. Currently, what is the feed conversion ratio of poultry? What was the average wt of a bird in the 1920's? 2.5 lbs What is the average wt of a bird currently? 6 lbs What was the average length of growout of birds in the 1920's? 18 weeks What is the current length of growout of birds? 6 weeks How has the flock mortality % changed between the 1920's and now? 25% anto <5% How has the poultry industry advanced throughout the years? genetic selection; uniform quality product; automation; efficiency; management; meeting cosumer demands What is the slaughter age for broilers and roasters? 35-60 days What is the average live weight of broiler ad roasters? 3.8-8 lbs What is the average ratio of feed/gain in broilers and roasters? 1.65-1.8 What is the slaughter age of commercial male turkeys? 20-25 weeks What is the average live wt of male turkeys? 25-35 lbs What are products of commercial male turkeys?2.75-3.0 cut up turkey; deboned; further processed; very few whole birds What is the feed conversion of male turkeys? 2.75-3.0 What is the slaughter age of female turkeys? 14-18 weeks What is the average live wt of female turkeys? What is the average live wt of female turkeys? 12-8 lbs What is the feed conversion rate of female tureekeys? 2.3-2.7 What are products of female turkeys? whole birds, cut up birds, deboned and further processed What breed of chickens are used for white egg laying? Single Comb White Leghorn What is genetic selection for in egg type chickens? egg production rate, egg weight, egg production efficiency What is the average body weight for layers? 3 lbs at 20 weeks At what age do layers lay their first egg? 20-22 weeks How many eggs to layers produce a year?2 How many eggs to layers produce a year? 285 What are products of layers? table eggs, further processed egg products How many turkey farms are in VA? 330 How many chicken farms are located in VA? 880 The VA Broiler Industry is ranked what in the US? 9th The VA Turkey Industry is ranked what in the US? 4th The VA Egg Industry is ranked what in the US? 28th What type of housing is used in poultry breeding operations? black out What are characteristics of a broiler/turkey house? clear span housing; good ventilation; free birds; water and feed lines throughout How are chicks started in the broiler/turkey houses? 1/2 housing; long hours of lighting=eat more What are charcteristics of Broiler Breeder houses 1/3 of house is litter, 2/3 of house is slats; nest boxes for egg laying; males and females have seperate feeders What are charcteristics of Turkey Breeding houses males and females housed separately; all breeding by AI what are Characteristics of Layer Housing? cage systems; 3-5 birds/cage; automated collection What are the different periods of poultry management? brooding, growout/production, reproduction How long does Brooding management last? first 7-10 days of life What is the most critical management time of poultry? brooding Brooding is the transitional period of what? yolk to feed and water; development of immunity; body temp regulation What is thermoneutral zone? The brooding period of poultry is to do what for the birds? provide heat remove excess heat The purpose of the grow out period of poultry is to do what for the birds? remove excess heat Natural Ventilation of poultry houses does what? moves large volumes of air very slowly; very little air circulation; temp dependent on outside temp Why is it hard for chickens to lose body heat? no sweat glands What are characteristics of tunnel ventilation? bird production increases; air moves at 400 cubic feet per minute; lots of air exchange What is biosecurity? What types of disease prevention is necessary? diseases detrimental to bird health (bird flu) , diseases of potential human health concerns (salmonilla) Why is biosecurity important to the poultry industry? concentration of many birds in one area (within house, farm to farm) What did the Avian Influenza of 2002 led to? depopulation of 197 farms at cost of more than $130 million ; destruction of over 4.6 million commercial poultry How is lighting used in meat production? more light=more eating How does light effect breeding birds? increase in light, increase egg production; decrease in light, decrease in eg production What percentage of production cost is feed ? 60-70%	i don't know
Which type of plant did Gregor Mendel use in his famous genetic experiments?	Gregor Mendel: The Pea Plant Experiment The Pea Plant Experiment Zuse Konrad Although the influence of heredity has been recognized since prehistoric times, scientific understanding of inheritance is a fairly recent event. Modern genetics begins with the work of Gregor Mendel , an Austrian monk whose breeding experiments with garden peas led him to formulate the basic laws of heredity. Mendel published his findings in 1866, but his discoveries were ignored till 1900 when a number of researchers independently rediscovered Mendel's work and grasped its significance. Mendel�s Pea Experiment In one experiment, Mendel cross-pollinated smooth yellow pea plants with wrinkly green peas. (The organisms that are used as the original mating in an experiment are called the parental generation and are marked by P in science textbooks). Every single pea in the first generation crop (marked as f1) was as yellow and as round as was the yellow, round parent. Somehow, yellow completely dominated green and round dominated wrinkly. Mendel learned from this that there are two kinds of traits - dominant and recessive. In this case, the dominant traits are the yellow color and the round shape since they show up at the expense of the green color and the wrinkly shape. He also learned that the inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors" - now called genes. Now he went on with his experiment and planted seeds from the all-yellow, all-round crop, achieved from the parent generation, and self-pollinated the grown up plants. The results led to some surprises. Most of the second generation (marked as f2) of peas were yellow and smooth, but some were green or wrinkly. Mendel repeated his experiment many times and the f2 generation consistently had a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green and round to wrinkly. How did Mendel explain his results? Interactive pea experiment where you can breed your own hybrid pea plants! As mentioned above, Mendel postulated that there are dominant and recessive traits in heredity. In his experiment Mendel marked with capital letters dominant traits and with small letters recessive traits. Y = dominant yellow color R = dominant round shape w = recessive wrinkly shape When the f1 plants breed, each has an equal chance of passing on either Y or g units to each offspring (f2 generation), and the same is with R and w. In the pollination process the offsprings get one trait unit (gene) from every parent; in the case of color the possible combinations are gY Yg YY gg. Three combinations from the four - gY Yg YY - will give yellow offsprings since all of them possess at least one Y dominant unit. Only one combination from the four - gg - will give green offsprings since it has two recessive units. Because, in order to show-up, a dominant trait needs only one trait unit from one of the parents, and the recessive one needs two, from both parents, in order to prevail, that is the reason why the ratio between occurrences of dominant traits and recessive traits is 3:1. The same explanation applies to the shape traits. Mendel came to three important conclusions from these experimental results: That the inheritance of each trait is determined by "units" or "factors" (now called genes) that are passed on to descendents unchanged That an individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait That a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation. Repeat Mendel�s Pea Plant Experiment For his Experiments, Mendel chose pea plants because they had some distinctive measurable traits and being easy to breed with a short breeding period - some cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting. He measured seven pea characteristics: Color and smoothness of the seeds - grey and round or white and wrinkled Color of the cotyledons (part of the embryo within the seed) - yellow or green Color of the flowers - white or violet Shape of the pods - full or constricted Color of unripe pods - yellow or green Position of flowers and pods on the stems Height of the plants - short or tall Mendel�s actual experiments are more complicated than described above. For example, in 1936, the statistician R.A. Fisher used a chi-square test to analyze Mendel's data and concluded that Mendel's results with the predicted ratios were far too perfect, indicating that adjustments (intentional or unconscious) had been made to the data to make the observations fit the hypothesis. Later authors have claimed Fisher's analysis was flawed, proposing various statistical and botanical explanations for Mendel's numbers. It is also possible that Mendel's results are "too good" merely because he reported the best subset of his data � Mendel mentioned in his paper that the data was from a subset of his experiments (Wikipedia). Fairbanks, D. J.; Rytting, B. (01 May 2001). "Mendelian Controversies: A Botanical and Historical Review". American Journal of Botany 88 (5): 737. Before you begin, consult the link section of this page and the further resources provided. The list begins with basics and ends with more advanced resources including Mendel's writings himself. Ensure that you understand the basic principals. Surf the web further and consult your local library, your teachers and other knowledgeable adults and experts. Links	Pea
The northern most of the five major circles of latitude, what is the name for the line at 66º 33′ 44″ N?	MENDEL'S EXPERIMENTS To return to the exercise , close this browser window. Mendel's Experiments Gregor Mendel developed the model of heredity that now bears his name by experiments on various charactersitics of pea plants: height (tall vs. Short); seed color (yellow vs. Green); seat coat (smooth vs. wrinkled), etc. The following explanation uses the tall/short trait. The other traits Mendel studied can be substituted for tall and short. Mendel started out with plants that "bred true". That is, when tall plants were self-pollinated (or cross-pollinated with others like them), plants in following generations were all tall; when the short plants were self-pollinated (or cross- pollinated with others like them) the plants in following generations were all short. Mendel found that if true breeding Tall [T] plants are crossed (bred) with true breeding short [t] plants, all the next generation of plants, called F1, are all tall. Next, he showed that self-pollinated F1 plants (or cross- pollinated with other F1 plants) produce an F2 generation with 3/4 of the plants tall and 1/4 short. A. 1/4 of the F2 generation are short plants, which produce only short plants in the F3 generation, if they are self- pollinated (or crossed with other short F2 plants;) these F2 plants breed true. B, 1/4 of the F2 generation (1/3 of the tall plants) are tall plants that produce only tall plants in the F3 generation, if they are self-pollinated; these tall F2 plants breed true. C. 1/2 of the F2 generation (2/3 of the tall plants) are tall plants that produce 1/4 short plants and 3/4 tall plants in the next [F3] generation, if they are self-pollinated. This is the same proportion of tall to short that F1 plants produce. Q1, When Mendel put pollen from tall plants into the flowers of short plants, the seeds produced an F1 generation with all tall plants. But the short trait was not lost. How did Mendel demonstrate this? He showed that self-pollinating F1 plants produced 1/4 short and 3/4 tall plants He showed that self-pollinating F1 plants produced all medium size plants He knew that the short plants had recessive genes He showed that self-pollinating plants produced plants of all sizes from tall to short He knew that the tall gene covered up the short gene C and E are both correct Mendel created a model that accounted for these and other data he got from his breeding experiments. The following summarizes the model's first basic feature. Mendel's model for the F1 generation is summarized in the table at the right. The model states that each trait is controlled by a pair of hereditary packets we now call genes. One packet comes from each parent. The alleles (= forms) of the gene for height are the same in true breeding plants ( T T and t t parent plants ). Cross breeding T T with t t plants produces T t plants in the first or F1 generation. The F1 plants receive a T allele from the tall parent and a t allele from the short parent. The F1 plants are tall because the T allele is expressed and "cover up" the t allele. So the T (tall) allele is called dominant and t (short) allele is called recessive. The diagram at the right shows how Mendel's model explains the 3:1 ratio of tall to short plants in the F2 generation. In the F1 generation each plant had one T and one t allele of the gene controlling height. Plants in the F2 generation had a 50:50 chance of getting a T or a t from each parent plant. The diagram shows that this results in 1 out of 4 plants getting only t genes and 3 plants getting at least one T gene (which makes the plant tall, because T is dominant over t) The diagram also shows that the F2 generation actually has three kinds of plants. 1/4 are t t plants, which are short and produce only short plants in following generations in self pollinated. Of the remaining 3/4 tall plants, 1/4 are T T, which are tall and produce only tall plants in following generations if self pollinated. The remaining 2/4 get a T from one parent and at from the other. When self pollinated, they produce a pattern exactly like the F1 generation: 1 short plant for every 3 tall plants. These plants are exactly like the F1 generation. From these and similar breeding experiments, Mendel deduced (figured out, proved logically) how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. These deductions have held up very well and form the basis of modern genetics, even though many traits and many species do not show the specific patterns of inheritance that Mendel observed. Transmission of each trait from one generation to the next is carried out by discrete units, which we now call genes. (Some people believe that Mendel already had this idea before he did the actual breeding experiments.) The gene for each trait comes in pairs, one from each parent. This deduction was confirmed by studying chromosomes, which are visible under the microscope during cell division. Chromosomes come in pairs and carry the genes, which themselves are invisible under the microscope. Q2. We can deduce (figure out, prove logically) from Mendel's data that heredity is transmitted by discrete units, which come in pairs, one from each parent, because you can see the individual genes for the two traits under the microscope. Mendel told us that this was true from his experimental findings with crossed pea plants a trait that disappears in the F1 generation reappears in the F2 generation from self-pollinated F1 plants (at the ratio of 1:3) a trait that blends in the second generation will separate in the third generation plants in the F2 generation don't breed true The gene for each trait comes in different forms, which are now called alleles. Because genes come in pairs, an individual can have the same allele or different alleles in a gene-pair. If the alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that gene. If the alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous. In a heterozygote, one allele, the dominant, may cover up or hide the expression of the other allele, the recessive. Genes are often named by a letter (or letters) that stand for the dominant trait. The dominant allele is capitalized (eg, T for tall) and the recessive is in lower case (t for short). In Mendel's experiment, the parent plants were homozygous (eg, T T or t t ) for the measured trait, because they could produce only plants with that trait, if they were self-pollinated. That is, they bred true. Also, 1/4 of the F2 (2nd generation) plants in Mendel's experiments bred true as tall plants and 1/4 bred true as short plants. The same pattern occurred for the other traits Mendel measured. For example, parent plants produced only smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) seeds when self-pollinated. The F1 generation from a cross of SS and ss plants had only smooth seeds. In the F2 generation 1/4 of plants in F2 had wrinkled (s) seeds, which produced plants that had only s seeds. This shows they were homozygous for (had only) s genes. Another 1/4 of the F2 plants had S seeds which produced only S seeds when self-pollinated. This shows they were homozygous for S genes. The remaining 1/2 of the F2 plants produced F3 plants, 1/4 of which had wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of which had smooth seeds when they were self-pollinated. These F2 plants show the same pattern of descendant as did the F1 generation of plants. Q3. Match the following effects with the names of the processes that produce them. the gene controlling height comes in two forms, one producing tall plants, the other producing short plants s-seeded plants produce in the next generation only s-seeded offspring some Y-seeded plants produce in the next generation both Y- and y-seeded offspring A. allele B. homozygous C. heterozygous Q4. An allele that is expressed even when paired with a different allele is the -------- version of that gene. normal dominant chromosome Q5. An allele that is not expressed when paired with a different allele is the --------- version of that gene. normal	i don't know
June 18, 1812 saw the start of the War of 1812 when the US Congress declared war on who?	War of 1812 begins - Jun 18, 1812 - HISTORY.com War of 1812 begins Publisher A+E Networks The day after the Senate followed the House of Representatives in voting to declare war against Great Britain, President James Madison signs the declaration into law–and the War of 1812 begins. The American war declaration, opposed by a sizable minority in Congress, had been called in response to the British economic blockade of France, the induction of American seaman into the British Royal Navy against their will, and the British support of hostile Indian tribes along the Great Lakes frontier. A faction of Congress known as the “War Hawks” had been advocating war with Britain for several years and had not hidden their hopes that a U.S. invasion of Canada might result in significant territorial land gains for the United States. In the months after President Madison proclaimed the state of war to be in effect, American forces launched a three-point invasion of Canada, all of which were decisively unsuccessful. In 1814, with Napoleon Bonaparte’s French Empire collapsing, the British were able to allocate more military resources to the American war, and Washington, D.C., fell to the British in August. In Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol, and other buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. soldiers. In September, the tide of the war turned when Thomas Macdonough’s American naval force won a decisive victory at the Battle of Plattsburg Bay on Lake Champlain. The invading British army was forced to retreat back into Canada. The American victory on Lake Champlain led to the conclusion of U.S.-British peace negotiations in Belgium, and on December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed, formally ending the War of 1812. By the terms of the agreement, all conquered territory was to be returned, and a commission would be established to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada. British forces assailing the Gulf Coast were not informed of the treaty in time, and on January 8, 1815, the U.S. forces under Andrew Jackson achieved the greatest American victory of the war at the Battle of New Orleans. The American public heard of Jackson’s victory and the Treaty of Ghent at approximately the same time, fostering a greater sentiment of self-confidence and shared identity throughout the young republic. Related Videos	Great Britain
In Greek mythology, what is the name of the multi-headed monster slain by Heracles as his second labor?	The Source - War of 1812 Disclaimer: Content created and featured in partnership with the TPS program does not indicate an endorsement by the Library of Congress. The Source This publication is created to be a source of information and inspiration for teachers as they incorporate Library of Congress digitized primary sources and resources into instruction by Teaching with Primary Sources at Eastern Illinois University. The War of 1812 War of 1812 Introduction A second war for independence began just 29 years after the end of the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812. Named after one year of a war that lasted three, the War of 1812 is often called the forgotten war. As a young country, America enjoyed trade with Britain and France however, the prosperity of this trading would soon end. Britain was at war with France and their leader Napoleon Bonaparte for nearly 20 years. 1 Britain felt the best way to defeat Napoleon was to cut off trade ships to France. England began requiring any vessels that had mercantile business with France to obtain a license at an English port before resuming the voyage to France. France retaliated by declaring that any ships visiting English ports were declared an enemy. America seemed to be in a no win situation. Battling Napoleon for so many years took a toll on the British fleet, considered the strongest fleet in the world at that time. England needed to keep a full crew on the ships. 1 The British began seizing American merchant ships and impressed thousands of sailors into the British Navy. President James Madison saw this and other violations from England as a threat against the United States. On June 1, 1812 Madison sent a war message to Congress, the first president to make this request. The declaration was signed on June 18, 1812 and America was again at war with England. 1 The British didn't want this war, they were involved in a long fight against Napoleon and would only supply a small number of troops. With no navy and a small militia, America was ill prepared for war. Battles began on land and sea. There were devastating defeats such as the surrender of Detroit without a single shot fired on August 16, 1812. 1 When Napoleon was defeated in 1814, England focused on the war with America. 1 British General Robert Ross captured Washington D.C. on August 24, 1814 and burned government buildings including the White House, The Capitol and the Library of Congress to the ground. 1 The outlook was bleak, but Americans refused to accept defeat and struck back by defending Fort McHenry in September 1814. 1 England spent nearly ten million pounds on the war, America was nearly bankrupt and both were weary of war. 2 The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814, consisting of just 3000 words and basically restored everything to the way it was before the war. 1 None of the concerns that brought America into this war were even addressed in the treaty. There was no winner in this war, which is probably one reason it is vaguely remembered. This would be the last peace treaty England and the United States signed with one another. 2 Strangely, one of the greatest battles of the War of 1812 actually occurred after the war was officially over. Unaware of the treaty, British forces attacked New Orleans on January 8, 1815 but were defeated by Andrew Jackson's renegade army. Connecting to Illinois In 1812, Illinois was not yet a state but a territory governed by Ninian Edwards. This didn't keep Illinois from the effects of the War of 1812. Illinois became a border between the British and the American armies. 3 As early as 1811, British forces allied with Native American tribes offering them food, weapons and trade goods. 3 The British and Native American common goal was to remove American settlers from the Northwest Territory. Numerous Indian raids put fear in the Illinois settlers. Many people left for more populated areas causing the population of the territory to decline, the population did not rebound until after the war. 3 In 1803, the American Army built Fort Dearborn to protect Chicago, as it was an important port for trade. 4 During the War of 1812, the British united with the Native Americans to win back this territory. 4 Fort Dearborn was abandoned on August 15, 1812, as soldiers and settlers fled when over 500 Indians attacked. 4 Half of the soldiers and settlers were killed, the rest captured and Fort Dearborn was burned to the ground. 4 Men, women and children who were captured were distributed among Indian tribes, where many were treated cruelly and died. 5 In October 1812, Governor Ninian Edwards and almost 400 Illinois troops and U.S. Rangers started north from Edwardsvillle and burned two Kickapoo villages on the Sangamon River. 6 They marched on to Lake Peoria, home of a large Kickapoo and Potawatomi village. 6 Edwards and his men attacked at dawn killing 24 to 30 Indians without losing a single soldier. 6 For protection from constant Indian attacks, forts and blockhouses were built. There were at least 94 forts and blockhouses built in the southern Illinois Territory. 3 Because of these shelters, Indians preferred to attack small isolated cabins. 3 Unfortunately, most of the casualties from these Indian attacks were women and children. 3 The Treaty of Ghent officially ended the War of 1812 but hostilities remained in the Illinois Territory. Many communities began to grow in southern Illinois. Still leery of Indian attacks many settlers were apprehensive about settling in northern region. By 1818, when Illinois became a state, the population of southern Illinois grew to nearly 40,000 people while 100 people lived in Chicago. 4 As we remember the Bicentennial of the War of 1812, we need to observe the contribution Illinois gave to this conflict. 3 Place to Go Primary Sources to See Fort LaMotte : Located in Palestine, Illinois, the War of 1812 is revisited in the replica of "old Fort LaMotte". This fort was one of three built in the Palestine area during the war. Before construction began, research on period forts and combing through historical records describing War of 1812 forts and blockhouses in the territory was conducted. Aided by a few scraps of historical information on the original Fort LaMotte, a layout for the fort was developed that would consist of a durable and sturdy stockade enclosing approximately 100 feet on the side with a single blockhouse in one corner, an Ensign's cabin, two lean-to shelters, and a water well. This would complete the first phase of construction. The last full weekend in April, Palestine celebrates Fort LaMotte Days. This celebration includes an 1812 encampment, archaeological displays, tours of Fort LeMotte and a battle reenactment. Toeing the Mark You hear it at sporting events, military events, national celebrations or maybe you performed it in school, but "The Star Spangled Banner", our national anthem, began as a poem written during the War of 1812. Major George Armistead was commander at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore was America's third largest city during the War of 1812 and it was only a matter of time before the British set their sights on claiming the city for England. Armistead wanted a flag over Fort McHenry that the British could see from miles away. He commissioned Mary Pinkersgill, a Baltimore flag maker, to sew two flags, a small storm flag and a large garrison flag, 30 by 42 feet. 7 To put this into perspective, the size of the flag would measure about one-fourth the size of a modern basketball court. 7 This larger flag was know as "The Star Spangled Banner". The attack on Fort McHenry came on September 12, 1814 and American forces were able to hold off the British troops. 7 On September 13, the British naval forces began a 25 hour bombardment on Fort McHenry. 7 Rockets whistled through the air and burst into flames, mortars fired bombshells that exploded in showers of fiery shrapnel. 7 While the battle commenced, Francis Scott Key, a successful lawyer was aboard a British ship trying to secure the release of a civilian prisoners. 7 Afraid Key would reveal plans of the attack, the British detained him aboard the ship until the battle was over. 7 Key witnessed the attack on Fort McHenry. At dawn on September 14, 1814 the skies became quiet. The British were retreating and the battle was over. In the distance, Key saw the huge flag still flying over Fort McHenry and knew that the American soldiers had not surrendered. Francis Scott key was so moved by the sight of that flag still waving he began to compose a poem. He worked all night revising and creating four verses about the American victory.7 First titled "The Defense of Fort McHenry", the poem was published and set to the music of an 18th century British tune "Anacreon in Heaven". The poem and music made its first public performance on October 19, 1814. 7 A music store published the words and music under the title "The Star Spangled Banner". 7 "The Star Spangled Banner" became one of America's most popular patriotic songs. 7 During the Civil War, a time when Americans turned to music to express their feelings, "The Star Spangled Banner" was referencing many songs. "Farewell to the Star Spangled Banner" and "Adieu to the Star Spangled Banner Forever", were songs published in the Confederacy while "Flag of our Union Forever" and "March on for the Union" were sung to express loyalty to the Union. 8 On July 26, 1889, "The Star Spangled Banner" became the official tune to be played during the raising of the flag. 8 In 1917, both the United States Army and Navy designated the song be played for ceremonial purposes but it was not the official national anthem despite attempts by patriotic organizations. 7 After decades of attempts, Congress passed a bill making "The Star Spangled Banner" the official national anthem for the United States. 7 The Bill was signed by President Herbert Hoover on March 3, 1931. Most Americans know the first verse to Francis Scott Key's Star Spangled Banner as our national anthem, yet there are three other verses that are rarely performed. "On the shore, dimly seen thought the mists of the deep. Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes. What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep. As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam. in full glory reflected now shines in the stream: Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! And where is that band who so vauntingly swore that the havoc of war and the battle's confusion. A home and a county should leave us no more! Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave from the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave. And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave. O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand between their loved home and the war's desolation! Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, and this be our motto: "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!" 9 Primary Sources in the Classroom The Teacher's Page The Library of Congress offers classroom materials and professional development to help teachers effectively use primary sources from the Library's vast digital collections in their teaching. Presentations and Activities Presentations and Activities offer media-rich historical context or interactive opportunities for exploration to both teachers and students. Thanksgiving Timeline President James Madison proclaimed a national day of prayer and thanksgiving after the end of the War of 1812. American Memory Timeline: The New Nation, 1783-1815 James Madison one of the authors of the Constitution led the new nation through another war with Great Britain. This, of course, was the unpopular War of 1812. This war ended in 1815 and if nothing else it convinced Britain that the United States was on the map to stay. Lesson Plans Teacher created lesson plans using Library of Congress primary sources. Thomas Jefferson's Library: Making a Case for a National Library Students examine a letter written by Thomas Jefferson and identify techniques he used to persuade Congress to purchase his personal library. Students consider a selection of Jefferson's books and then write their own persuasive letters urging the books' purchase, while considering the question: "Why would Congress need this book to shape or govern the nation?" Collection Connection Historical Content and Ideas for Teaching with specific Library of Congress primary source collections. James Madison Papers This collection documents the activities of the fourth president of the United States. Included are materials documenting his two terms as President including materials on the War of 1812. The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress These papers represent the largest collection of original Jefferson documents in the world. The materials covers Jefferson's role in the War of 1812. Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals The War of 1812 was the new nation's first military effort to defend its sovereignty and its right to be treated as an equal in foreign relations. A number of articles written during the Civil War reflected on events during the War of 1812. Students can read the article "Memoir of Lewis Clover, "A Prisoner of War" relating the story of a young sailor's involvement in events leading up to the war and his imprisonment. The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 This collection documents the travels of the first Europeans to enter the trans-Appalachian west, the maps tracing their explorations, and relations with Native American people. Books and letters in the collection record land acquisitions, agricultural development, navigation, trade, and political affairs in the early Federal period including western conspiracies and the War of 1812. loc.gov America's Story Created for children, the Library of Congress, America's Story wants you to have fun with history while learning at the same time through interactive games and stories. Meet Amazing Americans Discover the inventors, politicians, performers, activists and other everyday people who made this country what it is today. Andrew Jackson: The War of 1812 and the Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson is the only president who served in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The War of 1812 gave him the national recognition he would later need to win the presidency. Andrew Jackson: From Horseshoe Bend to the Trail of Tears On August 30, 1813, Creek Indians had killed hundreds of frontier settlers at Fort Mims, Jackson and his militia were sent to fight the Creeks. James Madison: Second War of American Independence On June 18, 1812, James Madison signed Congress's official declaration of war against England, find out why. James Madison: Madison's Memorable Wife In August 1814, the British burned the White House to the ground, find out what item Dolly Madison refused to leave without. Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson and the Library of Congress During the War of 1812 the British invaded Washington and burned the Capitol building in 1814. They also burned the 4,000 volumes in the Library of Congress. What do you think Jefferson decided to do for Congress? William Henry Harrison: Harrison's Military Career Learn about William Henry Harrison's contributions to the War of 1812. Explore the States Find out what happened in your state. Maine: The Port of Portland, Maine Would you ever guess that the closest U.S. port city to Europe is in Maine? Well, it is. Jump Back in Time Take a trip to an era in American History. January 8, 1815: Winning the Battle of New Orleans On this day in 1815, Major General Andrew Jackson led a small, poorly equipped army to victory against 8,000 British troops at the Battle of New Orleans. Today in History Each day an event from American history is illustrated by digitized items from the Library of Congress American Memory historic collections. June 18, 1812: The War of 1812 President James Madison signed a declaration of war against Great Britain, marking the beginning of the War of 1812. May 9, 1813: Siege of Fort Meigs General William Henry Harrison turned back a siege by Shawnee military leader Tecumseh and British general Henry A. Proctor. December 19, 1813: Old Fort Niagara Captured 500 British soldiers and 500 militia and Indians cross the Niagara River determined to sieze Old Fort Niagara on the opposite shore in New York. August 19, 1814: The Burning of Washington Upon entering the city, the British set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and many other public buildings. January 8, 1815: Battle of New Orleans Major General Andrew Jackson led a small, poorly-equipped army to victory against eight thousand British troops at the Battle of New Orleans. Exhibitions Discover exhibitions that bring the world's largest collection of knowledge, culture, and creativity to life through dynamic displays of artifacts enhanced by interactivity. War of 1812 The journal kept by surgeon Amos Evans aboard the American frigate USS Constitution is one of two naval medical journals known to have survived from the period. It contains the only detailed first-person account of the Constitution's famous August 19, 1812, battle at sea with the La Guerriere, in which the British ship was vanquished. The Burning of the City of Washington Encountering neither resistance nor any United States government officials President Madison and his cabinet had fled to safety, the British quickly torched the White House, the Capitol, which then housed the Library of Congress, the navy yard, and several American warships. American Memory American Memory provides free and open access through the Internet to written and spoken words, sound recordings, still and moving images, prints, maps, and sheet music that document the American experience. It is a digital record of American history and creativity. These materials, from the collections of the Library of Congress and other institutions, chronicle historical events, people, places and ideas that continue to shape America, serving the public as a resource for education and lifelong learning. An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera The Printed Ephemera Collection at the Library of Congress is a rich repository of Americana. In total, the collection comprises 28,000 primary source items dating from the seventeenth century to the present and encompassing key events and eras in U.S. history, including the War of 1812. One example is a proclamation issued by President James Madison announcing that the U.S. had declared war on Great Britain. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation This collection contains a large selection of Congressional material related to the War of 1812, including debates, laws, journals, documents, and reports. The Annals of Congress contains the debates of Congress during this time period. The appendix of the Annals of Congress presents documents related to the War of 1812 and peace negotiations with Great Britain. The American State Papers provides legislative and executive documents concerning Great Britain. The United States Statues at Large includes the declaration of war against Great Britain signed by President Madison and the Treaty of Ghent which ended the war. The First American West: The Ohio River Valley, 1750-1820 This collection assembles 15,000 pages of original historical material documenting the land, peoples, exploration, and transformation of the trans-Appalachian West from the mid-eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. The collection contains over thirty items directly related to the War of 1812, including letters and journals. The James Madison Papers The James Madison papers consist of correspondence and notes that trace his two terms as the fourth president of the United States, illuminating the origins and course of the War of 1812, including copies of letters written by Madison to Secretary of War John Armstrong. Madison's observations from the August 24, 1814 capture of Washington by British troops is available in this collection. The Thomas Jefferson Papers at the Library of Congress Jefferson's papers consist of approximately 27,000 documents ranging in date from 1606 to 1827. Correspondence, memoranda, notes, and drafts of documents make up two-thirds of the papers. This collection contains many of Jefferson's letters written to and from James Madison and others concerning the War of 1812. Wise Guide A monthly web magazine of historical highlights and fascinating facts from the Library of Congress. January 8: What's Important about January 8th? If you lived in the South during the 19th century, you'd have no trouble answering this question. Web Guides : The Library of Congress is home to many of the most important document sin American history. This website provides links to materials digitized form the collections of the Library of Congress that supplement and enhance the study of these crucial documents. A Guide to the War of 1812 : The digital collections of the Library of Congress contain a wide variety of material associated with the War of 1812, including manuscripts, broadsides, pictures, and government documents. This guide compiles links to digital materials related to the War of 1812 that are available throughout the Library of Congress Website. Treaty of Ghent : The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. Peace negotiations began in Ghent, Belgium, starting in August of 1814. After four months of talks, the treaty was signed on December 24, 1814. The Senate unanimously ratified the Treaty of Ghent on February 16, 1815. Prints and Photographs The collection of the Prints and Photographs Division include photographs, fine and popular prints and drawings, posters, architectural and engineering drawings. Popular Graphic Arts About 15,000 historical prints created to document geographic locations or popular subjects and sometimes used for advertising and educational purposes. When searching War of 1812, paintings and etchings of great battles, war ships and cartoons are found. Miscellaneous Items in High Demand This collection consists of more than 80,000 descriptions of individual images. Images relating to the War of 1812 include lithograph of United States Army and Navy uniforms from the War of 1812, a painting of the first shot of the war and a photograph of the room where the Treaty of Ghent was signed. Citations 2. PBS, The War of 1812, The Treaty of Ghent 3. The War of 1812 Bicentennial Commission, Frontier Warfare	i don't know
Grammy award-winning musician Yo-Yo Ma is famous for his virtuosity on what instrument?	Jake Shimabukuro Biography - ARTISTdirect Music N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # Jake Shimabukuro Biography Though many still have trouble pronouncing his last name and the instrument he plays, Jake Shimabukuro (she-ma-BOO-koo-row) is becoming recognized as one of the world's top ukulele (oo-koo-LAY-lay) musicians. His latest release, My Life (Hitchhike Records 1108) is an EP that features six brand-new ukulele arrangements of Jake's favorite tunes by Sarah McLachlan, Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, and Cyndi Lauper, wrapped around the classic "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". On this heartfelt and beautiful recording, Jake respects the originals while integrating his own soulful, one-of-a-kind interpretations. This follows in the footsteps of Jake's smash hit full-length CD Gently Weeps (2006), which has sold 100,000 copies worldwide. Renowned for lightning-fast fingers and revolutionary playing techniques, Jake views the ukulele as an "untapped source of music with unlimited potential". His virtuosity defies label or category. Playing jazz, blues, funk, classical, bluegrass, folk, flamenco, and rock, Jake's mission is to show everyone that the ukulele is capable of so much more than only the traditional Hawaiian music many associate it with. At just four years of age, Jake's mother gave him his first ukulele lesson. "When I played my first chord I was hooked", says Jake, " I fell in love with the instrument". That love grew into a deep passion to create and innovate. Experimenting with various techniques allows Jake to create sounds never thought possible on the tiny four-string, two-octave instrument. A true showman, his performance captivates audiences with intricate strumming and plucking, electrifying high-energy grooves and smooth, melodic ballads. His covers of tunes by The Beatles and Led Zeppelin are interpretations that have dazzled and delighted audiences worldwide. From a modest beginning performing at a local Honolulu cafe, Jake has gone on to play renowned venues such as the House of Blues and The Knitting Factory (Los Angeles); The Birchmere (Alexandria, VA); Tipitina's (New Orleans); Joe's Pub, Highline Ballroom, and B.B. King's Nightclub (NYC); The Bumbershoot Festival (Seattle); The Fuji Rock Festival (Japan); The Music Is Good Medicine Tour covering thirty-two shows (Japan), and many others. Occasional tours with Jimmy Buffett have broadened Jake's experience, regularly exposing his virtuosity and amazing stage presence to crowds of up to 50,000. Speaking of large audiences, Jake has also performed on national television shows such as NBC's The Late Show with Conan O'Brien (twice) and Last Call With Carson Daly, as well as featured on NPR's Morning Edition, Public Radio International's The World, and The Bob Edwards Show on XM Satellite Radio. Selection as the spokesman - three years in a row - for Hawaii Tourism Japan's (HTJ) campaign to market Hawaii to Japan, as well as his frequent tours of the island nation, have made Jake Shimabukuro a household name in Japan. "Rainbow," a track from Walking Down Rainhill, was selected as HTJ's theme song as well as the official Honolulu Marathon theme song in 2004. In 2006, the Gently Weeps track "Beyond the Break" was selected as the Marathon's theme song and was played as Jake crossed the finish line upon completion of his first marathon run. Jake's musical accomplishments are well known throughout the Hawaiian Islands and Japan, though he is perhaps known equally as well for his outgoing personality and warm heart. In his spare time Jake often visits schools to talk with and play music for the children of Hawaii, hopefully inspiring thousands to put their energy into learning about and playing music. Jake's collaborations and special projects are varied. He's toured with Bela Fleck & the Flecktones (2002, 2005, 2006) and recorded on the band's Little Worlds (2003) album. He recently collaborated with Yo-Yo Ma for a single track on the Grammy-Award winning cellist's album Song's of Joy & Peace (2008). Also joining Jake in the recording studio was renowned pop singer Cyndi Lauper. Jake is also featured on Ziggy Marley's Grammy-Award winning Love is My Religion (2006), as well as on three CDs and two DVDs by Jimmy Buffett and The Coral Reefer Band. Jake's work with Jimmy also led to his contributions to the soundtrack of the Buffett-produced film, Hoot. This experience gave Jake confidence to take on the challenge of scoring the hit Japanese independent film HULA GIRLS. A heart warming comedy/drama, HULA GIRLS was Japan's official entry to the 2007 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film category and also won four Japanese Academy Awards the same year including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress. Jake's outstanding score was released last year on Hitchhike Records. Recent career highlights and developments include performing the National Anthem at the 2008 January PGA Opening Drive on Maui (broadcast live on The Golf Channel); a three-week tour of Australia; his upcoming debut at the world-renowned Bonnaroo music festival; and Jake's second Late Night with Conan O'Brien appearance, where he brought the NBC house down with a performance of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" that brought Conan out his chair to declare it one of the best things he's ever seen on the show! Energy, imagination, and innovation have been Jake's keys to success. He plans to continue recording, performing, collaborating, and staying happy. "I love what I do. I'm forever thankful for music".	Cello
According to the moral of the Aesop fable The Milkmaid and The Pail, what should you never count before they're hatched?	Bach’s Cello Suites: where to start - Classic FM Classic FM Bach’s Cello Suites: where to start 13 August 2012, 17:02 Bach’s instrumental output encompasses a wide spectrum, but none so intimate as his suites for solo cello. Watch and listen to six great cellists playing highlights of these amazing pieces. Since Bach composed his Suites for Unaccompanied Cello between 1717–1723, they’ve been transcribed for more than 19 different instruments, including the tuba and ukulele. It’s testament to the music’s diversity and intrigue that so many instrumentalists, not just cellists, want to sample Bach’s genius for themselves. But what if you don’t play the cello, or just want to know what to listen out for? Let Classic FM guide you through some of Bach’s most diverse works, with the help of performances from six great cellists. Suite No. 1 in G major The solo nature of the suites practically begs anyone who plays them to come up with their own interpretation of the music. Mstislav Rostropovich’s personal take on the Suite No. 1 in G that of a harmonic journey – his playing is fast-paced and he lets the music do the talking. The G major suite is the best-known of the six: Rostropovich’s version of the ‘Prelude’ has had more than 8million views on YouTube, and it’s frequently heard on TV and in films. For a musical pick-me-up, listen to the cheery ‘Gigue’. Suite No. 2 in D minor The second suite is a change in character from the positive G major Suite No. 1. Mischa Maisky’s interpretation of the ‘Prelude’ is almost conversational, as the tune ebbs and flows from the highest notes to some of the deepest and darkest in the cello’s range. Like all the suites, this is based on six dances, but it’s easy to forget this fact when listening to the brooding ‘Sarabande’. Bach uses low chords so the cello can accompany itself. It’s heartbreakingly beautiful. Suite No. 3 in C major Back to a major key, Bach’s Suite No. 3 in C is folky and relaxed – Paul Tortelier’s performance shows off its friendly character. The cello’s lowest note, the bottom C string, is often played to make up a meaty C major chord, showing off the full range of the instrument. From the cheeky ‘Courante’ to the two wonderfully contrasting ‘Bourée’ movements, this suite truly shows off the emotional depths available on a cello. Suite No. 4 in E flat major It’s one of the most difficult suites to play, but it’s also the most touching. Yo Yo Ma’s first recording won him a Grammy Award in 1985, and it’s easy to see why when listening to his haunting rendition of the ‘Prelude’. He even recorded the whole set of six suites again in a film, ‘Inspired by Bach’, in 1997. Bach turns the idea of a ‘Sarabande’ dance on its head in the peaceful second movement, altering the rhythms so the beats are stressed in what sounds like the wrong place. (Listen from 55.09 for Suite No. 4) Suite No. 5 in C minor This suite was originally written for a cello with its strings tuned down a tone, to extend the possibilities of the instrument even further. Its most famous movement is the haunting ‘Sarabande’, which was played at the World Trade Center on the anniversary of the 11 September terrorist attacks. It’s one of only four movements in all six suites which doesn’t contain any chords, giving it a pared down feel. Pablo Casals’ recording from 1936-1939 shows the mournful character of the music. Suite No. 6 in D major The last of the six suites may well have been composed for a smaller version of the cello with five strings rather than four, called a violoncello piccolo. The tune is higher than the other suites, giving the music a different feel from the heavier minor suites which come before it. Stephen Isserlis’ recording of the ‘Gigue’ is a great mix of mischief and virtuosity in equal measure – listening to the number of chords in the music, it’s almost hard to believe there’s only one instrument playing. Latest on Classic FM	i don't know
In drafting (and elementary school math), you would use a compass to draw what geometric shape?	Geometry Geometry Geometry is all about shapes and their properties. If you like playing with objects, or like drawing, then geometry is for you! Geometry can be divided into: Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles and triangles ... shapes that can be drawn on a piece of paper Solid Geometry is about three dimensional objects like cubes, prisms, cylinders and spheres. Hint: Try drawing some of the shapes and angles as you learn ... it helps. Point, Line, Plane and Solid A Point has no dimensions, only position A Line is one-dimensional A Plane is two dimensional (2D) A Solid is three-dimensional (3D) Why? Why do we do Geometry? To discover patterns, find areas, volumes, lengths and angles, and better understand the world around us. Plane Geometry Plane Geometry is all about shapes on a flat surface (like on an endless piece of paper).	Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy
Also known as mother's ruin, which alcoholic drink is distilled from juniper berries?	Mathematics of Perspective Drawing References Abstract. We present some mathematical ideas that occur in art and computer graphics. We touch upon the geometry of similar triangles, rigid motions in three space, perspective transformations, and projective geometry. We discuss computations behind rendering objects in perspective. We then describe vanishing points, answer how to measure distance in a receding direction in a perspective drawing and why a circle in three space becomes an ellipse when drawn in perspective. We use MAPLE generated computations and graphics to illustrate the ideas. ``I freely confess that I never had a taste for study or research either in physics or geometry except in so far as they could serve as a means of arriving at some sort of knowledge of the proximate causes...for the good and convenience of life, in maintaining health, in the practice of some art...having observed that a good part of the arts is based on geometry, among others the cutting of stone in architecture, that of sundials, and that of perspective in particular.´´ Girard Desargues Introduction. Artists now make amazing images using computers (e.g., visit PIXAR. ). But taking into account the complexity of all the physical laws of light requires extensive computation. We'll focus on mathematical concepts and derive the basic formulas that are at the heart of all rendering machines. We shall concentrate on the geometry of drawing objects, which can be described by points in space. We'll calculate the perspective transformations that locate the points on the drawing. Then we'll use MAPLE's capability to draw polygons and lines to show the effect of transformation. We'll apply this to show some mathematical / artistic concepts. (This note is a slightly expanded version of lecture notes [TA].) A mathematical theory of perspective drawing could only be developed when the Renaissance freed painters to depict nature in a way closer to what they observed [IW]. The biographer Vasari (1511-74) says that the Florentine architect Filipo Brunelleschi (1337-1446) studied Greek geometry, developed a theory of perspective and undertook painting just to apply his geometry [KM]. The first treatise, Della pittura(1435) by Leone Battista Alberti (1404-72) furnished most of the rules. Our diagram of the perspective view of the circle occurs in his text. A complete mathematical treatment De prospectiva pingendi (1478) was given by the Italian fresco painter Piero della Francesca (1410-1492). Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) incorporated geometry in his painting and wrote a now lost text on perspective Tratto della pittura. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) also wrote a text on the practice of geometry Underweysung der Messung mid dem Zyrkel und Rychtscheyd (1525) which was important in passing on to the Germans the Italian knowledge of perspective drawing. In it, Dürer invented several drawing machines to teach perspective. Alberti was first to ask if two drawing screens are interposed between the viewer and the object, and the object is projected onto both resulting in two different pictures of the same scene, what properties do the two pictures have in common [KM2]. Alberti's Problem: What do the two projections have in common? This question prompted the development of a new subject, projective geometry whose exponent was Girard Desargues (1591-1661). Desargues studied perspective geometry from a synthetic point of view, meaning he built up the geometry from axioms about points, lines and planes. A sampling is given in the section on projective geometry. There we address the question why the perspective image of a circle necessarily the ellipse. It can also be answered using analytic geometry methods, such as in our chapter on analytic geometry, where first, points and lines are reduced to equations. A modern deductive footing for perspective drawing was given later by Brook Taylor (1685-1731) and J. H. Lambert (1728-77). A competing point of view has held by mathematicians such as René Decartes (1596-1650), Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) and Julius Plücker (1801-1868) who studied these question algebraically. Their work spurred the development of algebraic geometry. Mathematical issues and history are more completely covered in [BP], [DH], [FP], [M], [OW], [PD], [SD] and [WC]. Some current popular drawing texts such as Edwards' [EB] de-emphasize the analytical approach in favor of an intuitive sighting method for perspective. However, complicated drawing situations require more analysis [EB], [EM]. If a student wishes to pursue linear perspective in the history and art see, e.g. [CA]. There are a number of web sites worth perusing, [DJ], [EM], [MS] as are sites discussing perspective and the internet [KJ], [XX]. The computer science of graphics is discussed in [BP], [FP], [PP]. Many of our illustrations were generated by the MAPLE symbolic algebra, graphics and computation system. Our code in the MAPLE programming language is available at http://www.math.utah.edu/~treiberg/HS.html Differential geometric graphic applications of MAPLE are described in Oprea [OJ] and Rovenski [RV] and of MATHEMATICA in Gray [GA]. Other graphics packages to render differential geometric objects, e.g., are Richard Palais' 3D-Filmstrip or Konrad Polthier's JavaView . Parallel transformation of points. The perspective transformations that describe how a point in three space is mapped to the drawing plane can be simply explained using elementary geometry. We begin by setting up coordinates. A projection involves two coordinate systems. A point in the coordinate system of an object to be drawn is given by X=(x,y,z) and the corresponding in the imaging system (on the drawing plane) is P=(u,v). If we use the standard right handed Projecting an object to the drawing plane. system, then x and y correspond to width and depth and z corresponds to height. On the drawing plane, we let u be the horizontal variable and v the vertical. We can measure the distances between pairs of points in the usual way using the Euclidean metric. If X1 = (x1, y1, z1) and P1 = (u1, v1) and so on, then dist(X1, X2) = {(x1 - x2)2 + (y1 - y2)2 + (z1 - z2)2}1/2, dist(P1, P2) = {(u1 - u2)2 + (v1 - v2)2}1/2 The projection from X to P is called a parallel projection if all sets of parallel lines in the object are mapped to parallel lines on the drawing. Such a mapping is given by an affine transformation, which is of the form = f(X) = T + AX where T is a fixed vector in the plane and A is a 3 x 2 constant matrix. Parallel projection has the further property that ratios are preserved. That is if X1, X2, X3 and X4 are collinear points in the object, then the ratio of distances is preserved under parallel projection Of course denominators are assumed to be nonzero. To illustrate, let's begin with an object in three space, say a simplified house. It consists of the points [0,0,0], [0,0,3], [3.5,0,5], [7,0,3], [7,0,0], [0,9,3], [0,9,0], [7,9,3], [7,9,0], [3.5,9,5] which define eight corners of a box and two gable points and [3,9.1,0], [5,9.1,0], [5,9.1,8], [3,9.1,8], [3,10.2,0], [5,10.2,0], [5,10.2,8], [5,10.2,8] which define the chimney. MAPLE generated 3d plot of house. The most frequent parallel projections are called elevations, oblique projections and isometric projections. The elevations are just the front, top and side views of the object. Thus the projections are given by the functions Ffront(x,y,z)=(x,z), Fside(x,y,z)=(y,z); Ftop(x,y,z)=(x,y) Applied to the house object, we get three views. MAPLE generated elevations. In oblique projection, which is also called Cavalier projection, the front view is undistorted, but the sections of the object corresponding to y = y0 constant are drawn up and to the right depending on how far back y0 is. If we write w= ( ) T, the unit vector in the plane at 45°, then we may write The vectors have been written in column form to here to facilitate matrix multiplication, but we'll not fuss about whether a vector is a row or column and use both forms interchangeably. Note that since w is a unit vector, lengths in the y directions are mapped to equal lengths along the 45° line in the drawing. Indeed, putting c = 2-1/2, dist((x0,y1,z0),(x0,y0,z0)) = \|y1 - y0\|; = dist((x0 + c y1, z0 + c y1), (x0 + c y0,z0 + c y0)) = Perspective projections. We now describe the perspective transformation. It is the composition of a rigid motion followed by the perspective transformation that reduces distant objects. The rigid motion moves the object in front of the drawing plane in such a way that the eye point ep=(xe, ye, ze) is moved to the origin, so that the vector from eyepoint to centerpoint cp=(xc, yc,zc) toward which the eye is looking is moved to the positive y-axis and so that the vertical line through the centerpoint is drawn vertical. We shall accomplish the rigid motion by first translating the object to move the eyepoint to the origin using T(x,y,z)=(x - xe, y - ye, z - ze). Let the new vector eye to center be the displacement dp:=T(cp). Then we rotate the object around the origin. Every rotation is the composition of a rotation around the z-axis by an angle h, around the new x-axis by an angle k and around the y-axis by an angle l. The three angles h, k, k are called the Euler angles. We only need the first two rotations, and we can compute the cosines and sines involved using only the eyepoint and centerpoint coordinates. First we rotate dp around the z-axis so that (dp1, dp2) moves to (0, r1) where r1 = {dp12 + dp22}1/2. Letting s1 = dp1/r1, c1 = dp2/r1 then the rotation is as before R( x, y, z) = (c1 x - s1 y, s1 x + c1 y, z). Let rdp= R(dp)=(0, rdp2, rdp3) be the rotated dp. The length of rdp is the same as the length of dp which is r2 = {dp12 + dp22 + dp32}1/2 = {rdp22 + rdp32}1/2. The second rotation takes rdp to (0, r2, 0). Setting c2 = rdp2/r2, s2 = rdp3/r2, the rotation around the x-axis becomes S( x, y, z) = (x, c2 y + s2 z, - s2 y + c2 z). The composite SRT(X) = S(R(T(X))) is the desired rigid motion The perpendicular projection is the front view or (x,z) part of the rotated object Fperp.(x,y,z)= [ c1(x-xe) - s1(y - ye), -s1 s2(x - xe) - c1 s2(y - ye) + c2(z - ze)] and the depth is computed by GPpP(x, y, z)= s1 c2(x - xe) + c1 c2(y - ye) + s2(z - ze). For example, taking the eyepoint ep=(11.0,-15.0,2.0) and centerpoint cp=(3.5,5.0,3.0) projects the house so: MAPLE generated orthogonal projection. Because light reflecting off the object travels in straight lines, the object point is seen on the drawing plane at the point where the line from the eyepoint to the object point intersects the drawing plane. The perspective transformation is simply to deduce the coordinates (u,v) on the drawing plane, which is a distance d from the origin, from the point X=(x,y,z) using triangles. The triangles (0,0):(0,d):(u,d) and (0,0):(0,y):(x,y) in the x-y-plane and the triangles (0,0):(d,0):(d,v) and (0,0):(y,0):(y,z) in the y-z-plane are similar. It follows that Similar triangles used in computing perspective projection. We have been using d=1 from which the perspective transformation may be calculated. This is just the x-z-coordinates of the perpendicular transformation divided by the depth (y-coordinate.) Using the same eyepoint and centerpoint as for the perpendicular transformation, we plot the house by perspective transformation. MAPLE generated perspective projection. Perspective transformations have the property that parallel lines on the object are mapped to pencils of lines passing through a fixed point in the drawing plane. To see this, note that each line in the rotated object lies in the plane passing through the line and through the eyepoint. This plane intersects the drawing plane in a line hence the image of a line in space is a line in the drawing. Any parallel lines in the object are parallel to the drawing plane or not. If the lines are parallel to the drawing plane (the y-coordinates on the line are constant) then the division by the depth (the y coordinate of the rotated object) is division by constant. Thus the formula reduces to a constant multiple of the numerator which is an affine transformation that maps parallel lines to parallel lines. If the parallel lines are not parallel with the drawing plane, then their image on the drawing plane passes through a fixed point, called the vanishing point. The easiest way to see this is to consider a pair of points on two parallel lines that travel together away from the drawing plane. Imagine that a wire of fixed length connects the points. Because the pair can get farther and farther from the drawing plane without letting go the wire, their perspective images get closer and closer in the drawing since the denominators are getting large whereas the difference in their (x,z) directions are bounded. Imagine the cliché of two rails of a track converging at infinity. For general choices of the eyepoint and centerpoint, the parallel lines originally in the x, y and z-axis directions are not rotated to a position parallel to the drawing plane. Thus these three directions each have their own vanishing points. This is called three-point perspective. The three points may not so easily seen since they may not be within the cone of vision that limits the width of our view. To illustrate one and two point perspective we change our eye and center points to guarantee some parallel lines parallel to the drawing plane. One-point perspective. Let us consider specific choices of eyepoint and centerpoint for which some of the objects axes are parallel to the drawing plane. Let the eyepoint ep=[6.0,-15.0,2.0] and the centerpoint cp=[6.0,5.0,2.0]. Because dp=[0,20,0] no rotation is necessary. The x and z-axes are parallel to the y=1 plane. The perpendicular projection is just the front elevation and the perspective view has one vanishing point corresponding to the y-axis direction. The vanishing point is indicated (it is the position of the centerpoint.) MAPLE generated front elevation and one point perspective projection. Two-point perspective. Let the eyepoint ep=[16.0,-15.0,2.0] and the centerpoint cp=[6.0,5.0,2.0]. This time dp=[-10,20,0] so that the only rotation is about the z axis. The z-axis is parallel to the y=1 plane. The perpendicular projection is now a corner elevation and the perspective view has two vanishing points corresponding to the x- and y-axis directions. The centerpoint is indicated. MAPLE generated orthogonal and two-point perspective projection. Another pair of views come by taking the eyepoint ep=[-6.0,5.0,9.0] and the centerpoint cp=[6.0,5.0,2.0]. This time the horizontal lines are parallel to the drawing plane but the vertical and receding lines are not. Therefore the vanishing points correspond to the vertical and receding directions. Another MAPLE generated orthogonal and two-point perspective projection. Using vanishing points and measuring points. The maximum view that the eye can take in is a cone of about 30° about its axis (the cone of vision.) It is possible for the computer to plot points outside the cone of vision, but such a drawing has a distortion like a fisheye camera photo. Thus usually both vanishing points aren't visible in the same scene, as in this computer-generated view of a cube with parallel lines. MAPLE generated perspective view of unit cube showing vanishing points. How do we locate the vanishing points in the drawing? The vanishing points for the x-axis and y axis parallels are always on the horizon line. If d is the distance from eye to drawing, then the two vanishing points in the drawing for x-axis and y-axis lines are on lines which meet at the eyepoint at 90°. This is easiest to see by imagining the top view. MAPLE generated perspective view and construction of vanishing points from top view. The drawing plane is a distance d from the eyepoint E. The rays emanating from the eyepoint at right angles parallel to the y and x-axes are the line segments EA and EB. A is the u-coordinate of the y-axis vanishing point V1 and B is the u-coordinate of the x-axis vanishing point V2. The v-coordinates are v=0 which corresponds to the eyelevel and horizon line. A circle whose center is on the drawing line and passes through the eyepoint intersects the drawings line at two points, say A and B for which AEB is a right angle. This is the geometric fact that a diameter AB subtends an angle 90° from any point E on the arc AEB. MAPLE generated perspective and top view of vanishing points and their construction. How do we measure distances in the receding direction? The idea is to figure out sets of parallel lines which transfer measurements along the baseline, a line parallel to the drawing plane, to the receding line. The projective transformation may scale but not distort distances along the baseline. To see how this works, consider the top view of a 3 x 3 square. MAPLE generated parallel sets of measuring lines. The baseline is the line af. The baseline has equally spaced points a, b, c, o, d, e, f in order. The spacing is the same as along the square o, c', b' a' and o d', e', f'. The square has been rotated an angle foX. The parallels to oX and the parallels to oY are along the two sides of the square. Their perspective images converge to two vanishing points. The other two sets of lines are called measuring lines. One family are the parallels oP, dd', ee', ff' measure the oX side of the square and the other set of parallels oQ, cc', bb', aa' measure the oY side of the square. This is what it looks like in perspective. MAPLE generated top and perspective views showing parallel measuring lines, vanishing and measuring points. Because the lines connect equally spaced points, the triangles fof' and aoa' are isosceles. This means that if the line oW is chosen so that the angle foW bisects the angle foX, then the lines oP and oW are perpendicular and the angle Similarly, the triangle aoa' is isosceles so the angle But since the total angle of a triangle is and since they are supplementary, It follows that These angles may be easily constructed on the circle. MAPLE generated top view for constructing vanishing points and measuring points. As before, we locate the eyepoint E and centerpoint O on the drawing and let line EF be parallel to AB. The sides of the box from the previous diagram are along the rays EA and EB so that the vanishing points in the drawing are located at A and B. Since a line intersects parallel lines so that opposite angles are equal, Draw a circular arc with center B and radius BE until it meets the drawing plane line AB at M1. EBM1 is a similar triangle to fof' so Thus M1 is the point where the eye views the first family of measuring parallels; thus M1 is the vanishing point for this set of parallels. Similarly, so that if one draws a circle with center A and radius AE then this circle intersects the picture plane line at M2. Now the angle so that the point M2 is the vanishing point for the second family of measuring lines. Now we can use the measuring lines to mark off equispaced points on the perspectively receding lines. MAPLE generated measuring lines viewed in perspective and their construction viewed from the top. We mark off equally spaced points a-f on the baseline as before. The lines oV1 and oV2 correspond to the bottom edges of the box. Moving up one unit from o gives the upper corner of the box and the rays to V1 and V2 give the upper front edges. Now, the first measuring family was chosen so that the intersections with the right front edge were points spaced the same distance apart as on the baseline. Thus, where the lines dM1, eM1 and fM1 intersect oV1 are the equally spaced points d', e' f' in the perspective drawing. Similarly, the measuring family of parallel lines for the left side of the box have a vanishing point at M2. The intersection of aM2, bM2 and cM2 with oV2 correspond to the equally spaced points a', b', c' on the line oV2. The rest of the box is constructed by extending the vertical lines up from a'-f'. If one is using two-point perspective, these are truly vertical in the u-v-plane. Otherwise you have to use the vanishing point corresponding to the vertical family (which is probably way below the picture.) MAPLE generated measuring lines viewed in perspective and their construction viewed from the top. Analytic Treatment of the Perspective View of a Circle One is taught in drawing class, that circular objects in three-dimensional Euclidean Space are drawn in perspective as ellipses. The usual construction is to draw a square around the circle, and then project the perspective view of the square by finding its edges using the vanishing points and measuring points, the center by drawing the diagonals, and then sketching the projected circle by drawing it tangent to the projected square. A beginner will sometimes make the mistake of trying to make the tangency points the same as the endpoints of the axes of the ellipse, but they are not the same as seen in the p. 17 figure. But why is the image exactly the ellipse and not some other closed curve? We shall answer this question by figuring out the equation of the image of the circle on the perspective drawing. We'll be using the methods of analytic geometry, where curves are represented by equations. Thus we shall describe a circle in three space by describing it as the locus of points satisfying certain equations. We then compute the corresponding perspective locus in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the drawing plane. Finally, after some simplification, we will be able to recognize the curve as an ellipse. The conic sections in the plane are given as the locus, that is the set of all points (u,v) in E2 which satisfy a quadratic equation of the form (1.) au2 + 2buv + cv2 + eu + fv + g = 0, where a, b, c, d, e, f, g are constants. This can be deduced from the geometric description of the conic section as the intersection in three space of a plane with a right circular cone. All possible conic sections arise this way including degenerate ones such as lines and points and the empty set. For example if a=b=c=0 then e u + f v + g = 0 is the equation of a line and if a=c=1, b=0, d=-2u0, e=-2v0, g=-u02-v02 then a u2 + c v2 + e u + f v + g = (u-u0)2 + (v-v0)2 = 0 is satisfied only by one point (u,v)=(u0,v0) whereas u2 + v2 + 1 = 0 has no real solution at all. On the other hand if the discriminant D = a c - b2 is negative, then the conic is a hyperbola, if D=0 the conic is a parabola and if D is positive the conic is an ellipse. The easiest to see are the canonical conic curves given by the formulae Of course if a=b the ellipse is a circle. Now let's see what a projective transformation looks like analytically. For simplicity, we assume that the set is located in front of the observer (all points of the circle satisfy y0.) Then the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the drawing plane (points which satisfy y=1) are (2.) where (x, y, z) runs through all points of the original set. Now suppose that we consider a circle in space with center (x0, y0, z0) and radius r and which lies on a plane not parallel to the drawing plane. By a rotation around the y-axis, we may arrange that the intersection line of the circle plane and the drawing plane is horizontal. In other words, the equation of the plane through the center of the circle sloping away from the drawing plane with slope m is given by (3.) z - z0 = m (y - y0). To be able to see the circle, we require that the eyepoint (0, 0, 0) is not on the plane of the circle, which means z0 does not equal m y0 . The circle also lies on the sphere of radius r centered at (x0, y0, z0), which has the equation (4.) (x - x0)2 + (y - y0)2 + (z - z0)2 = r2. The circle is the collection of points satisfying both (3.) and (4.) These are projected using (2.) to the drawing plane. By substituting (3.) into (4.), (5.) (x - x0)2 + (1 + m2)(y - y0)2 = r2. We are trying to see how these equations relate u to v. Using (2.), we substitute in the equations (3.) and (5.) v y - z0 = m (y - y0) so Substituting into equation (5.) and multiplying by (v - m)2 yields [u(z0 - m y0) - v x0 + m x0]2 + (1 + m2)(z0 - v y0)2 = r2(v - m)2. Multiplying out and collecting factors of u2, uv, ... yields (z0 - m y0)2u2 + 2 x0(z0 - m y0)u v + [x02 + (1 + m2)y02 - r2]v2 + 2 m x0(z0 - m y0)u + 2[m r2 - m x02 - (1 + m2)y0 z0]v + [m2 x02 + (1 + m2)z02-m2r2] = 0. Thus (u,v) satisfy a quadratic equation in the plane. The discriminant is D= (z0 - m y0)2[x02 + (1 + m2)y02 - r2] - (z0 - m y0)2x02 = (z0 - m y0)2[(1 + m2)y02 - r2]. Since the eyepoint is not on the plane of the circle z0 - m y0 > 0. Since the circle is in front of the y=0 plane, the point (x0, 0, z0 + m y0) which is both in the y=0 plane and on the circle plane is can't be on the circle, in fact it is farther from the center than any point of the circle, hence (1 + m2)y02 - r2 0. Thus D > 0 and the locus is an ellipse. Perspective view of the circle Here is a diagram from Alberti's treatise. The square that surrounds the circle projects to a trapezoid. The circle itself projects to an ellipse which is tangent to all four sides of the trapezoid. Observe that the left and right endpoints of the axes of the ellipse where the ellipse is widest occur below the tangency points. But be careful when drawing the ellipse which is not centered on the eyepoint to centerpoint line! What is Projective Geometry? The original impetus to projective geometry came from perspective drawing. Alberti's textbook Della Pittura (1435) formulated new questions that tempted mathematicians to study new questions beyond those addressed by the Greeks. If two artists make perspective drawings of the same object, their drawings will not be the same, for example because different parts of the object will be closer to each of the the two artists. But what properties of the drawings remain the same? ( Diagram of Alberti's question. ) The perspective projection, which takes points X of the object which are in three space and plots them as points P on the drawing plane. Let us write this P=f(X). It has the property that points are mapped to points and lines to lines. However, parallel lines in three space which are not parallel to the drawing plane must be drawn to converge at their vanishing points. Thus the correspondence between lines and points in three space and lines and points on the drawing isn't perfect. Thus if L1 and L2 are parallel lines in three space then f(L1) and f(L1) are lines which intersect at V their vanishing point. However L1 and L2 don't intersect at any point. In the diagram, lines AB, CD and E'V' are parallel. Their projections A'B', C'D' intersect at a point V' which is called the vanishing point since it has no corresponding point in three space. The solution was proposed by Girard Desargues (1591-1661) a self educated man who worked as an architect after leaving the army. His opus with the ponderous name, Broullion project d`une atteinte aux événemens des renconteres du cône avec un plan, (1693) which describes projective methods in geometry went unnoticed. Jean-Victor Poncelet (1788-1867), an engineer in Napoleon's army reworked the theory in Traité des proprietiés projectives des Figures(1822) while a prisoner of war in Russia in 1813 [KF]. This elevated Desargues work in projective geometry to one of the success stories of synthetic geometry, whose merits versus analytic geometry were being debated at the time. We sketch two theorems from projective geometry. For a more rigorous treatment, the reader should consult any of a number of texts, such as O'Hara & Ward [OW] or Wylie [WC]. To complete the correspondence, Desargues introduced ideal points, called points at infinity one for each set of parallel lines. The points at infinity don't contradict any axioms. They function as a convenience since now every pair of lines intersects at one point, the case of parallel lines does not have to be treated as an exceptional case. The following is now called Desargues' Theorem of Homologous Triangles. Theorem. Suppose there is a point O and triangles ABC and A'B'C' in the plane or three space. If they are projectively related from the point O, that is, the triples {O, A, A'}, {O, B, B'} and {O, C, C'} are all collinear. Then the points of intersections of the corresponding sides AB and A'B', AC and A'C' and BC and B'C' (or their prolongations) are collinear. Conversely, if the three pairs of corresponding sides meet in three points which lie on one straight line, then the lines joining corresponding vertices meet at one point (are projectively related.) The proof is easier for the case that the triangles are not coplanar. See Dörrie [HD] or Meserve [MB] for proofs. Diagram of Desargues' Theorem of Homologous Triangles. To see how we may use projective geometry directly to argue that the perspective image of a circle is an ellipse, we use a theorem due to Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Pascal, who was urged to investigate the relationship between projectivities and conics by Desargues, published his Essai sur les Coniques when he was sixteen. Although he didn't prove the converse part, the theorem is known as Pascal's Hexagon Theorem. Theorem. Let a hexagon be inscribed in a (nonsingular point-) conic. Then the three points of intersection of pairs of opposite sides are collinear. Conversely, if the opposite sides of a hexagon, (of which no three vertices lie on a straight line) intersect on a straight line, the six vertices lie on a non-singular point-conic. Diagram for Pascal's Hexagon Theorem. Pascal's Theorem may be used to deduce that the perspective image of a circle is an ellipse. Thus if c is the circle and f(c) is its image in a perspective drawing relative to the eyepoint O, then we have to show that if any six points A, B, C, D, E, F are chosen on f(c) so that no three of them lie on a straight line then the pairs of opposite sides intersect in collinear points. Then by the converse of Pascal's Theorem, the six points lie on a nonsingular point-conic. But since five points determine a conic, the sixth point which may be any general point of f(c) must be on the same on the conic. It follows that no matter which six points are chosen, they lie on the same conic, thus f(C) is (part of) a single point-conic. One argues that f(c) is bounded and nondegenerate thus can only be the ellipse. But the six points are in perspective correspondence to points A', B', C', D', E', F' on c which is a circle, hence a point-conic. Therefore, by Pascal's Theorem, the pairs of opposite sides (A'B' and E'D'), (B'C' and F'E'), and (C'D' and A'F') intersect at points P', Q', R' respectively, which are collinear in the plane of c. Their perspective images P, Q, R in the plane of F(c) must also be collinear since the perspective image of a line not containing O is a line. Moreover the planes OA'B', OE'D' contain the edges AB, ED, resp., since they are perspective to each other, and thus the planes intersect along the line OP'P. In other words, the point P is the intersection of the edges AB and ED. Similarly Q is the intersection of the edges BC and FE and R is the intersection of the edges CD and BF. Thus P, Q, R are collinear and we are done. Computer Graphics. Without going very deep into computer science complications, we explain something about the mathematics behind computer drawing. Computer science issues are treated, e.g. in [PP]. One of the ways that a computer renders three-dimensional object is to build up the image from little constituent pieces. The object is regarded as a collection of polygons. The visual position of each little piece is computed and the polygons are drawn one polygon at a time. The computer screen is given a Cartesian (horizontal and vertical axis) coordinate system and the polygon is drawn specifying the position of each P=(u,v) of its vertices. For example, as the three triangles red (0,0),(4,-1),(1,.5), green (4,2),(1,-.5),(4,1) and blue(4,-2),(3,1.5),(3,-1.5) are drawn, each one covers the previous ones. If for example, we wish to draw the front elevation of the an object in space consisting of the three triangles [(0,1,0),(4,0,-1),(1,1,.5)], [(4,1,2),(1,0,-.5),(4,1,1)] and [(4,1,-2),(3,0,1.5),(3,1,-1.5)] viewed toward the +y-axis, we have to draw the triangles as before, because the projection is given by F(x, y,z )=(x, z). This would result in an incorrect picture because one of tips of each triangle is closer to the viewer than some one of the other triangles. e.g., the base of the first triangle (0,1,0),(1,1,.5) at y=1 is farther from the viewer than the remaining vertex (4,0,-1) at y=0. Another source of error would be if polygons in the object actually intersected. To correctly render the front elevation, the triangles have to be subdivided further into parts and the parts in front have to be drawn on top of parts in back. The most fundamental way to depict depth in a picture is overlapping closer objects over farther ones. In general it is quite involved to decide if some part of the object can be seen or not. The simple way to deal with this is to draw all polygons of the object back to front. Some of the polygons which are in back of the object eventually get completely covered up. This is called the painter's algorithm. The way it works in our MAPLE program, first we compute the distances of each point to the eye. Then a typical distance is given for each polygon, which in our case is the distance to the nearest point. Then the polygons are sorted according to their typical distances, and are rendered back to front. Our program does not try to account for complicated overlaps or intersections so will sometimes render objects incorrectly. To illustrate the painter's algorithm, suppose we render a cube. The faces are drawn back to front, depending on the distance of each side to the viewer. In the example, the sky being farthest is drawn first, followed by the earth, the back face, the base, the sides, the top and finally the front, eventually covering up all but two sides. Another way of rendering a three-dimensional object is called ray tracing. In ray tracing, the computer follows light rays back from the eye to a point on the object from where it figures out how intense the light is and what its color is by following back the rays which illuminate that point. This can continue for several stages. At each stage the computation accounts for surface properties like shine and color and body properties such as refractive index and transmittivity. An example of ray tracing is a rendering of the same house made by the program POV-RayTM (Persistence of VisionTM Ray-Tracer Version 3.1.) We have specified that the body be made of gray glass and be positioned on a chessboard. To get a sense of what is state of the art in ray-tracing, visit Steven Parker's website Interactive Ray Tracing -- MPEG demo at the Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute http://www.sci.utah.edu/index.html in the Graphics and Visualization group http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/areas/graphics/ in the School of Computing at the University of Utah.	i don't know
What is the name of the cooking technique where vegetables are cut into narrow fine sticks?	Julienne: A French vegetable cutting technique Julienne To Julienne a vegetable means to cut it into small, thin pieces the size of matchsticks. If the vegetable is to be cooked, a julienne cut allows for a vegetable to cook rapidly and evenly, and integrate well into a mix of other ingredients, for instance in a sauce. If the vegetable is being served raw, a julienne cut allows the cook to make a fine, delicate garnish for salads or as an ingredient in something like a salade chinoise, etc. The technique is used on firm vegetables such as potato, celery, carrot, peppers, turnips, parsnips, etc. Onion is too difficult to julienne owing to its layers, and soft vegetables such as tomatoes can be done, but are difficult. Items such as citrus peel can also be julienned. A Julienne cut ends up with vegetable pieces about 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm square and 5 cm long (1/16th inch square x 2 inches.) To do this, the first step is to peel and wash the vegetable, then regularize its shape into a rectangle or square by topping and tailing it and squaring off the sides. Then cut it into 5 cm (2 inch) long pieces, then cut each of those pieces into 1.5 mm (1/16th inch) thick slices. Stack those slices, then cut them lengthwise into 1.5 mm (1/16th inch) wide sticks. Note: Some chefs call the above measurements a "fine julienne", and define a "regular julienne" as being 3 mm x 3mm (1/8th inch x 1/8th inch.) Most, though, reserve that 3 mm x 3 mm dimension for the term "allumette." That being said, preference for exact size will vary from teacher to teacher and chef to chef. A julienne cut can also be achieved with a mandoline. Cooking Tips Vegetable pieces leftover from the cut (i.e. the parts that you topped and tailed and squared away) can be used in soups or stocks, etc. The peelings can be used as stock. Chopping Techniques	Julienne
“Don’t one of you fire until you see the whites of their eyes!” was the order General Prescott gave to his men at the beginning of what moderately famous Revolutionary War battle?	Glossary of Cooking Terms To cook by dry heat, usually in the oven. BARBECUE: Usually used generally to refer to grilling done outdoors or over an open charcoal or wood fire. More specifically, barbecue refers to long, slow direct- heat cooking, including liberal basting with a barbecue sauce. BASTE: To moisten foods during cooking with pan drippings or special sauce to add flavor and prevent drying. BATTER: A mixture containing flour and liquid, thin enough to pour. BEAT: To mix rapidly in order to make a mixture smooth and light by incorporating as much air as possible. BLANCH: To immerse in rapidly boiling water and allow to cook slightly. BLEND: To incorporate two or more ingredients thoroughly. BOIL: To heat a liquid until bubbles break continually on the surface. BROIL: To cook on a grill under strong, direct heat. CARAMELIZE: To heat sugar in order to turn it brown and give it a special taste. CHOP: To cut solids into pieces with a sharp knife or other chopping device. CLARIFY: To separate and remove solids from a liquid, thus making it clear. CREAM: To soften a fat, especially butter, by beating it at room temperature. Butter and sugar are often creamed together, making a smooth, soft paste. CURE: To preserve meats by drying and salting and/or smoking. DEGLAZE: To dissolve the thin glaze of juices and brown bits on the surface of a pan in which food has been fried, sauteed or roasted. To do this, add liquid and stir and scrape over high heat, thereby adding flavor to the liquid for use as a sauce. DEGREASE: To remove fat from the surface of stews, soups, or stock. Usually cooled in the refrigerator so that fat hardens and is easily removed. DICE: To cut food in small cubes of uniform size and shape. DISSOLVE: To cause a dry substance to pass into solution in a liquid. DREDGE: To sprinkle or coat with flour or other fine substance. DRIZZLE: To sprinkle drops of liquid lightly over food in a casual manner. DUST: To sprinkle food with dry ingredients. Use a strainer or a jar with a perforated cover, or try the good, old-fashioned way of shaking things together in a paper bag. FILLET: As a verb, to remove the bones from meat or fish. A fillet (or filet) is the piece of flesh after it has been boned. FLAKE: To break lightly into small pieces. FLAMBE': To flame foods by dousing in some form of potable alcohol and setting alight. FOLD: To incorporate a delicate substance, such as whipped cream or beaten egg whites, into another substance without releasing air bubbles. Cut down through mixture with spoon, whisk, or fork; go across bottom of bowl, up and over, close to surface. The process is repeated, while slowing rotating the bowl, until the ingredients are thoroughly blended. FRICASSEE: To cook by braising; usually applied to fowl or rabbit. FRY: To cook in hot fat. To cook in a fat is called pan-frying or sauteing; to cook in a one-to-two inch layer of hot fat is called shallow-fat frying; to cook in a deep layer of hot fat is called deep-fat frying. GARNISH: To decorate a dish both to enhance its appearance and to provide a flavorful foil. Parsley, lemon slices, raw vegetables, chopped chives, and other herbs are all forms of garnishes. GLAZE: To cook with a thin sugar syrup cooked to crack stage; mixture may be thickened slightly. Also, to cover with a thin, glossy icing. GRATE: To rub on a grater that separates the food in various sizes of bits or shreds. GRATIN: From the French word for "crust." Term used to describe any oven-baked dish--usually cooked in a shallow oval gratin dish--on which a golden brown crust of bread crumbs, cheese or creamy sauce is form. GRILL: To cook on a grill over intense heat. GRIND: To process solids by hand or mechanically to reduce them to tiny particles. JULIENNE: To cut vegetables, fruits, or cheeses into thin strips. KNEAD: To work and press dough with the palms of the hands or mechanically, to develop the gluten in the flour. LUKEWARM: Neither cool nor warm; approximately body temperature. MARINATE: To flavor and moisturize pieces of meat, poultry, seafood or vegetable by soaking them in or brushing them with a liquid mixture of seasonings known as a marinade. Dry marinade mixtures composed of salt, pepper, herbs or spices may also be rubbed into meat, poultry or seafood. MEUNIERE: Dredged with flour and sauteed in butter. MINCE: To cut or chop food into extremely small pieces. MIX: To combine ingredients usually by stirring. PAN-BROIL: To cook uncovered in a hot fry pan, pouring off fat as it accumulates. PAN-FRY: To cook in small amounts of fat. PARBOIL: To boil until partially cooked; to blanch. Usually this procedure is followed by final cooking in a seasoned sauce. PARE: To remove the outermost skin of a fruit or vegetable. PEEL: To remove the peels from vegetables or fruits. PICKLE: To preserve meats, vegetables, and fruits in brine. PINCH: A pinch is the trifling amount you can hold between your thumb and forefinger. PIT: To remove pits from fruits. PLANKED: Cooked on a thick hardwood plank. PLUMP: To soak dried fruits in liquid until they swell. POACH: To cook very gently in hot liquid kept just below the boiling point. PUREE: To mash foods until perfectly smooth by hand, by rubbing through a sieve or food mill, or by whirling in a blender or food processor. REDUCE: To boil down to reduce the volume. REFRESH: To run cold water over food that has been parboiled, to stop the cooking process quickly. RENDER: To make solid fat into liquid by melting it slowly. ROAST: To cook by dry heat in an oven. SAUTE: To cook and/or brown food in a small amount of hot fat. SCALD: To bring to a temperature just below the boiling point. SCALLOP: To bake a food, usually in a casserole, with sauce or other liquid. Crumbs often are sprinkled over. SCORE: To cut narrow grooves or gashes partway through the outer surface of food. SEAR: To brown very quickly by intense heat. This method increases shrinkage but develops flavor and improves appearance. SHRED: To cut or tear in small, long, narrow pieces. SIFT: To put one or more dry ingredients through a sieve or sifter. SIMMER: To cook slowly in liquid over low heat at a temperature of about 180°. The surface of the liquid should be barely moving, broken from time to time by slowly rising bubbles. SKIM: To remove impurities, whether scum or fat, from the surface of a liquid during cooking, thereby resulting in a clear, cleaner-tasting final produce. STEAM: To cook in steam in a pressure cooker, deep well cooker, double boiler, or a steamer made by fitting a rack in a kettle with a tight cover. A small amount of boiling water is used, more water being added during steaming process, if necessary. STEEP: To extract color, flavor, or other qualities from a substance by leaving it in water just below the boiling point. STERILIZE: To destroy micro organisms by boiling, dry heat, or steam. STEW: To simmer slowly in a small amount of liquid for a long time. STIR: To mix ingredients with a circular motion until well blended or of uniform consistency. TOSS: To combine ingredients with a lifting motion. TRUSS: To secure poultry with string or skewers, to hold its shape while cooking. WHIP:	i don't know
Who is the spokescat for 9 Lives cat food?	About Us \| 9Lives® Cat Food 9Lives® Cat Food Morris The Cat From rescue cat to advertising icon In a first-of-its-kind exhibition in Chicago, the Museum of Broadcast Communications presents "A Salute to Advertising's Greatest Icons." 9 Lives' Morris the Cat is honored to be featured in the exhibition amongst other iconic characters closely tied to their brands. Learn more about Morris' journey below. In 1968, Bob Martwick, an animal talent scout discovered an orange tabby with quite the charming personality at the Humane Society in Hinsdale, IL. Morris was so charming at his audition that the art director exclaimed, "He's the Clark Gable of cats." He became the official 9Lives spokescat and one of the most famous cats in the world, starring in over 50 commercials, and appearing in a film with Burt Reynolds. Despite his fame, Morris has always had a social conscience. He has visited countless schools to promote kindness to animals. In 2006, he launched Morris' Million Cat Rescue® to save those animals in need of a forever home. Morris has never forgotten his humble beginnings as a rescue cat. He and 9Lives® cat food continue to bring great taste and balanced nutrition to cats around the world. And Morris will not rest until every cat finds a home. 9Lives® 9Lives® brand celebrates and champions all cats. Our delicious & nutritious cat food was first introduced in 1959 and is among the best-selling brands of cat food in the United States. 9Lives is dedicated to the health and happiness of cats everywhere. Why? Because 9Lives believes your cat deserves to live well. Nielsen data 12 months ending March 21, 2015	Morris
Leghorn, Buff Orpington and Plymouth Rock are all breeds of what?	Morris the Cat's Second of Nine Pampered Lives : Marketing: Feline's handlers take the nutritional message across the country, and the promotional fallout, well, that's just gravy. - latimes Morris the Cat's Second of Nine Pampered Lives : Marketing: Feline's handlers take the nutritional message across the country, and the promotional fallout, well, that's just gravy. October 18, 1989 \|ELLEN HAWKS \| The Baltimore Evening Sun BALTIMORE — The indifferent attitude of the big red cat called Morris is a tender trap of interest for most. He professes to be a finicky eater. But the girth of this 9-lives spokescat does not indicate that he had turned down much din-din or super-supper. He is, however, a beautiful 14-pound example of a well-cared-for and healthy cat. His veterinarian, Dr. Laura Pasten, and handler Bob Martwick, who are traveling around the United States with Morris to promote National Cat Health Month, can't help but chuckle when they look at the huge red tabby who accepts their attention with a stifled yawn. Without any trepidations that he might not like the environment outside of his large crate, Martwick takes Morris out and sits him on top. There he sits unflinching, eyeing a horde of writers who crowd around to admire him, say hello over and over and all but look foolish trying to impress this absolutely haughty and royally indifferent star. Martwick, who found Morris in a shelter in New England, is an animal talent scout and handler who has selected the two Morris cats who have represented 9-lives. Both have lived with him as house pets in his home just outside of Chicago. The first Morris became popular in 1969 and he died at age 19 in 1978. Martwick says it took one year to find the present Morris, who began his career in 1979. The talent scout won't divulge completely his secret of how to choose a laid back and totally flexible cat who can ignore the most unusual situations, but he does. And a comfortably adjusted cat won't stay that way unless he is loved, fed and handled properly. Martwick modestly denies his talent-scouting and cat-care ability, saying that "Morris is relaxed because I feed him constant praise and balanced cat food." Pasten says that there "are an estimated 57.5 million pet cats and 49.9 million pet dogs in the United States today and in the four consecutive years that 9-Lives cat food and the American Veterinary Medical Assn. have sponsored the Cat Health campaign to alert cat owners to the importance of medical care and nutrition, a study commissioned by Charles, Charles & Associates revealed that the number of people who take their cats to veterinarians has increased by 16%." She advises that cats, more than dogs, will tend to hide their illnesses. Purring and appearing healthy, a cat could be suffering from a serious disease such as leukemia, a virus that attacks the immune system which is preventable by proper vaccinations," she says. Pasten cites the three most important vaccines as leukemia, rabies and distemper. Nutrition is equally important. A cat must have a balanced diet, she says, warning that feeding a cat dog food is absolutely wrong. "A cat needs four times more protein than dogs do and they would be deprived on dog food. A cat particularly needs a meat-derived amino acid called taurine. It is necessary for feline vision and without it, a progressive retinal degeneration of the eyes will occur," she says. A wise cat owner is one who feeds the balanced foods of major cat food manufacturers who research nutrition for cats. Prepared cat food that is balanced is more important today than in the past. A cat cannot today safely roam free to obtain necessary nutrients of greens and meats from the wild. And most owners find it too difficult to prepare balanced foods at home. This makes the commercial foods the answer. Pasten, of course, recommends 9-Lives. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate of Stanford University, Pasten received her degree in veterinary medicine from UC Davis and was the first woman to be selected to internship in the feline health program at Cornell University. She owns and operates her own veterinary hospital in Northern California. Pasten has written a booklet entitled "Rx: The Morris Prescription," free upon request from: 9-Lives Booklet, P.O. Box 599012, Chicago, Ill. 60659. Pasten, Martwick and Morris travel for two campaigns each year, the other being the annual Adopt-a-Cat month of June sponsored by 9-Lives and the American Humane Assn. "with studies revealing that approximately 70,000 kittens are adopted from shelters each year because of this program," she says. Martwick won't tell anyone which shelter Morris was adopted from because of an experience with the first Morris. "After he became famous and I had made no secret of the shelter he came from, I received an incredible number of calls and even registered letters from people telling me that this cat I had rescued belonged to them. Most often the letters would note something like, 'I had a cat named Lucky and he is now Morris,' " he said. MORE:	i don't know
First introduced commercially by Wham-O in 1957, what toy, which consistently makes the list of top toys ever, consists of a plastic ring 28 inches or 40 inches in diameter?	Do I Know This ? Do I Know This ? Updated May 17, 2013, 12:23 AM Have you ever wondered who's got the most number of top singles in U.K ? Have you ever wondered which company is the world's top Global Brand ? Have you ever wondered which country has got the most or the highest number of Netizens ? Use template Amazing Facts 100 amazing & unknown facts! # Our eyes remain the same size from birth onward, but our nose and ears never stop growing. # The Barbie doll’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. # The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. # Ants never sleep! # When the moon is directly overhead, you will weigh slightly less. # Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never called his wife or mother because they were both deaf. # An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain. # “I Am” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. # Babies are born without knee caps – actually, they’re made of cartilage and the bone hardens between the ages of 2 and 6 years. # Happy Birthday (the song) is copyrighted. # Butterflies taste with their feet. # A “jiffy” is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. # It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. # Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors. # Minus 40 degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit. # No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple. # Shakespeare invented the words “assassination” and “bump.” # Stewardesses is the longest word typed with only the left hand. # Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump. # The names of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. # The sentence, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” uses every letter in the English language. # The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar and England in 1896. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes. # The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. # The word “lethologica” describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. # Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from the blowing desert sand. # TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters on only one row of the keyboard. # You can’t kill yourself by holding your breath. # Money isn’t made out of paper. It’s made out of cotton. # Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks or it will digest itself. # The dot over the letter “i” is called a tittle. # A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. No one knows why! # The “spot” on the 7-Up comes from its inventor who had red eyes – he was an albino. ’7′ was because the original containers were 7 ounces and ‘UP’ indicated the direction of the bubbles. # Chocolate can kill dogs, as it contains theobromine, which affects their heart and nervous system. # Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of plaster. # There are only two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: “abstemious” and “facetious.” # If one places a tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. # Bruce Lee was so fast that they actually had to slow film down so you could see his moves. # The original name for butterfly was flutterby. # By raising your legs slowly and laying on your back, you cannot sink into quicksand. # Dogs and cats, like humans, are either right or left handed. # Charlie Chaplin once won the third prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. # Sherlock Holmes NEVER said “Elementary, my dear Watson”. # The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. # Bats always turn left when exiting a cave. # The shortest English word that contains the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F is “feedback.” # All Polar bears are left-handed. # In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak. # “Dreamt” is the only English word that ends in the letters “mt.” # Almonds are a member of the peach family, and apples belong to the rose family. # Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite. # The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is “uncopyrightable”. # In most advertisements, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10 # Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur. # Alfred Nobel, in whose name the Nobel prizes are instituted, was the inventor of dynamite. # The planet Venus does not tilt, so consequently, it has no seasons. It is the only planet that rotates clock-wise. # Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil. # The word “set” has more definitions than any other word in the English language. # Molecularly speaking, water is actually much drier than sand. # Human tonsils can bounce higher than a rubber ball of similar weight and size, but only for the first 30 minutes after they’ve been removed. # US President John F. Kennedy was an accomplished ventriloquist. # Coca-Cola was originally green. # Moths are unable to fly during an earthquake. # Contrary to popular belief, the white is not the healthiest part of an egg. It’s actually the shell. # Nearly three percent of the ice in Antarctic glaciers is penguin urine. # Hot water will turn into ice faster then cold water. # “Rhythm” is the longest English word without a vowel. # Like fingerprints, every person’s tongue print is different. # No piece of normal-size paper can be folded in half more than 7 times. # The tongue is the only muscle that is attached from one end only. # Pumice is the only rock that floats in water. # Camel’s milk does not curdle. # Your foot is the same length as your forearm, and your thumb is the same length as your nose. Also, the length of your lips is the same as the index finger. # Natural pearls melt in vinegar. # Buttermilk does not contain any butter. # The human brain is 80% water. # Men’s shirts have the buttons on the right while women’s shirts have the buttons on the left. # Human fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails. # The Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt holds a constant temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. # The liquid inside young coconuts can be used as a substitute for blood plasma. # Oak trees do not produce acorns until they are fifty years of age. # It takes approximately 2 million flowers for a bee to make 1 pound of honey. # Human saliva has a boiling point three times that of regular water. # It is physically impossible to urinate and give blood at the same time. # The letter J does not appear anywhere in the periodic table of the elements. # The right lung of a human is larger than the left one. This is because of the space and placement of the heart. # Watermelons, which are 92% water, originated from the Kalahari Desert in Africa. # The hair of some cancer patients treated with chemotherapy can grow back in a different colour, and sometimes even be curly or straight. # The markings that are found on dice are called “pips.” # 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 # The cigarette lighter was invented before the match. # Leonardo Da Vinci never signed or dated his most famous painting, the Mona Lisa. # The ampersand (&) was the last letter of the Latin alphabet. # The palms of your hands and the soles of your feet cannot tan, or grow hair. # Dolphins can swim and sleep at the same time, as they sleep with one eye open. # Each nostril of a human being registers smell in a different way. Those by the right nostril are more pleasant than the left. # The longest single-syllable word in the English language is “screeched.” # The word “Checkmate” in chess comes from the Persian phrase “Shah-Mat,” which means “the king is dead”. # Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades – King David, Clubs – Alexander the Great, Hearts – Charlemagne, and Diamonds – Julius Caesar. # In Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift described the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, giving their exact size and speeds of rotation. He did this more than 100 years before either moon was discovered! # If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle; if the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes. Amazing Facts Indonesia consists only of islands - 13,667 total During World War II, the very first bomb dropped on Berlin by the Allies killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo People who ride on roller coasters have a higher chance of having a blood clot in the brain The tallest freestanding sculpture in the world is Chief Crazy Horse in South Dakota, USA Marie Curie, the Nobel prize winning scientist who discovered radium, died of radiation poisoning 898 tornadoes were recorded to have occurred in the United States in the year 2000. The word Popcorn is derived from the middle English word "poppe," which means "explosive sound" The food that is digested in your stomach is called "chyme." Alcohol beverages have all 13 minerals necessary for human life The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." uses everyletter in the alphabet. (Developed by Western Union to Test telex/twxcommunications) The word housekeeping was invented by Shakespeare The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sportsgames (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after theMajorLeague All-Star Game. In the great fire of London in 1666 half of London was burnt down but only 6 people were injured Lack of sleep can affect your immune system and reduce your ability to fight infections All dogs are the descendant of the wolf. These wolves lived in eastern Asia about 15,000 years ago It is not possible to tickle yourself. The cerebellum, a part of the brain, warns the rest of the brain that you are about to tickle yourself. Since your brain knows this, it ignores the resulting sensation Parma ham is only Parma ham if it is made in the Parma region of Italy. The British chain supermarket Asda, made and packaged its own "Parma ham" and was successfully sued by the real Parma ham people (Parma Ham Trade Association) With winds of 50 miles per hour, The Statue of Liberty sways three inches and the torch sways five inches A famous bullfighter, Lagarijo, killed 4,867 bulls in the 19th century. Police detectives have used snapping turtles to help them locate dead bodies In most advertisements, including newspapers, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10 The national sport of Japan is sumo wrestling The early occurrence of a fetus yawning is at eleven weeks after conception In a month, a fingernail grows an eighth of an inch Edward VIII did not officially become the King of England as he abdicated the throne to marry an American divorcee The book "Little Red Riding Hood" was banned in 1990 by two school districts in California. They did this because in the book there was a picture of a basket that had a bottle of wine in it The reason why golf balls have dimples on them is because it helps in the ball to move a farther distance by reducing drag Americans consume the most peanut butter in the world Celtic warriors sometimes fought their battles naked, their bodies dyed blue from head to toe To make butter more attractive in colour, carrot juice was used by people in the Middle Ages Early hockey games allowed as many as 30 players a side on the ice Most fleas do not live past a year old It takes seven to ten days to make a jelly belly jellybean Some asteroids have other asteroids orbiting them Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the males head off There is enough concrete in the Hoover Dam to pave a two lane highway from San Francisco to New York Americans on the average eat 18 acres of pizza every day Every 238 years, the orbits of Neptune and Pluto change making Neptune at times the farthest planet from the sun There is a certain species of kangaroo that is only 2.5 centimetres long when it is born In a lifetime, the average house cat spends approximately 10,950 hours purring The real name of Toto the dog in "The Wizard Of Oz" was Terry Stannous fluoride, which is the cavity fighter found in toothpaste is made from recycled tin It takes 12 honeybees to make one teaspoon of honey Thomas Watson, who was the chairman of IBM in 1943 predicted that their would probably only be a world market for five computers. The largest hamburger cooked in the world weighed in at 6,040 pounds The first lighthouse was in Alexandria in 290 B.C Heinz first started making ketchup in 1876 and the recipe has remained the same ever since The largest wedding chapel in Las Vegas is the Viva Las Vegas Chapel, which can seat 100 people The most popular name for a pet in the United States is Max Spiral staircases in medieval castles are running clockwise. This is because all knights used to be right-handed. When the intruding army would climb the stairs they would not be able to use their right hand which was holding the sword because of the difficulties of climbing the stairs. Left-handed knights would have had no troubles, except left-handed people could never become knights because it was assumed that they were descendants of the devil The largest shopping mall in the world is the West Edmonton Mall located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada The CN Tower located in Toronto, Ontario Canada took a total construction time of 40 months to complete at an original cost of $63 million The 20th president of the United States, James Garfield, was able to write Greek with one hand and Latin with the other at the same time The country of Andorra has a zero percent unemployment rate In Los Angeles, there are fewer people than there are automobiles A woman has approximately 4.5 litres of blood in her body, while men have 5.6 litres In India, pickled ginger, minced mutton and a cottage cheese like substance are popular pizza toppings Oral-B were the first toothbrushes to go to the moon when they were aboard the Apollo 11 mission A maple tree is usually tapped when the tree is at least 45 years old and has a diameter of 12 inches In 1998, a law passed in the U.S. state of Virginia allows drivers to keep their road kill, as long as they report it within 12 hours. updated A language becomes extinct in this world every two weeks An acre of trees can remove about 13 tons of dust and gases every year from the surrounding environment The decomposition point of Olive Oil is 220 degrees Celsius Ten radishes only contain eight calories Annually a thousand people are killed by scorpions in Mexico Every year, 100 million sharks are killed by people Tug of war was an Olympic event from 1900-1920 Of all the countries, Brazil has the most plant species, with over 56,000 One female mouse can produce up to 100 babies a year Impotence is grounds for divorce in 26 U.S. states Women who are romance novel readers are reported to make love 74% more often with their partners than women who do not read romance novels. The average lifespan of a human taste bud is ten days The monogram "RR" for Rolls-Royce has never been altered, except for when Sir Henry Royce passed away in 1933. Then it was changed from red to black. People with darker skin will not wrinkle as fast as people with lighter skin Fido means faithful in Latin Pebbles cereal was actually named after the shape of the cereal and not the Pebbles Flintstone character A group of kangaroos is called a mob Cat's urine glows under a blacklight. Every three seconds, a new baby is born More than 260,000 people have been killed by volcanic activity since 1700 AD. The only predator that polar bears have are humans Many insects can carry 50 times their own body weight The last land battle of the U.S. Civil War was fought in Texas Annually 7 million tons of textiles and clothing is thrown out. Out of this, only 12% is used again or recycled A scorpion can have up to 12 eyes A snake charmer in Bangladesh once found 3,500 poisonous cobras and their eggs hidden underneath the floors of two suburban homes The IRS employees tax manual has instructions for collecting taxes after a nuclear war There are approximately fifty Bibles sold each minute across the world The pectin that is found in apples aids in lowering cholesterol levels Post-It Notes, which are adhesive notes, were invented while looking for a way to improve the acrylate adhesive found in tapes Crayola Crayons currently has over 120 different crayon colours Odontophobia is the fear of teeth The width of a tornado can range from less than ten yards to more than a mile. In Johannesburg, the average car will be involved in an accident once every four years. The youngest actress to be nominated as best actress is Keisha Castle-Hughes who was nominated at just 13 years old The Taj Mahal was actually built for use as a tomb According to studies, an average roll of toilet paper lasts about five days in the bathroom Almonds are members of the peach family The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy A fall of 30 feet can be survived my most cats The largest member of the dolphin family are orcas In 1477, the first diamond engagement ring was given to Mary of Burgundy by Archduke Maximillian of Austria The hormone replacement drug "Premarin" is made from the urine of pregnant horses TWIX Caramel Cookie Bars were first introduced in 1979 Nintendo was first establish in 1889 and they started out making special playing cards People over the age of fifty will start to lose their dislike for foods that taste bitter In Kentucky, 50 percent of the people who get married for the first time are teenagers Elephants have been known to learn up to 60 commands On average 1,668 gallons of water are used by each person in the United States daily Copper is the second most used metal in the world. Milton Bradley originally wanted to name the game Twister, Pretzel; but he could not since the name was copyrighted According to studies, men prefer to have white bedrooms and women prefer to have blue bedrooms If someone was to fly once around the surface of the moon, it would be equal to a round trip from New York to London St. Patrick never really drove out any snakes from Ireland. This story was an analogy of how he drove paganism out of Ireland Fat is important for the development of children and normal growth The most common seasonings found in American homes are chili powder, cinnamon, and seasoned salts People who have eaten beetles say that it tastes like apples Montreal was named after a local mountain "Mont Royal." Millie the White House dog earned more than 4 times as much as President Bush in 1991. And, rightfully so In an average lifetime, a person will spend 4 years travelling in an automobile and six months waiting at a red light. A small drip from a faucet can waste up to 50 gallons of water daily, which is enough water to run a dishwasher twice on a full cycle Kotex was first manufactured as bandages, during W.W.I The longest Monopoly game ever played was 1,680 hours long, which is seventy straight days The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C Over 1,600 people in North America have been victims of trunk entrapment (being locked inside of a car trunk) A rhinoceros horn is made of compacted hair In 1992, when EuroDisney first opened in France, the public beat some of the park characters because at the time most people had been against the park being built A jiffy is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. Thus the saying, I will be there in a jiffy. There is a muppet named Kami that appears on the South African version of the T.V. show "Sesame Street" that is HIV-positive There are approximately one hundred million people in the United States that have a chronic illness The oldest working Post Office in the world is located in the village of Sanquer, located in the Scottish Lowlands. It has been operating since 1712 Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church Approximately three jars of peanut butter are sold every second In Australia, the average person uses 876 gallons of water daily. In Switzerland they use only 77 gallons of water per person daily Every person has a unique tongue print Hair will fall out faster on a person that is on a crash diet In 1890, there was no sunshine for the whole month of December in Westminster in London. Charles Darwin spent 39 years studying earthworms The Boeing 737 is nicknamed the Fat Albert Florida has twice as many lightning injuries and deaths than any other state Chocolate can be fatal to dogs. Chocolate contains a chemical theobromine, which is poisonous to dogs In China, there is a species of yam that is used to make a dye Annually, approximately 46 millions Cokes, five million pounds of french fries, and seven million hamburgers are consumed at Walt Disney World Resort The Chihuahua Desert is the largest desert in North America, and is over 200,000 square miles Every continent begins and ends in the same letter. eg AfricA, EuropE Baseball games between college teams have been played since the Civil War The real name of actress Whoopi Goldberg is Caryn Elaine Johnson Researches have discovered that eating five or more apples a week is linked to better functioning of the lungs Boeing completed more than 15,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing on the first 747 The most popular ethnic food in the United States is Italian food Parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls appeared for sale in the June 1, 1954 issue of the Wall Street Journal If the population of China walked past you in single file, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction The YKK that you see on zippers stands for Yoshida Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha which is the name of the founder of the zipper manufacturing company in Japan The theme song of the Harlem Globetrotters is "Sweet Georgia Brown." 27% of female lottery winners hid their winning ticket in their bras To lose one pound of fat, a person has to burn approximately 3,500 calories In 1969, the American side of Niagara Falls was stopped completely for several months The name for insect poop is frass A can of Pepsi has 41 grams of sugar. This amount to about seven teaspoons of sugar Montreal is actually located on an island There are over 2,000 species of butterflies in the rainforests of South America The world record for the number of body piercings on one individual is 702, which is held by Canadian Brent Moffat Before toilet paper was invented, French royalty wiped their bottoms with fine linen The earliest known example of an organized market for equities dates from Rome, second century B.C There are over 2,000 different species of cactuses Each day 400 gallons of recycled blood are pumped through the kidneys Ten percent of the Russian government's income comes from the sale ofvodka. Apples, not caffeine, are more efficient at waking you up in the morning Bananas were discovered by Alexander the Great in 327 B.C. when he conquered India Levan, which is located in Utah, got its name from "navel" which is levan spelt backwards. It was named this because it is in the center of Utah Approximately one out of four injuries by athletes involve the wrist and hand Former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suffered a nervous breakdown in 1836 Musk is extracted from the bottom of a civet, and is used as an ingredient to make perfumes. The first human heart transplant happened on December 3, 1967. Unfortunately the patient only lived for eighteen days, succumbing in the end to pneumonia In New York City there are 6,374.6 miles of streets The sound made by the Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe is so loud that it can be heard 40 miles away Ancient Egyptians used to think having facial hair was an indication of personal neglect In Czechhoslovakia, there is a church that has a chandelier made of human bones The largest hotel in the world is the MGM Grand, which has 5,034 rooms and is located in Las Vegas, Nevada The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets The fleshy bulbs on each side of your nose are called the Alea (AY-lee) singular Ala (AY-luh) Male koalas mark their territory by rubbing their chests on a tree. Male koalas have a dark scent gland in the middle of their chest An octopus has three hearts Roses generally need around 6 hours of sunlight to grow properly. Buttermilk does not contain any butter, but is a cultured milk product which is usually made from fat free milk Pineapples were first called "anana", which is Caribbean for "excellent fruit." Human birth control pills work on gorillas The tallest woman that ever lived was Zeng Jinlian who was 8 feet 2 inches tall of China. Shed died at the age of 17 An adult "Gold Frog" measures to be 9.8 millimeters in body length Each day, anywhere from 35-150 species of life go extinct Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never telephoned his wife or mother because they were both deaf Alexander the Great made his troops eat onions as he believed it would prove their vitality Bill Russell was the first black head coach of a major league pro sports team In 1945, a seven ounce bathroom cup was the first item Tupperware marketed Central air conditioners use 98% more energy than ceiling fans. The king of hearts is the only king without a mustache Men can read smaller print than women; women can hear better Everyday, U.S. business use enough paper to circle the Earth over 20 times The Welwitschia plant can live up to 1,000 years The dromedary camel can drink as much as 100 litres of water in just 10 minutes According to the American Institute of Stress, job stress approximately costs the U.S. industry over $300 billion dollars per year It takes 72 minutes for the restaurant at the top of the CN Tower to make one revolution Coffee beans were chewed for more than 400 years before the first cup of coffee was brewed All of the Peking ducks in the United States are descendents from three ducks and one drake imported to Long Island, New York in 1873 The first British ship to use the SOS distress signal was the Titanic The Spring peeper (a frog) can survive the winter season with 65% of its body water as ice Studies have shown that the scent of Rosemary can help in better mental performance and make individuals feel more alert The search engine Google got its name from the word "googol," which refers to the number one with a hundred zeros after it The Goliath beetle is about the size of your fist and can weigh as much as 3-4 ounces If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create explosion that is equal to an atomic bomb Humans have about the same number of hair follicles as a chimpanzee has Studies indicate that listening to music is good for digestion The Chihuahua was named after the Mexican state where they were discovered There are no snakes in New Zealand The most popular grown bulbs are tulips Every day the human stomach produces about 2 liters of hydrochloric acid The country of Bolivia is named after a fighter Simon Bolivar Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite The first state to give the right to women to vote was Wyoming In 1949 UNICEF produced the first charity Christmas card. The picture shown on the card was painted by a seven year old girl Archeologists report that cannabis was most likely the first plant cultivated by humans. Cannabis was used for linen, paper, and garments The garfish has green bones Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a higher chance of developing osteoporosis The banana was officially introduced in 1876 in the U.S. at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. The bananas were wrapped in tinfoil and were sold for 10 cents each A yawn usually lasts for approximately six seconds Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married The food that people crave the most is cheese Every day more money is printed for Monopoly than the US Treasury The only animal, besides humans that can get leprosy is the Armadillo In 1894, the carnival made its debut in North America The artist Vincent Van Gogh sliced part of his ear off in madness According to Scientists, vampire bat saliva is the best known medicine for keeping blood from clotting. People from North America prefer pickles with warts, where as Europeans prefer pickles with no warts People that suffer from gum disease are twice as likely to have a stroke or heart attack Close to 50% of the water used in a home originates from the bathroom After the Krakatoa volcano eruption in 1883 in Indonesia, many people reported that, because of the dust, the sunset appeared green and the moon blue. The moon was said to appear blue for almost two years. The country with the highest consumption of chocolate per capita is Switzerland, with 22 pounds per person, per year In China, September 20 is "Love Your Teeth Day." Actor Richard Gere was considered to play the role of John McClane in the movie Die Hard. Bruce Willis played the part instead The record for the world?s worst drivers is a toss-up between two candidates: First, a 75-year-old man who received 10 traffic tickets, drove on the wrong side of the road four times, committed four hit-and-run offenses, and caused six accidents, all within 20 minutes on October 15, 1966. Second, a 62-year-old woman who failed her driving test 40 times before passing it in August, 1970 (by that time, she had spent over $700 in lessons, and could no longer afford to buy a car) Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur Left-handed people are better at sports that require good spatial judgment and fast reaction, compared to right-handed individuals Half of a cup of figs will give you just as much calcium as half a cup of milk A "hairbreadth away" is 1/48 of an inch In 1281, the Mongol army of Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan but were ravaged by a hurricane that destroyed their fleet Walt Disney was afraid of mice Studies show that couples that smoke during the time of conception have a higher chance of having a girl compared to couples that do not smoke The reason why some people get a cowlick is because the growth of their hair is in a spiral pattern, which causes the hair to either stand straight up, or goes to a certain angle Approximately 50% of Americans admit they have ran a red light In 1755, the first Canadian post office opened in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The fist Deputy Postmaster General was American inventor Benjamin Franklin who was later dismissed for sympathizing with the American revolutionary cause Reno, Nevada is west of Los Angeles, California. On average, 90% of the people that have the disease Lupus are female Unlike other four legged mammals, kangaroos cannot walk backwards The itch from a mosquito bite can be soothed by cutting open a clove of garlic and rubbing it on the bite If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar Most American car horns honk in the key of F A superstition in baseball is to never lend your bat to anyone or you will be jinxed Bats always turn left when exiting a cave Penguins can jump as high as 6 feet in the air In 1998, approximately 1.6 billion tree seedlings were planted in the United States. This amounts to about five trees per American There are species of fish that can walk on land in search of water when its water source dries up. Some can survive as long as three days on land such as the snakehead fish Racecar driver Lee Petty once left a pitstop and did a full lap at Nascar with a pit crew member still on the hood The first fashion house to be set up was in 1858 by Charles Worth. He opened his store in Paris with the idea of having pre-made gowns presented on models to his customers St. Patrick explained the Holy Trinity to King Laoghaire, using the shamrock to illustrate the trinity More twins are born in the Western world than in the Eastern world Nine egg yolks have been found in one chicken egg The record for the longest Monopoly game played in a bathtub is ninety-nine hours The flea can jump 350 times its body length, that is like a 6 foot-tall human jumping the length of 7 football fields The 1988 move "Big" which was directed by Penny Marshall was the first movie by a female director to gross over $100 million domestically When the Galileo Probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere, it was traveling at a speed of 106,000 miles per hour. This is the fastest impact speed ever achieved by a man-made object. In 1972, a gorilla by the name of "Koko" was taught ASL (American Sign Language) for the deaf. By the year 2000, the gorilla could understand approximately 2,000 English words 3000 children die every day in Africa because of malaria The reason why hair turns gray as we age is because the pigment cells in the hair follicle start to die, which is responsible for producing "melanin" which gives the hair colour Approximately 125 people die in the United States from an anaphylaxis to foods each year The word "vamp" is used to describe the upper front top of a shoe Construction on the White House began in October of 1792 A galactic year is 250 million Earth-years. This is the time it takes for our solar system to make one revolution around the Milky Way Galaxy. Leonardo da Vinci was dyslexic, and he often wrote backwards The male platypus has poisonous spurs on its legs Polar bears can smell seal from 20 miles away Canadians Scott Abbott and Chris Haney invented Trivial Pursuit. They were planning on playing Scrabble and realized that some of the pieces were missing so they came up with the idea of making their own game; Trivial Pursuit On average, there is about three molecules of ozone for every 10 million air molecules. A person uses approximately fifty-seven sheets of toilet paper each day The Barbie doll has more than 80 careers James Buchanan was the only unmarried president of the United States The Stanley Cup originally was only seven and a half inches high In 1991, during an attempted political coup on Russian President Boris Yelstin, food supplies had dwindled down at the parliament buildings so they ordered Pizza Hut to deliver pizzas Some people drink the urine of pregnant women to build up their immune system The five Olympic rings represent the five continents linked together in friendship Ray Kroc bought McDonalds for $2.7 million in 1961 from the McDonald brothers It is possible to lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs Shark cartilage has been used to make artificial skin for human burn victims The first person to die in the electric chair was William Kemmler, an ax murderer from New York on August 6, 1890 Finland has 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands The average adult has approximately six pounds of skin A crocodile can open and close its jaw but cannot move it side to side There are over 1,000,000 swimming pools in Florida, eventhough the ocean is no farther than 80 miles away 99% of the blueberries that are produced in the United States are produced in the state of Maine On May 9, 1999 approximately 600,000 gallons of whiskey flowed into the Kentucky River during a fire at Wild Turkey Distillery in Lawrenceburg Thomas Jefferson had three achievements placed on his headstone at his request, "Here Was Buried Thomas Jefferson/Author Of The Declaration Of American Independence/Of The Statute Of Virginia For Religious Freedom/And Father Of The University of Virginia.? He never mentioned being President of the United States Humans and cows have the same gestation period, which is about nine months In the Victoria era, red tulips were a declaration of love The sport Lacrosse was initially played by Native American Indians. They played the sport to prepare for war It takes a sloth up to six days to digest the food it eats According to Scandinavian traditions, if a boy and girl eat from the same loaf of bread, they are bound to fall in love In 1796, Napoleon was only 26 years old when he took command of the French Army of Italy A bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed every animal in the Berlin Zoo except the elephant, which escaped and roamed the city. When a Russian commander saw hungry Germans chasing the elephant and trying to kill it, he ordered his troops to protect it and shoot anyone who tried to kill it The expression "Tying the Knot" comes from an old Roman custom where the brides clothes were tied up all in knots and the groom was supposed to untie the knots Snake is a delicacy in China In 1999, All Nippon Airlines, had one of its jets fully decorated with Pokemon characters from nose to tail on its exterior The Dead Sea has been sinking for last several years Uranus has 27 moons Actress Sally Field was paid $4,000 a week for her role in the TV show The Flying Nun More pollution is emitted from the average home compared to the average car. The snow leopard protects itself from extreme cold when it sleeps by wrapping its 3-foot-long tail around its nose Only 4% of babies are born on their actual due date In the 1940s, the FCC assigned television's Channel 1 to mobile Services(two-way radios in taxicabs, for instance) but did not re-number theotherchannel assignments. That is why your TV set has channels 2 and up, butnochannel 1. A man named Charles Osborne had the hiccups for approximately sixty-nine years There are more Subway restaurants in Canada than there are McDonald restaurants The CN Tower, in Toronto, is the tallest freestanding structure in the world with a height of about 553 metres The term "the whole 9 yards" came from W.W.II fighter pilots in the South Pacific. When arming their airplanes on the ground, the .50 caliber machine gun ammo belts measured exactly 27 feet, before being loaded into the fuselage. If the pilots fired all their ammo at a target, it got "the whole 9 yards." Construction on the Leaning Tower of Pisa began on August 9th, 1173 President Lyndon Johnson used to smoke three packs of cigarettes a day The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is Chomolungma The word "laser" stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission by radiation." In a lifetime, on average a honey bee produces 1/12th of a teaspoon of honey There are 315 species of parrot in the world The TV show Doctor Who, when it was popular, had an audience of 110 million people The cost to build the Empire State Building was $40,948,900 A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day will on average lose two teeth every ten years Wasps that feed on ferment occasionally get drunk and pass out The largest cereal company in the world is Quaker Oats, located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA The first Olympic games only had one event - a foot race Colonel Sanders traveled over 250,000 miles a year visiting various parts of his Kentucky Fried Chicken Empire Some desert snails have been known to sleep for three to four years Over 80% of the brain is water From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size Jackrabbits can reach a speed of fifty miles per hour and can leap as far as twenty feet There are 40 official jelly belly flavours Early sewing machines were destroyed by mobs or workers who felt their jobs were threatened by automation In 1992, the Antarctic Ozone hole was larger than the continent of North America. Someone gets divorced every ten to thirteen seconds There is a certain type of Hawk Moth caterpillar from Brazil that inflates its thorax, which makes its head look like a head of a snake when it feels it is in danger or alarmed The CIA has made a disk camera that is as big as a quarter. This gadget can take many pictures at a time when the disk is opened. The Sanskrit word for "war" means "desire for more cows." In Hong Kong, delivery times are primarily influenced by traffic conditions on elevators. It often takes drivers longer to travel vertically than horizontally, as access to elevators is so congested during "high peak" hours. This is due to the volume of people residing in high rises The ancient Greeks had a fascination with the planet Mars. They attributed the planet to Ares, their god of war, because of its red colour The only lizard that has a voice is the Gecko In Israel, religious law forbids picking your nose on Sabbath In twins, there is a great chance that one will be left handed In the 1920's, Q-Tips were invented by Leo Gerstenzang who got the idea after watching his wife clean their baby's ears with cotton stuck onto a toothpick. In the Pacific Islands when people get burns they often use a banana leaf as treatment Acorns were used as a coffee substitute during the American Civil War An airplane mechanic invented Slinky while he was playing with engine parts and realized the possible secondary use for the springs. Barbie was invented by Ruth Handler after watching her daughter play with baby dolls imagining then in grown up roles When the female grasshopper lays eggs, she covers her eggs with a pasty liquid that protects the eggs throughout the winter The longest recorded duration of a total solar eclipse was 7.5 minutes. On average, an American makes three pounds of garbage in a day Even if you eat food standing on your head, the food will still end up in your stomach Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older. The most common name in the world is Mohammed Apple seeds are poisonous as they contain a cyanide compound The word breakfast was coined due to the fact that after sleeping for hours, we are "breaking our fast." The cardigan was originally made to be a military jacket made of knitted wool The month of December is the most popular month for weddings in the Philippines The deepest cave in the world is the "Lamprechtsofen-Vogelshacht" cave which can be found in Salzburg, Austria. The cave is 5,354 feet deep The capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the only state capital in the United States that does not have a McDonalds The longest engagement lasted 67 years, and the couple ended up marrying when they were 82 years old Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears. never stop growing Milk and cheese can aid in the reduction of tooth decay On average, a strawberry has 200 seeds on it Coconuts kill more people in the world than sharks do The average person spends two weeks of their life kissing Research has indicated that indoor pollution is 10 times more toxic than outdoor pollution Eating a banana at night can help in falling asleep The stapler was invented in Spring Valley, Minnesota. The first television newscaster was Kolin Hager, who used to broadcast farm and weather reports in 1928 Pixie, a Siberian Husky, gave birth to 7 puppies, one of which was bright green Back in 1953, it took 27 hours to make one Marshmallow Peep. Now it takes only six minutes On average, an ear of a corn has 16 rows and approximately 800 kernels The green ring that is formed around the yolk of eggs that have been cooked too long is formed by the chemical reaction from the iron in the yolk and the sulphur in the white part of the egg The silk that is produced by spiders is stronger than steel The first president to have a picture taken was John Quincy Adams Some brands of toothpaste contain glycerin or glycerol, which is also an ingredient in antifreeze 1 in 2000 babies are born with a tooth that is already visible It was during World War II that clothes with elastic waists were introduced. This is because the metal used in zippers was badly needed for the war In 1902, the game table tennis was brought to the U.S. from Europe by Parker Brothers Hershey's Kisses are called that because the machine that makes themlooks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. The fat from sheep, which is called tallow can be used to make soap and candles Next to bone marrow, hair is the fastest growing tissue in the human body Sigmund Freud had a morbid fear of ferns When playing competitive darts the player must be 7 feet 9 1/4 inches back from the dartboard. Also the board must be 5 feet 8 inches above the floor In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak Earthworms have 5 hearts If all the gold sitting in the oceans and seas were mined, every person on this plant would get about 20 kilograms of gold each. To make an espresso 42 coffee beans are needed The oil that is found in poison ivy is called "urushiol." Of all the days of the week, the most popular day for people to eat ice cream is Sunday The first museum in Moscow that was set up in 1791 was the Natural History Laboratory at Moscow University. This later was changed to the Zoological Museum A surfer once sued another surfer for "stealing his wave." The case was thrown out because the court was unable to put a price on "pain and suffering" endured by the surfer watching someone else ride "his" wave Many people in parts of China eat insects. Some common insects are bean worms, scoprions, and locusts The largest dog in the world is the Irish Wolfhound Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a fifty thousand-word novel, "Gadsby," without any word containing the letter "e." The projection light used for IMAX theaters can be seen from space. The human liver performs over 500 functions Ballroom dancing is a course at Brigham Young University in Utah The word "maverick" came into use after Samuel Maverick, a Texan, refused to brand his cattle. Eventually any unbranded calf became known as a Maverick Finnish folklore states that when Santa comes to Finland to deliver gifts, he leaves his sleigh behind and rides on a goat named Ukko instead More than $1 billion is spent each year on neck ties in the United States In the 18th century, potatoes were given out as a dessert. They were served in a napkin, salted and hot The only poisonous birds in the world are the three species of Pitohui. The Hooded Pitohui from Papua New Guinea is the most deadliest out of the three Pretzels were originally invented for Christian Lent. The twists of the pretzels are to resemble arms crossed in prayer The American Airlines Center in Dallas has more toilets per capita than any other sports and entertainment venue in the country After 8 months, babies are more likely to get a diaper rash The first modern toothbrush was invented in China. Its bristles came from hogs hair or the mane of a horse that were then put into ivory handles The New Zealand Kiwi bird cannot fly 66% of wedding cards are hand delivered by people Heavier lemons produce more, and tastier, juice The leading cause of poisoning for children under the age of six in the home is liquid dish soap The same amount of calories are burned by doing 6 sessions that are 5 minutes each of an activity and doing 1 session of that activity for 30 minutes General William Booth is the founder of the Salvation Army Iguanas can stay under water for up to thirty minutes The fastest flying butterfly is the Monarch, which has been clocked with a speed as high as 17 miles per hour Egyptian pyramid builders used to eat a lot of garlic because they thought it would increase their strength The average office document gets copied 19 times In just the first 56 days of life, the larva of the polyphemus moth eats about 86,000 times its birthweight Every hour one billion cells in the body must be replaced American actor Jack Nicholson, and American singer Bobby Darrin were raised believing their grandmothers were their mothers and their mothers were their older sisters The first Ford cars had Dodge engines The average height of an NBA basketball player is 6 feet 7 inches One in five Americans move homes every year The chocolate chip cookie was invented in 1933 The capital of Burkina Faso is Ouagadougou A catfish has about 100,000 taste buds The Liberty Bell was the first mechanical slot machine, which was invented by Charles Fey, a car mechanic in 1895. A Russian man who wore a beard during the time of Peter the Great had to pay a special tax The silkworm moth has lost the ability to fly ever since it has been domesticated The first cheerleaders in the U.S. were men The name Jeep came from the abbreviation used in the army for the "General Purpose" vehicle, G.P The odds of having quadruplets are 1 in 729,000 In 1965, the price for an issue of TV Guide was 15 cents In 1565 In St. Augustine, Florida the first orange trees were planted Nose prints are used to identify dogs, much like humans use fingerprints In the United States, six tubs of Cool Whip, a brand of whipping cream, are sold every second The most popular chocolate bar in the United Kingdom for the last 15 years has been Kit Kat White-Out was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham, who is the mother of Michael Nesmith from the "The Monkees." There are over 2,000 different types of cheese in the world The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world Owls swallow their prey whole because they have no teeth. After approximately 12 hours they cough up the feathers, bones, and fur in a shape of a football pellet Historically, a blue ribbon has been awarded for first prize Seventy-one percent of households report they have at least one snorer. Forty-five percent of those surveyed admit they snore, 35% said their partner snores, 12% said their child snores and 9% reported their pet snores The original meaning of the word grocer was referring to a person who traded food in wholesale. These people would usually sell in large quantities, or by the "gross." Research indicates that mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently eaten bananas Actress Michelle Pfeiffer was the first choice to play Clarice Starling in the movie "Silence of the Lambs." She turned down the role because she found it too scary The White House has 35 bathrooms, 3 elevators, 132 rooms, and 412 doors in it Due to the deforestation of the forests in North China, over one million tons of sands blows into Beijing from the Gobi desert. It sometimes causes the sky to turn yellow. Cows are able to hear lower and higher frequencies better than human beings Approximately 60% of the water used by households during the summer is used for watering flowers, and lawns The largest diamond that was ever found was 3106 carats. In 1970, Chip maker Intel purchased a pear orchard to build their corporate headquarters on The mating call of a male toadfish, who are underwater, is so loud that it can be heard by humans above water The most popular jelly belly jellybean flavour is buttered popcorn The Nike swoosh was invented by Caroline Davidson back in 1971. She received $35 for making the swoosh. The first shoe with the swoosh was introduced in 1972 Slaves under the last emperors of China wore pigtails so they could be picked out quickly A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out Kiwis are the only known bird to have nostrils located at the tip of their beak An adult esophagus can range from 10 to 14 inches in length and is one inch in diameter A squash ball moving at 150 kilometers per hour has the same impact of a .22 bullet Telephonophobia is the fear of telephones The word alligator comes from the Spanish word El Lagarto, which means "The Lizard." While still in college, Bill Gates and Paul Allen once built a special purpose machine called "Traff-O-Data." It was a machine that would analyze information gathered by traffic monitors. They never found any buyers. The citric acid found in lemon juice is said to be able to dissolve a pearl Robert Southey wrote the story "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" in 1834 The tallest woman in the world is American Sandy Allen who is 7 feet 7 inches American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class Astronauts get taller when they are in space Only 5 to 10 percent of cheetah cubs make it to adulthood Dentyne gum was invented in 1899 by a druggist from New York named Franklin V. Canning It takes about three hours for food to be broken down in the human stomach When former Texas Governor James Hogg was on his deathbed he made a special request that a pecan tree be planted at the head of his grave instead of a tombstone. The governor passed away on March 2, 1906, which is Texas Independence Day. The pecan tree is now the state tree of Texas In a year, there are 60,000 trampoline injuries that occur in the U.S There is an organization called SCROOGE in Charlottesville, Virginia that stands for Society to Curtail Ridiculous, Outrageous, and Ostentatious Gift Exchanges. This was formed to keep gift giving affordable and simple The first World Series baseball playoffs occurred in 1903 Archipelago is the word to describe a large group of islands that are located close together The life expectancy of a garbage disposal is about 5 to 10 years In the original movie "101 Dalmatians," there are exactly 6,469,952 spots on all 101 Dalmatians as they are shown in 113,760 frames of the film combined The average North American car contains 300 pounds of plastics A person who is a specialist in wine making is called an oenologist You can only smell 1/20th as well as a dog The number one cause of rabies in the United States are bats The music for "The Star Spangled Banner" comes from a British drinking song named "Anacreon." 27 percent of U.S. male college students believe life is "a meaningless existential hell." (big surprise, eh?) Close to fifty percent of the bacteria in the mouth lives on the surface of our tongue Less than 1% of the women in the world will ever be able to wear a diamond that is the size of a carat or more Ketchup originated in China as a pickled fish sauce called ke-tsiap An ostrich's eye is bigger that it's brain. In Britain, The Red Lion is the most common name for a pub In 1997, the record for the highest skydive by a dog at 4,572 feet was established by a dog named Brutus The majority of burglaries occur during the daytime when people are not home Traditionally, wild cabbage was used as an aphrodisiac Tiger Woods was introduced to golf at nine months of age by his father A person will burn 7 percent more calories if they walk on hard dirt compared to pavement It would take 29 million years for a car travelling 100 miles per hour to reach the nearest star Blue Jays can imitate the calls of hawks There are over three trillion craters on the moon, with some being having a diameter over three feet In India, a 9-year-old girl was "married" to a stray dog, which tribal custom requires in order to protect a child whose first tooth appears on the upper gum There is now an ATM at McMurdo Station in Antarctica, which has a winter population of two hundred people In Canada, men are three times more likely than women to have seen a doctor in the last year The most expensive spice in the world is saffron In one night, an adult hippopotamus eats approximately 150 pounds of grass The U.S. paid Russia $7.2 million for Alaska in 1867 Cows can detect odors up to five miles away There are about 125 million multiples (twins, triplets, etc.) worldwide Arthur Giblin was the inventor of the first "flushable" toilet Consuming chocolate was once considered a sin during the 16th and 17th century. During that time it was provided in the form of a drink and since drinking wine during lent was a sin, so was drinking chocolate Approximately 40% of the states in the U.S. have severe, or extreme pollution problems Wendel Clark holds the record for the longest span between NHL All-Star appearances, with 13 years (1986-1999) Ancient Egyptians believed that onions would keep evil spirits away Dill seeds are so small that approximately 10,000 dill seeds would be required to make an ounce To make one pound of whole milk cheese, 10 pounds of whole milk is needed If all the insects in the world were put on a scale, they would out weigh all creatures Women smile more than men do A ripe cranberry will bounce. Another name for a cranberry is bounceberry Termites work 24 hours per day -- they do not sleep The Romans used to clean themselves with olive oil since they did not have any soap. They would pour the oil on their bodies, and then use a strigil, which is type of blade, to scrape off any dirt along with the oil The act of stretching and yawning is referred to as pandiculation In the 1960 movie "Psycho" by Alfred Hitchcock, chocolate syrup was used to show the blood in the shower scene Carolyn Shoemaker, famous astronomer, has discovered 32 comets and approximately 300 asteroids The longest fangs of a snake are found on the Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica), and can reach over 2 inches in length Once a human reaches the age of 35, he/she will start losing approximately 7,000 brain cells a day. The cells will never be replaced The only king without a moustache in a deck of cards is the king of hearts Approximately 100,000 people get married in Las Vegas each year Amish people do not believe in the use of aerosal air fresheners Coca-cola used to use the slogan "Good to the last drop," in 1908. This slogan was later used by Maxwell House The blind cavefish is born with eyes, but they fall off as the fish grows In ancient Egypt, Priests plucked EVERY hair from their bodies including their eyebrows and eyelashes The Indian election in 1984 was the largest election of any country. Over 379,000,000 voters were eligible to vote at over 480,000 polling stations A single chocolate chip gives enough energy to a human being to walk 150 feet There are 54 bones in your hands including the wrists The name for Oz in "The Wizard of Oz" was thought up when the creator, Frank Baum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence "Oz." The town of Churchill, Manitoba, located in Canada, is known as the "Polar Bear Capital of the World" Amtrak is the combination of the words "American" and "Track" On average, an American relocates 11 times in their life Fires onland generally move faster uphill than downhill The cartoon character Popeye was actually based on a real person named Frank "Rocky" Fiegel who was a tough guy who was quite similar to Popeye physically Frisbee got its name from William Russel Frisbee, who was a pie baker. He used to sell his pies in a thin tin pan, which had Frisbee written on it. When Walter Frederick Morrison thought of the idea of making saucer like disks to play catch, he visited the campus of Yale and noticed people there were using the pie pan to play catch so he therefore renamed his invention to Frisbee Some arthritis medications contain gold salts, which is used as an anti-inflammatory Lemon juice can aid in reducing the swelling caused by insect bites LSD is made from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a type of fungus DC-10, the name of an airplane stands for "Douglas Commercial." In approximately 18 months, the papaya tree can grow to be 20 feet tall Parrots cannot eat chocolate because it is poisonous to their body Americans are responsible for generating roughly 20% percent of the garbage in the world Termites are roasted and eaten like popcorn in South Africa The official state tree of Illinois is The White Oak It takes 3,000 cows to supply the NFL with enough leather for a year'ssupply of footballs. In 1971, the postal code was introduced in Ottawa, Ontario The tridacna clam can grow up to four feet long and weigh up to 500 pounds The state that has the most diners in the world is New Jersey, which is referred to as the "Diner Capital of the World." Approximately 1-2 calorie are burned a minute while watching T.V The first recipe for a lasagna type dish was found to be from a British cookbook in the 14th century. Therefore, Italians were not the first ones to come up with the popular dish as believed Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older If an identical twin grows up without having a certain tooth, the other twin will most likely also grow up with that tooth missing Albert Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952, but he declined According to legend, tea originated in China when tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water When you sneeze, all your bodily functions momentarily stop, including your heart Kite flying is a professional sport in Thailand Urine from men?s public urinals was sold as a commodity in Ancient Rome. It was used as a dye and for making clothes hard All 50 states are listed across the top of the Lincoln Memorial on the back of the $5.00 bill 1 out of 350,000 Americans get electrocuted in their life New Mexico is known as the "Land of Enchantment." In 1890, Scott Paper produced the first toilet paper to be available on a roll An elephant in the wild can eat anywhere from 100 - 1000 pounds of vegetation in a 16 hour period Some of the other names that were thought of for the dwarfs in the Disney movie "Snow White" were Awful, Dirty, Shifty, Hotsy, and Jumpy In the U.S., over 35 million people have used some sort of illegal drug in the last year 96% of candles that are purchased are by women The oldest bird on record was Cocky, a cockatoo, who died in the London Zoo at the age of 82 A cow averages 40,000 jaw movements a day The reason the soft drink Dr Pepper is called that is because the inventor Wade Morrison named it after Dr. Charles Pepper who had given him his first job Annually 17 tons of gold is used to make wedding rings in the United States Sex acts like a natural antihistamine, in can clear up a stuffy nose Women on average live seven years longer than men do A British term for slot machine is "fruit machine" or "one-armed bandit." Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin Even though the rose does not bear any fruit, the rose hips have more Vitamin C than most vegetables and fruits In 1946 Danon Yogurt were the first to add fruit to commercially produced yogurt in U.S The first domain name ever registered was Symbolics.com on March 15, 1985. American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first class The first flavour of a cheese ball was called "Cheddy Blue." Over 500 million gallons of Kool-Aid drink are consumed each year The waste produced by one chicken in its lifetime can supply enough electricity to run a 100-watt bulb for five hours Hydrogen solid is the most dense substance in the world, at 70.6g/cc Missouri has been to most NCAA tournaments than any other college without reaching the final four The hump of a camel can weigh up to 35 kilograms Lake Malawi has the largest number of fish species in the world The country of Fiji is made up of 332 islands The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City The word "sophomore" means "sophisticated moron." Jim Bristoe, an American, invented a 30-foot-long, 2-ton pumpkin cannon that can fire pumpkins up to five miles. There are about 61,300 pizza restaurants in the United States of America To tell if a egg is fully cooked or raw, just spin it. If the egg wobbles then it is still raw, and if it easily spins it is fully cooked Used in art the word "sfumato" refers to the subtle blending of an outline by gradually blending one tone into another There is a species of bird, Antpitta avis canis Ridgley, that barks like a dog The flu pandemic of 1918 killed over 20 million people Approximately 20% of Americans have a passport The Nobel prize was first awarded in 1901 The reason why milk is white is because it contains a protein called Casein, which is white. Milk also contains fat, which is also white After twenty-seven years, Betty Rubble made her debut as a Flintstones Vitamin in 1996 When telephone companies first began hiring telephone operators, they chose teenage boys for the job. They switched to women because the teenage boys were wrestling instead of working and pulling pranks on callers In a lifetime, the heart pumps about one million barrels of blood The Sears Tower in Chicago contains enough steel to build 50,000 automobiles The first words that Thomas A. Edison spoke into the phonograph were, "Mary had a little lamb." There are 400 species of bacteria in the human colon On average, 100 people choke to death on ballpoint pens every year. In the 20th century, over three million people have died from earthquakes It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open People still cut the cheese shortly after death In ancient Egypt, the only person who was allowed to wear cotton was the High Priest Blueberries have more antioxidents than any other fruit or vegetables The Mount Horeb Mustard Museum which is located in Wisconsin has the biggest collection of prepared mustards. They have approximately 4,000 different jars and tubes from all over the world Bananas trees are not really trees. They are considered to be giant herb plants Sponge Candy was invented in Buffalo, NY When the volcano Krakatoa off the Java islands exploded in 1883, it was so loud that it woke some people up in South Australia Pearls are rarely found in North American oysters The average cocoon contains about 300-400 metres of silk Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world Boxing champion Gene Tunney taught Shakespeare at Yale University The most popular pickle is the Dill pickle Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for about 180,000 deaths per year Every year approximately 3,000 people choke to death Cow is a Japanese brand of shaving foam The fastest running bird is the Ostrich, which has been clocked at 97.5 kilometres per hour When the divorce rate goes up in the United States, toy makers report that the sale of toys also rise Q-Tip Cotton Swabs were originally called Baby Gays The Pacific island of Tonga once issued a stamp that was banana shaped A mole can dig a tunnel three hundred feet long in a single night The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher The only commercial aircraft that is able to break the sound barrier is the Concorde. U.S. Postal Service processes 38 million address changes each year In 1984, Ronald Reagan declared the month of July to be "National Ice Cream Month." The small intestine in the human body is about 2 inches around, and 22 feet long In 1905, the first pizzeria in the U.S. opened in New York City In the early nineteenth century some advertisements claimed that riding the carousel was good for the circulation of blood For the blockbuster movie "The Terminator," O.J. Simpson was considered to play the role of the Terminator, but producers did not choose him as they thought he would not be taken seriously The actor who played the T-1000 in Terminator 2 (Robert Patrick) and the lead singer of Filter are brothers The sole purpose of a drone bee is to mate with the queen bee There are more plastic flamingos in America than real ones Walt Disney had a fear of mice Cleopatra married two of her brothers In an average lifetime, people spend four years traveling in cars and six months waiting for red light to turn green At one time, pumpkins were recommended for removing freckles In just one drop of liquid, 50 million bacteria can be present The Montreal Canadians hockey team has won the most Stanley Cups with 24 Nylon is a man-made fibre that is made from coal and petroleum When the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, received an alarming number of threatening letters, soon after her husband became President at the height of the Depression, the Secret Service insisted that she carry a pistol in her purse Swiss engineer George de Mestral, who got the idea after noticing burrs were sticking to his pants after his regular walks through the woods, invented Velcro. Bees can communicate with other bees by dancing. Their dance can alert other bees as to which direction and the distance nectar and pollen is located The steepest street in the world is Baldwin Street located in Dunedin, New Zealand. It has an incline of 38% One billion pounds of pasta would need approximately 2,021,452,000 gallons of water to cook it. This is equivalent to 75,000 Olympic-size swimming pools Nutmeg is extremely poisonous if injected intravenously The average Super Bowl party has 18 people An ant can detect a movement through 5 centimeters of earth One out of 200 women is colorblind On average, the rainfall across the Amazon is 7 feet annually. Passion fruits have a tranquilizing effect on the body It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky A snail can sleep for 3 years "Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt" There is a large brass statue of Winnie-the-Pooh in Lima, Peru In 1982, Larry Walters tied 24 weather balloons to his lawn chair in Los Angeles and climbed to an altitude of 16,000 feet Centuries ago in India, a person could get their nose chopped off for breaking the law The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in Jello The total number of steps in the Eiffel Tower are 1665 The amount of blood a female mosquito drinks per serving is five millionths of a liter An adult porcupine has approximately 30,000 quills on its body, which are replaced every year The name for Ivory Soap was inspired by a verse from the Bible. Harley Proctor got though of the name when the minister read from Psalms 45:8, "All thy garments smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia, out of the ivory palaces whereby they have made thee glad." A survey done by Clairol 10 years ago came up with 46% of men stating that it was okay to color their hair. Now 66% of men admit to coloring their hair The name of the squiggly line "~" is called a tilde In 1747, the first American mention of the Christmas tree occurred. However, it was a not a tree but instead a pyramid made out of wood and decorated with apples and evergreen boughs There are more Barbie dolls in Italy than there are Canadians in Canada The study of ants is called Myrmecology In the United States, you are more likely to be killed by a bee sting than a shark attack Coca-Cola was the first soft drink to be consumed in outer space Frozen food can be just as nutritious as fresh food Fourteen people die each day from asthma in the United States The average amount of time spent kissing for a person in a lifetime is 20,160 minutes The human body has approximately 37,000 miles of capillaries The most expensive shoes in the world are ruby slippers located in Harrods in London, which cost $1.6 million, has a full time security guard. The shoes are made from platinum thread and has 642 rubies in them. It took over 700 hours to produce the shoe Only 55% of all Americans know that the sun is a star The city of Denver was originally chosen to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, but had to withdraw because Colorado voters rejected to finance it The longest bout of sneezing recorded was by Donna Griffith. It began in January 13 1981 and continued until September 16 1983 and lasted for 978 days The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, was actually built for use as a tomb by Mogul ruler Shah Jehan for his wife, Arjuman Banu Begum In 1943, the July issue of "Transportation Magazine" had an article entitled "1943 Guide to Hiring Women." Spotted skunks do handstands before they spray A dime has 118 ridges around the edge Scientists with high-speed cameras have discovered that rain drops are not tear shaped but rather look like hamburger buns. Ancient Egyptian women used to wear perfume cones made of wax that would melt in the heat letting out a nice fragrance Mardi Gras means "Fat Tuesday." This is the festival that New Orleans, Louisiana is famous for having every year There was once a fish caught in Delaware Bay with a watch still ticking inside In Singapore, it is illegal to sell or own chewing gum During the female orgasm, endorphines are released, which are powerful painkillers. So headaches are in fact a bad excuse not to have sex Donkeys kill more people annually than plane crashes The nut "filbert" got its name from St. Philbert which is celebrated on August 22nd, which is also when the nut matures Every time Beethoven sat down to write music, he poured ice water over his head Some species of dolphin sleep with one eye open The chewing gum Juicy Fruit has 10 calories. This is approximately the same as a bite of whole wheat bread In ancient Egypt, doctors used jolts from the electric catfish to reduce the pain of arthritis In order to scare away predators, Giant petrels, a type of seabird, throw up all over the intruder Elvis Presley used to be a truck driver before he started singing The average cow produces about 2,305 gallons of milk each year Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan worked as a lifeguard in his youth at a beach near Dixon, Illinois and saved over 77 lives In 2000, there were 1,579,566 drug arrests in the United States. Of those, close to half were for marijuana Just like fingerprints, every cats nose pad is different Popeye is 34 years old, weighs 158 lbs, and is 5 feet 6 inches tall Researchers have shot footage of Orcas (killer whales) attacking and killing great white sharks The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca Cola, and Budweiser, in that order One bushel of wheat can make enough sandwiches that you could eat three sandwiches a day for over six months In 1992, approximately 750 deaths occurred in the United States due to workplace violence In the movie "Babe", the piglet was played by over 30 different piglets they outgrew the part so quickly during the production of the film Research indicates that people prefer the colour blue for their casual clothing The leading cause of deaths for children between the ages of 1 and 4 are motor vehicle crashes The first toilet being flushed in a motion picture was in the movie "Psycho." The human brain has about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons One acre of wheat can produce enough bread to feed a family of four people for about ten years Queen Victoria used marijuana, to help relieve menstrual cramp pain On a ship a toilet is called a head About 1 in 5,000 North Atlantic lobsters are born bright blue Approximately 10.5 gallons of water is used in a dishwasher. Washing the dishes by hand can use up to 20 gallons of water The thing that hangs from the top of the beak of a turkey is called the snood Ticks can be as small as a grain of rice and grow to be as big as a marble An American chews an average of 300 sticks of gum in a year Most cows give more milk when they listen to music Giant flying foxes, which are a type of bat, that live in Indonesia have wingspans of nearly six feet Heavier lemons contain more and tastier juice Since 1950, over 230 million eggs of Silly Putty have been sold Oral-B is a combination of oral hygiene and the letter B, which stands for the word better Frank Wathernam was the last prisoner to leave Alcatraz prison on March 21, 1963 A blink lasts approximately 0.3 seconds In 1903 Mary Anderson invented the windshield wipers Both Thomas Jefferson and Jimmy Carter, U.S. presidents, were peanut farmers at one time A cow releases about 125 gallons of gas per day The Apollo 17 crew were the last men on the moon Spartacus led the revolt of the Roman slaves and gladiators in 73 B.C The Mexican version of the Tooth Fairy is known as the Tooth Mouse, which takes the tooth and leaves treasures in its place In a day the blue whale calf drinks approximately 130 gallons of milk Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people do All racehorses in the U.S. celebrate their birthday on January 1st A person would have to drink more than 12 cups of hot cocoa to equal the amount of caffeine found in one cup of coffee The oldest documented footwear found was a 8,000 year-old sandal found in a cave located in Missouri, USA Broccoli was first introduced into France during the royal marriage of Catherine de Medici to Henry II of France By federal law, for a noodle to actually be a noodle it must have 5.5 percent egg solids in it, otherwise it cannot be called a noodle The first female guest host of Saturday Night Live was actress Candace Bergen The human heart beast roughly 35 million times a year People that use mobile phones are 2.5 time more likely to develop cancer in areas of the brain that are adjacent to the ear they use to talk on the mobile phone Turkeys can have heart attacks. When the Air Force was conducting test runs and breaking the sound barrier, fields of turkeys dropped dead because of heart attacks The act of sneezing is referred to as sternutation The average medium size piano has about 230 strings A study revealed that men that were born with a low birth weight were less likely to get married It takes about 63,000 trees to make the newsprint for the average Sunday edition of The New York Times On average, you would need 12.5 gallons of milk to make one gallon of ice cream A leech can gorge itself up to a maximum of five times its body weight There are places in Saskatchewan called Elbow, Eyebrow, and Drinkwater A butterfly has to have a body temperature greater than 86 degrees to be able to fly The beeswax that is produced by Honey bees comes from eight paired glands that are located on the underside of their stomach People in low-income homes spend 50% more time playing video games than people in high-income homes Lighthouse keepers were nicknamed "wickies" because they tended the lamps wick Taco Bell serves over 35 million consumers each week in the USA During the Roman times, people used urine, called lotium in Latin, as a hair product There are approximately 90 people that have been frozen after their death. The smallest will ever written was 3.8 cm in diameter. It had 40 words written on it and was signed by two witnesses The length of a human esophagus is 25 centimeters In 1942 the Jello company introduced Cola flavored jello, which only lasted a year Males account for 60% of toy injuries that occur in the U.S The company "Sony" was originally called "Totsuken." They felt the name "Sony" would be easier to pronounce. The name was invented by a cross between the name "sonus" and "sonny." The name sound and sonic are derived. Sonny was used to represent a young man or boy, which would show a energetic young company The Red Cross is called the Red Crescent in Arab countries The Olympics were originally held for the Greek god Zeus The oldest inhabited house in Scotland is the Traquair Castle. The castle has had 27 kings as visitors Four billion pounds of watermelon were grown in the United States in 1999 Wham-O manufactured twenty-thousand hula-hoops a day at the peak of hula-hoop popularity in 1958 JELL-O was declared The "Official State Snack" of Utah in January 2001 Elvis Presley was obsessed with brushing his teeth When the Statue of Liberty was moved from France to the United States, 214 crates were used to transport it. The Statue was also reduced to 350 pieces There are approximately 2000 thunderstorms that are active at the same time which results in 100 lightning flashes a second. In-vitro babies are born in Australia more than any other country in the world Uranus? winter and summer seasons last the equivalent of 21 Earth years More people die from eating sharks then from being eaten by them. This is due to a poison in shark meat The murder rate in the United States is about four times greater than in Japan. In Japan, no private citizen can buy a handgun legally The rarest chocolate bar in the world is the Porcelana bar. There are only 20,000 of these bars produced a year, and they sell for $90 per pound The reason why locusts swarm are because when they are in groups, a "hot-spot" behind their hind legs is stimulated, which in turn causes their destructive nature. A large swarm of locusts can eat eighty thousand tons of corn in a day There are an equivalent number of cows and people in Friesland, Netherlands Centipedes always have an uneven pairs of walking legs A chicken once had its head cut off and survived for over eighteen months, headless The largest diamond found in the United States was a 40.23 carat white diamond. It was found in 1924 and nicknamed the "Uncle Sam." Following directions off the Internet and chemicals obtained from a mail order company, a team of U.S. scientists created an identical copy of the polio virus. Every day, the Hubble telescope transmits enough data to fit 10,000 standard computer disks The average number of people that go to a party for the Super Bowl is 17 The amount of Kit Kat chocolate bars that are made at the York factory every 15 minutes are enough to outstack the Eiffel Tower The skin of a shark is made up of "tiny teeth" which are called dermal denticles The strongest gust of wind was recorded at the Mount Washington Observatory on April 12th, 1934, and measured 231 miles per hour. The company Chanel claims that every 30 seconds, somewhere in the world, a bottle of Chanel No 5 is sold In their lifetime, house cats spend approximately 10,950 hours purring The reason why bubbles are round is because this is the most efficient shape that the soap film can take for the amount of air trapped inside It is very common for babies in New Zealand to sleep on sheepskins. This is to help them gain weight faster, and retain their body heat From 1526 to 1707, the first six Mogul emperors of India ruled in unbroken succession from father to son A one kilogram packet of sugar will have about 5 million grains of sugar Bats emit ultrasonic sounds to communicate with each other Rats can survive up to 14 days without any food Canola oil is actually rapeseed oil but the name was changed in Canada for marketing reasons Three consecutive strikes in bowling is called a turkey In a year, about 90 million jars of Skippy Peanut Butter are sold. This works out to three jars sold every second In a lifetime, an average man will shave 20,000 times The Pentagon has 284 restrooms From 1967-1976, the town of Tororo located in Uganda had thunder 251 out of the 365 days in a year for those years. Children grow faster in the springtime than any other season during the year Another name for licorice is "Sweet Wood" or "Spanish Juice." The reason the Animal Crackers box is designed with a string handle is because when the popular circus theme was introduced in 1902 they thought it would also be a good idea to package them with a string as a Christmas novelty so they could be hung from Christmas trees Sheep can detect other sheep faces like humans do. They can remember up to 50 sheep faces The loudest insect in the world is the male cicadas, which are like crickets. When they rub their abdomens, the sound made can be heard from 1300 feet Each year 96 billion pounds of food is wasted in the U.S In the past 60 years, the groundhog has only predicted the weather correctly 28% of the time. The rushing back and forth from burrows is believed to indicate sexual activity, not shadow seeking Pretzel snacks have been around for over 1300 years. A European monk invented the snack using used leftover bread dough Sharks are capable of surviving on average six weeks without eating. The record observed in an aquarium is fifteen months by a species of shark known as the "swell shark." The destruction of the Berlin Wall began when private citizens began to demolish entire sections of the Wall without interference from government officials on November 9, 1989 Most American women have their first baby when they are 24.3 years old Frogs do not need to drink water as they absorb the water through their skin A group of larks is called an exaltation The Kool Aid Man used to be known as "Pitcher Man" when he was first introduced in 1975 Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White holds the record for putting her hands together approximately 140,000 times to clap Men sweat more than women. This is because women can better regulate the amount of water they lose Research has indicated that approximately eleven minutes are cut off the life of an average male smoker from each cigarette smoked The triangular shape that Toblerone chocolates are packaged in, is protected by law In 1945, the first "floating ice cream parlor" was built for sailors in the western Pacific. This "floating ice cream parlour" could produce ten gallons of ice cream every seven seconds The formula for Coca-cola has never been patented The average day is actually 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. We have a leap year every four years to make up for this shortfall Before its name was changed, the African Penguin used be called the Jackass Penguin because of its donkey-like braying call During the high feeding season, it has been estimated that an adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in one day. (Krill are shrimp like creatures) Pound for pound, leopards are said to be seven times stronger than humans One average, men spend 60 hours a year shaving Botanically a rhubarb is a vegetable. It was changed to a fruit in 1947 by a U.S. Custom Court Sawney Beane, his wife, 8 sons, 6 daughters, and 32 grandchildren were a family of cannibals that lived in the caves near Galloway, Scotland in the early 17th Century. Although the total number is not known, it is believed they claimed over 50 victims per year. The entire family was taken by an army detachment to Edinburgh and executed, apparently without trial The movie that grossed the most money that was adapted from a T.V. cartoon is Scooby-Doo There are five million scent receptors located in a human beings nose When Coca-Cola was invented, American tourists that visited Spain were surprised to see that Coke was three times as expensive as a glass of brandy Some silkworms can spin cocoons that contain more than two miles of silk The mother of famous astronomer Johannes Kepler was accused of being a witch At one time, Pumpkins were recommended for the removal of freckles and curing snake bites The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies Approximately 200 pets are buried in a pet cemetery out of the thousands of pets that die each day The average Hostess Twinkie is 68 percent air as measured by volume according to university researchers In Haiti, only 1 out of every 200 people own a car. This is ironic considering approximately 33% of the country's budget on import is spent on equipment for fuel and transportation. Every U.S. bill regardless of denomination costs just 4 cents to make About 30% of American admit to talking to their dogs or leaving messages on their answering machines for their dogs while they are away A duck’s quack doesn’t echo, and no one knows why Caterpillar means "hairy cat" in Old French The ostrich has two toes on each feet which gives it greater speed On September 3, 1970, a hailstone was found in Coffeyville, Kansas that was eight inches in diameter and weighed 1.67 pounds. Honorificabilitudinitatibus is the longest English word that consists strictly of alternating consonants and vowels It can take up to a month for a rattlesnake to re-supply its venom Close to 3 billion movie tickets are sold in India every year The word racecar and kayak are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left There were approximately 2,228 people on board the Titanic when it sank. Of this, only 706 people survived An elephant can live up to the age of seventy, or in some cases even more The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world Elephants can't jump. Every other mammal can. The name "cranberry" comes from German and Dutch settlers. The berry was intially called "crane berry." The reason it was called this was because when the flowers bloom, the petals of the flowers twist backwards and look very much like the head of a crane. Eventually the name was shortened down to be "cranberry." In New Mexico, over eleven thousand people have visited a tortilla chip that appeared to have the face of Jesus Christ burned into it On average, he ratio of yellow kernels to white kernals in a bag of popcorn is 9:1 The first toilet stall in a public washroom is the least likely to be used. It is also the cleanest In 1955, only 330 Volkswagen Beetle's were sold at a price of $1800 each in the United States. Printed on the tablet being held by the Statue of Liberty is July IV, MDCCLXXVI The country of Fiji is made up of 332 islands Orville Wright, a pilot, was involved in the first aircraft accident. His passenger, a Frenchman, was killed. The first company to mass produce teddy bears was the Ideal Toy Company Princess Anne from the British royal family competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics Brazil produces the most oranges in the world Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches. The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams A human head remains conscious for about 15 to 20 seconds after it is been decapitated Witchcraft means "Craft of the Wise Ones." 500,000 kids in the US live in same sex households In July 1874, a swarm of Rocky Mountain locusts flew over Nebraska covering an area estimated at 198,600 square miles. It is estimated that the swarm contained about 12.5 trillion insects. These insects became extinct thirty years later Tropical rainforests cover about 7% of the Earth and receive over 80 inches of rain every year The feet have approximately 250,000 sweat glands Approximately 7.5% of all office documents get lost The desert tortoise can live without having to drink any water. It extracts the water it needs from the vegetation it eats There were 13 couples celebrating their honeymoon on the Titanic A cat has 32 muscles in each ear There are 336 dimples on a regulation golf ball Elvis Presley had a twin brother named Jesse Garon Presley who died at birth Robert Wadlow is the tallest man recorded in history. He grew to be eight feet and eleven inches and weighed 490 pounds when he died Bank robber John Dillinger played professional baseball Research indicates that plants grow healthier when they are stroked. France is known as the perfume capital of the world According to psychologists, the shoe and the foot are the most common sources of sexual fetishism in Western society Constipation is caused when too much water is absorbed in the large intestine and the feces become dry One ton of grapes can produce 720 bottles of wine Eating about twenty tart cherries a day could reduce inflammatory pain and headache pain In 2001, the five most valuable brand names in order were Coca-Cola, Microsoft, IBM, GE, and Nokia Milk chocolate was invented in Switzerland by David Peter in 1876 In November 1999, two women were killed by a lightning bolt. The underwire located in their bras acted as a electrical conductors, and when the lightning bolt hit the bra they left burn marks on their chest Basketball was invented by Canadian James Naismith in 1891 Over 100,000 birds and sea animals are killed every year due to plastic garbage The big toe is the foot reflexology pressure point for the head 85% of weddings are held in a synagogue or church The sport of surfing originated in Hawaii It is possible to lead a cow upstairs...but not downstairs Before soccer referees started using whistles in 1878, they used to rely on waving a handkerchief Tobacco kills more Americans each year than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, car accidents, fire and AIDS combined The best time for a person to buy shoes is in the afternoon. This is because the foot tends to swell a bit around this time Dead cells in the body ultimately go to the kidneys for excretion Americans, on average, spend 18% of his or her income on transportation as compared to only 13% spent on food There are some species of snails that are venomous. Their venom can be fatal to humans The first box of Crayola that was ever sold had the same eight colours that are sold in the box today consisting of red, blue, yellow, green, violet, orange, black and brown. The box was sold for a nickel in 1903 A turtle can breathe through its butt. The rarest coffee in the world is Kopi Luwak, which is found in Indonesia. It cost about $300 a pound The average America online user spends 70 minutes day online The song with the longest title is "I?m a Cranky Old Yank in a Clanky Old Tank on the Streets of Yokohama with my Honolulu Mama Doin? Those Beat-o, Beat-o Flat-On-My-Seat-o, Hirohito Blues" written by Hoagy Carmichael in 1945. He later claimed the song title ended with ?Yank? and the rest was a joke People of Ancient China believed that swinging your arms could cure a headache In 1938, Cliquot Club ginger ale was the first soft drink to be canned The largest apple pie ever baked was forty by twenty three feet Roughly 44% of junk mail is thrown away unopened Catfish have tastebuds located on their whiskers The laundry detergent Tide, has a market share of about forty percent market A Canadian, Troy Hurtubise, spent $100,000 and almost went bankrupt building a RoboCop style suit so that he could withstand a bear attack The 3 most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, andBudweiser, in that order. The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sports games (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after the Major League all-stars Game In the United States, 8.5 million cosmetic surgical and non-surgical procedures were done in the year 2001 The Bible has been translated into Klingon. Ian Fleming named his character "James Bond" after real-life ornithologist and author Most dinosaurs walked on their toes. On December 17 1991, the Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Miami Heat 148-80, the largest margin of victory in an NBA game There are mirrors on the moon. Astronauts left them so that laser beams could be bounced off of them from Earth. These beams help give us the distance to the moon give or take a few metres. The U.S. army packs Tabasco pepper sauce in every ration kit that they give to soldiers The trunk of an elephant can hold up to two gallons of water Every year, an igloo hotel is built in Sweden that has the capacity to sleep 100 people During the holiday season, approximately $220 million worth of Poinsettias are sold A newborn kangaroo weighs approximately 0.03 ounces and is small enough to fit in a teaspoon When Scott Paper Co. first started manufacturing toilet paper they did not put their name on the product because of embarrassment The most senior crayon maker Emerson Moser retired after making 1.4 billion crayons for Crayola. It was then that he revealed that he was actually colorblind The highest point in Pennsylvania is lower than the lowest point inColorado. Scientists have determined that having guilty feelings may actually damage your immune system "Go." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language There are more than 250,000 rivers in the United States, which amounts to 3.5 million miles of rivers Forty-one percent of women apply body and hand moisturizer at least three times a day Pretzel that have no salt on them are called "baldies." The 1912 Olympics was the last Olympics that gave out gold medals that were made entirely out of gold Monopoly is the best-selling board game in the world There was a book written fourteen years before the sinking of the Titanic happened titled "Futility" by Morgan Robertson. This book was remarkably similar to the tragedy that happened to the Titanic in 1912 One ounce of chocolate has about 20 mg of caffeine in it A giraffe can go longer without water than a camel Vikings, after killing their enemies, used their skulls as drinking vessels Studies have shown that classical music helps cows produce more milk Two out of five people end up marrying their first love The Hawaiian alphabet only has 12 letters The name "Muppet" was coined by Jim Henson. The word was made from a combination of the word "marionette" and "puppet." In the Sahara Desert, there is a town named Tidikelt, which did not receive a drop of rain for ten years The Christmas season begins after sunset on December 24th and lasts until January 5th. This is also known as the Twelve Days of Christmas Mosquitoes are attracted to the color blue more than any other color In Italy, Santa Claus is known by the name Babbo Natale Two objects have struck the earth with enough force to destroy a whole city. Each object, one in 1908 and again in 1947, struck regions of Siberia. Not one human being was hurt either time When blue whales are first born, they gain as much as 200 pounds a day while they are calves Families who do turn off the television during meals tend to eat healthier. This was regardless of family income, or education About 25 percent of all the energy consumed in the US is from natural gas American novelist Mark Twain was the first known author to submit a typed manuscript If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb Canada is the only country not to win a gold medal in the Summer Olympic games while hosting the event The sound made by the toadfish when mating underwater is so loud that it can be heard by humans on the shore In America, approximately 20% of children between the ages of 2 - 7 have televisions in their rooms Traveling by air is the safest means of transportation. In 1996, toy company Mattel released a "Harley Davidson" Barbie. This dolls distinctive feature is a birth mark on her face that changes position with every new release of the doll The most common injury caused by cosmetics is to the eye by a mascara wand There have been close to 200 coups and counter-coups in the country of Bolivia On average, pigs live for about 15 years Roughly 42% of people in the United Kingdom snore No NFL team which plays its home games in a domed stadium has ever won a Superbowl Beluga whales which are also called "white whales" are not born white. They are born grey in color, and by the age of six become completely white Tiger Woods is the first athlete to has been named "Sportsman of the Year" by magazine Sports Illustrated two times The eight most popular foods to cause food allergies are: milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish Club Direct, a travel insurance company in Britain, provides insurance plans for protection from falling coconuts There are some bananas that are red instead of yellow Only one out of every three people wash their hands when leaving a public bathroom 570 gallons of paint would be needed to paint the outside of the White House Baby robins eat 14 feet of earthworms every day Every three seconds a baby is born somewhere in the world The total mileage driven by all U-Haul trucks in a year is enough to move a person from the Earth to the moon five times a day for an entire year The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every fivemust be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips intimes ofwar or other emergencies. Pluto was discovered on February 10, 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh Termites have been around for over 250 million years The average person changes their career every 13 years The New York Yankees have appeared in the World Series a league leading 38 times and won 26 titles Approximately 18 billion disposable diapers end up in landfills each year. These diapers can takes as long as 500 years to finally decompose Over 4.5 billion sticks have Trident gum have been chewed. If the stick of gum were laid out end to end they could circle the globe approximately 1.8 times Oak trees can live 200 or more years The brain of an ant has about 250,000 brain cells About 26 per cent of all indoor water used by households in Sydney, Australia are for laundry A rainbow can occur only when the sun is 40 degrees or less above the horizon If you spray an antiseptic spray on a polar bear, its fur will turn purple Over $7 billion a year is spent on chocolates by consumers During World War II, Russians used dogs strapped with explosives to blow up German tanks. They trained the dogs to associate the tanks with food and ended up destroying about 25 German tanks using this method Butterflies taste with their feet St. Louis, Missouri was the first U.S. city to host the summer Olympics in 1904 The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law whichstated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than yourthumb. Every year Alaska has about 5,000 earthquakes, 1,000 of which measure above 3.5 on the Richter scale A fetus develops fingerprints at eighteen weeks It takes about a half a gallon of water to cook macaroni, and about a gallon to clean the pot The cornea is the only living tissue in the human body that does not contain any blood vessels In the U.S. peanuts account for 66% of all snack nuts There are approximately 7,000 feathers on an eagle Sharks can sense a drop of blood from a mile away As a defense mechanism, the North American Opossum closes its eyes and becomes totally limp. Basically it plays dead The longest town name in the world has 167 letters A sneeze zooms out of your mouth at over 600 m.p.h A cesium atom in an atomic clock that beats over nine billion times a second. The mythical Scottish town of Brigadoon appears for one day every one hundred years Kermit the frog delivered the commencement address at Southampton College located in the state of New York in 1996 In World War II, the German submarine U-120 was sunk by a malfunctioning toilet The phrase "Often a bridesmaid, but never a bride," actually originates from an advertisement for Listerine mouthwash from 1924 Over 50% of lottery players go back to work after winning the jackpot The largest cultivated crop in the United States is corn Walt Disney holds the record for the most Oscar nominations with sixty-four On average, Americans eat one hundred acres of pizza a day. This amounts to about three hundred fifty slices per second As an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound because of the compressed air bubbles popping in the ice The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 14,056,000 sq miles The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C Most toilets flush in E flat Bile produced by the liver is responsible for making your feces a brownish, green colour At one time the group "Grateful Dead" were called "The Warlocks." Bats can detect food up to 18 feet away and what type of insect the food may be using their sense of echolocation At the equator the Earth spins at about 1,038 miles per hour People whose mouth has a narrow roof are more likely to snore. This is because they have less oxygen going through their nose In one day, a human sheds 10 billion skin flakes. This amounts to approximately two kilograms in a year On average, an American home has 3-10 gallons of hazardous materials On average, 35 meters of hair fibre is produced on the adult scalp Dalmatian puppies do not have any spots on them when they are born. They actually develop them as they get older Male goats will pee on each other in order to attract mates A dog by the name of Laika was launched into space aboard the Russian spacecraft Sputnik 2 in 1957 In 2002, dogs have killed more people in the U.S. than the Great White shark has killed in the past 100 years The study of twins is known as gemellology On an American one-dollar bill, there is an owl in the upper right-hand corner of the "1" encased in the "shield" and a spider hidden in the front upper right-hand corner During one seven year period, Thomas Edison obtained approximately three hundred patents. In is whole life he obtained over one thousand patents. When Black Jack Ketchum was hung back in 1901 in Clayton New Mexico, the noose actually ended up taking his head off. The head had to be sewn back on so Black Jack could be buried properly Every 40,000 children are killed by fires The highest recorded speed of a sneeze is 165 km per hour In 1985, a pregnant women was falsely accused of shoplifting a basketball In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere The adult electric eel can produce a five hundred volt shock, which is enough to stun a horse When the are in danger, kangaroos will beat the ground loudly with their hind feet To manufacture a new car approximately 148,000 liters of water is needed. In 410 A.D. Alaric the Visigoth demanded that Rome give him three thousand pounds of pepper as ransom Actress Jamie Lee Curtis invented a special diaper for babies that has a pocket Honeybees use the sun as a compass which helps them navigate An average driver spends approximately 2 hours and 14 minutes kissing in their car in a lifetime In gangster slang, a boxing match that is fixed is called a "barney."	Hula hoop
One of the few states where the capital is also its largest city, what is the seat of government for West Virginia?	Do I Know This ? Do I Know This ? Updated May 17, 2013, 12:23 AM Have you ever wondered who's got the most number of top singles in U.K ? Have you ever wondered which company is the world's top Global Brand ? Have you ever wondered which country has got the most or the highest number of Netizens ? Use template Amazing Facts 100 amazing & unknown facts! # Our eyes remain the same size from birth onward, but our nose and ears never stop growing. # The Barbie doll’s full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. # The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. # Ants never sleep! # When the moon is directly overhead, you will weigh slightly less. # Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never called his wife or mother because they were both deaf. # An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain. # “I Am” is the shortest complete sentence in the English language. # Babies are born without knee caps – actually, they’re made of cartilage and the bone hardens between the ages of 2 and 6 years. # Happy Birthday (the song) is copyrighted. # Butterflies taste with their feet. # A “jiffy” is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. # It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. # Leonardo Da Vinci invented the scissors. # Minus 40 degrees Celsius is exactly the same as minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit. # No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple. # Shakespeare invented the words “assassination” and “bump.” # Stewardesses is the longest word typed with only the left hand. # Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump. # The names of all the continents end with the same letter that they start with. # The sentence, “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” uses every letter in the English language. # The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar and England in 1896. Zanzibar surrendered after 38 minutes. # The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. # The word “lethologica” describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want. # Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from the blowing desert sand. # TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters on only one row of the keyboard. # You can’t kill yourself by holding your breath. # Money isn’t made out of paper. It’s made out of cotton. # Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks or it will digest itself. # The dot over the letter “i” is called a tittle. # A duck’s quack doesn’t echo. No one knows why! # The “spot” on the 7-Up comes from its inventor who had red eyes – he was an albino. ’7′ was because the original containers were 7 ounces and ‘UP’ indicated the direction of the bubbles. # Chocolate can kill dogs, as it contains theobromine, which affects their heart and nervous system. # Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of plaster. # There are only two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: “abstemious” and “facetious.” # If one places a tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. # Bruce Lee was so fast that they actually had to slow film down so you could see his moves. # The original name for butterfly was flutterby. # By raising your legs slowly and laying on your back, you cannot sink into quicksand. # Dogs and cats, like humans, are either right or left handed. # Charlie Chaplin once won the third prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. # Sherlock Holmes NEVER said “Elementary, my dear Watson”. # The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries. # Bats always turn left when exiting a cave. # The shortest English word that contains the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F is “feedback.” # All Polar bears are left-handed. # In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak. # “Dreamt” is the only English word that ends in the letters “mt.” # Almonds are a member of the peach family, and apples belong to the rose family. # Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite. # The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is “uncopyrightable”. # In most advertisements, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10 # Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur. # Alfred Nobel, in whose name the Nobel prizes are instituted, was the inventor of dynamite. # The planet Venus does not tilt, so consequently, it has no seasons. It is the only planet that rotates clock-wise. # Honey is the only food that doesn’t spoil. # The word “set” has more definitions than any other word in the English language. # Molecularly speaking, water is actually much drier than sand. # Human tonsils can bounce higher than a rubber ball of similar weight and size, but only for the first 30 minutes after they’ve been removed. # US President John F. Kennedy was an accomplished ventriloquist. # Coca-Cola was originally green. # Moths are unable to fly during an earthquake. # Contrary to popular belief, the white is not the healthiest part of an egg. It’s actually the shell. # Nearly three percent of the ice in Antarctic glaciers is penguin urine. # Hot water will turn into ice faster then cold water. # “Rhythm” is the longest English word without a vowel. # Like fingerprints, every person’s tongue print is different. # No piece of normal-size paper can be folded in half more than 7 times. # The tongue is the only muscle that is attached from one end only. # Pumice is the only rock that floats in water. # Camel’s milk does not curdle. # Your foot is the same length as your forearm, and your thumb is the same length as your nose. Also, the length of your lips is the same as the index finger. # Natural pearls melt in vinegar. # Buttermilk does not contain any butter. # The human brain is 80% water. # Men’s shirts have the buttons on the right while women’s shirts have the buttons on the left. # Human fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails. # The Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt holds a constant temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit. # The liquid inside young coconuts can be used as a substitute for blood plasma. # Oak trees do not produce acorns until they are fifty years of age. # It takes approximately 2 million flowers for a bee to make 1 pound of honey. # Human saliva has a boiling point three times that of regular water. # It is physically impossible to urinate and give blood at the same time. # The letter J does not appear anywhere in the periodic table of the elements. # The right lung of a human is larger than the left one. This is because of the space and placement of the heart. # Watermelons, which are 92% water, originated from the Kalahari Desert in Africa. # The hair of some cancer patients treated with chemotherapy can grow back in a different colour, and sometimes even be curly or straight. # The markings that are found on dice are called “pips.” # 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 # The cigarette lighter was invented before the match. # Leonardo Da Vinci never signed or dated his most famous painting, the Mona Lisa. # The ampersand (&) was the last letter of the Latin alphabet. # The palms of your hands and the soles of your feet cannot tan, or grow hair. # Dolphins can swim and sleep at the same time, as they sleep with one eye open. # Each nostril of a human being registers smell in a different way. Those by the right nostril are more pleasant than the left. # The longest single-syllable word in the English language is “screeched.” # The word “Checkmate” in chess comes from the Persian phrase “Shah-Mat,” which means “the king is dead”. # Each king in a deck of playing cards represents a great king from history: Spades – King David, Clubs – Alexander the Great, Hearts – Charlemagne, and Diamonds – Julius Caesar. # In Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift described the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, giving their exact size and speeds of rotation. He did this more than 100 years before either moon was discovered! # If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if the horse has one front leg in the air, the person died as a result of wounds received in battle; if the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person died of natural causes. Amazing Facts Indonesia consists only of islands - 13,667 total During World War II, the very first bomb dropped on Berlin by the Allies killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo People who ride on roller coasters have a higher chance of having a blood clot in the brain The tallest freestanding sculpture in the world is Chief Crazy Horse in South Dakota, USA Marie Curie, the Nobel prize winning scientist who discovered radium, died of radiation poisoning 898 tornadoes were recorded to have occurred in the United States in the year 2000. The word Popcorn is derived from the middle English word "poppe," which means "explosive sound" The food that is digested in your stomach is called "chyme." Alcohol beverages have all 13 minerals necessary for human life The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." uses everyletter in the alphabet. (Developed by Western Union to Test telex/twxcommunications) The word housekeeping was invented by Shakespeare The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sportsgames (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after theMajorLeague All-Star Game. In the great fire of London in 1666 half of London was burnt down but only 6 people were injured Lack of sleep can affect your immune system and reduce your ability to fight infections All dogs are the descendant of the wolf. These wolves lived in eastern Asia about 15,000 years ago It is not possible to tickle yourself. The cerebellum, a part of the brain, warns the rest of the brain that you are about to tickle yourself. Since your brain knows this, it ignores the resulting sensation Parma ham is only Parma ham if it is made in the Parma region of Italy. The British chain supermarket Asda, made and packaged its own "Parma ham" and was successfully sued by the real Parma ham people (Parma Ham Trade Association) With winds of 50 miles per hour, The Statue of Liberty sways three inches and the torch sways five inches A famous bullfighter, Lagarijo, killed 4,867 bulls in the 19th century. Police detectives have used snapping turtles to help them locate dead bodies In most advertisements, including newspapers, the time displayed on a watch is 10:10 The national sport of Japan is sumo wrestling The early occurrence of a fetus yawning is at eleven weeks after conception In a month, a fingernail grows an eighth of an inch Edward VIII did not officially become the King of England as he abdicated the throne to marry an American divorcee The book "Little Red Riding Hood" was banned in 1990 by two school districts in California. They did this because in the book there was a picture of a basket that had a bottle of wine in it The reason why golf balls have dimples on them is because it helps in the ball to move a farther distance by reducing drag Americans consume the most peanut butter in the world Celtic warriors sometimes fought their battles naked, their bodies dyed blue from head to toe To make butter more attractive in colour, carrot juice was used by people in the Middle Ages Early hockey games allowed as many as 30 players a side on the ice Most fleas do not live past a year old It takes seven to ten days to make a jelly belly jellybean Some asteroids have other asteroids orbiting them Maine is the only state whose name is just one syllable The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the males head off There is enough concrete in the Hoover Dam to pave a two lane highway from San Francisco to New York Americans on the average eat 18 acres of pizza every day Every 238 years, the orbits of Neptune and Pluto change making Neptune at times the farthest planet from the sun There is a certain species of kangaroo that is only 2.5 centimetres long when it is born In a lifetime, the average house cat spends approximately 10,950 hours purring The real name of Toto the dog in "The Wizard Of Oz" was Terry Stannous fluoride, which is the cavity fighter found in toothpaste is made from recycled tin It takes 12 honeybees to make one teaspoon of honey Thomas Watson, who was the chairman of IBM in 1943 predicted that their would probably only be a world market for five computers. The largest hamburger cooked in the world weighed in at 6,040 pounds The first lighthouse was in Alexandria in 290 B.C Heinz first started making ketchup in 1876 and the recipe has remained the same ever since The largest wedding chapel in Las Vegas is the Viva Las Vegas Chapel, which can seat 100 people The most popular name for a pet in the United States is Max Spiral staircases in medieval castles are running clockwise. This is because all knights used to be right-handed. When the intruding army would climb the stairs they would not be able to use their right hand which was holding the sword because of the difficulties of climbing the stairs. Left-handed knights would have had no troubles, except left-handed people could never become knights because it was assumed that they were descendants of the devil The largest shopping mall in the world is the West Edmonton Mall located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada The CN Tower located in Toronto, Ontario Canada took a total construction time of 40 months to complete at an original cost of $63 million The 20th president of the United States, James Garfield, was able to write Greek with one hand and Latin with the other at the same time The country of Andorra has a zero percent unemployment rate In Los Angeles, there are fewer people than there are automobiles A woman has approximately 4.5 litres of blood in her body, while men have 5.6 litres In India, pickled ginger, minced mutton and a cottage cheese like substance are popular pizza toppings Oral-B were the first toothbrushes to go to the moon when they were aboard the Apollo 11 mission A maple tree is usually tapped when the tree is at least 45 years old and has a diameter of 12 inches In 1998, a law passed in the U.S. state of Virginia allows drivers to keep their road kill, as long as they report it within 12 hours. updated A language becomes extinct in this world every two weeks An acre of trees can remove about 13 tons of dust and gases every year from the surrounding environment The decomposition point of Olive Oil is 220 degrees Celsius Ten radishes only contain eight calories Annually a thousand people are killed by scorpions in Mexico Every year, 100 million sharks are killed by people Tug of war was an Olympic event from 1900-1920 Of all the countries, Brazil has the most plant species, with over 56,000 One female mouse can produce up to 100 babies a year Impotence is grounds for divorce in 26 U.S. states Women who are romance novel readers are reported to make love 74% more often with their partners than women who do not read romance novels. The average lifespan of a human taste bud is ten days The monogram "RR" for Rolls-Royce has never been altered, except for when Sir Henry Royce passed away in 1933. Then it was changed from red to black. People with darker skin will not wrinkle as fast as people with lighter skin Fido means faithful in Latin Pebbles cereal was actually named after the shape of the cereal and not the Pebbles Flintstone character A group of kangaroos is called a mob Cat's urine glows under a blacklight. Every three seconds, a new baby is born More than 260,000 people have been killed by volcanic activity since 1700 AD. The only predator that polar bears have are humans Many insects can carry 50 times their own body weight The last land battle of the U.S. Civil War was fought in Texas Annually 7 million tons of textiles and clothing is thrown out. Out of this, only 12% is used again or recycled A scorpion can have up to 12 eyes A snake charmer in Bangladesh once found 3,500 poisonous cobras and their eggs hidden underneath the floors of two suburban homes The IRS employees tax manual has instructions for collecting taxes after a nuclear war There are approximately fifty Bibles sold each minute across the world The pectin that is found in apples aids in lowering cholesterol levels Post-It Notes, which are adhesive notes, were invented while looking for a way to improve the acrylate adhesive found in tapes Crayola Crayons currently has over 120 different crayon colours Odontophobia is the fear of teeth The width of a tornado can range from less than ten yards to more than a mile. In Johannesburg, the average car will be involved in an accident once every four years. The youngest actress to be nominated as best actress is Keisha Castle-Hughes who was nominated at just 13 years old The Taj Mahal was actually built for use as a tomb According to studies, an average roll of toilet paper lasts about five days in the bathroom Almonds are members of the peach family The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy A fall of 30 feet can be survived my most cats The largest member of the dolphin family are orcas In 1477, the first diamond engagement ring was given to Mary of Burgundy by Archduke Maximillian of Austria The hormone replacement drug "Premarin" is made from the urine of pregnant horses TWIX Caramel Cookie Bars were first introduced in 1979 Nintendo was first establish in 1889 and they started out making special playing cards People over the age of fifty will start to lose their dislike for foods that taste bitter In Kentucky, 50 percent of the people who get married for the first time are teenagers Elephants have been known to learn up to 60 commands On average 1,668 gallons of water are used by each person in the United States daily Copper is the second most used metal in the world. Milton Bradley originally wanted to name the game Twister, Pretzel; but he could not since the name was copyrighted According to studies, men prefer to have white bedrooms and women prefer to have blue bedrooms If someone was to fly once around the surface of the moon, it would be equal to a round trip from New York to London St. Patrick never really drove out any snakes from Ireland. This story was an analogy of how he drove paganism out of Ireland Fat is important for the development of children and normal growth The most common seasonings found in American homes are chili powder, cinnamon, and seasoned salts People who have eaten beetles say that it tastes like apples Montreal was named after a local mountain "Mont Royal." Millie the White House dog earned more than 4 times as much as President Bush in 1991. And, rightfully so In an average lifetime, a person will spend 4 years travelling in an automobile and six months waiting at a red light. A small drip from a faucet can waste up to 50 gallons of water daily, which is enough water to run a dishwasher twice on a full cycle Kotex was first manufactured as bandages, during W.W.I The longest Monopoly game ever played was 1,680 hours long, which is seventy straight days The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C Over 1,600 people in North America have been victims of trunk entrapment (being locked inside of a car trunk) A rhinoceros horn is made of compacted hair In 1992, when EuroDisney first opened in France, the public beat some of the park characters because at the time most people had been against the park being built A jiffy is an actual unit of time for 1/100th of a second. Thus the saying, I will be there in a jiffy. There is a muppet named Kami that appears on the South African version of the T.V. show "Sesame Street" that is HIV-positive There are approximately one hundred million people in the United States that have a chronic illness The oldest working Post Office in the world is located in the village of Sanquer, located in the Scottish Lowlands. It has been operating since 1712 Columbia University is the second largest landowner in New York City, after the Catholic Church Approximately three jars of peanut butter are sold every second In Australia, the average person uses 876 gallons of water daily. In Switzerland they use only 77 gallons of water per person daily Every person has a unique tongue print Hair will fall out faster on a person that is on a crash diet In 1890, there was no sunshine for the whole month of December in Westminster in London. Charles Darwin spent 39 years studying earthworms The Boeing 737 is nicknamed the Fat Albert Florida has twice as many lightning injuries and deaths than any other state Chocolate can be fatal to dogs. Chocolate contains a chemical theobromine, which is poisonous to dogs In China, there is a species of yam that is used to make a dye Annually, approximately 46 millions Cokes, five million pounds of french fries, and seven million hamburgers are consumed at Walt Disney World Resort The Chihuahua Desert is the largest desert in North America, and is over 200,000 square miles Every continent begins and ends in the same letter. eg AfricA, EuropE Baseball games between college teams have been played since the Civil War The real name of actress Whoopi Goldberg is Caryn Elaine Johnson Researches have discovered that eating five or more apples a week is linked to better functioning of the lungs Boeing completed more than 15,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing on the first 747 The most popular ethnic food in the United States is Italian food Parts of the Dead Sea Scrolls appeared for sale in the June 1, 1954 issue of the Wall Street Journal If the population of China walked past you in single file, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction The YKK that you see on zippers stands for Yoshida Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha which is the name of the founder of the zipper manufacturing company in Japan The theme song of the Harlem Globetrotters is "Sweet Georgia Brown." 27% of female lottery winners hid their winning ticket in their bras To lose one pound of fat, a person has to burn approximately 3,500 calories In 1969, the American side of Niagara Falls was stopped completely for several months The name for insect poop is frass A can of Pepsi has 41 grams of sugar. This amount to about seven teaspoons of sugar Montreal is actually located on an island There are over 2,000 species of butterflies in the rainforests of South America The world record for the number of body piercings on one individual is 702, which is held by Canadian Brent Moffat Before toilet paper was invented, French royalty wiped their bottoms with fine linen The earliest known example of an organized market for equities dates from Rome, second century B.C There are over 2,000 different species of cactuses Each day 400 gallons of recycled blood are pumped through the kidneys Ten percent of the Russian government's income comes from the sale ofvodka. Apples, not caffeine, are more efficient at waking you up in the morning Bananas were discovered by Alexander the Great in 327 B.C. when he conquered India Levan, which is located in Utah, got its name from "navel" which is levan spelt backwards. It was named this because it is in the center of Utah Approximately one out of four injuries by athletes involve the wrist and hand Former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suffered a nervous breakdown in 1836 Musk is extracted from the bottom of a civet, and is used as an ingredient to make perfumes. The first human heart transplant happened on December 3, 1967. Unfortunately the patient only lived for eighteen days, succumbing in the end to pneumonia In New York City there are 6,374.6 miles of streets The sound made by the Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe is so loud that it can be heard 40 miles away Ancient Egyptians used to think having facial hair was an indication of personal neglect In Czechhoslovakia, there is a church that has a chandelier made of human bones The largest hotel in the world is the MGM Grand, which has 5,034 rooms and is located in Las Vegas, Nevada The plastic things on the end of shoelaces are called aglets The fleshy bulbs on each side of your nose are called the Alea (AY-lee) singular Ala (AY-luh) Male koalas mark their territory by rubbing their chests on a tree. Male koalas have a dark scent gland in the middle of their chest An octopus has three hearts Roses generally need around 6 hours of sunlight to grow properly. Buttermilk does not contain any butter, but is a cultured milk product which is usually made from fat free milk Pineapples were first called "anana", which is Caribbean for "excellent fruit." Human birth control pills work on gorillas The tallest woman that ever lived was Zeng Jinlian who was 8 feet 2 inches tall of China. Shed died at the age of 17 An adult "Gold Frog" measures to be 9.8 millimeters in body length Each day, anywhere from 35-150 species of life go extinct Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, never telephoned his wife or mother because they were both deaf Alexander the Great made his troops eat onions as he believed it would prove their vitality Bill Russell was the first black head coach of a major league pro sports team In 1945, a seven ounce bathroom cup was the first item Tupperware marketed Central air conditioners use 98% more energy than ceiling fans. The king of hearts is the only king without a mustache Men can read smaller print than women; women can hear better Everyday, U.S. business use enough paper to circle the Earth over 20 times The Welwitschia plant can live up to 1,000 years The dromedary camel can drink as much as 100 litres of water in just 10 minutes According to the American Institute of Stress, job stress approximately costs the U.S. industry over $300 billion dollars per year It takes 72 minutes for the restaurant at the top of the CN Tower to make one revolution Coffee beans were chewed for more than 400 years before the first cup of coffee was brewed All of the Peking ducks in the United States are descendents from three ducks and one drake imported to Long Island, New York in 1873 The first British ship to use the SOS distress signal was the Titanic The Spring peeper (a frog) can survive the winter season with 65% of its body water as ice Studies have shown that the scent of Rosemary can help in better mental performance and make individuals feel more alert The search engine Google got its name from the word "googol," which refers to the number one with a hundred zeros after it The Goliath beetle is about the size of your fist and can weigh as much as 3-4 ounces If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create explosion that is equal to an atomic bomb Humans have about the same number of hair follicles as a chimpanzee has Studies indicate that listening to music is good for digestion The Chihuahua was named after the Mexican state where they were discovered There are no snakes in New Zealand The most popular grown bulbs are tulips Every day the human stomach produces about 2 liters of hydrochloric acid The country of Bolivia is named after a fighter Simon Bolivar Peanuts are one of the ingredients of dynamite The first state to give the right to women to vote was Wyoming In 1949 UNICEF produced the first charity Christmas card. The picture shown on the card was painted by a seven year old girl Archeologists report that cannabis was most likely the first plant cultivated by humans. Cannabis was used for linen, paper, and garments The garfish has green bones Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a higher chance of developing osteoporosis The banana was officially introduced in 1876 in the U.S. at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition. The bananas were wrapped in tinfoil and were sold for 10 cents each A yawn usually lasts for approximately six seconds Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married The food that people crave the most is cheese Every day more money is printed for Monopoly than the US Treasury The only animal, besides humans that can get leprosy is the Armadillo In 1894, the carnival made its debut in North America The artist Vincent Van Gogh sliced part of his ear off in madness According to Scientists, vampire bat saliva is the best known medicine for keeping blood from clotting. People from North America prefer pickles with warts, where as Europeans prefer pickles with no warts People that suffer from gum disease are twice as likely to have a stroke or heart attack Close to 50% of the water used in a home originates from the bathroom After the Krakatoa volcano eruption in 1883 in Indonesia, many people reported that, because of the dust, the sunset appeared green and the moon blue. The moon was said to appear blue for almost two years. The country with the highest consumption of chocolate per capita is Switzerland, with 22 pounds per person, per year In China, September 20 is "Love Your Teeth Day." Actor Richard Gere was considered to play the role of John McClane in the movie Die Hard. Bruce Willis played the part instead The record for the world?s worst drivers is a toss-up between two candidates: First, a 75-year-old man who received 10 traffic tickets, drove on the wrong side of the road four times, committed four hit-and-run offenses, and caused six accidents, all within 20 minutes on October 15, 1966. Second, a 62-year-old woman who failed her driving test 40 times before passing it in August, 1970 (by that time, she had spent over $700 in lessons, and could no longer afford to buy a car) Tigers have striped skin, not just striped fur Left-handed people are better at sports that require good spatial judgment and fast reaction, compared to right-handed individuals Half of a cup of figs will give you just as much calcium as half a cup of milk A "hairbreadth away" is 1/48 of an inch In 1281, the Mongol army of Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan but were ravaged by a hurricane that destroyed their fleet Walt Disney was afraid of mice Studies show that couples that smoke during the time of conception have a higher chance of having a girl compared to couples that do not smoke The reason why some people get a cowlick is because the growth of their hair is in a spiral pattern, which causes the hair to either stand straight up, or goes to a certain angle Approximately 50% of Americans admit they have ran a red light In 1755, the first Canadian post office opened in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The fist Deputy Postmaster General was American inventor Benjamin Franklin who was later dismissed for sympathizing with the American revolutionary cause Reno, Nevada is west of Los Angeles, California. On average, 90% of the people that have the disease Lupus are female Unlike other four legged mammals, kangaroos cannot walk backwards The itch from a mosquito bite can be soothed by cutting open a clove of garlic and rubbing it on the bite If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar Most American car horns honk in the key of F A superstition in baseball is to never lend your bat to anyone or you will be jinxed Bats always turn left when exiting a cave Penguins can jump as high as 6 feet in the air In 1998, approximately 1.6 billion tree seedlings were planted in the United States. This amounts to about five trees per American There are species of fish that can walk on land in search of water when its water source dries up. Some can survive as long as three days on land such as the snakehead fish Racecar driver Lee Petty once left a pitstop and did a full lap at Nascar with a pit crew member still on the hood The first fashion house to be set up was in 1858 by Charles Worth. He opened his store in Paris with the idea of having pre-made gowns presented on models to his customers St. Patrick explained the Holy Trinity to King Laoghaire, using the shamrock to illustrate the trinity More twins are born in the Western world than in the Eastern world Nine egg yolks have been found in one chicken egg The record for the longest Monopoly game played in a bathtub is ninety-nine hours The flea can jump 350 times its body length, that is like a 6 foot-tall human jumping the length of 7 football fields The 1988 move "Big" which was directed by Penny Marshall was the first movie by a female director to gross over $100 million domestically When the Galileo Probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere, it was traveling at a speed of 106,000 miles per hour. This is the fastest impact speed ever achieved by a man-made object. In 1972, a gorilla by the name of "Koko" was taught ASL (American Sign Language) for the deaf. By the year 2000, the gorilla could understand approximately 2,000 English words 3000 children die every day in Africa because of malaria The reason why hair turns gray as we age is because the pigment cells in the hair follicle start to die, which is responsible for producing "melanin" which gives the hair colour Approximately 125 people die in the United States from an anaphylaxis to foods each year The word "vamp" is used to describe the upper front top of a shoe Construction on the White House began in October of 1792 A galactic year is 250 million Earth-years. This is the time it takes for our solar system to make one revolution around the Milky Way Galaxy. Leonardo da Vinci was dyslexic, and he often wrote backwards The male platypus has poisonous spurs on its legs Polar bears can smell seal from 20 miles away Canadians Scott Abbott and Chris Haney invented Trivial Pursuit. They were planning on playing Scrabble and realized that some of the pieces were missing so they came up with the idea of making their own game; Trivial Pursuit On average, there is about three molecules of ozone for every 10 million air molecules. A person uses approximately fifty-seven sheets of toilet paper each day The Barbie doll has more than 80 careers James Buchanan was the only unmarried president of the United States The Stanley Cup originally was only seven and a half inches high In 1991, during an attempted political coup on Russian President Boris Yelstin, food supplies had dwindled down at the parliament buildings so they ordered Pizza Hut to deliver pizzas Some people drink the urine of pregnant women to build up their immune system The five Olympic rings represent the five continents linked together in friendship Ray Kroc bought McDonalds for $2.7 million in 1961 from the McDonald brothers It is possible to lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs Shark cartilage has been used to make artificial skin for human burn victims The first person to die in the electric chair was William Kemmler, an ax murderer from New York on August 6, 1890 Finland has 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands The average adult has approximately six pounds of skin A crocodile can open and close its jaw but cannot move it side to side There are over 1,000,000 swimming pools in Florida, eventhough the ocean is no farther than 80 miles away 99% of the blueberries that are produced in the United States are produced in the state of Maine On May 9, 1999 approximately 600,000 gallons of whiskey flowed into the Kentucky River during a fire at Wild Turkey Distillery in Lawrenceburg Thomas Jefferson had three achievements placed on his headstone at his request, "Here Was Buried Thomas Jefferson/Author Of The Declaration Of American Independence/Of The Statute Of Virginia For Religious Freedom/And Father Of The University of Virginia.? He never mentioned being President of the United States Humans and cows have the same gestation period, which is about nine months In the Victoria era, red tulips were a declaration of love The sport Lacrosse was initially played by Native American Indians. They played the sport to prepare for war It takes a sloth up to six days to digest the food it eats According to Scandinavian traditions, if a boy and girl eat from the same loaf of bread, they are bound to fall in love In 1796, Napoleon was only 26 years old when he took command of the French Army of Italy A bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II killed every animal in the Berlin Zoo except the elephant, which escaped and roamed the city. When a Russian commander saw hungry Germans chasing the elephant and trying to kill it, he ordered his troops to protect it and shoot anyone who tried to kill it The expression "Tying the Knot" comes from an old Roman custom where the brides clothes were tied up all in knots and the groom was supposed to untie the knots Snake is a delicacy in China In 1999, All Nippon Airlines, had one of its jets fully decorated with Pokemon characters from nose to tail on its exterior The Dead Sea has been sinking for last several years Uranus has 27 moons Actress Sally Field was paid $4,000 a week for her role in the TV show The Flying Nun More pollution is emitted from the average home compared to the average car. The snow leopard protects itself from extreme cold when it sleeps by wrapping its 3-foot-long tail around its nose Only 4% of babies are born on their actual due date In the 1940s, the FCC assigned television's Channel 1 to mobile Services(two-way radios in taxicabs, for instance) but did not re-number theotherchannel assignments. That is why your TV set has channels 2 and up, butnochannel 1. A man named Charles Osborne had the hiccups for approximately sixty-nine years There are more Subway restaurants in Canada than there are McDonald restaurants The CN Tower, in Toronto, is the tallest freestanding structure in the world with a height of about 553 metres The term "the whole 9 yards" came from W.W.II fighter pilots in the South Pacific. When arming their airplanes on the ground, the .50 caliber machine gun ammo belts measured exactly 27 feet, before being loaded into the fuselage. If the pilots fired all their ammo at a target, it got "the whole 9 yards." Construction on the Leaning Tower of Pisa began on August 9th, 1173 President Lyndon Johnson used to smoke three packs of cigarettes a day The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is Chomolungma The word "laser" stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission by radiation." In a lifetime, on average a honey bee produces 1/12th of a teaspoon of honey There are 315 species of parrot in the world The TV show Doctor Who, when it was popular, had an audience of 110 million people The cost to build the Empire State Building was $40,948,900 A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes a day will on average lose two teeth every ten years Wasps that feed on ferment occasionally get drunk and pass out The largest cereal company in the world is Quaker Oats, located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA The first Olympic games only had one event - a foot race Colonel Sanders traveled over 250,000 miles a year visiting various parts of his Kentucky Fried Chicken Empire Some desert snails have been known to sleep for three to four years Over 80% of the brain is water From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size Jackrabbits can reach a speed of fifty miles per hour and can leap as far as twenty feet There are 40 official jelly belly flavours Early sewing machines were destroyed by mobs or workers who felt their jobs were threatened by automation In 1992, the Antarctic Ozone hole was larger than the continent of North America. Someone gets divorced every ten to thirteen seconds There is a certain type of Hawk Moth caterpillar from Brazil that inflates its thorax, which makes its head look like a head of a snake when it feels it is in danger or alarmed The CIA has made a disk camera that is as big as a quarter. This gadget can take many pictures at a time when the disk is opened. The Sanskrit word for "war" means "desire for more cows." In Hong Kong, delivery times are primarily influenced by traffic conditions on elevators. It often takes drivers longer to travel vertically than horizontally, as access to elevators is so congested during "high peak" hours. This is due to the volume of people residing in high rises The ancient Greeks had a fascination with the planet Mars. They attributed the planet to Ares, their god of war, because of its red colour The only lizard that has a voice is the Gecko In Israel, religious law forbids picking your nose on Sabbath In twins, there is a great chance that one will be left handed In the 1920's, Q-Tips were invented by Leo Gerstenzang who got the idea after watching his wife clean their baby's ears with cotton stuck onto a toothpick. In the Pacific Islands when people get burns they often use a banana leaf as treatment Acorns were used as a coffee substitute during the American Civil War An airplane mechanic invented Slinky while he was playing with engine parts and realized the possible secondary use for the springs. Barbie was invented by Ruth Handler after watching her daughter play with baby dolls imagining then in grown up roles When the female grasshopper lays eggs, she covers her eggs with a pasty liquid that protects the eggs throughout the winter The longest recorded duration of a total solar eclipse was 7.5 minutes. On average, an American makes three pounds of garbage in a day Even if you eat food standing on your head, the food will still end up in your stomach Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older. The most common name in the world is Mohammed Apple seeds are poisonous as they contain a cyanide compound The word breakfast was coined due to the fact that after sleeping for hours, we are "breaking our fast." The cardigan was originally made to be a military jacket made of knitted wool The month of December is the most popular month for weddings in the Philippines The deepest cave in the world is the "Lamprechtsofen-Vogelshacht" cave which can be found in Salzburg, Austria. The cave is 5,354 feet deep The capital of Vermont, Montpelier is the only state capital in the United States that does not have a McDonalds The longest engagement lasted 67 years, and the couple ended up marrying when they were 82 years old Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears. never stop growing Milk and cheese can aid in the reduction of tooth decay On average, a strawberry has 200 seeds on it Coconuts kill more people in the world than sharks do The average person spends two weeks of their life kissing Research has indicated that indoor pollution is 10 times more toxic than outdoor pollution Eating a banana at night can help in falling asleep The stapler was invented in Spring Valley, Minnesota. The first television newscaster was Kolin Hager, who used to broadcast farm and weather reports in 1928 Pixie, a Siberian Husky, gave birth to 7 puppies, one of which was bright green Back in 1953, it took 27 hours to make one Marshmallow Peep. Now it takes only six minutes On average, an ear of a corn has 16 rows and approximately 800 kernels The green ring that is formed around the yolk of eggs that have been cooked too long is formed by the chemical reaction from the iron in the yolk and the sulphur in the white part of the egg The silk that is produced by spiders is stronger than steel The first president to have a picture taken was John Quincy Adams Some brands of toothpaste contain glycerin or glycerol, which is also an ingredient in antifreeze 1 in 2000 babies are born with a tooth that is already visible It was during World War II that clothes with elastic waists were introduced. This is because the metal used in zippers was badly needed for the war In 1902, the game table tennis was brought to the U.S. from Europe by Parker Brothers Hershey's Kisses are called that because the machine that makes themlooks like it's kissing the conveyor belt. The fat from sheep, which is called tallow can be used to make soap and candles Next to bone marrow, hair is the fastest growing tissue in the human body Sigmund Freud had a morbid fear of ferns When playing competitive darts the player must be 7 feet 9 1/4 inches back from the dartboard. Also the board must be 5 feet 8 inches above the floor In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak Earthworms have 5 hearts If all the gold sitting in the oceans and seas were mined, every person on this plant would get about 20 kilograms of gold each. To make an espresso 42 coffee beans are needed The oil that is found in poison ivy is called "urushiol." Of all the days of the week, the most popular day for people to eat ice cream is Sunday The first museum in Moscow that was set up in 1791 was the Natural History Laboratory at Moscow University. This later was changed to the Zoological Museum A surfer once sued another surfer for "stealing his wave." The case was thrown out because the court was unable to put a price on "pain and suffering" endured by the surfer watching someone else ride "his" wave Many people in parts of China eat insects. Some common insects are bean worms, scoprions, and locusts The largest dog in the world is the Irish Wolfhound Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a fifty thousand-word novel, "Gadsby," without any word containing the letter "e." The projection light used for IMAX theaters can be seen from space. The human liver performs over 500 functions Ballroom dancing is a course at Brigham Young University in Utah The word "maverick" came into use after Samuel Maverick, a Texan, refused to brand his cattle. Eventually any unbranded calf became known as a Maverick Finnish folklore states that when Santa comes to Finland to deliver gifts, he leaves his sleigh behind and rides on a goat named Ukko instead More than $1 billion is spent each year on neck ties in the United States In the 18th century, potatoes were given out as a dessert. They were served in a napkin, salted and hot The only poisonous birds in the world are the three species of Pitohui. The Hooded Pitohui from Papua New Guinea is the most deadliest out of the three Pretzels were originally invented for Christian Lent. The twists of the pretzels are to resemble arms crossed in prayer The American Airlines Center in Dallas has more toilets per capita than any other sports and entertainment venue in the country After 8 months, babies are more likely to get a diaper rash The first modern toothbrush was invented in China. Its bristles came from hogs hair or the mane of a horse that were then put into ivory handles The New Zealand Kiwi bird cannot fly 66% of wedding cards are hand delivered by people Heavier lemons produce more, and tastier, juice The leading cause of poisoning for children under the age of six in the home is liquid dish soap The same amount of calories are burned by doing 6 sessions that are 5 minutes each of an activity and doing 1 session of that activity for 30 minutes General William Booth is the founder of the Salvation Army Iguanas can stay under water for up to thirty minutes The fastest flying butterfly is the Monarch, which has been clocked with a speed as high as 17 miles per hour Egyptian pyramid builders used to eat a lot of garlic because they thought it would increase their strength The average office document gets copied 19 times In just the first 56 days of life, the larva of the polyphemus moth eats about 86,000 times its birthweight Every hour one billion cells in the body must be replaced American actor Jack Nicholson, and American singer Bobby Darrin were raised believing their grandmothers were their mothers and their mothers were their older sisters The first Ford cars had Dodge engines The average height of an NBA basketball player is 6 feet 7 inches One in five Americans move homes every year The chocolate chip cookie was invented in 1933 The capital of Burkina Faso is Ouagadougou A catfish has about 100,000 taste buds The Liberty Bell was the first mechanical slot machine, which was invented by Charles Fey, a car mechanic in 1895. A Russian man who wore a beard during the time of Peter the Great had to pay a special tax The silkworm moth has lost the ability to fly ever since it has been domesticated The first cheerleaders in the U.S. were men The name Jeep came from the abbreviation used in the army for the "General Purpose" vehicle, G.P The odds of having quadruplets are 1 in 729,000 In 1965, the price for an issue of TV Guide was 15 cents In 1565 In St. Augustine, Florida the first orange trees were planted Nose prints are used to identify dogs, much like humans use fingerprints In the United States, six tubs of Cool Whip, a brand of whipping cream, are sold every second The most popular chocolate bar in the United Kingdom for the last 15 years has been Kit Kat White-Out was invented by Bette Nesmith Graham, who is the mother of Michael Nesmith from the "The Monkees." There are over 2,000 different types of cheese in the world The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world Owls swallow their prey whole because they have no teeth. After approximately 12 hours they cough up the feathers, bones, and fur in a shape of a football pellet Historically, a blue ribbon has been awarded for first prize Seventy-one percent of households report they have at least one snorer. Forty-five percent of those surveyed admit they snore, 35% said their partner snores, 12% said their child snores and 9% reported their pet snores The original meaning of the word grocer was referring to a person who traded food in wholesale. These people would usually sell in large quantities, or by the "gross." Research indicates that mosquitoes are attracted to people who have recently eaten bananas Actress Michelle Pfeiffer was the first choice to play Clarice Starling in the movie "Silence of the Lambs." She turned down the role because she found it too scary The White House has 35 bathrooms, 3 elevators, 132 rooms, and 412 doors in it Due to the deforestation of the forests in North China, over one million tons of sands blows into Beijing from the Gobi desert. It sometimes causes the sky to turn yellow. Cows are able to hear lower and higher frequencies better than human beings Approximately 60% of the water used by households during the summer is used for watering flowers, and lawns The largest diamond that was ever found was 3106 carats. In 1970, Chip maker Intel purchased a pear orchard to build their corporate headquarters on The mating call of a male toadfish, who are underwater, is so loud that it can be heard by humans above water The most popular jelly belly jellybean flavour is buttered popcorn The Nike swoosh was invented by Caroline Davidson back in 1971. She received $35 for making the swoosh. The first shoe with the swoosh was introduced in 1972 Slaves under the last emperors of China wore pigtails so they could be picked out quickly A crocodile cannot stick its tongue out Kiwis are the only known bird to have nostrils located at the tip of their beak An adult esophagus can range from 10 to 14 inches in length and is one inch in diameter A squash ball moving at 150 kilometers per hour has the same impact of a .22 bullet Telephonophobia is the fear of telephones The word alligator comes from the Spanish word El Lagarto, which means "The Lizard." While still in college, Bill Gates and Paul Allen once built a special purpose machine called "Traff-O-Data." It was a machine that would analyze information gathered by traffic monitors. They never found any buyers. The citric acid found in lemon juice is said to be able to dissolve a pearl Robert Southey wrote the story "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" in 1834 The tallest woman in the world is American Sandy Allen who is 7 feet 7 inches American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first-class Astronauts get taller when they are in space Only 5 to 10 percent of cheetah cubs make it to adulthood Dentyne gum was invented in 1899 by a druggist from New York named Franklin V. Canning It takes about three hours for food to be broken down in the human stomach When former Texas Governor James Hogg was on his deathbed he made a special request that a pecan tree be planted at the head of his grave instead of a tombstone. The governor passed away on March 2, 1906, which is Texas Independence Day. The pecan tree is now the state tree of Texas In a year, there are 60,000 trampoline injuries that occur in the U.S There is an organization called SCROOGE in Charlottesville, Virginia that stands for Society to Curtail Ridiculous, Outrageous, and Ostentatious Gift Exchanges. This was formed to keep gift giving affordable and simple The first World Series baseball playoffs occurred in 1903 Archipelago is the word to describe a large group of islands that are located close together The life expectancy of a garbage disposal is about 5 to 10 years In the original movie "101 Dalmatians," there are exactly 6,469,952 spots on all 101 Dalmatians as they are shown in 113,760 frames of the film combined The average North American car contains 300 pounds of plastics A person who is a specialist in wine making is called an oenologist You can only smell 1/20th as well as a dog The number one cause of rabies in the United States are bats The music for "The Star Spangled Banner" comes from a British drinking song named "Anacreon." 27 percent of U.S. male college students believe life is "a meaningless existential hell." (big surprise, eh?) Close to fifty percent of the bacteria in the mouth lives on the surface of our tongue Less than 1% of the women in the world will ever be able to wear a diamond that is the size of a carat or more Ketchup originated in China as a pickled fish sauce called ke-tsiap An ostrich's eye is bigger that it's brain. In Britain, The Red Lion is the most common name for a pub In 1997, the record for the highest skydive by a dog at 4,572 feet was established by a dog named Brutus The majority of burglaries occur during the daytime when people are not home Traditionally, wild cabbage was used as an aphrodisiac Tiger Woods was introduced to golf at nine months of age by his father A person will burn 7 percent more calories if they walk on hard dirt compared to pavement It would take 29 million years for a car travelling 100 miles per hour to reach the nearest star Blue Jays can imitate the calls of hawks There are over three trillion craters on the moon, with some being having a diameter over three feet In India, a 9-year-old girl was "married" to a stray dog, which tribal custom requires in order to protect a child whose first tooth appears on the upper gum There is now an ATM at McMurdo Station in Antarctica, which has a winter population of two hundred people In Canada, men are three times more likely than women to have seen a doctor in the last year The most expensive spice in the world is saffron In one night, an adult hippopotamus eats approximately 150 pounds of grass The U.S. paid Russia $7.2 million for Alaska in 1867 Cows can detect odors up to five miles away There are about 125 million multiples (twins, triplets, etc.) worldwide Arthur Giblin was the inventor of the first "flushable" toilet Consuming chocolate was once considered a sin during the 16th and 17th century. During that time it was provided in the form of a drink and since drinking wine during lent was a sin, so was drinking chocolate Approximately 40% of the states in the U.S. have severe, or extreme pollution problems Wendel Clark holds the record for the longest span between NHL All-Star appearances, with 13 years (1986-1999) Ancient Egyptians believed that onions would keep evil spirits away Dill seeds are so small that approximately 10,000 dill seeds would be required to make an ounce To make one pound of whole milk cheese, 10 pounds of whole milk is needed If all the insects in the world were put on a scale, they would out weigh all creatures Women smile more than men do A ripe cranberry will bounce. Another name for a cranberry is bounceberry Termites work 24 hours per day -- they do not sleep The Romans used to clean themselves with olive oil since they did not have any soap. They would pour the oil on their bodies, and then use a strigil, which is type of blade, to scrape off any dirt along with the oil The act of stretching and yawning is referred to as pandiculation In the 1960 movie "Psycho" by Alfred Hitchcock, chocolate syrup was used to show the blood in the shower scene Carolyn Shoemaker, famous astronomer, has discovered 32 comets and approximately 300 asteroids The longest fangs of a snake are found on the Gaboon Viper (Bitis gabonica), and can reach over 2 inches in length Once a human reaches the age of 35, he/she will start losing approximately 7,000 brain cells a day. The cells will never be replaced The only king without a moustache in a deck of cards is the king of hearts Approximately 100,000 people get married in Las Vegas each year Amish people do not believe in the use of aerosal air fresheners Coca-cola used to use the slogan "Good to the last drop," in 1908. This slogan was later used by Maxwell House The blind cavefish is born with eyes, but they fall off as the fish grows In ancient Egypt, Priests plucked EVERY hair from their bodies including their eyebrows and eyelashes The Indian election in 1984 was the largest election of any country. Over 379,000,000 voters were eligible to vote at over 480,000 polling stations A single chocolate chip gives enough energy to a human being to walk 150 feet There are 54 bones in your hands including the wrists The name for Oz in "The Wizard of Oz" was thought up when the creator, Frank Baum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence "Oz." The town of Churchill, Manitoba, located in Canada, is known as the "Polar Bear Capital of the World" Amtrak is the combination of the words "American" and "Track" On average, an American relocates 11 times in their life Fires onland generally move faster uphill than downhill The cartoon character Popeye was actually based on a real person named Frank "Rocky" Fiegel who was a tough guy who was quite similar to Popeye physically Frisbee got its name from William Russel Frisbee, who was a pie baker. He used to sell his pies in a thin tin pan, which had Frisbee written on it. When Walter Frederick Morrison thought of the idea of making saucer like disks to play catch, he visited the campus of Yale and noticed people there were using the pie pan to play catch so he therefore renamed his invention to Frisbee Some arthritis medications contain gold salts, which is used as an anti-inflammatory Lemon juice can aid in reducing the swelling caused by insect bites LSD is made from lysergic acid, which is found in ergot, a type of fungus DC-10, the name of an airplane stands for "Douglas Commercial." In approximately 18 months, the papaya tree can grow to be 20 feet tall Parrots cannot eat chocolate because it is poisonous to their body Americans are responsible for generating roughly 20% percent of the garbage in the world Termites are roasted and eaten like popcorn in South Africa The official state tree of Illinois is The White Oak It takes 3,000 cows to supply the NFL with enough leather for a year'ssupply of footballs. In 1971, the postal code was introduced in Ottawa, Ontario The tridacna clam can grow up to four feet long and weigh up to 500 pounds The state that has the most diners in the world is New Jersey, which is referred to as the "Diner Capital of the World." Approximately 1-2 calorie are burned a minute while watching T.V The first recipe for a lasagna type dish was found to be from a British cookbook in the 14th century. Therefore, Italians were not the first ones to come up with the popular dish as believed Only one person in two billion will live to be 116 or older If an identical twin grows up without having a certain tooth, the other twin will most likely also grow up with that tooth missing Albert Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952, but he declined According to legend, tea originated in China when tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water When you sneeze, all your bodily functions momentarily stop, including your heart Kite flying is a professional sport in Thailand Urine from men?s public urinals was sold as a commodity in Ancient Rome. It was used as a dye and for making clothes hard All 50 states are listed across the top of the Lincoln Memorial on the back of the $5.00 bill 1 out of 350,000 Americans get electrocuted in their life New Mexico is known as the "Land of Enchantment." In 1890, Scott Paper produced the first toilet paper to be available on a roll An elephant in the wild can eat anywhere from 100 - 1000 pounds of vegetation in a 16 hour period Some of the other names that were thought of for the dwarfs in the Disney movie "Snow White" were Awful, Dirty, Shifty, Hotsy, and Jumpy In the U.S., over 35 million people have used some sort of illegal drug in the last year 96% of candles that are purchased are by women The oldest bird on record was Cocky, a cockatoo, who died in the London Zoo at the age of 82 A cow averages 40,000 jaw movements a day The reason the soft drink Dr Pepper is called that is because the inventor Wade Morrison named it after Dr. Charles Pepper who had given him his first job Annually 17 tons of gold is used to make wedding rings in the United States Sex acts like a natural antihistamine, in can clear up a stuffy nose Women on average live seven years longer than men do A British term for slot machine is "fruit machine" or "one-armed bandit." Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin Even though the rose does not bear any fruit, the rose hips have more Vitamin C than most vegetables and fruits In 1946 Danon Yogurt were the first to add fruit to commercially produced yogurt in U.S The first domain name ever registered was Symbolics.com on March 15, 1985. American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served in first class The first flavour of a cheese ball was called "Cheddy Blue." Over 500 million gallons of Kool-Aid drink are consumed each year The waste produced by one chicken in its lifetime can supply enough electricity to run a 100-watt bulb for five hours Hydrogen solid is the most dense substance in the world, at 70.6g/cc Missouri has been to most NCAA tournaments than any other college without reaching the final four The hump of a camel can weigh up to 35 kilograms Lake Malawi has the largest number of fish species in the world The country of Fiji is made up of 332 islands The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City The word "sophomore" means "sophisticated moron." Jim Bristoe, an American, invented a 30-foot-long, 2-ton pumpkin cannon that can fire pumpkins up to five miles. There are about 61,300 pizza restaurants in the United States of America To tell if a egg is fully cooked or raw, just spin it. If the egg wobbles then it is still raw, and if it easily spins it is fully cooked Used in art the word "sfumato" refers to the subtle blending of an outline by gradually blending one tone into another There is a species of bird, Antpitta avis canis Ridgley, that barks like a dog The flu pandemic of 1918 killed over 20 million people Approximately 20% of Americans have a passport The Nobel prize was first awarded in 1901 The reason why milk is white is because it contains a protein called Casein, which is white. Milk also contains fat, which is also white After twenty-seven years, Betty Rubble made her debut as a Flintstones Vitamin in 1996 When telephone companies first began hiring telephone operators, they chose teenage boys for the job. They switched to women because the teenage boys were wrestling instead of working and pulling pranks on callers In a lifetime, the heart pumps about one million barrels of blood The Sears Tower in Chicago contains enough steel to build 50,000 automobiles The first words that Thomas A. Edison spoke into the phonograph were, "Mary had a little lamb." There are 400 species of bacteria in the human colon On average, 100 people choke to death on ballpoint pens every year. In the 20th century, over three million people have died from earthquakes It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open People still cut the cheese shortly after death In ancient Egypt, the only person who was allowed to wear cotton was the High Priest Blueberries have more antioxidents than any other fruit or vegetables The Mount Horeb Mustard Museum which is located in Wisconsin has the biggest collection of prepared mustards. They have approximately 4,000 different jars and tubes from all over the world Bananas trees are not really trees. They are considered to be giant herb plants Sponge Candy was invented in Buffalo, NY When the volcano Krakatoa off the Java islands exploded in 1883, it was so loud that it woke some people up in South Australia Pearls are rarely found in North American oysters The average cocoon contains about 300-400 metres of silk Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world Boxing champion Gene Tunney taught Shakespeare at Yale University The most popular pickle is the Dill pickle Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death in the U.S., accounting for about 180,000 deaths per year Every year approximately 3,000 people choke to death Cow is a Japanese brand of shaving foam The fastest running bird is the Ostrich, which has been clocked at 97.5 kilometres per hour When the divorce rate goes up in the United States, toy makers report that the sale of toys also rise Q-Tip Cotton Swabs were originally called Baby Gays The Pacific island of Tonga once issued a stamp that was banana shaped A mole can dig a tunnel three hundred feet long in a single night The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher The only commercial aircraft that is able to break the sound barrier is the Concorde. U.S. Postal Service processes 38 million address changes each year In 1984, Ronald Reagan declared the month of July to be "National Ice Cream Month." The small intestine in the human body is about 2 inches around, and 22 feet long In 1905, the first pizzeria in the U.S. opened in New York City In the early nineteenth century some advertisements claimed that riding the carousel was good for the circulation of blood For the blockbuster movie "The Terminator," O.J. Simpson was considered to play the role of the Terminator, but producers did not choose him as they thought he would not be taken seriously The actor who played the T-1000 in Terminator 2 (Robert Patrick) and the lead singer of Filter are brothers The sole purpose of a drone bee is to mate with the queen bee There are more plastic flamingos in America than real ones Walt Disney had a fear of mice Cleopatra married two of her brothers In an average lifetime, people spend four years traveling in cars and six months waiting for red light to turn green At one time, pumpkins were recommended for removing freckles In just one drop of liquid, 50 million bacteria can be present The Montreal Canadians hockey team has won the most Stanley Cups with 24 Nylon is a man-made fibre that is made from coal and petroleum When the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, received an alarming number of threatening letters, soon after her husband became President at the height of the Depression, the Secret Service insisted that she carry a pistol in her purse Swiss engineer George de Mestral, who got the idea after noticing burrs were sticking to his pants after his regular walks through the woods, invented Velcro. Bees can communicate with other bees by dancing. Their dance can alert other bees as to which direction and the distance nectar and pollen is located The steepest street in the world is Baldwin Street located in Dunedin, New Zealand. It has an incline of 38% One billion pounds of pasta would need approximately 2,021,452,000 gallons of water to cook it. This is equivalent to 75,000 Olympic-size swimming pools Nutmeg is extremely poisonous if injected intravenously The average Super Bowl party has 18 people An ant can detect a movement through 5 centimeters of earth One out of 200 women is colorblind On average, the rainfall across the Amazon is 7 feet annually. Passion fruits have a tranquilizing effect on the body It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky A snail can sleep for 3 years "Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt" There is a large brass statue of Winnie-the-Pooh in Lima, Peru In 1982, Larry Walters tied 24 weather balloons to his lawn chair in Los Angeles and climbed to an altitude of 16,000 feet Centuries ago in India, a person could get their nose chopped off for breaking the law The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in Jello The total number of steps in the Eiffel Tower are 1665 The amount of blood a female mosquito drinks per serving is five millionths of a liter An adult porcupine has approximately 30,000 quills on its body, which are replaced every year The name for Ivory Soap was inspired by a verse from the Bible. Harley Proctor got though of the name when the minister read from Psalms 45:8, "All thy garments smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia, out of the ivory palaces whereby they have made thee glad." A survey done by Clairol 10 years ago came up with 46% of men stating that it was okay to color their hair. Now 66% of men admit to coloring their hair The name of the squiggly line "~" is called a tilde In 1747, the first American mention of the Christmas tree occurred. However, it was a not a tree but instead a pyramid made out of wood and decorated with apples and evergreen boughs There are more Barbie dolls in Italy than there are Canadians in Canada The study of ants is called Myrmecology In the United States, you are more likely to be killed by a bee sting than a shark attack Coca-Cola was the first soft drink to be consumed in outer space Frozen food can be just as nutritious as fresh food Fourteen people die each day from asthma in the United States The average amount of time spent kissing for a person in a lifetime is 20,160 minutes The human body has approximately 37,000 miles of capillaries The most expensive shoes in the world are ruby slippers located in Harrods in London, which cost $1.6 million, has a full time security guard. The shoes are made from platinum thread and has 642 rubies in them. It took over 700 hours to produce the shoe Only 55% of all Americans know that the sun is a star The city of Denver was originally chosen to host the 1976 Winter Olympics, but had to withdraw because Colorado voters rejected to finance it The longest bout of sneezing recorded was by Donna Griffith. It began in January 13 1981 and continued until September 16 1983 and lasted for 978 days The Taj Mahal, located in Agra, India, was actually built for use as a tomb by Mogul ruler Shah Jehan for his wife, Arjuman Banu Begum In 1943, the July issue of "Transportation Magazine" had an article entitled "1943 Guide to Hiring Women." Spotted skunks do handstands before they spray A dime has 118 ridges around the edge Scientists with high-speed cameras have discovered that rain drops are not tear shaped but rather look like hamburger buns. Ancient Egyptian women used to wear perfume cones made of wax that would melt in the heat letting out a nice fragrance Mardi Gras means "Fat Tuesday." This is the festival that New Orleans, Louisiana is famous for having every year There was once a fish caught in Delaware Bay with a watch still ticking inside In Singapore, it is illegal to sell or own chewing gum During the female orgasm, endorphines are released, which are powerful painkillers. So headaches are in fact a bad excuse not to have sex Donkeys kill more people annually than plane crashes The nut "filbert" got its name from St. Philbert which is celebrated on August 22nd, which is also when the nut matures Every time Beethoven sat down to write music, he poured ice water over his head Some species of dolphin sleep with one eye open The chewing gum Juicy Fruit has 10 calories. This is approximately the same as a bite of whole wheat bread In ancient Egypt, doctors used jolts from the electric catfish to reduce the pain of arthritis In order to scare away predators, Giant petrels, a type of seabird, throw up all over the intruder Elvis Presley used to be a truck driver before he started singing The average cow produces about 2,305 gallons of milk each year Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan worked as a lifeguard in his youth at a beach near Dixon, Illinois and saved over 77 lives In 2000, there were 1,579,566 drug arrests in the United States. Of those, close to half were for marijuana Just like fingerprints, every cats nose pad is different Popeye is 34 years old, weighs 158 lbs, and is 5 feet 6 inches tall Researchers have shot footage of Orcas (killer whales) attacking and killing great white sharks The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca Cola, and Budweiser, in that order One bushel of wheat can make enough sandwiches that you could eat three sandwiches a day for over six months In 1992, approximately 750 deaths occurred in the United States due to workplace violence In the movie "Babe", the piglet was played by over 30 different piglets they outgrew the part so quickly during the production of the film Research indicates that people prefer the colour blue for their casual clothing The leading cause of deaths for children between the ages of 1 and 4 are motor vehicle crashes The first toilet being flushed in a motion picture was in the movie "Psycho." The human brain has about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons One acre of wheat can produce enough bread to feed a family of four people for about ten years Queen Victoria used marijuana, to help relieve menstrual cramp pain On a ship a toilet is called a head About 1 in 5,000 North Atlantic lobsters are born bright blue Approximately 10.5 gallons of water is used in a dishwasher. Washing the dishes by hand can use up to 20 gallons of water The thing that hangs from the top of the beak of a turkey is called the snood Ticks can be as small as a grain of rice and grow to be as big as a marble An American chews an average of 300 sticks of gum in a year Most cows give more milk when they listen to music Giant flying foxes, which are a type of bat, that live in Indonesia have wingspans of nearly six feet Heavier lemons contain more and tastier juice Since 1950, over 230 million eggs of Silly Putty have been sold Oral-B is a combination of oral hygiene and the letter B, which stands for the word better Frank Wathernam was the last prisoner to leave Alcatraz prison on March 21, 1963 A blink lasts approximately 0.3 seconds In 1903 Mary Anderson invented the windshield wipers Both Thomas Jefferson and Jimmy Carter, U.S. presidents, were peanut farmers at one time A cow releases about 125 gallons of gas per day The Apollo 17 crew were the last men on the moon Spartacus led the revolt of the Roman slaves and gladiators in 73 B.C The Mexican version of the Tooth Fairy is known as the Tooth Mouse, which takes the tooth and leaves treasures in its place In a day the blue whale calf drinks approximately 130 gallons of milk Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people do All racehorses in the U.S. celebrate their birthday on January 1st A person would have to drink more than 12 cups of hot cocoa to equal the amount of caffeine found in one cup of coffee The oldest documented footwear found was a 8,000 year-old sandal found in a cave located in Missouri, USA Broccoli was first introduced into France during the royal marriage of Catherine de Medici to Henry II of France By federal law, for a noodle to actually be a noodle it must have 5.5 percent egg solids in it, otherwise it cannot be called a noodle The first female guest host of Saturday Night Live was actress Candace Bergen The human heart beast roughly 35 million times a year People that use mobile phones are 2.5 time more likely to develop cancer in areas of the brain that are adjacent to the ear they use to talk on the mobile phone Turkeys can have heart attacks. When the Air Force was conducting test runs and breaking the sound barrier, fields of turkeys dropped dead because of heart attacks The act of sneezing is referred to as sternutation The average medium size piano has about 230 strings A study revealed that men that were born with a low birth weight were less likely to get married It takes about 63,000 trees to make the newsprint for the average Sunday edition of The New York Times On average, you would need 12.5 gallons of milk to make one gallon of ice cream A leech can gorge itself up to a maximum of five times its body weight There are places in Saskatchewan called Elbow, Eyebrow, and Drinkwater A butterfly has to have a body temperature greater than 86 degrees to be able to fly The beeswax that is produced by Honey bees comes from eight paired glands that are located on the underside of their stomach People in low-income homes spend 50% more time playing video games than people in high-income homes Lighthouse keepers were nicknamed "wickies" because they tended the lamps wick Taco Bell serves over 35 million consumers each week in the USA During the Roman times, people used urine, called lotium in Latin, as a hair product There are approximately 90 people that have been frozen after their death. The smallest will ever written was 3.8 cm in diameter. It had 40 words written on it and was signed by two witnesses The length of a human esophagus is 25 centimeters In 1942 the Jello company introduced Cola flavored jello, which only lasted a year Males account for 60% of toy injuries that occur in the U.S The company "Sony" was originally called "Totsuken." They felt the name "Sony" would be easier to pronounce. The name was invented by a cross between the name "sonus" and "sonny." The name sound and sonic are derived. Sonny was used to represent a young man or boy, which would show a energetic young company The Red Cross is called the Red Crescent in Arab countries The Olympics were originally held for the Greek god Zeus The oldest inhabited house in Scotland is the Traquair Castle. The castle has had 27 kings as visitors Four billion pounds of watermelon were grown in the United States in 1999 Wham-O manufactured twenty-thousand hula-hoops a day at the peak of hula-hoop popularity in 1958 JELL-O was declared The "Official State Snack" of Utah in January 2001 Elvis Presley was obsessed with brushing his teeth When the Statue of Liberty was moved from France to the United States, 214 crates were used to transport it. The Statue was also reduced to 350 pieces There are approximately 2000 thunderstorms that are active at the same time which results in 100 lightning flashes a second. In-vitro babies are born in Australia more than any other country in the world Uranus? winter and summer seasons last the equivalent of 21 Earth years More people die from eating sharks then from being eaten by them. This is due to a poison in shark meat The murder rate in the United States is about four times greater than in Japan. In Japan, no private citizen can buy a handgun legally The rarest chocolate bar in the world is the Porcelana bar. There are only 20,000 of these bars produced a year, and they sell for $90 per pound The reason why locusts swarm are because when they are in groups, a "hot-spot" behind their hind legs is stimulated, which in turn causes their destructive nature. A large swarm of locusts can eat eighty thousand tons of corn in a day There are an equivalent number of cows and people in Friesland, Netherlands Centipedes always have an uneven pairs of walking legs A chicken once had its head cut off and survived for over eighteen months, headless The largest diamond found in the United States was a 40.23 carat white diamond. It was found in 1924 and nicknamed the "Uncle Sam." Following directions off the Internet and chemicals obtained from a mail order company, a team of U.S. scientists created an identical copy of the polio virus. Every day, the Hubble telescope transmits enough data to fit 10,000 standard computer disks The average number of people that go to a party for the Super Bowl is 17 The amount of Kit Kat chocolate bars that are made at the York factory every 15 minutes are enough to outstack the Eiffel Tower The skin of a shark is made up of "tiny teeth" which are called dermal denticles The strongest gust of wind was recorded at the Mount Washington Observatory on April 12th, 1934, and measured 231 miles per hour. The company Chanel claims that every 30 seconds, somewhere in the world, a bottle of Chanel No 5 is sold In their lifetime, house cats spend approximately 10,950 hours purring The reason why bubbles are round is because this is the most efficient shape that the soap film can take for the amount of air trapped inside It is very common for babies in New Zealand to sleep on sheepskins. This is to help them gain weight faster, and retain their body heat From 1526 to 1707, the first six Mogul emperors of India ruled in unbroken succession from father to son A one kilogram packet of sugar will have about 5 million grains of sugar Bats emit ultrasonic sounds to communicate with each other Rats can survive up to 14 days without any food Canola oil is actually rapeseed oil but the name was changed in Canada for marketing reasons Three consecutive strikes in bowling is called a turkey In a year, about 90 million jars of Skippy Peanut Butter are sold. This works out to three jars sold every second In a lifetime, an average man will shave 20,000 times The Pentagon has 284 restrooms From 1967-1976, the town of Tororo located in Uganda had thunder 251 out of the 365 days in a year for those years. Children grow faster in the springtime than any other season during the year Another name for licorice is "Sweet Wood" or "Spanish Juice." The reason the Animal Crackers box is designed with a string handle is because when the popular circus theme was introduced in 1902 they thought it would also be a good idea to package them with a string as a Christmas novelty so they could be hung from Christmas trees Sheep can detect other sheep faces like humans do. They can remember up to 50 sheep faces The loudest insect in the world is the male cicadas, which are like crickets. When they rub their abdomens, the sound made can be heard from 1300 feet Each year 96 billion pounds of food is wasted in the U.S In the past 60 years, the groundhog has only predicted the weather correctly 28% of the time. The rushing back and forth from burrows is believed to indicate sexual activity, not shadow seeking Pretzel snacks have been around for over 1300 years. A European monk invented the snack using used leftover bread dough Sharks are capable of surviving on average six weeks without eating. The record observed in an aquarium is fifteen months by a species of shark known as the "swell shark." The destruction of the Berlin Wall began when private citizens began to demolish entire sections of the Wall without interference from government officials on November 9, 1989 Most American women have their first baby when they are 24.3 years old Frogs do not need to drink water as they absorb the water through their skin A group of larks is called an exaltation The Kool Aid Man used to be known as "Pitcher Man" when he was first introduced in 1975 Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White holds the record for putting her hands together approximately 140,000 times to clap Men sweat more than women. This is because women can better regulate the amount of water they lose Research has indicated that approximately eleven minutes are cut off the life of an average male smoker from each cigarette smoked The triangular shape that Toblerone chocolates are packaged in, is protected by law In 1945, the first "floating ice cream parlor" was built for sailors in the western Pacific. This "floating ice cream parlour" could produce ten gallons of ice cream every seven seconds The formula for Coca-cola has never been patented The average day is actually 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds. We have a leap year every four years to make up for this shortfall Before its name was changed, the African Penguin used be called the Jackass Penguin because of its donkey-like braying call During the high feeding season, it has been estimated that an adult blue whale can eat up to 40 million krill in one day. (Krill are shrimp like creatures) Pound for pound, leopards are said to be seven times stronger than humans One average, men spend 60 hours a year shaving Botanically a rhubarb is a vegetable. It was changed to a fruit in 1947 by a U.S. Custom Court Sawney Beane, his wife, 8 sons, 6 daughters, and 32 grandchildren were a family of cannibals that lived in the caves near Galloway, Scotland in the early 17th Century. Although the total number is not known, it is believed they claimed over 50 victims per year. The entire family was taken by an army detachment to Edinburgh and executed, apparently without trial The movie that grossed the most money that was adapted from a T.V. cartoon is Scooby-Doo There are five million scent receptors located in a human beings nose When Coca-Cola was invented, American tourists that visited Spain were surprised to see that Coke was three times as expensive as a glass of brandy Some silkworms can spin cocoons that contain more than two miles of silk The mother of famous astronomer Johannes Kepler was accused of being a witch At one time, Pumpkins were recommended for the removal of freckles and curing snake bites The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every five must be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips in times of war or other emergencies Approximately 200 pets are buried in a pet cemetery out of the thousands of pets that die each day The average Hostess Twinkie is 68 percent air as measured by volume according to university researchers In Haiti, only 1 out of every 200 people own a car. This is ironic considering approximately 33% of the country's budget on import is spent on equipment for fuel and transportation. Every U.S. bill regardless of denomination costs just 4 cents to make About 30% of American admit to talking to their dogs or leaving messages on their answering machines for their dogs while they are away A duck’s quack doesn’t echo, and no one knows why Caterpillar means "hairy cat" in Old French The ostrich has two toes on each feet which gives it greater speed On September 3, 1970, a hailstone was found in Coffeyville, Kansas that was eight inches in diameter and weighed 1.67 pounds. Honorificabilitudinitatibus is the longest English word that consists strictly of alternating consonants and vowels It can take up to a month for a rattlesnake to re-supply its venom Close to 3 billion movie tickets are sold in India every year The word racecar and kayak are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left There were approximately 2,228 people on board the Titanic when it sank. Of this, only 706 people survived An elephant can live up to the age of seventy, or in some cases even more The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world Elephants can't jump. Every other mammal can. The name "cranberry" comes from German and Dutch settlers. The berry was intially called "crane berry." The reason it was called this was because when the flowers bloom, the petals of the flowers twist backwards and look very much like the head of a crane. Eventually the name was shortened down to be "cranberry." In New Mexico, over eleven thousand people have visited a tortilla chip that appeared to have the face of Jesus Christ burned into it On average, he ratio of yellow kernels to white kernals in a bag of popcorn is 9:1 The first toilet stall in a public washroom is the least likely to be used. It is also the cleanest In 1955, only 330 Volkswagen Beetle's were sold at a price of $1800 each in the United States. Printed on the tablet being held by the Statue of Liberty is July IV, MDCCLXXVI The country of Fiji is made up of 332 islands Orville Wright, a pilot, was involved in the first aircraft accident. His passenger, a Frenchman, was killed. The first company to mass produce teddy bears was the Ideal Toy Company Princess Anne from the British royal family competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics Brazil produces the most oranges in the world Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches. The eyeball of a human weighs approximately 28 grams A human head remains conscious for about 15 to 20 seconds after it is been decapitated Witchcraft means "Craft of the Wise Ones." 500,000 kids in the US live in same sex households In July 1874, a swarm of Rocky Mountain locusts flew over Nebraska covering an area estimated at 198,600 square miles. It is estimated that the swarm contained about 12.5 trillion insects. These insects became extinct thirty years later Tropical rainforests cover about 7% of the Earth and receive over 80 inches of rain every year The feet have approximately 250,000 sweat glands Approximately 7.5% of all office documents get lost The desert tortoise can live without having to drink any water. It extracts the water it needs from the vegetation it eats There were 13 couples celebrating their honeymoon on the Titanic A cat has 32 muscles in each ear There are 336 dimples on a regulation golf ball Elvis Presley had a twin brother named Jesse Garon Presley who died at birth Robert Wadlow is the tallest man recorded in history. He grew to be eight feet and eleven inches and weighed 490 pounds when he died Bank robber John Dillinger played professional baseball Research indicates that plants grow healthier when they are stroked. France is known as the perfume capital of the world According to psychologists, the shoe and the foot are the most common sources of sexual fetishism in Western society Constipation is caused when too much water is absorbed in the large intestine and the feces become dry One ton of grapes can produce 720 bottles of wine Eating about twenty tart cherries a day could reduce inflammatory pain and headache pain In 2001, the five most valuable brand names in order were Coca-Cola, Microsoft, IBM, GE, and Nokia Milk chocolate was invented in Switzerland by David Peter in 1876 In November 1999, two women were killed by a lightning bolt. The underwire located in their bras acted as a electrical conductors, and when the lightning bolt hit the bra they left burn marks on their chest Basketball was invented by Canadian James Naismith in 1891 Over 100,000 birds and sea animals are killed every year due to plastic garbage The big toe is the foot reflexology pressure point for the head 85% of weddings are held in a synagogue or church The sport of surfing originated in Hawaii It is possible to lead a cow upstairs...but not downstairs Before soccer referees started using whistles in 1878, they used to rely on waving a handkerchief Tobacco kills more Americans each year than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, car accidents, fire and AIDS combined The best time for a person to buy shoes is in the afternoon. This is because the foot tends to swell a bit around this time Dead cells in the body ultimately go to the kidneys for excretion Americans, on average, spend 18% of his or her income on transportation as compared to only 13% spent on food There are some species of snails that are venomous. Their venom can be fatal to humans The first box of Crayola that was ever sold had the same eight colours that are sold in the box today consisting of red, blue, yellow, green, violet, orange, black and brown. The box was sold for a nickel in 1903 A turtle can breathe through its butt. The rarest coffee in the world is Kopi Luwak, which is found in Indonesia. It cost about $300 a pound The average America online user spends 70 minutes day online The song with the longest title is "I?m a Cranky Old Yank in a Clanky Old Tank on the Streets of Yokohama with my Honolulu Mama Doin? Those Beat-o, Beat-o Flat-On-My-Seat-o, Hirohito Blues" written by Hoagy Carmichael in 1945. He later claimed the song title ended with ?Yank? and the rest was a joke People of Ancient China believed that swinging your arms could cure a headache In 1938, Cliquot Club ginger ale was the first soft drink to be canned The largest apple pie ever baked was forty by twenty three feet Roughly 44% of junk mail is thrown away unopened Catfish have tastebuds located on their whiskers The laundry detergent Tide, has a market share of about forty percent market A Canadian, Troy Hurtubise, spent $100,000 and almost went bankrupt building a RoboCop style suit so that he could withstand a bear attack The 3 most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, andBudweiser, in that order. The only two days of the year in which there are no professional sports games (MLB, NBA, NHL, or NFL) are the day before and the day after the Major League all-stars Game In the United States, 8.5 million cosmetic surgical and non-surgical procedures were done in the year 2001 The Bible has been translated into Klingon. Ian Fleming named his character "James Bond" after real-life ornithologist and author Most dinosaurs walked on their toes. On December 17 1991, the Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Miami Heat 148-80, the largest margin of victory in an NBA game There are mirrors on the moon. Astronauts left them so that laser beams could be bounced off of them from Earth. These beams help give us the distance to the moon give or take a few metres. The U.S. army packs Tabasco pepper sauce in every ration kit that they give to soldiers The trunk of an elephant can hold up to two gallons of water Every year, an igloo hotel is built in Sweden that has the capacity to sleep 100 people During the holiday season, approximately $220 million worth of Poinsettias are sold A newborn kangaroo weighs approximately 0.03 ounces and is small enough to fit in a teaspoon When Scott Paper Co. first started manufacturing toilet paper they did not put their name on the product because of embarrassment The most senior crayon maker Emerson Moser retired after making 1.4 billion crayons for Crayola. It was then that he revealed that he was actually colorblind The highest point in Pennsylvania is lower than the lowest point inColorado. Scientists have determined that having guilty feelings may actually damage your immune system "Go." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language There are more than 250,000 rivers in the United States, which amounts to 3.5 million miles of rivers Forty-one percent of women apply body and hand moisturizer at least three times a day Pretzel that have no salt on them are called "baldies." The 1912 Olympics was the last Olympics that gave out gold medals that were made entirely out of gold Monopoly is the best-selling board game in the world There was a book written fourteen years before the sinking of the Titanic happened titled "Futility" by Morgan Robertson. This book was remarkably similar to the tragedy that happened to the Titanic in 1912 One ounce of chocolate has about 20 mg of caffeine in it A giraffe can go longer without water than a camel Vikings, after killing their enemies, used their skulls as drinking vessels Studies have shown that classical music helps cows produce more milk Two out of five people end up marrying their first love The Hawaiian alphabet only has 12 letters The name "Muppet" was coined by Jim Henson. The word was made from a combination of the word "marionette" and "puppet." In the Sahara Desert, there is a town named Tidikelt, which did not receive a drop of rain for ten years The Christmas season begins after sunset on December 24th and lasts until January 5th. This is also known as the Twelve Days of Christmas Mosquitoes are attracted to the color blue more than any other color In Italy, Santa Claus is known by the name Babbo Natale Two objects have struck the earth with enough force to destroy a whole city. Each object, one in 1908 and again in 1947, struck regions of Siberia. Not one human being was hurt either time When blue whales are first born, they gain as much as 200 pounds a day while they are calves Families who do turn off the television during meals tend to eat healthier. This was regardless of family income, or education About 25 percent of all the energy consumed in the US is from natural gas American novelist Mark Twain was the first known author to submit a typed manuscript If you fart consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb Canada is the only country not to win a gold medal in the Summer Olympic games while hosting the event The sound made by the toadfish when mating underwater is so loud that it can be heard by humans on the shore In America, approximately 20% of children between the ages of 2 - 7 have televisions in their rooms Traveling by air is the safest means of transportation. In 1996, toy company Mattel released a "Harley Davidson" Barbie. This dolls distinctive feature is a birth mark on her face that changes position with every new release of the doll The most common injury caused by cosmetics is to the eye by a mascara wand There have been close to 200 coups and counter-coups in the country of Bolivia On average, pigs live for about 15 years Roughly 42% of people in the United Kingdom snore No NFL team which plays its home games in a domed stadium has ever won a Superbowl Beluga whales which are also called "white whales" are not born white. They are born grey in color, and by the age of six become completely white Tiger Woods is the first athlete to has been named "Sportsman of the Year" by magazine Sports Illustrated two times The eight most popular foods to cause food allergies are: milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, soy, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish Club Direct, a travel insurance company in Britain, provides insurance plans for protection from falling coconuts There are some bananas that are red instead of yellow Only one out of every three people wash their hands when leaving a public bathroom 570 gallons of paint would be needed to paint the outside of the White House Baby robins eat 14 feet of earthworms every day Every three seconds a baby is born somewhere in the world The total mileage driven by all U-Haul trucks in a year is enough to move a person from the Earth to the moon five times a day for an entire year The Eisenhower interstate system requires that one mile in every fivemust be straight. These straight sections are usable as airstrips intimes ofwar or other emergencies. Pluto was discovered on February 10, 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh Termites have been around for over 250 million years The average person changes their career every 13 years The New York Yankees have appeared in the World Series a league leading 38 times and won 26 titles Approximately 18 billion disposable diapers end up in landfills each year. These diapers can takes as long as 500 years to finally decompose Over 4.5 billion sticks have Trident gum have been chewed. If the stick of gum were laid out end to end they could circle the globe approximately 1.8 times Oak trees can live 200 or more years The brain of an ant has about 250,000 brain cells About 26 per cent of all indoor water used by households in Sydney, Australia are for laundry A rainbow can occur only when the sun is 40 degrees or less above the horizon If you spray an antiseptic spray on a polar bear, its fur will turn purple Over $7 billion a year is spent on chocolates by consumers During World War II, Russians used dogs strapped with explosives to blow up German tanks. They trained the dogs to associate the tanks with food and ended up destroying about 25 German tanks using this method Butterflies taste with their feet St. Louis, Missouri was the first U.S. city to host the summer Olympics in 1904 The phrase "rule of thumb" is derived from an old English law whichstated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than yourthumb. Every year Alaska has about 5,000 earthquakes, 1,000 of which measure above 3.5 on the Richter scale A fetus develops fingerprints at eighteen weeks It takes about a half a gallon of water to cook macaroni, and about a gallon to clean the pot The cornea is the only living tissue in the human body that does not contain any blood vessels In the U.S. peanuts account for 66% of all snack nuts There are approximately 7,000 feathers on an eagle Sharks can sense a drop of blood from a mile away As a defense mechanism, the North American Opossum closes its eyes and becomes totally limp. Basically it plays dead The longest town name in the world has 167 letters A sneeze zooms out of your mouth at over 600 m.p.h A cesium atom in an atomic clock that beats over nine billion times a second. The mythical Scottish town of Brigadoon appears for one day every one hundred years Kermit the frog delivered the commencement address at Southampton College located in the state of New York in 1996 In World War II, the German submarine U-120 was sunk by a malfunctioning toilet The phrase "Often a bridesmaid, but never a bride," actually originates from an advertisement for Listerine mouthwash from 1924 Over 50% of lottery players go back to work after winning the jackpot The largest cultivated crop in the United States is corn Walt Disney holds the record for the most Oscar nominations with sixty-four On average, Americans eat one hundred acres of pizza a day. This amounts to about three hundred fifty slices per second As an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound because of the compressed air bubbles popping in the ice The Arctic Ocean covers an area of about 14,056,000 sq miles The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C Most toilets flush in E flat Bile produced by the liver is responsible for making your feces a brownish, green colour At one time the group "Grateful Dead" were called "The Warlocks." Bats can detect food up to 18 feet away and what type of insect the food may be using their sense of echolocation At the equator the Earth spins at about 1,038 miles per hour People whose mouth has a narrow roof are more likely to snore. This is because they have less oxygen going through their nose In one day, a human sheds 10 billion skin flakes. This amounts to approximately two kilograms in a year On average, an American home has 3-10 gallons of hazardous materials On average, 35 meters of hair fibre is produced on the adult scalp Dalmatian puppies do not have any spots on them when they are born. They actually develop them as they get older Male goats will pee on each other in order to attract mates A dog by the name of Laika was launched into space aboard the Russian spacecraft Sputnik 2 in 1957 In 2002, dogs have killed more people in the U.S. than the Great White shark has killed in the past 100 years The study of twins is known as gemellology On an American one-dollar bill, there is an owl in the upper right-hand corner of the "1" encased in the "shield" and a spider hidden in the front upper right-hand corner During one seven year period, Thomas Edison obtained approximately three hundred patents. In is whole life he obtained over one thousand patents. When Black Jack Ketchum was hung back in 1901 in Clayton New Mexico, the noose actually ended up taking his head off. The head had to be sewn back on so Black Jack could be buried properly Every 40,000 children are killed by fires The highest recorded speed of a sneeze is 165 km per hour In 1985, a pregnant women was falsely accused of shoplifting a basketball In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere The adult electric eel can produce a five hundred volt shock, which is enough to stun a horse When the are in danger, kangaroos will beat the ground loudly with their hind feet To manufacture a new car approximately 148,000 liters of water is needed. In 410 A.D. Alaric the Visigoth demanded that Rome give him three thousand pounds of pepper as ransom Actress Jamie Lee Curtis invented a special diaper for babies that has a pocket Honeybees use the sun as a compass which helps them navigate An average driver spends approximately 2 hours and 14 minutes kissing in their car in a lifetime In gangster slang, a boxing match that is fixed is called a "barney."	i don't know
June 23, 1941 saw the German army launch Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of what state?	Operation Barbarossa \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Moscow Operation Barbarossa (German: Fall Barbarossa, literally "Case Barbarossa"), beginning 22 June 1941, was the code name for Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II . [16] [17] Over the course of the operation, about four million soldiers of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 2,900 km (1,800 mi) front, [1] [3] [18] the largest invasion in the history of warfare. In addition to troops, Barbarossa initially used 600,000 motor vehicles and 625,000 horses. [19] The ambitious operation was driven by Adolf Hitler 's persistent desire to conquer the Soviet territories as embodied in Generalplan Ost . It marked the beginning of the pivotal phase in deciding the victors of the war. The German invasion of the Soviet Union caused a high rate of fatalities: 95 percent of all German Army casualties that occurred from 1941 to 1944, and 65 percent of all Allied military casualties from the entire war.[ citation needed ] Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa , the medieval Holy Roman Emperor. The invasion was authorized by Hitler on 18 December 1940 ( Directive No. 21 ) for a start date of 15 May 1941, but this would not be met, and instead the invasion began on 22 June 1941. Tactically, the Germans won resounding victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union, mainly in Ukraine. [20] Despite these successes, the German offensive stalled on the outskirts of Moscow and was then pushed back by a Soviet counter offensive without having taken the city. The Germans could never again mount a simultaneous offensive along the entire strategic Soviet–German front . [21] The Red Army repelled the Wehrmacht 's strongest blow, and forced an unprepared Germany into a war of attrition with the largest nation on Earth. Operation Barbarossa's failure led to Hitler's demands for further operations inside the USSR, all of which eventually failed, such as continuing the Siege of Leningrad , [22] [23] Operation Nordlicht , and Operation Blue , among other battles on occupied Soviet territory. [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in world history in both manpower and casualties. [29] Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich 's fortunes. Most importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front , to which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. Regions covered by the operation became the site of some of the largest battles, deadliest atrocities, highest casualties, and most horrific conditions for Soviets and Germans alike—all of which influenced the course of both World War II and 20th-century history. The German forces captured over three million Soviet prisoners of war in 1941, [13] who were not granted the protection stipulated in the Geneva Conventions . [30] Most of them never returned alive . [31] Germany deliberately starved the prisoners to death as part of its " Hunger Plan ", i.e., the program to reduce the Eastern European population. [32] Contents Edit As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in Mein Kampf that he would invade the Soviet Union , asserting that the German people needed Lebensraum ("living space", i.e., land and raw materials) and that these should be sought in the East. Nazism viewed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by " Untermensch " Slavs, ruled by " Jewish Bolshevik " masters. [33] [34] Mein Kampf said Germany's destiny was to turn "to the East" as it did "six hundred years ago" and "the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a State." [35] Thereafter, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against "pan-Slav ideals", in which victory would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", although he also said they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us". [36] Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples (see Generalplan Ost ). Verification of the belief in German ethnic predominance is discernible in official German records and by pseudo-scientifically validated articles in German periodicals at the time, works which covered matters like ‘how to deal with alien populations’ in the eastern areas to be ceded to Germans for the sake of Lebensraum. [37] Before World War II, observers believed that in a war with the Soviet Union, Germany would attack through the Baltic states while the Kriegsmarine would seize Leningrad from the sea. They assumed that possessing the entire Baltic basin would satisfy Hitler, who would not repeat Napoleon's mistake of attacking Moscow. [38] Some historians also believe that a decision to invade Russia was premeditated, based on Hitler being afraid of having to fight a war both against the allies in the west as well as against the Russians in the east. This preventative war would allow the Germans to avoid making the same mistake they had made in World War 1. [39] 1939–1940 German-Soviet relationship Edit The Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression pact in August 1939, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , shortly before the German invasion of Poland that triggered World War II, which was followed by the Soviet invasion of that country. A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union on the division of the border states between their respective " spheres of influence ". The Soviet Union and Germany would split Poland if an invasion were to occur, and Latvia, Estonia and Finland were defined as falling within the Soviet sphere of influence. [40] [41] The pact surprised the world [42] because of the parties' mutual hostility and their conflicting ideologies. As a result of the pact, Germany and the Soviet Union had reasonably strong diplomatic relations and an important economic relationship . The countries entered a trade pact in 1940 , in which the Soviets received German military and industrial equipment in exchange for raw materials, such as oil or wheat, to help Germany circumvent a British blockade. [43] Despite the parties' ongoing relations, each side was highly suspicious of the other's intentions. After Germany entered the Axis Pact with Japan and Italy, it began negotiations about a potential Soviet entry into the pact . [44] After two days of negotiations in Berlin from 12–14 November, Germany presented a proposed written agreement for a Soviet entry into the Axis. The Soviet Union offered a written counterproposal agreement on 25 November 1940, to which Germany did not respond. [45] [46] As both sides began colliding with each other in Eastern Europe, conflict appeared more likely, although they signed a border and commercial agreement addressing several open issues in January 1941. Historians also believe that Stalin, despite providing an amicable front to Hitler, did not wish to remain allies with Germany. Rather, Stalin might have had intentions to break off from Germany and proceed with his own campaign against Germany as well as the rest of Europe. [47] Germany plans the invasion See also: A-A line and The Ural mountains in Nazi planning The situation in Europe by May–June 1941, at the end of the Balkans Campaign and immediately before Operation Barbarossa Joseph Stalin 's own reputation as a brutal dictator contributed both to the Nazis' justification of their assault and their faith in success. In the late 1930s, many competent and experienced military officers were killed in the Great Purge, leaving the Red Army with a relatively inexperienced leadership compared to that of their German counterparts. The Nazis often emphasized the Soviet regime's brutality when targeting the Slavs with propaganda. German propaganda claimed the Red Army was preparing to attack them, and their own invasion was thus presented as a preemptive strike. [48] In the summer of 1940, when German raw materials crises and a potential collision with the Soviet Union over territory in the Balkans arose, an eventual invasion of the Soviet Union looked increasingly like Hitler's only solution. [49] While no concrete plans were yet made, Hitler told one of his generals in June that the victories in western Europe "finally freed his hands for his important real task: the showdown with Bolshevism". [50] Although German generals told Hitler that occupying Western Russia would create "more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation," [51] the Führer anticipated additional benefits:[ citation needed ] When the Soviet Union was defeated, the labor shortage in German industry could be relieved by demobilization of many soldiers.[ citation needed ] Ukraine would be a reliable source of agricultural products.[ citation needed ] Having the Soviet Union as a source of forced labor under German rule would vastly improve Germany's geostrategic position.[ citation needed ] Defeat of the Soviet Union would further isolate the Allies , especially the United Kingdom.[ citation needed ] The German economy needed more oil – controlling the Baku Oilfields would achieve this; as Albert Speer , the German Minister for Armaments and War Production, later said in his post-war interrogation, "the need for oil certainly was a prime motive" in the decision to invade. [52] Weisung Nr. 21: Fall Barbarossa (Directive no. 21: Case Barbarossa) The first paragraph reads: "The German armed forces must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a rapid campaign even before the conclusion of the war against England (Case Barbarossa)." [53] The Marcks Plan for the invasion of the Soviet Union: August 5th 1940 On 5 December 1940, Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion which were drawn since July 1940 already under the codename Operation Otto. [54] He approved them all, with the start scheduled for May 1941. [55] On 18 December, Hitler signed War Directive No. 21 to the German High Command for an operation now codenamed "Operation Barbarossa" stating: "The German Wehrmacht must be prepared to crush Soviet Russia in a quick campaign." [55] [56] The operation was named after Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire , a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. The invasion was set for 15 May 1941. [56] The plan for Barbarossa assumed that the Wehrmacht would emerge victorious if it could destroy the bulk of the Red Army west of the Western Dvina and Dnieper Rivers. This assumption would be proven fatally wrong less than a month into the invasion. [57] In a 1978 essay "Das Russlandbild der führenden deutschen Militärs" Andreas Hillgruber made the case that the invasion plans drawn up by the German military elite were coloured by hubris stemming from the rapid defeat of France at the hands of the "invincible" Wehrmacht and by ignorance tempered by traditional German stereotypes of Russia as a primitive, backward "Asiatic" country -- a colossus with feet of clay. Red Army soldiers were considered brave and tough, but the officer corps was held in contempt. The leadership of the Wehrmacht paid little attention to politics, the economy or culture and the considerable industrial capacity of the Soviet Union was ignored as a factor, in favour of a very narrow military view. As a result the Wehrmacht was ill-informed about the Soviet military and economic capacity. It was assumed that the Soviet Union was destined to be defeated, and that it would take Germany between six to eight weeks to destroy the Soviet Union. Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite Hitler was able to push through a "war of annihilation" that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible, with the complicity of "several military leaders", even though it was quite clear that this would be a violation of all accepted norms of warfare. [58] In the Soviet Union, speaking to his generals in December 1940, Stalin mentioned Hitler's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in Mein Kampf, and said they must always be ready to repulse a German attack, and that Hitler thought the Red Army would need four years to ready itself. Hence, "we must be ready much earlier" and "we will try to delay the war for another two years". [59] In autumn 1940, high-ranking German officials drafted a memorandum on the dangers of an invasion of the Soviet Union. They said Ukraine, Belorussia and the Baltic States would end up as only a further economic burden for Germany. [60] Another German official argued that the Soviets in their current bureaucratic form were harmless, the occupation would not produce a gain for Germany and "why should it not stew next to us in its damp Bolshevism?" [60] Hitler disagreed with economists about the risks and told Hermann Göring , the chief of the Luftwaffe, that "everyone on all sides was always raising economic misgivings against a threatening war with Russia. From now on he was not going to listen to any more of that kind of talk or he was going to stop up his ears in order to get his peace of mind." [61] This was passed on to General Georg Thomas, who had been preparing reports on the negative economic consequences of an invasion of the Soviet Union—that it would be a net economic drain unless it was captured intact. [61] From left to right: Rudolf Heß , Heinrich Himmler , Philipp Bouhler , Fritz Todt and Reinhard Heydrich , listening to Konrad Meyer at a Generalplan Ost exhibition, 20 March 1941 Beginning in March 1941, Göring's Green Folder laid out details of the Soviet Union's proposed economic disposal after the invasion. The entire urban population of the invaded land was to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing the urban population's replacement by a German upper class. In the summer of 1941, German Nazi- ideologist Alfred Rosenberg suggested that conquered Soviet territory should be administered in the following Reichskommissariate :[ citation needed ] Turkestan ( Central Asian republics and territories)[ citation needed ] Nazi policy aimed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political entity in accordance with the geopolitical Lebensraum ideal (" Drang nach Osten ") for the benefit of future generations of the " Nordic Aryan master race ". [48] Operation Barbarossa was to combine a northern assault towards Leningrad, a symbolic capturing of Moscow, and an economic strategy of seizing oil fields in the south beyond Ukraine. Hitler and his generals disagreed on which of these aspects should take priority and where Germany should focus its energies; deciding on priorities required a compromise. While planning Barbarossa in 1940–1941, in many discussions with his generals, Hitler repeated his order: "Leningrad first, the Donetsk Basin second, Moscow third". [16] [62] Hitler believed Moscow was of "no great importance" in the defeat of the Soviet Union, and instead believed victory would come with the destruction of the Red Army west of the capital. [63] [64] [65] This later led to conflict between Hitler and several German senior officers including Heinz Guderian , Gerhard Engel , Fedor von Bock and Franz Halder , who believed the decisive victory could only be delivered at Moscow. [66] Hitler was impatient to get on with his long-desired invasion of the east. He was convinced Britain would sue for peace, once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union, the real area of Germany's interests. Halder noted in his diaries that, by destroying the Soviet Union, Germany would destroy Britain's hope of victory.[ citation needed ] Hitler had grown overconfident from his rapid success in Western Europe and the Red Army 's ineptitude in the Winter War against Finland in 1939–1940. He expected victory within a few months and therefore did not prepare for a war lasting into the winter. This meant his troops lacked adequate warm clothing and preparations for a longer campaign when they began their attack. The assumption that the Soviet Union would quickly capitulate would prove to be his undoing. [67] German preparations Further information: Lossberg study The Germans had begun massing troops near the Soviet border even before the campaign in the Balkans had finished. By the third week in February 1941, 680,000 German soldiers were stationed on the Romanian-Soviet border. [43] [68] In preparation for the attack, Hitler moved 3.2 million German and about 500,000 Axis soldiers to the Soviet border, launched many aerial surveillance missions over Soviet territory, and stockpiled materiel in the East. The Soviets were still taken by surprise, mostly due to Stalin's belief that the Third Reich was unlikely to attack only two years after signing the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact . The Soviet leader also believed the Nazis would be likely to finish their war with Britain before opening a new front. He refused to believe repeated warnings from his intelligence services on the Nazi buildup, fearing the reports to be British misinformation designed to spark a war between Germany and the USSR. [69] Spy Dr. Richard Sorge gave Stalin the exact German launch date; Swedish cryptanalysts led by Arne Beurling also knew the date beforehand, but Sorge and other informers (e.g., from the Berlin Police department) had previously given different invasion dates which passed peacefully before the actual invasion. In addition, British intelligence gathering information through Ultra warned the Soviet Union of impending invasion several months prior to 22 June 1941. [70] The Germans set up deception operations, from April 1941, to add substance to their claims that Britain was the real target: Operations Haifisch and Harpune . These simulated preparations in Norway, the Channel coast and Britain. There were supporting activities such as ship concentrations, reconnaissance flights and training exercises. Some details of these bogus invasion plans were deliberately leaked.[ citation needed ] German military planners also researched Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia . In their calculations they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Soviet army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic states, Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus have to be defended. [71] The strategy Hitler and his generals agreed on involved three separate army groups assigned to capture specific regions and cities of the Soviet Union. The main German thrusts were conducted along historical invasion routes. Army Group North was to march through the Baltics into northern Russia, and either take or destroy the city of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). Army Group Center would advance to Smolensk and then Moscow, marching through what is now Belarus and the west-central regions of Russia proper. Army Group South was to strike the heavily populated and agricultural heartland of Ukraine, taking Kiev before continuing eastward over the steppes of the southern USSR to the Volga with the aim of controlling the oil-rich Caucasus. The postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 (a 38-day delay) occurred due to a combination of reasons; the Balkans Campaign required a diversion of troops and resources; insufficient logistics (preexisting and those incurred by the Balkans Campaign) hampered the preparations; and an unusually wet winter that kept rivers at full flood until late spring could have discouraged an earlier attack, even if it was unlikely to have happened before the end of the Balkans Campaign. The importance of the delay is still debated. [72] [73] The Germans also decided to bring rear forces (mostly Waffen-SS units and Einsatzgruppen ) into the conquered territories to counter any partisan activity in areas they controlled. [48] Soviet preparations Edit Despite the estimations held by Hitler and others in the German high command, the Soviet Union was by no means weak. Rapid industrialization in the 1930s had led to industrial output second only to that of the United States, and equal to Germany.[ citation needed ] Production of military equipment grew steadily, and in the pre-war years the economy became progressively more oriented toward military production. Mikhail Tukhachevsky , one of the prominent military theorists in tank warfare in the interwar period, lobbied the Kremlin for colossal investment in the resources required for the production of weapons in mass quantities. In 1930 he forwarded a memo to the Kremlin, pressing the case for "40,000 aircraft and 50,000 tanks". [74] In the early 1930s, a very modern operational doctrine for the Red Army was developed and promulgated in the 1936 field regulations, in the form of the Deep Battle concept . Defense expenditure also grew rapidly: by 1933 it had reached 12 percent of gross national product , from 5.2 percent in 1913; and by 1940 it stood at 18 percent. [75] On 5 May 1941, Stalin gave a speech to graduates of military academies in Moscow declaring: "War with Germany is inevitable. If comrade Molotov can manage to postpone the war for two or three years that will be our good fortune, but you yourselves must go off and take measures to raise the combat readiness of our forces". [76] We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down. [77] [78] —Adolf Hitler When Barbarossa commences, the world will hold its breath and make no comment. —Adolf Hitler According to Taylor and Proektor (1974), the Soviet armed forces in the western districts were outnumbered, with 2.6 million Soviet soldiers versus 3.9 million for the Axis. [79] However, Glantz reports about 3.8 million as the total force of the Axis in June 1941, with 900,000 of them deployed in the West. [80] The overall size of the Soviet armed forces in early July 1941, amounted to a little more than five million men, 2.6 million in the west, 1.8 million in the Far East, with the rest being deployed or training elsewhere. [79] [80] These figures, however, can be misleading.[ citation needed ] The figure for Soviet strength in the western districts of the Soviet Union counts only the First Strategic Echelon, which was stationed on and behind the Soviet western frontier to a depth of 400 kilometers; it also underestimates the size of the First Strategic Echelon, which was actually 2.9 million strong.[ citation needed ] The figure does not include the smaller Second Strategic Echelon, which as of 22 June 1941 was in the process of moving toward the frontier; according to the Soviet strategic plan; it was scheduled to be in position reinforcing the First Strategic Echelon by early July. The total Axis strength is also exaggerated; 3.3 million German troops were earmarked for participation in Barbarossa, but that figure includes reserves which did not take part in the initial assault. A further 600,000 troops provided by Germany's allies also participated, but mostly after the initial offensive. On 22 June, the German Wehrmacht achieved a local superiority in its initial assault (98 German divisions), including 29 armoured and motorized divisions, some 90 percent of its mobile forces, attacking on a front of 1,200 km (750 mi) between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian Mountains, against NKVD border troops and the divisions of the Soviet First Operational Echelon (the part of the First Strategic Echelon stationed immediately behind the frontier in the three western Special Military Districts) because it had completed its deployment and was ready to attack about two weeks before the Red Army was scheduled to have finished its own deployment with the Second Strategic Echelon in place. At the time, 41 percent of stationary Soviet bases were located in the near-boundary districts, many of them in the 200 km (120 mi) strip around the border; according to a Red Army directive, fuel, equipment, railroad cars, etc. were similarly concentrated there. [81] Moreover, on mobilization , as the war went on, the Red Army gained steadily in strength. While the strength of both sides varied, in general the 1941 belligerents fought with a slight Axis numerical superiority in manpower at the front.[ citation needed ] According to Mikhail Meltyukhov (2000:477), by the start of war, the Red Army numbered a total of 5,774,211 troops: 4,605,321 in ground forces, 475,656 in the air force, 353,752 in the navy, 167,582 as border guards and 171,900 in internal troops of the NKVD . Development of the armed forces of the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1941 [82] 1 January 1939 18,700 142.8 In some key weapons-systems, however, the Soviets had a considerable numerical advantage. In tanks, for example, the Red Army dominated overwhelmingly in numbers. They possessed 23,106, [83] of which about 12,782 were in the five Western Military Districts (three of which directly faced the German invasion front). Adolf Hitler later said "If I had known about the Russian tank's strength in 1941 I would not have attacked". [84] However, maintenance and readiness standards were very poor; ammunition and radios were in short supply, and many units lacked the trucks needed to carry supplies.[ citation needed ] Also, from 1938, the Soviets had partly dispersed their tanks to infantry divisions for infantry support, but after their experiences in the Winter War and their observation of the German campaign against France, they had begun to emulate the Germans and organize most of their armored assets into large armored divisions and corps. This reorganization was only partially implemented at the dawn of Barbarossa, [85] as not enough tanks were available to bring the mechanized corps up to organic strength. The German Wehrmacht had about 5,200 tanks overall, of which 3,350 were committed to the invasion. This yields a balance of immediately available tanks of about 4:1 in the Red Army's favor. However, the most advanced Soviet tank models, the T-34 and KV-1 , were not available in large numbers early in the war, and only accounted for 7.2 percent of the total Soviet tank-force. The Soviet numerical advantage in heavy equipment was also more than offset by the greatly superior training and readiness of German forces. The Soviet officer corps and high command had been massacred in Stalin's Great Purge (1936–1938). Out of 90 generals arrested, only six survived the purges, as did only 36 out of 180 divisional commanders, and just seven out of 57 army corps commanders. In total, some 30,000 Red Army personnel were executed, [86] while more were deported to Siberia and replaced with officers deemed more "politically reliable". Three out of the five pre-war marshals and about two-thirds of the corps and division commanders were shot. This often left younger, less experienced officers in their places. For example, in 1941, 75 percent of Red Army officers had held their posts for less than one year. The average Soviet corps commander was 12 years younger than the average German division commander. These officers tended to be very reluctant to take the initiative and often lacked the training necessary for their jobs. The number of aircraft was also heavily in the Soviets' favor. However, Soviet aircraft were largely obsolete, and Soviet artillery lacked modern fire-control techniques. [87] Most Soviet units were on a peacetime footing, which might explain why aviation units had their aircraft parked in closely bunched neat rows, rather than dispersed, making easy targets for the Luftwaffe in the first days of the conflict. Prior to the invasion the VVS (Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily; Soviet Air Force) was forbidden to shoot down Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft, despite hundreds of prewar incursions into Soviet airspace. 1941 U.S. newsreel film about Russian resistance against Germany A shortage of modern aircraft severely hampered the Soviet war effort in the first phase of the Eastern-front war. The Soviet fighter force was equipped with large numbers of obsolete aircraft, such as the Polikarpov I-15 biplane and the Polikarpov I-16 . In 1941 the MiG-3 , LaGG-3 and Yak-1 had just started to roll off the production lines, but were far inferior in all-round performance to the Messerschmitt Bf 109 or later, to the Fw 190 when it entered operations in September 1941. Few aircraft had radios and those that were available were unencrypted and did not work reliably. The poor performance of the VVS during the Winter War with Finland had increased the Luftwaffe's confidence that the Soviets could be mastered. The standard of flight training had been accelerated in preparation for a German attack that was expected to come in 1942 or later. However Soviet pilot training was extremely poor. Order No 0362 of the People's Commissar of Defense, dated 22 December 1940, ordered flight training to be accelerated and shortened. Incredibly, while the Soviets had 201 MiG-3s and 37 MiG-1s combat-ready on 22 June 1941, only four pilots had been trained to handle these machines. [88] The Red Army was dispersed and unprepared, and units were often separated and without transportation to concentrate prior to combat. Although it had numerous, well-designed artillery pieces, some of the guns had no ammunition . Artillery units often lacked transportation to move their guns. Tank units were rarely well equipped, and also lacked training and logistical support. Maintenance standards were very poor. Units were sent into combat with no arrangements for refueling, ammunition resupply, or personnel replacement. Often, after a single engagement, units were destroyed or rendered ineffective. The army was in the midst of reorganizing their armor units into large tank corps, adding to the disorganization. As a result, although on paper the Red Army in 1941 seemed at least the equal of the German army, the reality in the field was far different; incompetent officers, as well as partial lack of equipment, insufficient motorized logistical support, and poor training placed the Red Army at a severe disadvantage.[ citation needed ] In August 1940 British intelligence had received hints of German plans to attack the Soviets only a week after Hitler informally approved the plans for Barbarossa. [70] Stalin's distrust of the British led to his ignoring their warnings, believing it to be a trick designed to bring the Soviet Union into the war. [70] [89] In the spring of 1941, Stalin's own intelligence services and American intelligence gave regular and repeated warnings of an impending German attack. [90] However, Stalin chose to ignore them. Although acknowledging the possibility of an attack in general and making significant preparations, he decided not to run the risk of provoking Hitler. [91] He also had an ill-founded confidence in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which the USSR and Germany had signed just two years before. He also suspected the British of trying to spread false rumours in order to trigger a war between Germany and the USSR. [92] [93] Consequently, the Soviet border troops were not put on full alert and were sometimes even forbidden to fire back without permission when attacked—though a partial alert was implemented on 10 April—they were simply not ready when the German attack came. [89] Enormous Soviet forces had massed on the western border of the Soviet Union in case the Germans did attack. However, these forces were very vulnerable due to changes in the tactical doctrine of the Red Army. In 1938, it had adopted, on the instigation of General Dmitry Pavlov , a standard linear-defense tactic in line with other nations. Infantry divisions , reinforced by an organic tank component, would dig in to form heavily fortified zones. Then came the shock of the Fall of France . The Wehrmacht defeated the French Army in a mere six weeks. Soviet analysis of events, based on incomplete information, concluded that French military collapsed due to a reliance on linear defence and a lack of armored reserves. The Soviets decided not to repeat these mistakes. Instead of digging-in for linear defense, the infantry divisions would henceforth concentrate in large formations. [94] Most tanks would also be concentrated into 29 mechanized corps, each with over 1,031 of them. [95] Should the Germans attack, their armored spearheads would be cut off and wiped out by the mechanized corps.[ citation needed ] These would then cooperate with the infantry armies to drive back the German infantry, vulnerable in its approach march. The Soviet left wing, in Ukraine, was to be enormously reinforced to be able to execute a strategic envelopment: after destroying German Army Group South, it would swing north through Poland in the back of Army Groups Center and North. With the complete annihilation of the encircled German Army thus made inevitable, a Red Army offensive into the rest of Europe would follow. [96] [97] The Soviet offensive plans theory General Georgy Zhukov in 1941 Immediately after the German invasion of the USSR, Adolf Hitler put forward a thesis that the Red Army made extensive preparations for an offensive war in Europe, thus justifying the German invasion as a pre-emptive strike. [98] After the war some Wehrmacht leaders, like Wilhelm Keitel , promoted this view. [99] This thesis was reiterated in the 1980s [98] based on the analysis of circumstantial evidence. [100] Thus it has been found that Zhukov drew up a proposal (signed by Aleksandr Vasilevsky and Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin ) suggesting secret mobilization and deploying Red Army troops on the western border, under the cover of training. This proposed operation aimed to cut Germany off from its allies, especially from Romania and its oilfields that Germany needed to conduct the war. [101] According to Viktor Suvorov , Stalin planned to use Germany as a proxy (the "icebreaker") against the West. Stalin aimed to fuel Hitler's aggressive plans against Europe, and only after the countries had fought each other—and exhausted themselves to some extent—would the USSR make their move. For this reason Stalin provided significant material and political support to Adolf Hitler, while at the same time preparing the Red Army to "liberate" the whole of Europe from Nazi occupation. Suvorov saw Barbarossa as a German pre-emptive strike that capitalized on the Soviet troop concentrations immediately on the 1941 borders. Some others who support the idea that Stalin prepared to attack, like Mikhail Meltyukhov , reject this part of Suvorov's theory, arguing that both sides prepared for an attack on their own, not in response to the other side's preparations. Although this thesis has drawn the attention of the general public in some countries (Germany, Russia and Israel), and has been supported by some historians (examples include Vladimir Nevezhin , Boris Sokolov , Valeri Danilov , Joachim Hoffmann , and Mark Solonin ), the idea that Stalin was preparing an attack in 1941 has not been accepted by many western historians. [98] [102] Order of battle Edit At the beginning of the German Reich ’s invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 the Red Army areas of responsibility in the European USSR were divided into four active Fronts . More Fronts would be formed within the overall responsibility of the three Strategic Directions commands which corresponded approximately to a German Army ( Wehrmacht Heer ) Army Group (Heeresgruppen) in terms of geographic area of operations . The first Directions were established on 10 July 1941, with Kliment Voroshilov commanding the North-Western Strategic Direction , Timoshenko commanding the Western Strategic Direction , and Budyonny commanding the South-Western Strategic Direction . [105] The forces of the North-Western Direction were: [106] Main articles: Battle of Białystok–Minsk , Battle of Raseiniai , Battle of Brody (1941) , and Operation München German advances during the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa At 3:15 a.m. on Sunday, 22 June 1941, the Axis bombed major cities in Soviet-occupied Poland, two hours after the start codeword "Wotan" was issued. It is hard to pinpoint the opposing sides' strength in this initial phase, as most German figures include reserves allocated to the East but not yet committed, as well as several other comparability issues between the German and USSR's figures. Roughly three million Wehrmacht troops went into action on 22 June, and they faced slightly fewer Soviet troops in the border Military Districts . The contribution of the German allies would generally not make itself felt until later. The surprise was complete: though the Stavka , alarmed by reports that Wehrmacht units were approaching the border, had, at 00:30, ordered that the border troops be warned that war was imminent, only a small number of units were alerted in time.[ citation needed ] At around noon 22 June 1941, the news of the invasion was broadcast to the population by Molotov, as follows: [107] Citizens and Citizenesses of the Soviet Union! Today, at four o'clock in the morning, without addressing any grievances to the Soviet Union, without declaration of war, German forces fell on our country, attacked our frontiers in many places and bombed our cities...an act of treachery unprecedented in the history of civilized nations...The Red Army and the whole nation will wage a victorious Patriotic War for our beloved country, for honour, for liberty...Our cause is just. The enemy will be beaten. Victory will be ours. [107] By calling upon the population's devotion to their nation rather than the Party, Molotov struck a patriotic chord while allowing a stunned people to absorb the shattering news. The invasion did not come as a surprise to Stalin but he was completely astounded. [107] It was not until 3 July before Stalin addressed the nation for the first time since the start of the German invasion, and just like Molotov's announcement of the war on 22 June, he called for a "patriotic war...of the entire Soviet people". [108] [109] In Germany, on the morning of 22 June, Joseph Goebbels announced the invasion to the waking nation in a radio broadcast: [110] At this moment a march is taking place that, for its extent, compares with the greatest the world has ever seen. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our soldiers. May God aid us, especially in this fight. [110] German troops crossing the Soviet border, 22 June 1941 Later the same morning, Hitler proclaimed to colleagues, "before three months have passed, we shall witness a collapse of Russia, the like of which has never been seen in history". [110] Aside from the roughly 3.2 million German ground troops engaged in, or earmarked for, the Eastern Campaign, about 500,000 Romanian, Hungarian, Slovakian, Croatian, and Italian troops accompanied the German forces, while the Army of Finland made a major contribution in the north. The 250th Spanish "Blue" Infantry Division , was a formation of volunteered Spanish Falangists and Nazi sympathisers.[ citation needed ] Luftwaffe reconnaissance units worked frantically to plot troop concentration, supply dumps, and airfields, and mark them for destruction. The Luftwaffe's task was to neutralize the Soviet Air Force. This was not achieved in the first days of operations, despite the Soviets having concentrated aircraft in huge groups on the permanent airfields rather than dispersing them on field landing strips, making them ideal targets. The Luftwaffe claimed to have destroyed 1,489 aircraft on the first day of operations. [111] Hermann Göring—Chief of the Luftwaffe—distrusted the reports and ordered the figure checked. Picking through the wreckages of Soviet airfields, the Luftwaffe's figures proved conservative, as over 2,000 destroyed Soviet aircraft were found. [111] The Luftwaffe lost 35 aircraft on the first day of combat. The Germans claimed to have destroyed only 3,100 Soviet aircraft in the first three days. In fact Soviet losses were far higher; according to Russian historian Viktor Kulikov, some 3,922 Soviet aircraft had been lost. [112] The Luftwaffe had achieved air superiority over all three sectors of the front, and would maintain it until the close of the year. [113] The Luftwaffe could now devote large numbers of its Geschwader (also see Luftwaffe Organization ) to support the ground forces. Army Group North Edit Crossing of the Daugava (Dvina) river by the 20th Panzer Division Opposite Army Group North were two Soviet armies. The Wehrmacht OKH thrust the 4th Panzer Group, with a strength of 600 tanks, at the junction of the two Soviet armies in that sector. The 4th Panzer Group's objective was to cross the Neman and Daugava Rivers which were the two largest obstacles in the advance to Leningrad. On the first day, tanks crossed the River Neman and penetrated 50 mi (80 km). Near Raseiniai , the armoured units were counterattacked by 300 tanks of the 3rd and 12th Soviet Mechanized Corps. It took four days for the Germans to encircle and destroy the Soviet armour who lacked fuel, ammunition and coordination. By the end of the first week the Soviet Mechanized Corps had lost 90 percent of its strength. [114] The Panzer Groups then crossed the Daugava near Daugavpils. The Germans were now within striking distance of Leningrad. However, due to their deteriorated supply situation, Hitler ordered the Panzer Groups to hold their position until the infantry formations caught up. The orders to hold would last over a week, giving time for the Soviets to build up a defense around Leningrad and along the bank of the Luga River. Further complicating the Soviet position, on 22 June, the anti-Soviet June Uprising in Lithuania began, and an independent Lithuania was proclaimed on the 23rd. [115] An estimated 30,000 Lithuanian rebels engaged Soviet forces, joined by ethnic Lithuanians from the Red Army. As the Germans reached further north, armed resistance against the Soviets broke out in Estonia as well. The " Battle of Estonia " culminated as the 18th Army reached the Gulf of Finland coast [116] which forced the Baltic Fleet to evacuate Tallinn , resulting in one of the greatest naval disasters in history. Army Group Center Edit Panzer units move through Pruzhany in western Belarus in June 1941. Army Group Center was composed of 4th Army, 9th Army, 2nd Panzer Group, 3rd Panzer Group; with 2nd army held in the strategic reserve. [117] Opposite Army Group Center were four Soviet armies: the 3rd , 4th , 10th and 11th Armies . The Soviet Armies occupied a salient that jutted into German occupied Polish territory with the Soviet salient's center at Białystok. Beyond Białystok was Minsk, the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and a key railway junction . The goal of the two Panzer Groups' was to meet at Minsk, denying the Red Army an escape route from the salient. The 3rd Panzer Group broke through the junction of two Soviet Fronts in the north of the salient, and crossed the River Neman while the 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Bug River river in the south. As the Panzer Groups attacked, the 4th and 9th Armies of Army Group Center struck at the salient, eventually encircling Soviet troops at Białystok. Stavka at first failed to grasp the dimensions of the catastrophe that had befallen the Soviet Union. Marshal Semyon Timoshenko ordered all Soviet forces to launch a general counter-offensive, but with supply and ammunition dumps destroyed, and the complete collapse of communication, the uncoordinated attacks failed. Zhukov signed the infamous Directive of People's Commissariat of Defence No. 3, under pressure from Stalin – as he later claimed, which ordered the Red Army to start an offensive. He commanded the troops "to encircle and destroy the enemy grouping near Suwałki and to seize the Suwałki region by the evening of 26 June" and "to encircle and destroy the enemy grouping invading Vladimir-Volynia and Brody direction" and even "to seize the Lublin region by the evening of 24 June". [118] This maneuver failed, and disorganized Red Army units were soon destroyed by the Wehrmacht. Captured Soviet equipment On 27 June, 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups met up at Minsk, advancing 200 mi (320 km) into Soviet territory and a third of the way to Moscow. In the vast pocket between Minsk and the Polish border, the remnants of thirty-two Soviet Rifle divisions, eight Tank, Motorized, Cavalry and Artillery divisions were encircled.[ citation needed ] By 3 July, three encircled Soviet Armies (3rd, 4th and 10th) were destroyed in the vicinity of Minsk . Hitler had believed that the Red Army would collapse if the Wehrmacht could destroy the bulk of the their forces west of the Western Dvina and Dnieper Rivers. However after the victory at Minsk, as Army Group Center reached the two rivers, they encountered another five Soviet Armies (16th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd). Three of these Soviet Armies (16th, 19th, and 20th) were quickly encircled and eventually decimated in the vicinity of Smolensk , while the other two were severely weakened. However, these successes came at a very steep cost for the Wehrmacht. [119] According to Franz Halder, the chief of the OKH General Staff , by 2 August Army Group Center had lost 74,500 men and received only 23,000 replacements since the start of the campaign. Later still, by 28 August, Halder recorded that the Panzer divisions of the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups were operating with an average tank strength of 45 percent, with the 7th Panzer Division the lowest at a strength of only 24 percent. [120] Army Group South Edit Ukraine, early days of Barbarossa Opposite Army Group South were three Soviet armies, the 5th, 6th and 26th. Soviet commanders reacted quicker and the Germans faced determined resistance from the start. The German infantry armies struck at the junctions of these armies while the 1st Panzer Group drove its armored spearhead of 600 tanks right through the Soviet 6th Army, aiming to take Brody. On 26 June, five Soviet mechanized corps with over 4,000 tanks mounted a massive counterattack on the 1st Panzer Group. The battle was among the fiercest of the 1941 campaign and one of the largest tank battles in history, lasting over four days. In the end the poor Soviet logistics and coordination, combined with German tactical skill and air superiority enabled the Germans to prevail, although the Soviets inflicted heavy losses on the 1st Panzer Group.[ citation needed ] With the Soviet counteroffensives' failure, the last substantial Soviet tank forces in Western Ukraine had been decimated, and the Red Army assumed a defensive posture, focusing on strategic withdrawal under severe pressure. The Soviet air arm, the VVS, lost 1,561 aircraft over Ukraine, with one tenth of its entire strength destroyed on the ground on the first day of the war. [121] With their armored reserves all but destroyed, the Red Army in Ukraine could not conduct any mobile operations and were forced onto the defensive for the rest of the year. However, Red Army commanders such as Mikhail Kirponos , Konstantin Rokossovsky and Andrey Vlasov were among some of the best generals in the Soviet Union (though Vlasov would eventually defect to Germany). Their tactical skill, as well as quick reaction to the invasion meant that the Soviet forces in Ukraine avoided the rapid destruction that befell other army groups in Belarus and the Baltic States. However without any armored support, and the Luftwaffe dominating the sky, all the Red Army could do was buy time. Eventually, the German 6th Army broke through the Stalin Line and 1st Panzer Group finally reached open country. von Kleist's Panzers linked up with von Reichenau's forces, trapping the remains of the Soviet 5th and 6th armies. The door to Kiev was now open. Summary of the first phase Edit By the end of the first week, all three German Army Groups had achieved major campaign objectives. However, in the vast pocket around Minsk and Białystok, the Soviets were still fighting; reducing the pocket was causing high German casualties and many Red Army troops were escaping. The estimated casualties of the Red Army amount to 600,000 killed, wounded, missing or captured. Franz Halder summarized the achievements made in the opening phase of the operation in his diary as follow: "The objective to shatter the bulk of the Russian Army this [western] side of the Dvina and Dnieper has been accomplished... It is thus probably no overstatement to say that the Russian Campaign has been won in the space of two weeks." [122] However, cracks were already beginning to form in Hitler's plan. It became apparent to everyone that the OKH had grossly underestimated the size of Soviet reserves. Furthermore, the Wehrmacht's officer core consisted of the old German aristocracy, primarily Prussian Junkers . These officers were schooled in the 19th century style of Clausewitzian theory. According to Clausewitz, wars were won by concentrating your armies at the enemy's focal point , their tactical Schwerpunkt. At the tactical level, this meant that your armies would win a battle by concentrating effort at unexpected locations, then having them converge upon the enemies focal point, leading to a Kesselschlacht, a cauldron battle. Now surrounded, the enemy would be forced to fight a Vernichtungsschlacht, a battle of annihilation where they would be destroyed. The Białystok–Minsk operation is a perfect example of this style of thinking. At the strategic level, this meant that your armies after winning their decisive battles would eventually converge on the enemies overall focal point . In the case of Operation Barbarossa, this was Moscow. Thus nearly every German commander treated Moscow as the ultimate prize. However Hitler had a more modern, and according to David Glantz [ citation needed ], correct view of modern warfare. Wars were not won by aristocrats drinking wine and smoking cigars over the negotiating table, dictating terms to their defeated gentleman rivals after winning some decisive engagement. Wars were won by making resistance impossible by starving them of industrial production, and denying them the raw materials needed to fight. In this thinking, Leningrad was of vital importance to keep the Baltic Fleet from interfering with deliveries of iron ore from Sweden. Furthermore, Crimea must be captured to prevent air raids on Romanian oil fields. Kharkov also must be captured to deny the enemy its deposits of coal and iron, as well as its heavy industry. Finally, Rostov-on-Don must be captured in order to deny access to the Black Sea as well as using it as eventual launching pad for an invasion of the Caucasus, rich in oil and minerals. To this end, Hitler ordered 3rd Panzer Group north in order to assist Army Group North in the capture of Leningrad. The 11th Army was ordered south to capture Crimea. The 6th Army was ordered to seize Kharkov and the 1st Panzer Group was ordered to seize Rostov-on-Don with the 17th Army acting as the link between the other two. This meant that instead of the armies converging on some decisive objective, they were instead spreading themselves out leading to thinly defended sectors and dangerous gaps, areas ripe for counterattacks. To the German officer corps, Hitler's decisions were strategic madness. Phase 2: Battle of Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941) Main article: Battle of Smolensk (1941) German advances during Operation Barbarossa, 22 June to 9 September 1941 On 3 July, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry divisions had caught up. However, a rainstorm typical of Russian summers slowed their progress and Russian defenses stiffened. The delays gave the Soviets time to organize a massive counterattack against Army Group Center. Its ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an old Soviet defensive line held by six armies. On 6 July, the Soviets attacked the 3rd Panzer Army with 700 tanks. The Germans defeated this counterattack with overwhelming air superiority. The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dnieper and closed on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Army, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north. Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies. On 18 July, the Panzer Groups came to within sixteen kilometres of closing the gap but the trap would not snap shut until 26 July. When the Panzer Groups finally closed the gap, 300,000 Red Army soldiers were captured; [123] but liquidating the pocket took another ten days in which time 100,000 Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow. Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength. The German troops had used their initial supplies without attaining the expected strategic freedom of movement. Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation. Hitler had lost faith in encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers. Hitler now believed he could defeat the Soviets by economic damage, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war. That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donets Basin and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north. He also wanted to link up with the Finns to the north. Fedor von Bock and almost all the German generals involved in Operation Barbarossa, vehemently argued in favor of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow. Besides the psychological importance of capturing the enemy's capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production and the center of the Soviet communications and transportation system. More importantly, intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Semyon Timoshenko for an all-out defense of the capital. But Hitler was adamant, and issued a direct order to Heinz Guderian , bypassing his commanding officer von Bock, to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow. Phase 3: Kiev and Leningrad (5 August – 2 October 1941) Main articles: Battle of Uman , Battle of Kiev (1941) , and Siege of Leningrad By mid-July, below the Pinsk Marshes , the Germans had come within a few kilometers of Kiev. The 1st Panzer Army then went south while the German 17th Army struck east and trapped three Soviet armies near Uman. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dnieper. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Army, diverted from Army Group Center, had crossed the River Desna with 2nd Army on its right flank. The two Panzer armies now trapped four Soviet armies and parts of two others. Killing of Jews at Ivangorod , Ukraine, 1942 [124] For its final attack on Leningrad, the 4th Panzer Army was reinforced by tanks from Army Group Center. On 8 August, the Panzers broke through the Soviet defenses; the German 16th Army attacked to the northeast, the 18th Army and the Estonian guerilla Forest Brothers cleared the country and advanced to Lake Peipus . [125] By the end of August, 4th Panzer Army had penetrated to within 30 mi (48 km) of Leningrad. The Finns had pushed southeast on both sides of Lake Ladoga, reaching the old Finnish-Soviet frontier. At this stage, Hitler ordered the final destruction of Leningrad with no prisoners taken, and on 9 September, Army Group North began the final push which within ten days brought it within 7 mi (11 km) of the city. However, the advance over the last 10 km (6.2 mi) proved very slow and casualties mounted. At this stage, Hitler lost patience and ordered that Leningrad should not be stormed but starved into submission. Deprived of its Panzer forces, Army Group Center had remained static and was subjected to numerous Soviet counterattacks in particular the Yelnya Offensive in which the Germans suffered their first major tactical defeat since their invasion began. These attacks drew Hitler's attention back to Army Group Center and its drive on Moscow. The Germans ordered the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies to break off their siege of Leningrad and support Army Group Center on its attack on Moscow. Before it could begin, operations in Kiev needed to be finished. Half of Army Group Center had swung to the south in the back of the Kiev position, while Army Group South moved to the north from its Dniepr bridgehead . The encirclement of Soviet Forces in Kiev was achieved on 16 September. A savage battle ensued in which the Soviets were hammered with tanks, artillery, and aerial bombardment. After ten days of vicious fighting, the Germans claimed over 600,000 Soviet soldiers captured. Actual losses were 452,720 men, 3,867 artillery pieces and mortars from 43 Divisions of the 5th, 21st, 26th, and 37th Soviet Armies. [126] Phase 4: Battle for Moscow (2 October – 5 December 1941) The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow: Initial Wehrmacht advance – to 9 July 1941 Subsequent advances – to 1 September 1941 Encirclement and battle of Kiev – to 9 September 1941 Final Wehrmacht advance – to 5 December 1941 Soldiers pull a staff car through the heavy mud of the Russian roads, November 1941. After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more directly available trained reserves. To defend Moscow, Stalin could field 800,000 men in 83 divisions, but no more than 25 divisions were fully effective. Operation Typhoon , the drive to Moscow, began on 2 October. In front of Army Group Center was a series of elaborate defense lines, the first centered on Vyazma and the second on Mozhaysk . The first blow took the Soviets completely by surprise as the 2nd Panzer Army, returning from the south, took Oryol which was 75 mi (121 km) south of the Soviet first main defense line. Three days later, the Panzers pushed on to Bryansk while 2nd Army attacked from the west. The Soviet 3rd and 13th Armies were now encircled. To the north, the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies attacked Vyazma , trapping the 19th, 20th, 24th and 32nd Armies. Moscow's first line of defense had been shattered. The pocket eventually yielded 673,000 Soviet prisoners, bringing the tally since the start of the invasion to three million. The Soviets had only 90,000 men and 150 tanks left for the defense of Moscow. The Soviets had already survived beyond the few weeks that most experts expected after the Germans invaded; Walter Duranty was perhaps the only observer to predict that the USSR could survive for much longer. [127] The German government now publicly predicted the imminent capture of Moscow, convincing foreign correspondents of a pending Soviet collapse. [128] :83–91 On 13 October, the 3rd Panzer Army penetrated to within 90 mi (140 km) of the capital. Martial law was declared in Moscow. Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon, however, the weather had deteriorated. Temperatures fell while there was a continued rainfall, turning the unpaved road network into mud and steadily slowing the German advance on Moscow to as little as 2 mi (3.2 km) a day. The supply situation rapidly deteriorated. On 31 October, the German Army High Command ordered a halt to Operation Typhoon while the armies were reorganized. The pause gave the Soviets, who were in a far better supply situation, time to consolidate their positions and organize formations of newly activated reservists. In little over a month the Soviets organized eleven new armies which included 30 divisions of Siberian troops. These had been freed from the Soviet far east as Soviet intelligence had assured Stalin there was no longer a threat from the Japanese. With the Siberian forces came over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft. The Germans were nearing exhaustion, while they also began to recall Napoleon's invasion of Russia . General Günther Blumentritt noted in his diary: They remembered what happened to Napoleon's Army. Most of them began to re-read Caulaincourt's grim account of 1812. That had a weighty influence at this critical time in 1941. I can still see Von Kluge trudging through the mud from his sleeping quarters to his office and standing before the map with Caulaincourt's book in his hand. [129] On 15 November, with the ground hardening due to the cold weather, the Germans once again began the attack on Moscow. Although the troops themselves were now able to advance again, there had been no delay allowed to improve the supply situation. Facing the Germans were the 5th, 16th, 30th, 43rd, 49th, and 50th Soviet armies. The Germans intended to let 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies cross the Moscow Canal and envelop Moscow from the northeast. 2nd Panzer Army would attack Tula and then close in on Moscow from the south. As the Soviets reacted to the flanks, 4th Army would attack the center. In two weeks of desperate fighting, lacking sufficient fuel and ammunition, the Germans slowly crept towards Moscow. However, in the south, 2nd Panzer Army was being blocked. On 22 November, Soviet Siberian units augmented with the 49th and 50th Soviet Armies attacked the 2nd Panzer Army and inflicted a shocking defeat on the Germans. However, 4th Panzer Army pushed the Soviet 16th Army back and succeeded in crossing the Moscow canal and began the encirclement. On 2 December, part of the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 15 mi (24 km) of Moscow, and could see the spires of the Kremlin , [130] but by then the first blizzards of the winter had begun. A Reconnaissance-Battalion also managed to reach the town of Khimki —only about 8 km (5.0 mi) away from the Soviet capital—and captured its bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as its railway station, which marked the farthest advance of German forces. [131] [132] The Wehrmacht was not equipped for winter warfare. The bitter cold also caused severe problems for their guns and equipment; weather conditions grounded the Luftwaffe. Newly built-up Soviet units near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men, and on 5 December, they launched a massive counterattack which pushed the Germans back over 200 mi (320 km). By December 1941, the invasion had cost the German Army over 210,000 killed and missing and 620,000 wounded, a third of whom became casualties after 1 October. Events Edit German soldiers with a destroyed Soviet KV-1 tank at Kaunas Looking back near the end of the war, as Germany's inevitable and impending defeat loomed ever closer, Hitler attributed great blame to Mussolini's Greek fiasco as the cause of his own subsequent catastrophe. [133] Shirer argues that the fatal decision of the operation was the postponement from the original date of 15 May because Hitler wanted to intervene against an anti-German coup in Yugoslavia and Greek advances against Italy's occupation of Albania. [134] As an explanation of Germany's calamitous defeat in the Soviet Union, this had little to commend it. [135] But, although the diversion of German resources into Greece just prior to the attack on the Soviet Union scarcely helped the latter enterprise, Mussolini's foolishness did not undermine 'Barbarossa' before the operation started. [133] During the campaign, Hitler ordered the main thrust toward Moscow to be diverted southward to help the Southern Army Group capture Ukraine. This move delayed the assault on the Soviet capital, though it also helped secure Army Group Center's southern flank. By the time they turned to Moscow, the Red Army's fierce resistance, the mud following the autumn rains and, eventually, snow, brought their advance to a halt. In addition, resistance by the Soviets, who proclaimed a Great Patriotic War in defense of the motherland, was much more fierce than the German command had expected. The border fortress of Brest, Belarus illustrates that tenacity: attacked on the very first day of the German invasion, the fortress was expected to fall within hours, but held out over a week . (Soviet propaganda later asserted it held out for six weeks). [136] German logistics also became a major problem, as supply lines grew very long and vulnerable to partisan attacks in the rear. The Soviets also carried out a scorched earth policy on some of the land they were forced to abandon in order to deny the Germans food, fuel and buildings. Despite the setbacks, the German advance continued, often destroying or surrounding whole armies of Soviet troops and forcing them to surrender. The battle for Kiev was especially brutal. On 19 September, Army Group South seized control of Kiev, and took 665,000 prisoners. Kiev was later awarded the title Hero City for its defense. Army Group North, which was to conquer the Baltic countries and eventually Leningrad, reached the southern outskirts of Leningrad by August 1941. There, fierce Soviet resistance stopped it. Since capturing the city seemed too costly, German command decided to starve the city to death by blockade, starting the Siege of Leningrad . The city held out, despite several attempts by the Germans to break through its defenses, unrelenting air and artillery attacks, and severe shortages of food and fuel, until the Germans were driven back from the city's approaches in early 1944. The siege resulted in the deaths of some one million of the city's inhabitants. [137] Leningrad was the first Soviet city to receive the title of 'Hero City'. In addition to the main attacks of Barbarossa, German forces occupied the Finnish district of Petsamo in order to secure its important nickel mines. They also launched a series of attacks against Murmansk beginning on 28 June 1941, known as Operation Silberfuchs . Reasons for initial Soviet defeats Edit A column of Red Army prisoners of war captured near Minsk is marched west A group of Soviet prisoners of war , taken to an undefined prison camp. Some 2.8 million Soviet prisoners were killed in just eight months of 1941–42. The Red Army and air force were so badly defeated in 1941 mainly because they were ill-prepared for the Axis surprise attack. By 1941 the Germans were the most experienced and best-trained troops in the world for the rapid, blitzkrieg -style warfare that encompassed the Eastern Front during the second half of 1941.[ citation needed ] The Axis had a doctrine of mobility, annihilation , excellent communications and confidence caused by repeated low-cost victories. The Soviet armed forces, by contrast, lacked leadership, training and readiness.[ citation needed ] The officer corps of the Red Army had been decimated by Stalin's Great Purge of 1936–1938, and their replacements, appointed by Stalin for political reasons, often lacked military competence, which was shown by the difficulty that the Soviet Union had in defeating Finland in the Russo-Finnish War of 1939–1940. [138] Of the five marshals appointed in 1935, only two emerged from Stalin's purge with their lives; 50 out of the 57 corps commanders were killed, 154 out of the 186 divisional commanders and 401 out of 456 colonels ; and many other officers were dismissed. [139] [140] Stalin further underscored his control by reasserting the role of political commissars at the divisional level and below to oversee and ensure the political correctness and loyalty of the army to the regime. The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander but with the authority to countermand his orders. [141] Nonetheless, the impact of the purges must be seen in context of the military strength of the armed forces in 1937, which was far from actualizing the goals set by the military reforms that began in the early 1930s. By 1941 about 80 percent of the officers dismissed during the purge had been reinstated. [141] Also, between January 1939 and May 1941, 161 new divisions were activated. Therefore, although about 75 percent of all the officers had been in their position for less than one year by 1941, that was because of the rapid increase in creation of military units, and not just because of the purge. [141] Hence, it was the combined effect of the purge and the rapid expansion of the army that led to its dilution. In the interwar years following the end of World War I , much of the effort of the Red Army was put towards the development of offensive forces, concepts, doctrines, and techniques. Soviet brainpower and resources focused on the creation of elements critical to achieving strategic offensive success through the conduct of deep operations and deep battle. The Red Army's fixation on offensive combat meant little attention was given to defensive combat. [142] For instance, the 1936 Field Regulations devoted only about 20 pages of the 300-page document to defence, in which it was described as a temporary phenomenon designed to economize force, gain time, hold critical areas, or disrupt an advancing enemy, pending a resumption of the all-important offence. This general neglect for the need of defensive combat, combined with other problems, caused the disasters that befell the Red Army in the summer and fall of 1941. [142] Much Soviet planning assumed that in case of a German invasion, the main forces of each side would need up to two weeks to meet each other and Stalin forbade any ideas of a campaign deep inside Soviet territory. Thus the Axis attack came when new organizations and promising, but untested, weapons were just beginning to trickle into operational units. [138] Much of the Soviet Army in Europe was concentrated along the new western border of the Soviet Union, in former Polish territory that lacked significant defenses, allowing many Soviet military units to be overrun and destroyed in the first weeks of war. [138] Initially, many Soviet units were also hampered by Semyon Timoshenko's and Georgy Zhukov's prewar orders (demanded by Joseph Stalin) not to engage or to respond to provocations (followed by a similarly damaging first reaction from Moscow, an order to stand and fight, then counterattack; this left those units vulnerable to encirclement) by a lack of experienced officers and by bureaucratic inertia. [138] Stalin's orders not to retreat or surrender led to static linear positions that German tanks easily breached, again quickly cutting supply lines and surrounding whole Soviet armies. Only later did Stalin allow his troops to retreat wherever possible and regroup, to mount a defense in depth, or to counterattack. More than 2.4 million Soviet troops had been captured by December 1941, by which time German and Soviet forces were fighting almost in the suburbs of Moscow. Until the end of the war, more than three million Soviet prisoners were to die from exposure, starvation, disease, or willful mistreatment by the Nazi regime. [143] In his memoirs, Zhukov summarized the predicament as follows: [78] two or three years would have given the Soviet people a brilliant army, perhaps the best in the world… [but] history allotted us too small a period of peace to get everything organized as it should have been. We began many things correctly and there were many things we had no time to finish. Our miscalculation regarding the possible time of the fascist Germany's attack told greatly. [78] Soviet tactical errors in the first few weeks of the offensive proved catastrophic. Initially, the Red Army was fooled by overestimation of its own capabilities. Instead of intercepting German armor, Soviet mechanised corps were ambushed and destroyed after Luftwaffe dive bombers inflicted heavy losses. Soviet tanks, poorly maintained and manned by inexperienced crews, suffered an appalling rate of breakdowns. Lack of spare parts and trucks ensured a logistical collapse. The decision not to dig in the infantry divisions proved disastrous. Lacking tanks and sufficient motorization, Soviet troops could not wage mobile warfare against the Axis.[ citation needed ] Outcome Edit The climax of Operation Barbarossa came when Army Group Center, already short on supplies because of the October mud, was ordered to advance on Moscow; forward units of the 2nd Panzer Division 's 38th Panzer Pioneer Battalion (38PzPi.Abtl.) [144] (armored engineers) came within sight of the spires of the Kremlin when they reached the rail line just south of the town of Lobnya, 16 km (9.9 mi) from Moscow, on 1 December 1941. Soviet troops, well supplied and reinforced by fresh divisions from Siberia, defended Moscow in the Battle of Moscow , and drove the Germans back as the winter advanced. The bulk of the counter-offensive targeted Army Group Center, which was closest to Moscow. Belarus or Ukraine farmhouse destroyed during the German invasion in 1941 With no shelter, few supplies, inadequate winter clothing, and chronic food shortages, German troops had no choice but to wait out the winter in the frozen wasteland. The Germans avoided being routed by Soviet counterattacks but suffered heavy casualties from battle and exposure. At the time, the seizure of Moscow was considered[ by whom? ] the key to victory for Germany. Nowadays, historians debate whether the loss of the Soviet capital would have caused the collapse of the USSR; but Operation Barbarossa failed to achieve that goal. The outcome of Operation Barbarossa proved a disaster for the Germans, but the Soviets were, initially, at least as badly damaged. Although the Germans had failed to take Moscow outright, they held huge areas of the western Soviet Union, including the entire regions of present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and the Baltic states, plus parts of Russia proper west of Moscow. German forces had advanced 1,050 mi (1,690 km), and maintained a linearly measured front of 1,900 mi (3,100 km). [145] The Germans held up to 500,000 sq mi (1,300,000 km2) of territory with over 75 million people at the end of 1941, and went on to seize another 250,000 sq mi (650,000 km2) before being forced to retreat after defeats at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–43) and the Battle of Kursk (1943). However, the occupied areas were not always properly controlled by the Germans and underground activity rapidly escalated. Wehrmacht occupation was brutal from the start, due to directives issued by Hitler himself at the operation's start: he regarded the Russians and other Soviet citizens as Untermenschen ("sub-humans") ruled by Jewish Bolshevik masters. This attitude alienated the population, though in some areas (such as Ukraine) some local people had been ready to consider the Germans as liberators helping to rid them of Stalin. Anti-German partisan operations intensified when Red Army units that had dissolved into the country's large uninhabited areas re-emerged as underground forces; and under repressive German policies. The Germans held on stubbornly in the face of Soviet counterattacks, resulting in huge casualties on both sides in many battles. The war on the Eastern Front went on for four years. The death toll may never be established with any degree of certainty. A 1994 estimate of Soviet military deaths tallies 8.7 million who lost their lives either in combat or in Axis captivity. [146] Numbers of Soviet civilian deaths remain unclear, though roughly 20 million is a frequently cited figure. German military deaths are also to a large extent controversial. The most recent German estimate (Rüdiger Overmans) concluded that about 4.3 million Germans and a further 900,000 Axis forces lost their lives either in combat or in Soviet captivity.[ citation needed ] Operation Barbarossa counts as the single most lethal military operation in history. The Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention . However, a month after the German invasion in 1941, Moscow made an offer for a reciprocal adherence to the Hague convention . Third Reich officials left this Soviet "note" unanswered. [147] Ultimately, for those in the Soviet Union, who bore the brunt of the German war machine’s wrath, Operation Barbarossa proved an exemplification of Nazi cruelty and disregard of human life. [148] As historian Gerhard Weinberg explains in his voluminous, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, the war on the Eastern Front, subsumed to its greatest measure by Operation Barbarossa, constitutes the majority of fighting for the entire Second World War. Accordingly, more people died fighting on the Eastern Front than on all the other fighting across the globe during World War II. [149] As a legacy for Germans in later generations came military defeat, occupation by foreign powers, guilt, economic and physical devastation, and the partition of Germany into East and West political entities. Globally however, the impact on the physical landscape, the architecture of Europe, the ethnic composition of nations, the economies of the participant countries, and the reconfiguration of world power make Operation Barbarossa, as German historian Andreas Hillgruber once quipped, "one of the few really fundamental world-history decisions of this [the twentieth] century." [150] Causes of the failure of Operation Barbarossa Edit The gravity of the beleaguered German army's situation towards the end of 1941 was due to the Red Army's increasing strength and factors that in the short run severely restricted the German forces' effectiveness. Chief among these were their overstretched deployment, a serious transport crisis and the eroded strength of most divisions. The infantry deficit that appeared by 1 September 1941, was never made good. For the rest of the war in the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht would be short of infantry and support services. Underestimation of the capacity of Soviet mobilization Edit The German High Command grossly underestimated the mobilization potential of the Red Army. From the onset of the campaign till the end of 1941, the Soviet Union raised 825 division-equivalents, [1] tapping into its mobilization pool of over 10 million men. [151] Between the onset of the war and the end of June alone 800,000 men were mobilized, and another 600,000 in July. The plan for Barbarossa assumed that the Wehrmacht would emerge victorious if it could destroy the bulk of the Red Army west of the Dvina and Dnieper rivers. By 3 July, Army Group Center had, in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk , destroyed three encircled Soviet Armies (3rd, 4th and 10th) in the vicinity of Minsk. As Army Group Center arrived at the river banks on 7 July, however, they discovered another five Soviet Armies (16th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd). By 10 July, it became clear that the assumptions regarding the result of destroying the Red Army forces west of the two rivers proved incorrect. Nonetheless, three of these Soviet Armies (16th, 19th, and 20th) were quickly encircled and eventually decimated in the vicinity of Smolensk , while the other two were severely weakened. [57] In just the first six weeks of the invasion, which was between late June and early August, the Red Army had lost as many as 1.5 million soldiers (killed, wounded or captured). [152] By 6 August another row of five Soviet Armies (24th, 28th, 29th, 30th, and Group Iartsevo) were facing Army Group Center, however, and unknown to German intelligence, still another row of Soviet Armies were forming to the rear (31st, 33rd, and 43rd). [153] In comparison, according to Franz Halder the chief of the OKH General Staff , by 2 August Army Group Center had lost 74,500 men (killed, wounded, or missing) and had received only 23,000 replacements. [120] By the end of August the Red Army losses rose to nearly three million (killed, wounded or captured), but that did not hinder it from raising more men for the defense of Moscow . [152] The Soviets also quickly relocated their factories. According to one account by a German soldier, when German troops arrived at the Dnieper River they saw many intact industrial plants ; by the time they crossed the river, however, the Russians had emptied every building and taken their contents east. [128] :141 By September it became clear that the mobilization capacity of the Red Army had been severely underestimated. Franz Halder wrote in his diary in 1941: [154] The whole situation makes it increasingly plain that we have underestimated the Russian colossus...[Soviet] divisions are not armed and equipped according to our standards, and their tactical leadership is often poor. But there they are, and as we smash a dozen of them the Russians simply put up another dozen. The time factor favours them, as they are near their own resources, while we are moving farther and farther away from ours. And so our troops, sprawled over the immense front line, without depth, are subject to the incessant attacks of the enemy. [154] The Red Army proved it could replace huge losses quickly, and was not destroyed as a coherent force. When divisions of conscripts trained before the war were destroyed, new formations replaced them. On average, about half a million men were drafted each month for the duration of the war. The Soviets also proved very skilled in raising and training many new armies from the different ethnic populations of the far flung republics. The ability to mobilize vast (if often poorly trained and equipped) forces rapidly and continually allowed the Soviet Union to survive the critical first six months of the war.[ citation needed ] Faults of logistical planning Edit Winter in Russia, 1941 At the start of the war in the dry summer, the Germans took the Soviets by surprise and destroyed a large part of the Red Army in the first weeks. When good weather gave way to the harsh autumn and winter and the Red Army recovered, the German offensive began to falter. The German army could not be supplied sufficiently for prolonged combat; indeed, there was not enough fuel for the whole army to reach its objectives. This was well understood by the German supply units even before the operation, but their warnings were ignored. [155] The entire German plan assumed that within six to eight weeks they would have attained full strategic freedom due to a complete collapse of the Red Army. [128] :97–98 Only then could they have diverted necessary logistic support to fuelling the few mobile units needed to occupy the defeated state. German infantry and tanks stormed 300 mi (480 km) ahead in the first week, but their supply lines struggled to keep up. Soviet railroads could at first not be fully used due to a difference in track gauges (Germany used standard gauges while Russia used five-foot Russian gauge ), and dismantled railroad facilities in border areas. [156] In addition, road systems that looked impressive on the map, were in reality under-developed. [157] Lack of supplies significantly slowed down the formerly highly effective German tactic of blitzkrieg . Weather Edit A paper published by the U.S. Army 's Combat Studies Institute in 1981 concluded that Hitler's plans miscarried before the onset of severe winter weather. He was confident of a quick victory, so he did not prepare properly for a winter war in the Soviet Union. Moreover, his eastern army suffered more than 734,000 casualties (about 23 percent of its average strength of 3,200,000 soldiers) in the first five months of the invasion, and on 27 November 1941, General Eduard Wagner , Quartermaster General of the German Army, reported "We are at the end of our resources in both personnel and material. We are about to be confronted with the dangers of deep winter." [158] Horses in mud, March 1942 The German forces were unready to deal with harsh weather and the poor road network of the USSR. In September, terrain slowed the Wehrmacht's progress. Few roads were paved. The ground in the USSR was very loose sand in summer, sticky muck in autumn , and heavy snow in winter. German tanks had narrow tracks with little traction and poor flotation in mud. In contrast, the new generation of Soviet tanks such as the T-34 and KV had wide tracks and were far more mobile in these conditions. The 600,000 large western European horses the Germans used for supply and artillery movement did not cope well with this weather. The smaller horses the Red Army used were much better adapted to the climate and could even scrape the icy ground with their hooves to dig up the weeds beneath. German troops were mostly unprepared for the harsh weather changes in the rainy autumn and early winter of 1941. Equipment had been prepared for such winter conditions, but the severely overstrained transport network could not move it to the front. Consequently, the troops lacked adequate cold-weather gear, and some soldiers had to pack newspapers into their jackets as temperatures dropped to below −40 °C . While at least some cold weather uniforms were available, they rarely reached the Eastern Front because Hitler ordered that supply lines give more priority to shipments of ammunition and fuel. To operate furnaces and heaters, the Germans also burned precious fuel that was in short supply. Soviet soldiers, in contrast, often had warm, quilted uniforms, felt-lined boots, and fur hats. German weapons malfunctioned in the cold. Lubricating oils were unsuitable for these temperatures, leading to engine malfunction and misfires. To load shells into a tank's main gun, frozen grease had to be chipped off with a knife. Soviet units faced less severe problems due to their experience with cold weather. Aircraft had insulating blankets to keep their engines warm while parked. Lighter-weight oil was used. German tanks and armored vehicles could not move due to a lack of antifreeze , causing fuel to solidify. The cold was so intense that fires had to be lit under vehicles' engines before they could be started. Because few Russian roads were paved, most of the main roads turned to mud when the rains and snow came in late October and early November. These quagmires combined with longer supply lines to cause the German advance to stall within sight of the spires of Moscow. The Soviet counteroffensive of December 1941 was led primarily by Siberian troops, who had trained for harsh winter combat. They arrived from the east with numerous T-34 tanks, which had been held in reserve. These Siberian troops advanced up to 100 mi (160 km) in some sectors, proving that mobile warfare was still possible during the Russian winter. When the severe winter began, Hitler feared a repetition of Napoleon's disastrous retreat from Moscow. He ordered the German forces to hold their ground defiantly in the face of Soviet counterattacks. This became known as the "stand or die" order. Some historians have argued that this order prevented the Germans from being routed; others contend that this order restricted Germany's ability to conduct mobile defensive warfare and led to heavy casualties due to battle and the cold. Whatever the case, the Germans were driven back a short distance but ultimately, their defensive positions stabilized; this served to convince Hitler further that he could ignore the advice of his generals, something that proved disastrous for the Wehrmacht. Aftermath File:Na-zapad.jpg With the failure of the Battle of Moscow , all German plans of a quick defeat of the Soviet Union had to be revised. The Soviet counteroffensives in the winter of 1941 caused heavy casualties on both sides, but ultimately eliminated the German threat to Moscow. Nevertheless, despite this setback, the Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the loss of large parts of its army, allowing the Germans to mount another large-scale offensive in the summer of 1942, called Case Blue , now directed towards the oil fields of Baku. This offensive failed just as Barbarossa had: the Germans again conquered vast amounts of no-mans-land, but they had again failed to achieve their ultimate goals when they were defeated at Stalingrad. By then, the Soviet war economy was fully operational, so the Soviet Union was able to simply outproduce the Germans, who were not prepared for a long war of attrition. As a result, the Germans' last all-out offensive in 1943 at the battle of Kursk failed. After three years of constant warfare, the Germans were exhausted; thus the Soviets were finally able to defeat the Germans decisively in Operation Bagration during the summer of 1944. This led to a chain of Soviet victories which pushed the Germans back to Berlin in just one year, leading to the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945. See also Kirchubel, Robert. (2003). Operation Barbarossa 1941 (1): Army Group South. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-697-6 . Kirchubel, Robert. (2005). Operation Barbarossa 1941 (2): Army Group North. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1-84176-857-X . Krivosheev, G. F. ed. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-280-7 . Available online in Russian. Kroener, Bernhard R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (1988). Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg Band 5: Organisation und Mobilisierung des deutschen Machtbereichs – Teilband 1: Kriegsverwaltung, Wirtschaft und personelle Ressourcen 1939 bis 1941. Stuttgart: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. ISBN 978-3-421-06232-1 . Koch, H. W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'", The Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4., pp. 891–920. Latimer, Jon. (2001) Deception in War. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5605-8 . Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B. (2006). At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Casemate. ISBN 1-932033-55-6 . Lucas,James (1979)"War on The Eastern Front: The German Soldier in Russia 1941-1945" London: Janes Publishing Company reissued Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-311-0 Macksey, Kenneth. (1999). Why the Germans Lost the Eastern Front: The Myth of German Military Superiority. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-383-8 . Maser, Werner. (1994). Der Wortbruch: Hitler, Stalin und der Zweite Weltkrieg (The breach of promise: Hitler, Stalin and World War II). Munich: Olzog. 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 3-7892-8260-X ); Munich: Heyne, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 3-453-11764-6 ). Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2006). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941. Lanham, Massachusetts: Rowman & Littelefield. (Hardcover, ISBN 0-7425-4481-8 ; paperback, ISBN 0-7425-4482-6 ). Murphy, David E. (2005). What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. New Haven, Connecticut; London: Yale University Press. 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10780-3 ); 2006 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-11981-X ). Reviewed by Robert Conquest at The American Historical Review, Vol. 111, No. 2. (2006), p. 591. Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich . (1968). "22 June 1941; Soviet Historians and the German Invasion". Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-134-X . Pechatnov, Vladimir O. (2010). "The Soviet Union and the world, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad , eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume I: Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–111. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4 . Pleshakov, Constantine. (2005). 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A member of the horseradish family, wasabi is made from which part of the wasabi plant? Roots, Leaves, or Stems?	Military History Online - Operation Barbarossa Barbarossa by Bevin Alexander The purpose of military strategy is to diminish the possibility of resistance. It should be the aim of every leader to discover the weaknesses of the enemy, and to pierce his Achilles' Heel. This is how battles and wars are best won. This advice goes back at least to Sun Tzu in the fifth century B.C., but it is extraordinarily difficult for human beings to follow. The attack against the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, is the most powerful example in the twentieth century of how a leader and a nation -- in this case Adolf Hitler and Germany -- can ignore clear, eternal rules of successful warfare, and pursue a course that leads straight to destruction. Attacking Russia head-on was wrong to begin with, because it guaranteed the greatest resistance, not the least. A direct attack also forces an enemy back on his reserves and supplies, while it constantly lengthens the supply and reinforcement lines of the attacker. The better strategy is to separate the enemy from his supplies and reserves. That is why an attack on the flank is more likely to be successful. Nevertheless Hitler could still have won if he had struck at the Soviet Union's weakness, instead of its strength. His most disastrous error was to go into the Soviet Union as a conqueror instead of a liberator. The Soviet people had suffered enormously at the hands of the Communist autocracy for two decades. Millions had died when the Reds forced people off their land to create collective farms. Millions more were obliged to move great distances to work long hours, under terrible conditions, and little compensation in factories and construction projects. The secret police punished any resistance with death or transportation to horrible prison gulags in Siberia. In the gruesome purges of the 1930s, Joseph Stalin had systematically killed all leaders and all military officers who, in his paranoid mind, posed the slightest threat to his dictatorship. Life for the ordinary Russian was drab, full of exhausting work, and dangerous. At the same time, the Soviet Union was an empire ruling over a collection of subjugated peoples who were violently opposed to rule from the Kremlin. Vast numbers of these people would have risen in rebellion if Hitler's legions had entered with the promise of freedom and elimination of Soviet oppression. Had Hitler done this, the Soviet Union would have collapsed. With such a policy, Hitler would not have gained the Lebensraum , or living space for the German people, that he coveted, but once the Soviet Union had been shattered, he could have put into effect anything he wanted to in the pieces that remained. Hitler, however, followed precisely the opposite course of action. His "commissar order" called for the instant shooting down of Communist party agents in the army. He sent Einsatzgruppen or extermination detachments to come behind the army and rout out and murder Jews. He resolved to deport or allow millions of Slavs to starve in order to empty the land for future German settlers. Two days before the Germans struck, Alfred Rosenberg, Hitler's commissioner for the regions to be conquered, told his closest collaborators: "The job of feeding the German people stands at the top of the list of Germany's claims in the east....We see absolutely no reason for any obligation on our part to feed also the Russian people." The genuine welcome that German soldiers received as they entered Soviet towns and villages in the first days of the campaign was quickly replaced by fear, hatred, and a bitter guerrilla war behind the lines that slowed supplies to the front, killed thousands of Germans, and increasingly hobbled the German army. * * * * * * * * * * Hitler's actual military plans also were so false strategically that they could only succeed if the Red Army collapsed from internal stress. That, in fact, is what Hitler counted on. He did not expect to win by a superior method or concept, but by relying on the Russian army to disintegrate after a series of initial battles. Great generals don't win wars in this fashion. They don't depend upon their enemies to make mistakes or give up. A great general relies upon his own ideas, initiative, skill, and maneuvers to put the enemy in a position where he must do the general's bidding. Hitler's greatest strategic mistake was his refusal to concentrate on a single, decisive goal. Instead he sought to gain---all at the same time---three widely distant objectives: Leningrad, which he sought to smash because it was the birthplace of Russian Communism; the Ukraine and the Caucausus beyond, which he wanted for its abundant foodstuffs, 60 percent of Soviet industry, and the bulk of the Soviet Union's oil; and Moscow, which he desired because it was the capital of the Soviet Union and its nerve center. Hitler wanted all of them. Indeed, he expected to reach the line Archangel-Caspian Sea in 1941. That is 300 miles east of Moscow, and only about 450 miles from the Ural mountains. But Germany did not have the strength to achieve all of these goals in a single year's campaign. At best, it had the strength to achieve one. Hitler scorned such a limitation, and ordered Army Group North to go for Leningrad, Army Group Center for Moscow, and Army Group South for the Ukraine. These objectives spread over the entire western face of the Soviet Union could not possibly be coordinated. Each army group would be required to conduct a separate campaign. And, because resources were to be divided in three directions, no single effort would have the strength to achieve a war-winning decision on its own. The task Hitler set for Germany was almost inconceivable. He hoped to seize a million square miles of the Soviet Union in 1941, a region the size of the United States east of the Mississippi. The campaign in the west, on the other hand, had been fought out in an area of 50,000 square miles, roughly the size of North Carolina or New York State. Therefore, the ratio of men to space was twenty times greater in the east than it had been in the west. Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch, commander of the army, and General Franz Halder, chief of staff, wanted the primary objective to be Moscow, and wanted forces concentrated overwhelmingly in the center. They rightly contended that conquest of Leningrad, the Ukraine, and the Caucasus depended on defeating the Red Army. And an essential part of this army would be met on the road to Moscow. Moscow was the hub of railroads, mecca of world Communism, headquarters of a highly centralized government, and a great industrial center employing more than a million workers. Moreover, an attack into the center of the Soviet Union would turn the nation's vastness---generally thought of as its greatest asset---into a liability. Once the Germans possessed Moscow's communications node, Red Army forces on either side could not coordinate their efforts. The Germans in the central position between the two could have been defeated each separately. The German army and economy could support a drive on Moscow. Though 560 miles east of the German frontier, it was connected to the west by a paved highway and railroads. This would have still been a direct, frontal assault against the strength of the Red Army, but the ratio of force to space was so low in Russia that German mechanized forces could always find openings for indirect advance into the Soviet rear. At the same time the widely spaced cities at which roads and railways converged offered the Germans alternative targets. While threatening one city north and another city south, they could actually strike at a third beyond. But the Russians, not knowing which objective the Germans had chosen, would have to defend all three. Hitler understood that he could not defeat the entire Red Army all at once. But he hoped to solve the problem by committing two of his four panzer groups under Heinz Guderian and Hermann Hoth to Army Group Center, commanded by Fedor von Bock, with the aim of destroying Red Army forces in front of Moscow in a series of giant encirclements—Kesselschlachten or caldron battles. The Russians, to his thinking, could be eliminated in place. Army Group Center was to attack just north of the Pripet Marshes, a huge swampy region 220 miles wide and 120 miles deep beginning some 170 miles east of Warsaw that effectively divided the front in half. Bock's armies, led by the panzers, were to advance from East Prussia and the German-Russian frontier along the Bug river to Smolensk. Army Group North under Wilhelm von Leeb, with one panzer group under Erich Hoepner was to drive from East Prussia through the Baltic states to Leningrad. Gerd von Rundstedt's Army Group South with the last panzer group under Ewald von Kleist was to thrust south of the Pripet Marshes toward the Ukrainian capital of Kiev, 300 airline miles from the jumpoff points along and below the Bug, then drive on to the industrial Donetz river basin, 430 miles southeast of Kiev. The first great encirclement was to be in Army Group Center around Bialystok, fewer than sixty miles east of the German-Soviet boundary in Poland, the other around Minsk, 180 miles farther east. The two panzer groups then were to press on to Smolensk, 200 miles beyond Minsk, and bring about a third Kesselschlacht . After that, Hitler planned to shift the two panzer groups north to help destroy the Russians in that region and capture Leningrad. Only after Leningrad was seized, according to his directive of December 18, 1940, ordering Barbarossa, "are further offensive operations to be initiated with the objective of occupying the important center of communications and of armaments manufacture, Moscow." However, Hitler showed his intention of gaining all three objectives by directing that, when the caldron battles were completed (and Leningrad presumably taken), pursuit was to proceed not only toward Moscow, but also into the Ukraine to seize the Donetz basin. In summary, Hitler's original directive required massive strikes deep into the Soviet Union in three directions by three army groups, followed by a shift of half the army's armor 400 miles north to capture Leningrad, then a return of this armor south to press on Moscow, while Army Group South continued to drive to the far reaches of the Ukraine, over 700 miles from the German-Soviet frontier. This was an impossible burden for the German army. In the event, Hitler made it worse because he seized an opportunistic chance to destroy a number of armies in the Ukraine around Kiev, and abandoned his original strategy. Once the Kesselschlachten were completed in Army Group Center, he sent only one panzer group north toward Leningrad, and ordered the other south to help create the enemy pocket east of Kiev. Army Group North did not have enough strength to seize Leningrad. And, by the time the diverted panzers got back on the road to Moscow, the rainy season had set in, and after that the Russian winter. As a consequence the strike for Moscow failed as well. With insufficient armor remaining in the south, the effort to seize all of the Ukraine and open a path to the oil of the Caucasus also collapsed. Therefore, Hitler, by trying for too much, and then altering his priorities by sending a panzer group from the center into the Ukraine, failed everywhere . These failures meant that Germany had lost the war. By December 1941, there was no hope of anything better than a negotiated peace. And this Hitler refused to consider. * * * * * * * * * * Hitler's plan rested on two false assumptions. The first was that he would have time enough (even without the shift of panzers to the Ukraine) to switch armor to the north then back to the center in time to win a decisive victory before the rains and snows of autumn. Distances were simply too great, Russian roads and climate too poor, and Red Army resistance too intense for such a plan to have had any hope of success. As Guderian summarized the campaign to his wife on December 10, 1941, "the enemy, the size of the country, and the foulness of the weather were all grossly underestimated." The second great mistaken assumption was that, after destroying the Red Army in the west by means of caldron battles, Stalin would be unable to create any more armies. That is, once the Kesselschlachten were over, the Soviet Union would collapse, and the Germans could occupy the rest of the country at their leisure and without resistance. Not only did Hitler's ally, Japan, refuse to attack Siberia, thereby releasing more than a quarter of a million Soviet soldiers to rush west to fight the Germans at a crucial moment, but the Russian people rose in a giant national effort to repel the invader, and created vast new armies. The colossal miscalculation on Hitler's part---that he could gain everything in a great, all-encompassing, one-year campaign that branched off in three directions---spelled his final destruction. By trying to bite off too much, he lost everything. Brauchitsch and Halder were right. The Germans should have struck for the single, decisive objective that was achievable in 1941: Moscow. But neither Brauchitsch nor Halder was willing to confront Hitler on this point * * * * * * * * * * Stalin played directly into Hitler’s strategic plans by lining up the vast majority of his forces along the frontier, with the idea of defending most of his territory, instead of pulling them back in reserve to strike at German formations that extended themselves too far or exposed their flanks. The Germans believed they could break through the front at a number of places, race past the Russians, then swing in around them and close them into giant pockets. The Russian campaign was not to be a repetition of the swift blitzkrieg of the 1940 campaign in the west. The senior German generals favored this method because they feared to push too far into Russia before the main elements of the Red Army were beaten. Consequently, they insisted that the panzers must cooperate with the infantry by wheeling inward from either flank, in pincers movements, and closing around the rear of the enemy to complete the ring. * * * * * * * * * * In most wars, the inherent strength of the belligerents becomes more and more important once past the initial or opening campaign or phase. That is to say, if a power has been unable to achieve a decision with its original force, then long-term factors generally decide the outcome of the war. Superior power exerted over time to wear down an opponent is called attrition. This is the single greatest danger that a weaker belligerent faces. This was the situation Adolf Hitler faced when he attacked the Soviet Union. Unless he achieved a quick and overwhelming victory, the Soviet Union was likely to win because its capacity to fight a long-term war of attrition was much greater than Germany's. The Soviet Union's resources were immense compared to Germany's. Its great size forced an enormous dispersal of German military strength. Its population was twice that of Germany's. It had unlimited quantities of oil, minerals, and power. Soviet war production over time would outstrip German production. In addition, the Soviet Union could tap the resources of the rest of the world, especially the United States, because the Allies controlled the seas and could deliver goods by way of Iran. Hitler, therefore, had to gain a quick victory or be forced into a war of attrition that he could not win. Hitler refused to see these realities, and this was the ultimate cause of his destruction. * * * * * * * * * * For immediate use in the attack, Hitler assembled 107 infantry divisions, 19 panzer divisions, 18 motorized divisions, and one cavalry division, a total of three million men, with supporting troops. This represented the bulk of the total German strength of 205 divisions. The Barbarossa forces included 3,350 tanks, 7,200 artillery pieces, and 2,770 aircraft. The great weakness of the panzer divisions was the condition of the roads. In the vast Soviet Union there were only 40,000 miles of paved highways. Most routes were dirt, and turned into muddy morasses in wet weather. In a panzer division fewer than 300 vehicles were fully tracked, while nearly 3,000 were wheeled and largely restricted to roads. In the west this had been little problem, because of the abundance of all-weather roads. In Russia their relative absence meant that panzer mobility would be ended with the first mud. The Red Army was not prepared for the German onslaught, in part because of the condition of its forces, in part because too many troops were positioned right against the frontier, but also because Joseph Stalin had guessed wrong where the main German onslaught would come, and put a preponderance of his forces south of the Pripet Marshes. The Russians assembled 171 divisions in five army groups or "fronts" in three belts or echelons along the frontier. Behind the five forward fronts, separate groups of five field armies were being formed as a second strategic echelon. This Reserve Front was assembling on the line of the Dnieper and Dvina rivers, some 180 miles east and 100 miles northeast of the frontier. Before hostilities these forming reserves were virtually invisible to German intelligence. Soviet authorities had ample warning of the attack, but Stalin blindly hoped the Soviet Union could escape Hitler's wrath, at least for a time, and ignored plain evidence. On March 20, 1941, Sumner Welles, United States undersecretary of state, informed the Soviet ambassador of the attack, picked up by the American commercial attaché in Berlin. Winston Churchill alerted Stalin in a personal note delivered on April 19, 1941, based on intercepts of German messages (which he didn't reveal to Stalin). American Ambassador Laurence Steinhardt informed Molotov, Soviet foreign minister, of reports to U.S. legations in Bucharest and Stockholm the first week of June stating the invasion was coming within a fortnight. High-altitude Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft made more than 300 overflights of Soviet territory in the weeks leading up to D-Day, June 22, 1941. On June 16, the German embassy evacuated all but essential personnel. There were many more warnings. Up to the last day, the Soviet Union continued to supply Germany with raw materials, including 4,000 tons of rubber, plus manganese and other minerals shipped from the Far East over the Trans-Siberian Railway. But Stalin had actually been preparing for war. On May 6, he took over personally as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, or prime minister, replacing Molotov, who remained foreign minister. It was the first time Stalin had taken a government office. In April Stalin implemented readiness measures, including partial mobilization. He transferred forces from the Far East and Siberia to the west, sent twenty-eight rifle divisions and four armies to the border, and began assembling a fifth army near Moscow. In late May he called up 800,000 reservists to fill out divisional strengths and form cadres for 100 divisions. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was not ready. Its forces were poorly arrayed, trained, and equipped. Soviet political leadership had been paralyzed by its fixation on maintaining peace. Hope clouded reality. Few troops were concentrated where most needed. Aside from more troops being stationed below the Pripet Marshes, they were spread evenly across the front, and not many were held back for counterattack reserves. These dispositions played directly into German panzer tactics of punching a hole at a single point with overwhelming force and with additional motorized forces rushing through the gap into the rear like a raging torrent. The Soviets had about 110 infantry (or "rifle") divisions along the western frontier. In theory they were about the same size (15,000 men) as German divisions, but in June 1941 they averaged only about 8,000 men. But the greatest fault of the Red Army was its organization of armored and motorized forces. It possessed fifty tank divisions and twenty-five mechanized (motorized) divisions, far more than the Germans, but Stalin had not accepted the German doctrine of concentration of armor. The largest armored formation was a mechanized corps of one motorized and two tank divisions, and these corps were widely dispersed across the front, not massed as were German panzer formations. Furthermore, each mechanized corps's divisions were often a hundred kilometers apart. Some corps were subordinate to field armies with the job of supporting local counterattacks. Others were held in reserve to take part in counterthrusts under front (army group) control. Soviet armor, spread out in small packets, thereby repeated the error that the British and French had made in the 1940 campaign. * * * * * * * * * * As Hitler left Berlin by train for his new headquarters “Wolfsschanze ” (wolf’s lair or entrenchment) near Rastenburg in East Prussia, Luftwaffe aircraft rose from strips at 3 a.m. Sunday, June 22, 1941, and bombed and strafed Soviet airfields, catching hundreds of planes on the ground and attacking any that rose into the air. Before the day was up, the Luftwaffe had destroyed 1,200 Red aircraft. Within days they had driven most Soviet planes from the sky, and achieved air supremacy. German panzers massed at key crossing points broke across the frontier and drove deep into the interior. Everywhere they achieved almost total surprise, and were almost entirely successful, except in the south. Here the German infantry struck strong defenses west of Lvov (Lemberg) and on the Styr river. Stalin's belief that Hitler would make his main effort into Ukraine had resulted in the Southwestern Front being especially strong in armor---six mechanized corps, with a larger proportion of new T-34s than elsewhere. Mikhail Kirponos, southwest commander, mounted armor attacks on both flanks of the panzer thrusts of Kleist's Panzer Group 1. The 5th Army operating out of the swamps of the Pripet had a firm base for the assault. The 6th Army on the open steppe to the south did not. The fight was tough, but the two arms of the Russian pincers never met, and Kleist drove on to seize Lvov on June 30. Kirponos continued to strike on both sides of the German advance, but could not stop Kleist's panzers, which swept past Rovno and Ostrog through the "Zhitomir corridor" toward Kiev. In the extreme south, the 11th Army of Romanians and Germans attacked across the Pruth river into Bessarabia, winning it in a week, then moving on, with all-Romanian formations, to besiege Odessa along the Black Sea. Army Group North pushed out of East Prussia, led by Panzer Group 4 (Hoepner), and pressed through the Baltic states toward Leningrad. In Army Group Center, Guderian's Panzer Group 2 plunged across the Bug river at Brest-Litovsk, and Hoth's Panzer Group 3 drove out of East Prussia with Minsk, 215 miles northeast of Brest, as their initial objective. The Russian garrison defended the fortress at Brest, but it was hopeless because German infantry surrounded it and pounded it into submission in a week. Since the Russians were utterly surprised, Guderian's panzers got across the Bug river well enough, some of his tanks fording thirteen feet of water using waterproofing developed for the Sea Lion operation. As the panzers moved eastward and enveloped both sides of the Russian forces around Bialystok, Field Marshal Bock ordered his infantry 4th and 9th Armies to encircle these bypassed Russians (twelve divisions) east of Bialystok. The first great Kesselschlacht began to develop. By June 28, Guderian's panzers had reached Bobruysk on the Beresina river, 170 miles northeast of Brest-Litovsk, while Hoth's tanks had seized Minsk, eighty miles northwest of Bobruysk, thereby nearly closing off fifteen Russian divisions in another caldron west of Minsk in the region Volkovysk and Novogrudok. The Germans learned that they could outmaneuver the Russians with their Schnellentruppen or "fast troops," but could not outfight them. Everywhere the Russians resisted stoutly. They were slow to panic and surrender when closed into caldrons. In both Kesselschlachten the Russians took advantage of the fact that the panzers had moved on, and German infantry had to close the circles. Many escaped, though in small groups. Those who remained fought doggedly, but made only limited efforts to break out. Part of the reason was the strong rings the Germans finally threw around the surrounded troops. Another was that Soviet commanders feared they would be shot if they ordered withdrawal---something that shortly did happen. Another was that the Russians had few vehicles and little means to escape. The Russians also were more willing to surrender in the first weeks of the war because they did not know the murderous treatment they would receive in captivity. These factors explain the stupendous numbers of Russians who passed into German POW cages during the summer of 1941. It did not take the Russian people long to realize they were facing an implacable, blood-thirsty foe, however. The anti-Bolshevik indoctrination of the German army had led to a feeling of intolerance of and superiority over Russian “Untermenschen ”. Hitler's "commissar order" caused some soldiers to feel any Red, commissar or ordinary soldier, might be shot on the spot. Since the Germans could label anybody a commissar or a partisan, Russians soon stopped surrendering and often fought to the death in desperate situations. This was not true in the caldron battles around Bialystok and Minsk, and up to July 9, the Germans took 233,000 prisoners. Even so, about as many Russians escaped from the pincers as were caught within them. Meanwhile Hoth's and Guderian's panzer groups, now formed into the 4th Panzer Army under Günther von Kluge, were already rushing 200 miles beyond Minsk for the third great series of encirclements near Smolensk. Since Army Group Center's infantry divisions were still miles behind the panzers, Kluge wrapped his tanks, half-tracks, and motorized divisions around three caldrons, two smaller ones east of Mogilev and west of Nevel, a greater one between Orscha and Smolensk. After grim resistance the Germans shattered three Soviet armies, and by August 6 had taken 310,000 POWs, destroyed 3,200 tanks, and captured 3,100 guns. Nevertheless, about 200,000 Russians escaped to fall back and continue to block the road to Moscow. In the other two army groups advances had been spectacular as well. Army Group South repulsed a Soviet flank attack out of the Pripet Marshes, while Kleist's Panzer Group 1 turned southeast, and, with the help of 17th Army and the Hungarian corps, encircled two Russian groups around Uman, 120 miles south of Kiev, capturing 103,000 Russians. Army Group North occupied Latvia. Panzer Group 4 (Hoepner) pressed through Ostrov, about two-hundred miles southwest of Leningrad, while 18th Army (Küchler) penetrated into Estonia. The Finns moved down the Karelian isthmus but did not threaten Leningrad, and a German mountain corps in Lappland far to the north was deterred from seizing Murmansk by terrible weather. * * * * * * * * * * Because Stalin had made the colossal error of pushing most of his forces to the frontier, where they were largely overrun or captured in encirclements, the Germans, despite the widely diffused nature of their offensive, were within sight of victory. Indeed, both Hitler and Halder thought they had won. Instead of taking advantage of the fortuitous gains that the panzers had made, Hitler commenced a series of disastrous delays and vacillations that canceled out the victories. The success in Army Group Center had been spectacular. There were few Soviet troops still guarding the Moscow road. A stunning opportunity had materialized. Guderian's and Hoth's tanks had advanced 440 miles in six weeks, and were only 220 miles from Moscow. The dry weather was certain to continue until the autumn rains. Although tank strength had fallen to half that at the start, there was every reason to believe that the remaining armor could reach the capital and drive a dagger into the heart of the Soviet Union. The unexpected successes of the caldron battles had reinvigorated Brauchitsch and Halder in their view that everything possible should be committed to the central front and capture of Moscow. Yet at this moment Hitler turned the campaign in a completely different direction---and thereby lost the one chance that the caldron battles had given him to destroy the Soviet Union. Ignoring the virtually open road to Moscow, he issued on July 19 a directive ordering Hoth's panzer group to turn north to assist Leeb's advance on Leningrad, and Guderian's panzer group to swing south and help Rundstedt's army group seize Kiev. On July 23 Hitler postponed the drive on Moscow by any forces until the caldrons around Smolensk had been mopped up. Guderian went to a conference at army group headquarters at Novi Borisov on July 27 to be informed of the new orders. Although here he learned he'd been promoted to army commander and his group renamed Panzer Army Guderian, he was outraged by instructions to halt the advance on Moscow. Bock agreed with Guderian, but, like Brauchitsch and Halder, did not have the stomach to challenge Hitler. However, he and army headquarters (OKH) were perfectly willing to let the impetuous Guderian carry the burden, and tacitly went along with a delaying operation that Guderian set in motion to frustrate Hitler's orders. The effort hinged around seizing the town of Roslavl, seventy miles southeast of Smolensk, at the junction of roads to Moscow, Kiev, and Leningrad. Roslavl was important as a jumping-off point for Moscow. But Guderian's principal aim was to entangle his forces so deeply in this operation that orders to assist Rundstedt would be canceled and he could resume his drive on Moscow. The Russians inadvertently took part in the conspiracy. Stalin rushed reserves to Roslavl---raw units in training and militia outfits called into service, Stalin's only source of fresh troops. Hitler was taken in temporarily, postponed the diversion of Hoth and Guderian on July 30, and agreed to visit Army Group Center on August 4 to see the situation for himself. At this conference, Bock, Hoth, and Guderian told Hitler that continuing the offensive toward Moscow was vital. Hitler then demonstrated how little he could be moved by logic and military considerations. He announced that Leningrad was his primary objective, and he was inclined to select the Ukraine next for three reasons: its raw materials and food were needed, Rundstedt seemed on the verge of victory, and the Crimea had to be occupied to prevent Russian planes there bombing the Ploesti oil fields in Romania. On August 7, Jodl and Halder persuaded Hitler to renew the advance on Moscow. Three days later resistance at Leningrad caused him to change his mind and once more order Hoth's tanks to help Leeb. Everything came to a head on August 22, when Guderian got an alert to move his group south to help destroy Russian armies around Kiev. He was fuming the next day when he attended a commanders' conference at army group headquarters with Halder. The army chief of staff announced that Hitler's new "unalterable resolve" was that neither the Leningrad nor Moscow operations would be carried out. The immediate objective was to be capture of the Ukraine and Crimea. Everyone present knew this meant there would be a winter campaign, for which the German army was not prepared, and the conflict would turn into a war of attrition. The only concession Guderian subsequently wrung from Hitler was that his panzer group would return to the Moscow front as soon as the battle for Kiev was won. * * * * * * * * * * Hitler's irresolution had consumed a month of dry summer when his panzers could have rolled to Moscow. It was August 25 when Guderian finally turned south on the new mission that was to take another month to finish. By the time he could get back on the Moscow road the autumn rainy season would arrive, a period of mud called rasputiza (literally time without roads), which would slow or stop vehicles and thus the advance. And after that would come the Russian winter. The disputes in July and August about strategy demonstrated that Adolf Hitler did not possess a fundamental prerequisite of great commanders. Successful generals from Alexander the Great on have thought out their ultimate objectives in advance, and adhered doggedly to them in the stress and chaos of battle, ignoring peripheral targets, however attractive, and passing up partial victories in order to achieve total success at the end. Hitler, it turned out, could conceive of no great strategic plan. And once embroiled in a campaign, he was ready to toss aside even the general aims he started with to gain temporary or opportunistic goals that materialized, but could not win the war. He had shown this erratic irresolution or fickleness in a negative way in the 1940 campaign, wanting to halt the panzers out of fear just as they were about to break out into undefended space and win a spectacular victory, and actually stopping the tanks before Dunkirk. The attack on Kiev is one of the greatest examples in history of how a leader can be seduced by the vision of short-term gains into abandoning a course of action that would have given him victory. Kiev is remarkable in another sense because Hitler, some of his generals, and not a few historians in later years were so blinded by the magnitude of the German success they forgot that at Kiev Germany surrendered its last chance to win the war. Kiev did offer a tempting target. Army Group South had advanced to the Dnieper river, but had not taken Kiev. It had, however, driven into the southern Ukraine, and before the end of August had seized Dnepropetrovsk on the bend of the Dnieper river, 250 miles southeast of Kiev. Stalin had ordered the defense of the Dnieper line at all costs, and Soviet headquarters sent three additional armies to reinforce the Southwestern Front under General Mikhail Kirponos and Marshal Seymon Budenny. The situation was now set for a giant envelopment. Kleist's Panzer Group 1 at the Dnieper bend, and Guderian's Panzer Army at Starodub were both far to the east of Kiev. If Kleist could drive north and Guderian south, they could close off the entire region around Kiev. This was the opportunity that Hitler saw, and the prospect is what finally drew him away from the attack on Moscow. The campaign got under way on August 25. While 2d Army pressed south from Gomel, Guderian's panzers struck from Starodub, seventy-five miles to the east, and seized a bridge over the Desna river, sixty miles south, before the Russians could destroy it. Heavy Soviet resistance forced Guderian to commit his last reserves and required a week of bitter fighting to break out of the Desna bridgehead and continue south. Meanwhile Kleist's Panzer Group 1 moved from Dnepropetrovsk to the more westerly crossing of the Dnieper at Kremenchug, and launched his arm of the pincers on September 12. By this time, the Soviets were beginning to realize their danger, but could do little to prevent Guderian's tanks crossing the Seym river and pressing on to Konotop. Budenny sent a general to Moscow to authorize retreat. But Stalin replied: "Hold at any price." He also replaced Budenny with Semen Timoshenko as southwestern commander. With that the Soviet army group was left in a hopeless position. On Sepember 14-15 the points of the German armored wedge met at Lokhvitsa, 125 miles east of Kiev. The caldron was closed. When Timoshenko arrived, he recognized the incredible danger, and on September 16 ordered withdrawal on his own, despite the example of Western Front commander Dimitri G. Pavlov, whom Stalin had shot on July 1 over the disaster at Minsk. Kirponos dared not carry out the order, however, and wasted two days in a futile effort to get permission from Stalin. By then it was too late. The Germans had formed an iron ring around the caldron, and tore the Russian armies apart as they tried to break out. Kirponos died in the fighting. By September 19, when the Germans seized the city of Kiev itself, Russian resistance had virtually ended. The Germans captured 665,000 men in the Kiev caldron, the largest single military success in history and the largest haul of prisoners ever attained in one battle. * * * * * * * * * * During the frantic first days of the campaign, Soviet officials transferred 1,500 factories and as much machinery as possible, along with workers, by rail to the Urals and western Siberia. This exhausting, chaotic undertaking resulted in enormous drops in production and terrible living conditions for workers, but ensured that ultimately Soviet industry would recover and produce weapons and war goods in great quantities. In the interim, much depended on the willingness of the west to support the Soviet Union. In the United States and Britain there was doubt that Russia could last out the summer. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first reaction to Soviet pleas for help was caution, but he quickly decided that aiding the Red Army might be worth the gamble. In mid-July FDR sent his closest confidant, Harry Hopkins, to London to discuss the matter with the British prime minister, Winston Churchill. Churchill endorsed American help to Russia, but didn't like the idea of supplies destined for Britain being diverted to the Reds. Hopkins decided to go to Moscow himself to assess the situation. In Moscow Hopkins found confidence, high morale, and "unbounded determination to win." Stalin vowed he'd fight beyond the Ural mountains even if Moscow fell. * * * * * * * * * * At the moment the United States was as preoccupied with Japan as it was Hitler's advances into the Soviet Union. On July 2, at a secret imperial conference in Tokyo, Japanese leaders decided not to join the war against Russia, unless the Red Army collapsed. Instead they elected to continue their drive south to seize most or all of southeast Asia, overrunning the colonies there of the Netherlands, France, and Britain. Shortly after France's defeat in 1940, the Japanese demanded and got permission to occupy northern French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia). The Kremlin knew the results of the July 2 conference from its spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge. But Stalin took no chances. Though he desperately needed the thirty divisions, many tanks, and 2,800 warplanes he had in the Far East, he kept most in place, and actually strengthened defenses around Manchuria, where the Japanese army was massed. This sealed Japan's decision to move south, and on July 14 the government demanded of the Vichy French agreement to occupy eight air bases in southern Indochina and to use France's naval base at Camranh bay. The French quickly capitulated. FDR and Cordell Hull, secretary of state, didn't know of the imperial conference, but were aware of much that was going on in Tokyo. American army and navy cryptanalysts by August 1940 had discovered the secrets of the Japanese encoding machine known as "Purple" which diplomats used in radio messages to and from Tokyo. American intercepts of these messages in the decoding program named "Magic" picked up indications of Japanese intentions in southeast Asia. This galvanized Roosevelt to freeze Japanese assets on July 25, 1941, instantly ending all trade with Japan. Britain, its dominions, and the Dutch East Indies followed quickly. Roosevelt and Churchill hoped this action would slow the Japanese drive toward war. But it actually accelerated it. Without oil imports from the United States or the East Indies, Japan's military operations would collapse within months. The army and navy started preparing for armed confrontation. * * * * * * * * * * Hopkins told FDR all-out aid to Russia was a good bet. At the worst it would delay Hitler long enough for the United States to prepare for war. He recommended the Soviets be declared eligible for aid. Roosevelt promised Stalin strong aid after three months. Meantime Russia had to make it on its own. FDR's decision was influenced by the fear that Stalin might conclude a peace with Hitler, something hardly less bad than a German victory. Shortly thereafter, Britain and the Soviet Union occupied Iran, and ensured an all-weather, unopposed supply line to Russia. * * * * * * * * * * When Guderian's panzer group had moved south to assist in the Kiev Kesselschlacht , Hitler had sent Hermann Hoth's panzer group to join Army Group North's efforts to seize Leningrad. But the Finns refused to press down from the north beyond their old prewar boundary. Half a million of the city's three million people had helped to build fortifications around the city---620 miles of earthworks, 400 miles of antitank ditches, thousands of concrete pillboxes. German panzers were able to seal off the southeastern approaches to the city, the only land bridge to the rest of Russia. This put the city under siege, but left open a water route east of the city across Lake Ladoga. The situation for the people was grim, but there was no thought of surrender. And in mid-September Georgy K. Zhukov, dismissed as chief of staff because he had advised Stalin to abandon Kiev, arrived with orders to hold the city. Zhukov brought up every gun and mortar available to blast the Germans, and prevent penetration of the city's defense line. Leeb’s attacks failed. The Leningrad front slowly subsided into a gruesome siege that lasted until the spring of 1944, killed or starved millions, but had no major effect on the war. Meanwhile, far to the south, Rundstedt's army group overran the Donetz basin and, on November 21, seized Rostov on the Don, at the entrance to the Caucasus. But without Guderian's tanks, he could not drive on the oil fields. The Russians soon pushed his exhausted troops out of the city. Rundstedt wanted to pull back to a good defensive line along the Mius river, about forty miles west of Rostov, but Hitler forbade the withdrawal. Rundstedt persisted in his demands for freedom. When Hitler refused, he asked to be relieved of command. Hitler agreed, but told Rundstedt in future he would not consider any request by generals for retirement. Meanwhile, Erich von Manstein, who had been given command of 11th Army with orders to seize the Crimea, reached the neck of the peninsula on September 29, and by November 18 had driven most of the surviving Russians into Sebastopol. Attacks against the fortress failed, and Manstein finally called off the effort on December 30, 1941. Meanwhile, Russians landed on the Kerch peninsula in the eastern part of the island on December 26 and tried to reconquer the Crimea. With great difficulty Manstein sealed off the peninsula, but anticipated that the Red Army would make another attempt in the spring of 1942. * * * * * * * * * * With the conclusion of the Kiev encirclement, Hitler at last was ready to attack Moscow. He ordered it, code-named Operation Typhoon, to commence on September 30. The principal aim was the destruction of Soviet forces blocking the road to the Soviet capital. He transferred back Hoth's and Guderian's panzer groups, and sent along all but one corps of Hoepner's group from Army Group North. In theory Army Group Center's commander, Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, had a formidable force in the panzer formations, plus 4th Army (Kluge), and 9th Army (Strauss), a maneuver mass of seventy divisions. But the German army as a whole had lost half a million men since June 22. Almost no units were at full strength. Many of the 600,000 horses the Germans had brought into Russia to carry supplies were dead, and there were no replacements. Ammunition had to be left on the sides of the roads. The simplest necessities disappeared---razor blades, soap, toothpaste, shoe-repair kits, needle and thread. The sick could not be left in the rear, because the forests behind were infested with partisan guerrillas. Rain began in September with cold northeast winds. Shelter everywhere was inadequate or nonexistent. Boots were falling apart, clothing turning into rags. The infantry divisions were 2,000 to 4,000 men below strength. The three panzer groups (thirteen panzer and seven motorized divisions) possessed only about a thousand tanks altogether. Still they were superior to the 480 tanks (only forty-five new T-34s and KV-1s) that Ivan S. Konev's West Front had to oppose them. The Russians had had two months to build field fortifications across the approaches to Moscow, and about 800,000 men were facing them. But they were mostly raw replacements with little training and poor leadership. German panzers broke the Russian front in five places. Guderian drove northeast from Sostka to Orel, eighty miles south of Moscow. His advance was so rapid that the electric streetcars were still running in the city, and evacuations of factories were under way as his tanks rolled in. Workers had to abandon machinery and tools on the streets. Guderian then turned west on Bryansk. With the help of 2d Army to the west and Hoepner's Panzer Group 4 to the north, he trapped thousands of Russians south and west of Bryansk. Meanwhile 4th and 9th Armies and Hoth's Panzer Group 3 formed another caldron west of Vyazma (only 135 miles from Moscow). The battles were turbulent. Frequently German troops were cut off and had to fight their way free. Russian aircraft bombed frequently, but flew so high their aim was inaccurate. Counter strokes by T-34 and KV-1 tanks led to critical battle situations. Guderian commented on a collision of 4th Panzer Division northeast of Orel on October 11: "Numerous Russian T-34s went into action and inflicted heavy losses on the German tanks. Up to this time we had enjoyed tank superiority, but from now on the situation was reversed." German tankers found that the short-barreled 75mm gun on their Mark IV could knock out a T-34 only if it could hit the grating above the engine in the rear, a shot rarely possible. The 480-mile-wide battlefield was covered with fallen soldiers, dead horses, shot-up tanks, and the first American jeeps. Stalin had rushed many militiamen with virtually no training into ranks, and large numbers of them gave up without a fight. Once more, linear Russian dispositions had allowed the Germans to break through at selected points, and surround great bodies of troops. On October 13, resistance in the Vyazma caldron ceased. A week later the last Russians surrendered in the Bryansk pocket. The Germans counted 650,000 prisoners altogether, almost as many as were taken in the Kiev caldron. There were now very few Soviet soldiers between the Germans and Moscow. The entire Soviet army in European Russia was down to 800,000 men and 770 tanks. But the situation had changed radically since August. The first snow fell on October 7. It melted quickly, but was followed by heavy rains. "The roads rapidly became nothing but canals of bottomless mud," Guderian wrote, "along which our vehicles could only advance at a snail's pace and with great wear to the engines." In the crisis, Stalin brought Georgy Zhukov back from Leningrad on October 10 to direct the defense of Moscow. Panic was setting in among the people. Rumors of advancing Germans spread widely. People began to fly from the city. Zhukov stilled the panic by mobilizing every person he could find to build antitank ditches outside the city. A quarter of a million people, three-fourths of them women, did the work by hand with shovels, spades, and buckets. Using whatever troops he could find, Zhukov manned the Mozhaisk line, the Russians' last defensive position, running from the "Sea of Moscow," a reservoir on the Volga river seventy miles north of the city, in a semicircle around to the Oka river, fifty-five miles south of Moscow. Stalin ordered the Soviet government along with all top officials, the diplomatic corps, and many specialists to evacuate 420 miles east to Kuybyshev, north of the Caspian Sea. But Stalin did not leave and did not lose his nerve. He lived in a small villa far outside the Kremlin, and worked mostly in the nearby subway station Kirovskaya, where the Soviet high command (Stavka) also operated. On October 5 he received a radio message from his spy Richard Sorge in Tokyo that the Japanese would go to war with the United States in the next few months. This meant that the huge army he was maintaining in the Far East to deter Japan no longer was needed, and he ordered twelve divisions with 1,700 tanks and 1,500 aircraft (altogether 250,000 men) in eastern Siberia and Outer Mongolia to come to the defense of Moscow. Until their appearance weeks would go by. Whether the Soviets would get that much leeway depended principally upon the weather. Rasputiza or the period of mud reached its high point. Vehicles sank to the hubcaps in the morass. The entire German supply system was hobbled. But on November 2, 1941, the weather began to improve. A light frost permitted the troops to become mobile. Artillery pieces were dragged out of the mud. Trucks could roll once more. Train lines reopened. Bock insisted on a final great exertion to reach Moscow. The objectives remained a double-sided encirclement of Moscow. In the center 4th Army (Kluge) was to hold the enemy by a frontal attack. On the north Panzer Groups 3 and 4 were to fight to the Moscow-Volga canal running up to the Sea of Moscow. On the south Guderian was to advance past Tula to Kolomna, on the Oka river about sixty miles southeast of Moscow. This final offensive went down in the annals of the German army as the “die Flucht nach vorn ” or "the flight to the front"---the desperate attempt of the troops to get into the shelters of Moscow before the onset of winter. The attempt began on November 15 in clear frosty weather. The panzer units of the northern wing gained a bridgehead across the canal at Dimitrov, and one division came within eighteen miles of Moscow at Krasnaya Polyana. Guderian went around toughly defended Tula and approached Kashira, only thirty-two miles from Kolomna. Perhaps members of a most-forward German patrol saw the towers of the Kremlin, as legend has it, perhaps not. In any case a glimpse is all they got. The German offensive stopped. The reasons were the onset of cruel winter, and the decision of Zhukov to move to the offensive, when a part of the reinforcements from the Far East arrived. Temperatures sank to minus 20 degrees Celsius, then fell farther. The German army was not able to cope with such cold. The army lacked winter clothing (fur caps, parkas, felt boots, snow hoods). The number of frostbite cases rose to 228,000. Tanks, machine weapons, and radios failed. Boilers of locomotives burst. An attempt by 4th Army to renew its attack broke down. Over the next fourteen days the offensive north and south also collapsed. Between the weather and Soviet spoiling attacks, only local advances occurred. T-34 tanks struck Guderian's right flank east of Tula, catching the 112th Infantry Division with no weapons that could stop them, and sending most of the division in panicked retreat. Stalemate was setting in. Bock doubted the value of pushing on, and asked OKH on December 1 to suspend the operation. But Brauchitsch, desperately fearful of Hitler's anger, insisted the attacks must continue. The soldiers at the front pressed a few miles forward. But at that moment, December 5, Zhukov launched a counteroffensive. He threw in not only the reinforcements from the Far East, but three new armies that had been forming deep in the Russian hinterland east of the Volga. Some of the new divisions were equipped with Katyusha rocket launchers ("Stalin organs"), a terrifying, but inaccurate, new battlefield weapon that could throw sixteen fin-stabilized 132mm rockets from rails on the back of a truck. For the first time also strong Soviet fighters appeared in the skies. The counter blow hit the worn-out German divisions at the moment of their greatest weakness. Guderian, attacked by what he called "Siberians," had to give up the positions he had won around Tula. On December 6 a Soviet penetration of four armies spread in the direction of Klin, forcing the Germans back from their closest approach to the capital. South of Moscow, other Soviet forces threatened to cut off Guderian's advanced forces around Kashira, and he withdrew to the line of the upper Don river, sixty miles to the south. Russian forces were too weak to encircle the German units before they escaped, but the initiative had been wrested from the Germans. The Germans doggedly held on, however, and stopped the Red Army attacks on both sides of Moscow. In the midst of this crisis, Japan attacked the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on Sunday, December 7, 1941. Four days later, Hitler declared war on the United States, dragging Mussolini along with him. It was another of Hitler's foolish decisions, because it would have been difficult for President Roosevelt to get Congress unilaterally to declare war on Germany. German senior officers paid little notice to their new foe, because they were frantically trying to stave off Russian attacks. Halder did not even note in his diary on December 11 that Germany had declared war. Brauchitsch proposed that the army move back to a shortened "winter line" east of Yukhnov-Rzhev, a withdrawal of about a hundred miles. Hitler refused. He accepted the resignation of Brauchitsch. Though ostensibly based on a heart attack Brauchitsch had suffered, it actually resulted from his and Hitler's long-disturbed relationship. Hitler made himself commander in chief of the army, and ordered "fanatical resistance." He authorized withdrawals only with his personal approval. Nevertheless, despite his orders, German forces fell back in numerous places to avoid being surrounded and destroyed. Barbarossa had failed. Hitler never saw that he made any mistake. He blamed the defeat on the "unexpectedly early onset of severe winter." Losses rose to 775,000 dead, wounded, and missing---almost one-fourth of the entire strength of the field armies. A leadership crisis followed. Hitler had relieved Rundstedt because he wanted to withdraw to the Mius river. He now removed both other army group commanders, Bock, ostensibly for sickness, Leeb because Hitler rejected his proposal to withdraw from exposed positions around Leningrad. Three army commanders, Maximilian von Weichs (2d), Adolf Strauss (9th), and Karl Heinrich von Stülpnagel (17th), also departed, along with thirty other general officers, including Hoepner, whom Hitler expelled from the army for an unauthorized retreat. Most significantly, he ousted Guderian. Hitler had refused to listen to an attempt by Guderian on December 20 to explain the desperate situation at the front. So the best panzer leader in the German army went into the army officers reserve pool. By January 1, 1942, Soviet forces had retaken Kalinin, a hundred miles northwest of Moscow, and Kaluga, a hundred miles southwest, and were besieging German strongholds that had been bypassed and surrounded. The threat to Moscow had ended. At this point Hitler issued an order for all troops to stand fast. On January 7, Stalin launched a counteroffensive along the whole front, something the Red Army was too weak to accomplish. The Russians failed to eliminate the surrounded Germans, and made only limited advances elsewhere. The German army survived the winter of 1941-42 because Stalin attempted too much. But Hitler thought the reason was his stand-fast order. For the rest of the war this encouraged him in his mad insistence to defend every inch of ground. It was a pity for Germany that Adolf Hitler never heeded the advice of the Swiss military analyst Antoine-Henri Jomini, commenting on Napoleon's 1812 invasion: "Russia is a country which is easy to get into, but very difficult to get out of." - - - Copyright © 2006 Bevin Alexander Written by Bevin Alexander. If you have questions or comments on this article, please contact Bevin Alexander at: [email protected] . Also, please visit Bevin Alexander's website at: http://bevinalexander.com/ . About the Author: Bevin Alexander is the author of nine books on military history. He commanded the 5th Historical Detachment in the Korean War, 1951-52, and received three battle stars for service at the front. He holds a bachelor's degree with honors in history from The Citadel, and a master's degree with distinction from Northwestern University. He is an adjunct professor of history at Longwood University, Farmville, Virginia.	i don't know
According to legend, Cleopatra committed suicide by holding what to her breast?	Queen Cleopatra VII - Last Pharaoh of Egypt From Plutarch's Life of Mark Antony She may not have been an Egyptian, but she was Egypt's queen, ruling on her own rather than in the name of her husband. Her relationships with the leaders of Rome led to scandals. Her death continues to inspire playwrights, movie producers, and romantics. She was . . . Cleopatra. Cleopatra came to power in Egypt at the age of 17. She reigned from 51-30 B.C. As a Ptolemy, Cleopatra was Macedonian, but even though her ancestry was Macedonian, she was still an Egyptian queen and worshipped as a god. continue reading below our video Profile of Cleopatra Egyptian Women Since Cleopatra was legally obliged to have either a brother or son for her consort, she married brother Ptolemy XIII when he was 12. "However she soon dropped his name from any official documents regardless of the Ptolemaic insistence that the male presence be first among co-rulers. She also had her own portrait and name on coins of that time, ignoring her brother's." How did Queen Cleopatra get away with such high-handed actions? Perhaps because Egyptian women were uniquely accepted as capable of holding office and handling affairs. "Despite the many rights of women, Egypt was not an egalitarian society. There were many class-based distinctions. Women did not inherit equally with men and fewer were literate. Rather than legal restrictions, custom dictated that middle and upper class women usually engage in child-rearing and home-based activities." (http://www.library.nwu.edu/class/history/B94/B94women.html) Excursus III: The Status of Women in Ancient Egyptian Society) Cleopatra Rolled in a Carpet To rid herself of brother-spouse Ptolemy XIII, who had sent her into exile, Cleopatra needed Roman support. After she supposedly enticed Caesar with the infamous gift of herself rolled up in a carpet, Ptolemy was killed. In 47 B.C., Cleopatra dutifully married the next Ptolemy brother in line, Ptolemy XIV, an 11-year old, and then went on a cruise with her lover, Caesar. "Cleopatra's union with Julius Caesar ... would have placed Egypt firmly back on the map as a world power after a period of increasing weakness, with Caesar and Cleopatra reigning as joint rulers of the classical world. With this in mind she promptly produced the necessary son and heir to launch the dynasty. Republicans in Rome thwarted this by assassinating Caesar on the steps of the Senate before he was offered a Throne. Octavian later had their son Caesarion strangled following Cleopatra's defeat and ritual suicide." Rediscovering Cleopatra, by Stuart MacWatt Also see Pharaoh , by Karen Essex -- the second part of an historical fiction biography of Cleopatra -- which brings to life the meeting between Caesar and Cleopatra and shows how and why Cleopatra managed to present herself to the Roman leader in this manner. Caesarion An outcome of the affair between Caesar and Cleopatra was a son, the soon-to-be-murdered Caesarion, whom Cleopatra set up as her co-regent (remember the rule about women ruling as pharaohs with a male) after the murder of her second brother. Mark Antony In the wake of Caesar's March 15, 44 B.C. assassination and the Civil War, Mark Antony arranged to meet Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. He fell in love with her, but married a Roman, Octavia, sister of Caesar's heir, Octavian, later known as Augustus. It was with Cleopatra, however, that Antony lived. Octavin led the Romans to believe that Mark Antony was in the process of handing over what should be theirs to the Egyptian queen. Between this potential international threat, competition over the legacy of Julius Caesar (that Octavian was heir to the estate of Julius Caesar didn't necessarily put him in charge of the Roman Empire), and the familial insult to Octavian's sister, tensions mounted in Rome. Ultimately Mark Antony divorced his Roman wife when Octavian declared war on him (and Cleopatra). Rule of Egypt Passes to Rome In the end, defeated, Antony committed suicide and Cleopatra committed suicide, according to legend, by putting an asp to her breast. The Macedonian/Greek Ptolemies had ruled Egypt from the time of the death of Alexander, in 323 B.C. After two centuries power shifted. During the reigns of the later Ptolemies Rome had become hungry guardian of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Only tribute paid to the Romans kept them from taking over. With Cleopatra's death, rule of Egypt finally passed to the Romans. Although her son may have held nominal power for a few days beyond Cleopatra's suicide, she was the last, effectively ruling pharaoh.	Asp
Hernando de Soto was the first European documented to have crossed what U.S. river?	Cleopatra (CivRev) \| Civilization Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Cleopatra is the leader of the Egyptians in Civilization Revolution . Strategy Edit In the game Cleopatra is a fairly peaceful ruler. She tends to create many cities , however, which makes it difficult to remove her from the game. The Egyptian capital of Thebes starts with a Great Wonder , so fully expect Thebes to be the world's greatest city towards the beginning of the game. Civilopedia Entry Edit Cleopatra VII (69 - 30 BC) was the last Pharaoh of Egypt. She is undoubtedly one of the great romantic figures in world history. Remarkably, the facts of her life do live up to the legend. A descendant of Ptolemy, the Greek general who claimed the throne of Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great, Cleopatra served as co-ruler of Egypt first with her father and later with her two husbands (who were also her brothers, as was the custom among the Egyptian pharaohs). In approximately 51 BC she sought to seize sole power from her second husband, but was forced to flee Egypt when the attempt was thwarted. Shortly thereafter the Roman general Julius Caesar seized the Egyptian capital, using the power-struggle between the two pharaohs as an excuse for his actions. According to legend, Cleopatra had herself smuggled into the palace wrapped in a Persian carpet which was presented to Caesar as a gift. When the carpet was unrolled Cleopatra tumbled out, and she pled her case to the bemused general. Apparently her pleading was effective: Caesar backed her claim to the throne and the two became lovers, Cleopatra giving Caesar a child some nine months after their first meeting. In 44 BC Caesar was assassinated and Rome was ruled by a "triumvir" of three men. Cleopatra allied herself with Mark Anthony, one of the triumvirs and a close friend of the late Caesar. The two also became lovers and had several children together. In 37 BC Anthony married Cleopatra, abandoning his Roman wife. This act was considered an outrageous insult to his wife, and Octavian, another of the triumvirs, convinced the Senate to go to war against Anthony and Egypt. The two forces met in a great naval battle off of the coast of Actium, and the lovers fleet was decisively defeated. Shortly thereafter a Roman army invaded Egypt, virtually unopposed. Mark Anthony committed suicide and Cleopatra followed soon after. According to legend, she died by the bite of the asp, a poisonous snake. The victorious Octavian annexed Egypt, ending the thousand-years' reign of Egyptian pharaohs. It is somewhat difficult to judge Cleopatra's effectiveness as a leader. Egypt was weak, and it certainly did not have the military strength to face mighty Rome, now coming into the height of its power and majesty. Her wit and beauty were virtually the only tools she had to protect her throne. Cleopatra's liaisons with first Caesar and then Anthony were able to stave off the inevitable for a few years, but in the end passion alone could not save Egypt from conquest.	i don't know
What can be a color (pinkish-orange), a marine animal, and a type of snake?	7 Animals That Are Better Color-Changers Than Chameleons \| Mental Floss 7 Animals That Are Better Color-Changers Than Chameleons Getty Images Like us on Facebook Chameleons are often described as the “quick-change artists” of the animal kingdom, rapidly altering the shade of their skins to blend into their environment. But contrary to popular opinion, these tree-dwelling lizards are actually rather poor color-changers, as you can see in the clip below, which features a Madagascarian panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis): While the creature's hue does change noticeably, the process takes several minutes and the eye-catching striped pattern on its sides remains intact—hardly the features of good camouflage. Furthermore, odds are that when you do see a chameleon change its color, it's probably trying to broadcast its mood rather than evade predators. Nevertheless, the animal kingdom is filled with amazing color-changers, several of which dramatically outdo the chameleon clan in the skill of rapid-fire camouflage. 1. The Cuttlefish (Order: Sepiida) Despite their cute-sounding name, these eccentric critters are actually cephalopods (the first of several you'll see on this list). Like many residents of their food chain, cuttlefish have to regularly switch between playing the roles of crafty predator and elusive prey. A group of specialized sacs which receive color-changing instructions directly from their brains help them to both grab a quick meal and avoid becoming one themselves. 2. The Peacock Flounder (Bothus mancus) These flat fish are deadly predators thanks in part to a series of hormones that send pigment-modifying signals to their skin cells, which take effect within seconds. However, as you can see in the video below, their disguises aren't always perfect. 3. Various Squid Species Several types of squid throughout the globe are capable of breathtaking color changes, such as this captive specimen filmed in a Turkish aquarium: Recently, it was discovered that the series of pigment cells which control the color of these tentacled hunters could be synthetically manipulated by man-made electrical charges, as seen in the magnificent footage below: 4. Various Spider Species A wide variety of eight-legged arachnids use camouflage to stalk their unsuspecting prey, including the bee-slaying white crab spider: But amidst the 43,000 species known to science, a handful have even been known to engage in sudden spats of color-change. Among these are the genera Chrysso and Cryptophora , both of which hail from Australia. 5. The Cyanea Octopus (Octopus cyanea) Using the same hue-shifting mechanism as its tentacled brethren, this inhabitant of the Indian and Pacific Oceans ups the ante by transforming the texture of its skin to match that of whatever it clings to. 6. The Mimic Octopus (Thaumoctopus mimicus) Like a scene from John Carpenter's The Thing, these enigmatic octopuses take color change a step further still by not only revamping their pattern on a dime, but changing the very shape of their bodies to imitate a sea snake, lion fish, or piece of floating coral—to name but a few deep sea impressions the mimic octopus can convincingly pull off. 7. Golden Tortoise Beetle (Genus: Charidotella) Sometimes, romance is reason enough to inspire a change in hue. According to some entomologists , the golden tortoise beetle of eastern North America turns scarlet while copulating. Interestingly, they'll also do this to scare off predators when threatened: The bright red display makes many predators believe that the beetles are poisonous and that they should look elsewhere for sustenance.	Coral
Known as The Show-Me State, what was the 24th state to join the union on August 10, 1821?	Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California Click on a picture for a larger view Area covered here is marked in red . These are the native and well-established alien herps that inhabit Coastal Southern California, which for our purposes includes the transverse and peninsular mountain ranges and the land interior to the sea, including the Santa Monica mountains, the San Gabriel mountains, the San Bernardino mountains, the San Jacinto mountains, and the Santa Ana mountains. This includes most of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, but excludes the deserts. Not every animal shown here is present in every part of coastal Southern California. Look at the range map and the description for each species for a better idea of where it is likely to be found. Click on the link to see more pictures, videos, and information about a particular animal. Salamanders Snakes Most snakes in coastal Southern California are active during warm and sunny weather, typically from late February through October, and remain underground at other times. They become active later at higher elevations, and go underground sooner. San Diego Gopher Snake Pituophis catenifer annectens Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Orange and Gray Adults are typically 4 to 5 ft. long. Hatchlings are around 15 inches long. A large, thick bodied, slow-moving snake with a head slightly wider than the neck and large rough scales. Brown or tan with dark markings on the back and often reddish coloring. Diurnal. Nocturnal on hot nights. Probably the most commonly seen snake in our area. Found in many habitats - grassland, chaparral, agricultural, riparian, woodlands, desert, from sea level to the mountains. Eats mostly small mammals, birds, eggs. Females lay eggs June to August. Young hatch August to October. Often confused with rattlesnakes, but the tail is long and thin with no rattle. (formerly Lampropeltis getula californiae) Not Dangerous to Humans Range shown in Red Videos Adults are typically 3 to 4 ft. long. A large, thick bodied, slow-moving snake with a head slightly wider than the neck and smooth scales. Black or brown with light bands circling the body. Striped and banded/striped forms also occur, especially near the coast. This snake is highly variable in appearance, especially near the coast. Diurnal and Nocturnal. Common. Found in a wide range of habitats: forest, woodland, chaparral, grassland, wetlands, agricultural land, deserts, brushy suburban areas, from sea level to mountains. Eats small mammals, lizards, snakes (including rattlesnakes) eggs, frogs, birds, and large invertebrates. Females lay eggs May to August. (formerly Masticophis lateralis lateralis) Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Red Adults are typically 3 to 4 feet long. A slender very fast-moving snake with large head and eyes and smooth scales. Dark brown or grey with one pale stripe on each side. No stripe on the back. Diurnal and conspicuous. Common. Found in a variety of open areas including canyons, rocky hillsides, chaparral, open woodlands, pond edges and stream courses from sea level to the mountains. Eats small mammals, lizards, frogs, and snakes Females lay eggs in late spring and early summer. Eggs hatch in late summer and fall. Red Racer (or Red Coachwhip) (formerly Masticophis flagellum piceus) Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Adults are 3 to 8 feet in length. A long slender, fast-moving snake with a large head and eyes and large rough scales. Variable in appearance: brown, tan, or reddish, with black on the head, the neck, and the front part of the body, and light color giving it a banded pattern. Diurnal. Common and conspicuous. Found in open areas of grassland, chaparral, scrubland where vegetation is not dense. Eats small mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, and amphibians. Females lay eggs in early summer. Eggs hatch in late summer and fall. Western Yellow-bellied Racer Coluber constrictor mormon Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Red Adults are typically 2 to 3 feet long. Hatchlings are 8 to 11 inches long. A long slender fast-moving snake with a large head and eyes and a long thin tail. Brown, greenish, or grey without markings. Young are brown with dark brown markings. Diurnal. Not very common in our area. Common elsewhere where it occurs. Found in open sunny areas including meadows, grassland, chaparral, open woodlands, and riparian areas, in arid and moist areas. Not found at very high elevations. Eats lizards, small mammals, birds, snakes, eggs, frogs, and insects. Females lay eggs in early summer. Young hatch in late summer and fall. Coast Patch-nosed Snake Salvadora hexalepis virgultea Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Orange Adults are typically 2 - 3 feet long. A slender, fast-moving snake with large eyes and smooth scales. Gray or brown with a broad pale stripe down the middle of the back and a pale underside. No stripes on the sides. Diurnal. Conspicuous, but uncommon. Found in semi-arid brushy areas and chaparral. Eats mostly lizards plus small mammals, birds and amphibians. Lays eggs probably May to August which hatch in late summer and fall. California Glossy Snake Arizona elegans occidentalis Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Orange Adults are typically 3 to 4 feet long. A thick slow-moving snake with smooth glossy scales. Tan or light brown with dark blotches and a pale underside. Nocturnal. Uncommon in our area. Found in open areas including arid scrub, grasslands, chaparral, and rocky washes. Eats mostly lizards, plus small snakes, birds, and mammals. Females lay eggs in June and July which hatch in late summer, early fall. (formerly Hypsiglena torquata nuchalata) Not Dangerous to Humans Video of similar subspecies Range shown in Orange Most adults are about a foot long, rarely over 16 inches. Hatchlings are abpit 7 inches long. A small slender snake with a narrow head and smooth scales. Light gray, light brown, beige, tan, or cream in color with dark brown or gray blotches on the backs and sides and a dark band on the neck and another through the eyes. Nocturnal. Secretive and not often seen. Found in a variety of habitats, including chaparral, suburban lots and gardens, meadows and grassland, from sea level into the mountains. Eats mostly lizards and their eggs, plus small snakes, amphibians, and other small vertebrates. Females lay eggs from April to September. Coast Mountain Kingsnake Lampropeltis multifasciata Not Dangerous to Humans Video Adults are tyically 24 to 30 inches long. Hatchlings are 7 to 11 inches long. A slender snake with a rounded body and almost no neck. Black, red, and white or yellowish bands circle the body. Often some of the black bands cross over the top of the red bands. Diurnal. Nocturnal during hot weather. Secretive and not commonly seen. Found in coniferous forest, mixed woodlands, chaparral, manzanita, coastal sage scrub, typically around rock outcops near streams in the mountains. Eats lizards, small mammals, birds, amphibians, and sometimes snakes. Females lay eggs June and July which hatch August and September. Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Orange Adults are typically 2 to 3 feet long. Hatchlings are 10 - 14 inches long. A slow-moving heavy-bodied snake with small shiny scales and a blunt tail. The head is barely wider than the neck. Color is grayish or brownish with irregular dark brown, reddish, or orange lengthwise stripes. Some snakes in southern San Diego County lack the stripes and are a nearly solid rusty or purplish color. Mostly nocturnal and crepuscular. Common, but secretive. Found in arid and semi-arid scrublands, rocky shrublands, and other rocky areas, especially where near water. Eats small rodents, birds, lizards, snakes, and amphibians. Young are born live from October to November. Charina umbratica Not Dangerous to Humans Range shown in Blue Adults are typically 11 to 15 inches long. A small stout slow-moving snake with small smooth scales, wrinkled skin, and a short blunt tail. Color is light or dark brown, tan, olive, or pinkish. Young can be bright pink. Nocturnal and crepuscular. Common but secretive. Found in mixed coniferous forest in areas with rocks and other debris, typically between 5,000 - 8,200 ft. Eats small mammals, birds, and lizards. Young are born live in late summer and early fall. Present only in a few areas in the San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Tehachapi mountains. Thamnophis sirtalis infernalis Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Red and Purple Adults are 15 to 55 inches long, averaging 36 inches. A slender snake with a slight neck, large eyes, and larged keeled scales. Color is dark olive to black, with light stripes on the back and on each side. The head is red and there are red markings on the sides between the stripes. Diurnal. Rare in our area, but very common elsewhere. Found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, chaparral, farmland, forests, and mixed woodlands. In our area this snake appears to be restricted to marsh and upland habitats near permanent water with riparian vegetation. Eats amphibians, tadpoles, fish, birds, eggs, small mammals, reptiles, earthworms, slugs, and leeches. Able to eat poisonous newts. Young are born live from spring to fall. Thamnophis hammondii Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Red Adults are typically 18 - 30 inches long. Newborns are about 8 inches. A slender snake without much of a neck, and keeled scales. Color is drab olive, brown, or gray with a pale stripe on the bottom of each side. There is no stripe on the back. Some snakes have a faint side stripe and two rows of dark spots on each side. Mostly diurnal. Active on some hot nights. Fairly Common, but declining due to loss of habitat. Found mostly around water, including ponds, creeks, and cattle tanks, typically in rocky areas in oak woodland, chaparral, brushland, and coniferous forest. From sea level up to about 7,000 ft. in the mountains. Eats fish, frogs, toads, tadpoles, newt larvae, and occasionally worms and fish eggs. Young are born live in late July and August. Mountain Gartersnake Range shown in Red and Gray Adults are 18 - 43 inches long. A slender snake with a faint neck and keeled scales. Color is dark olive or black with no red markings. There is a pale stripe on each side and one on the back. Diurnal. Rare in our area. Found mostly around streams and lakes in grassland, woodland, and coniferous forest. In our area, found only in the San Bernardino Mountains. Eats fish, amphibians, birds, mice, lizards, snakes, worms, leeches, slugs and snails. Young are born live from July to September. Diadophis punctatus modestus Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Light Blue and Gray Adults grow up to 34 inches long. A small thin snake with smooth scales. Color is gray, dark olive, or black with a narrow orange band around the neck. The underside is bright yellow or orange or peckled with black markings. This underside is often displayed in a coil when a snake is feeling threatened. Diurnal and nocturnal. Common but secretive and rarely seen crawling. Found in moist habitats including wet meadows, rocky hillsides, gardens, farmlands, grassland, chaparral, mixed coniferous forest and woodlands. Eats small salamanders, tadpoles, frogs, snakes, lizards, worms, slugs, and insects. Females lay eggs in the summer which hatch mostly in the fall. San Diego Ring-necked Snake Diadophis punctatus similis Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Dark Blue Adults grow up to 34 inches long. A small thin snake with smooth scales. Color is gray, dark olive, or black with a narrow orange band around the neck. The underside is bright yellow or orange or peckled with black markings. This underside is often displayed in a coil when a snake is feeling threatened. Diurnal and nocturnal. Common but secretive and rarely seen crawling. Found in moist habitats including wet meadows, rocky hillsides, gardens, farmlands, grassland, chaparral, mixed coniferous forest and woodlands. Eats small salamanders, tadpoles, frogs, snakes, lizards, worms, slugs, and insects. Females lay eggs in the summer which hatch mostly in the fall. Found in the souther part of our area, mostly in San Diego County. Long-nosed Snake Rhinocheilus lecontei Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Red Adults are typically 16 to 30 inches long. Hatchlings are 7 to 11 inches long. A slender snake with smooth scales, only a faint neck and a head with a long pointed snout. Color is white with red and black saddles that do not entirely circle the body. Some snakes lack red coloring. Nocturnal and crepuscular but occasionally seen active in daylight. Uncommon in our area. More common in the deserts. Found in semi-arid grasslands, shrublands, and prairies. Eats mostly lizards and their eggs plus small snakes, small mammals, birds, and insects. Females lay eggs from June to August. Western Black-headed Snake Tantilla planiceps Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Red From 4 - 15 inches long. A very small, thin snake with a flat head and smooth scales. Color is brown or tan with no markings except for a dark brown or black head with a faint light collar between the body color and the dark head cap. The underside is reddish. Nocturnal. Uncommon and secretive. Rarely seen. Found in grassland, chaparral, and mixed woodlands. Eats millipedes, centipedes, and insects. Females lay eggs probably in spring, which hatch in summer. Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Red Adults are 7 to 16 inches long. Young are 4 to 5 inches long. A very thin small snake with a blunt head and blunt tail and nonfunctional eyes that are just dark spots. Resembles a large worm. Coloring is brown, purple, or pink. Nocturnal. Common but secretive and rarely seen. Found in areas with soil that is suitable for burrowing, including brushy slopes, rocky hillsides, washes, and beach sand. Eats ants and termites and their larvae and pupae. Females lay eggs in Summer. California Lyresnake Trimorphodon lyrophanes Mildly Venomous But Not Dangerous to Humans Videos Range shown in Red Adults are typically 2 to 3 feet long. A slender snake with a large broad head and a slim neck, and large eyes. Color is typically gray or light brown, with dark blotches that have a light crossbar in their middle. Nocturnal. Typically found in rocky locations in scrub, grassland, chaparral, oak woodland. Eats mostly lizards, plus small mammals, nestling birds, and snakes. (formerly Crotalus viridis helleri) Venomous and Potentially Very Dangerous Range shown in Blue Videos Adults are typically 3 to 4 feet long. A heavy-bodied snake with a large triangular head and thin neck, and large keeled scales, and a tail tipped with a rattle that is shaken to produce a loud sound when the snake is feeling threatened. Young snakes have no rattle and cannot make a sound. Color is brown, olive, or black, with dark brown blotches outlined by light pigment on the back, and dark bars on the tail. Nocturnal and crepuscular in hot temperatures, and also diurnal during moderate temperatures. Common and conspicuous. Found in many habitats, including seaside dunes, scrub, grasslands, rocky hillsides, chaparral, open woodlands, and agricultural fields. Eats small mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, and frogs. Young are born live from August to October. Red Diamond Rattlesnake Crotalus ruber Venomous and Potentially Very Dangerous Videos Range shown in Red Adults are typically 2 to 4.5 feet long. Young are about 12 inches long. A heavy-bodied snake with a large triangular head and thin neck, and large keeled scales, and a tail tipped with a rattle that is shaken to produce a loud sound when the snake is feeling threatened. Young snakes have no rattle and cannot make a sound. Color is brown, tan or reddish, with dark diamond-shaped blotches on the back. The tail is circled with black and white rings. Nocturnal and crepuscular, but diurnal in shaded areas and when the temperature is moderate. Common and conspicuous. Found in arid scrub, chaparral, oak and pine woodlands, rocky grassland, and cultivated areas. Eats small mammals, lizards, and birds. Young are born live from July to September. Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus Venomous and Potentially Very Dangerous Videos Range shown in Red Adults are typically 2 - 4 feet long. Young are 9 or 10 inches long. A heavy-bodied snake with a large triangular head and thin neck, and large keeled scales, and a tail tipped with a rattle that is shaken to produce a loud sound when the snake is feeling threatened. Young snakes have no rattle and cannot make a sound. Color varies widely to match the environment, from off-white, yellow, gray, tan, pink, orangish, to brown. A vague pattern of dark speckled banded markings cover the body. The tail is circled with dark and light rings. Nocturnal and crepuscular during hot periods and diurnal during moderate temperatures. Fairly common in the right habitat. Typically found in dry rocky areas vegetated with sagebrush, thronscrub, chaparral, and pinon-juniper woodland up to about 8,000 ft. in the mountains. Eats small mammals, lizards, and birds. Young are born live in July and August. Yellow-bellied Sea Snake Pelamis platura Venomous and Potentially Very Dangerous Range shown in Red Adults are typically 18 - 25 inches long. An aquatic snake with a flattened body and tail that spends most of its life in the ocean. Color is dark brown or black with a bright yellow or pale yellow underside which extends up onto the sides. Diurnal. Rare in our area. Usually seen within a few miles of the shore in drift lines. Eats small fish and eels. Young are born live in the ocean. Alien Species - snakes that are not native to California Southern Watersnake Not Native to California It is unlawful to import, transport, or possess any Watersnakes of the genus Nerodia in California except under permit issued by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. (California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Excerpts, Section 671) If you find an aquatic snake in California that you think is a Watersnake (Nerodia), please send pictures of it to the California Nerodia Site, which is tracking the distribution of this potential threat to native fish and wildlife. Not Dangerous to Humans Range shown in Red dots Adults are typically 22 to 40 inches long. A heavy-bodied snake with large keeled scales. Color is yellowish to reddish-gray with many dark crossbands. Juveniles are paler with a stronger pattern. Very old snakes may be almost entirely dark. Diurnal and Nocturnal. Found in and around permanent bodies of water, especially those bordered by woods. Eats fish, frogs, salamanders, and crayfish. Young are born live. Not a native snake. So far, known to be established only in Harbor City. Brahminy Blindsnake Not Native to California Not Dangerous to Humans Video Range shown in Red dots Adults are typically 2.5 to 7 inches long. Very similar to the native Southwestern Threadsnake but typically darker in color. A very thin small snake with a blunt head and blunt tail and nonfunctional eyes that are just dark spots. Resembles a large worm. Nocturnal. Common but secretive and rarely seen. Usually seen hiding under surface objects such as rocks and boards. Found in areas with soil that is suitable for burrowing, including brushy slopes, rocky hillsides, washes, and beach sand. Has spread around the world, most likely through snakes or eggs that are hiding or deposited in the pots and soil of imported commercial plants. Lays eggs, but all snakes are females and do not need to find a male in order to breed. Not a native snake. Documented in Chula Vista with other southern California locations probable. Lizards Most lizards in coastal Southern California are active during warm and sunny weather, typically from late February through October, and remain underground at other times.They become active later at higher elevations, and go underground sooner. They are most often seen during daylight sunning themselves on rocks, branches, fences, or walls, or running on the ground. Great Basin Fence Lizard Adults are about 2.5 to 3.5 inches long, not including the tail. A fairly small lizard with keeled scales. Brown, gray, or black with dark blotches on the back. Sometimes light markings on the sides of the back form vague stripes. Diurnal. The most common and conspicuous lizard in our area. Found in many different open, sunny areas, including woodlands, grasslands, chaparral, waterways, pond edges, houses and fences. Eats small bugs including crickets, spiders, ticks, scorpions, and even tiny lizards. Females lay eggs that hatch July to September, when very tiny lizards can be seen running around. Typically seen basking in the sun on rocks, fences, walls, and fallen branches. San Diego Alligator Lizard Elgaria multicarinata webbii Video Range shown in Blue and Gray Adults are about 3 to 7 inches long, not including the tail, and can be up to 16 inches long including the tail. An elongated lizard with large scales, a large head, short legs, and a fold along the bottoms of the sides. The tail can be very long, but often it is re-grown and stubby. Brown, grey, or yellowish above, often with orange or red coloring on the middle of the back. Usually there are dark bands on the back, sides, and tail. Juveniles are long and thin and a copper color with no dark markings on the back. They are sometimes mistaken for a small ground skink (which does not occur in this area.) Diurnal. Common. Found in grassland, open forest, chaparral, oak woodlands. Typically prefers drier areas than the San Francisco Alligator lizard. Eats a variety of small bugs, slugs, snails, and worms, and sometimes small lizards and mammals and birds and their eggs. Females lay eggs from May to July which hatch in late summer and early fall. Typically seen moving on the ground or basking on rocks or fallen branches. Moves with a snake-like undulating motion. Range shown in Red Video Adults are 1.5 to 2.5 inches long, not including the tail. A small lizard with smooth scales and a large dark marking, or blotch, on the sides, just behind the front limbs, which is not easily seen at a distance. Brown, black, gray, or yellowish in color with dark blotches, spots, and sometimes stripes, on the back. Sometimes there is a double row of dark wedge-shaped markings on the back, edged with white. Males have blue speckles on the back and can be very colorful. Diurnal. Common and conspicuous. Found in open rocky areas with scattered vegetation, including sandy washes, vegetated with chaparral, scattered trees, grass, and shrubs. Eats small bugs including beetles, grasshoppers, ants, spiders, scorpions, and ticks. Females lay eggs from March to August which hatch from June to September. Typically seen basking on rocks or fallen branches or running on the ground inbetween rocks. Southern California Legless Lizard Adults are about 5 to 7 inches long. A small slender lizard a shovel-shaped snout, smooth shiny scales, a blunt tail, and no legs. Often thought to be a small snake. Color varies from metallic silver, beige, dark brown, to black. Usually there is a dark line along the back and several thin stripes on the sides. Diurnal. Often common, but secretive - rarely seen. Found in beach dunes, chaparral, mixed woodlands, sandy washes and stream terraces where there is moist warm loose soil with plant cover. Eats mostly insect larvae, beetles, termites, and spiders. Young are born live September to November. Typically found in suburban gardens under leaf litter or loose soil under shrubs. (formerly Phrynosoma coronatum - Coast Horned Lizard) Video Range shown in Red Adults are 2.5 to 4.5 inches long, not including the tail. A flat lizard with a very wide oval body, large pointed scales protruding from the body and the short flat tail, and very large pointed horns around the back of the head. Unlike any other lizard in our area. Brown, reddish, or yellowish with dark blotches on the back. Diurnal. Common in some areas, but gone from much of its previous range due to loss of habitat and harvester ants. Found in areas with loose sandy soil and low vegetation, including grassland, forests, woodlands, and chaparral. Eats mosly large harvester ants plus the occasional spider, beetle, termite, fly, bee, or grasshopper. Females lay eggs from May to June which hatch from August to September. Typically seen in open spaces on the ground or running across a road, often around anthills or ant trails. San Diego Banded Gecko Range shown in Red 2 to 2.75 inches long not including the tail. A small lizard with a flattened body and head, smooth skin, lidless eyes with vertical pupils, a long thin tail. Seen in a light phase - white or yellowsh with large dark brown spots on the upper body, and a dark phase - dark brown with a pale white or yellow network on the upper body. Nocturnal, but may be active diurnally in shade. Found in rocky canyons and hillsides in semiarid regions, typically with massive boulders and rock outcrops with expfoliated granite in the shadier parts of canyons. Eats small invertebrates, including spiders, scorpions, beetles, ants, and centipedes. Young are born live in the fall. Typically seen underneath rocks, in cracks in rock outcrops, or on the surface of rocks at night. Sometimes seen on walls at night in areas near large rock outcrops. Southern Sagebrush Lizard Adults are about 2 to 3.5 inches long not including the tail. A small lizard with small keeled scales. Gray or brown in color with dark blotches or irregular bands on the body and tail and light stripes along the sides and upper sides at the edge of the back. There is usually a bar of black on the shoulder and rusy coloring on the armpits Males show blue coloring on the throat and sides of the belly. Females develop orange coloring on the throat and sides when they are gravid. Diurnal. Common and conspicuous where found. Found in the transverse and peninsular mountains in shrublands such as chaparral, manzanita and ceanothus, and in open pine and Douglas Fir forests where there are open areas that get a lot of sun. In our area, found at higher elevations, typically 4,500 ft. and higher. Eats small bugs including ants, termites, grasshoppers, flies, spiders, and beetles. Females lay eggs from June to August that hatch in August and September. Typically seen basking on rocks or fallen branches or running on the ground inbetween rocks. Range shown in Blue Adults are about 3 to 5 inches long, not including the tail. A long slim lizard with a long thin tail, a thin snout, and large plates on the head. The back and sides are grey, tan, or brown, marked with dark spots or bars or mottling, which is often very sharply defined. Dark marks on the side don't form vertical bars. Usually 8 poorly-defined light brown stripes are present, but stripes on the side are less well-defined. The throat is pale with with large black spots. Juveniles have distinct stripes and bright blue tails. Diurnal. Common and conspicuous, but not found in most of our area. Found in hot, dry, open areas with sparse vegetation, including woodland, chaparral, and riparian areas. Eats small bugs including spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and termites. Also known to eat small lizards. Females lay eggs from April to August. Very active, moving quickly on the ground with abrupt starts and stops. Range shown in Red 2 to 2.75 inches long, not including the tail. A small fast-moving slim-bodied lizard with a long slender tail, a thin snout, and large plates on the head. Dark brown, black, or gray with 6 or less light stripes on the back and sides. The throat is orange, becoming brighter during the breeding season. Diurnal. Found in semi-arid brushy areas with loose soil and rocks. Eats small invertebrates including spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and termites, and sometimes small lizards. Females lay eggs in June and July which hatch in August and September. Very active, moving quickly on the ground with abrupt starts and stops. Videos Range shown in Red Adults are about 3 to 5 inches long, not including the tail, and up to 11 inches with the tail. A large, dark lizard with large pointed scales, a dark wedge of color on the sides of the neck, and dark bands across the body. Dark rusty coppery brown to black in color. Sometimes lizards appear to be solid black before they have warmed up. Males, when warmed up in the sun, have a vivid blue-green sheen with a wide purple stripe on the back and yellow on the sides. Diurnal. Common. Found in areas with large boulders and granite outcrops or cliffs with mixed vegetation, including chaparral, mesquite, pine and oak, and palms. From near sea level to about 7,000 ft. Eats small invertebrates, small lizards, and occasionally fruits and flowers. Females lay eggs from May to July, which hatch from July to October. Typically seen crawling on large rocks. Very wary and quick to run back into cracks in the rocks when approached. Western Red-tailed Skink Video Range shown in Red and Gray Adults are 2.5 to 4.5 inches long, not including the tail, and up to about 13 inches long including the tail. A large lizard with a heavy body, small head and thick neck, small legs, and smooth shiny scales. Olive or brown in color with some dark markings on the back that begin as dark stripes and fade with age. Young skinks have distinct light and dark stripes and a reddish or pink tail. Males develop red coloring on the throat during the breeding sason. Diurnal. Secretive and not commonly seen moving around. Found in grassland, chaparral, woodlands, and pine forests, typically where there is moisture nearby. Eats small bugs. Females lay eggs in the summer. Rarely seen moving on the ground. Typically found underneath rocks or other surface debris. Typically found underneath rocks, logs, and other surface debris. Video Range shown in Red and Gold Adults are about 2 - 3 inches long, not including the tail. Typically 7.5 inches long with the tail. A small lizard with a slim body, a small head with a thick neck, small legs, and smooth shiny scales. Dark brown on the head and back with two light stripes on the edge of the back, dark stripes down the sides, and light strips on the edge of the belly. Juveniles have a bright blue tail that fades as they age. Old adults often have no blue on the tail. Adults develop red or orange coloring on the head and throat during the breeding season. Diurnal. Common but secretive and not often seen moving around. Found in grassland, woodlands, forests, sagebrush, chaparral, especially in rocky areas near streams and open sunny areas. Sometimes, when this lizard moves quickly through leaf litter or short grass, only the blue tail is seen, and this is often mistaken to be a small blue snake. Eats small bugs, including spiders and sow bugs. Females lay eggs in June and July which hatch in July and August. Found in the Northern part of coastal Southern California, mostly north of San Diego County. Typically found underneath rocks, logs, and other surface debris. Coronado Skink of similar subspecies Range shown in Blue and Gray Adults are about 2 - 3 inches long, not including the tail. Typically 7.5 inches long with the tail. A small lizard with a slim body, a small head with a thick neck, small legs, and smooth shiny scales. Dark brown on the head and back with two light stripes on the edge of the back, dark stripes down the sides, and light strips on the edge of the belly. Juveniles have a bright blue tail that fades as they age. Old adults often have no blue on the tail. Adults develop red or orange coloring on the head and throat during the breeding season. Diurnal. Common but secretive and not often seen moving around. Found in grassland, woodlands, forests, sagebrush, chaparral, especially in rocky areas near streams and open sunny areas. Sometimes, when this lizard moves quickly through leaf litter or short grass, only the blue tail is seen, and this is often mistaken to be a small blue snake. Eats small bugs, including spiders and sow bugs. Females lay eggs in June and July which hatch in July and August. Found in the Southern part of coastal Southern California, mostly in San Diego County. Typically found underneath rocks, logs, and other surface debris. Mediterranean Gecko Not Native to California - Email me and send me pictures if you see some in California Video This lizard continues to expand its range in California. Black and Red dots on the map indicate some of the areas where it has been found and could be established. Click for a larger view. 1.75 to about 2.5 inches long, not including the tail. 4 to 5 inches long with the tail. A small, slightly flattened lizard with conspicuous large bumpy tubercles on the skin and large eyes with vertical pupils. Two color phases. Light phase is pale pinkish white with dark blotching and spotting sometimes forming indistinct bands. Dark phase is dark brown or gray with darker markings and bands. The tail is ringed with dark and light bands. Nocturnal. Rare in our area and an alien species. Native to the Mediterranean region. Typically spread from place to place in shipments of goods and lumber. Found living in or near human dwellings, but probably also found in surrounding habitats. Recorded from a few locations in Southern California, but probably established in many more areas, and spreading. Eats a variety of small invertebrates. Females lay eggs from April to August. Typically seen on the outside wall of a building at night under a light, where they catch flying insects. May also be seen on walls indoors. Green Anole Not Native to California - Email me and send me pictures if you see some in California This lizard continues to expand its range in California. Black and Red dots on the map indicate some of the areas where it has been found and could be established. Click for a larger view. Videos A small thin lizard with a long head and snout and a long thin tail. About 3 inches long, not including the tail. 5-8 inches long with the tail. This lizard varies in appearance from bright green to dark or light brown, sometimes with a white stripe down the middle of the back. Males are territorial and often extend a pinkish dewlap from the throat. These lizards can change in seconds from green to brown, as you can see in the two pictures immediately above which are the same lizard. You can see this lizard change colors on the top video above, showing why this anole is often called a Chameleon. Diurnal. Native to the south and eastern USA. An alien species in California, typically spread by pets, or animals kept for food for lizard-eating snakes, that have escaped or have been abandoned. Found living in plants often in yards and gardens. Currently recorded from a few locations in Southern California, but probably established in more areas, and spreading. Eats a variety of small invertebrates. Comparison with Brown Anole Brown Anoles are less arboreal than Green Anoles, tending to stay closer to the ground. Green Anoles tend to go higher up into trees, although they can also be found lower down. Brown Anoles are always gray, light brown, or dark brown, never green. Green Anoles can turn from dark brown to bright green. Male Brown Anoles have a bright orange-red dewlap with a cream to yellow border. Male Green Anoles have a pink dewlap. (Be aware that dewlaps appear different colors when seen in different lights.) Brown and Green Anoles are about the same size, but Green Anoles have a larger and longer head. Brown Anole Not Native to California - Email me and send me pictures if you see some in California This lizard continues to expand its range in California. Black and Red dots on the map indicate some of the areas where it has been found and could be established. Click for a larger view. Videos A small thin lizard with a long head and snout and a long thin tail. About 2.5 inches long, not including the tail. Up to 8 inches long with the tail. This lizard varies in appearance. Sometimes there is a crooked white stripe down the middle of the back or other dark pattern, but the ground color is always some shade of brown or tan. This lizard is never green. Males are territorial and often extend an orange-red dewlap from the throat. Diurnal. Native to Cuba. An alien species in California. Known to hitchhike in shipments of exotic plants from Florida. Released or escaped pets are another possible source of their spread. Found living in plants often in yards and gardens. Currently recorded from a few locations in Southern California, but probably established in more areas, and spreading. Eats a variety of small invertebrates. Comparison with Green Anole Brown Anoles are less arboreal than Green Anoles, tending to stay closer to the ground. Green Anoles tend to go higher up into trees, although they can also be found lower down. Brown Anoles are always gray, light brown, or dark brown, never green. Green Anoles can turn from dark brown to bright green. Male Brown Anoles have a bright orange-red dewlap with a cream to yellow border. Male Green Anoles have a pink dewlap. (Be aware that dewlaps appear different colors when seen in different lights.) Brown and Green Anoles are about the same size, but Green Anoles have a larger and longer head. Turtles Most turtles in coastal Southern California are active during warm and sunny weather, typically from about late February through October, but sometimes they are active all year. Southern Western Pond Turtle Actinemys pallida Video Range shown in Red (and probably Purple) The shell is typically 3.5 to 8.5 inches long. Hatchlings are abut 1 inch long. A dark brown, olive, or black turtle with a low unkeeled shell, usually with a pattern of lines or spots radiating from the centers of the scutes. The head and neck are light in color with dark mottling. Diurnal. Maybe be common in some areas, but declining. Found in ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, marshes, and irrigation ditches with abundant vegetation in a variety of areas including wooland, forest, grassland, and parks. Rarely seen away from water. Often seen basking just above the water Eats aquatic plants, bugs, worms, frog eggs and tadpoles, salamander eggs and larvae, crayfish, carrion, and occasionally frogs and fish. Females crawl onto land and lay eggs between April and August. Red-eared Slider Video Range shown in Red The shell is 3.5 to 14.5 inches long. The shell is olive, brown, or black in color with streaks and bars of yellow or eye-like spots. The skin is green to olive brown with yellow markings and a prominent broad red stripe behind the eye. Diurnal. Common, but not native. Found in sluggish rivers, ponds, shallow streams, marshes, lakes, reservoirs, and urban park ponds. Females crawl onto land and lay eggs between April and July. Eats crustaceans, mollusks, fish, insects, snails, tadpoles, and aquatic plants. May be active on sunny days in winter. Western Painted Turtle Not Native to California - Email me and send me pictures if you see some in California Video Range shown in Red 2.5 to 10 inches long. A small turtle with red markings on the bottom and no red markings on the sides of the head. The shell is black, brown, or olive in color with a network of faint light lines, and olive, yellow, or red borders on the shields. The head and limbs are olive or black with yellow lines. Diurnal. Uncommon. The most widespread species of turtle in North America, but not native to California. Aquatic. Found in ponds, marshes, lakes, ditches, and quiet streams. Eats almost anything it can find, including insects, worms, snails, crayfish, fish, amphibians and tadpoles, carrion, and aquatic vegetation. Females lay eggs on land between May and August. Texas Spiny Softshell Not Native to California Range shown in Red The shell is 5 to 21 inches long. A flat turtle with a rounded, leathery shell without visible scutes and a long snout with open nostrils on the end. The shell is olive, brown, or gray in color, sometimes with dark markings that fade with age. The head and limbs are olive to gray with dark markings and two light stripes mark each side of the head. Diurnal. Uncommon and not native to our area. Found in permanent rivers, agricultural canals, drainage ditches, artificial lakes, and ponds. Eats insects, crayfish, worms, snails, fish, frogs, and tadpoles. Females crawl onto land and lay eggs between May and August that hatch between August and September. Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas Video Locations where Green Sea Turtles have been recorded are shown in Red. The shell is 30 to over 60 inches long. A large sea turtle with powerful paddle-like forelimgs and a broad, low, smooth, heart-shaped shell. The shell is green, olive, brown, gray, or black, sometimes with a mottled or radiating pattern. Green fat, not body coloring, gives this turtle its name. Diurnal. Rare in our area, but found regularly in San Diego Bay and in the mouth of the San Gabiel River. Found in the ocean, feeding in lagoons, bays, estuaries, eelgrass and seaweed beds where there is abundant aquatic vegetation in shallow protected water. Mostly aquatic, rarely coming onto land. Eats seaweed, algae, and maring invertebrates including sponges and jellyfish. Females crawl onto sandy shores and lay eggs any time between February and January depending on the location. Young hatch at night and immediately crawl into the ocean. Loggerhead Sea Turtle Locations where Loggerhead Sea Turtles have been recorded are shown in Red. Adults are about 33 to 39 inches long, weighing about 300 lbs. A large sea turtle with a broad head, a thick bony shell, and huge paddle-like limbs. Reddish or orange-brown with yellow edging around the shields. Head and limbs are reddish to olive brown with many yellow-bordered scales. Rare - occasionally found along the coast. Aquatic. Lives in the opean ocean, entering bays, lagoons, marshes, estuaries, creeks, and large river mouths, but rarely coming onto land. Eats a wide variety of marine plants and animals, including sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, jellyfish, worms, cephalopods, bivalves, barnacles, shrimp, and fish. Females lay eggs on sandy beaches, often traveling over a thousand miles to get there. Eggs hatch in 46 to 80 days and hatchlings immediately crawl into the sea. Locations where Leatherback Sea Turtles have been recorded are shown in Red The largest turtle on Earth, averaging 48 to 96 inches in shell length, and weighing 600 to 1,600 lbs. A huge sea turtle with smooth leathery skin, a large head, and large paddle-like limbs. Dark brown, slate, or blue-black, sometimes with pale blotches. Rare - occasionally found along the coast. Pelagic, living in the open ocean, occasionally entering bays and estuaries. Eats mostly jellyfish, along with some marine plants, and marine invertebrates and vertebrates, including sea urchins, snails, octopi, squid, crabs, and small fish. Females lay eggs on sandy beaches. Eggs hatch in 60 to 65 days. Hatchlings dig to the surface and crawl immediately into the ocean. Those found in California waters have been found to nest across the entire Pacific ocean in Indonesia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. Pacific Hawksbill Sea Turtle Locations where Pacific Hawksbill Sea Turtles have been recorded are shown in Red Adults are 18 to 36 inches long and up to 280 lbs. A medium-sized sea turtle with large paddle-like limbs. Dark greenish brown with a marbled or radiating pattern. Head is black to chestnut brown in the center with light margins. Very rare in our area. Pelagic, inhabiting shallow coastal waters in rocky places, rarely entering land. Eats invertebrates, mostly spongs, along with mollusks, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, sea urchins, crabs, rock lobster, fish, algae, sea grasses, and mangroves. Females lay eggs on sandy beaches. Eggs hatch in 6- to 70 days and hatchlings dig to the surface and immediately crawl into the ocean. Lepidochelys olivacea Video Locations where Olive Ridley Sea Turtles have been recorded are shown in Red The smallest sea turtle. Adults are 20 to 29 inches in length. A small sea turtle with a round, flat shell, a large triangular head, and large paddle-like limbs. The shell is olive to grayish green and the skin is gray. Rare in our area. Pelagic, found in open ocean and in bays, lagoons, and shallow waters offshore. Mostly carnivorous. Eats mollusks, crustaceans, jellyfish, sea urchins, crab, fish, sea urchins, snails, jellyfish, and occasional plant material - algae, seagrass, and seaweed. Females lay eggs on sandy beaches. Eggs hatch in 45 to 70 days. Hatchlings dig to the surface and immediately crawl into the ocean. Frogs and Toads Frogs and toads in coastal Southern California can be active most of the year, except during very hot and very cold weather. However, even during hot and dry weather, some species can be seen floating in water. California Toad Range shown in Red and Gray Adults are 2 to 5 inches long. A large squat toad with dry warty skin. Color is greenish, tan, reddish brown, gray, or yellowish with irregular dark blotches and a light-colored stripe down the middle of the back. Warts on the back are often on dark blotches. Diurnal in cool weather, Nocturnal in hotter weather. Common where found but less common in urbanized areas. Found in a varitey of areas including marshes, springs, creeks, ponds, small lakes in woodland, forest, and grassland. The only species of toad found in our area. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates. Females lay eggs in water some time between January and July, depending on the location, rainfall, and snowmelt. Eggs hatch into tadpoles in about a week or two. Tadpoles live in the water then transform into tiny toads and move onto land in about 1 to 1.5 months. Active mostly late Winter through Fall except during extreme cold and extreme heat when it stays in moist shelters. Arroyo Toad Range shown in Red Adults are roughly 2 to 3 inches long. A plump and stocky toad with dry and warty skin. Greenish, gray, olive, or dull brown in color, with no light stripe down the middle of the back, and light and dark spots. Mostly Nocturnal. Uncommon due to rare and vanishing habitat. Found along sandy riverbanks, typically lined with willows, sycamores, oaks, and cottonwoods from sea level to about 3,000 ft. Seriously threatened by loss of habitat largely due to development and human recreation along sandy creeks. Eats mostly ants and a wide variety of other invertebrates. Females lay eggs in water in quiet stream edges from March to July. Eggs hatch in 4 to 6 days. Tadpoles live in the water until they transform into tiny toads and move onto land in about 72 to 80 days, mostly in the late spring. Baja California Treefrog (formerly Hyla regilla - Pacific Treefrog) Call Video Range shown in Red Adult frogs are 3/4 to 2 inches long. A small frog with smooth skin, a large head and eyes, round pads on the toe tips, and a wide dark stripe through the middle of each eye. Various colors and patterns. Most frogs are green or brown in color overlaid with irregular dark markings, but some frogs are, gray, reddish, or cream in color. Diurnal and Nocturnal. The most commonly seen frog in our area. Found almost anywhere there is water for breeding, including forest, woodland, chaparral, grassland, pastures, streams, and urban areas. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates, including flying insects. Females lay eggs in water some time between November and July. Eggs hatch into tadpoles in 2 to 3 weeks. The tadpoles live in water then transform into tiny frogs and move onto land 2 to 2.5 months later. Active most of the year except during extreme cold and extreme heat when it stays in moist shelters. California Treefrog Range shown in Red Adults are 1 to 2 inches long. A small treefrog with rough skin and large pads on the toes. Gray or brown with dark blotches. No dark stripe through the eye. Diurnal and Nocturnal. Common where it occurs in rocky creeks.Often heard calling at night between February and October. Found in rocky streams in canyons, and washes with permanent quiet pools from sea level to 7,500 ft. Eats insects, spiders, centipedes and other invertebrates. Females lay eggs in water between February and October. Tadpoles live in water for 40 to 75 days then transform into tiny frogs and move onto land. California Red-legged Frog Video Range shown in Orange Adults are about 2 - 5 inches long. A medium-sized frog with smooth skin and a visible line on the sides of the back and a wide dark marking behind each eye. Reddish-brown, brown, gray, or olive in color with small black flecks and spots on the back and sides and dark bands on the legs. Red coloring underneath the rear legs. Diurnal and Nocturnal. Rare and almost extinct in Southern California. Found mainly in and near ponds in a variety of habitats, including forest, woodland, grassland, coastal scrub, and streamsides, but sometimes found far away from water. Eats a variety of invertebrates, and ocasionally small vertebrates such as fish, mice, frogs, and salamander larvae. Females lay eggs in water some time from November to April depending on the location. Eggs hatch into tadpoles in about a month. Tadpoles live in the water then transform into tiny frogs and move onto land 4 to 6 months later, or sometimes not until the following summer. Mostly active late Winter through Fall. Southern Mountain Yellow-legged Frog Video Range shown in Orange Adults are 1.5 to 3.5 inches long. Color is variable - olive, yellowish or brown above, with varying amounts of black or brown markings. No dark mask on the face. Diurnal. Rare and almost extinct. Captive breeding is being done to try to re-establish frogs in some areas. Found only in mountain streams in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains from about 1,000 to 12,000 ft. in elevation. Eats a variety of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, including beetles, ants, bees, wasps, flies, and dragonflies. Females lay eggs in water after high creek waters have subsided, from March to May. Tadpoles may live in the water for as much as 3 or 4 summers before they transform into tiny frogs and move onto land. Western Spadefoot Range shown in Red Adults are 1.5 to 2.5 inches long. A fat squat spadefoot with large eyes with vertical pupils. Color is greenish, brown, gray, or cream. Typically there are reddish spots, dark markings and 4 irregular light stripes on the back. Nocturnal. Common in some areas, but rarely seen. Spends most of its life underground. Found in open areas with sandy or gravelly soils in various habitats, including mixed woodlands, grasslands, coastal sage, chaparral. Eats a variety of invertebrates, including beetles, moths, crickets, flies, ants, and earthworms. Females lay eggs in water some time between January and May after heavy rainfall creates temporary pools of water. Eggs hatch into tadpoles in about 3 to 6 days. Tadpoles live in water then transform into tiny spadefoots and move onto land in 4 to 11 weeks, depending on how long it takes for the pool to dry up. Surface active only during rains, typically January to May in our area. Southern Leopard Frog Range shown in Red Adults are 2 to 3.5 inches long. A medium-sized leopard frog with a long pointed snout. Brown or greenish with large dark spots bordered with light color, striping on the legs, and a visible ridge line on the upper sides. Mostly nocturnal. Rare in our area and not native. So far, found only in riparian areas upstream of Prado Dam in western Riverside County. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates, including crayfish. Females lay eggs in water. In its natural habitat, breeding occurs in early spring in the Northeast, and during any month of the year in the South. Eggs hatch somewhere between 4 days and 2 weeks. Tadpoles live in the water for 50 to 75 days then transform into tiny frogs and move onto land. Call Video Range shown in Red Adults are 3.5 to 8 inches long. The largest frog found in our area. A large frog with smooth skin and no lines on the sides of the back, and conspicuous eardrums. Light green to dark olive green in color with irregular dark spots and blotches. Juveniles have many small dark spots. Diurnal and Nocturnal. Common, but not native to our area. Found in permanent water - lakes, ponds, sloughs, reservoirs, marshes, slow rivers, irrigation canals, cattle tanks, and slow creeks, in almost any habitat which is open and sunny, including grassland, farmland, prairies, woodland, forests, and chaparral. Eats anything it can swallow, including invertebrates, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Females lay eggs in water typically between May and August. Eggs hatch into tadpoles 3 to 5 days. Tadpoles live in water and grow very large, not turning into small frogs and moving onto land until anytime between a few months and a year to two years. Mostly active late Winter through Fall. African Clawed Frog Call Range shown in Red Adults are 2 to almost 6 inches long. A medium-sized frog with smooth skin, a flattened body, and a small head with a blunt snout and upturned eyes with no lids. Olive to brown in color with irregular dark markings. Rarely leaves water, but will move overland on rainy nights when ponds dry up. Nocturnal and diurnal. Common in some areas. A native of Africa. Found in a variety of aquatic habitats, including slow streams and drainages, marshes, ponds, drainage ditches, flood channels, cattle tanks, sewage plant ponds, and golf course ponds. Eats anything it can catch, including aquatic invertebrates, fish, and amphibians and amphibian larvae. Females lay eggs in water any time between January and November, mostly in April and May. Eggs hatch into tadpoles in 2 or 3 days. Tadpoles live in water and transform into tiny frogs in 2.5 to 3 months or more. Salamanders Most salamanders in coastal Southern California are active on the surface only during the rainy season, typically October or November to May, and remain underground at other times. Salamander larvae remain active in water throughout the summer. They are most often seen in moist areas underneath objects on the ground. California Newt Taricha torosa Video Range shown in Red Adults are about 3 to 3.5 inches long, not including the tail, and up to 8 inches with the tail. A stocky, medium-sized salamander with rough skin, no grooves on the sides between the legs, and dark eyes with a yellow patch on top. When living in the water during the breeding season, the skin becomes smooth and the tail is wider. Brown above, and pale orange or yellow below and on the head below the eyes. Diurnal. Common in some areas. Found in wet forests, woodlands, chaparral, and grasslands. Poisonous - Dangerous if Ingested Eats a variety of small invertebrates, including worms, snails, slugs, sowbugs, and insects, along with amphitian eggs and larvae, and sometimes small vertebrates. Females lay eggs in water between December and April, depending on location and habitat. Eggs hatch into larvae in 2 to 7 weeks. Larvae live in the water then transform into tiny newts and move onto land in several months. Often seen crawling on the ground in daylight during wet weather. Monterey Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii eschscholtzii Video Range shown in Purple Adults are 1.5 to 3.5 inches long not including the tail, up to 6 inches long with the tail. A medium-sized salamander with smooth skin, dark eyes with a yellow patch on top, a tail that is constricted at the base, and visible grooves on the sides between the legs. Orange or brown in color with lighter orange marking the upper eyelids,tail, sides of the head, and base of the limbs. Young have many light speckles on the body. Nocturnal. Common in moist woodland areas. Found in moist shaded areas in forests, oak woodlands, mixed grassland, and chaparral. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates, including spiders, beetles, crickets, sowbugs, centipedes, millipedes, worms, snails, and termites. Females lay eggs in moist terrestrial places typically in April and May. Young hatch fully-formed, probably in the fall. Typically seen under rocks, logs, or other surface debris, but sometimes seen crossing roads on rainy nights. Large-blotched Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi Video Range shown in Dark Blue Adults are 1.5 to 3.5 inches long not including the tail, up to 6 inches long with the tail. A medium-sized salamander with smooth skin, dark eyes with a yellow patch on top, a tail that is constricted at the base, and visible grooves on the sides between the legs. Orange or brown in color with lighter orange marking the upper eyelids,tail, sides of the head, and base of the limbs. Young have many light speckles on the body. Nocturnal. Common in moist woodland areas. Found in moist shaded areas in forests, oak woodlands, mixed grassland, and chaparral. Found only in the Peninsular Mountains. Eats a wide variety of invertebrates, including spiders, beetles, crickets, sowbugs, centipedes, millipedes, worms, snails, and termites. Females lay eggs in moist terrestrial places typically in April and May. Young hatch fully-formed, probably in the fall. Typically seen under rocks, logs, or other surface debris, but sometimes seen crossing roads on rainy nights. Arboreal Salamander Aneides lugubris Video Range shown in Red Adults are about 2 to 4 inches long not including the tail, which can be up to 3 inches long. A medium-sized salamander with a large head and a tail that is often coiled. Adults are brown with small cream to yellow spots on the body that can be tiny or large in size, and dense or sparse. Young are black with light speckles. Nocturnal. Uncommon in our area. Found in moist places on land, mostly in oak woodlands, but also coastal dunes, forests, and urban areas. Often found in yards and gardens in suburban and urban areas. Eats a variety of small invertebrates, including millipedes, worms, snails, ants, termites, swo bugs, moths, and centipedes, and sometimes small salamanders. Females lay eggs in moist terrestrial places in late spring and early summer. Young hatch fully-formed in August and September. Garden Slender Salamander Batrachoseps major major Video Range shown in Red Adults are 1.25 to 2.3 inches long, not including the tail, and typically they're about 4.5 inches including the tail. A small slim salamander, with relatively short limbs, a long slender body and a long tail, that is sometimes mistaken for a worm. Pale gray with a reddish color on the back and tail, although some are very dark. The belly is light in color. Nocturnal. Common. Found from the foothills of the Santa Monica, San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and transverse range Mountains to the coast, in a variety of habitats, including coastal sage scrub, oak woodland, mixed woodland, grassy areas, and suburban gardens. Often found in exposed areas that are very hot and dry outside of the rainy season. Eats a variety of small invertebrates, primarily small arthropods. Females lay eggs underground from November to January. Young hatch fully formed from January to April. Video Range shown in Red Adults are 1.25 to almost 2 inches long, not including the tail. A small slim salamander, with relatively short limbs, a long slender body and a long tail, that is sometimes mistaken for a worm. Color is dark brown or black with a reddish, brown, or tan stripe on the top of the back. The belly is dark in color. Nocturnal. Uncommon, but very common where it does occur. Found only in the San Gabriel, Santa Monica, and Santa Ana Mountains, in oak woodlands, chaparral, grassland, streamsides, and mixed coniferous forest. Eats a variety of small invertebrates. Females lay eggs underground in winter. Young hatch fully formed in spring. San Gabriel Mountains Slender Salamander Video Range shown in Red Adults are 1.5 to 2 inches long, not including the tail. A small slim salamander, with relatively short limbs, a long slender body and a long tail, that is sometimes mistaken for a worm. Black with a copper to orange stripe on the back that breaks into patches on the tail. Nocturnal. Rare. Found in extensive rock talus on forested slopes, often near a stream, at elevations from 2,800 to 7,800 ft. Known only from a few locations from San Gabriel Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains to Waterman Canyon in the San Bernardino Mountains. Eats small invertebrates, including ants. Females lay eggs unerground, probably after the first heavy fall rains. Young hatch fully formed. Barred Tiger Salamander Ambystoma mavortium mavortium Video Some spots where Tiger Salamanders have been recorded shown in Red Adults are 3 to 6.5 inches long, not including the tail. A large thick-bodied salamander with small eyes, and a wide, rounded snout. Greenish yellow with large dark bars across the upper body. Nocturnal. Rare and not native to our area. Adults spend most of their lives underground, but sometimes they are seen walking across roads on rainy nights. Eats anything they can catch and kill, mostly invertebrates, but lizards, mice, and small snakes are also eaten. Females migrate to water where they lay eggs after the rains begin. Eggs hatch in 8 to 9 days and the larvae live in the water until they transform into tiny salamanders in 10 or more weeks.	i don't know
What is the current name for the stadium formerly known as Qwest Field, home of the Sounders and the Seahawks?	The Seattle Times: Seahawks: Stadium's name change is official Stadium's name change is official Most e-mailed articles The stadium formerly known as Seahawks officially became Qwest Field yesterday, courtesy of an approving nod from the Washington State Public Stadium Authority. At a meeting that lasted a little under an hour inside the stadium, the PSA unanimously voted to approve Resolution 160, granting naming rights for the stadium and adjoining exhibition center to the Denver-based telecommunications company. "This was always about more than putting a name on a stadium," Seahawks CEO Tod Leiweke said afterward. "This clears the last hurdle. It's now about making the partnership work." Now, after weeks of consulting and planning and debate, the manual work begins. And once it's done, fans can expect a slightly different look next season. The larger-than-life blue letters that spell "Seahawks Stadium" on the roof of the stadium will be replaced, along with all other signage under the previous name. First & Goal Inc., the company that manages the stadium and exhibition center, also will add a wall inside the stadium adorned with 338 helmets from every high-school team across the state, part of several planned community-service projects between the Seahawks and Qwest. Leiweke didn't indicate how long the projects will take to complete, but he did say when they'd start immediately. "There's a lot of work to be done now," Leiweke said. "Our first game is not that many days away, and we're counting them. Immediately after this meeting, we begin working on activation and getting ready for the season." The parties reached an agreement worth a little more than $75 million over 15 years. It starts with a $4 million payment in 2004, and payments increase by 2.8 percent annually during the first 10 years. After the 10th year, in 2014, there is one five-year option to renew and a 10 percent payment increase, followed by 2.8 percent increases in each of the last four years. Of that money, roughly 42.5 percent goes into a PSA-supervised fund for maintenance and modernization. The board clarified the maintenance portion during its meeting yesterday. It doesn't involve what the board called "routine maintenance," but does involve larger projects. The PSA approves use of the fund. Lorraine Hine, chairwoman of the board, pointed to tiles falling from the Kingdome roof as an example of a maintenance project. Money from the PSA naming rights fund could be used for repairs like those, if approved. The annual average overall payment is $5,017,807, including the annual naming rights payment of $2,132,568. "In spite of the fact that the market is not as great now for naming rights, we got a very strong deal," Hine said. "This way we can maintain the public's investment. That's our job." Indeed, the deal does compare favorably with others across the NFL, according to a 41-page evaluation by PSA consultant Dan Barrett of Barrett Sports Group. The public sector garners revenue from naming rights in seven of the 31 NFL stadiums. Only Denver's would receive more money next year (about $2.2 million) than Seattle's. The agreement also compares favorably to naming-rights agreements for Safeco Field and KeyArena. In exchange for that chunk of change, Qwest gets what marketing folks like to call "brand-name awareness." It's all about constant bombardment of the brand, from signage to television and radio broadcasts, the Web site and everything in between. Standing in a hallway outside the PSA conference room, executive director Ann Kawasaki looked a mixture of happiness and relief. She couldn't estimate how many hours her board spent on the resolution in the past month, but she nodded when asked if the process was all-consuming. "We're very pleased with the result," she said. Greg Bishop: 206-464-3191 or [email protected] Copyright © 2004 The Seattle Times Company	CenturyLink Field
The face of the Great Seal of the United States, adopted on June 20, 1782, features an eagle clutching 13 arrows in one talon, and what in the other?	CenturyLink Field- Home Field for the Seattle Seahawks (Seattle, WA) \| Life In USA CenturyLink Field- Home Field for the Seattle Seahawks (Seattle, WA) You are here 800 Occidental Ave S, Seattle, WA, 98134 Phone: CenturyLink Field Many people know that the sports Americans are craziest about is American football. American friends that I met here in US were saying that life is reflected in American football. I still do not understand all the American football rules completely yet. But I watch it with my son sometimes, and American football definitely has a mysterious type of fun for me. Anyway, I happened to have the opportunity to go the football field in Seattle (CenturyLink Field) for the first time. When I visited this time, I found out that the pervious name of CenturyLink Field was Qwest Field. I took a tour of CenturyLink Field and I will tell you about the tour experience in another posting. Here is some information about CenturyLink Field and the Seattle Seahawks before I talk about my tour experience. CentryLink Field Originally called Seahawks Stadium, it became Qwest Field in 2004 when telecommunications carrier Qwest acquired the naming rights for $75 million for a 15-year period. After CenturyLink bought Qwest, the field’s name was changed to its current name in 2011. As a multi-purpose stadium in Seattle, if serves as the home field for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) and Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). It is located in a large sports complex that also includes the Event Center with the WaMu Theater, a parking garage, and a public plaza. Besides sporting events, the sports complex also hosts concerts, trade shows, and consumer shows. Less than 1 mile (1.6 km.) from Seattle's central business district, it is easily accessible by multiple freeways and mass transit. Washington’s voters approved funding for the stadium’s construction in a statewide election in 1997, and the stadium was built between 2000 and 2002. The modern facility can seat 69,000 people and has views of the Seattle’s downtown skyline. Seattle Seahawks The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise that competes in the National Football League (NFL) in the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. As a relatively new team, the Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, at the same time as the Tampa Bay (Florida) Buccaneers. Owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field) since its construction in 2002. Seahawks fans are extremely loyal and vocal and have been called the "12th Man," "12th Fan," or even just "12s" (because each team can have 11 players on the field at a time, so the fans collectively act as a 12th player). Twice the fans have set a Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event- registering 136.6 dB during a game on September 15, 2013 (against the San Francisco 49ers), and then breaking that record by registering 137.6 dB on December 2, 2013 (during a game against the New Orleans Saints).	i don't know
What revolutionary war general, whose name is now synonymous with being a traitor, offered to surrender West Point to the British in 1780?	Summary/Reviews: Benedict Arnold : Staff View Review by Choice Review Randall's book is a full-scale biography of the American Revolutionary War general, whose foiled attempt to surrender West Point to the British made his name synonymous with treason. Randall follows the well-trod path of previous Arnold biographies, such as Willard M. Wallace's Traitorous Hero: The Life and Fortunes of Benedict Arnold (1954), James T. Flexner's The Traitor and the Spy (1953), and Carl Van Doren's Secret History of the American Revolution (1941). He adds only a few small details to previous descriptions of Arnold's brilliant but conflict-ridden military career. Although Randall provides little sustained analysis, his lively description of events suggests that Arnold's treason resulted from three main causes: pecuniary greed; anger at his treatment by the Massachusetts Congress, the Continental Congress, and the Pennsylvania Council; and a deep feeling of ingratitude from and abandonment by his countrymen. Except for repeating now discredited myths about the prowess of Virginia's riflemen and the British army's ignorance of guerilla warfare, the book is well researched. Public and undergraduate libraries. -E. W. Carp, Pacific Lutheran University Copyright American Library Association, used with permission. Review by Booklist Review A figure of ignominy, Benedict Arnold here receives surprisingly sympathetic and nuanced treatment. Tracing Arnold's life from his high-spirited boyhood in Puritan Connecticut to his contentious final years in London, Randall depicts a complex and fascinating man--brave but vain, magnanimous yet avaricious, patriotic but self-interested. The reader is led not to excuse Arnold's treachery but to admire his battlefield courage before his political apostasy and to sympathize with his sense of injustice when he was repeatedly slandered by jealous Revolutionary rivals. Exploding the prevalent view that Arnold's wife was an innocent bystander during her husband's perfidy, Randall exposes Peggy Arnold as a charming but cunningly active plotter against the security of the U.S. Although the Arnolds command center stage, the narrative offers tantalizing glimpses of George Washington, John Adams, Horatio Gates, and other prominent political and military leaders. This biography deserves serious study from those interested in understanding the perilous struggles that gave birth to the nation. Bibliography; to be indexed. --Bryce Christensen From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission. Review by Publisher's Weekly Review The most notorious traitor in American history, Benedict Arnold is little remembered for his impressive military accomplishments, which are recalled in this richly detailed biography. In 1776 he stemmed the British thrust from Canada in the naval battle of Lake Champlain and a year later reversed the course of the war with the great land victory at Saratoga. The main focus of this noteworthy book, however, is the general's complex character and his reasons for offering his services to the British in 1779. Randall ( A Little Revenge ) portrays his increasing bitterness over being court-martialed for malfeasance, as well as for not being promoted although four generals beneath him were. The author, who considers that Arnold was ill-treated by the country, uncovers new material about Peggy Shippen Arnold's important role in helping her husband plan and carry out his betrayal, about the American attempt to capture him in New York after his defection, and about his bitter postwar struggle to clear his name. Illustrated. BOMC and History Book Club alternates. (Aug.) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved Review by Library Journal Review An encyclopedic biography of the Revolutionary War general whose name became synonymous with treason. Randall's narrative covers Arnold's whole life, including his military heroics for the American Revolutionary War, and the often undeserved charges of misconduct leveled against Arnold after the Canadian campaign and by civilian authorities in Philadephia (where he was military commander), which led to a humiliating public court martial and Arnold's defection to the British in 1780. A journalist and author of A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin and His Son (LJ 11/1/84) , Randall has written a narrative rather than interpretive study. Though well researched, it retells an account which has been standard for over half a century. Academic readers will find nothing new here. For the general reader, James Thomas Flexner's The Traitor and the Spy ( 1953) remains the popular standard.-- David Szatmary, Univ. of Washington, Seattle (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted. (c) Copyright Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted. AUTHOR NOTES Willard Sterne Randall is an American historian and author who specializes in biographies related to the American colonial period and the American Revolution. He was born on March 13, 1942 in Philadelphia, PA. His books include: A Little Revenge: Benjamin Franklin & His Son, Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor, Thomas Jefferson: A Life and Ethan Allen: His Life and Times. Randall also teaches American history at Champlain College in Burlington, Vermont. (Bowker Author Biography)	Benedict Arnold
The Gregorian calendar, which was adopted by papal bull in 1582, replaced which other western calendar?	Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold Click to enlarge Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut. Arnold was one of a number of Benedict Arnolds including an early governor of Rhode Island and his father. Arnold's mother was Hannah Waterman King, a wealthy widow, before her marriage to the elder Arnold. The family fortunes were well for a while, however some poor business deals caused some financial problems for the family. Arnold's father turned to the local taverns for solace. Arnold attended school at Canterbury. While there, some of his siblings died from the Yellow Fever. Without money, Benedict Arnold was withdrawn from school. Arnold was young, full of energy and willing to try and do anything. With the lack of the structure of the school regime, and lax parental control, Arnold was often in trouble. His mother finally found help in the form of family: cousins Daniel and Joshua Lathrop took Arnold in as an apprentice to their large and successful apothecary business. He left his apprenticeship a couple of times to join the army for periods of time during the French and Indian War, but remained in the employ of his cousins for years. Arnold's mother died in 1759, and his father followed his wife in death two years later. After leaving the apprenticeship, Arnold traveled to Europe, buying supplies for his own apothecary which he established in New Haven. The only surviving member of his immediate family was Hannah, his sister, and she became his assistant. His business dealings drifted into smuggling...in contempt of the customs laws of the Crown. Margaret Mansfield became the bride of Benedict Arnold in 1767. They had three sons. Prior to the official outbreak of war, Arnold became a Captain in the Governor's Second Company of Guards. When the word spread of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Arnold marched off to the action with his troop. He was eager for action and at Cambridge he requested permission of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to capture Ft. Ticonderoga. Valley Forge Click Here Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys were as equally eager to capture such a prize and the two groups met up with each other at Bennington. Arnold was surprised and a little angered because Ethan Allen did not care if Arnold had permission from the Committee of Safety and Arnold couldn't talk Allen out of relinquishing command. Arnold had to concede to accompanying Allen and his rowdy, rough and tumble fighters. On May 10, they surprised the British garrison and the Green Mountain Boys celebrated by invading the rum stores of the British and getting totally sloshed. They virtually ignored Benedict Arnold except when they were teasing and jeering him. Arnold had an argument with Colonel Easton, who was to deliver the missive announcing the victory of the capture to Massachusetts...which doesn't make it surprising that Arnold spent time with the captured enemy officers than his fellow countrymen. Arnold eventually gained some control by way of his sailing experience, however he and Allen really never could see things the same way...except for the essential need of an invasion of Canada. Easton returned from his mission to Massachusetts while Arnold and Allen were planning the Canadian Invasion. Easton had done his best to diminish Arnold's participation in the capture of Ticonderoga and the two were arguing once more. Arnold challenged him to a duel and Easton refused. When the fight got physical, Allen and Easton both left. He proceeded with his own plans, but soon a Massachusetts Committee commanded him to place himself under Colonel Benjamin Hinman. With his quick temper, he immediately dismissed all his troops after resigning his commission. He was not any happier when he found out his men had been recruited by his nemesis, Colonel Easton. Completely affronted, he went to Albany and there sent off a statement of the situation at Ticonderoga to Continental Congress. His experiences in the North were not very happy ones, and while his own behavior was not exemplary in any fashion, he still had the right to feel angry over the his treatment by the other men. He had been caught in the middle of the political machinations of Connecticut and Massachusetts, both vying for the kudos of the accomplishment of the capture of the British stores at Fort Ticonderoga. When Massachusetts acquiesced to Connecticut's preeminence in the territory, Arnold most certainly felt abandoned. After the illness of his wife, and succumbing to a bout of gout himself, Arnold traveled to Cambridge to settle up his accounts with the Massachusetts Committee of Safety. There, he again received shabby treatment and was given only a small portion of his expenses, no where near his total bill. Piqued, he turned the accounting over to Silas Deane, who in turn presented them to the Continental Congress, and he was finally repaid the balance of the account. The Canadian invasion plans were still in the works and it was George Washington who proposed the name of Benedict Arnold to the Continental Congress. He was commissioned a Colonel, and began to implement his plans. Arnold was given pretty much a free hand by General Schuyler and enjoyed his independence. The subsequent wilderness march is one the examples of the incredible stamina and daring these men had. It will remain a very important American military feat for ages. Washington had placed a great deal of trust in Arnold and he solidly backed that trust. However, the weather conditions due to the lateness of the season would present a problem for Arnold and his men. The terrain was difficult and rocky and the water supplies were not adequate due to the severe rainfall. A letter from Arnold to Schuyler was given to a trustworthy Indian scout who ended up not to be so trustworthy. It was placed into the hands of the British. Arnold was zealous and encouraging, but the conditions were hard. Some of his men deserted, taking much-needed supplies with them. Snow, rain, mud, hunger were just some of the conditions the troops had to endure while pressing on to Quebec. Arnold finally reached the St. Lawrence with six hundred men and Arnold was commended for his success. Benedict Arnold tried to take Quebec, however a rainstorm prevented any movement for three days and in the interim, the intercepted letter allowed the British to bring reinforcements to add more protection. Arnold fell back to wait for more men by the coming of Colonel Montgomery. He, however had lost a number of his due to the expiration of their subscription. Arnold was soon to lose a number of his own men for the same reason and smallpox broke out at the same time among the American forces. Snow began to fall and on December 31, 1775 a battle ensued, but things went poorly for the Americans. Montgomery fell and Benedict Arnold was wounded with a bullet in his leg. Daniel Morgan was forced to take over and did so fiercely. They were trapped, however, by their lack of knowledge of the area and were forced to surrender. Arnold was in command and refused to end the siege, bellowing orders from his sickbed. He did not want to leave unless he was triumphant. He requested reinforcements which he received only in small amounts. He was given high praise by Washington and others and made a Brigadier General which he was happy about, but the expedition failed anyway. Arnold went to Montreal where he received a delegation of members of Congress to deal with Canada. The diplomatic acts failed and eventually Arnold checked an attack by the British and Indians and successfully evacuated Montreal. Seizures of stores were ordered for the severely lacking troops and Arnold plundered efficiently and "legally". Arnold ended up to be one of the last to leave Canada shoreline on the retreat south. Benedict Arnold's summer battles of 1776 involved legal matters, not tactical warfare. He was being taken to court for the plundering of Montreal's stores. Major arguments ensued where Arnold accused another officer, Hazen, of not taking control, and as a result, he had to. The arguments between to the two were hot and heavy and Hazen eventually insisted to be court-martialed in order to clear his name. The court took the brunt of Arnold's anger and they demanded an apology which, Arnold, of course, refused to do. Instead, he challenged them. The court demanded his arrest. The task of ending the quarrel fell to General Horatio Gates who knew a man of Arnold's ability and acumen was needed in the growing heat between the British and the Americans in the North. Arnold was exonerated. He was soon in charge of a small fleet of ships and ordered to Ticonderoga. Here again, Arnold was successful, but found his critics willing to point fingers and pass blame. The Americans lost ten of their fifteen ships and Arnold was blamed. While not a victory, the battle showed the British the stamina and tenacity the Americans had. The following winter was trying for Arnold. Some of his old Army nemeses rose up once more to bring charges against him. He spent most of the winter defending himself. He saw a number of junior officers receive promotions to Brigadier General above him, leaving him behind. Here again, political machinations, robbed him of his due, he felt. Washington was upset over the situation and spent time trying to calm his friend and find out what happened in Congress, especially for the fact that he was not consulted over the promotions. Washington was not completely successful at either task and Arnold ended up traveling to Philadelphia to get answers for himself. Because of an action that took place on the way — he successfully routed the British after they burned Danbury — he was appointed a major general, but without his seniority. This fact rankled Arnold, as well as the outstanding account which he was due repayment for his expenses. Congress tried to be affable with Arnold, but still refused to restore his seniority. Washington went to bat for Arnold and submitted a letter to Congress commending Arnold. With nothing being done, even with the aid of the Commander-in-Chief, Arnold resigned in July 1777. That same day, Washington had recommended Arnold to aid Schuyler near Ticonderoga. Arnold felt the opportunity too great, and asked to put his resignation on hold. He immediately took off for the north. This was an opportunity he could not miss! At the same time, Congress voted not to reinstate Arnold's seniority and he would never forgive them for the slight. Upon his arrival in the north, Arnold was immediately embroiled in another war between states, as he had been early in his military career. Here two American forces were "warring" against the other for leadership. Most of the New Englanders backed Horatio Gates, while the New Yorkers in the areas were supporting General Schuyler. Arnold was torn, but threw his "support" to Schuyler since he was in similar straits as Arnold. Later, it was Arnold, the only volunteer, to take Fort Schuyler. He accomplished this by faking out the British into thinking there were hundreds of thousands of American forces heading to the fort, when in actuality he had less than a thousand. He entered a fort empty of the enemy. Returning to the main force, Arnold found himself under the leadership of General Gates. It wasn't too long before the two men found a difference of opinion in tactical stance when the Battle of Freeman's Farm ( Battle of Saratoga September 19-October 7, 1777) began. Arnold was ripe and ready for battle and wanted to press his forces before the American lines. Gates, however, held him back and refused reinforcements, remaining cautious. When Gates removed some of his forces without his knowledge AND failed to credit Arnold and his forces with their participation in the Battle of Freeman's Farm to Congress, it put him over the edge. He wanted to leave, but Gates pulled his command instead for insubordination. Having a little time to think, Arnold paced his tent, realizing his reluctance to actually leave when there was soon to be some action taking place. So, he paced and complained, paced and complained and paced and complained a little more. Finally, while his aides were trying to keep him informed and not hearing anything satisfactory, he ordered his horse and charged into battle, conveniently ignoring the fact he had no official command. The sight of the fighting man invigorated the troops and they rallied around him. In two severe assaults, Arnold led the men to push open the center of the enemy's line. Backed by Daniel Morgan and his riflemen, the pressure from the American forces was so strong, the British collapsed. As victory was staring the Americans in the face, Arnold's horse was shot and fell on the same leg that had been injured before. It was Arnold's actions, however, that perhaps more than any officer there, led to the American success, because ten days later, Burgoyne conceded — and as a direct result, France came to the aid of the infant country. Arnold's seniority was subsequently restored, but he was already too angry to forgive Congress, and never would. He was now also crippled, a blow to his pride after being such an actively athletic man. He spent the winter of 1777-1778 with the army at Valley Forge. On May 30th, 1778, Benedict Arnold signed the Oath of Allegiance to his country. It was signed at Artillery Park in Valley Forge and witnessed by Henry Knox. After the evacuation of the British in Philadelphia, Washington appointed him commandant of the city. In Philadelphia, still recuperating, he met Peggy Shippen, a boisterous young woman, the baby of the three daughters of Judge Edward Shippen. (William Shippen, his cousin, was surgeon general to the Continental Army.) Arnold pursued and wooed Miss Peggy Shippen who was missing the company of Captain John Andre, and after some misgivings on her part and the hesitation of her father, Arnold finally succeeded. Peggy was eighteen and Arnold was thirty-eight when they married. His marriage into the Shippen family brought him social status, however, it was something he really could not afford. The couple lived well beyond their means, and as a result, Arnold entered into some shady business dealings, including shipping, real estate speculation and authorizing the use of government supplies for his own personal needs. With people in Congress eyeing everything he did, he was soon brought up on charges and was court-martialed. He defended himself, furiously as always, but he was found guilty on two charges: using government wagons for his personal use and issuing a pass to a ship he later invested in. Washington, himself pronounced the charges "imprudent and improper" and "peculiarly reprehensible." By May of 1779, Arnold had begun bargaining with the British. Why would a man commit treason against his country, especially one who had fought so valiantly? We can only speculate. He was certainly angry and hurt over the many slights he received over the years. He probably felt unappreciated by his country and those he fought with, even sacrificing his own leg for the cause. His pride was most likely the biggest piece of his life that was damaged — humiliation was always an affront Arnold could never take. Money, of course, played a big part. He was offered in excess of 10,000 pounds and a commission in the British military. At the time, Arnold's wife was considered an innocent in the matter, however, new research leads us to believe that the young woman played an important part in knowing what was going on and aiding her husband's endeavors. The occupation of Philadelphia during the winter of 1777-1778 was an exciting one for the young woman. Parties, routs, and balls were all aspects of the social scene with numerous British officers and Tory sympathizers. Peggy had made some friends among them. The bounty Arnold offered the British was West Point. He began correspondence with Major John Andre by a circuitous route. Andre had been friends with Peggy Shippen Arnold during the Philadelphia occupation. Andre was an adjutant general and intelligence chief of Sir Henry Clinton. Washington offered Arnold the position of left wing of the army, in the meantime, which earlier in Arnold's career would have been a coup. He used his crippled leg as an excuse and was given West Point instead. Andre was the courier between Arnold and Clinton regarding the closing of the deal. With his ship forced back by American troops, Andre was sent on foot back to British lines with a pass from Arnold as well as documents for Clinton in his sock. He was captured and placed into American custody when the documents were found. Arnold heard of his capture and was able to make his escape...to the same ship, the Vulture, which Andre had arrived on. Andre was put on trial, and met his death as a spy. Arnold defected to the British and received substantial remuneration for his defection. These included pay, land in Canada, pensions for himself, his wife and his children (five surviving from Peggy and three from his first marriage to Margaret) and a military commission as a British Provincial brigadier general. The British provided handsomely for Arnold, but never completely trusted him. He was never given an important military command. They moved to London where he found no job, some admiration and even some contempt. He moved his family to Canada where he reentered the shipping business. The Tories there disliked him and had no use for him, and eventually he returned his family to London. When the fighting began between France and England, he tried again for military service, but to no avail. His shipping ventures eventually failed and he died in 1801, virtually unknown, his wife joining him in death three years later. Bibliography: Flexner, James T.,The Traitor and the Spy. New York, 1953. Van Doren, Carl. Secret History of the American Revolution. Garden City, 1941. The Picket Post. Various articles, authors. 1947-1961. The Valley Forge Historical Society. Billias, George Athan, Editor. George Washington's Generals and Opponents: Their Exploits and Leadership. Da Capo Press, New York, 1994. Courtesy National Center for the American Revolution/Valley Forge Historical Society Interested in using our content? Click here !	i don't know
The world's largest single structure made by a living organism, Australia's Great Barrier Reef is located in which sea?	Great Barrier Reef-world's biggest single structure made by living organisms - YouTube Great Barrier Reef-world's biggest single structure made by living organisms Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 17, 2012 The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labeled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published on 1 October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985. The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and is an important part of local groups' cultures and spirituality. The reef is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions. Tourism is an important economic activity for the region, generating $1 billion per year. Category	Coral Sea
June 21, 1973, saw the US Supreme Court establish the Miller Test, which determines whether something is, or isnt, what?	Great Barrier Reef \| New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature One of the 21 Finalists Great Barrier Reef Australia The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985. The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and is an important part of local groups’ cultures and spirituality. The reef is a very popular destination for tourists, especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions. Tourism is an important economic activity for the region, generating over $3 billion per year. In November 2014, Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef. A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. New7Wonders preliminary report on Chichén Itzá ZURICH: New7Wonders has completed the first part of the Official New7Wonders VII process for Chichén Itzá, one of the New7Wonders of the World. A preliminary report has been sent to the relevant authorities and civil organisations, for them to consider and respond to.The New7Wonders VII is the ongoing audit… New7Wonders visit to Chichén Itzá for Verification ZURICH: New7Wonders has completed its visit to Chichén Itzá, one of the New 7 Wonders of the World, as part of the Official New7Wonders VII process.The N7W VII is the ongoing audit programme conducted by New7Wonders as the world authority for the voted Wonders, to ensure they are able… Zaha Hadid: A tribute ZURICH: The Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid, who died yesterday in Miami aged 65, was a distinguished member of the New7Wonders Panel of Experts on two occasions: The New7Wonders of the World and the New7Wonders Cities campaigns. Bernard Weber, the Founder-President of New7Wonders, remembers a remarkable woman, an inspirational designer and… 77 Milestones for New7Wonders Heard about the "Sydney Splash"? It took place in September 2000 when Bernard Weber, Founder-President of New7Wonders, landed a seaplane in Sydney Harbour to highlight the official nomination of Sydney Opera House as a candidate in the New7Wonders of the World campaign. The dramatic touchdown took place one week before… Bernard Weber: "2013 set to be another wonderful year" Dear Supporters and Friends of New7WondersAs we come to the end of 2012, I recall with pride and excitement the fantastic events that took place this year to honour and celebrate six of the seven New7Wonders of Nature. We have crossed the world from Asia, to South America, to Africa,…	i don't know
On June 25, 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence from what country?	Context of 'June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins' Home » Context of 'June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins' Context of 'June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins' This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins . You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be. November 29-30, 1943: Yugoslav Partisans Plan Federal Yugoslavia, without Albanian Republic The Second Session of the Anti-Fascist Council of the National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) releases a statement saying, “The peoples of Yugoslavia… proved in the course of the joint armed struggle their firm determination to remain united within Yugoslavia” and that, while “national minorities in Yugoslavia shall be ensured all national rights,” liberated Yugoslavia will be an equal federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia, without an Albanian republic or a statement that Kosova will be able to secede if it wishes. The Yugoslav communist party’s Kosova Regional Committee subsequently acts as if it is ignorant of the AVNOJ declaration, and Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha will later claim the CPA is never informed. June 25, 1991: Croatia and Slovenia Declare Independence; War Between Croatia and Serbia Begins The provinces of Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia. Slovenia breaks off without violence (it has no border with Serbia). However, within two days the Yugoslav army, representing Serbia, attacks Croatia and a long war between the two countries begins. This is the start of nearly a decade of conflict in the region as Yugoslavia slowly breaks apart. April 6, 1992: Bosnia Declares Independence; War between Bosnia and Serbia Begins Territory controlled around the start of the war. White represents the Bosnian Serbs while gray represents Bosnian Muslims and Croats. [Source: Time / Cowan, Castello, Glanton]Bosnia declares independence from Yugoslavia (which is now mostly made up of Serbia). The Bosnian Serbs immediately declare their own separate state, but remain closely tied to Serbia. War between Bosnia and Serbia begins immediately, adding to the existing war between Croatia and Serbia. Within days, the US recognizes the states of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia. The European Union, which has already recognized Croatia and Slovenia, recognizes Bosnia as well. Serbia immediately gains the upper hand and within a month Serbian forces surround most of the area around the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo.	Yugoslavia
Had an eponymous show on MTV in 1999-2000; Had a short lived marriage to Drew Barrymore	Slovenia: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Slovenia's Credit Rating Is Downgraded as New Prime Minister Takes Office Slovenia Peacefully Gains Independence From Yugoslavia In the 1980s, Slovenia agitated for greater autonomy and occasionally threatened to secede. It introduced a multiparty system and in 1990 elected a non-Communist government. Slovenia declared its independence from Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991. The Serbian-dominated Yugoslavian army tried to keep Slovenia in line and some brief fighting took place, but the army then withdrew its forces. Unlike Croatia and Bosnia, Slovenia was able to sever itself from Yugoslavia with relatively little violence. With recognition of its independence granted by the European Community in 1992, the country began realigning its economy and society toward western Europe. Slovenia joined the EU and NATO in 2004. In a surprise upset, the center-right Slovenian Democrats (SDS) leader Janez Jansa won in Oct. 2004 elections. Prime Minister Anton Rop, of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDS), conceded defeat. LDS had been in power for most of the previous 12 years. Slovenia changed its currency to the euro on Jan. 1, 2007, becoming the first former Communist country to do so. In the second round of 2007's presidential elections in November, Danilo Türk, a leftist former diplomat who spent much of his career abroad, took 68.3% of the vote, well ahead of former prime minister Lojze Peterle's 31.7%. Türk's breeze to victory suggested that Slovenians have grown weary of Jansa's conservative administration. The post of president in Slovenia is largely ceremonial. In January 2008, Slovenia became the first former communist nation to assume the EU presidency. In November 2008, Borut Pahor was named prime minister, ending four years in government of a centre-right coalition under Janez Jansa. The parliament approved the nomination on November 7 (59-24). On November 11, Pahor announced his cabinet (subject to approval by parliament) with Samuel Zbogar as foreign minister, Ljubica Jelusic as defense minister, Franci Krizanic as finance minister, and Katarina Kresal as interior minister. After losing (51–36) in a confidence vote in Sept. 2011, Prime Minister Borut Pahor's government suffered another blow in December, coming in third in parlimentary elections with just over 10% of the vote. Zoran Jankovic's Positive Slovenia won 29.5% of the vote against 25.9% for ex-PM Janez Jansa's Slovenia Democratic Party (SDS) in a surprise upset. Turnout was 63 %.	i don't know
Yaris, Avalon, and Sienna are all types of what?	Used Toyota Sales in DeLand, FL \| Parks Toyota of DeLand » Buy an Incredible Used Toyota at Our Dealership Serving Orlando, FL! Buying a car is a big decision. Naturally, buyers are concerned about finding everything they need -- and some of the comforts they want besides -- at a price they can afford. At our Toyota dealership serving Orange City, FL , we are proud to offer an extensive selection of high-quality used vehicles, so that you can get the vehicle you want at a price that works with your budget. In addition to our selection of used Toyota vehicles, we also have Certified Pre-Owned Toyota models that have been meticulously inspected by our technicians and plenty of used vehicles from other top makes, too. No matter what it is you need, we have it for you at Parks Toyota. While we make every effort to ensure the data listed here is correct, there may be instances where some of the pricing, options or vehicle features may be listed incorrectly as we get data from multiple data sources. Please confirm the details of this vehicle with the dealer to ensure its accuracy. Dealer can not be held liable for data that is listed incorrectly. *Picture may not represent actual vehicle. Price varies based on Trim Levels and Options. Certain vehicles listed may not be available, or may have different prices, or be equipped with dealer installed options. See Dealer for in-stock inventory & actual selling price. All prices plus tax, title & license with approved credit. MSRP includes delivery, processing, and handling fees. Dealer doc fee $899.95 not included in price. Prices may be different outside of each advertised period and do not necessarily reflect cash price at any other time. Parks Toyota of DeLand	List of Toyota vehicles
Appearing on the big screen in July, what cartoon characters are the creation of Belgian cartoonist Peyo (Pieer Culliford), born on June 25, 1928?	Used Toyota Sales in DeLand, FL \| Parks Toyota of DeLand » Buy an Incredible Used Toyota at Our Dealership Serving Orlando, FL! Buying a car is a big decision. Naturally, buyers are concerned about finding everything they need -- and some of the comforts they want besides -- at a price they can afford. At our Toyota dealership serving Orange City, FL , we are proud to offer an extensive selection of high-quality used vehicles, so that you can get the vehicle you want at a price that works with your budget. In addition to our selection of used Toyota vehicles, we also have Certified Pre-Owned Toyota models that have been meticulously inspected by our technicians and plenty of used vehicles from other top makes, too. No matter what it is you need, we have it for you at Parks Toyota. While we make every effort to ensure the data listed here is correct, there may be instances where some of the pricing, options or vehicle features may be listed incorrectly as we get data from multiple data sources. Please confirm the details of this vehicle with the dealer to ensure its accuracy. Dealer can not be held liable for data that is listed incorrectly. *Picture may not represent actual vehicle. Price varies based on Trim Levels and Options. Certain vehicles listed may not be available, or may have different prices, or be equipped with dealer installed options. See Dealer for in-stock inventory & actual selling price. All prices plus tax, title & license with approved credit. MSRP includes delivery, processing, and handling fees. Dealer doc fee $899.95 not included in price. Prices may be different outside of each advertised period and do not necessarily reflect cash price at any other time. Parks Toyota of DeLand	i don't know
Born on June 20, 1924, what fifth grade dropout went on to become the most decorated American soldier of WWII, before launching a successful movie career?	The House of Gutenberg - MOH I-M The House of Gutenberg Home Page > Autographs > Medal of Honor > MOH I-M Names starting with I-M Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (pronounced /ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; September 7, 1924 – December 17, 2012) was a Medal of Honor recipient and a United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2010 until his death in 2012, making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history. Inouye was the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. A senator since 1963, Inouye was the most senior U.S. senator at the time of his death. He is the second-longest serving U.S. Senator in history after Robert Byrd. Inouye continuously represented Hawaii in the U.S. Congress since it achieved statehood in 1959 until the time of his death, serving as Hawaii's first U.S. Representative and later a senator. Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the first in the U.S. Senate. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Inouye served as a medical volunteer. In 1943, when the U.S. Army dropped its enlistment ban on Japanese Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of second-generation Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. Inouye was promoted to the rank of sergeant within his first year, and he was given the role of platoon leader. He served in Italy in 1944 during the Rome-Arno Campaign before his regiment was transferred to the Vosges Mountains region of France, where he spent two weeks in the battle to relieve the Lost Battalion, a battalion of the 141st Infantry Regiment that was surrounded by German forces. He was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant for his actions there. At one point while he was leading an attack, a shot struck him in the chest directly above his heart, but the bullet was stopped by the two silver dollars he happened to have stacked in his shirt pocket. He continued to carry the coins throughout the war in his shirt pocket as good luck charms until he lost them shortly before the battle in which he lost his arm. On April 21, 1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on a heavily-defended ridge near San Terenzo in Tuscany, Italy called Colle Musatello. The ridge served as a strongpoint along the strip of German fortifications known as the Gothic Line, which represented the last and most unyielding line of German defensive works in Italy. As he led his platoon in a flanking maneuver, three German machine guns opened fire from covered positions just 40 yards away, pinning his men to the ground. Inouye stood up to attack and was shot in the stomach; ignoring his wound, he proceeded to attack and destroy the first machine gun nest with hand grenades and fire from his Thompson submachine gun. After being informed of the severity of his wound by his platoon sergeant, he refused treatment and rallied his men for an attack on the second machine gun position, which he also successfully destroyed before collapsing from blood loss. As his squad distracted the third machine gunner, Inouye crawled toward the final bunker, eventually drawing within 10 yards. As he raised himself up and cocked his arm to throw his last grenade into the fighting position, a German inside the bunker fired a rifle grenade that struck him on the right elbow, severing most of his arm and leaving his own primed grenade reflexively "clenched in a fist that suddenly didn't belong to me anymore" Inouye's horrified soldiers moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade. While the German inside the bunker reloaded his rifle, Inouye pried the live grenade from his useless right hand and transferred it to his left. As the German aimed his rifle to finish him off, Inouye tossed the grenade into the bunker and destroyed it. He stumbled to his feet and continued forward, silencing the last German resistance with a one-handed burst from his Thompson before being wounded in the leg and tumbling unconscious to the bottom of the ridge. When he awoke to see the concerned men of his platoon hovering over him, his only comment before being carried away was to gruffly order them to return to their positions, since, as he pointed out, "nobody called off the war!" Although Inouye had lost his right arm, he remained in the military until 1947 and was honorably discharged with the rank of captain. At the time of his leaving the Army, he was a recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and the Purple Heart. Inouye was initially awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery in this action, with the award later being upgraded to the Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton (alongside 19 other Nisei servicemen who served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and were believed to have been denied proper recognition of their bravery due to their race). His story, along with interviews with him about the war as a whole, were featured prominently in the 2007 Ken Burns documentary The War. Signed FDC & card - $29.00 each Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (pronounced /ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; September 7, 1924 – December 17, 2012). See bio above. Signed personal letter - $34.00 Daniel Inouye - Lt., Army, 442 Regimental Combat Team, San Terenzo, Italy, April 211, 1945 - Document with 2 sigs - $29.00 Edouard Victor Izac - Lt U.S. Navy, POW, May 21, 1918, Handwritten & signed letter on his letterhead, rare - $125.00 Delbert O. Jennings - Army, Kim Song Valley Vietnam, Dec. 27, 1966, Document with 2 sigs - $29.00 Captain Arthur J. Jackson (born October 18, 1924) is a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his actions on Peleliu during World War II. PFC Jackson single-handedly destroyed 12 enemy pillboxes and killed 50 enemy soldiers. On September 30, 1961, while serving at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, after a drinking bout where he consumed at least 6 martinis, Jackson fatally shot Rubén López Sabariego, a Cuban worker at Guantanamo, and unsuccessfully attempted to hide his body in a shallow grave. In January 1943, he began his recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, and soon thereafter joined the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Australia in June 1943. On January 13, 1944, while taking part in the Cape Gloucester campaign, he carried a wounded Marine to safety in the face of well-entrenched Japanese troops on the slope of a steep hill, thus saving the wounded man's life. For this action, he was awarded a Letter of Commendation. Following this, while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, he took part in the fighting and was wounded on Peleliu — for his heroic actions in that battle, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and was awarded his first Purple Heart. He again went into combat on Okinawa where, as a platoon sergeant with the 1st Marine Division, he was again wounded in action on May 18, 1945. That August, he was commissioned as a Marine second lieutenant. Following the war, he served in North China during the post-war occupation of that country. On his return to the United States, he returned briefly to civilian life, but, shortly after, entered the U.S. Army Reserves where, in 1954, he made the rank of captain. Although he served with the Army during the Korean War, he returned to the Marine Corps in 1959. He again left the Corps in 1962 but remained active in the Army Reserves and eventually retired from that service in 1984. During this time he also worked for the United States Postal Service. As of 2013 Jackson was retired and lived in Boise, Idaho. Signed card - $29.00 Leonard B. "Len" Keller (February 25, 1947 – October 18, 2009) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. A native of Rockford, Illinois, Keller was drafted into the U.S. Army from Chicago in the spring of 1966. He attended basic training at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and advanced infantry training at Fort Polk, Louisiana. Sent to Vietnam that summer with the 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, Keller and his unit performed reconnaissance missions in the Mekong Delta. By May 2, 1967, Keller was serving as a sergeant in Company A, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. On that day, in the Ap Bac Zone, Republic of Vietnam, Keller and fellow soldier Specialist Four Raymond R. Wright stormed a series of enemy bunkers which were firing on their unit. For their actions, both Keller and Wright were awarded the Medal of Honor. The medal was formally presented to him on September 19, 1968, by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a ceremony at the White House. After being discharged from the military in August 1968, Keller married a United States Navy veteran and eventually moved to Milton, Florida. For more than 20 years, he was supervisor of the supply department at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, a primary flight training base northeast of Naval Air Station Pensacola. Keller died on October 18, 2009 at age 62 after a motorcycle accident in Milton. He was leaving a Fleet Reserve Association veterans' club when he lost control of his three-wheeled Harley-Davidson. The vehicle rolled several times and landed on top of him. He was taken to Sacred Heart Hospital in Pensacola, where he died. On November 30, 2009, Keller was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Signed FDC $29.00 and card $24.-0 Leonard B. "Len" Keller (February 25, 1947 – October 18, 2009) (see bio above) - Signed MOH card - $29.00 Joe Madison Jackson (born March 14, 1923) served as a career officer in the United States Air Force and received the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War for a dangerous impromptu rescue operation of three American military personnel.Jackson, born on March 14, 1923, in Newnan, Georgia, was an avid model aircraft enthusiast in his youth. He enlisted in the Army Air Corps in March 1941, a few days after his 18th birthday, in hopes of learning more about aeronautics. Nine months later, the United States entered World War II and Jackson was assigned to serve as crew chief aboard a B-25 Mitchell bomber. As a testament to his early flight aptitude, he helped save his fellow crewman by assisting his aircraft's pilot during an engine fire. Soon after, Jackson successfully completed Aviation Cadet Training and became a commissioned officer. He flew a variety of aircraft throughout the war, and ended the war at the controls of a B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft. During the late 1940s, Jackson returned to flying fighter aircraft. During the Korean War, he successfully flew 107 combat missions in the F-84 Thunderjet. His accomplishments include: · Discovering a formulaic method of navigating an aircraft back to base in poor weather · Developing Standard Jet Penetration, a popular method of landing a jet aircraft with low ceilings and low visibility · Developing mass transoceanic ferrying flights · Creating a bomb-throwing method allowing nuclear weapons to be delivered by fighter aircraft · Planning and directing aerial reconnaissance over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 · Becoming one of the first Air Force pilots to fly the U-2 Dragonlady reconnaissance aircraft After completing a staff tour in Europe, Jackson was assigned to fly the C-123 Provider over South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. While he flew 298 combat missions during this period, it was his rescue mission on May 12, 1968 during the Battle of Kham Duc that earned him the nation's highest award for military valor. On January 16, 1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented Jackson with the Medal of Honor at a White House ceremony. Also receiving the Medal of Honor that day was fellow Newnan native Stephen W. Pless, a Marine aviator who, like Jackson, had earned the decoration for an airborne rescue operation. Legend states that, upon realizing that both Pless and Jackson were from the same small Georgia town, President Johnson quipped "there must be something in the water down in Newnan." Signed color postcard size photo - $34.00 Joe Madison Jackson (born March 14, 1923) (see bio above) Signed MOH card - $29.00 Thomas Gunning Kelley (born May 13, 1939) is a retired Captain in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War. From 2003 to 2011 he served as Secretary of the Massachusetts Department of Veterans' Services. Born on May 13, 1939, in Boston, Massachusetts, Kelley later joined the Navy from that city. He served in Vietnam as a lieutenant in command of River Assault Division 152, part of the Mobile Riverine Force. On June 15, 1969, he led eight boats on a mission to extract a U.S. Army infantry company from the bank of the Ong Muong Canal in Kien Hoa province, South Vietnam. During the extraction, the convoy came under attack from a hostile force on the opposite bank and one of the boats suffered a mechanical failure which prevented it from raising its loading ramp and getting under way. After ordering the other boats to form a defensive line around the disabled craft, Kelley maneuvered his own boat to the front, between his men and the enemy, and engaged the hostile force. He received a severe head wound when a rocket struck near him, penetrating the boat's armor and spraying shrapnel in all directions. Although unable to stand or speak clearly, he continued to relay directions to the convoy, with the help of one of his sailors, until the crippled boat was repaired and the group was able to move out. Kelley survived his wounds and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant commander and awarded the Medal of Honor. Despite the loss of one eye during this action, he requested to remain on active duty, and eventually retired with the rank of captain in 1990. After retirement from the Navy, Kelley worked as a civilian in the Department of Defense for several years before returning to Boston. He became commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Veterans' Services in April 1999 and was named Secretary of that department in August 2003. In December 2010, he retired from public service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Thomas Gunning Kelley (born May 13, 1939)Signed FDC - $29.00 Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. Before entering politics, he served in the Vietnam War as a U.S. Navy SEAL officer and was awarded the Medal of Honor (MOH) for heroism in combat. During the same action for which he was awarded the MOH, he was also severely wounded, precluding further naval service. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992. From 2001 to 2010, Kerrey served as president of The New School, a university in New York City. In May 2010, he was selected to become the head of the Motion Picture Association of America, but he and the MPAA could not reach an agreement, so former Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd was chosen instead. In 2012, Kerrey sought election to his old Senate seat to succeed retiring Democratic incumbent Ben Nelson. He lost to Republican nominee Deb Fischer. Kerrey served in the United States Navy as a SEAL officer from 1966 to 1969 during the Vietnam War. He lost the lower part of one leg in combat and received the Medal of Honor for action near Nha Trang Bay in South Vietnam on March 14, 1969. Signed color 5x7 photo - 2 motiefs - $34.00 each Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) Signed FDC - $29.00 Alton Warren Knappenberger (December 31, 1923 – June 9, 2008) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Knappenberger joined the Army from Spring Mount, Pennsylvania in March 1943, and by February 1, 1944 was serving as a private first class in the 30th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day, during the Battle of Cisterna in Italy, Knappenberger held an exposed position alone and harassed the attacking Germans with his automatic rifle until he ran out of ammunition. For his actions during the battle, he was issued the Medal of Honor three months later, on May 26, 1944. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Ernest Richard Kouma (November 23, 1919 – December 19, 1993) was a soldier in the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War. He rose to the rank of Master Sergeant and received the Medal of Honor for his actions on August 31 and September 1, 1950, during the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge in South Korea. Born in Nebraska, Kouma grew up on a family farm before enlisting in the US Army in 1940. Kouma served as a tank commander during World War II, seeing combat in Germany with the 9th Armored Division from 1944 to 1945. After that war, Kouma served as part of the occupation force in South Korea and Japan. On the outbreak of the Korean War, Kouma commanded an M26 Pershing tank in the 2nd Infantry Division. While fighting during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter along the Naktong River, Kouma commanded his tank as it single-handedly fended off repeated North Korean attempts to cross the river after units around it had withdrawn. Wounded twice, Kouma killed 250 North Korean troops in this action. After receiving the medal, Kouma served as a recruiter and remained in the Army for 31 years, retiring in 1971. He lived in Kentucky until his death, and is buried in Fort Knox, Kentucky. Following the end of the WWII, Kouma decided to stay in the Army. He was moved to South Korea for occupation duties before being moved to Japan for the post-war occupation of that country. Eventually, Kouma was assigned as a tank commander in A Company, 72nd Tank Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, which was stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington. By this time he had a home in Penobscot County, Maine when he was not at Fort Lewis. Following the outbreak of war between North Korea and South Korea on June 25, 1950, the United States mobilized a large contingent of troops to send into the beleaguered country. Initially, units occupying Japan were called into the country, but forces were eventually dispatched from the United States. In August 1950, Kouma, who was then a Sergeant First Class, sailed for Korea along with much of the 2nd Infantry Division. It arrived there in late August and was moved into line at the Pusan Perimeter, where US troops were fighting a tight defensive line around the port city of Pusan. The North Korean People's Army, meanwhile, was preparing for a September offensive by capturing the Miryang and Samnangjin areas to cut off the US 2nd Division's route of supply and withdrawal between Daegu and Busan. However, the North Koreans were unaware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the Naktong River. Consequently they expected lighter resistance; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea. They had only established their lines shortly before the North Koreans began the attack. The North Koreans began crossing the Naktong River under cover of darkness at certain points. On the southern-most flank of the US 9th Infantry Regiment river line, just above the junction of the Nam River with the Naktong, A Company of the 1st Battalion was dug in on a long finger ridge paralleling the Naktong that terminates in Hill 94 at the Kihang ferry site. The river road from Namji-ri running west along the Naktong passes the southern tip of this ridge and crosses to the west side of the river at the ferry. A small village called Agok lay at the base of Hill 94 and 300 yards (270 m) from the river. A patrol of tanks and armored vehicles, together with two infantry squads of A Company, 9th Infantry, held a roadblock near the ferry and close to Agok. On the evening of August 31, A Company moved from its ridge positions overlooking Agok and the river to new positions along the river below the ridge line. That evening Kouma led the patrol of two M26 Pershing tanks and two M19 Gun Motor Carriages in Agok, along the Naktong River. Kouma placed his patrol on the west side of Agok near the Kihang ferry. At 20:00 a heavy fog covered the river, and at 22:00 mortar shells began falling on the American-held side of the river. By 22:15 this strike intensified and North Korean mortar preparation struck A Company's positions. American mortars and artillery began firing counter-battery. Some of A Company's men reported hearing noises on the opposite side of the river and splashes in the water. At 22:30 the fog lifted and Kouma saw that a North Korean pontoon bridge was being laid across the river directly in front of his position. Kouma's four vehicles attacked this structure, with Kouma manning the M2 Browning .50-caliber machine gun atop the tank. As the gunner fired the tank's main cannon, Kouma sank many of the boats attempting to cross the river with his machine gun. At 23:00 a small arms fight flared around the left side of A Company north of the tanks. This gunfire had lasted only two or three minutes when the A Company roadblock squads near the tanks heard over the field telephone that the company was withdrawing and that they should do likewise. Kouma instead opted to act as a rearguard to cover the infantry. He was wounded shortly thereafter in the foot reloading the tank's ammunition. He quickly fought off another North Korean attack across the river with his machine gun. Kouma's force was then ambushed by a group of North Koreans dressed in US military uniforms. Kouma was wounded a second time, in the shoulder, as he beat back repeated North Korean crossings on his machine gun. Several strong attacks came within meters of the tank, but Kouma was able to drive them back despite his wounds. Eventually, the other three vehicles withdrew or were neutralized, and Kouma held the Agok crossing site until 07:30 the next morning with his tank. At one point, the tank was surrounded and Kouma had to engage the North Koreans with machine gun fire at point blank range. After the tank gun's ammunition was expended, Kouma used his pistol and grenades to hold off the North Koreans. The tank then withdrew 8 miles (13 km) to the newly-established American lines, destroying three North Korean machine gun positions along the way. During his action, Kouma had killed an estimated 250 North Korean troops. His actions in this fight alone surpassed the highly-decorated US Army soldier Audie Murphy, who was credited with 240 kills during World War II, and who had been the second most decorated US soldier in the war. Once he returned to his unit, Kouma attempted to resupply his tank and return to the front lines. Instead, the wounded Kouma was ordered to evacuate for medical treatment. As he was being evacuated, Kouma again requested to return to the front lines. Scarce signature – Signed FDC - $39.00 Yeiki Kobashigawa (September 28, 1917 – March 31, 2005) was a soldier in United States Army.[1] He is best known for receiving the Medal of Honor in World War II. One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941. Kobashigawa volunteered to join the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He led his squad in destroying several German machine gun nests. This was eventually upgraded to the Medal of Honor upon military review on June 21, 2000. The review examined whether or not Asian Americans who fought in uniform during the war were treated unfairly due to prejudice. Twenty-two Americans of Asian ancestry who had fought in World War II were awarded the Medal after the review. Kobashigawa was one of only a handful still alive in 2000 to receive the Medal during a White House ceremony. After the war, Kobashigawa worked as a maintenance mechanic. Citation: Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. Signed card plus framable bio. $29.00 George Charles Lang (April 20, 1947 – March 16, 2005) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Lang joined the Army from Brooklyn, New York, and by February 22, 1969 was serving as a specialist four in Company A, 4th Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. During a firefight on that day, in Kien Hoa Province, Republic of Vietnam, Lang single-handedly assaulted three enemy emplacements before being seriously wounded. He recovered from his wounds and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle. Lang died at age 57 and was buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood, Westbury, New York. Medal of Honor citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sp4 Lang, Company A, was serving as a squad leader when his unit, on a reconnaissance-in-force mission, encountered intense fire from a well fortified enemy bunker complex. Sp4 Lang observed an emplacement from which heavy fire was coming. Unhesitatingly, he assaulted the position and destroyed it with hand grenades and rifle fire. Observing another emplacement approximately 15 meters to his front, Sp4 Lang jumped across a canal, moved through heavy enemy fire to within a few feet of the position, and eliminated it, again using hand grenades and rifle fire. Nearby, he discovered a large cache of enemy ammunition. As he maneuvered his squad forward to secure the cache, they came under fire from yet a third bunker. Sp4 Lang immediately reacted, assaulted his position, and destroyed it with the remainder of his grenades. After returning to the area of the arms cache, his squad again came under heavy enemy rocket and automatic weapons fire from 3 sides and suffered 6 casualties. Sp4 Lang was 1 of those seriously wounded. Although immobilized and in great pain, he continued to direct his men until his evacuation was ordered over his protests. The sustained extraordinary courage and selflessness exhibited by this soldier over an extended period of time were an inspiration to his comrades and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army. Signed MOH Card & FDC - $29.00 each. Signed 8x10 color photo - $34.00 George C. Lang - Signed 8x10 color photo - $34.00 William Robert "Bill" Lawley, Jr. (August 23, 1920 – May 29, 1999) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Lawley joined the Army Air Forces from Birmingham, Alabama in April 1942, and by February 20, 1944 was a first lieutenant serving as a pilot in the 364th Bomb Squadron, 305th Bomb Group. On that day, during a bombing mission over Nazi-controlled Europe, his B-17 Flying Fortress came under attack by enemy fighter aircraft. With his plane severely damaged and on fire, he ordered his crew to parachute to safety. Finding that two crewmen were too badly injured to bail out, Lawley chose to remain in the aircraft and, despite his own serious wounds, attempt to pilot it into friendly territory. Although weakened from loss of blood and shock, he was able to make a successful crash landing in England. Lawley recovered from his wounds and, on August 8, 1944, was awarded the Medal of Honor. Lawley reached the rank of colonel before leaving the Air Force in 1972. He died at age 78 and was buried in Greenwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Alabama. Medal of Honor citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty, 20 February 1944, while serving as pilot of a B-17 aircraft on a heavy bombardment mission over enemy-occupied continental Europe. Coming off the target he was attacked by approximately 20 enemy fighters, shot out of formation, and his plane severely crippled. Eight crewmembers were wounded, the copilot was killed by a 20-mm. shell. One engine was on fire, the controls shot away, and 1st Lt. Lawley seriously and painfully wounded about the face. Forcing the copilot's body off the controls, he brought the plane out of a steep dive, flying with his left hand only. Blood covered the instruments and windshield and visibility was impossible. With a full bomb load the plane was difficult to maneuver and bombs could not be released because the racks were frozen. After the order to bail out had been given, 1 of the waist gunners informed the pilot that 2 crewmembers were so severely wounded that it would be impossible for them to bail out. With the fire in the engine spreading, the danger of an explosion was imminent. Because of the helpless condition of his wounded crewmembers 1st Lt. Lawley elected to remain with the ship and bring them to safety if it was humanly possible, giving the other crewmembers the option of bailing out. Enemy fighters again attacked but by using masterful evasive action he managed to lose them. One engine again caught on fire and was extinguished by skillful flying. 1st Lt. Lawley remained at his post, refusing first aid until he collapsed from sheer exhaustion caused by loss of blood, shock, and the energy he had expended in keeping control of his plane. He was revived by the bombardier and again took over the controls. Coming over the English coast 1 engine ran out of gasoline and had to be feathered. Another engine started to burn and continued to do so until a successful crash landing was made on a small fighter base. Through his heroism and exceptional flying skill, 1st Lt. Lawley rendered outstanding distinguished and valorous service to our Nation. Typewritten and hand-signed note on his personalized note paper. - $27.50 Peter Charles Lemon (born June 5, 1950) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received the award for his actions on April 1, 1970 while serving in Tay Ninh province during the Vietnam War. Lemon is the only Canadian born U.S. citizen to be presented the medal for fighting in the Vietnam War. He is the fifth-youngest living Medal of Honor recipient. Peter Lemon was born in Toronto, Ontario. After his military service, he attended Colorado State University, graduating in 1979 with a degree in Speech and received his Masters in Business Administration from the University of Northern Colorado in 1981. He currently works as a motivational speaker and is the author of the book Beyond the Medal, as well as being executive producer on the PBS special Beyond the Medal of Honor. Lemon has also run several corporations, including American Hospitality Association, Inc.; Darnell-Lemon, Inc.; and Probus, Inc.; as well as working as a semi-professional sculptor. On May 1, 2009, Mr. Lemon was presented the coveted Outstanding American by Choice award by President Barack Obama at The White House, recognizing his life of professional achievement and civic contribution. It is the first time in history the award was presented by the President of the United States. Lemon is an inductee in the elite Ranger Hall of Fame. Lemon admitted in a 1971 newspaper interview that he was high on marijuana during the actions that earned him the Medal of Honor. Medal of Honor Citation: Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 2d Battalion, 8th Cavalry, 1st Cavalry Division. Place and date: Tay Ninh province, Republic of Vietnam, April 1, 1970. Entered service at: Tawas City, Mich. Born: June 5, 1950, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Lemon (then Sp4), Company E, distinguished himself while serving as an assistant machine gunner during the defense of Fire Support Base Illingworth. When the base came under heavy enemy attack, Sgt. Lemon engaged a numerically superior enemy with machine gun and rifle fire from his defensive position until both weapons malfunctioned. He then used hand grenades to fend off the intensified enemy attack launched in his direction. After eliminating all but 1 of the enemy soldiers in the immediate vicinity, he pursued and disposed of the remaining soldier in hand-to-hand combat. Despite fragment wounds from an exploding grenade, Sgt. Lemon regained his position, carried a more seriously wounded comrade to an aid station, and, as he returned, was wounded a second time by enemy fire. Disregarding his personal injuries, he moved to his position through a hail of small arms and grenade fire. Sgt. Lemon immediately realized that the defensive sector was in danger of being overrun by the enemy and unhesitatingly assaulted the enemy soldiers by throwing hand grenades and engaging in hand-to-hand combat. He was wounded yet a third time, but his determined efforts successfully drove the enemy from the position. Securing an operable machine gun, Sgt. Lemon stood atop an embankment fully exposed to enemy fire, and placed effective fire upon the enemy until he collapsed from his multiple wounds and exhaustion. After regaining consciousness at the aid station, he refused medical evacuation until his more seriously wounded comrades had been evacuated. Sgt. Lemon's gallantry and extraordinary heroism, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army Signed postcard size color photo - $34.00 Peter Charles Lemon (born June 5, 1950) - Signed MOH montage - $29.00 Lieutenant Colonel Howard Vincent Lee (born 1933) is a retired United States Marine Corps officer who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in August 1966 during the Vietnam War. Lee was born on August 1, 1933, in New York City. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York in 1951, and from Pace College with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration, on June 19, 1955. While in his senior year at college, he enlisted as a member of the Platoon Leaders Class in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Ordered to the Republic of Vietnam in April 1966, Capt Lee served as Commanding Officer of Company E, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. He received the Bronze Star with Combat "V" for heroic action on June 26, 1966 – June 27, 1966. Then, on 8-August 9, 1966 that he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty in the vicinity of Quang Tri, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Wounded in that action, Capt Lee was evacuated to the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. In November 1966, he returned to duty at Headquarters Marine Corps and assigned duty as TO/MOS Coordinator and, later, Assistant FMF Readiness Officer in the Operation Section, G-4 Division. He was promoted to Major (United States) in July 1966. On October 25, 1967, Major Lee was presented the Medal of Honor by President Lyndon Johnson in a ceremony at the White House. Following this assignment, Maj Lee completed the Command and Staff College, Quantico, Virginia, in June 1970, then returned to the Republic of Vietnam for his second tour of duty. For his service as Executive Officer, Provisional Headquarters and Service Company and with the 2nd Combined Action Group, III Marine Amphibious Force, he earned a Gold Star in lieu of a second Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V". He was promoted in July 1972 to lieutenant colonel and retired in 1975 from the Marine Corps. Signed FDC - $29.00 Lieutenant Colonel Howard Vincent Lee (born 1933) Personal handwritten letter 2/envelope - $29.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the Iwo Jima campaign — for unhesitatingly hurling himself over his comrades upon one grenade and for pulling another one under himself. One of the grenades exploded, and Lucas absorbed the entire blasting force of it with his own body. Private First Class Lucas, the youngest Marine ever to receive the United States' highest military decoration, survived and was presented the award by President Harry S. Truman at the White House on Friday, 5 October 1945. Although only 14 years of age, having a muscular build, 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall and weighing 180 pounds he enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve without his mother's consent on 6 August 1942. He gave his age as 17, and went to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina for recruit training. During his rifle training, Pvt. Lucas qualified as a sharpshooter. He was next assigned to the Marine Barracks and Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. In June 1943, he was transferred to the 21st Replacement Battalion at New River, North Carolina, and one month later he went to the 25th Replacement Battalion, where he successfully completed schooling which qualified him as a heavy machine gun crewman. He left the continental United States on 4 November 1943, and the following month he joined the 6th Base Depot of the V Amphibious Corps at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He was advanced to private first class on 29 January 1944. With statements to his buddies that he was going to join a combat organization, PFC Lucas walked out of camp on 10 January 1945, wearing a khaki uniform and carrying his dungarees and field shoes in a roll under his arm. He was declared UA (Unauthorized Absence) when he failed to return that night and a month later, when there was still no sign of him, he was declared a "deserter", and a reward was offered for his apprehension. He was also reduced to the rank of private at that time. He stowed away on board USS Deuel which was transporting units of the 5th Marine Division into combat. He surrendered to the senior troop officer present on 8 February 1945 dressed in neat, clean dungarees. He was allowed to remain, and shortly after he was transferred to Headquarters Company, 5th Marine Division. He reached his 17th birthday while at sea, six days before the heroic actions at Iwo Jima, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. On the day following the landing at Iwo Jima, he was creeping through a twisting ravine with three other men of his rifle team when the Japanese opened an attack on them. The men were in a trench when two enemy grenades landed nearby. Lucas pushed a thrown hand grenade into the volcanic ash and covered it with his rifle and his body. He reached out and pulled a second grenade beneath him. His companions had thought he died in the blast, so they left him, but he was amazingly still alive. Severely wounded in the right arm and wrist, right leg and thigh, and chest, Pvt. Lucas had undoubtedly saved his companions from serious injury and possible death. He was evacuated to the hospital ship Samaritan, and then treated at various field hospitals prior to his arrival in San Francisco, California on 28 March 1945. He eventually underwent 21 surgeries. For the rest of his life, there remained about 200 pieces of metal, some the size of 22 caliber bullets, in Lucas' body — which set off airport metal detectors. The mark of desertion was removed from his record in August of that year while he was a patient at the U.S. Naval Hospital at Charleston, South Carolina. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve because of disability resulting from his wounds on 18 September 1945, following his reappointment to the rank of Private First Class. On 5 October 1945, Lucas and 14 other sailors and Marines (including Pappy Boyington) were presented the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman. In attendance at the ceremony were Lucas' mother, Admiral Chester Nimitz, and Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. Signed FDC - $29.00. Signed color photo - $39.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008)-Signed FDC - $29.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008)-Signed MOH citation - $34.00 Allen James Lynch (born October 28, 1945) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in the Vietnam War. Born on October 28, 1945, in Chicago, Lynch grew up in the Lake Eliza area of Porter County, Indiana, where he attended Union Center Elementary School and Wheeler Junior High School. Lynch joined the Army from Chicago in 1964, and by December 15, 1967, was serving as a specialist four in Company D, 1st Battalion (Airmobile), 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). During a firefight on that day, near My An (2), Binh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam, Lynch rescued three wounded soldiers and stayed behind to protect them when the rest of the company withdrew. He single-handedly defended the wounded men against enemy attack until locating a friendly force which could evacuate them. Lynch was subsequently promoted to sergeant and awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. The medal was formally presented to him by President Richard Nixon in 1970. After the war, Lynch settled in Gurnee, Illinois, and worked for the Department of Veterans Affairs, where he advocated increased benefits for disabled veterans. He later served as chief of the Illinois Attorney General's Veterans Rights Bureau until his retirement in 2005. He has volunteered for the Vietnam Veterans of America organization, is the liaison for the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, and frequently gives speeches at military-related events, such as Memorial Day ceremonies. Medal of Honor citation - For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above andbeyond the call of duty. Sgt. Lynch (then Sp4c.) distinguished himself while serving as a radio telephone operator with Company D. While serving in the forward element on an operation near the village of My An, his unit became heavily engaged with a numerically superior enemy force. Quickly and accurately assessing the situation, Sgt. Lynch provided his commander with information which subsequently proved essential to the unit's successful actions. Observing 3 wounded comrades Lying exposed to enemy fire, Sgt. Lynch dashed across 50 meters of open ground through a withering hail of enemy fire to administer aid. Reconnoitering a nearby trench for a covered position to protect the wounded from intense hostile fire, he killed 2 enemy soldiers at point blank range. With the trench cleared, he unhesitatingly returned to the fire-swept area 3 times to carry the wounded men to safety. When his company was forced to withdraw by the superior firepower of the enemy, Sgt. Lynch remained to aid his comrades at the risk of his life rather than abandon them. Alone, he defended his isolated position for 2 hours against the advancing enemy. Using only his rifle and a grenade, he stopped them just short of his trench, killing 5. Again, disregarding his safety in the face of withering hostile fire, he crossed 70 meters of exposed terrain 5 times to carry his wounded comrades to a more secure area. Once he had assured their comfort and safety, Sgt. Lynch located the counterattacking friendly company to assist in directing the attack and evacuating the 3 casualties. His gallantry at the risk of his life is in the highest traditions of the military service, Sgt. Lynch has reflected great credit on himself, the 12th Cavalry, and the U.S. Army. Signed FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each Major General James Everett Livingston (born January 12, 1940) is a retired United States Marine Corps general. He was awarded the United States' highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for heroic actions in 1968 during the Vietnam War. Maj Gen Livingston served on active duty in the Marine Corps over 33 years before retiring on September 1, 1995. His last assignment was the Commanding General of Marine Forces Reserve in New Orleans, Louisiana. James Livingston was born on January 12, 1940 in Towns, Georgia. He graduated from Lumber City High School in 1957. He entered North Georgia College and State University (The Military College of Georgia) in 1957 and was a member of the schools nationally recognized Corps of Cadets until he transferred to pursue a major that the school did not offer. In 1962, Livingston earned a B.S degree in civil engineering from Auburn University. While at Auburn University he pledged and was initiated into the Alpha-Delta Chapter of Sigma Pi Fraternity. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps in June 1962. Livingston's early assignments included service as a platoon commander, intelligence officer and as a Recruit Training Regiment series commander. Promoted to captain in June 1966, Capt Livingston served as the Commanding Officer of the Marine detachment aboard the Aircraft Carrier USS Wasp, before joining the 3rd Marine Division in the Republic of Vietnam in August 1967. On May 2, 1968, while serving as Commanding Officer, Company E, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty in action against enemy forces, and earned the Medal of Honor. He returned to the U.S. in November 1968 and completed the Amphibious Warfare School in Quantico, Virginia. He was presented the Medal of Honor on May 14, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. After his second tour in Vietnam, he served as an instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School, Director of Division Schools for the 1st Marine Division, and later, as S-3 of the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines. In March 1975 he returned to Vietnam and served as Operations Officer for the Vietnam evacuation operations which included Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon. He then commanded the Marine Barracks, United Kingdom, London, and served as Commanding Officer, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion and then as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations and Training at the Marine Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. During this period, he earned a master’s degree in Management from Webster University (1984). He then served with the 2nd Marine Division and commanded the 6th Marines before joining the Joint U.S. Assistance Group in the Republic of the Philippines. Following advancement to brigadier general on June 10, 1988, he served as Deputy Director for Operations at the National Military Command Center in Washington, D.C. During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Gen Livingston commanded the Marine Air Ground Combat Center, 29 Palms, California and developed the Desert Warfare Training Program. After command of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade, he was advanced to major general on July 8, 1991, and assumed command of the 4th Marine Division. In July 1992, he assumed command of the newly created Marine Reserve Force, and continued through its reorganization in October 1994, with its new title, "Marine Forces Reserve". Livingston is a graduate of the Amphibious Warfare School, the Marine Corps Command and Staff College and the Air War College. In retirement, MajGen Livingston is serving on the Board of Trustees of the National World War II Museum.[1] On November 6, 2007 the Fred Thompson presidential campaign announced that MajGen Livingston will serve as the National Co-Chair of Veterans for Fred Thompson. Medal of Honor citation - For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Commanding Officer, Company E, Second Battalion, Fourth Marines, Ninth Marine Amphibious Brigade in action against enemy forces in the Republic of Vietnam. On 2 May 1968, Company E launched a determined assault on the heavily fortified village of Dai Do, which had been seized by the enemy on the preceding evening isolating a Marine company from the remainder of the battalion. Skillfully employing screening agents, Captain Livingston maneuvered his men to assault positions across 500 meters of dangerous open rice paddy while under intense enemy fire. Ignoring hostile rounds impacting near him, he fearlessly led his men in a savage assault against enemy emplacements within the village. While adjusting supporting arms fire, Captain Livingston moved to the points of heaviest resistance, shouting words of encouragement to his Marines, directing their fire, and spurring the dwindling momentum of the attack on repeated occasions. Although twice painfully wounded by grenade fragments, he refused medical treatment and courageously led his men in the destruction of over 100 mutually supporting bunkers, driving the remaining enemy from their positions, and relieving the pressure on the stranded Marine company. As the two companies consolidated positions and evacuated casualties, a third company passed through the friendly lines launching an assault on the adjacent village of Dinh To, only to be halted by a furious counterattack of an enemy battalion. Swiftly assessing the situation and disregarding the heavy volume of enemy fire, Captain Livingston boldly maneuvered the remaining effective men of his company forward, joined forces with the heavily engaged Marines, and halted the enemy's counterattack. Wounded a third time and unable to walk, he steadfastly remained in a dangerously exposed area, deploying his men to more tenable positions and supervising the evacuation of casualties. Only when assured of the safety of his men did he allow himself to be evacuated. Captain Livingston's gallant actions uphold the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card, personal letter, & FDC - $29.00 each Noble Warrior - by James Livingston, new, Zenith Press, 1st edition 1st printing, hardcover, 278 pages, signed by author and both co-authors. This is an outstanding read - the autobiography of Vietnam Medal of Honor recipient Major General James E. Livingston. - Our price is $34.00. José Mendoza López (July 10, 1910 – May 16, 2005) was a mexican and United States Army soldier who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat — the Medal of Honor — for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge, in which he single-handedly repulsed a German infantry attack, killing at least 100 enemy troops. While living in with his uncle's family López began working various jobs to bring in income and never returned to school. As a young man, López caught the attention of a boxing promoter and for seven years he traveled the country fighting a total of 55 fights in the lightweight division with the nickname of 'Kid Mendoza'. In 1934, during a boxing match in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, he met a group of Merchant Marines and signed a contract with them. He was accepted in the union in 1936 and spent the next five years traveling the world. He was en route to California from Hawaii on December 7, 1941, when he learned about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. When he arrived in Los Angeles, the authorities believed he was Japanese and he was forced to prove otherwise. López returned to Brownsville and, in 1942, married Emilia Herrera. That same year, he received his draft card and relocated to San Antonio where he enlisted in the U.S. Army. López was first sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and then to Camp Roberts, California, where he received his basic training. Medal of Honor citation - On his own initiative, he carried his heavy machinegun from Company K's right flank to its left, in order to protect that flank which was in danger of being overrun by advancing enemy infantry supported by tanks. Occupying a shallow hole offering no protection above his waist, he cut down a group of 10 Germans. Ignoring enemy fire from an advancing tank, he held his position and cut down 25 more enemy infantry attempting to turn his flank. Glancing to his right, he saw a large number of infantry swarming in from the front. Although dazed and shaken from enemy artillery fire which had crashed into the ground only a few yards away, he realized that his position soon would be outflanked. Again, alone, he carried his machinegun to a position to the right rear of the sector; enemy tanks and infantry were forcing a withdrawal. Blown over backward by the concussion of enemy fire, he immediately reset his gun and continued his fire. Single-handed he held off the German horde until he was satisfied his company had effected its retirement. Again he loaded his gun on his back and in a hail of small arms fire he ran to a point where a few of his comrades were attempting to set up another defense against the onrushing enemy. He fired from this position until his ammunition was exhausted. Still carrying his gun, he fell back with his small group to Krinkelt. Sgt. López's gallantry and intrepidity, on seemingly suicidal missions in which he killed at least 100 of the enemy, were almost solely responsible for allowing Company K to avoid being enveloped, to withdraw successfully and to give other forces coming up in support time to build a line which repelled the enemy drive. Signed FDC, MOH card and letter - $29.00 each Charles Murray was born on September 26, 1921, in Baltimore, Maryland , Murray moved to Wilmington, North Carolina , at age one. After graduating from Wilmington's New Hanover High School in 1938, he attended the University of North Carolina . He was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942, after his third year of college. Arriving in northeastern France in October 1944, Murray was assigned as a replacement platoon leader to Company C of the 30th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division . The division had landed in Saint-Tropez on the southern coast of France months earlier and was pushing northward towards Germany . On December 8 of that year, Murray became company commander. Early on December 16, Company C crossed the Weiss River in the northern Vosges Mountains and established a defensive position atop Hill 512, just south of the village of Kaysersberg . Later that morning, Murray, by then a first lieutenant , led a platoon-sized group on a reconnaissance mission to the southeast, towards Ammerschwihr . Descending the vineyard -covered hill along a winding footpath, the group noticed German soldiers in a sunken road, about 150 yards (140 m) away, firing on an American hilltop position. Creeping forward to a point from which he could see the German unit, about 200 men strong, Murray made a radio call for artillery support. When the artillery landed slightly off target, he attempted to call for a range correction but the radio went dead. Not wanting to send his patrol against the much larger German force, he retrieved rifle grenades from his men and returned to his vantage point to begin a single-handed attack on the position. Although his fire alerted the Germans to his location, he continued to shoot grenades and later an automatic rifle into the German unit. As the soldiers attempted to withdraw, he disabled a truck which was carrying out three mortars . Members of his patrol brought up their own mortar, and Murray directed its fire until the Germans had scattered towards Ammerschwihr. Continuing on the footpath, he and his men captured ten German soldiers. An eleventh soldier approached him with his helmet off and his arms raised. When Murray turned to shout orders, the soldier tossed a grenade; the explosion knocked Murray to the ground and sent eight pieces of shrapnel into his left leg. After getting back to his feet, he stopped his men from killing the prisoner. Only after organizing the patrol into a defensive position did he turn over command of the company and find an aid station. After receiving medical treatment, Murray rejoined his unit on December 28, 1944. He learned that he had been recommended for the Medal of Honor in March of the next year and, per Army policy, was soon removed from combat. He remained with his division and was in Salzburg , Austria , on May 7, 1945, when a ceasefire was declared. The next day, Germany's surrender was finalized and the war in Europe was over. Murray was decorated with the Medal of Honor on August 1, 1945, eight months after the fight near Kaysersberg. It was formally presented to him during a ceremony in Salzburg, with the entire 3rd Infantry Division in attendance. He arrived home in Wilmington in September to a hero's welcome, but later returned to Europe and served four years of occupation duty . During this time, he was stationed in Salzburg and became the head U.S. intelligence officer in that city. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Murray received three Silver Stars , two Bronze Stars with Valor devices , a Purple Heart , and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his World War II service. Murray remained in the Army after World War II, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division and participating in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and commanded the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) , a ceremonial unit tasked with guarding the Tomb of the Unknowns , among other duties. In 1970, he transferred to Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina , from where he retired in 1973. As a civilian, Murray worked for the South Carolina Department of Corrections until his final retirement. He and his wife, Anne, lived in Columbia, South Carolina until his death from congestive heart failure on August 12, 2011. Murray Middle School in Wilmington is named in his honor. Murray's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For commanding Company C, 30th Infantry, displaying supreme courage and heroic initiative near Kaysersberg, France, on 16 December 1944, while leading a reinforced platoon into enemy territory. Descending into a valley beneath hilltop positions held by our troops, he observed a force of 200 Germans pouring deadly mortar, bazooka , machinegun, and small arms fire into an American battalion occupying the crest of the ridge. The enemy's position in a sunken road, though hidden from the ridge, was open to a flank attack by 1st Lt. Murray's patrol but he hesitated to commit so small a force to battle with the superior and strongly disposed enemy. Crawling out ahead of his troops to a vantage point, he called by radio for artillery fire. His shells bracketed the German force, but when he was about to correct the range his radio went dead. He returned to his patrol, secured grenades and a rifle to launch them and went back to his self-appointed outpost. His first shots disclosed his position; the enemy directed heavy fire against him as he methodically fired his missiles into the narrow defile . Again he returned to his patrol. With an automatic rifle and ammunition, he once more moved to his exposed position. Burst after burst he fired into the enemy, killing 20, wounding many others, and completely disorganizing its ranks, which began to withdraw. He prevented the removal of 3 German mortars by knocking out a truck. By that time a mortar had been brought to his support. 1st Lt. Murray directed fire of this weapon, causing further casualties and confusion in the German ranks. Calling on his patrol to follow, he then moved out toward his original objective, possession of a bridge and construction of a roadblock. He captured 10 Germans in foxholes. An eleventh, while pretending to surrender, threw a grenade which knocked him to the ground, inflicting 8 wounds. Though suffering and bleeding profusely, he refused to return to the rear until he had chosen the spot for the block and had seen his men correctly deployed. By his single-handed attack on an overwhelming force and by his intrepid and heroic fighting, 1st Lt. Murray stopped a counterattack, established an advance position against formidable odds, and provided an inspiring example for the men of his command. Walter Joseph "Joe" Marm, Jr. (born November 20, 1941) is a retired United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Marm joined the Army from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and by November 14, 1965 was serving as a second lieutenant in Company A, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On that day, during the Battle of Ia Drang, he single-handedly attacked an enemy position, suffering severe wounds in the process. Marm survived his wounds and was subsequently promoted to first lieutenant; on December 19, 1966, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. Marm reached the rank of colonel before retiring from the Army in 1995. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. As a platoon leader in the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), 1st Lt. Marm demonstrated indomitable courage during a combat operation. His company was moving through the valley to relieve a friendly unit surrounded by an enemy force of estimated regimental size. 1st Lt. Marm led his platoon through withering fire until they were finally forced to take cover. Realizing that his platoon could not hold very long, and seeing four enemy soldiers moving into his position, he moved quickly under heavy fire and annihilated all 4. Then, seeing that his platoon was receiving intense fire from a concealed machine gun, he deliberately exposed himself to draw its fire. Thus locating its position, he attempted to destroy it with an antitank weapon. Although he inflicted casualties, the weapon did not silence the enemy fire. Quickly, disregarding the intense fire directed on him and his platoon, he charged 30 meters across open ground, and hurled grenades into the enemy position, killing some of the 8 insurgents manning it. Although severely wounded, when his grenades were expended, armed with only a rifle, he continued the momentum of his assault on the position and killed the remainder of the enemy. 1st Lt. Marm's selfless actions reduced the fire on his platoon, broke the enemy assault, and rallied his unit to continue toward the accomplishment of this mission. 1st Lt. Marm's gallantry on the battlefield and his extraordinary intrepidity at the risk of his life are in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and reflect great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of his country. Signed FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each. Robert Dale Maxwell (born October 26, 1920) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II. Born on October 26, 1920, in Boise, Idaho, Maxwell joined the Army from Larimer County, Colorado. He served overseas as a technician fifth grade with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. Assigned as the battalion "wire man", he carried a heavy roll of cable and was tasked with stringing phone lines to the command post. He began the war armed with a M1 Garand rifle, but was later reclassified as a non-combatant and carried only a .45 caliber pistol. With the 7th Infantry, Maxwell took part in the North African Campaign followed by the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, marching to Palermo and on to Messina. The unit then landed at Salerno shortly after the Allied invasion of mainland Italy and fought northwards to an area near Cassino. Wounded during the early stages of the subsequent Battle of Anzio in January 1944, Maxwell spent the next few months recovering at a hospital in Naples. He rejoined his unit in time for the invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon) in August 1944 and the following advance inland. On September 7, near Besançon in eastern France, Maxwell smothered the blast of an enemy hand grenade with his body to protect those around him. He survived his wounds and seven months later, on April 6, 1945, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. Maxwell resides in Bend, Oregon, and is the only living Medal of Honor recipient in that state. In 2011, at the age of 90, he received his High School Diploma from Bend Senior High. In 2012, he suffered a minor stroke, but recovered after only a few short days with only minor loss of functionality of his right hand. Medal of Honor citation -For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty on 7 September 1944, near Besancon, France. Technician 5th Grade Maxwell and 3 other soldiers, armed only with .45 caliber automatic pistols, defended the battalion observation post against an overwhelming onslaught by enemy infantrymen in approximately platoon strength, supported by 20mm. flak and machinegun fire, who had infiltrated through the battalion's forward companies and were attacking the observation post with machinegun, machine pistol, and grenade fire at ranges as close as 10 yards. Despite a hail of fire from automatic weapons and grenade launchers, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell aggressively fought off advancing enemy elements and, by his calmness, tenacity, and fortitude, inspired his fellows to continue the unequal struggle. When an enemy hand grenade was thrown in the midst of his squad, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell unhesitatingly hurled himself squarely upon it, using his blanket and his unprotected body to absorb the full force of the explosion. This act of instantaneous heroism permanently maimed Technician 5th Grade Maxwell, but saved the lives of his comrades in arms and facilitated maintenance of vital military communications during the temporary withdrawal of the battalion's forward headquarters. Signed FDC, MOH card & 3x5 card- $29.00 each. Signed color postcard size photo - $34.00 Vernon McGarity (December 1, 1921 – May 21, 2013) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Born in Right, Tennessee (unincorporated Hardin County) on December 1, 1921, McGarity joined the army in November 1942. By December 16, 1944, the first day of the Battle of the Bulge, he was serving near Krinkelt, Belgium as a technical sergeant in Company L of the 393rd Infantry Regiment, 99th Infantry Division. Wounded early in the battle, McGarity returned to his unit and, as squad leader, directed and encouraged his soldiers throughout the intense fight which ensued. He repeatedly braved heavy fire to rescue wounded men, attack the advancing Germans, and retrieve supplies. Only after completely running out of ammunition were he and his squad captured. For his actions during the battle he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on January 11, 1946. He died at the age of 91 in 2013. Medal of Honor citation He was painfully wounded in an artillery barrage that preceded the powerful counteroffensive launched by the Germans near Krinkelt, Belgium, on the morning of 16 December 1944. He made his way to an aid station, received treatment, and then refused to be evacuated, choosing to return to his hard-pressed men instead. The fury of the enemy's great Western Front offensive swirled about the position held by T/Sgt. McGarity's small force, but so tenaciously did these men fight on orders to stand firm at all costs that they could not be dislodged despite murderous enemy fire and the breakdown of their communications. During the day the heroic squad leader rescued 1 of his friends who had been wounded in a forward position, and throughout the night he exhorted his comrades to repulse the enemy's attempts at infiltration. When morning came and the Germans attacked with tanks and infantry, he braved heavy fire to run to an advantageous position where he immobilized the enemy's lead tank with a round from a rocket launcher. Fire from his squad drove the attacking infantrymen back, and 3 supporting tanks withdrew. He rescued, under heavy fire, another wounded American, and then directed devastating fire on a light cannon which had been brought up by the hostile troops to clear resistance from the area. When ammunition began to run low, T/Sgt. McGarity, remembering an old ammunition hole about 100 yards distant in the general direction of the enemy, braved a concentration of hostile fire to replenish his unit's supply. By circuitous route the enemy managed to emplace a machinegun to the rear and flank of the squad's position, cutting off the only escape route. Unhesitatingly, the gallant soldier took it upon himself to destroy this menace single-handedly. He left cover, and while under steady fire from the enemy, killed or wounded all the hostile gunners with deadly accurate rifle fire and prevented all attempts to re-man the gun. Only when the squad's last round had been fired was the enemy able to advance and capture the intrepid leader and his men. The extraordinary bravery and extreme devotion to duty of T/Sgt. McGarity supported a remarkable delaying action which provided the time necessary for assembling reserves and forming a line against which the German striking power was shattered. Signed card and FDC - $29.00 each Richard Miles McCool, Jr. (January 4, 1922 – March 5, 2008) was a retired United States Navy officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II. McCool was born on January 4, 1922 in Oklahoma. McCool graduated from high school at the age of 15. He graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a degree in political science. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, he was accepted into a new Navy ROTC program, and later was appointed to the Naval Academy. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1944 (his class of 1945 graduated a year early). By June 10, 1945, he was serving as a lieutenant on the USS LCS(L)(3)-122, a Landing Craft Support ship. On that day, off the coast of Okinawa Island, McCool helped rescue the survivors of sinking destroyer USS William D. Porter (DD-579). The next day, his own ship was hit by a Japanese kamikaze. Although he suffered severe burns and shrapnel wounds in the initial explosion, McCool continued to lead his crew in the firefighting and rescue efforts until relief arrived. He also served in the Korean War and in the Vietnam War. He retired at the rank of Captain in 1974 after a 30-year career. McCool died of natural causes on March 5, 2008 at the age of 86 in a hospital in Bremerton, Washington. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of the USS LCS(L)(3)-122 during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Ryukyu chain, 10 and 11 June 1945. Sharply vigilant during hostile air raids against Allied ships on radar picket duty off Okinawa on 10 June, Lt. McCool aided materially in evacuating all survivors from a sinking destroyer which had sustained mortal damage under the devastating attacks. When his own craft was attacked simultaneously by 2 of the enemy's suicide squadron early in the evening of 11 June, he instantly hurled the full power of his gun batteries against the plunging aircraft, shooting down the first and damaging the second before it crashed his station in the conning tower and engulfed the immediate area in a mass of flames. Although suffering from shrapnel wounds and painful burns, he rallied his concussion-shocked crew and initiated vigorous firefighting measures and then proceeded to the rescue of several trapped in a blazing compartment, subsequently carrying 1 man to safety despite the excruciating pain of additional severe burns. Unmindful of all personal danger, he continued his efforts without respite until aid arrived from other ships and he was evacuated. By his staunch leadership, capable direction, and indomitable determination throughout the crisis, Lt. McCool saved the lives of many who otherwise might have perished and contributed materially to the saving of his ship for further combat service. His valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of extreme peril sustains and enhances the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $34.00 Gino Joseph Merli (May 13, 1924 – June 11, 2002) was an American soldier, and recipient of the Medal of Honor during World War II. Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Merli was the son of a coal miner. He entered service in the United States Army from Peckville in July 1943 and served with the 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. With his division, he went ashore at Omaha Beach on D-Day in 1944 and participated in the Battle of the Bulge in December of the same year. On the evening of September 4, 1944, near Sars-la-Bruyère in Belgium (now a deelgemeente of Frameries), his company was attacked by a superior German force. Their position was overwhelmed, but PFC Merli stayed with his machine gun covering their retreat. When his position was overrun, he feigned death while German soldiers prodded him with their bayonets, only to rise and confront the enemy when they withdrew. Twice he fooled German soldiers into believing he was no longer a threat, only to attack them again when they left him for dead. In the morning, a counterattack forced the Germans to ask for a truce. The negotiating party found Merli still at his gun. For his heroism, PFC Gino Merli received the Medal of Honor from President Truman on June 15, 1945. In addition, he received two Purple Hearts, the Bronze Star, the Battle of the Bulge Medal, and the Humanitarian Award of the Chapel of Four Chaplains for his actions during World War II. In civilian life, Merli took it upon himself to serve fellow veterans. He was an adjudication officer for the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Plains Township, Pennsylvania. He traveled to the Normandy beaches in 1984 in the company of Tom Brokaw and was a source of inspiration for Brokaw's book The Greatest Generation. Medal of Honor citation-He was serving as a machine gunner in the vicinity of Sars la Bruyere, Belgium, on the night of 45 September 1944, when his company was attacked by a superior German force. Its position was overrun and he was surrounded when our troops were driven back by overwhelming numbers and firepower. Disregarding the fury of the enemy fire concentrated on him he maintained his position, covering the withdrawal of our riflemen and breaking the force of the enemy pressure. His assistant machine gunner was killed and the position captured; the other 8 members of the section were forced to surrender. Pfc. Merli slumped down beside the dead assistant gunner and feigned death. No sooner had the enemy group withdrawn then he was up and firing in all directions. Once more his position was taken and the captors found 2 apparently lifeless bodies. Throughout the night Pfc. Merli stayed at his weapon. By daybreak the enemy had suffered heavy losses, and as our troops launched an assault, asked for a truce. Our negotiating party, who accepted the German surrender, found Pfc. Merli still at his gun. On the battlefield lay 52 enemy dead, 19 of whom were directly in front of the gun. Pfc. Merli's gallantry and courage, and the losses and confusion that he caused the enemy, contributed materially to our victory. Signed MOH card and FDC $29.00 each. Signed 4-page brochure including pix and citation - $39.00 Franklin Douglas "Doug" Miller (January 27, 1945–June 30, 2000) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Miller joined the Army from Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1966, and by January 5, 1970 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in the 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces. On that day, in Kontum Province, Republic of Vietnam, Miller's small group came under attack from a numerically superior enemy force. He single-handedly held off an enemy assault, arranged for a helicopter extraction of his unit, and again fought off the enemy alone until relief arrived. For his actions during the battle, in which he was seriously wounded, he was awarded the Medal of Honor in July 1971. Miller retold the story of that day, along with other experiences from his career in the Special Forces, in his memoir, Reflections of a Warrior: Six Years as a Green Beret in Vietnam. Miller died 30 years after his Medal of Honor action, at age 55. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in New Mexico. The Franklin D. Miller Trust was established to provide material support for his two children. Range 37, part of Fort Bragg in North Carolina, was rededicated in Miller's honor in 2002. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Miller, 5th Special Forces Group, distinguished himself while serving as team leader of an American-Vietnamese long-range reconnaissance patrol operating deep within enemy controlled territory. Leaving the helicopter insertion point, the patrol moved forward on its mission. Suddenly, 1 of the team members tripped a hostile booby trap which wounded 4 soldiers. S/Sgt. Miller, knowing that the explosion would alert the enemy, quickly administered first aid to the wounded and directed the team into positions across a small stream bed at the base of a steep hill. Within a few minutes, S/Sgt. Miller saw the lead element of what he estimated to be a platoon-size enemy force moving toward his location. Concerned for the safety of his men, he directed the small team to move up the hill to a more secure position. He remained alone, separated from the patrol, to meet the attack. S/Sgt. Miller single-handedly repulsed 2 determined attacks by the numerically superior enemy force and caused them to withdraw in disorder. He rejoined his team, established contact with a forward air controller and arranged the evacuation of his patrol. However, the only suitable extraction location in the heavy jungle was a bomb crater some 150 meters from the team location. S/Sgt. Miller reconnoitered the route to the crater and led his men through the enemy controlled jungle to the extraction site. As the evacuation helicopter hovered over the crater to pick up the patrol, the enemy launched a savage automatic weapon and rocket-propelled grenade attack against the beleaguered team, driving off the rescue helicopter. S/Sgt. Miller led the team in a valiant defense which drove back the enemy in its attempt to overrun the small patrol. Although seriously wounded and with every man in his patrol a casualty, S/Sgt. Miller moved forward to again single-handedly meet the hostile attackers. From his forward exposed position, S/Sgt. Miller gallantly repelled 2 attacks by the enemy before a friendly relief force reached the patrol location. S/Sgt. Miller's gallantry, intrepidity in action, and selfless devotion to the welfare of his comrades are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Hiroshi H. Miyamura (born October 6, 1925), also known as Hershey Miyamura, was a United States Army soldier. He is best known for receiving the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean War. Miyamura joined the US Army in January 1945. Miyamura volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. He was discharged from the active army shortly after Japan surrendered. Following the war, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve, and was recalled to active duty following the start of the Korean War. He endured as a prisoner of war for 28 months. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 24–25, 1951, near Taejon-ni, Korea, while serving as a corporal in the 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. His was the first Medal of Honor to be classified Top Secret. Miyamura was captured by the North Koreans and held as a prisoner of war immediately after the actions that led to his award. As Brigadier General Ralph Osborne explained to Miyamura and a group of reporters upon notifying them of his medal, "If the Reds knew what he had done to a good number of their soldiers just before he was taken prisoner, they might have taken revenge on this young man. He might not have come back." Following his release on August 20, 1953, he was repatriated to the United States and honorably discharged from the military shortly thereafter. His medal was presented to him by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in October 1953 at the White House. Miyamura is married to the former Terry Tsuchimori, who was held in the Japanese American internment camps during World War II. He has three children and four grandchildren, with one grandchild, Marisa, an officer in the United States Air Force. He has resided in Gallup, New Mexico, since his discharge from the army, where he established a career as an automobile mechanic and service station owner. Mr. Miyamura remains active in supporting fellow veterans including work with the Wounded Warrior Project. Medal of Honor citation-Cpl. Miyamura, a member of Company H, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. On the night of 24 April, Company H was occupying a defensive position when the enemy fanatically attacked threatening to overrun the position. Cpl. Miyamura, a machinegun squad leader, aware of the imminent danger to his men unhesitatingly jumped from his shelter wielding his bayonet in close hand-to-hand combat killing approximately 10 of the enemy. Returning to his position, he administered first aid to the wounded and directed their evacuation. As another savage assault hit the line, he manned his machinegun and delivered withering fire until his ammunition was expended. He ordered the squad to withdraw while he stayed behind to render the gun inoperative. He then bayoneted his way through infiltrated enemy soldiers to a second gun emplacement and assisted in its operation. When the intensity of the attack necessitated the withdrawal of the company Cpl. Miyamura ordered his men to fall back while he remained to cover their movement. He killed more than 50 of the enemy before his ammunition was depleted and he was severely wounded. He maintained his magnificent stand despite his painful wounds, continuing to repel the attack until his position was overrun. When last seen he was fighting ferociously against an overwhelming number of enemy soldiers. Cpl. Miyamura's indomitable heroism and consummate devotion to duty reflect the utmost glory on himself and uphold the illustrious traditions on the military service. Signed letter & env, MOH card and FDC - $24.00 each Charles Bedford Morris (December 29, 1931 – August 22, 1996) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Morris joined the Army from Roanoke, Virginia in 1953, and briefly served during the Korean War before serving in Vietnam. By June 29, 1966 he was a Sergeant in Company A, 2d Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173d Airborne Brigade (Separate). During a firefight on that day in the Republic of Vietnam, Morris continued to lead his squad, fight the enemy, and help the wounded despite being wounded himself four separate times. For his actions during the battle he was promoted to Staff Sergeant and, on December 14, 1967, awarded the Medal of Honor. Morris reached the highest enlisted rank, Sergeant Major, before retiring from the Army. He died at age 64 and was buried in Morris Cemetery, Fancy Gap, Virginia. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Seeing indications of the enemy's presence in the area, S/Sgt. Morris deployed his squad and continued forward alone to make a reconnaissance. He unknowingly crawled within 20 meters of an enemy machinegun, whereupon the gunner fired, wounding him in the chest. S/Sgt. Morris instantly returned the fire and killed the gunner. Continuing to crawl within a few feet of the gun, he hurled a grenade and killed the remainder of the enemy crew. Although in pain and bleeding profusely, S/Sgt. Morris continued his reconnaissance. Returning to the platoon area, he reported the results of his reconnaissance to the platoon leader. As he spoke, the platoon came under heavy fire. Refusing medical attention for himself, he deployed his men in better firing positions confronting the entrenched enemy to his front. Then for 8 hours the platoon engaged the numerically superior enemy force. Withdrawal was impossible without abandoning many wounded and dead. Finding the platoon medic dead, S/Sgt. Morris administered first aid to himself and was returning to treat the wounded members of his squad with the medic's first aid kit when he was again wounded. Knocked down and stunned, he regained consciousness and continued to treat the wounded, reposition his men, and inspire and encourage their efforts. Wounded again when an enemy grenade shattered his left hand, nonetheless he personally took up the fight and armed and threw several grenades which killed a number of enemy soldiers. Seeing that an enemy machinegun had maneuvered behind his platoon and was delivering the fire upon his men, S/Sgt. Morris and another man crawled toward the gun to knock it out. His comrade was killed and S/Sgt. Morris sustained another wound, but, firing his rifle with 1 hand, he silenced the enemy machinegun. Returning to the platoon, he courageously exposed himself to the devastating enemy fire to drag the wounded to a protected area, and with utter disregard for his personal safety and the pain he suffered, he continued to lead and direct the efforts of his men until relief arrived. Upon termination of the battle, important documents were found among the enemy dead revealing a planned ambush of a Republic of Vietnam battalion. Use of this information prevented the ambush and saved many lives. S/Sgt. Morris' gallantry was instrumental in the successful defeat of the enemy, saved many lives, and was in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army. Signed 8x10 B&W official photo - $39.00 Ola Lee Mize (born August 28, 1931) is a retired United States Army officer and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. Mize was born in Marshall County, Alabama, the son of a sharecropper. He left school after 9th grade to help support his family. After several years of working for low pay, he attempted to enlist in the Army but was rejected for being too light, at 120 pounds. He tried repeatedly to enlist and was eventually accepted, joining the Army from Gadsden, Alabama. Assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division, Mize planned to finish his term of service and return to school. When the Korean War began, he changed his plans and reenlisted in hopes of seeing combat. He volunteered for a front-line unit and ended up as a sergeant in Company K of the 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On June 10, 1953, his unit was manning Outpost Harry near Surang-ni, Korea, when the post came under heavy enemy attack. Mize organized defensive positions, rescued wounded soldiers, and engaged the enemy until reinforcements arrived about noon the next day. He was subsequently promoted to master sergeant and, on September 24, 1954, awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Outpost Harry. Mize later joined the Special Forces and served three tours of duty in the Vietnam War. He gained a commission and retired in 1981 as a colonel. His Medal of Honor is on display at the Guntersville Museum in Guntersville, Alabama. A section of Steel Station Road in Gadsden, Alabama is named Col. Ola Lee Mize Medal of Honor Highway in his honor. Col. Mize lives in Gadsden, Alabama with his wife, Betty Mize. Medal of Honor citation-M/Sgt. Mize, a member of Company K, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. Company K was committed to the defense of "Outpost Harry", a strategically valuable position, when the enemy launched a heavy attack. Learning that a comrade on a friendly listening post had been wounded he moved through the intense barrage, accompanied by a medical aid man, and rescued the wounded soldier. On returning to the main position he established an effective defense system and inflicted heavy casualties against attacks from determined enemy assault forces which had penetrated into trenches within the outpost area. During his fearless actions he was blown down by artillery and grenade blasts 3 times but each time he dauntlessly returned to his position, tenaciously fighting and successfully repelling hostile attacks. When enemy onslaughts ceased he took his few men and moved from bunker to bunker, firing through apertures and throwing grenades at the foe, neutralizing their positions. When an enemy soldier stepped out behind a comrade, prepared to fire, M/Sgt. Mize killed him, saving the life of his fellow soldier. After rejoining the platoon, moving from man to man, distributing ammunition, and shouting words of encouragement he observed a friendly machine gun position overrun. He immediately fought his way to the position, killing 10 of the enemy and dispersing the remainder. Fighting back to the command post, and finding several friendly wounded there, he took a position to protect them. Later, securing a radio, he directed friendly artillery fire upon the attacking enemy's routes of approach. At dawn he helped regroup for a counterattack which successfully drove the enemy from the outpost. M/Sgt. Mize's valorous conduct and unflinching courage reflect lasting glory upon himself and uphold the noble traditions of the military service. FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each Robert Joseph Modrzejewski (born July 3, 1934) is a retired United States Marine Corps officer who was awarded the United States’ highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for conspicuous gallantry in Vietnam. Modrzejewski was born on July 3, 1934 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from Milwaukee's Casimir Pulaski High School in 1953. He attended Wisconsin State Teachers College prior to entering the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Education in 1957. While at the University of Wisconsin, he was a member of the Platoon Leaders Class and upon graduation, was commissioned a Marine Corps Reserve second lieutenant in June 1957. He was integrated into the Regular Marine Corps in May 1960. Ordered to the West Coast, then to the Republic of Vietnam, he assumed duty as Commanding Officer of Company K, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. It was during this period, during Operation Hastings, that he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty — for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Captain Modrzejewski later served as Battalion S-3 and Company Commander until December 1966, then became Command Operations Center Watch Officer with Headquarters Company, 3rd Marine Division, FMF, until May 1967. He was promoted to major in January 1967. Upon his return to the United States in June 1967, he was assigned to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, as Commanding Officer of the Marine Barracks. In January 1970, he entered the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, and completed the course the following June. He then reported to Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe, Hawaii, for duty with Headquarters and Service Company, First Marine Brigade. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Commanding Officer, Company K, Third Battalion, Fourth Marines, Third Marines, Third Marine Division, in the Republic of Vietnam from 15 to July 18, 1966. On July 15, during Operation HASTINGS, Company K was landed in an enemy infested jungle area to establish a blocking position at a major enemy trail network. Shortly after landing, the company encountered a reinforced enemy platoon in a well organized, defensive position. Major (then Captain) Modrzejewski led his men in the successful seizure of the enemy redoubt, which contained large quantities of ammunition and supplies. That evening a numerically superior enemy force counterattacked in an effort to retake the vital supply area, thus setting the pattern of activity for the next two and one-half days. In the first series of attacks, the enemy assaulted repeatedly in overwhelming numbers but each time was repulsed by the gallant Marines. The second night the enemy struck in battalion strength, and Major Modrzejewski was wounded in this intensive action which was fought at close quarters. Although exposed to enemy fire, and despite his painful wounds, he crawled 200 meters to provide critically needed ammunition to an exposed element of his command and was constantly present wherever the fighting was heaviest. Despite numerous casualties, a dwindling supply of ammunition and the knowledge that they were surrounded, he skillfully directed artillery fire to within a few meters of his position and courageously inspired the efforts of his company in repelling the aggressive enemy attack. On July 18, Company K was attacked by a regimental size enemy force. Although his unit was outnumbered and weakened by the previous fighting, Major Modrzejewski reorganized his men and calmly moved among them to encourage and direct their efforts to heroic limits as they fought to overcome the vicious enemy onslaught. Again he called in air and artillery strikes at close range with devastating effect on the enemy, which together with the bold and determined fighting of the men of Company K, repulsed the fanatical attack of the larger North Vietnamese force. His unparalleled personal heroism and indomitable leadership inspired his men to a significant victory over the enemy force and reflected great credit upon himself, the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Captain Raymond Gerald "Jerry" Murphy (January 14, 1930 – April 6, 2007) was the 39th United States Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism in the Korean War. He was decorated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a White House ceremony on October 27, 1953. He earned the Nation's highest decoration for heroic action and leadership in the "Reno-Vegas" fighting of February 1953. Raymond Gerald Murphy was born in Pueblo, Colorado on January 14, 1930 to Thomas and Mame Murphy. He graduated from Pueblo Catholic High School in 1947. He attended Fort Lewis Junior College in Durango, Colorado for two years before transferring to Adams State College in Alamosa, Colorado. While in college, he played varsity football, basketball and baseball, and worked as a swimming instructor in Durango in the summer of 1950. In 1951, Murphy graduated from Adams State College with a degree in physical education. He joined the Marine Corps Reserve in May 1951 and entered Officers Candidate School at Parris Island, South Carolina, the following month. Commissioned a second lieutenant in September 1951, he was then ordered to Officers' Basic School at Quantico, Virginia. Completing the course the following February, he was transferred to Camp Pendleton, California, for advanced training before embarking for Korea in July 1952. In Korea, 2dLt Murphy served with the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division until he was wounded in the action where he earned the Medal of Honor. After treatment aboard the Danish hospital ship Jutlandia, the American hospital ship Repose, and later in Japan, he was returned to the U. S. Naval Hospital, Mare Island, California, in March 1953. He was promoted to first lieutenant that same month. He returned to Pueblo after his discharge from the hospital and was released from active duty April 7, 1953. On October 27, President Dwight Eisenhower presented Murphy and six others with the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House. He is one of four Medal of Honor recipients from Pueblo, Colorado, the others being William J. Crawford, Drew Dennis Dix, and Carl L. Sitter. Murphy was promoted to captain on December 31, 1954 and discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve five years later on December 28, 1959. After the war, Murphy moved to New Mexico. From 1974 until his retirement, he worked as a counselor for the Veterans Administration and became the Chief of Veterans Services. After retiring from the VA Jerry stayed on as a volunteer at the hospital until 2005. He and his wife, Maryann, raised three sons, John, Tim, and Michael, and a daughter, Eleanor. Murphy died on April 6, 2007 in the Veterans Administration Nursing Home in Pueblo at age 77, after a long illness. He was buried at Santa Fe National Cemetery in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Prior to his death, a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate to name to Veterans' hospital in Albuquerque the Raymond G. Murphy Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The bill was passed by both houses of Congress and signed by President Bush on July 5, 2007. Medal of Honor citation -For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a Platoon Commander of Company A, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on February 3, 1953. Although painfully wounded by fragments from an enemy mortar shell while leading his evacuation platoon in support of assault units attacking a cleverly concealed and well-entrenched hostile force occupying commanding ground, Second Lieutenant Murphy steadfastly refused medical aid and continued to lead his men up a hill through a withering barrage of hostile mortar and small-arms fire, skillfully maneuvering his force from one position to the next and shouting words of encouragement. Undeterred by the increasing intense enemy fire, he immediately located casualties as they fell and made several trips up and down the fire-swept hill to direct evacuation teams to the wounded, personally carrying many of the stricken Marines to safety. When reinforcements were needed by the assaulting elements, Second Lieutenant Murphy employed part of his Unit as support and, during the ensuing battle, personally killed two of the enemy with his pistol. When all the wounded evacuated and the assaulting units beginning to disengage, he remained behind with a carbine to cover the movement of friendly forces off the hill and, though suffering intense pain from his previous wounds, seized an automatic rifle to provide more firepower when the enemy reappeared in the trenches. After reaching the base of the hill, he organized a search party and again ascended the slope for a final check on missing Marines, locating and carrying the bodies of a machine-gun crew back down the hill. Wounded a second time while conducting the entire force to the line of departure through a continuing barrage of enemy small-arms, artillery and mortar fire, he again refused medical assistance until assured that every one of his men, including all casualties, had preceded him to the main lines. His resolute and inspiring leadership, exceptional fortitude and great personal valor reflect the highest credit upon Second Lieutenant Murphy and enhance the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Charles Patrick Murray, Jr. (September 26, 1921 – August 12, 2011) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor —for his actions in World War II . Born on September 26, 1921, in Baltimore, Maryland , Murray moved to Wilmington, North Carolina , at age one. After graduating from Wilmington's New Hanover High School in 1938, he attended the University of North Carolina . He was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942, after his third year of college. Arriving in northeastern France in October 1944, Murray was assigned as a replacement platoon leader to Company C of the 30th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division . [1] The division had landed in Saint-Tropez on the southern coast of France months earlier and was pushing northward towards Germany . [2] On December 8 of that year, Murray became company commander. Early on December 16, Company C crossed the Weiss River in the northern Vosges Mountains and established a defensive position atop Hill 512, just south of the village of Kaysersberg . Later that morning, Murray, by then a first lieutenant , led a platoon-sized group on a reconnaissance mission to the southeast, towards Ammerschwihr . Descending the vineyard -covered hill along a winding footpath, the group noticed German soldiers in a sunken road, about 150 yards (140 m) away, firing on an American hilltop position. [1] Creeping forward to a point from which he could see the German unit, about 200 men strong, Murray made a radio call for artillery support. When the artillery landed slightly off target, he attempted to call for a range correction but the radio went dead. Not wanting to send his patrol against the much larger German force, he retrieved rifle grenades from his men and returned to his vantage point to begin a single-handed attack on the position. Although his fire alerted the Germans to his location, he continued to shoot grenades and later an automatic rifle into the German unit. As the soldiers attempted to withdraw, he disabled a truck which was carrying out three mortars . Members of his patrol brought up their own mortar, and Murray directed its fire until the Germans had scattered towards Ammerschwihr. Continuing on the footpath, he and his men captured ten German soldiers. An eleventh soldier approached him with his helmet off and his arms raised. When Murray turned to shout orders, the soldier tossed a grenade; the explosion knocked Murray to the ground and sent eight pieces of shrapnel into his left leg. After getting back to his feet, he stopped his men from killing the prisoner. Only after organizing the patrol into a defensive position did he turn over command of the company and find an aid station. After receiving medical treatment, Murray rejoined his unit on December 28, 1944. He learned that he had been recommended for the Medal of Honor in March of the next year and, per Army policy, was soon removed from combat. [1] He remained with his division and was in Salzburg , Austria , on May 7, 1945, when a ceasefire was declared. The next day, Germany's surrender was finalized and the war in Europe was over. Murray was issued the Medal of Honor on August 1, 1945, eight months after the fight near Kaysersberg. It was formally presented to him during a ceremony in Salzburg, with the entire 3rd Infantry Division in attendance. He arrived home in Wilmington in September to a hero's welcome, but later returned to Europe and served four years of occupation duty . During this time, he was stationed in Salzburg and became the head U.S. intelligence officer in that city. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Murray received three Silver Stars , two Bronze Stars with Valor devices , a Purple Heart , and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his World War II service. Murray remained in the Army after World War II, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division and participating in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and commanded the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) , a ceremonial unit tasked with guarding the Tomb of the Unknowns , among other duties. In 1970, he transferred to Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina , from where he retired in 1973. As a civilian, Murray worked for the South Carolina Department of Corrections until his final retirement. He and his wife, Anne, lived in Columbia, South Carolina until his death from congestive heart failure on August 12, 2011. Murray Middle School in Wilmington is named in his honor. Murray's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For commanding Company C, 30th Infantry, displaying supreme courage and heroic initiative near Kaysersberg, France, on 16 December 1944, while leading a reinforced platoon into enemy territory. Descending into a valley beneath hilltop positions held by our troops, he observed a force of 200 Germans pouring deadly mortar, bazooka , machinegun, and small arms fire into an American battalion occupying the crest of the ridge. The enemy's position in a sunken road, though hidden from the ridge, was open to a flank attack by 1st Lt. Murray's patrol but he hesitated to commit so small a force to battle with the superior and strongly disposed enemy. Crawling out ahead of his troops to a vantage point, he called by radio for artillery fire. His shells bracketed the German force, but when he was about to correct the range his radio went dead. He returned to his patrol, secured grenades and a rifle to launch them and went back to his self-appointed outpost. His first shots disclosed his position; the enemy directed heavy fire against him as he methodically fired his missiles into the narrow defile . Again he returned to his patrol. With an automatic rifle and ammunition, he once more moved to his exposed position. Burst after burst he fired into the enemy, killing 20, wounding many others, and completely disorganizing its ranks, which began to withdraw. He prevented the removal of 3 German mortars by knocking out a truck. By that time a mortar had been brought to his support. 1st Lt. Murray directed fire of this weapon, causing further casualties and confusion in the German ranks. Calling on his patrol to follow, he then moved out toward his original objective, possession of a bridge and construction of a roadblock. He captured 10 Germans in foxholes. An eleventh, while pretending to surrender, threw a grenade which knocked him to the ground, inflicting 8 wounds. Though suffering and bleeding profusely, he refused to return to the rear until he had chosen the spot for the block and had seen his men correctly deployed. By his single-handed attack on an overwhelming force and by his intrepid and heroic fighting, 1st Lt. Murray stopped a counterattack, established an advance position against formidable odds, and provided an inspiring example for the men of his command.	Audie Murphy
The liqueur Frangelico and the spread Nutella get their distinctive flavor from what?	The House of Gutenberg - MOH I-M The House of Gutenberg Home Page > Autographs > Medal of Honor > MOH I-M Names starting with I-M Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (pronounced /ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; September 7, 1924 – December 17, 2012) was a Medal of Honor recipient and a United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2010 until his death in 2012, making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in U.S. history. Inouye was the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. A senator since 1963, Inouye was the most senior U.S. senator at the time of his death. He is the second-longest serving U.S. Senator in history after Robert Byrd. Inouye continuously represented Hawaii in the U.S. Congress since it achieved statehood in 1959 until the time of his death, serving as Hawaii's first U.S. Representative and later a senator. Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the first in the U.S. Senate. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Inouye served as a medical volunteer. In 1943, when the U.S. Army dropped its enlistment ban on Japanese Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of second-generation Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. Inouye was promoted to the rank of sergeant within his first year, and he was given the role of platoon leader. He served in Italy in 1944 during the Rome-Arno Campaign before his regiment was transferred to the Vosges Mountains region of France, where he spent two weeks in the battle to relieve the Lost Battalion, a battalion of the 141st Infantry Regiment that was surrounded by German forces. He was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant for his actions there. At one point while he was leading an attack, a shot struck him in the chest directly above his heart, but the bullet was stopped by the two silver dollars he happened to have stacked in his shirt pocket. He continued to carry the coins throughout the war in his shirt pocket as good luck charms until he lost them shortly before the battle in which he lost his arm. On April 21, 1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on a heavily-defended ridge near San Terenzo in Tuscany, Italy called Colle Musatello. The ridge served as a strongpoint along the strip of German fortifications known as the Gothic Line, which represented the last and most unyielding line of German defensive works in Italy. As he led his platoon in a flanking maneuver, three German machine guns opened fire from covered positions just 40 yards away, pinning his men to the ground. Inouye stood up to attack and was shot in the stomach; ignoring his wound, he proceeded to attack and destroy the first machine gun nest with hand grenades and fire from his Thompson submachine gun. After being informed of the severity of his wound by his platoon sergeant, he refused treatment and rallied his men for an attack on the second machine gun position, which he also successfully destroyed before collapsing from blood loss. As his squad distracted the third machine gunner, Inouye crawled toward the final bunker, eventually drawing within 10 yards. As he raised himself up and cocked his arm to throw his last grenade into the fighting position, a German inside the bunker fired a rifle grenade that struck him on the right elbow, severing most of his arm and leaving his own primed grenade reflexively "clenched in a fist that suddenly didn't belong to me anymore" Inouye's horrified soldiers moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade. While the German inside the bunker reloaded his rifle, Inouye pried the live grenade from his useless right hand and transferred it to his left. As the German aimed his rifle to finish him off, Inouye tossed the grenade into the bunker and destroyed it. He stumbled to his feet and continued forward, silencing the last German resistance with a one-handed burst from his Thompson before being wounded in the leg and tumbling unconscious to the bottom of the ridge. When he awoke to see the concerned men of his platoon hovering over him, his only comment before being carried away was to gruffly order them to return to their positions, since, as he pointed out, "nobody called off the war!" Although Inouye had lost his right arm, he remained in the military until 1947 and was honorably discharged with the rank of captain. At the time of his leaving the Army, he was a recipient of the Bronze Star Medal and the Purple Heart. Inouye was initially awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his bravery in this action, with the award later being upgraded to the Medal of Honor by President Bill Clinton (alongside 19 other Nisei servicemen who served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and were believed to have been denied proper recognition of their bravery due to their race). His story, along with interviews with him about the war as a whole, were featured prominently in the 2007 Ken Burns documentary The War. Signed FDC & card - $29.00 each Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (pronounced /ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; September 7, 1924 – December 17, 2012). See bio above. Signed personal letter - $34.00 Daniel Inouye - Lt., Army, 442 Regimental Combat Team, San Terenzo, Italy, April 211, 1945 - Document with 2 sigs - $29.00 Edouard Victor Izac - Lt U.S. Navy, POW, May 21, 1918, Handwritten & signed letter on his letterhead, rare - $125.00 Delbert O. Jennings - Army, Kim Song Valley Vietnam, Dec. 27, 1966, Document with 2 sigs - $29.00 Captain Arthur J. Jackson (born October 18, 1924) is a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his actions on Peleliu during World War II. PFC Jackson single-handedly destroyed 12 enemy pillboxes and killed 50 enemy soldiers. On September 30, 1961, while serving at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, after a drinking bout where he consumed at least 6 martinis, Jackson fatally shot Rubén López Sabariego, a Cuban worker at Guantanamo, and unsuccessfully attempted to hide his body in a shallow grave. In January 1943, he began his recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, and soon thereafter joined the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Australia in June 1943. On January 13, 1944, while taking part in the Cape Gloucester campaign, he carried a wounded Marine to safety in the face of well-entrenched Japanese troops on the slope of a steep hill, thus saving the wounded man's life. For this action, he was awarded a Letter of Commendation. Following this, while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, he took part in the fighting and was wounded on Peleliu — for his heroic actions in that battle, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and was awarded his first Purple Heart. He again went into combat on Okinawa where, as a platoon sergeant with the 1st Marine Division, he was again wounded in action on May 18, 1945. That August, he was commissioned as a Marine second lieutenant. Following the war, he served in North China during the post-war occupation of that country. On his return to the United States, he returned briefly to civilian life, but, shortly after, entered the U.S. Army Reserves where, in 1954, he made the rank of captain. Although he served with the Army during the Korean War, he returned to the Marine Corps in 1959. He again left the Corps in 1962 but remained active in the Army Reserves and eventually retired from that service in 1984. During this time he also worked for the United States Postal Service. As of 2013 Jackson was retired and lived in Boise, Idaho. Signed card - $29.00 Leonard B. "Len" Keller (February 25, 1947 – October 18, 2009) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. A native of Rockford, Illinois, Keller was drafted into the U.S. Army from Chicago in the spring of 1966. He attended basic training at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and advanced infantry training at Fort Polk, Louisiana. Sent to Vietnam that summer with the 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division, Keller and his unit performed reconnaissance missions in the Mekong Delta. By May 2, 1967, Keller was serving as a sergeant in Company A, 3rd Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. On that day, in the Ap Bac Zone, Republic of Vietnam, Keller and fellow soldier Specialist Four Raymond R. Wright stormed a series of enemy bunkers which were firing on their unit. For their actions, both Keller and Wright were awarded the Medal of Honor. The medal was formally presented to him on September 19, 1968, by President Lyndon B. Johnson during a ceremony at the White House. After being discharged from the military in August 1968, Keller married a United States Navy veteran and eventually moved to Milton, Florida. For more than 20 years, he was supervisor of the supply department at Naval Air Station Whiting Field, a primary flight training base northeast of Naval Air Station Pensacola. Keller died on October 18, 2009 at age 62 after a motorcycle accident in Milton. He was leaving a Fleet Reserve Association veterans' club when he lost control of his three-wheeled Harley-Davidson. The vehicle rolled several times and landed on top of him. He was taken to Sacred Heart Hospital in Pensacola, where he died. On November 30, 2009, Keller was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Signed FDC $29.00 and card $24.-0 Leonard B. "Len" Keller (February 25, 1947 – October 18, 2009) (see bio above) - Signed MOH card - $29.00 Joe Madison Jackson (born March 14, 1923) served as a career officer in the United States Air Force and received the Medal of Honor during the Vietnam War for a dangerous impromptu rescue operation of three American military personnel.Jackson, born on March 14, 1923, in Newnan, Georgia, was an avid model aircraft enthusiast in his youth. He enlisted in the Army Air Corps in March 1941, a few days after his 18th birthday, in hopes of learning more about aeronautics. Nine months later, the United States entered World War II and Jackson was assigned to serve as crew chief aboard a B-25 Mitchell bomber. As a testament to his early flight aptitude, he helped save his fellow crewman by assisting his aircraft's pilot during an engine fire. Soon after, Jackson successfully completed Aviation Cadet Training and became a commissioned officer. He flew a variety of aircraft throughout the war, and ended the war at the controls of a B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft. During the late 1940s, Jackson returned to flying fighter aircraft. During the Korean War, he successfully flew 107 combat missions in the F-84 Thunderjet. His accomplishments include: · Discovering a formulaic method of navigating an aircraft back to base in poor weather · Developing Standard Jet Penetration, a popular method of landing a jet aircraft with low ceilings and low visibility · Developing mass transoceanic ferrying flights · Creating a bomb-throwing method allowing nuclear weapons to be delivered by fighter aircraft · Planning and directing aerial reconnaissance over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 · Becoming one of the first Air Force pilots to fly the U-2 Dragonlady reconnaissance aircraft After completing a staff tour in Europe, Jackson was assigned to fly the C-123 Provider over South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. While he flew 298 combat missions during this period, it was his rescue mission on May 12, 1968 during the Battle of Kham Duc that earned him the nation's highest award for military valor. On January 16, 1969, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented Jackson with the Medal of Honor at a White House ceremony. Also receiving the Medal of Honor that day was fellow Newnan native Stephen W. Pless, a Marine aviator who, like Jackson, had earned the decoration for an airborne rescue operation. Legend states that, upon realizing that both Pless and Jackson were from the same small Georgia town, President Johnson quipped "there must be something in the water down in Newnan." Signed color postcard size photo - $34.00 Joe Madison Jackson (born March 14, 1923) (see bio above) Signed MOH card - $29.00 Thomas Gunning Kelley (born May 13, 1939) is a retired Captain in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Vietnam War. From 2003 to 2011 he served as Secretary of the Massachusetts Department of Veterans' Services. Born on May 13, 1939, in Boston, Massachusetts, Kelley later joined the Navy from that city. He served in Vietnam as a lieutenant in command of River Assault Division 152, part of the Mobile Riverine Force. On June 15, 1969, he led eight boats on a mission to extract a U.S. Army infantry company from the bank of the Ong Muong Canal in Kien Hoa province, South Vietnam. During the extraction, the convoy came under attack from a hostile force on the opposite bank and one of the boats suffered a mechanical failure which prevented it from raising its loading ramp and getting under way. After ordering the other boats to form a defensive line around the disabled craft, Kelley maneuvered his own boat to the front, between his men and the enemy, and engaged the hostile force. He received a severe head wound when a rocket struck near him, penetrating the boat's armor and spraying shrapnel in all directions. Although unable to stand or speak clearly, he continued to relay directions to the convoy, with the help of one of his sailors, until the crippled boat was repaired and the group was able to move out. Kelley survived his wounds and was subsequently promoted to lieutenant commander and awarded the Medal of Honor. Despite the loss of one eye during this action, he requested to remain on active duty, and eventually retired with the rank of captain in 1990. After retirement from the Navy, Kelley worked as a civilian in the Department of Defense for several years before returning to Boston. He became commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Veterans' Services in April 1999 and was named Secretary of that department in August 2003. In December 2010, he retired from public service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Thomas Gunning Kelley (born May 13, 1939)Signed FDC - $29.00 Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 35th Governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. Before entering politics, he served in the Vietnam War as a U.S. Navy SEAL officer and was awarded the Medal of Honor (MOH) for heroism in combat. During the same action for which he was awarded the MOH, he was also severely wounded, precluding further naval service. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992. From 2001 to 2010, Kerrey served as president of The New School, a university in New York City. In May 2010, he was selected to become the head of the Motion Picture Association of America, but he and the MPAA could not reach an agreement, so former Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd was chosen instead. In 2012, Kerrey sought election to his old Senate seat to succeed retiring Democratic incumbent Ben Nelson. He lost to Republican nominee Deb Fischer. Kerrey served in the United States Navy as a SEAL officer from 1966 to 1969 during the Vietnam War. He lost the lower part of one leg in combat and received the Medal of Honor for action near Nha Trang Bay in South Vietnam on March 14, 1969. Signed color 5x7 photo - 2 motiefs - $34.00 each Joseph Robert "Bob" Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) Signed FDC - $29.00 Alton Warren Knappenberger (December 31, 1923 – June 9, 2008) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Knappenberger joined the Army from Spring Mount, Pennsylvania in March 1943, and by February 1, 1944 was serving as a private first class in the 30th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On that day, during the Battle of Cisterna in Italy, Knappenberger held an exposed position alone and harassed the attacking Germans with his automatic rifle until he ran out of ammunition. For his actions during the battle, he was issued the Medal of Honor three months later, on May 26, 1944. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Ernest Richard Kouma (November 23, 1919 – December 19, 1993) was a soldier in the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War. He rose to the rank of Master Sergeant and received the Medal of Honor for his actions on August 31 and September 1, 1950, during the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge in South Korea. Born in Nebraska, Kouma grew up on a family farm before enlisting in the US Army in 1940. Kouma served as a tank commander during World War II, seeing combat in Germany with the 9th Armored Division from 1944 to 1945. After that war, Kouma served as part of the occupation force in South Korea and Japan. On the outbreak of the Korean War, Kouma commanded an M26 Pershing tank in the 2nd Infantry Division. While fighting during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter along the Naktong River, Kouma commanded his tank as it single-handedly fended off repeated North Korean attempts to cross the river after units around it had withdrawn. Wounded twice, Kouma killed 250 North Korean troops in this action. After receiving the medal, Kouma served as a recruiter and remained in the Army for 31 years, retiring in 1971. He lived in Kentucky until his death, and is buried in Fort Knox, Kentucky. Following the end of the WWII, Kouma decided to stay in the Army. He was moved to South Korea for occupation duties before being moved to Japan for the post-war occupation of that country. Eventually, Kouma was assigned as a tank commander in A Company, 72nd Tank Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division, which was stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington. By this time he had a home in Penobscot County, Maine when he was not at Fort Lewis. Following the outbreak of war between North Korea and South Korea on June 25, 1950, the United States mobilized a large contingent of troops to send into the beleaguered country. Initially, units occupying Japan were called into the country, but forces were eventually dispatched from the United States. In August 1950, Kouma, who was then a Sergeant First Class, sailed for Korea along with much of the 2nd Infantry Division. It arrived there in late August and was moved into line at the Pusan Perimeter, where US troops were fighting a tight defensive line around the port city of Pusan. The North Korean People's Army, meanwhile, was preparing for a September offensive by capturing the Miryang and Samnangjin areas to cut off the US 2nd Division's route of supply and withdrawal between Daegu and Busan. However, the North Koreans were unaware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the Naktong River. Consequently they expected lighter resistance; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea. They had only established their lines shortly before the North Koreans began the attack. The North Koreans began crossing the Naktong River under cover of darkness at certain points. On the southern-most flank of the US 9th Infantry Regiment river line, just above the junction of the Nam River with the Naktong, A Company of the 1st Battalion was dug in on a long finger ridge paralleling the Naktong that terminates in Hill 94 at the Kihang ferry site. The river road from Namji-ri running west along the Naktong passes the southern tip of this ridge and crosses to the west side of the river at the ferry. A small village called Agok lay at the base of Hill 94 and 300 yards (270 m) from the river. A patrol of tanks and armored vehicles, together with two infantry squads of A Company, 9th Infantry, held a roadblock near the ferry and close to Agok. On the evening of August 31, A Company moved from its ridge positions overlooking Agok and the river to new positions along the river below the ridge line. That evening Kouma led the patrol of two M26 Pershing tanks and two M19 Gun Motor Carriages in Agok, along the Naktong River. Kouma placed his patrol on the west side of Agok near the Kihang ferry. At 20:00 a heavy fog covered the river, and at 22:00 mortar shells began falling on the American-held side of the river. By 22:15 this strike intensified and North Korean mortar preparation struck A Company's positions. American mortars and artillery began firing counter-battery. Some of A Company's men reported hearing noises on the opposite side of the river and splashes in the water. At 22:30 the fog lifted and Kouma saw that a North Korean pontoon bridge was being laid across the river directly in front of his position. Kouma's four vehicles attacked this structure, with Kouma manning the M2 Browning .50-caliber machine gun atop the tank. As the gunner fired the tank's main cannon, Kouma sank many of the boats attempting to cross the river with his machine gun. At 23:00 a small arms fight flared around the left side of A Company north of the tanks. This gunfire had lasted only two or three minutes when the A Company roadblock squads near the tanks heard over the field telephone that the company was withdrawing and that they should do likewise. Kouma instead opted to act as a rearguard to cover the infantry. He was wounded shortly thereafter in the foot reloading the tank's ammunition. He quickly fought off another North Korean attack across the river with his machine gun. Kouma's force was then ambushed by a group of North Koreans dressed in US military uniforms. Kouma was wounded a second time, in the shoulder, as he beat back repeated North Korean crossings on his machine gun. Several strong attacks came within meters of the tank, but Kouma was able to drive them back despite his wounds. Eventually, the other three vehicles withdrew or were neutralized, and Kouma held the Agok crossing site until 07:30 the next morning with his tank. At one point, the tank was surrounded and Kouma had to engage the North Koreans with machine gun fire at point blank range. After the tank gun's ammunition was expended, Kouma used his pistol and grenades to hold off the North Koreans. The tank then withdrew 8 miles (13 km) to the newly-established American lines, destroying three North Korean machine gun positions along the way. During his action, Kouma had killed an estimated 250 North Korean troops. His actions in this fight alone surpassed the highly-decorated US Army soldier Audie Murphy, who was credited with 240 kills during World War II, and who had been the second most decorated US soldier in the war. Once he returned to his unit, Kouma attempted to resupply his tank and return to the front lines. Instead, the wounded Kouma was ordered to evacuate for medical treatment. As he was being evacuated, Kouma again requested to return to the front lines. Scarce signature – Signed FDC - $39.00 Yeiki Kobashigawa (September 28, 1917 – March 31, 2005) was a soldier in United States Army.[1] He is best known for receiving the Medal of Honor in World War II. One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941. Kobashigawa volunteered to join the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He led his squad in destroying several German machine gun nests. This was eventually upgraded to the Medal of Honor upon military review on June 21, 2000. The review examined whether or not Asian Americans who fought in uniform during the war were treated unfairly due to prejudice. Twenty-two Americans of Asian ancestry who had fought in World War II were awarded the Medal after the review. Kobashigawa was one of only a handful still alive in 2000 to receive the Medal during a White House ceremony. After the war, Kobashigawa worked as a maintenance mechanic. Citation: Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. Signed card plus framable bio. $29.00 George Charles Lang (April 20, 1947 – March 16, 2005) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Lang joined the Army from Brooklyn, New York, and by February 22, 1969 was serving as a specialist four in Company A, 4th Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division. During a firefight on that day, in Kien Hoa Province, Republic of Vietnam, Lang single-handedly assaulted three enemy emplacements before being seriously wounded. He recovered from his wounds and was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle. Lang died at age 57 and was buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood, Westbury, New York. Medal of Honor citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sp4 Lang, Company A, was serving as a squad leader when his unit, on a reconnaissance-in-force mission, encountered intense fire from a well fortified enemy bunker complex. Sp4 Lang observed an emplacement from which heavy fire was coming. Unhesitatingly, he assaulted the position and destroyed it with hand grenades and rifle fire. Observing another emplacement approximately 15 meters to his front, Sp4 Lang jumped across a canal, moved through heavy enemy fire to within a few feet of the position, and eliminated it, again using hand grenades and rifle fire. Nearby, he discovered a large cache of enemy ammunition. As he maneuvered his squad forward to secure the cache, they came under fire from yet a third bunker. Sp4 Lang immediately reacted, assaulted his position, and destroyed it with the remainder of his grenades. After returning to the area of the arms cache, his squad again came under heavy enemy rocket and automatic weapons fire from 3 sides and suffered 6 casualties. Sp4 Lang was 1 of those seriously wounded. Although immobilized and in great pain, he continued to direct his men until his evacuation was ordered over his protests. The sustained extraordinary courage and selflessness exhibited by this soldier over an extended period of time were an inspiration to his comrades and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army. Signed MOH Card & FDC - $29.00 each. Signed 8x10 color photo - $34.00 George C. Lang - Signed 8x10 color photo - $34.00 William Robert "Bill" Lawley, Jr. (August 23, 1920 – May 29, 1999) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. Lawley joined the Army Air Forces from Birmingham, Alabama in April 1942, and by February 20, 1944 was a first lieutenant serving as a pilot in the 364th Bomb Squadron, 305th Bomb Group. On that day, during a bombing mission over Nazi-controlled Europe, his B-17 Flying Fortress came under attack by enemy fighter aircraft. With his plane severely damaged and on fire, he ordered his crew to parachute to safety. Finding that two crewmen were too badly injured to bail out, Lawley chose to remain in the aircraft and, despite his own serious wounds, attempt to pilot it into friendly territory. Although weakened from loss of blood and shock, he was able to make a successful crash landing in England. Lawley recovered from his wounds and, on August 8, 1944, was awarded the Medal of Honor. Lawley reached the rank of colonel before leaving the Air Force in 1972. He died at age 78 and was buried in Greenwood Cemetery, Montgomery, Alabama. Medal of Honor citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty, 20 February 1944, while serving as pilot of a B-17 aircraft on a heavy bombardment mission over enemy-occupied continental Europe. Coming off the target he was attacked by approximately 20 enemy fighters, shot out of formation, and his plane severely crippled. Eight crewmembers were wounded, the copilot was killed by a 20-mm. shell. One engine was on fire, the controls shot away, and 1st Lt. Lawley seriously and painfully wounded about the face. Forcing the copilot's body off the controls, he brought the plane out of a steep dive, flying with his left hand only. Blood covered the instruments and windshield and visibility was impossible. With a full bomb load the plane was difficult to maneuver and bombs could not be released because the racks were frozen. After the order to bail out had been given, 1 of the waist gunners informed the pilot that 2 crewmembers were so severely wounded that it would be impossible for them to bail out. With the fire in the engine spreading, the danger of an explosion was imminent. Because of the helpless condition of his wounded crewmembers 1st Lt. Lawley elected to remain with the ship and bring them to safety if it was humanly possible, giving the other crewmembers the option of bailing out. Enemy fighters again attacked but by using masterful evasive action he managed to lose them. One engine again caught on fire and was extinguished by skillful flying. 1st Lt. Lawley remained at his post, refusing first aid until he collapsed from sheer exhaustion caused by loss of blood, shock, and the energy he had expended in keeping control of his plane. He was revived by the bombardier and again took over the controls. Coming over the English coast 1 engine ran out of gasoline and had to be feathered. Another engine started to burn and continued to do so until a successful crash landing was made on a small fighter base. Through his heroism and exceptional flying skill, 1st Lt. Lawley rendered outstanding distinguished and valorous service to our Nation. Typewritten and hand-signed note on his personalized note paper. - $27.50 Peter Charles Lemon (born June 5, 1950) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received the award for his actions on April 1, 1970 while serving in Tay Ninh province during the Vietnam War. Lemon is the only Canadian born U.S. citizen to be presented the medal for fighting in the Vietnam War. He is the fifth-youngest living Medal of Honor recipient. Peter Lemon was born in Toronto, Ontario. After his military service, he attended Colorado State University, graduating in 1979 with a degree in Speech and received his Masters in Business Administration from the University of Northern Colorado in 1981. He currently works as a motivational speaker and is the author of the book Beyond the Medal, as well as being executive producer on the PBS special Beyond the Medal of Honor. Lemon has also run several corporations, including American Hospitality Association, Inc.; Darnell-Lemon, Inc.; and Probus, Inc.; as well as working as a semi-professional sculptor. On May 1, 2009, Mr. Lemon was presented the coveted Outstanding American by Choice award by President Barack Obama at The White House, recognizing his life of professional achievement and civic contribution. It is the first time in history the award was presented by the President of the United States. Lemon is an inductee in the elite Ranger Hall of Fame. Lemon admitted in a 1971 newspaper interview that he was high on marijuana during the actions that earned him the Medal of Honor. Medal of Honor Citation: Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company E, 2d Battalion, 8th Cavalry, 1st Cavalry Division. Place and date: Tay Ninh province, Republic of Vietnam, April 1, 1970. Entered service at: Tawas City, Mich. Born: June 5, 1950, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Lemon (then Sp4), Company E, distinguished himself while serving as an assistant machine gunner during the defense of Fire Support Base Illingworth. When the base came under heavy enemy attack, Sgt. Lemon engaged a numerically superior enemy with machine gun and rifle fire from his defensive position until both weapons malfunctioned. He then used hand grenades to fend off the intensified enemy attack launched in his direction. After eliminating all but 1 of the enemy soldiers in the immediate vicinity, he pursued and disposed of the remaining soldier in hand-to-hand combat. Despite fragment wounds from an exploding grenade, Sgt. Lemon regained his position, carried a more seriously wounded comrade to an aid station, and, as he returned, was wounded a second time by enemy fire. Disregarding his personal injuries, he moved to his position through a hail of small arms and grenade fire. Sgt. Lemon immediately realized that the defensive sector was in danger of being overrun by the enemy and unhesitatingly assaulted the enemy soldiers by throwing hand grenades and engaging in hand-to-hand combat. He was wounded yet a third time, but his determined efforts successfully drove the enemy from the position. Securing an operable machine gun, Sgt. Lemon stood atop an embankment fully exposed to enemy fire, and placed effective fire upon the enemy until he collapsed from his multiple wounds and exhaustion. After regaining consciousness at the aid station, he refused medical evacuation until his more seriously wounded comrades had been evacuated. Sgt. Lemon's gallantry and extraordinary heroism, are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army Signed postcard size color photo - $34.00 Peter Charles Lemon (born June 5, 1950) - Signed MOH montage - $29.00 Lieutenant Colonel Howard Vincent Lee (born 1933) is a retired United States Marine Corps officer who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in August 1966 during the Vietnam War. Lee was born on August 1, 1933, in New York City. He graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York in 1951, and from Pace College with a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration, on June 19, 1955. While in his senior year at college, he enlisted as a member of the Platoon Leaders Class in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. Ordered to the Republic of Vietnam in April 1966, Capt Lee served as Commanding Officer of Company E, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. He received the Bronze Star with Combat "V" for heroic action on June 26, 1966 – June 27, 1966. Then, on 8-August 9, 1966 that he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty in the vicinity of Quang Tri, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Wounded in that action, Capt Lee was evacuated to the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. In November 1966, he returned to duty at Headquarters Marine Corps and assigned duty as TO/MOS Coordinator and, later, Assistant FMF Readiness Officer in the Operation Section, G-4 Division. He was promoted to Major (United States) in July 1966. On October 25, 1967, Major Lee was presented the Medal of Honor by President Lyndon Johnson in a ceremony at the White House. Following this assignment, Maj Lee completed the Command and Staff College, Quantico, Virginia, in June 1970, then returned to the Republic of Vietnam for his second tour of duty. For his service as Executive Officer, Provisional Headquarters and Service Company and with the 2nd Combined Action Group, III Marine Amphibious Force, he earned a Gold Star in lieu of a second Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V". He was promoted in July 1972 to lieutenant colonel and retired in 1975 from the Marine Corps. Signed FDC - $29.00 Lieutenant Colonel Howard Vincent Lee (born 1933) Personal handwritten letter 2/envelope - $29.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions during the Iwo Jima campaign — for unhesitatingly hurling himself over his comrades upon one grenade and for pulling another one under himself. One of the grenades exploded, and Lucas absorbed the entire blasting force of it with his own body. Private First Class Lucas, the youngest Marine ever to receive the United States' highest military decoration, survived and was presented the award by President Harry S. Truman at the White House on Friday, 5 October 1945. Although only 14 years of age, having a muscular build, 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall and weighing 180 pounds he enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve without his mother's consent on 6 August 1942. He gave his age as 17, and went to Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina for recruit training. During his rifle training, Pvt. Lucas qualified as a sharpshooter. He was next assigned to the Marine Barracks and Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. In June 1943, he was transferred to the 21st Replacement Battalion at New River, North Carolina, and one month later he went to the 25th Replacement Battalion, where he successfully completed schooling which qualified him as a heavy machine gun crewman. He left the continental United States on 4 November 1943, and the following month he joined the 6th Base Depot of the V Amphibious Corps at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He was advanced to private first class on 29 January 1944. With statements to his buddies that he was going to join a combat organization, PFC Lucas walked out of camp on 10 January 1945, wearing a khaki uniform and carrying his dungarees and field shoes in a roll under his arm. He was declared UA (Unauthorized Absence) when he failed to return that night and a month later, when there was still no sign of him, he was declared a "deserter", and a reward was offered for his apprehension. He was also reduced to the rank of private at that time. He stowed away on board USS Deuel which was transporting units of the 5th Marine Division into combat. He surrendered to the senior troop officer present on 8 February 1945 dressed in neat, clean dungarees. He was allowed to remain, and shortly after he was transferred to Headquarters Company, 5th Marine Division. He reached his 17th birthday while at sea, six days before the heroic actions at Iwo Jima, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. On the day following the landing at Iwo Jima, he was creeping through a twisting ravine with three other men of his rifle team when the Japanese opened an attack on them. The men were in a trench when two enemy grenades landed nearby. Lucas pushed a thrown hand grenade into the volcanic ash and covered it with his rifle and his body. He reached out and pulled a second grenade beneath him. His companions had thought he died in the blast, so they left him, but he was amazingly still alive. Severely wounded in the right arm and wrist, right leg and thigh, and chest, Pvt. Lucas had undoubtedly saved his companions from serious injury and possible death. He was evacuated to the hospital ship Samaritan, and then treated at various field hospitals prior to his arrival in San Francisco, California on 28 March 1945. He eventually underwent 21 surgeries. For the rest of his life, there remained about 200 pieces of metal, some the size of 22 caliber bullets, in Lucas' body — which set off airport metal detectors. The mark of desertion was removed from his record in August of that year while he was a patient at the U.S. Naval Hospital at Charleston, South Carolina. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve because of disability resulting from his wounds on 18 September 1945, following his reappointment to the rank of Private First Class. On 5 October 1945, Lucas and 14 other sailors and Marines (including Pappy Boyington) were presented the Medal of Honor by President Harry S. Truman. In attendance at the ceremony were Lucas' mother, Admiral Chester Nimitz, and Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. Signed FDC - $29.00. Signed color photo - $39.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008)-Signed FDC - $29.00 Private First Class Jacklyn Harold Lucas (14 February 1928 – 5 June 2008)-Signed MOH citation - $34.00 Allen James Lynch (born October 28, 1945) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in the Vietnam War. Born on October 28, 1945, in Chicago, Lynch grew up in the Lake Eliza area of Porter County, Indiana, where he attended Union Center Elementary School and Wheeler Junior High School. Lynch joined the Army from Chicago in 1964, and by December 15, 1967, was serving as a specialist four in Company D, 1st Battalion (Airmobile), 12th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). During a firefight on that day, near My An (2), Binh Dinh Province, Republic of Vietnam, Lynch rescued three wounded soldiers and stayed behind to protect them when the rest of the company withdrew. He single-handedly defended the wounded men against enemy attack until locating a friendly force which could evacuate them. Lynch was subsequently promoted to sergeant and awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. The medal was formally presented to him by President Richard Nixon in 1970. After the war, Lynch settled in Gurnee, Illinois, and worked for the Department of Veterans Affairs, where he advocated increased benefits for disabled veterans. He later served as chief of the Illinois Attorney General's Veterans Rights Bureau until his retirement in 2005. He has volunteered for the Vietnam Veterans of America organization, is the liaison for the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, and frequently gives speeches at military-related events, such as Memorial Day ceremonies. Medal of Honor citation - For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above andbeyond the call of duty. Sgt. Lynch (then Sp4c.) distinguished himself while serving as a radio telephone operator with Company D. While serving in the forward element on an operation near the village of My An, his unit became heavily engaged with a numerically superior enemy force. Quickly and accurately assessing the situation, Sgt. Lynch provided his commander with information which subsequently proved essential to the unit's successful actions. Observing 3 wounded comrades Lying exposed to enemy fire, Sgt. Lynch dashed across 50 meters of open ground through a withering hail of enemy fire to administer aid. Reconnoitering a nearby trench for a covered position to protect the wounded from intense hostile fire, he killed 2 enemy soldiers at point blank range. With the trench cleared, he unhesitatingly returned to the fire-swept area 3 times to carry the wounded men to safety. When his company was forced to withdraw by the superior firepower of the enemy, Sgt. Lynch remained to aid his comrades at the risk of his life rather than abandon them. Alone, he defended his isolated position for 2 hours against the advancing enemy. Using only his rifle and a grenade, he stopped them just short of his trench, killing 5. Again, disregarding his safety in the face of withering hostile fire, he crossed 70 meters of exposed terrain 5 times to carry his wounded comrades to a more secure area. Once he had assured their comfort and safety, Sgt. Lynch located the counterattacking friendly company to assist in directing the attack and evacuating the 3 casualties. His gallantry at the risk of his life is in the highest traditions of the military service, Sgt. Lynch has reflected great credit on himself, the 12th Cavalry, and the U.S. Army. Signed FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each Major General James Everett Livingston (born January 12, 1940) is a retired United States Marine Corps general. He was awarded the United States' highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for heroic actions in 1968 during the Vietnam War. Maj Gen Livingston served on active duty in the Marine Corps over 33 years before retiring on September 1, 1995. His last assignment was the Commanding General of Marine Forces Reserve in New Orleans, Louisiana. James Livingston was born on January 12, 1940 in Towns, Georgia. He graduated from Lumber City High School in 1957. He entered North Georgia College and State University (The Military College of Georgia) in 1957 and was a member of the schools nationally recognized Corps of Cadets until he transferred to pursue a major that the school did not offer. In 1962, Livingston earned a B.S degree in civil engineering from Auburn University. While at Auburn University he pledged and was initiated into the Alpha-Delta Chapter of Sigma Pi Fraternity. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps in June 1962. Livingston's early assignments included service as a platoon commander, intelligence officer and as a Recruit Training Regiment series commander. Promoted to captain in June 1966, Capt Livingston served as the Commanding Officer of the Marine detachment aboard the Aircraft Carrier USS Wasp, before joining the 3rd Marine Division in the Republic of Vietnam in August 1967. On May 2, 1968, while serving as Commanding Officer, Company E, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty in action against enemy forces, and earned the Medal of Honor. He returned to the U.S. in November 1968 and completed the Amphibious Warfare School in Quantico, Virginia. He was presented the Medal of Honor on May 14, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. After his second tour in Vietnam, he served as an instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School, Director of Division Schools for the 1st Marine Division, and later, as S-3 of the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines. In March 1975 he returned to Vietnam and served as Operations Officer for the Vietnam evacuation operations which included Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon. He then commanded the Marine Barracks, United Kingdom, London, and served as Commanding Officer, 3rd Recruit Training Battalion and then as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations and Training at the Marine Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina. During this period, he earned a master’s degree in Management from Webster University (1984). He then served with the 2nd Marine Division and commanded the 6th Marines before joining the Joint U.S. Assistance Group in the Republic of the Philippines. Following advancement to brigadier general on June 10, 1988, he served as Deputy Director for Operations at the National Military Command Center in Washington, D.C. During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Gen Livingston commanded the Marine Air Ground Combat Center, 29 Palms, California and developed the Desert Warfare Training Program. After command of the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade, he was advanced to major general on July 8, 1991, and assumed command of the 4th Marine Division. In July 1992, he assumed command of the newly created Marine Reserve Force, and continued through its reorganization in October 1994, with its new title, "Marine Forces Reserve". Livingston is a graduate of the Amphibious Warfare School, the Marine Corps Command and Staff College and the Air War College. In retirement, MajGen Livingston is serving on the Board of Trustees of the National World War II Museum.[1] On November 6, 2007 the Fred Thompson presidential campaign announced that MajGen Livingston will serve as the National Co-Chair of Veterans for Fred Thompson. Medal of Honor citation - For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Commanding Officer, Company E, Second Battalion, Fourth Marines, Ninth Marine Amphibious Brigade in action against enemy forces in the Republic of Vietnam. On 2 May 1968, Company E launched a determined assault on the heavily fortified village of Dai Do, which had been seized by the enemy on the preceding evening isolating a Marine company from the remainder of the battalion. Skillfully employing screening agents, Captain Livingston maneuvered his men to assault positions across 500 meters of dangerous open rice paddy while under intense enemy fire. Ignoring hostile rounds impacting near him, he fearlessly led his men in a savage assault against enemy emplacements within the village. While adjusting supporting arms fire, Captain Livingston moved to the points of heaviest resistance, shouting words of encouragement to his Marines, directing their fire, and spurring the dwindling momentum of the attack on repeated occasions. Although twice painfully wounded by grenade fragments, he refused medical treatment and courageously led his men in the destruction of over 100 mutually supporting bunkers, driving the remaining enemy from their positions, and relieving the pressure on the stranded Marine company. As the two companies consolidated positions and evacuated casualties, a third company passed through the friendly lines launching an assault on the adjacent village of Dinh To, only to be halted by a furious counterattack of an enemy battalion. Swiftly assessing the situation and disregarding the heavy volume of enemy fire, Captain Livingston boldly maneuvered the remaining effective men of his company forward, joined forces with the heavily engaged Marines, and halted the enemy's counterattack. Wounded a third time and unable to walk, he steadfastly remained in a dangerously exposed area, deploying his men to more tenable positions and supervising the evacuation of casualties. Only when assured of the safety of his men did he allow himself to be evacuated. Captain Livingston's gallant actions uphold the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card, personal letter, & FDC - $29.00 each Noble Warrior - by James Livingston, new, Zenith Press, 1st edition 1st printing, hardcover, 278 pages, signed by author and both co-authors. This is an outstanding read - the autobiography of Vietnam Medal of Honor recipient Major General James E. Livingston. - Our price is $34.00. José Mendoza López (July 10, 1910 – May 16, 2005) was a mexican and United States Army soldier who was awarded the United States' highest military decoration for valor in combat — the Medal of Honor — for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge, in which he single-handedly repulsed a German infantry attack, killing at least 100 enemy troops. While living in with his uncle's family López began working various jobs to bring in income and never returned to school. As a young man, López caught the attention of a boxing promoter and for seven years he traveled the country fighting a total of 55 fights in the lightweight division with the nickname of 'Kid Mendoza'. In 1934, during a boxing match in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, he met a group of Merchant Marines and signed a contract with them. He was accepted in the union in 1936 and spent the next five years traveling the world. He was en route to California from Hawaii on December 7, 1941, when he learned about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. When he arrived in Los Angeles, the authorities believed he was Japanese and he was forced to prove otherwise. López returned to Brownsville and, in 1942, married Emilia Herrera. That same year, he received his draft card and relocated to San Antonio where he enlisted in the U.S. Army. López was first sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and then to Camp Roberts, California, where he received his basic training. Medal of Honor citation - On his own initiative, he carried his heavy machinegun from Company K's right flank to its left, in order to protect that flank which was in danger of being overrun by advancing enemy infantry supported by tanks. Occupying a shallow hole offering no protection above his waist, he cut down a group of 10 Germans. Ignoring enemy fire from an advancing tank, he held his position and cut down 25 more enemy infantry attempting to turn his flank. Glancing to his right, he saw a large number of infantry swarming in from the front. Although dazed and shaken from enemy artillery fire which had crashed into the ground only a few yards away, he realized that his position soon would be outflanked. Again, alone, he carried his machinegun to a position to the right rear of the sector; enemy tanks and infantry were forcing a withdrawal. Blown over backward by the concussion of enemy fire, he immediately reset his gun and continued his fire. Single-handed he held off the German horde until he was satisfied his company had effected its retirement. Again he loaded his gun on his back and in a hail of small arms fire he ran to a point where a few of his comrades were attempting to set up another defense against the onrushing enemy. He fired from this position until his ammunition was exhausted. Still carrying his gun, he fell back with his small group to Krinkelt. Sgt. López's gallantry and intrepidity, on seemingly suicidal missions in which he killed at least 100 of the enemy, were almost solely responsible for allowing Company K to avoid being enveloped, to withdraw successfully and to give other forces coming up in support time to build a line which repelled the enemy drive. Signed FDC, MOH card and letter - $29.00 each Charles Murray was born on September 26, 1921, in Baltimore, Maryland , Murray moved to Wilmington, North Carolina , at age one. After graduating from Wilmington's New Hanover High School in 1938, he attended the University of North Carolina . He was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942, after his third year of college. Arriving in northeastern France in October 1944, Murray was assigned as a replacement platoon leader to Company C of the 30th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division . The division had landed in Saint-Tropez on the southern coast of France months earlier and was pushing northward towards Germany . On December 8 of that year, Murray became company commander. Early on December 16, Company C crossed the Weiss River in the northern Vosges Mountains and established a defensive position atop Hill 512, just south of the village of Kaysersberg . Later that morning, Murray, by then a first lieutenant , led a platoon-sized group on a reconnaissance mission to the southeast, towards Ammerschwihr . Descending the vineyard -covered hill along a winding footpath, the group noticed German soldiers in a sunken road, about 150 yards (140 m) away, firing on an American hilltop position. Creeping forward to a point from which he could see the German unit, about 200 men strong, Murray made a radio call for artillery support. When the artillery landed slightly off target, he attempted to call for a range correction but the radio went dead. Not wanting to send his patrol against the much larger German force, he retrieved rifle grenades from his men and returned to his vantage point to begin a single-handed attack on the position. Although his fire alerted the Germans to his location, he continued to shoot grenades and later an automatic rifle into the German unit. As the soldiers attempted to withdraw, he disabled a truck which was carrying out three mortars . Members of his patrol brought up their own mortar, and Murray directed its fire until the Germans had scattered towards Ammerschwihr. Continuing on the footpath, he and his men captured ten German soldiers. An eleventh soldier approached him with his helmet off and his arms raised. When Murray turned to shout orders, the soldier tossed a grenade; the explosion knocked Murray to the ground and sent eight pieces of shrapnel into his left leg. After getting back to his feet, he stopped his men from killing the prisoner. Only after organizing the patrol into a defensive position did he turn over command of the company and find an aid station. After receiving medical treatment, Murray rejoined his unit on December 28, 1944. He learned that he had been recommended for the Medal of Honor in March of the next year and, per Army policy, was soon removed from combat. He remained with his division and was in Salzburg , Austria , on May 7, 1945, when a ceasefire was declared. The next day, Germany's surrender was finalized and the war in Europe was over. Murray was decorated with the Medal of Honor on August 1, 1945, eight months after the fight near Kaysersberg. It was formally presented to him during a ceremony in Salzburg, with the entire 3rd Infantry Division in attendance. He arrived home in Wilmington in September to a hero's welcome, but later returned to Europe and served four years of occupation duty . During this time, he was stationed in Salzburg and became the head U.S. intelligence officer in that city. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Murray received three Silver Stars , two Bronze Stars with Valor devices , a Purple Heart , and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his World War II service. Murray remained in the Army after World War II, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division and participating in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and commanded the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) , a ceremonial unit tasked with guarding the Tomb of the Unknowns , among other duties. In 1970, he transferred to Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina , from where he retired in 1973. As a civilian, Murray worked for the South Carolina Department of Corrections until his final retirement. He and his wife, Anne, lived in Columbia, South Carolina until his death from congestive heart failure on August 12, 2011. Murray Middle School in Wilmington is named in his honor. Murray's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For commanding Company C, 30th Infantry, displaying supreme courage and heroic initiative near Kaysersberg, France, on 16 December 1944, while leading a reinforced platoon into enemy territory. Descending into a valley beneath hilltop positions held by our troops, he observed a force of 200 Germans pouring deadly mortar, bazooka , machinegun, and small arms fire into an American battalion occupying the crest of the ridge. The enemy's position in a sunken road, though hidden from the ridge, was open to a flank attack by 1st Lt. Murray's patrol but he hesitated to commit so small a force to battle with the superior and strongly disposed enemy. Crawling out ahead of his troops to a vantage point, he called by radio for artillery fire. His shells bracketed the German force, but when he was about to correct the range his radio went dead. He returned to his patrol, secured grenades and a rifle to launch them and went back to his self-appointed outpost. His first shots disclosed his position; the enemy directed heavy fire against him as he methodically fired his missiles into the narrow defile . Again he returned to his patrol. With an automatic rifle and ammunition, he once more moved to his exposed position. Burst after burst he fired into the enemy, killing 20, wounding many others, and completely disorganizing its ranks, which began to withdraw. He prevented the removal of 3 German mortars by knocking out a truck. By that time a mortar had been brought to his support. 1st Lt. Murray directed fire of this weapon, causing further casualties and confusion in the German ranks. Calling on his patrol to follow, he then moved out toward his original objective, possession of a bridge and construction of a roadblock. He captured 10 Germans in foxholes. An eleventh, while pretending to surrender, threw a grenade which knocked him to the ground, inflicting 8 wounds. Though suffering and bleeding profusely, he refused to return to the rear until he had chosen the spot for the block and had seen his men correctly deployed. By his single-handed attack on an overwhelming force and by his intrepid and heroic fighting, 1st Lt. Murray stopped a counterattack, established an advance position against formidable odds, and provided an inspiring example for the men of his command. Walter Joseph "Joe" Marm, Jr. (born November 20, 1941) is a retired United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Marm joined the Army from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and by November 14, 1965 was serving as a second lieutenant in Company A, 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On that day, during the Battle of Ia Drang, he single-handedly attacked an enemy position, suffering severe wounds in the process. Marm survived his wounds and was subsequently promoted to first lieutenant; on December 19, 1966, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. Marm reached the rank of colonel before retiring from the Army in 1995. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. As a platoon leader in the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), 1st Lt. Marm demonstrated indomitable courage during a combat operation. His company was moving through the valley to relieve a friendly unit surrounded by an enemy force of estimated regimental size. 1st Lt. Marm led his platoon through withering fire until they were finally forced to take cover. Realizing that his platoon could not hold very long, and seeing four enemy soldiers moving into his position, he moved quickly under heavy fire and annihilated all 4. Then, seeing that his platoon was receiving intense fire from a concealed machine gun, he deliberately exposed himself to draw its fire. Thus locating its position, he attempted to destroy it with an antitank weapon. Although he inflicted casualties, the weapon did not silence the enemy fire. Quickly, disregarding the intense fire directed on him and his platoon, he charged 30 meters across open ground, and hurled grenades into the enemy position, killing some of the 8 insurgents manning it. Although severely wounded, when his grenades were expended, armed with only a rifle, he continued the momentum of his assault on the position and killed the remainder of the enemy. 1st Lt. Marm's selfless actions reduced the fire on his platoon, broke the enemy assault, and rallied his unit to continue toward the accomplishment of this mission. 1st Lt. Marm's gallantry on the battlefield and his extraordinary intrepidity at the risk of his life are in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and reflect great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of his country. Signed FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each. Robert Dale Maxwell (born October 26, 1920) is a former United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II. Born on October 26, 1920, in Boise, Idaho, Maxwell joined the Army from Larimer County, Colorado. He served overseas as a technician fifth grade with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. Assigned as the battalion "wire man", he carried a heavy roll of cable and was tasked with stringing phone lines to the command post. He began the war armed with a M1 Garand rifle, but was later reclassified as a non-combatant and carried only a .45 caliber pistol. With the 7th Infantry, Maxwell took part in the North African Campaign followed by the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, marching to Palermo and on to Messina. The unit then landed at Salerno shortly after the Allied invasion of mainland Italy and fought northwards to an area near Cassino. Wounded during the early stages of the subsequent Battle of Anzio in January 1944, Maxwell spent the next few months recovering at a hospital in Naples. He rejoined his unit in time for the invasion of southern France (Operation Dragoon) in August 1944 and the following advance inland. On September 7, near Besançon in eastern France, Maxwell smothered the blast of an enemy hand grenade with his body to protect those around him. He survived his wounds and seven months later, on April 6, 1945, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. Maxwell resides in Bend, Oregon, and is the only living Medal of Honor recipient in that state. In 2011, at the age of 90, he received his High School Diploma from Bend Senior High. In 2012, he suffered a minor stroke, but recovered after only a few short days with only minor loss of functionality of his right hand. Medal of Honor citation -For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty on 7 September 1944, near Besancon, France. Technician 5th Grade Maxwell and 3 other soldiers, armed only with .45 caliber automatic pistols, defended the battalion observation post against an overwhelming onslaught by enemy infantrymen in approximately platoon strength, supported by 20mm. flak and machinegun fire, who had infiltrated through the battalion's forward companies and were attacking the observation post with machinegun, machine pistol, and grenade fire at ranges as close as 10 yards. Despite a hail of fire from automatic weapons and grenade launchers, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell aggressively fought off advancing enemy elements and, by his calmness, tenacity, and fortitude, inspired his fellows to continue the unequal struggle. When an enemy hand grenade was thrown in the midst of his squad, Technician 5th Grade Maxwell unhesitatingly hurled himself squarely upon it, using his blanket and his unprotected body to absorb the full force of the explosion. This act of instantaneous heroism permanently maimed Technician 5th Grade Maxwell, but saved the lives of his comrades in arms and facilitated maintenance of vital military communications during the temporary withdrawal of the battalion's forward headquarters. Signed FDC, MOH card & 3x5 card- $29.00 each. Signed color postcard size photo - $34.00 Vernon McGarity (December 1, 1921 – May 21, 2013) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Born in Right, Tennessee (unincorporated Hardin County) on December 1, 1921, McGarity joined the army in November 1942. By December 16, 1944, the first day of the Battle of the Bulge, he was serving near Krinkelt, Belgium as a technical sergeant in Company L of the 393rd Infantry Regiment, 99th Infantry Division. Wounded early in the battle, McGarity returned to his unit and, as squad leader, directed and encouraged his soldiers throughout the intense fight which ensued. He repeatedly braved heavy fire to rescue wounded men, attack the advancing Germans, and retrieve supplies. Only after completely running out of ammunition were he and his squad captured. For his actions during the battle he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on January 11, 1946. He died at the age of 91 in 2013. Medal of Honor citation He was painfully wounded in an artillery barrage that preceded the powerful counteroffensive launched by the Germans near Krinkelt, Belgium, on the morning of 16 December 1944. He made his way to an aid station, received treatment, and then refused to be evacuated, choosing to return to his hard-pressed men instead. The fury of the enemy's great Western Front offensive swirled about the position held by T/Sgt. McGarity's small force, but so tenaciously did these men fight on orders to stand firm at all costs that they could not be dislodged despite murderous enemy fire and the breakdown of their communications. During the day the heroic squad leader rescued 1 of his friends who had been wounded in a forward position, and throughout the night he exhorted his comrades to repulse the enemy's attempts at infiltration. When morning came and the Germans attacked with tanks and infantry, he braved heavy fire to run to an advantageous position where he immobilized the enemy's lead tank with a round from a rocket launcher. Fire from his squad drove the attacking infantrymen back, and 3 supporting tanks withdrew. He rescued, under heavy fire, another wounded American, and then directed devastating fire on a light cannon which had been brought up by the hostile troops to clear resistance from the area. When ammunition began to run low, T/Sgt. McGarity, remembering an old ammunition hole about 100 yards distant in the general direction of the enemy, braved a concentration of hostile fire to replenish his unit's supply. By circuitous route the enemy managed to emplace a machinegun to the rear and flank of the squad's position, cutting off the only escape route. Unhesitatingly, the gallant soldier took it upon himself to destroy this menace single-handedly. He left cover, and while under steady fire from the enemy, killed or wounded all the hostile gunners with deadly accurate rifle fire and prevented all attempts to re-man the gun. Only when the squad's last round had been fired was the enemy able to advance and capture the intrepid leader and his men. The extraordinary bravery and extreme devotion to duty of T/Sgt. McGarity supported a remarkable delaying action which provided the time necessary for assembling reserves and forming a line against which the German striking power was shattered. Signed card and FDC - $29.00 each Richard Miles McCool, Jr. (January 4, 1922 – March 5, 2008) was a retired United States Navy officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Okinawa in World War II. McCool was born on January 4, 1922 in Oklahoma. McCool graduated from high school at the age of 15. He graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a degree in political science. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, he was accepted into a new Navy ROTC program, and later was appointed to the Naval Academy. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1944 (his class of 1945 graduated a year early). By June 10, 1945, he was serving as a lieutenant on the USS LCS(L)(3)-122, a Landing Craft Support ship. On that day, off the coast of Okinawa Island, McCool helped rescue the survivors of sinking destroyer USS William D. Porter (DD-579). The next day, his own ship was hit by a Japanese kamikaze. Although he suffered severe burns and shrapnel wounds in the initial explosion, McCool continued to lead his crew in the firefighting and rescue efforts until relief arrived. He also served in the Korean War and in the Vietnam War. He retired at the rank of Captain in 1974 after a 30-year career. McCool died of natural causes on March 5, 2008 at the age of 86 in a hospital in Bremerton, Washington. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of the USS LCS(L)(3)-122 during operations against enemy Japanese forces in the Ryukyu chain, 10 and 11 June 1945. Sharply vigilant during hostile air raids against Allied ships on radar picket duty off Okinawa on 10 June, Lt. McCool aided materially in evacuating all survivors from a sinking destroyer which had sustained mortal damage under the devastating attacks. When his own craft was attacked simultaneously by 2 of the enemy's suicide squadron early in the evening of 11 June, he instantly hurled the full power of his gun batteries against the plunging aircraft, shooting down the first and damaging the second before it crashed his station in the conning tower and engulfed the immediate area in a mass of flames. Although suffering from shrapnel wounds and painful burns, he rallied his concussion-shocked crew and initiated vigorous firefighting measures and then proceeded to the rescue of several trapped in a blazing compartment, subsequently carrying 1 man to safety despite the excruciating pain of additional severe burns. Unmindful of all personal danger, he continued his efforts without respite until aid arrived from other ships and he was evacuated. By his staunch leadership, capable direction, and indomitable determination throughout the crisis, Lt. McCool saved the lives of many who otherwise might have perished and contributed materially to the saving of his ship for further combat service. His valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of extreme peril sustains and enhances the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $34.00 Gino Joseph Merli (May 13, 1924 – June 11, 2002) was an American soldier, and recipient of the Medal of Honor during World War II. Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Merli was the son of a coal miner. He entered service in the United States Army from Peckville in July 1943 and served with the 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. With his division, he went ashore at Omaha Beach on D-Day in 1944 and participated in the Battle of the Bulge in December of the same year. On the evening of September 4, 1944, near Sars-la-Bruyère in Belgium (now a deelgemeente of Frameries), his company was attacked by a superior German force. Their position was overwhelmed, but PFC Merli stayed with his machine gun covering their retreat. When his position was overrun, he feigned death while German soldiers prodded him with their bayonets, only to rise and confront the enemy when they withdrew. Twice he fooled German soldiers into believing he was no longer a threat, only to attack them again when they left him for dead. In the morning, a counterattack forced the Germans to ask for a truce. The negotiating party found Merli still at his gun. For his heroism, PFC Gino Merli received the Medal of Honor from President Truman on June 15, 1945. In addition, he received two Purple Hearts, the Bronze Star, the Battle of the Bulge Medal, and the Humanitarian Award of the Chapel of Four Chaplains for his actions during World War II. In civilian life, Merli took it upon himself to serve fellow veterans. He was an adjudication officer for the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Plains Township, Pennsylvania. He traveled to the Normandy beaches in 1984 in the company of Tom Brokaw and was a source of inspiration for Brokaw's book The Greatest Generation. Medal of Honor citation-He was serving as a machine gunner in the vicinity of Sars la Bruyere, Belgium, on the night of 45 September 1944, when his company was attacked by a superior German force. Its position was overrun and he was surrounded when our troops were driven back by overwhelming numbers and firepower. Disregarding the fury of the enemy fire concentrated on him he maintained his position, covering the withdrawal of our riflemen and breaking the force of the enemy pressure. His assistant machine gunner was killed and the position captured; the other 8 members of the section were forced to surrender. Pfc. Merli slumped down beside the dead assistant gunner and feigned death. No sooner had the enemy group withdrawn then he was up and firing in all directions. Once more his position was taken and the captors found 2 apparently lifeless bodies. Throughout the night Pfc. Merli stayed at his weapon. By daybreak the enemy had suffered heavy losses, and as our troops launched an assault, asked for a truce. Our negotiating party, who accepted the German surrender, found Pfc. Merli still at his gun. On the battlefield lay 52 enemy dead, 19 of whom were directly in front of the gun. Pfc. Merli's gallantry and courage, and the losses and confusion that he caused the enemy, contributed materially to our victory. Signed MOH card and FDC $29.00 each. Signed 4-page brochure including pix and citation - $39.00 Franklin Douglas "Doug" Miller (January 27, 1945–June 30, 2000) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Miller joined the Army from Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1966, and by January 5, 1970 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in the 5th Special Forces Group, 1st Special Forces. On that day, in Kontum Province, Republic of Vietnam, Miller's small group came under attack from a numerically superior enemy force. He single-handedly held off an enemy assault, arranged for a helicopter extraction of his unit, and again fought off the enemy alone until relief arrived. For his actions during the battle, in which he was seriously wounded, he was awarded the Medal of Honor in July 1971. Miller retold the story of that day, along with other experiences from his career in the Special Forces, in his memoir, Reflections of a Warrior: Six Years as a Green Beret in Vietnam. Miller died 30 years after his Medal of Honor action, at age 55. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in New Mexico. The Franklin D. Miller Trust was established to provide material support for his two children. Range 37, part of Fort Bragg in North Carolina, was rededicated in Miller's honor in 2002. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. S/Sgt. Miller, 5th Special Forces Group, distinguished himself while serving as team leader of an American-Vietnamese long-range reconnaissance patrol operating deep within enemy controlled territory. Leaving the helicopter insertion point, the patrol moved forward on its mission. Suddenly, 1 of the team members tripped a hostile booby trap which wounded 4 soldiers. S/Sgt. Miller, knowing that the explosion would alert the enemy, quickly administered first aid to the wounded and directed the team into positions across a small stream bed at the base of a steep hill. Within a few minutes, S/Sgt. Miller saw the lead element of what he estimated to be a platoon-size enemy force moving toward his location. Concerned for the safety of his men, he directed the small team to move up the hill to a more secure position. He remained alone, separated from the patrol, to meet the attack. S/Sgt. Miller single-handedly repulsed 2 determined attacks by the numerically superior enemy force and caused them to withdraw in disorder. He rejoined his team, established contact with a forward air controller and arranged the evacuation of his patrol. However, the only suitable extraction location in the heavy jungle was a bomb crater some 150 meters from the team location. S/Sgt. Miller reconnoitered the route to the crater and led his men through the enemy controlled jungle to the extraction site. As the evacuation helicopter hovered over the crater to pick up the patrol, the enemy launched a savage automatic weapon and rocket-propelled grenade attack against the beleaguered team, driving off the rescue helicopter. S/Sgt. Miller led the team in a valiant defense which drove back the enemy in its attempt to overrun the small patrol. Although seriously wounded and with every man in his patrol a casualty, S/Sgt. Miller moved forward to again single-handedly meet the hostile attackers. From his forward exposed position, S/Sgt. Miller gallantly repelled 2 attacks by the enemy before a friendly relief force reached the patrol location. S/Sgt. Miller's gallantry, intrepidity in action, and selfless devotion to the welfare of his comrades are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the U.S. Army. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Hiroshi H. Miyamura (born October 6, 1925), also known as Hershey Miyamura, was a United States Army soldier. He is best known for receiving the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean War. Miyamura joined the US Army in January 1945. Miyamura volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. He was discharged from the active army shortly after Japan surrendered. Following the war, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Reserve, and was recalled to active duty following the start of the Korean War. He endured as a prisoner of war for 28 months. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 24–25, 1951, near Taejon-ni, Korea, while serving as a corporal in the 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. His was the first Medal of Honor to be classified Top Secret. Miyamura was captured by the North Koreans and held as a prisoner of war immediately after the actions that led to his award. As Brigadier General Ralph Osborne explained to Miyamura and a group of reporters upon notifying them of his medal, "If the Reds knew what he had done to a good number of their soldiers just before he was taken prisoner, they might have taken revenge on this young man. He might not have come back." Following his release on August 20, 1953, he was repatriated to the United States and honorably discharged from the military shortly thereafter. His medal was presented to him by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in October 1953 at the White House. Miyamura is married to the former Terry Tsuchimori, who was held in the Japanese American internment camps during World War II. He has three children and four grandchildren, with one grandchild, Marisa, an officer in the United States Air Force. He has resided in Gallup, New Mexico, since his discharge from the army, where he established a career as an automobile mechanic and service station owner. Mr. Miyamura remains active in supporting fellow veterans including work with the Wounded Warrior Project. Medal of Honor citation-Cpl. Miyamura, a member of Company H, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. On the night of 24 April, Company H was occupying a defensive position when the enemy fanatically attacked threatening to overrun the position. Cpl. Miyamura, a machinegun squad leader, aware of the imminent danger to his men unhesitatingly jumped from his shelter wielding his bayonet in close hand-to-hand combat killing approximately 10 of the enemy. Returning to his position, he administered first aid to the wounded and directed their evacuation. As another savage assault hit the line, he manned his machinegun and delivered withering fire until his ammunition was expended. He ordered the squad to withdraw while he stayed behind to render the gun inoperative. He then bayoneted his way through infiltrated enemy soldiers to a second gun emplacement and assisted in its operation. When the intensity of the attack necessitated the withdrawal of the company Cpl. Miyamura ordered his men to fall back while he remained to cover their movement. He killed more than 50 of the enemy before his ammunition was depleted and he was severely wounded. He maintained his magnificent stand despite his painful wounds, continuing to repel the attack until his position was overrun. When last seen he was fighting ferociously against an overwhelming number of enemy soldiers. Cpl. Miyamura's indomitable heroism and consummate devotion to duty reflect the utmost glory on himself and uphold the illustrious traditions on the military service. Signed letter & env, MOH card and FDC - $24.00 each Charles Bedford Morris (December 29, 1931 – August 22, 1996) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War. Morris joined the Army from Roanoke, Virginia in 1953, and briefly served during the Korean War before serving in Vietnam. By June 29, 1966 he was a Sergeant in Company A, 2d Battalion (Airborne), 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173d Airborne Brigade (Separate). During a firefight on that day in the Republic of Vietnam, Morris continued to lead his squad, fight the enemy, and help the wounded despite being wounded himself four separate times. For his actions during the battle he was promoted to Staff Sergeant and, on December 14, 1967, awarded the Medal of Honor. Morris reached the highest enlisted rank, Sergeant Major, before retiring from the Army. He died at age 64 and was buried in Morris Cemetery, Fancy Gap, Virginia. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Seeing indications of the enemy's presence in the area, S/Sgt. Morris deployed his squad and continued forward alone to make a reconnaissance. He unknowingly crawled within 20 meters of an enemy machinegun, whereupon the gunner fired, wounding him in the chest. S/Sgt. Morris instantly returned the fire and killed the gunner. Continuing to crawl within a few feet of the gun, he hurled a grenade and killed the remainder of the enemy crew. Although in pain and bleeding profusely, S/Sgt. Morris continued his reconnaissance. Returning to the platoon area, he reported the results of his reconnaissance to the platoon leader. As he spoke, the platoon came under heavy fire. Refusing medical attention for himself, he deployed his men in better firing positions confronting the entrenched enemy to his front. Then for 8 hours the platoon engaged the numerically superior enemy force. Withdrawal was impossible without abandoning many wounded and dead. Finding the platoon medic dead, S/Sgt. Morris administered first aid to himself and was returning to treat the wounded members of his squad with the medic's first aid kit when he was again wounded. Knocked down and stunned, he regained consciousness and continued to treat the wounded, reposition his men, and inspire and encourage their efforts. Wounded again when an enemy grenade shattered his left hand, nonetheless he personally took up the fight and armed and threw several grenades which killed a number of enemy soldiers. Seeing that an enemy machinegun had maneuvered behind his platoon and was delivering the fire upon his men, S/Sgt. Morris and another man crawled toward the gun to knock it out. His comrade was killed and S/Sgt. Morris sustained another wound, but, firing his rifle with 1 hand, he silenced the enemy machinegun. Returning to the platoon, he courageously exposed himself to the devastating enemy fire to drag the wounded to a protected area, and with utter disregard for his personal safety and the pain he suffered, he continued to lead and direct the efforts of his men until relief arrived. Upon termination of the battle, important documents were found among the enemy dead revealing a planned ambush of a Republic of Vietnam battalion. Use of this information prevented the ambush and saved many lives. S/Sgt. Morris' gallantry was instrumental in the successful defeat of the enemy, saved many lives, and was in the highest traditions of the U.S. Army. Signed 8x10 B&W official photo - $39.00 Ola Lee Mize (born August 28, 1931) is a retired United States Army officer and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. Mize was born in Marshall County, Alabama, the son of a sharecropper. He left school after 9th grade to help support his family. After several years of working for low pay, he attempted to enlist in the Army but was rejected for being too light, at 120 pounds. He tried repeatedly to enlist and was eventually accepted, joining the Army from Gadsden, Alabama. Assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division, Mize planned to finish his term of service and return to school. When the Korean War began, he changed his plans and reenlisted in hopes of seeing combat. He volunteered for a front-line unit and ended up as a sergeant in Company K of the 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. On June 10, 1953, his unit was manning Outpost Harry near Surang-ni, Korea, when the post came under heavy enemy attack. Mize organized defensive positions, rescued wounded soldiers, and engaged the enemy until reinforcements arrived about noon the next day. He was subsequently promoted to master sergeant and, on September 24, 1954, awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Outpost Harry. Mize later joined the Special Forces and served three tours of duty in the Vietnam War. He gained a commission and retired in 1981 as a colonel. His Medal of Honor is on display at the Guntersville Museum in Guntersville, Alabama. A section of Steel Station Road in Gadsden, Alabama is named Col. Ola Lee Mize Medal of Honor Highway in his honor. Col. Mize lives in Gadsden, Alabama with his wife, Betty Mize. Medal of Honor citation-M/Sgt. Mize, a member of Company K, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. Company K was committed to the defense of "Outpost Harry", a strategically valuable position, when the enemy launched a heavy attack. Learning that a comrade on a friendly listening post had been wounded he moved through the intense barrage, accompanied by a medical aid man, and rescued the wounded soldier. On returning to the main position he established an effective defense system and inflicted heavy casualties against attacks from determined enemy assault forces which had penetrated into trenches within the outpost area. During his fearless actions he was blown down by artillery and grenade blasts 3 times but each time he dauntlessly returned to his position, tenaciously fighting and successfully repelling hostile attacks. When enemy onslaughts ceased he took his few men and moved from bunker to bunker, firing through apertures and throwing grenades at the foe, neutralizing their positions. When an enemy soldier stepped out behind a comrade, prepared to fire, M/Sgt. Mize killed him, saving the life of his fellow soldier. After rejoining the platoon, moving from man to man, distributing ammunition, and shouting words of encouragement he observed a friendly machine gun position overrun. He immediately fought his way to the position, killing 10 of the enemy and dispersing the remainder. Fighting back to the command post, and finding several friendly wounded there, he took a position to protect them. Later, securing a radio, he directed friendly artillery fire upon the attacking enemy's routes of approach. At dawn he helped regroup for a counterattack which successfully drove the enemy from the outpost. M/Sgt. Mize's valorous conduct and unflinching courage reflect lasting glory upon himself and uphold the noble traditions of the military service. FDC and MOH card - $29.00 each Robert Joseph Modrzejewski (born July 3, 1934) is a retired United States Marine Corps officer who was awarded the United States’ highest military decoration — the Medal of Honor — for conspicuous gallantry in Vietnam. Modrzejewski was born on July 3, 1934 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from Milwaukee's Casimir Pulaski High School in 1953. He attended Wisconsin State Teachers College prior to entering the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Education in 1957. While at the University of Wisconsin, he was a member of the Platoon Leaders Class and upon graduation, was commissioned a Marine Corps Reserve second lieutenant in June 1957. He was integrated into the Regular Marine Corps in May 1960. Ordered to the West Coast, then to the Republic of Vietnam, he assumed duty as Commanding Officer of Company K, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. It was during this period, during Operation Hastings, that he distinguished himself above and beyond the call of duty — for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. Captain Modrzejewski later served as Battalion S-3 and Company Commander until December 1966, then became Command Operations Center Watch Officer with Headquarters Company, 3rd Marine Division, FMF, until May 1967. He was promoted to major in January 1967. Upon his return to the United States in June 1967, he was assigned to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, as Commanding Officer of the Marine Barracks. In January 1970, he entered the Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia, and completed the course the following June. He then reported to Marine Corps Air Station, Kaneohe, Hawaii, for duty with Headquarters and Service Company, First Marine Brigade. Medal of Honor citation-For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Commanding Officer, Company K, Third Battalion, Fourth Marines, Third Marines, Third Marine Division, in the Republic of Vietnam from 15 to July 18, 1966. On July 15, during Operation HASTINGS, Company K was landed in an enemy infested jungle area to establish a blocking position at a major enemy trail network. Shortly after landing, the company encountered a reinforced enemy platoon in a well organized, defensive position. Major (then Captain) Modrzejewski led his men in the successful seizure of the enemy redoubt, which contained large quantities of ammunition and supplies. That evening a numerically superior enemy force counterattacked in an effort to retake the vital supply area, thus setting the pattern of activity for the next two and one-half days. In the first series of attacks, the enemy assaulted repeatedly in overwhelming numbers but each time was repulsed by the gallant Marines. The second night the enemy struck in battalion strength, and Major Modrzejewski was wounded in this intensive action which was fought at close quarters. Although exposed to enemy fire, and despite his painful wounds, he crawled 200 meters to provide critically needed ammunition to an exposed element of his command and was constantly present wherever the fighting was heaviest. Despite numerous casualties, a dwindling supply of ammunition and the knowledge that they were surrounded, he skillfully directed artillery fire to within a few meters of his position and courageously inspired the efforts of his company in repelling the aggressive enemy attack. On July 18, Company K was attacked by a regimental size enemy force. Although his unit was outnumbered and weakened by the previous fighting, Major Modrzejewski reorganized his men and calmly moved among them to encourage and direct their efforts to heroic limits as they fought to overcome the vicious enemy onslaught. Again he called in air and artillery strikes at close range with devastating effect on the enemy, which together with the bold and determined fighting of the men of Company K, repulsed the fanatical attack of the larger North Vietnamese force. His unparalleled personal heroism and indomitable leadership inspired his men to a significant victory over the enemy force and reflected great credit upon himself, the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Captain Raymond Gerald "Jerry" Murphy (January 14, 1930 – April 6, 2007) was the 39th United States Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for heroism in the Korean War. He was decorated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a White House ceremony on October 27, 1953. He earned the Nation's highest decoration for heroic action and leadership in the "Reno-Vegas" fighting of February 1953. Raymond Gerald Murphy was born in Pueblo, Colorado on January 14, 1930 to Thomas and Mame Murphy. He graduated from Pueblo Catholic High School in 1947. He attended Fort Lewis Junior College in Durango, Colorado for two years before transferring to Adams State College in Alamosa, Colorado. While in college, he played varsity football, basketball and baseball, and worked as a swimming instructor in Durango in the summer of 1950. In 1951, Murphy graduated from Adams State College with a degree in physical education. He joined the Marine Corps Reserve in May 1951 and entered Officers Candidate School at Parris Island, South Carolina, the following month. Commissioned a second lieutenant in September 1951, he was then ordered to Officers' Basic School at Quantico, Virginia. Completing the course the following February, he was transferred to Camp Pendleton, California, for advanced training before embarking for Korea in July 1952. In Korea, 2dLt Murphy served with the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division until he was wounded in the action where he earned the Medal of Honor. After treatment aboard the Danish hospital ship Jutlandia, the American hospital ship Repose, and later in Japan, he was returned to the U. S. Naval Hospital, Mare Island, California, in March 1953. He was promoted to first lieutenant that same month. He returned to Pueblo after his discharge from the hospital and was released from active duty April 7, 1953. On October 27, President Dwight Eisenhower presented Murphy and six others with the Medal of Honor during a ceremony at the White House. He is one of four Medal of Honor recipients from Pueblo, Colorado, the others being William J. Crawford, Drew Dennis Dix, and Carl L. Sitter. Murphy was promoted to captain on December 31, 1954 and discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve five years later on December 28, 1959. After the war, Murphy moved to New Mexico. From 1974 until his retirement, he worked as a counselor for the Veterans Administration and became the Chief of Veterans Services. After retiring from the VA Jerry stayed on as a volunteer at the hospital until 2005. He and his wife, Maryann, raised three sons, John, Tim, and Michael, and a daughter, Eleanor. Murphy died on April 6, 2007 in the Veterans Administration Nursing Home in Pueblo at age 77, after a long illness. He was buried at Santa Fe National Cemetery in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Prior to his death, a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate to name to Veterans' hospital in Albuquerque the Raymond G. Murphy Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The bill was passed by both houses of Congress and signed by President Bush on July 5, 2007. Medal of Honor citation -For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as a Platoon Commander of Company A, First Battalion, Fifth Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on February 3, 1953. Although painfully wounded by fragments from an enemy mortar shell while leading his evacuation platoon in support of assault units attacking a cleverly concealed and well-entrenched hostile force occupying commanding ground, Second Lieutenant Murphy steadfastly refused medical aid and continued to lead his men up a hill through a withering barrage of hostile mortar and small-arms fire, skillfully maneuvering his force from one position to the next and shouting words of encouragement. Undeterred by the increasing intense enemy fire, he immediately located casualties as they fell and made several trips up and down the fire-swept hill to direct evacuation teams to the wounded, personally carrying many of the stricken Marines to safety. When reinforcements were needed by the assaulting elements, Second Lieutenant Murphy employed part of his Unit as support and, during the ensuing battle, personally killed two of the enemy with his pistol. When all the wounded evacuated and the assaulting units beginning to disengage, he remained behind with a carbine to cover the movement of friendly forces off the hill and, though suffering intense pain from his previous wounds, seized an automatic rifle to provide more firepower when the enemy reappeared in the trenches. After reaching the base of the hill, he organized a search party and again ascended the slope for a final check on missing Marines, locating and carrying the bodies of a machine-gun crew back down the hill. Wounded a second time while conducting the entire force to the line of departure through a continuing barrage of enemy small-arms, artillery and mortar fire, he again refused medical assistance until assured that every one of his men, including all casualties, had preceded him to the main lines. His resolute and inspiring leadership, exceptional fortitude and great personal valor reflect the highest credit upon Second Lieutenant Murphy and enhance the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Signed MOH card - $29.00 Charles Patrick Murray, Jr. (September 26, 1921 – August 12, 2011) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor —for his actions in World War II . Born on September 26, 1921, in Baltimore, Maryland , Murray moved to Wilmington, North Carolina , at age one. After graduating from Wilmington's New Hanover High School in 1938, he attended the University of North Carolina . He was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942, after his third year of college. Arriving in northeastern France in October 1944, Murray was assigned as a replacement platoon leader to Company C of the 30th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division . [1] The division had landed in Saint-Tropez on the southern coast of France months earlier and was pushing northward towards Germany . [2] On December 8 of that year, Murray became company commander. Early on December 16, Company C crossed the Weiss River in the northern Vosges Mountains and established a defensive position atop Hill 512, just south of the village of Kaysersberg . Later that morning, Murray, by then a first lieutenant , led a platoon-sized group on a reconnaissance mission to the southeast, towards Ammerschwihr . Descending the vineyard -covered hill along a winding footpath, the group noticed German soldiers in a sunken road, about 150 yards (140 m) away, firing on an American hilltop position. [1] Creeping forward to a point from which he could see the German unit, about 200 men strong, Murray made a radio call for artillery support. When the artillery landed slightly off target, he attempted to call for a range correction but the radio went dead. Not wanting to send his patrol against the much larger German force, he retrieved rifle grenades from his men and returned to his vantage point to begin a single-handed attack on the position. Although his fire alerted the Germans to his location, he continued to shoot grenades and later an automatic rifle into the German unit. As the soldiers attempted to withdraw, he disabled a truck which was carrying out three mortars . Members of his patrol brought up their own mortar, and Murray directed its fire until the Germans had scattered towards Ammerschwihr. Continuing on the footpath, he and his men captured ten German soldiers. An eleventh soldier approached him with his helmet off and his arms raised. When Murray turned to shout orders, the soldier tossed a grenade; the explosion knocked Murray to the ground and sent eight pieces of shrapnel into his left leg. After getting back to his feet, he stopped his men from killing the prisoner. Only after organizing the patrol into a defensive position did he turn over command of the company and find an aid station. After receiving medical treatment, Murray rejoined his unit on December 28, 1944. He learned that he had been recommended for the Medal of Honor in March of the next year and, per Army policy, was soon removed from combat. [1] He remained with his division and was in Salzburg , Austria , on May 7, 1945, when a ceasefire was declared. The next day, Germany's surrender was finalized and the war in Europe was over. Murray was issued the Medal of Honor on August 1, 1945, eight months after the fight near Kaysersberg. It was formally presented to him during a ceremony in Salzburg, with the entire 3rd Infantry Division in attendance. He arrived home in Wilmington in September to a hero's welcome, but later returned to Europe and served four years of occupation duty . During this time, he was stationed in Salzburg and became the head U.S. intelligence officer in that city. In addition to the Medal of Honor, Murray received three Silver Stars , two Bronze Stars with Valor devices , a Purple Heart , and the Combat Infantryman Badge for his World War II service. Murray remained in the Army after World War II, serving with the 82nd Airborne Division and participating in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and commanded the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) , a ceremonial unit tasked with guarding the Tomb of the Unknowns , among other duties. In 1970, he transferred to Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina , from where he retired in 1973. As a civilian, Murray worked for the South Carolina Department of Corrections until his final retirement. He and his wife, Anne, lived in Columbia, South Carolina until his death from congestive heart failure on August 12, 2011. Murray Middle School in Wilmington is named in his honor. Murray's official Medal of Honor citation reads: For commanding Company C, 30th Infantry, displaying supreme courage and heroic initiative near Kaysersberg, France, on 16 December 1944, while leading a reinforced platoon into enemy territory. Descending into a valley beneath hilltop positions held by our troops, he observed a force of 200 Germans pouring deadly mortar, bazooka , machinegun, and small arms fire into an American battalion occupying the crest of the ridge. The enemy's position in a sunken road, though hidden from the ridge, was open to a flank attack by 1st Lt. Murray's patrol but he hesitated to commit so small a force to battle with the superior and strongly disposed enemy. Crawling out ahead of his troops to a vantage point, he called by radio for artillery fire. His shells bracketed the German force, but when he was about to correct the range his radio went dead. He returned to his patrol, secured grenades and a rifle to launch them and went back to his self-appointed outpost. His first shots disclosed his position; the enemy directed heavy fire against him as he methodically fired his missiles into the narrow defile . Again he returned to his patrol. With an automatic rifle and ammunition, he once more moved to his exposed position. Burst after burst he fired into the enemy, killing 20, wounding many others, and completely disorganizing its ranks, which began to withdraw. He prevented the removal of 3 German mortars by knocking out a truck. By that time a mortar had been brought to his support. 1st Lt. Murray directed fire of this weapon, causing further casualties and confusion in the German ranks. Calling on his patrol to follow, he then moved out toward his original objective, possession of a bridge and construction of a roadblock. He captured 10 Germans in foxholes. An eleventh, while pretending to surrender, threw a grenade which knocked him to the ground, inflicting 8 wounds. Though suffering and bleeding profusely, he refused to return to the rear until he had chosen the spot for the block and had seen his men correctly deployed. By his single-handed attack on an overwhelming force and by his intrepid and heroic fighting, 1st Lt. Murray stopped a counterattack, established an advance position against formidable odds, and provided an inspiring example for the men of his command.	i don't know
On June 25, 1953, "photo-journalist" Jacqueline Bouvier announced her engagement to whom?	Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Updated: Sunday, November 22, 2015 @ 9:56 AM Published: Sunday, November 22, 2015 @ 9:55 AM AP Photo Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was married to a president and a tycoon, both of whom preceded her in death. Her engagement to U.S. Sen. John F. Kennedy (D-Mass) was announced by her mother and stepfather Mr .and Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss of Newport, R.I., June 25, 1953. (AP Photo) AP Photo A young Jacqueline Bouvier, shown with her mother Janet Lee Bouvier, wins third prize in the family class at the East Hampton Horse Show on New York's Long Island. (AP Photo) AP Photo Mrs. Lee Bouvier, center, and two daughters, Lee (later Princess Lee Radziwill), left, and Jacqueline, right, walking down East Hampton and One Gracie Square, New York City. (AP Photo) AP Photo Jacqueline Lee Bouvier poses with her father, John N. Bouvier, at Easthampton, Long Island, N.Y., a few days before her 18th birthday. Cod. (AP Photo) AP Photo/Marty Lederhandler Students who sail for France on for a year of study attend a reception at the French Embassy in New York. Jacqueline Bouvier is at right. (AP Photo/Marty Lederhandler) AP Photo Sen. John F. Kennedy, D-Mass., and his fiancee, Jacqueline Bouvier, prepare a sailfish boat for sailing at Hyannis, Mass. (AP Photo) AP Photo Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy poses with a press camera during her stint as an inquiring photographer for the Washington Times Herald, the same year she married Sen. John F. Kennedy. (AP Photo) Keystone/Getty Images Sen. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Democratic senator for Massachusetts, escorts his bride Jacqueline Lee Bouvier down the church aisle shortly after their wedding ceremony at Newport, Rhode Island. (Keystone/Getty Images) AP Photo U.S. Sen. John F. Kennedy, D-Mass., and his bride, the former Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, cut their wedding cake during a reception following their marriage at Newport, R.I. (AP Photo) Keystone/Getty Images Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts with his wife, Jacqueline, about to leave New York for the Los Angeles Democratic Party Convention, at which he would receive the presidential nomination. (Keystone/Getty Images) AP Photo Sen. John F. Kennedy (D-Mass.) sits with wife, Jacqueline, who reads to their daughter, Caroline, at Hyannis Port, Mass. (AP Photo) AP Photo Democratic presidential nominee Sen. John Kennedy and wife Jacqueline sit in their sailboat at Hyannis Port, Mass. (AP Photo) Keystone John Fitzgerald Kennedy, American senator with his wife, seeking the Democratic nomination for the presidential election. (Keystone/Getty Images) AP Photo John F. Kennedy takes a stroll with his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, and their daughter, Caroline, at Hyannis Port, Mass. (AP Photo) Keystone/Getty Images Jackie Kennedy, the wife of the President-elect John F Kennedy with her son John Kennedy Jr. The Kennedys lost another baby, Patrick, a few months before the assassination. (Keystone/Getty Images) Hulton Archive/Getty Images President John Fitzgerald Kennedy stands on a platform for his inauguration as 35th President on the east front of the U.S. Capitol. (L-R) His parents, Rose and Joseph Kennedy, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson and his wife, Lady Bird Johnson accompany him on the platform. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Keystone/Getty Images John F Kennedy takes the Oath of Office administered by Chief Justice Earl Warren (left). James Browning, Clerk of the Supreme Court, is center and Jacqueline Kennedy is far left. (Keystone/Getty Images) Kennedy Library Archives/Newsmakers/Getty Images President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy attend the inaugural ball in Washington, DC. (Courtesy of Kennedy Library Archives/Newsmakers) National Archive/Newsmakers First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy walks with two young girls at the White House. (Courtesy of National Archive/Newsmakers) National Archive/Newsmakers First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy attends a White House ceremony in Washington, D.C. The fashions she chose were a national topic. (National Archive/Newsmakers) National Archive/Newsmakers	John F. Kennedy
June 25, 1876 saw George Custer meet his Waterloo at the Battle of Little Big Horn, which happened in what present state?	jacqueline kennedy onassis - 必应 Sign in Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, pronounced /ˌˈdʒækliːn ˈliː ˈbuːvieɪ/; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy , and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Five years later, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis; they remained married until his death in 1975. Jacqueline was the elder daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and socialite Janet Lee Bouvier, who divorced in ... (展开) 1940. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature at George Washington University and went on to work for the Washington Times-Herald as an Inquiring Photographer. In 1952, Jacqueline met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. Shortly after, he was elected to the United States Senate and the couple married the following year. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she aided her husband's administration with her presence in social events and with her highly publicized restoration of the White House. On November 22, 1963, she was riding with her husband in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral, and she remarried in 1968 after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy . Following her second husband's death in 1975, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance, and grace. She was a fashion icon; her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat has become symbolic of her husband's assassination and one of the most iconic images of the 1960s. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallup's list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th century America. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Background and childhood Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III (1891–1957) and Janet Norton Lee (1907–1989), at Southampton Hospital. Jacqueline was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan. She was named after her father. Her younger sister, Caroline Lee (1933–), known as Lee, was born four years later. The Bouviers divorced in 1940; in 1942, Janet married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. and had two more children: Janet Jennings Auchincloss (1945–1985) and James Lee Auchincloss (born 1947). Jacqueline's mother was of Irish ancestry, and her father's ancestry included French, Scottish, and English. Her maternal great-grandfather emigrated from Cork, Ireland, and later became the Superintendent of the New York City Public Schools. Michel Bouvier, Jacqueline's patrilineal great-great-grandfather, was born in France and was a contemporary of Joseph Bonaparte and Stephen Girard. He was a Philadelphia-based cabinetmaker, carpenter, merchant, and real estate speculator. Michel's wife, Louise Vernou, was the daughter of French émigré tobacconist John Vernou and English-born Elizabeth Clifford Lindsay. Michel and Louise's sons included John Vernou Bouvier, Sr. and Michel Charles Bouvier. Jacqueline's paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier, Jr., whom she called "Grampy Jack", fabricated a more noble ancestry for his family in his vanity family history book, Our Forebears. Recent scholarship and the research done by her cousin John Hagy Davis in his book, The Bouviers: Portrait of an American Family, have disproved most of these fantasy lineages. Jacqueline spent her early years in Manhattan and East Hampton on Long Island, at the Bouvier family estate, "Lasata." Following their parents' divorce, the Bouvier sisters divided their time between their mother's homes in McLean, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island, and their father's homes in New York City at 125 East 74th Street and Long Island. Jacqueline strongly resembled her father, whom she idolized. Her father likewise favored her over her sister Lee, calling Jacqueline "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had." Lee would later say that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with her father and paternal grandfather. Interests At a very early age, she became an enthusiastic equestrienne, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion. By age 2, Jacqueline was able to control her pony with confidence; whenever she fell off, she would instantly climb back on. From the age of 6, Jacqueline was educated in the equestrian art of dressage. Despite the upheavals in her family life, Jacqueline continued her riding and training throughout her youth. Beginning in her youth, she was similar to her mother in her riding and athleticism as well as her reserve and temper. As their father became more estranged from the marriage, the Bouvier sisters began to spend more time with their mother. Her mother encouraged the pair's artistic traits, as they had been influenced by their paternal grandfather, who had rewarded them and his other grandchildren at his home for drawing pictures and composing poems. In her youth, she took ballet lessons and though only having average talent, she never lost interest in the subject. During high school, Jacqueline, who was a theater lover, wrote a musical which was produced by the drama club. Though she admitted to her stepbrother Yusha the desire to become an actress, she felt unwilling to pursue it due to the uncertainty of the career. She was able to impersonate her teachers during her education and entertained classmates by mimicking them. She was also able to learn languages with ease — in particular, French — due to her mother insisting that she and her sister learn it and requiring that it be the only one which could be spoken at the dinner table. Parents' divorce and mother's remarriage Author and cousin John H. Davis wrote that she suffered over the divorce of her parents and that it was noticed by her relatives that she subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own." The humiliation of having intimate details of her parents' lives publicized had taken its toll on ten-year-old Jacqueline. Janet married Hugh D. Auchincloss on June 21, 1942. Her daughters did not attend the ceremony because the wedding was arranged quickly and "because of wartime travel restrictions." Her sister recounts the pair being at their grandmother's home in East Hampton when their mother notified them of the marriage by telephone. Two days after the wedding, Auchincloss shipped out to work with British intelligence in Jamaica. Jacqueline's mother stayed with her daughters until he returned. Jacqueline and Lee, along with Auchincloss's son Hugh Dudley "Yusha" Auchincloss III and later the couple's two children together, all lived at Auchincloss's Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia. Merrywood would be Jacqueline's primary residence for the remainder of her teen years. Jacqueline retained a relationship with her father, while also spending considerable time with the Auchinclosses. Her new stepfather, Hugh Auchincloss, whom she and her sister called "Uncle Hughdie", became a father figure for her. Pottker wrote that he gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she never would have experienced otherwise. Auchincloss's son, Yusha, became her closest step-sibling and one of her most trusted confidants. Yusha's daughter Maya said the pair retained a bond throughout the remainder of their lives. Though Jacqueline eventually became adjusted to her mother's remarriage, she still sometimes felt like an outsider in the high society world of the Auchinclosses. Her friend, bandleader Peter Duchin, said she told him later that she had always felt as if she did not belong in that world, and that she attributed it to her being Catholic in a Protestant environment as well as feeling different because she was child of divorce which was not common in that social group at that time. 1945 proved to be an eventful year for Jacquline, her mother giving birth to Janet Jennings Auchincloss and President Franklin D. Roosevelt dying shortly after being elected to his fourth term as U.S. President. Jacqueline had originally disliked Roosevelt due to her father "always moaning" about Roosevelt's policy on stock exchanges, but grew to like him after realizing that she had only had disdain for the sitting president because of her father. With his passing, she became worried about what would become of America, Spoto writing that the death affected her even more than the birth of half-sister and the passing of her grandmother two years prior in 1943. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Education and young adulthood Jacqueline attended the Chapin School in New York City for first through sixth grade. Her paternal grandfather covered the expenses of the school, which were substantial, especially in light of the annual income earned by many Americans during the Great Depression. Janet Norton Lee remembered her daughter's intellectual ability running ahead of her "chronological age" at the time she started attending Chapin School. Her behavior became an issue at school, which her mother attributed to her finishing assignments before classmates and then acting out in boredom. Childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman recalled Jacqueline's brightness but claimed she "held the distinction of being the naughtiest girl in the class" during what she called "the days when good manners and proper behaviors were key factors in our education." Harris writes that Jacqueline's behavior improved following a dialogue with the headmistress of Chapin, who acknowledged her positive qualities, but warned her that none of those would matter if she did not act properly. Jacqueline went on to the Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, attending from 1942 to 1944, and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1944 to 1947. She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school, and she wished to distance herself from the Auchinclosses. Intending to go to college, she found common ground with Miss Porter's headmasters Mr. and Mrs. Johnson who placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes. The yearbook for her senior year noted her wit, accomplishments as a horsewoman, and refusal to become a housewife. She graduated among the top students of her class. At that time, she was also rewarded the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature. When she made her society debut in 1947, Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her "debutante of the year." Despite this, she was not interested in potentially boasting her social standing and opted to continue her education instead. Cousin John H. Davis remembered her as a young lady who on the surface seemed to conform to the social setting of society, but that her strong independence would lead her to "enormous success." Beginning in 1947, Jacqueline attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, for two years. Her mother encouraged Jacqueline to apply as she had once desired to attend there. The school was favored by Jacqueline's father for its short distance, which would allow him to see his daughter frequently. He urged her to apply despite Jacqueline writing it off as isolated during a visit to the campus before she began attending. Jacqueline was instantaneously accepted to Vassar after scoring highly among other applicants. She was a member of the school's art and drama clubs and joined Vassar's newspaper staff. She fared well with her grades, particularly in her classes having to do with religion and Shakespeare. She spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France – at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris – in a study-abroad program through Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. Upon returning home, she transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C.; she graduated in 1951 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature. While attending George Washington, she won a junior editorship at Vogue magazine, selected over thousands of girls from across the country. The position entailed six months working in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six in Paris, which greatly interested Jacqueline. She later took continuing education classes in American History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Bouvier's college graduation coincided with her sister's high school graduation, and the two spent the summer of 1951 on a trip through Europe, one that their stepfather had offered after disliking the possibility that Jacqueline would be traveling abroad on the Vogue trip. This trip was the subject of Jacqueline's only autobiographical book, One Special Summer, – co-authored with her sister; it is also the only one of Jacqueline's publications to feature her drawings. Washington Times-Herald and engagement Following her graduation, Jacqueline was hired as "Inquiring Camera Girl" for The Washington Times-Herald. The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures to be published in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses. In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency several days after the 1952 presidential election. She initially was hired as a part-time receptionist, but a week later she approached editor Frank Waldrop with the request that she have more challenging work. At first Waldrop was concerned that Bouvier might not have the technical skills required for that job, but she proved herself to be competent. Robert Denny, a colleague of Bouvier at The Washington Times-Herald, remembered her as "rather naive and almost touchingly trusting". During this time, she was engaged to a young stockbroker, John G. W. Husted, Jr., for three months. In proposing, Husted gave her a sapphire and diamond engagement ring, once having belonged to his mother. Their engagement was announced in The New York Times on January 21, 1951. Jacqueline and Husted only knew each other for a month prior to the engagement's beginning, which led Waldrop to not take the relationship seriously. When Jacqueline met John F. Kennedy at a dinner party, he tried to escort her to her car, but found Husted waiting for her and left immediately. She later broke off the engagement, telling friends that Husted was "immature and boring". He reportedly never got over it and felt Kennedy had stolen her from him. Engagement and wedding Jacqueline Lee Bouvier and then-U.S. Representative John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and often attended the same functions. They were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The two also shared similarities in both being Catholic and writers, enjoying reading and previously having lived abroad. Kennedy was then busy running for the US Senate but after his election in November, the relationship grew more serious and led to their engagement, officially announced on June 25, 1953. Jacqueline took some time to accept Kennedy's proposal, due to having been assigned, by her editor at The Washington Times-Herald, coverage of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in London, where Jacqueline stayed for two weeks before taking an additional trip to Paris for another two weeks. When she returned to the United States after a month abroad, Kennedy met her at the airport and she accepted, resigning her position at The Washington Times-Herald a day later. They were married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a Mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm. The wedding cake was created by Plourde's Bakery in Fall River, Massachusetts. The wedding dress, now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, and the dresses of her attendants were created by designer Ann Lowe of New York City. Early years The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia. Behind the glamour, however, the couple faced several personal setbacks. Jack had some serious health issues then unknown to the public: he suffered from Addison's Disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain due to a war injury. During the fall and winter of 1954, he underwent two delicate spinal operations that almost proved fatal. Additionally, Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter whom they planned to name Arabella. They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Jack's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown. Her father died of liver cancer in August 1957, aged sixty-six. Jacqueline, six months pregnant at the time of his death, went to see him at Lenox Hill Hospital to be with him in his final moments, but arrived after he had already passed away. She presided over his funeral, returning a bracelet that he had given her as a child. Jacqueline gave birth to a daughter, Caroline, on November 27, 1957, via Caesarean section. The couple posed for the cover of the April 21, 1958 issue of Life magazine, appearing with their infant daughter. At first she opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that Jack would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her. Jacqueline and Jack traveled together during his 1958 campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate, trying to narrow the geographical gap between them that had persisted for the first five years of the marriage. Soon enough, Jack started to notice the value she had for his campaign, Kenneth O'Donnell remembering "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband, also recalling her as "always cheerful and obliging". But Rose Kennedy observed Jacqueline as not being "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and being uncomfortable with too much attention. In November 1958, Senator Kennedy was reelected to a second term. He credited Jacqueline's help with securing his victory due to her visibility in both ads and stumping, calling her "simply invaluable." In July 1959, Arthur M. Schlesinger visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, having his first conversation with Jacqueline and finding her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgement." That year, her husband traveled to fourteen states, Jacqueline taking long breaks from the trips so she could spend time with their daughter. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for his intended run for the White House the next year. Relationship with Rose and Joseph Kennedy Jacqueline referred to Rose Kennedy as "Belle Mère," the French term for mother-in-law. When Jacqueline became tired during the early months of her husband's presidency as a result of John Jr.'s birth, Rose would sometimes substitute for her at official functions. Rose was pleased when Jacqueline assigned her to the Lincoln Bedroom at the White House during a stay, as Rose often compared President Kennedy to Abraham Lincoln. After the assassination and the stroke suffered by her father-in-law Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., Jacqueline compared Rose and herself to Ruth and Naomi, a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law from the Bible who supported each other following their husbands' deaths. Jacqueline also had a good relationship with Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.; biographer Barbara Leaming wrote that Joseph Sr. favored her "in many ways" over his surviving daughters because she reminded him of his late daughter Kathleen. Joseph, Sr. developed a warm bond with her, being refreshed by Jacqueline's independence and teasing of him. Billings remembered Joseph, Sr. being Jacqueline's "most ardent supporter" and that he liked her due to her individuality. Joseph, Sr. believed that Jacqueline was "exactly the wife" his son needed at his side when running for president, and Rose agreed. He encouraged Jack to marry Jacqueline, who on her first time meeting the elder Kennedy sat with him, suspecting that he had been involved in convincing Jack to propose. Despite this, the elder Kennedy was steadfast in his defense of Jack amid rumors of his extramarital affairs. In later years, Jacqueline was attentive to Rose as she visited her in Hyannis Port and they would go for walks when Rose was still able to. After her health declined, Jacqueline would sit with her and keep her company. This was a contrast to when Jacqueline was younger, sometimes expressing disdain for Rose. Despite this, Jacqueline would later reflect that Rose "went out of her way" to be nice to her, commenting, "She was terribly sweet to me." Campaign for Presidency On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Presidency and launched his nationwide campaign. In the early months of the election year, she accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners. She was fluent in Spanish and French, and spoke some Italian and Polish on the campaign trail. Though she had intended to take a more active role in the campaign, Jacqueline learned that she was pregnant again shortly after the campaign began and due to her previous difficult pregnancies, her doctor instructed her to stay at home. From Georgetown, Jacqueline participated in her husband's campaign in subsequent months by answering letters, taping television commercials, giving televised and printed interviews, and writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, Campaign Wife. She also made occasional personal appearances. One of her last times with him before the election was when they attended a Manhattan ticker-tape parade in October 1960, where they were viewed by more than a million New Yorkers. During the campaign, Jacqueline was the target of distaste from some of her husband's supporters, who believed she was a snob who disliked politics. She had worried about this during his previous campaign for the U.S. Senate. She was also disparaged by the press for her penchant for wearing French clothing. Though her husband was aware of the backlash, he did not ask her to change. Beasley notes she was given a platform to defend herself with Campaign Wife, Jacqueline responding to criticism in the column by expressing confusion over how her clothing and physical appearance in general would impact her husband's ability to effectively lead the nation. On July 13, 1960, John F. Kennedy was nominated by the Democratic Party for President of the United States in Los Angeles at the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Jacqueline did not attend, but learned of the nomination the following morning. Her pregnancy had been announced to the public ten days earlier, to explain her absence from the convention. Jacqueline watched the September 26, 1960 debate between her husband and Vice President Richard Nixon at Hyannis Port with Marian Cannon, wife of Arthur Schlesinger. Days after the debates, Jacqueline contacted Schlesinger, informing him that her husband wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13 and wished for them to give him new ideas and speeches. On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person. The couple had previously been interviewed on Person to Person the month following their marriage. Charles Collingwood asked Jacqueline what her role would be as First Lady, leading to her reply that she would "take care of the President so he can best serve the people. And not to fail her family, her husband and her children." Biographer Donald Spoto noted that the response was not considered "weak or old-fashioned" for its time. Later, on election night, Jacqueline watched the returns while her husband took a walk, after which he learned that he had been elected president. As First Lady In the U.S. presidential election on November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly beat Republican opponent Richard Nixon. A little over two weeks later, on November 25, Jacqueline gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy, Jr., via Caesarean section. After the birth, Jacqueline spent two weeks in the hospital recovering, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family. When JFK was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961, she became, at age 31, the third youngest First Lady in history, behind Frances Folsom Cleveland (21) and Julia Gardiner Tyler (24). Jacqueline was ill at her husband's inauguration after having visited the White House the previous month. She had been promised a wheelchair to support her as she had surgery shortly before, but it never appeared; instead she had to tour the mansion on foot. She spent the weeks between the visit and the inauguration for the most part in bed. She was not impressed when she first saw the White House, comparing it to a dungeon and describing it as "cold and dreary". Jacqueline received support from her old school friend Letitia Baldrige, hiring her in August 1960 to assist her in becoming a successful First Lady, as Jacqueline's ideas about how to go about doing that were not sharply formed. Prior to Baldrige joining the campaign, Jacqueline had indicated that she might be focusing on education or exchange programs for youth. After Baldrige was hired it was stated that the First Lady intended to restore the White House, which became her lasting legacy. As First Lady she was thrust into the spotlight, and while she did not mind giving interviews or being photographed, she preferred to maintain as much privacy as possible for herself and her children. She ranks among the most popular of First Ladies, remembered for reorganizing entertainment for White House social events, restoring the interior of the presidential home, her fashion trend-setting, her popularity among foreign dignitaries, and leading the country in mourning after John Kennedy's 1963 assassination. Social success Jacqueline devoted much of her time as First Lady to planning social events at the White House and other venues, often inviting artists, writers, scientists, poets, and musicians to mingle with politicians, diplomats, and statesmen. She also began to let guests at the White House drink cocktails, to give the mansion a more relaxed feeling. Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, daughter of then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, was left with a positive impression of Jacqueline years later: "I thought of her as just larger-than-life". Perhaps due to her skill at entertaining, Jacqueline proved quite popular among international dignitaries. When Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake President Kennedy's hand for a photo, Khrushchev said, "I'd like to shake her hand first." Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, significant for being the offspring of the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission. Jacqueline was also gifted with Sarbar, a horse, by Pakistan President Ayub Khan, who on his visit to the White House discovered that he and the First Lady had a commonality in their interest in horses. She was well received in Paris, France, when she visited with her husband, and when she traveled with her sister to Pakistan and India in 1962. André Malraux was said by President Kennedy to be "far more interested in Jackie" than he was in him. During her tenure as First Lady and throughout her husband's political career, her public appearances would energize voters and give reporters "something positive to write about", making her a valuable asset to her husband's planned re-election bid for president and contributing to her accompanying him to Dallas. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy Main articles: Assassination of John F. Kennedy, State funeral of John F. Kennedy and John F. Kennedy autopsy On November 21, 1963, the Kennedys left the White House for a political trip to Texas, the first time Jacqueline had joined her husband on such a trip in the US. After a breakfast on November 22, they flew from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas' Love Field on Air Force One, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, which had been personally selected by President Kennedy. A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the President was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated next to her husband in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade. After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and she leaned toward her husband. Another shot struck the President in the head. Almost immediately, she reached out across the trunk of the car for something. Her Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of the President's skull that had been blown off.[page needed] Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world. She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all." The car sped the 3.4 miles to Dallas' Parkland Hospital, and on arrival there, the President was rushed into a trauma room. The First Lady at first remained in a room for relatives and friends of patients just outside. A few minutes into her husband's treatment she attempted to enter the operating room. A nurse stopped her and tried to bar the door but she persisted, and the President's personal doctor, Admiral George Burkley who was traveling with them, suggested she take a sedative, which she refused. "I want to be there when he dies," she told Burkley. He eventually persuaded the nurse to grant her access to Trauma Room One, saying: "It's her right, it's her prerogative."[page needed] Later, when the casket arrived, Jacqueline removed her wedding ring and slipped it onto the President's finger. She told aide Ken O'Donnell, "Now I have nothing left." After the President was pronounced dead, Jacqueline refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands. She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on board Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as President. She told Lady Bird Johnson, "I want them to see what they have done to Jack." The unlaundered suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964, and under the terms of an agreement with Caroline Kennedy will not be placed on public display until 2103. Johnson's biographer, Robert Caro, writes that Johnson wanted Jacqueline to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to Kennedy loyalists and to the world at large. Jacqueline took an active role in planning the details of her husband's state funeral, which was based on Abraham Lincoln's. She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert, who favored an open casket in keeping with tradition. Jacqueline reportedly asked another brother-in-law, R. Sargent Shriver, for his help in arranging the funeral. The funeral service was held at Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle, Washington D.C., and the burial at Arlington National Cemetery; the widow led the procession there on foot and lit the eternal flame at the gravesite, a flame that had been created at her request. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to The London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty." A week after the assassination, on November 29, the Warren Commission was established by President Johnson to investigate the assassination, concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone perpetrator. Privately, Jacqueline cared little of the investigation, believing that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. Nevertheless, the widowed Jacqueline gave a deposition the Warren Commission, recalling the shooting. There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J. McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry. Future U.S. President Gerald Ford, who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate. With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Jacqueline at her apartment. Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Jacqueline stepped back from official public view. She did, however, make a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President. In September 2011, audio tapes were released that had been recorded in 1964 after her husband's assassination. They were not supposed to be released until 50 years after her death (she died in 1994). Approximately 8.5 hours in length, the tapes contain an interview with Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., in which Jacqueline reveals her thoughts on a wide range of topics, including the vice-president, Lyndon B. Johnson, and civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. She also discusses how she refused to leave her husband's side during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis when other officials had sent their wives away for their safety. More recently, some of her personal correspondence from the years 1950 to 1964 have surfaced, including letters that were written by her to Irish priest Joseph Leonard, whom she had twice met while in Ireland. In her final letter to Leonard, Jacqueline wrote she would have preferred losing her own life to losing Jack. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Life following the John F. Kennedy assassination: 1963-1975 On November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, Jacqueline was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine. In that session, she famously compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt. Her steadiness and courage after her husband's assassination and funeral won her admiration around the world. Jacqueline and her children remained in the White House for two weeks after the assassination, preparing to vacate. For their last night, Jacqueline threw John and Caroline a joint birthday party. The day before she left the White House, Johnson gave serious thought to appointing her to an ambassadorship to France, aware of her heritage and fondness for its culture. Johnson told Pierre Salinger that he wanted to "do something nice for Jackie". She turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and Great Britain. She publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her and asked him to rename the Florida space center after her late husband, seeking to ensure that his championing of the space program not be forgotten; a week after the assassination Johnson renamed the facility the John F. Kennedy Space Center, honoring her request. She reportedly later regretted the request having learned that the name Cape Canaveral had existed since the time of Christopher Columbus. After Jacqueline and the children left the White House, Lady Bird Johnson found a bouquet of flowers and a note from her, saying that she wished her a "happy arrival" and told her she would "be happy" there. Jacqueline asked her Secret Service drivers to arrange her travel around Washington in such a way that she would never accidentally glimpse the White House. On December 7, 1963, Lyndon Johnson telephoned her and encouraged her to return to visit the White House. She promised that she would some day, but did not until February 1971, during the administration of Richard Nixon, when she returned to view her official portrait and that of President Kennedy before their public unveiling. Jacqueline and her children spent the winter of 1963-64 in Averell Harriman's home at 3038 N Street in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., before purchasing their own home at number 3017 on the same street. Daily visits by her mother and sister eased her transition. She also received visits from her secretarial staff, who read her cards and poems received from different parts of the world. On January 14, 1964, Jacqueline made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband. Later in 1964, in the hope of having more privacy for her children, she decided to buy a 15th floor apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan overlooking Central Park on the Upper East Side. She sold her new Georgetown house and the country home in Atoka, Virginia, where she and her husband had intended to retire. She spent a year in mourning, making few public appearances; during this time, Caroline told one of her teachers that her mother cried frequently. But due to her efforts and lobbying there was a tribute to President Kennedy at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in August. In October of that year, she received a surprise visit by President Johnson at the New York apartment. During the fall of 1966, Jacqueline tried to block the publication of William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death. She and Robert Kennedy had been behind the choice of Manchester to write a memoir about the late president, Jacqueline referring to him as the author she had "hired." She filed a lawsuit against him on December 16 of that year. It was settled the following year with Manchester reportedly removing passages detailing President Kennedy's family life. By 1967, the situation had made national news, giving Jacqueline significant media attention for one of the few times between her leaving the White House and her marriage the following year. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve President Kennedy's public image. On March 14, 1967, Jacqueline, joined by her brothers-in-law Robert and Ted as well as President Johnson, attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic. Public appearances In January 1964, Jacqueline visited U.S. Ambassador to Britain John Hay Whitney's Georgia plantation. She was accompanied by British Ambassador to the U.S. David Ormsby-Gore and his wife Sylvia. Following the trip, Sylvia said that listening to Jacqueline's recollections of the assassination was "becoming well-nigh unbearable" but regardless, she felt compelled to continue hearing her speak of the assassination. Jacqueline wrote to British statesman Harold Macmillan of her continuing grief and her failure to find solace in religion. In April 1965 Lady Bird Johnson renamed the East Garden at the White House as the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in the former First Lady's honor. The Johnsons invited Jacqueline back to the White House for the dedication ceremony, but she declined to attend. Though she said it was "generous" of the new First Lady to rename the garden, she "just couldn't go back to that place". Her mother, Robert and Ethel Kennedy, and sister-in-law Eunice Kennedy Shriver attended in her stead. Alongside Robert and Ted Kennedy, Jacqueline joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede, England, in May 1965, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to President Kennedy. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where King John had signed the Magna Carta in 1215. Jacqueline accepted President Johnson's offer of a presidential jet to transport the family to the dedication, but she insisted that it not be Air Force One, asking for one that looked least like that plane which held sad memories for her. She kept her husband's memory alive by attending selected memorial dedications. These included the 1967 christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near New Ross, Ireland. She oversaw plans for the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration. Originally planned to be situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard University, it was instead situated in Boston, in Dorchester, next to the University of Massachusetts campus. The finished library, designed by I.M. Pei, includes a museum. In November 1967, during the Vietnam War, Life magazine recognized Jacqueline as "America's unofficial roving ambassador" during her visit to Cambodia, when she and Chief of State NorodoF. m Sihanouk visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat, accompanied by trustee of the Kennedy School of Government David Harlech. While there, she visited the ruins of Angkor, effectively fulfilling a "lifelong dream" of hers to tour the ruins. Australian historian Milton Osbourne would later write that her visit was "a very real event" and "the result of a lot of diplomacy". After the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in April 1968, Robert asked her to attend King's funeral services in Atlanta, Georgia. She was initially reluctant due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death, but did attend the funeral. Returning to New York afterward, she predicted that the widespread public sympathy for the King family would be short-lived, saying to Arthur M. Schlesinger that people "hate feeling guilty. They can't stand it for very long. Then they turn." Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy After the JFK assassination, Jacqueline relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert, observing him to be the "least like his father" out of the Kennedy brothers. Robert had been a source of support for Jacqueline early in her marriage when she had her miscarriage, and he, not her husband, stayed with her in the hospital. Robert had considered dropping out of politics in the aftermath of his brother's death, but was convinced by Jacqueline not to do so, and she supported his 1964 run for Senator from New York. She also suggested that he begin reading the plays and writing of Greeks such as Aeschylus and Sophocles, advice that he followed. Biographers have expressed opinions regarding their relationship. Ros Gilpatric concluded that the two clung to each other for emotional support in the aftermath of the assassination, saying Robert Kennedy "was the only one who could pull her out of her depression." Thomas reasoned the pair were brought together by shared agony over President Kennedy's death and similarities in upbringing. Donald Spoto observed that Robert did not leave her to "solitary grief" in the months following the assassination, becoming a surrogate father for her children and consistently coming to see her, but that eventually demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as Attorney General required a reduction in his attention. Following the January 1968 Vietnam Tet offensive, which was followed by a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the presidential race. When asked by Art Buchwald if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do." Jacqueline met with Robert around this time, encouraging him to run after previously advising him to not copy his brother, but to "be yourself." Privately, she worried about Robert's safety, believing he was more hated than President Kennedy had been and that there was "so much hatred" in America. She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her. Despite her concerns, Jacqueline campaigned for Robert and supported him, at one point even showing outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House. In May 1968, Jacqueline went on a four-day cruise to the Virgin Islands with Aristotle Onassis aboard his yacht. After returning to the United States, she made attempts to keep her relationship with Onassis away from the press by attending high-profile functions with Ros Gilpatric and Lord Harlech, both appearing to be romantic interests of hers. Fearing that it would hurt his presidential campaign, Robert's wife Ethel asked Jacqueline to not go through with marrying Onassis. Jacqueline promised she would not make any decisions until after the election. Just after midnight on June 5, 1968, Robert F. Kennedy was shot and mortally wounded, minutes after celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary with a crowd of his supporters. Jacqueline rushed to Los Angeles from Manhattan to join Ethel, Ted, and other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside, but Robert died 26 hours after the shooting without regaining consciousness. She initially refused to board a presidential jet sent by Lyndon Johnson to bring the family and Robert's remains back to New York, mistakenly thinking that it might be the same plane that had carried her husband's coffin with her from Dallas. Reassured that it was not, she and the family, joined by Coretta Scott King, flew back to New York for the subsequent funeral services. Book editor and preservationist Aristotle Onassis' death in 1975 made Jacqueline a widow for the second time. Now that her children were older, she decided to find work that would be fulfilling to her. Since she had always enjoyed writing and literature, in 1975 she accepted a job offer as a consulting editor at Viking Press. But, in 1977 the President of Viking Press, Thomas H. Guinzburg, authorized the purchase of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, which was set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and described an assassination plot against him. Although Guinzburg cleared the book purchase and publication with Jacqueline, upon the publication of a negative New York Times review which asserted that she held some responsibility for its publication, she abruptly resigned from Viking Press the next day. She then moved to Doubleday as an associate editor under an old friend, John Sargent, and lived in New York City, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis, Massachusetts. From 1980 until her death, her companion and personal financial adviser was Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was long separated from his wife. Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was John F. Kennedy, President, by Hugh Sidey, which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey himself did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Jacqueline the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful and Jacqueline provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me". Among the many books Jacqueline edited was Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe. He expressed his gratitude in the acknowledgments in Volume 2. At Doubleday she also oversaw, with Martha Levin, the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy. Some of the authors whose books she edited include ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, singer Carly Simon, and fashion icon Diana Vreeland. Jacqueline also appreciated the contributions of African-American writers to the American literary canon. She encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S.; West acknowledged her editor's encouragement in the foreword. The novel, which received literary acclaim when it was published by Doubleday, was later adapted into a television miniseries of the same name (1998) starring Halle Berry. Jacqueline also worked to preserve and protect America's cultural and architectural heritage. While First Lady, she helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. Later, in New York City, she led an historic preservation campaign to save from demolition and renovate Grand Central Terminal. A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle which would have cast large shadows on Central Park; the project was cancelled, but a large twin-towered skyscraper would later fill in that spot in 2003, the Time Warner Center. In 1979, she visited China with I. M. Pei and his wife Eileen. She also visited the northern part of India in 1984 and the southern part five years later in 1989 with friends Cary and Edith Welch. Already interested in India's temple structure, she used her knowledge on the subject to help her prepare a catalog for an exhibition at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. She remained the subject of considerable press attention, most notoriously involving the tabloid photographer Ron Galella who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her day-to-day activities, obtaining candid photos of her without her permission. She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi-style photography. Her apartment windows in New York City overlooked a glass-enclosed wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which displays a replica of the Temple of Dendur. This was a gift from Egypt to the U.S. in gratitude for the generosity of the Kennedy administration, which had been instrumental in saving several temples and objects of Egyptian antiquity that would otherwise have been flooded after the construction of the Aswan Dam. Political activities After Robert Kennedy's assassination and her marriage to Onassis, Jacqueline stayed away from major political events, until the 1976 Democratic National Convention, where she stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery. Three years later Jacqueline appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge President Carter for the Democratic nomination for president. She went on to campaign for her brother-in-law, who lost the nomination to the incumbent. During Ronald Reagan's presidency, Jacqueline had occasional communications with Nancy Reagan who invited Jacqueline to the White House to see its changes. She declined on the grounds that she "prefers not to return to Washington", but assured Nancy Reagan she would let her know if she changed her mind. In June 1985, Jacqueline attended a fundraiser for the John F. Kennedy Library at the home of Ted Kennedy, both President Reagan and Nancy Reagan also in attendance. In the early 1990s, she became a supporter of Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign. Following the election, Jacqueline met with First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, and advised her on the difficulties of raising a child in the spotlight of the White House, and encouraging her ignore those who criticized her style and remain true to who she was. Clinton wrote in her memoir Living History, that Jacqueline was "a source of inspiration and advice for me." Frank Mankiewicz, who served as press secretary to Robert F. Kennedy, theorized that Jacqueline had an affinity with President Clinton due to his kinship with President Kennedy, whom he often quoted. Democratic consultant Ann Lewis viewed Jacqueline as having reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past". Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Illness, death and funeral On November 21, 1993, while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia, she fell from her horse while trying to jump off and remained unconscious for a half-hour. A physician examined her and discovered a swollen lymph node in her groin, which was initially believed by the doctor to be an infection. She flew back to Manhattan the following day, the thirtieth anniversary of her husband's assassination, and attended a Requiem Mass for President Kennedy with her children. Biographer Edward Klein attributed the fall to a result of her declining health. Two months later, in January 1994, Jacqueline was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a type of blood cancer. Her diagnosis was announced to the public the following month. The family and doctors were initially optimistic, and she stopped smoking at the insistence of Caroline, having previously been a three-pack-a-day smoker. She continued her work with Doubleday, but curtailed her schedule, making her last public appearance in March at the Municipal Art Society re-dedication of Grand Central Terminal.[citation needed] The cancer proved to be aggressive, and by April had spread. She made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. A large crowd of well-wishers and reporters gathered on the sidewalk outside her Fifth Avenue apartment. The following night at 10:15 p.m., Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis died in her sleep, two months before her 65th birthday. Her son stated "My mother died surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved. She did it in her own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that." The funeral was held a few blocks away from her apartment on May 23, 1994, at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager. At her funeral, her son John described three of her attributes as the love of words, the bonds of home and family, and the spirit of adventure. She was buried alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service. She was survived by her children Caroline and John, three grandchildren, sister Lee Radziwill, and son-in-law Edwin Schlossberg. She left them an estate valued at $43.7 million by its executors. Popularity Out of the First Ladies of the United States, Jacqueline Kennedy remains among the most popular. Jacqueline was featured on the annual Gallop list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century 27 times, a number superseded by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and higher than that of any U.S. President. In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society." In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey. In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity." Jacqueline was the first First Lady born in the 20th century. Entering the White House at age 31, she related to Baby boomers. Chelsea Bell, a professor at SMU, called Jacqueline a "breath of fresh air" from the older First Ladies that had preceded her. Magill argues that Jacqueline's life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically. Hugh Sidey credited her with transforming the White House into "a living stage" where art could be valued by sightseers as opposed to the exhibition it had been in previous administrations. Leticia Baldridge viewed Jacqueline as having been traditional in her role as President Kennedy's wife, but asserted she turned the White House "into a museum of the best quality. She organized the White House Fine Art Committee. She hired top historians and raised funds. She got it museum status.” Hamish Bowles, curator of the “Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years” exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing." Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that Jacqueline "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate.” Style icon During her husband's presidency, Jacqueline Kennedy became a symbol of fashion and style for women worldwide. She retained French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini in the fall of 1960 to create an original wardrobe for her as First Lady. From 1961 to late 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In her first year in the White House, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president (He donated the annual salary to charity). Her clean suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and famous pillbox hats were overnight successes around the world and quickly became known as the "Jackie" look. Although Cassini was her primary designer, she also wore ensembles by French fashion legends such as Chanel, Givenchy, and Dior. More than any other First Lady her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women. Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Kenneth, whom she had been seeing since 1954, and who continued to style her hair until 1986. In the years after the White House, her style changed dramatically. Gone were the modest "campaign wife" clothes. Wide-leg pantsuits, large lapel jackets, gypsy skirts, silk Hermès head scarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses became her new look. She often chose to wear brighter colors and patterns and even began wearing jeans in public. Beltless, white jeans with a black turtleneck, never tucked in, but pulled down over the hips, was another fashion trend that she set. Throughout her lifetime, she acquired a large collection of exquisite and priceless jewelry. Her triple-strand pearl necklace designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as First Lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch," the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961. She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets;" she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. She wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy. She was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Honors and memorials A high school named Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, was dedicated by New York City in 1995, the first high school named in her honor. It is located at 120 West 46th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and was formerly the High School for the Performing Arts. In December 1999, she was among 18 included in Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th Century, from a poll conducted of the American people. The main reservoir in Central Park, located in New York City, was renamed in her honor as the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir. The Municipal Art Society of New York presents the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal to an individual whose work and deeds have made an outstanding contribution to the city of New York. The medal was named in honor of the former MAS board member in 1994, for her tireless efforts to preserve and protect New York City's great architecture. She made her last public appearance at the Municipal Art Society two months before her death. At George Washington University, a residence hall located on the southeast corner of I and 23rd streets NW in Washington, D.C., was renamed Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Hall in honor of the alumna. The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden in her honor. In 2007, her name and her first husband's were included on the list of people aboard the Japanese Kaguya mission to the moon launched on September 14, as part of The Planetary Society's "Wish Upon The Moon" campaign. In addition, they are included on the list aboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. A school and an award at the American Ballet Theatre have been named after her in honor of her childhood study of ballet. The companion book for a series of interviews between mythologist Joseph Campbell and Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth, was created under her direction prior to her death. The book's editor, Betty Sue Flowers, writes in the Editor's Note to The Power of Myth: "I am grateful... to Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the Doubleday editor, whose interest in the books of Joseph Campbell was the prime mover in the publication of this book." A year after her death in 1994, Moyers dedicated the companion book for his PBS series, The Language of Life as follows: "To Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. As you sail on to Ithaka." Ithaka was a reference to the C.P. Cavafy poem that Maurice Tempelsman read at her funeral. A white gazebo is dedicated to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on North Madison Street in Middleburg, Virginia. Jacqueline and President Kennedy frequented the small town of Middleburg and intended to retire in the nearby town of Atoka. She also hunted with the Middleburg Hunt numerous times. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis References ^ Diane Sawyer (June 14, 2011). "Jacqueline Kennedy: In Her Own Words". ABC. Retrieved September 15, 2011. ^ Hall, Mimi. "Jackie Kennedy Onassis: America's Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace'. USA Today. Retrieved February 13, 2011. ^ Circa 1961: The Kennedy White House Interior by Elaine Rice Bachmann. Quote: "The prescience of her words is remarkable given the influence she ultimately had on fashion, interior decoration, and architectural preservation from the early 1960s until her death in 1994. A disappointing visit to the Executive Mansion when she was 11 left a deep impression, one she immediately acted upon when she knew she was to become first lady..." 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Retrieved October 9, 2009. ^ "Jackie Kennedy Style". Famous Women and Beauty. ^ "Treasures of the Kennedy Library" (PDF). ^ a b "The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose & Kross". ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Jewelry". Famous Women and Beauty. ^ VF Staff (1965). "The International Best Dressed List: The International Hall of Fame: Women". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 2013-07-12. Retrieved February 15, 2012. ^ Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. 2004. pp.64–69 & 90. ISBN2 84323 513 8. ^ "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School". schools.nyc.gov. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ "Gallup Poll: Widely Admired People of the 20th Century". ranker.com. Retrieved September 6, 2012. ^ Kifner, John (July 23, 1994). "Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ mas.org, Municipal Art Society. ^ "Map". gwu.edu. ^ John Zweifel, Gail Buckland (1994). The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Fam. W. W. Norton & Company. p.87. ISBN978-0393036633. ^ "Send a New Year's Message to the Moon on Japan's SELENE Mission: Buzz Aldrin, Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon" (Press release). The Planetary Society. January 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007. ^ "The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre". www.abt.org. Retrieved August 15, 2012. ^ Fitzpatrick, Elayne Wareing (2009). Traveling Backward. Xlibris, Corp. p.71. ISBN978-1436382427. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (May 24, 1994). "DEATH OF A FIRST LADY: THE COMPANION; Quietly at Her Side, Public at the End". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2014. ^ Pottker, p.181. Kennedy, Jacqueline (2011). Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. Hyperion. ISBN 1401324258. Leaming, Barbara (2001). Mrs. Kennedy: The Missing History of the Kennedy Years Free Press. ISBN 978-0684862095. Leaming, Barbara (2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. Macmillan. ISBN 978-2500F17642. Pottker, Jan (2002). Janet and Jackie: The Story of a Mother and Her Daughter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312302818. Sabato, Larry J. (2013). The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination and Lasting Legacy. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1620402801. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (2002) . A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0618219278. Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312977078. Tracy, Kathleen (2008). The Everything Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Book: A portrait of an American icon. Adams Media. ISBN 978-1598695304. West, J.B., with Mary Lynn Kotz (1973). Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. SBN 698-10546-X. Wolff, Perry (1962). A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Doubleday & Company. Exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834: The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26, 1996. Sotheby's: 1996. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society: 2001. ISBN 0-912308-79-6. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis at the Internet Movie Database Jacqueline Kennedy speaking to the nation McFadden, Robert D. (May 20, 1994). "Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64" (obituary). The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2011. Jacqueline Kennedy's 1967 visit to Angkor Wat National First Ladies' Library Last Will and Testament of Jacqueline K. Onassis John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy Kennedy Assassination Chronicles (Fall 1995)PDF(183KB)– contains much of "the Camelot interview." The short film Invitation to Pakistan (1962) is available for free download at the Internet Archive D C McJonathan-Swarm (January 1, 2001). "Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Bouvier Kennedy Onassis". Presidential First Lady. Find a Grave. Retrieved November 2, 2015. Jacqueline Kennedy at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image	i don't know
Who's missing: Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Jose Garces, Masaharu Morimoto, Michael Symon?	Alton Brown plays Orlando Feb. 7 - Orlando Sentinel Heather McPherson Contact Reporter ORLANDO SENTINEL FOOD EDITOR Alton Brown is the science teacher you wished you had in high school: funny, yet focused; intense, yet far from irrational; wacky, yet attentive to procedural protocol. He is one part culinary instructor and one part mad scientist. Add a touch of Mel Brooks and that formula is gold. Brown's audience ranges from children to teens, young adults to seasoned cooks. With his "Alton Brown Live! The Edible Inevitable Tour" coming this weekend to Orlando's Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, we offer everything you need to know the man and the performance. Who is this guy? The leader of the Brownie Nation is a former cinematographer and video director. He spent much of his time between shoots watching television cooking shows, which he found to be as pallid as an uncooked roux. The shows he saw were accurate, but lacked flair and flavor in production. Like a roux, things needed to be heated to get things going. Chef Alton Brown brings his national tour 'Alton Brown Live! The Edible Inevitable Tour' with a mix of comedy, food and science to the Dr. Phillips Performing Arts Center in Orlando Convinced that he could do a better show, Brown trained at the New England Culinary Institute in Montpelier, Vt. Then, using his newly refined culinary skills, he developed "Good Eats," a series that offered food seasoned with a hefty amount of pop culture and comedy. "Everything that happens in baking is science, some of it is physics," Brown told me in 2005 while visiting Orlando. "The art of baking comes after you have made peace with the science." And the importance of cooking as a life skill for all ages is something he takes seriously. "Cooking is its own reward," said Brown. "Self-reliance is a powerful drug. Many people don't know what it feels like." Who is this guy? Part II You could win bar bets with this information about Brown. Age: 52, celebrates a birthday July 30 Home: The Los Angeles native lives in Georgia. Family: Wife, Deanna; daughter, Zoey Transporter to bridge: If he's not in a car you'll likely find him on a motorcycle or flying his plane. When MTV showed videos: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Brown was the cinematographer for several music videos, including "The One I Love" by R.E.M. Pet peeve: Unitaskers, single-purpose kitchen utensils and equipment such as garlic presses and margarita machines. Exceptions are traditional single-purpose appliances and tools, such as rice cookers and melon ball scoopers, that are actually multipurpose tools when you free your mind. The missing links You can keep up with Brown via any of the fine forms of communication below Website: altonbrown.com Facebook and Pintrest: Alton Brown Twitter: @AltonBrown (he has 963,000 followers) Elsewhere: Listen to the Alton Browncast on iTunes, Stitcher Radio and nerdist.com Tour tidbits Fun stuff about "Alton Brown Live! The Edible Inevitable Tour." Poncho zone: Buckle up, boys and girls, it's going to get messy. There is a "splash" section of sorts, and ponchos will be provided. Pick me! Pick me! Volunteers will be selected at random from the audience. No bribes accepted. I bought a VIP ticket, just how special am I? Congratulations Mr. and Ms. Big Bucks for spending $127.50. You get to attend an exclusive meet-and-greet one hour before showtime. But wait, there's more! You also get a pre-autographed 8-by-10-inch photo of Food Network star Bobby Flay. We're just kidding. It's a photo of Alton Brown. But wait, there's evenmore! You have the opportunity to ask questions and take a photo. How long will I need a baby sitter? This is a kid-friendly show, but if you plan on leaving the kidlets at home, the show is 2 hours and 30 minutes (including intermission), plus your travel time. Not your mother's Twitter feed In 2012, Brown started posting humorous Analog Tweets, pictures of hand-drawn Twitter responses on Post-it Notes attached to his computer monitor. Orlando connection In 2012, Orlando chef Emily Ellyn was among the 15 contestants hoping to win her own cooking show on the eighth season of "Food Network Star." Ellyn was mentored by Brown. Her retro-rad culinary style did not earn her a series, but she did return to the network to assist Hollis Wilder (Sweet By Holly) on an episode of "Cupcake Wars." Ellyn and Brown will be reunited Feb. 15 at 10 p.m. when she is a contestant on "Cutthroat Kitchen." A local viewing party starts at 9 p.m. at Tin Roof, 8371 International Drive in Orlando (emilyellyn.com). The books "I'm Just Here for the Food: Version 2.0": A James Beard Foundation/KitchenAid Book Award as best reference book. "I'm Just Here for the Food: Food + Heat = Cooking": Features techniques accompanied by a master recipe for each skill. "I'm Just Here for More Food: Food x Mixing + Heat = Baking": Explores the science behind breads, cakes, cookies, pies, and custards. "Good Eats" volumes 1-3: Guides to his long-running, award-winning Food Network series of the same name. "Alton Brown's Gear for Your Kitchen": Practical advice on what's needed and what isn't, what works and what doesn't. "Feasting on Asphalt: The River Run": Brown and his motorcycle crew take a 1,000-mile journey that follows the Mississippi River, scouting great roadside food. The shows "Good Eats": The Peabody award-winning series ran on the Food Network for 13 years and can still be seen on the Cooking Channel and Netflix. "Feasting on Asphalt" (2006 and 2007): The miniseries was a video companion to his book. "Feasting on Waves" (2008): The crew traded motorcycles for catamarans. "Food Network Star": Brown, Bobby Flay and Giada De Laurentiis mentored contestants hoping to become the newest face on Food Network. "Iron Chef America": Based on the Japanese cult sensation, this FN show carries on the legend of Kitchen Stadium and the famed "secret ingredient." Each week, world-class chefs battle the legendary Iron Chefs of America: Mario Batali, Cat Cora, Bobby Flay, Marc Forgione, Jose Garces, Alex Guarnaschelli, Masaharu Morimoto, Michael Symon, and Geoffrey Zakarian. Brown serves as commentator and Mark Dacascos is chairman. "Cutthroat Kitchen": Four chefs are each given $25,000 and the opportunity to spend that money on helping themselves or sabotaging their competitors. Ingredients can be stolen, utensils destroyed and valuable time on the clock lost when the chefs compete while also having to outplot the competition. Brown is the devilish provocateur. Heather McPherson can be reached [email protected] or Twitter@OS_thedish Alton Brown Live! What: "Alton Brown Live! The Edible Inevitable Tour," featuring comedy, food experimentation, lecture and live music When: 8 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 7 Where: Walt Disney Theater, Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, 445 S. Magnolia Ave. in downtown Orlando Tickets: From $49.50	Bobby Flay
What does the DSM-IV define as: A. The predominant complaint is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep. B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. C. The sleep disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of Narcolepsy, Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, or a Parasomnia. D. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of another mental disorder. E. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition.	Iron Chef America : definition of Iron Chef America and synonyms of Iron Chef America (English) Website Iron Chef America: The Series is an American cooking show based on Fuji Television 's Iron Chef , and is the second American adaptation of the series, following the failed Iron Chef USA . The show is produced by Food Network , which also carried a dubbed version of the original Iron Chef. Like the original Japanese program, the program is a culinary game show. In each episode, a new challenger chef competes against one of the resident "Iron Chefs" in a one-hour cooking competition based on a theme ingredient. The show is presented as a successor to the original Iron Chef, as opposed to being a remake. The Chairman is portrayed by martial artist Mark Dacascos , who is introduced as the nephew of the original Japanese chairman Takeshi Kaga . The commentary is provided solely by Alton Brown , and Kevin Brauch is the floor reporter. The music is written by composer Craig Marks, who released the soundtrack titled "Iron Chef America & The Next Iron Chef" by the end of 2010. In addition, regular ICA judge Ted Allen provided additional floor commentary for two special battles: Battle First Thanksgiving (Symon/Flay v. Cora/Morimoto) and Battle White House Produce (Batali/Lagasse v. Flay/Comerford). Per the introduction fiction from the Battle of the Masters miniseries (and ignoring story elements from the 2002 Iron Chef Japan Cup Special), Chairman Kaga (the character) has ordered his nephew to continue the tradition of Kitchen Stadium , initially in Los Angeles, where the Battle of the Masters took place, before establishing a permanent Kitchen Stadium in New York's Chelsea Market . For the Battle of the Masters, the elder Chairman dispatched two Iron Chefs: Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto . Unlike the original Iron Chef or Iron Chef USA, Alton Brown, rather than the Chairman, is credited as the show's host. Contents 9 External links The Iron Chefs On this version of Iron Chef, the Iron Chefs have either been previous Food Network personalities, are current personalities, were part of the original Iron Chef, or earned their position on The Next Iron Chef . [1] Iron Chef statistics The winning percentage for Iron Chefs participating on Iron Chef America is based on a weighted average methodology. A win is worth one (1) point, a draw is worth a half (0.5) point and a loss is worth zero (0) points. To calculate the winning percentage rate, the total number of points earned is summed up, and that sum is then divided by the number of battles the Iron Chef has fought. The win/loss data is based solely on the performance of the participant as an Iron Chef in Iron Chef America: The Series and the Battle of the Masters. Iron Chef 3 100% ^ Forgione's record does not include his victory over Marco Canora in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Forgione did not hold the title Iron Chef during that battle. ^ Garces' record does not include his defeat of Flay in Battle Melon, or his victory over Jehangir Mehta in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Garces did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle. ^ Morimoto's record includes his battle as a competitor in the Battle of the Masters, but does not include his battles against Bobby Flay while an Iron Chef on the Japanese program, nor does it include his 16-7-1 record as an Iron Chef in the original Japanese program. ^ Retired ^ Symon's record excludes his loss to Morimoto in Battle Asparagus, and his victory over John Besh in the finale of The Next Iron Chef, which took place prior to his becoming an Iron Chef. ^ Zakarian's record does not include his loss to Morimoto in Battle Sardines, or his victory over Elizabeth Falkner in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Zakarian did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle. Wolfgang Puck was an Iron Chef for one battle, during the Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters mini-series; he defeated Iron Chef Morimoto. When the show was picked up as a regular series, Puck could not remain an Iron Chef, and was replaced by Morimoto. Emeril Lagasse was designated an Iron Chef for battle White House Produce. He wore a white Jacket with green trim, with Iron Chef Lagasse and the traditional Iron Chef insignia on it. [2] Jackets Each Iron Chef wears a specially designed chef's jacket, a simplified version of the more stylized attire worn by the Japanese Iron Chefs, along with an apron and trousers of their choice for each battle. Through the Battle of the Masters and the show's first six seasons, the Iron Chefs wore contemporary denim chef's jackets with individualized solid-colored patches and trim: Batali's jacket trim was red, Cora's pink, Flay's blue, Morimoto's white, Puck's green and Symon's black. On the left shoulder of each jacket was a flag representing the Chef's country of origin. During the show's sixth season, designer and Iron Chef America judge Marc Ecko designed new jackets for the Iron Chefs, which were first worn on the 2008 "Thanksgiving Showdown" episode. The jackets are individualized for each chef and include features such as short sleeves for Symon's jacket that make it resemble the black shirts he wears at his restaurant, Lola, or men's kimono styling and colors for Morimoto's jacket that suggest the costume he wore on the original Iron Chef. With the exception of Symon and Garces (whose long sleeves were shortened for his second season on ICA), the jackets have long, turn-back sleeves. Colors differ by chef: charcoal grey (Flay), black (Symon), light blue (Cora), silver with a red undershirt (Morimoto), white with light brown trim (Batali), white with green trim (Lagasse, for Battle White House produce), brown with wide red edging (Garces), grey with white trim (Forgione), and white with black trim (Zakarian). "Iron Chef" with the chef's last name underneath is embroidered in modern script on the left front side of the jacket, in the manner of a traditional chef's coat. The jackets also include a large embroidered Iron Chef patch on the right arm, also bearing the chef's name, and an American flag on the left sleeve. History Team members assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion , Gulfport, Miss. , give a set of BDUs with her name on them to Chef Cat Cora Iron Chef America first aired as a special titled Iron Chef America: Battle of the Masters. Unlike Iron Chef USA, Iron Chef America quickly earned legitimacy with the appearance of Iron Chefs Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto. ( Chen Kenichi was also originally slated to appear, but he was absent due to a scheduling conflict.) The first Battle of the Masters involved Sakai and Flay, with the theme of trout . There, Sakai had made two dishes of note: one was gift-wrapped to commemorate the opening of Kitchen Stadium America, while the other was trout ice cream , a dish that would be repeatedly recalled and referred to later on when anyone used the ice cream maker. Other battles in Battle of the Masters were Morimoto taking on Batali, Morimoto taking on Wolfgang Puck, and a tag team battle where Morimoto and Flay teamed up against Sakai and Batali. Battle of the Masters was largely successful and a regular series was commissioned. The regular series is taped in New York, while Battle of the Masters took place in Los Angeles at Los Angeles Center Studios. Because of his other interests, Puck was forced to decline to appear in the regular series, and Morimoto took his place. Later that season, Cat Cora debuted as an Iron Chef during "Battle Potato", becoming the first female chef to hold the rank. The second season of Iron Chef America began airing in July 2005. This season saw its first and second ties on the American show: the first aired on July 31, 2005, with both challenger and Iron Chef receiving 45 points. In this case, unlike Iron Chef, there is no overtime, although a rematch was suggested by Alton Brown. The third such tied result occurred in Season Three, when Susur Lee challenged Bobby Flay in Battle Bacon. Starting November 2006, Australia's SBS , the domestic rights holder to the original Iron Chef program, started airing Iron Chef America: The Battle Of The Masters, replacing the original Japanese incarnation of the program. On December 9, Season 1 of Iron Chef America began airing. The show was scheduled to run until February 17, 2007, but due to viewer feedback, SBS ended broadcast of Iron Chef America three weeks early and resumed showing the original Iron Chef on February 3, 2007. Starting in Season 8, Mario Batali was dropped from the show's opening sequence, though he continues to appear in on-air promos for the show. Despite his appearance during the special battle in which he was teamed up with Emeril Lagasse against Flay and White House Chef Cristeta Comerford , it is not clear whether or not he will return to compete in Iron Chef America on a regular basis. However, in a July 2010 interview with Slashfood's Allen Salkin , Batali explained that his absence from the series was due to travel conflicts with the show's summer shooting schedule and expressed a desire to appear in 2-3 battles for Season 9. [3] Format See also: List of Iron Chef America episodes In the first two seasons, after the challenger chef was introduced, the Chairman announced their Iron Chef opponent. Starting with Season 3, the show returned to the format of its predecessor and had the challenger chefs select the Iron Chef they will battle. In reality, the match-ups are determined well in advance in all three incarnations of the show, which is not to say that the challengers have no influence on the selection of their opponent. When the show started (this includes Battle of the Masters), then all Iron Chefs were introduced by Alton Brown. Beginning in Season 9, however, the sequence was dropped and Brown replaced that with, "In mere moments, one Iron Chef will be pitted against our challenger.....". A theme ingredient (referred to as the "secret ingredient") is revealed, and the cooking begins. On occasion, the theme ingredient is actually a 'theme meal;' for example, eggs, bacon, potatoes, etc. are revealed and thus the "secret ingredient" is breakfast. Unlike Iron Chef, where chefs had roughly 5 minutes to discuss their strategy before the battle begins, the revelation of the theme ingredient occurs 45 minutes before the start of the battle. However, this segment is not shown on television, and it is a common assumption that the battle starts immediately after the secret ingredient is revealed. This practice was described on an episode of Unwrapped . The Chairman announces the start of each battle with: "So now America, with an open heart and an empty stomach, I say unto you in the words of my uncle : 'Allez cuisine!' [4] [5] "There's the Chairman's familiar "Allez Cuisine!" the French phrase that calls the Iron Chefs to culinary battle." —Alton Brown (Flay v. Tsai) "Allez cuisine!" (loosely translated as "Go cook!" or "Start cooking!") is the phrase that started battles in the original Japanese series (hence the reference to his uncle, Chairman Kaga). On Iron Chef America, both the challenger and the Iron Chef have 60 minutes to prepare a minimum of five dishes based on a theme ingredient. Just as with the original Iron Chef, the "secret" ingredient is not truly secret. Both the competitor and the Iron Chef are given a list of three to five ingredients before the battle, of which one will be the secret ingredient. [6] After the first commercial break, Brown typically asks Kevin Brauch to introduce the judges. Generally, Kevin pays homage to the program's origins by adding, Konban Wa (Japanese for "Good evening") to his introduction. Unlike the original series, none of the judges participate in the running commentary, although Brown returns to them roughly mid-battle for their comments on the ongoing battle and the secret ingredient. Over the course of the cooking hour, Brown may also provide further information on the theme ingredient, using visual aids as required. The dishes are tasted by a panel of three judges, two of whom are professional food critics (a contrast to the original Iron Chef, which typically had one professional food critic as a judge). Like the original Iron Chef, each chef can be awarded up to 20 points by each judge; consisting of 10 points for taste, 5 for plating (the appearance or presentation of the dishes), and 5 for originality. The chef with the higher score is declared the winner. If there is a tie, it remains as the final result, unlike Iron Chef, where an overtime battle was immediately called with a new theme ingredient; however, if the overtime battle also resulted in a tie, that would be the final result. (Also in contrast with the original, the final scores are subdivided by category, rather than by individual judge.) Iron Chef America is not affiliated with any culinary institution, unlike Iron Chef, which was associated with Hattori Nutrition College . Chefs also bring in their own sous-chefs . Like Iron Chef, each chef is allowed two sous-chefs. In tag-team or two-on-one battles, both chefs on one side each bring one sous-chef. On the original Iron Chef, early episodes had two chefs without sous-chefs, while later episodes had two chefs and one sous-chef per side. The sous-chefs employed by the Iron Chefs are as follows: Batali – Anne Burrell and Mark Ladner Cora – Lorilynn Bauer, David Schimmel, Ed Cotton, Richard Blais (other sous-chefs have been employed on occasion) Flay – Flay employs a rotating staff of sous-chefs from his restaurants Morimoto – Ariki Omae, Makoto Okuwa, and Jamison Blankenship (other sous-chefs have been employed on occasion) Symon – Cory Barrett and Derek Clayton Garces – Dave Conn and MacGregor Mann Forgione - rotating staff of sous-chefs from Forgione's restaurants Zakarian - Alex Guarnaschelli and other sous-chefs have been employed on occasion All of the sous-chefs for both the Iron Chef and challenger are informally introduced at some point in the contest, unlike the original Iron Chef. Sous-chefs have occasionally entered into battle against Iron Chefs, including the Iron Chef under whom they worked. The rules in Iron Chef America are thought to favor the Iron Chef less[ citation needed ] than the original program, however, some challengers have noted favoritism in the selection of theme ingredients. [7] On Iron Chef the Iron Chef's food was always tasted second, while on Iron Chef America, the chef whose food is tasted first is determined by toss of coin before the show. As the tasting and judgment take upwards of 45 minutes to complete (although it is edited down to five to ten minutes per chef in post-production), the chef serving second is allowed to reheat his or her dishes, which was allowed on Iron Chef. Several of the secrets to how the show is taped were revealed in an episode of Unwrapped entitled "Food Network Unwrapped 2." It was stated that the chefs find out what the secret ingredient is about 15 minutes before the battle begins because the opening sequence is recorded many times. It is only the final taping of this sequence where the words "Allez cuisine!" are said and the battle begins. Moreover, at the end of the one-hour battle, the chefs must still prepare 4 plates of each of their 5 dishes for the judges and the Chairman. This is done during a 45-minute period after the battle ends and before tasting begins. They consider this to be part of the competition, and it is timed, but it is not recorded or shown to the viewers. The plates which the audience sees prepared during the one-hour battle are the plates used to obtain close-up footage of the dish for use in the final episode. Usually, on taping days, two different battles will be taped, one beginning at about 10 a.m. and the second at about 4 p.m. A Food Network crew has about 90 minutes between each show to clean the set and prepare for the second show. Chefs provide the producers with shopping lists for each of the possible secret ingredients. Consequently, they can surmise what the secret ingredient will be just before it is officially revealed, based on which of their items were purchased. [7] Special battles ICA will occasionally stage special themed battles, generally during the holiday period. The first of these was held on November 12, 2006. A special 90-minute episode of Iron Chef America pitted two guest Food Network personalities, Giada De Laurentiis and Rachael Ray , the latter of whom does not consider herself a chef, against each other after they each received tips and training from Iron Chefs Bobby Flay and Mario Batali, respectively. While the early part of the episode made it appear as though it would be a head-to-head battle, the Chairman announced just prior to the secret ingredient reveal that it would in fact be a tag-team battle, with each of the women joined by the Iron Chef who trained her. The secret ingredient for the special was cranberries . The expanded timeframe allowed for longer cuts of the competition hour and the tasting segments to be presented, and the show as a whole had a more laid-back feel than regular ICA episodes. Plenty of joking and good-natured ribbing took place on both sides of the kitchen, such as Batali's effort to "bribe" the judges with cranberry bellini cocktails. The battle was won by Iron Chef Batali and guest chef Ray. A second special holiday episode premiered on Sunday, November 25, 2007. This special, titled Iron Chef America: All Star Holiday Dessert Battle, paired Iron Chef Cat Cora and popular Food Network personality Paula Deen against fellow Food Network chefs Tyler Florence and Robert Irvine , with sugar as the secret ingredient. While this special was the usual 60-minutes in length, the tone was similar to the previous ICA special, with lots of "smack talking" and teasing among the four chefs. Iron Chef Cora and guest chef Deen's team emerged victorious. On October 26, 2008, a Halloween battle took place between Iron Chef Michael Symon and former Next Iron Chef competitor Chris Cosentino. The theme ingredient was offal (organ meats, pig trotters, coxcombs, etc.), an ingredient with which each of the chefs is known to cook routinely. Igor and the Monster from the Broadway production of Young Frankenstein also made a special appearance, assisting with the presentation of the secret ingredient. The victory went to Iron Chef Symon. A 90-minute "Thanksgiving Showdown" premiered on November 16, 2008. The secret ingredients were foods that might have been used at the first Thanksgiving feast: duck, lobster, heritage turkey, venison, leeks and walnuts. This battle marked the first time in ICA history that the American Iron Chefs competed against each other, with the team of Bobby Flay and Michael Symon battling against Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto. There were two floor reporters for this special: regular floor reporter Kevin Brauch covered Flay and Symon while ICA judge Ted Allen covered Cora and Morimoto. In addition, Mark Ecko appeared early in the episode to present the new Iron Chef jackets and describe the design process. Iron Chefs Flay and Symon defeated Iron Chefs Cora and Morimoto by one point. First Lady Michelle Obama's White House Kitchen Garden was featured in a new special episode on January 3, 2010. The episode, called "The Super Chef Battle", featured Iron Chef Mario Batali and Super Chef Emeril Lagasse against Iron Chef Bobby Flay and White House Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford in a battle that required the chefs to create an American meal, with the produce from the White House garden as the secret ingredient. First Lady Michelle Obama made a special appearance, welcoming the chefs to the White House, and announcing the secret ingredient. [8] This battle was also notable as the first for which the Chairman was not present in Kitchen Stadium. Although the Chairman appeared on video, and presented a supplemental range of sustainable foods to be used in the battle, it fell to announcer Alton Brown to start the battle with the traditional "Allez cuisine!" This battle was also the first that carried a prize: $25,000 was donated to City Meals, a New York charity similar to Meals on Wheels in the names of the winning team. Iron Chef Flay and Chef Comerford defeated Iron Chefs Batali and Lagasse. On January 2, 2011, "Battle Deep Freeze" aired. The show featured Iron Chef Michael Symon and Chef Anne Burrell facing off against Iron Chef Cat Cora and Chef Robert Irvine . There was no formal secret ingredient, just the theme "deep freeze." The chefs had to prepare 5 dishes, each with a frozen component, on the following five themes: Fruits and Vegetables, Meat, Aromatics, Seafood, and Alcohol. The dishes were either served in or accented by ice carvings. Greatest moments On November 16, 2008, the Food Network preceded its "Thanksgiving Showdown" ICA special with a half-hour retrospective of the 10 best ICA moments. In the program, the Chairman presents each moment, followed by a female voice-over narration describing the challenge the Iron Chefs face, including live fish, big ingredients, time, the ice cream machine and unorthodox cooking methods. The introduction is followed by a clip of each moment interspersed with comments by the Iron Chefs and ICA judges. Number Bobby Flay v. Kent and Kevin Rathbun The chefs battle each other and the largest secret ingredient ever. Production details Kitchen Stadium Located at the Chelsea Market in New York City, Iron Chef America's version of Kitchen Stadium has a more modern appearance than the one from Iron Chef. Much of the equipment in the kitchen is top-of-the line; appliances include six burner stove tops, an infrared grill , blast chillers , convection ovens , deep fryers , cutting boards , a plethora of small electrical appliances like blenders and food processors , as well as pantry stations. Both kitchens in Kitchen Stadium are set up with the same appliances, and each pantry station has the same food items including expensive items like saffron . Challengers may also sometimes bring their own equipment to their sections; most notably, postmodern chef Homaro Cantu brought a Class 4 Laser, liquid nitrogen, and an inkjet printer with edible inks and paper for his signature dishes. [9] One of the most infamous appliances in the kitchen is the ice cream machine (dubbed by the commentators as the Ice Cream Machine of Doom), which is often used to create unusual and abstract flavors of ice cream when chefs attempt to make a dessert course with the theme ingredient. [10] The commentator's station has Alton Brown standing in front of two large monitors providing several camera views of the action. The station is much closer to and on the same level as the cooking stations, allowing Alton Brown to converse with the competitors and ask brief questions. Alton Brown has made frequent comments about Kitchen Stadium being "an orbiting space station" or "an underwater facility." Brown has also called Kitchen Stadium "Kitchen Stadium Number One, Two, and so on until number seven as of Battle Eggs. There is a small section in the back of the stadium reserved for the studio audience, which is mostly composed of guests of the chefs. During the first two seasons, the audience is almost never mentioned or shown on camera unless there is a special guest in the audience. Starting with season 3, the show again takes a cue from its predecessor and gives a little more attention to the audience, particularly when someone close to the challenger or special guests are present. The audience is also now sometimes heard applauding the chefs, although they are ignored by cameras. Despite Kitchen Stadium America's state-of-the-art appearance, problems arose during the first season. In her battle against Mario Batali, Chef Anita Lo had trouble getting her burners hot enough to cook her food. At one point, one of Lo's assistants took a pot over to Mario Batali's side of the kitchen to use his stove, to which Batali happily agreed. [11] In several battles contestants have experienced technical problems with the ice cream machine. Though there have not been serious injuries in Kitchen Stadium America, several contestants have suffered minor cuts from knife slips. In the Behind the Scenes: Iron Chef America special, Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai voices his distaste for the modern look of the American Kitchen Stadium. Sakai referred to the kitchen as "cold." Subtitles and dubbing Morimoto speaks English with a thick Japanese accent, and he sometimes speaks in Japanese when describing his dishes. Consequently, his voice is at times dubbed by Joe Cipriano . Cipriano, a veteran TV announcer and Los Angeles radio personality, also provided the voice for Hiroyuki Sakai in Battle of the Masters. When his voice is not dubbed, subtitles may be provided to help viewers understand what Morimoto is saying. In the episode Battle Eggs, Takashi Yagihashi had subtitles when the screen showed whom he challenged ( Michael Symon ). The Next Iron Chef Main article: The Next Iron Chef In 2007, a competition was held to determine who among eight chefs would become the next Iron Chef. The show ran for six episodes, and followed the contestants through a series of eight culinary challenges taking place in the United States , France , and Germany . Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode, until the final two chefs returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium. The final battle featured swordfish as the secret ingredient, and was judged by Iron Chefs Flay, Cora, and Morimoto. Chef Michael Symon was declared the winner of the competition and subsequently joined Iron Chef America. [12] A second season of The Next Iron Chef pitted ten chefs against one another for the title of Iron Chef beginning in October 2009. This season ran for eight episodes, during which the contestants competed in culinary challenges held in the United States and Japan. Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode until the finale, in which chefs Jehangir Mehta and Jose Garces returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium. The final battle featured various racks and ribs (pork, buffalo, and beef) as the secret ingredient, and was judged by the panel along with Iron Chefs Flay, Morimoto, and Symon. Chef Jose Garces was declared the winner of the competition, and joined Iron Chef America as its newest Iron Chef. Garces made his debut as an Iron Chef on January 17, 2010 against Seattle chefs Rachel Yang and Seif Chichi in Battle Hawaiian Moi, with Iron Chef Garces emerging victorious. Food Network launched its third season of The Next Iron Chef in October 2010. Competition took place in Los Angeles, before moving to Las Vegas. The final battle took place in Kitchen Stadium between Chefs Marco Canora and Marc Forgione, with traditional Thanksgiving proteins, such as turkey, lobster and venison as the secret ingredient. Chef Marc Forgione was declared the winner of the third season of "The Next Iron Chef" on November 21, 2010. His first battle took place on November 28, 2010, against Washington, D.C.-based Chef RJ Cooper. In October 2011, a fourth season of The Next Iron Chef premiered featuring super chefs like Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell , Robert Irvine , among others. The December 18 battle in Kitchen Stadium featured Geoffrey Zakarian and Elizabeth Falkner. Zakarian prevailed and was named the winner. His first battle aired on December 25th, during which he emerged victorious, being the second chef ever to receive a perfect overall score of 60 on Iron Chef America. Jose Garces received the first perfect score ever in Season 9 (see List of Episodes). Video game Main article: Iron Chef America: Supreme Cuisine Cover for the Wii version of Iron Chef America: Supreme Cuisine An Iron Chef America video game , titled Iron Chef America: Supreme Cuisine , was developed for the Wii and Nintendo DS by Black Lantern Studios and published by Destineer . Both versions were released on November 6, 2008, having been delayed from the original release date of September 23, 2008. The game features "a series of fast-paced and intense culinary challenges" and includes the voice acting and likeness of The Chairman (Mark Dacascos), commentator Alton Brown and Iron Chefs Mario Batali, Masaharu Morimoto and Cat Cora, who players can either play or compete against. [13] [14] The Wii version of the game has received mediocre to slightly unfavorable reviews, with an average score of 42% determined by critical score aggregator Metacritic. [15] The DS version of the game has received overall better scores, with median review score of 62%. [16] See also	i don't know
Which food of the Gods is said to bestow immortality?	Ambrosia - definition of ambrosia by The Free Dictionary Ambrosia - definition of ambrosia by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ambrosia 1. Greek & Roman Mythology The food of the gods, thought to confer immortality. 2. Something with an especially delicious flavor or fragrance. 3. A dessert of mixed fruits, usually including oranges and pineapple, combined with flaked coconut and often marshmallows. [Latin, from Greek ambrosiā, from ambrotos, immortal, immortalizing; see mer- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] am·bro′sial (ăm-brō′zhəl, -zhē-əl) adj. am·bro′sial·ly adv. ambrosia (æmˈbrəʊzɪə) n 1. (Classical Myth & Legend) classical myth the food of the gods, said to bestow immortality. Compare nectar 2 2. anything particularly delightful to taste or smell 3. (Zoology) another name for beebread 4. (Plants) any of various herbaceous plants constituting the genus Ambrosia, mostly native to America but widely naturalized: family Asteraceae (composites). The genus includes the ragweeds [C16: via Latin from Greek: immortality, from ambrotos, from a-1 + brotos mortal] amˈbrosial, amˈbrosian adj 1. the food of the ancient Greek and Roman gods, ensuring their immortality. 2. something especially delicious to taste or smell. 3. a dessert of oranges, shredded coconut, and often pineapple. [1545–55; < Latin < Greek: immortality, food of the gods, n. use of feminine of ambrósios=a- a -6 + -mbrosios, comb. form of brotōs mortal ] am•bro′sial, adj. composition - a mixture of ingredients 2. ambrosia - any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma bitterweed , ragweed genus Ambrosia - comprising the ragweeds; in some classification considered the type genus of a separate family Ambrosiaceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia , common ragweed - annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers; common in North America; introduced elsewhere accidentally Ambrosia trifida , great ragweed - a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft Ambrosia psilostachya , perennial ragweed , western ragweed - coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico weed - any plant that crowds out cultivated plants 3. ambrosia - fruit dessert made of oranges and bananas with shredded coconut afters , dessert , sweet - a dish served as the last course of a meal 4. dainty , goody , kickshaw , treat , delicacy - something considered choice to eat classical mythology - the system of mythology of the Greeks and Romans together; much of Roman mythology (especially the gods) was borrowed from the Greeks Translations [æmˈbrəʊziə] n (in Greek mythology) → ambroisie f ambrosia n (Myth, fig) → Ambrosia f ambrosia [æmˈbrəʊzɪə] n (liter) → ambrosia Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: dainty References in classic literature ? Around him on the bier itself were laid some books, and several papers open and folded; and those who were looking on as well as those who were opening the grave and all the others who were there preserved a strange silence, until one of those who had borne the body said to another, "Observe carefully, Ambrosia if this is the place Chrysostom spoke of, since you are anxious that what he directed in his will should be so strictly complied with. This is the place," answered Ambrosia "for in it many a time did my poor friend tell me the story of his hard fortune. View in context Well, then, that green preserve is nothing less than the ambrosia which Hebe served at the table of Jupiter. But," replied Franz, "this ambrosia, no doubt, in passing through mortal hands has lost its heavenly appellation and assumed a human name; in vulgar phrase, what may you term this composition, for which, to tell the truth, I do not feel any particular desire? View in context We shall reach, however, more immediately a distinct conception of what the true Poetry is, by mere reference to a few of the simple elements which induce in the Poet himself the poetical effect He recognizes the ambrosia which nourishes his soul in the bright orbs that shine in Heaven--in the volutes of the flower--in the clustering of low shrubberies--in the waving of the grain-fields--in the slanting of tall eastern trees -- in the blue distance of mountains -- in the grouping of clouds-- in the twinkling of half-hidden brooks--in the gleaming of silver rivers --in the repose of sequestered lakes--in the star-mirroring depths of lonely wells. View in context But when he had provided those three with all things fitting, nectar and ambrosia which the gods themselves eat, and when their proud spirit revived within them all after they had fed on nectar and delicious ambrosia, then it was that the father of men and gods spoke amongst them: View in context He came one day with the book and begged me to read it, having discovered that my interest in Luther was not as living as it ought to be; so I took it out with me into the garden, because the dullest book takes on a certain saving grace if read out of doors, just as bread and butter, devoid of charm in the drawing-room, is ambrosia eaten under a tree.	Ambrosia
The 1947 novel "I, the Jury", which was the first to feature detective Mike Hammer, was written by what New York author?	Bee pollen - definition of Bee pollen by The Free Dictionary Bee pollen - definition of Bee pollen by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bee+pollen Related to Bee pollen: royal jelly am·bro·sia 1. Greek & Roman Mythology The food of the gods, thought to confer immortality. 2. Something with an especially delicious flavor or fragrance. 3. A dessert of mixed fruits, usually including oranges and pineapple, combined with flaked coconut and often marshmallows. [Latin, from Greek ambrosiā, from ambrotos, immortal, immortalizing; see mer- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] am·bro′sial (ăm-brō′zhəl, -zhē-əl) adj. am·bro′sial·ly adv. ambrosia (æmˈbrəʊzɪə) n 1. (Classical Myth & Legend) classical myth the food of the gods, said to bestow immortality. Compare nectar 2 2. anything particularly delightful to taste or smell 3. (Zoology) another name for beebread 4. (Plants) any of various herbaceous plants constituting the genus Ambrosia, mostly native to America but widely naturalized: family Asteraceae (composites). The genus includes the ragweeds [C16: via Latin from Greek: immortality, from ambrotos, from a-1 + brotos mortal] amˈbrosial, amˈbrosian adj 1. the food of the ancient Greek and Roman gods, ensuring their immortality. 2. something especially delicious to taste or smell. 3. a dessert of oranges, shredded coconut, and often pineapple. [1545–55; < Latin < Greek: immortality, food of the gods, n. use of feminine of ambrósios=a- a -6 + -mbrosios, comb. form of brotōs mortal ] am•bro′sial, adj. composition - a mixture of ingredients 2. ambrosia - any of numerous chiefly North American weedy plants constituting the genus Ambrosia that produce highly allergenic pollen responsible for much hay fever and asthma bitterweed , ragweed genus Ambrosia - comprising the ragweeds; in some classification considered the type genus of a separate family Ambrosiaceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia , common ragweed - annual weed with finely divided foliage and spikes of green flowers; common in North America; introduced elsewhere accidentally Ambrosia trifida , great ragweed - a coarse annual with some leaves deeply and palmately three-cleft or five-cleft Ambrosia psilostachya , perennial ragweed , western ragweed - coarse perennial ragweed with creeping roots of dry barren lands of southwestern United States and Mexico weed - any plant that crowds out cultivated plants 3. ambrosia - fruit dessert made of oranges and bananas with shredded coconut afters , dessert , sweet - a dish served as the last course of a meal 4.	i don't know
Including the sacred law of the pack, cub scouting borrows many of it's themes from what Rudyard Kipling novel?	Rudyard Kipling Rudyard Kipling 18 January 1936 (aged 70) London, England Short-story writer, novelist, poet, journalist Nationality Short story, novel, children’s literature, poetry, travel literature, science fiction Notable works Caroline Starr Balestier ( m. 1892) (1862-1939) Children 3, including Elsie Bambridge and John Kipling Signature Joseph Rudyard Kipling ( , ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) [1] was an English journalist, short-story writer, poet, and novelist. Kipling’s works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including “ The Man Who Would Be King ” (1888). [2] His poems include “ Mandalay ” (1890), “ Gunga Din ” (1890), “ The Gods of the Copybook Headings ” (1919), “ The White Man’s Burden ” (1899), and “ If— ” (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story; [3] his children’s books are classics of children’s literature; and one critic described his work as exhibiting “a versatile and luminous narrative gift”. [4] [5] Kipling was one of the most popular writers in the United Kingdom, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [3] Henry James said: “Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known.” [3] In 1907, at the age of 42, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , making him the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and its youngest recipient to date. [6] He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and on several occasions for a knighthood , both of which he declined. [7] Kipling’s subsequent reputation has changed according to the political and social climate of the age [8] [9] and the resulting contrasting views about him continued for much of the 20th century. [10] [11] George Orwell called him a “prophet of British imperialism “. [12] Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: “[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with.” [13] Contents Malabar Point , Bombay, 1865. Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay , in the Bombay Presidency of British India , to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling . [14] Alice (one of four remarkable sisters) [15] was a vivacious woman [16] about whom Lord Dufferin would say, “Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room.” [3] [17] [18] Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay. [16] John Lockwood and Alice had met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire , England. They married, and moved to India in 1865. They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that when their first child was born they referenced it when naming him. Alice’s sister Georgiana was married to painter Edward Burne-Jones , and her sister Agnes was married to painter Edward Poynter . Kipling’s most famous relative was his first cousin, Stanley Baldwin , who was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. [19] Kipling’s birth home still stands on the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay and for many years was used as the Dean’s residence. [20] Although the cottage bears a plaque stating that this is the site where Kipling was born, the original cottage may have been torn down decades ago and a new one built in its place. [21] Some historians and conservationists are also of the view that the bungalow merely marks a site close to the home of his birth, as the bungalow was built in 1882, about 15 years after Kipling’s birth. Kipling seems to have also said so to the dean when he visited JJ School in the 1930s. [22] Kipling’s India: map of British India . Kipling was to write of Bombay: Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait. [23] According to Bernice M. Murphy, “Kipling’s parents considered themselves Anglo-Indians (a term used in the 19th century for people of British origin living in India) and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent features in his fiction.” [24] Kipling referred to such conflicts, for example: “In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ayah , or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer, or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into the dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution ‘Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.’ So one spoke ‘English’, haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in”. [25] Education in Britain Kipling’s days of “strong light and darkness” in Bombay ended when he was five years old. [25] As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister Alice (“Trix”) were taken to the United Kingdom —in their case to Southsea , Portsmouth—to live with a couple who boarded children of British nationals who were serving in India. [26] For the next six years from October 1871 to April 1877, the two children lived with the couple, Captain Pryse Agar Holloway, once an officer in the merchant navy , and Mrs Sarah Holloway, at their house, Lorne Lodge at 4 Campbell Road, Southsea. [27] In his autobiography, published some 65 years later, Kipling recalled the stay with horror, and wondered ironically if the combination of cruelty and neglect which he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: “If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day’s doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying, but this was calculated torture—religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort”. [25] Kipling’s England: A map of England showing Kipling’s homes. Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge; Mrs. Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloway son. [28] The two Kipling children, however, did have relatives in England whom they could visit. They spent a month each Christmas with their maternal aunt Georgiana (“Georgy”) and her husband at their house “The Grange” in Fulham , London, which Kipling called “a paradise which I verily believe saved me.” [25] In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers, “Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it”. [25] In January 1878, Kipling was admitted to the United Services College at Westward Ho! , Devon, a school founded a few years earlier to prepare boys for the British Army . The school proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. (1899). [28] During his time there, Kipling also met and fell in love with Florence Garrard who was boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence became the model for Maisie in Kipling’s first novel The Light that Failed (1891). [28] Return to India Near the end of his time at the school, it was decided that he lacked the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship [28] and his parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him, [16] so Lockwood obtained a job for his son in Lahore , Punjab (now in Pakistan ), where he was Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum . Kipling was to be assistant editor of a small local newspaper, the Civil & Military Gazette . He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described this moment years later: “So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which the scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them.” [25] This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains: “There were yet three or four days’ rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength”. [25] Early adult life (1882–1914) From 1883–89 Kipling worked in British India for local newspapers such as the Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore and The Pioneer in Allahabad . [25] Bundi , Rajputana , where Kipling was inspired to write Kim The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore, the newspaper which Kipling was to call “mistress and most true love”, [25] appeared six days a week throughout the year except for one-day breaks for Christmas and Easter. Stephen Wheeler, the editor, worked Kipling hard, but Kipling’s need to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published his first collection of verse, Departmental Ditties. That year also brought a change of editors at the newspaper; Kay Robinson , the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper. [4] In an article printed in the Chums boys’ annual, an ex-colleague of Kipling’s stated that …”he never knew such a fellow for ink—he simply revelled in it, filling up his pen viciously, and then throwing the contents all over the office, so that it was almost dangerous to approach him”. [29] The anecdote continues: “In the hot weather, when he (Kipling) wore only white trousers and a thin vest, he is said to have resembled a Dalmatian dog more than a human being, for he was spotted all over with ink in every direction.” During the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Shimla (then known as Simla), a well-known hill station and the summer capital of British India. By then it was established practice for the Viceroy of India and the government to move to Simla for six months, and the town became a “centre of power as well as pleasure”. [4] Kipling’s family became yearly visitors to Simla, and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in Christ Church there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town featured prominently in many of the stories that he wrote for the Gazette. [4] He describes this time: “My month’s leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy—every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one’s bedroom, and next morn—thirty more of them ahead!—the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work was in one’s head, and that was usually full.” [25] Back in Lahore, some thirty-nine stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Kipling included most of these stories in Plain Tales from the Hills , his first prose collection, which was published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling’s time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887, he was transferred to the Gazette’s much larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer, in Allahabad in the United Provinces . In Allahabad, he worked as the Assistant editor of The Pioneer, and lived in Belvedere house, Allahabad from 1888–89. [30] [31] Rudyard Kipling with his father John Lockwood Kipling, circa 1890 Kipling in his study at Naulakha, US, 1895. Kipling’s writing continued at a frenetic pace; in 1888, he published six collections of short stories: Soldiers Three , The Story of the Gadsbys , In Black and White , Under the Deodars , The Phantom Rickshaw , and Wee Willie Winkie , containing a total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as The Pioneer’s special correspondent in the western region of Rajputana , he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . [4] Kipling was discharged from The Pioneer in early 1889, after a dispute. By this time, he had been increasingly thinking about the future. He sold the rights to his six volumes of stories for £200 and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for £50; in addition, from The Pioneer, he received six-months’ salary in lieu of notice. [25] Return to London He decided to use this money to make his way to London, the literary centre of the British Empire . On 9 March 1889, Kipling left India, travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon , Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan. Kipling was favourably impressed by Japan, writing that the Japanese were “gracious folk and fair manners”. [32] Kipling later wrote that he “had lost his heart” to a geisha whom he called O-Toyo, writing while in the United States during the same trip across the Pacific that: “I had left the innocent East far behind…Weeping softly for O-Toyo…O-Toyo was a darling”. [32] Kipling then travelled through the United States, writing articles for The Pioneer that were later published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . [33] Starting his American travels in San Francisco, Kipling journeyed north to Portland, Oregon ; to Seattle , Washington; up into Canada, to Victoria and Vancouver , British Columbia, through Medicine Hat , Alberta; back into the US to Yellowstone National Park ; down to Salt Lake City ; then east to Omaha, Nebraska , and on to Chicago , Illinois; then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family; from there, he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls , Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York, and Boston . [33] In the course of this journey, he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York , and was deeply impressed. Kipling arrived unannounced at Twain’s home, and later wrote that as he rang the doorbell, “It occurred to me for the first time that Mark Twain might possibly have other engagements other than the entertainment of escaped lunatics from India, be they ever so full of admiration.” [34] As it was, Twain was glad to welcome Kipling and had a two-hour conversation with him on trends in Anglo-American literature and about what Twain was going to write in a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with Twain assuring Kipling that a sequel was coming; but he had not decided upon the ending: either Sawyer would be elected to Congress or would be hanged. [35] Twain also passed along the literary advice that an author should: “Get your facts first and then you can distort ‘em as much as you please.” [35] Twain, who rather liked Kipling, later wrote about their meeting: “Between us, we cover all knowledge; he covers all that can be known and I cover the rest”. [36] Kipling then crossed the Atlantic , and reached Liverpool in October 1889. He soon made his début in the London literary world—to great acclaim. [3] London A portrait of Kipling by John Collier , ca. 1891. In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by magazines. He also found a place to live for the next two years at Villiers Street , near Charing Cross (the building was subsequently named Kipling House): Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street , Strand , which forty-six years ago was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti’s Music-Hall entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, Father Thames under the Shot tower walked up and down with his traffic. [37] In the next two years, he published a novel, The Light that Failed , had a nervous breakdown , and met an American writer and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier , with whom he collaborated on a novel, The Naulahka (a title which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below). [16] In 1891, on the advice of his doctors, Kipling embarked on another sea voyage visiting South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and once again India. [16] He cut short his plans for spending Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier’s sudden death from typhoid fever , and immediately decided to return to London. Before his return, he had used the telegram to propose to and be accepted by Wolcott’s sister Caroline Starr Balestier (1862–1939), called “Carrie”, whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance. [16] Meanwhile, late in 1891, his collection of short stories about the British in India, Life’s Handicap, was published in London. [38] On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) were married in London, in the “thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones.” [25] The wedding was held at All Souls Church, Langham Place . Henry James gave the bride away. United States Rudyard Kipling’s America 1892–1896, 1899. The couple settled upon a honeymoon that would take them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro, Vermont ) and then on to Japan. [16] When they arrived in Yokohama , Japan, they discovered that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation , had failed. Taking this loss in their stride, they returned to the US, back to Vermont—Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child—and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for ten dollars a month. [25] According to Kipling, “We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of the winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content.” [25] In this house, which they called Bliss Cottage, their first child, Josephine, was born “in three-foot of snow on the night of 29 December 1892. Her Mother’s birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things …” [25] The cover of The Jungle Book first edition, 1894. It was also in this cottage that the first dawnings of the Jungle Books came to Kipling: ” . . workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of ’92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood’s magazine, and a phrase in Haggard’s Nada the Lily, combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books “. [25] With Josephine’s arrival, Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land—10 acres (4.0 ha) on a rocky hillside overlooking the Connecticut River —from Carrie’s brother Beatty Balestier, and built their own house. Kipling named the house Naulakha , in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelled correctly. [16] From his early years in Lahore (1882–87), Kipling had become enamored with the Mughal architecture , [39] especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort , which eventually became an inspiration for the title of his novel as well as the house. [40] The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (5 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston, Vermont : a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his “ship”, and which brought him “sunshine and a mind at ease.” [16] His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy “sane clean life”, made Kipling both inventive and prolific. Gilt title of the 1890 first American edition of Departmental Ditties and Barrack Room Ballads, which contained Mandalay and Gunga Din . In the short span of four years, he produced, in addition to the Jungle Books , a collection of short stories (The Day’s Work), a novel ( Captains Courageous ), and a profusion of poetry, including the volume The Seven Seas . The collection of Barrack-Room Ballads was issued in March 1892, first published individually for the most part in 1890, and containing his poems “ Mandalay ” and “ Gunga Din “. He especially enjoyed writing the Jungle Books—both masterpieces of imaginative writing—and enjoyed, too, corresponding with the many children who wrote to him about them. [16] Life in New England The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including his father , who visited soon after his retirement in 1893, [16] and British writer Arthur Conan Doyle , who brought his golf-clubs, stayed for two days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson. [41] [42] Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with the local Congregational minister, and even playing with red-painted balls when the ground was covered in snow. [14] [42] However, wintertime golf was “not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river .” [14] From all accounts, Kipling loved the outdoors, [16] not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in a letter: “A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and the oaks , who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods.” [43] The Kiplings’ first daughter Josephine, 1895. She died of pneumonia in 1899 aged 6. In February 1896, Elsie Kipling was born, the couple’s second daughter. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous. [44] Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles. [16] In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30‑year‑old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught “the tougher virtues—such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought.” [45] The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for two incidents—one of global politics, the other of family discord—that hastily ended their time there. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and Venezuela were in a border dispute involving British Guiana . The US had made several offers to arbitrate, but in 1895 the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American “right” to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine ). [16] This raised hackles in the UK, and the situation grew into a major Anglo-American crisis , with talk of war on both sides. Kipling late in his life, portrait by Elliot & Fry. Although the crisis led to greater US-British co-operation, at the time Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the US, especially in the press. [16] He wrote in a letter that it felt like being “aimed at with a decanter across a friendly dinner table.” [45] By January 1896, he had decided [14] to end his family’s “good wholesome life” in the US and seek their fortunes elsewhere. A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained, owing to his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896, an inebriated Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm. [16] The incident led to Beatty’s eventual arrest, but in the subsequent hearing, and the resulting publicity, Kipling’s privacy was destroyed, and he was left feeling miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings packed their belongings, left the United States, and returned to England. [14] Kipling’s Torquay house, with an English heritage blue plaque on the wall. Devon By September 1896, the Kiplings were in Torquay , Devon, on the southwestern coast of England, in a hillside home overlooking the English Channel . Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active. [16] Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years, had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John , in August 1897. Kipling had begun work on two poems, “ Recessional ” (1897) and “ The White Man’s Burden ” (1899) which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (that captured the mood of the Victorian age ), the poems equally were regarded by others as propaganda for brazenfaced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire. [16] Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. —The White Man’s Burden [46] There was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught. [47] Far-called, our navies melt away; On dune and headland sinks the fire: Lo, all our pomp of yesterday —Recessional [48] A prolific writer during his time in Torquay, he also wrote Stalky & Co., a collection of school stories (born of his experience at the United Services College in Westward Ho! ) whose juvenile protagonists displayed a know-it-all, cynical outlook on patriotism and authority. According to his family, Kipling enjoyed reading aloud stories from Stalky & Co. to them, and often went into spasms of laughter over his own jokes. [16] Visits to South Africa H.A. Gwynne, Julian Ralph, Perceval Landon, and Rudyard Kipling in South Africa, 1900–1901. In early 1898 the Kiplings travelled to South Africa for their winter holiday, thus beginning an annual tradition which (excepting the following year) was to last until 1908. They always stayed in “The Woolsack”, a house on Cecil Rhodes ‘ estate at Groote Schuur (and now a student residence for the University of Cape Town); it was within walking distance of Rhodes’ mansion. [49] With his new reputation as Poet of the Empire, Kipling was warmly received by some of the most influential politicians of the Cape Colony , including Rhodes, Sir Alfred Milner , and Leander Starr Jameson . Kipling cultivated their friendship and came to admire the men and their politics. The period 1898–1910 was crucial in the history of South Africa and included the Second Boer War (1899–1902), the ensuing peace treaty, and the 1910 formation of the Union of South Africa . Back in England, Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War and on his next visit to South Africa in early 1900, he became a correspondent for The Friend newspaper in Bloemfontein , which had been commandeered by Lord Roberts for British troops. [50] Although his journalistic stint was to last only two weeks, it was Kipling’s first work on a newspaper staff since he left The Pioneer in Allahabad more than ten years earlier. [16] At The Friend he made lifelong friendships with Perceval Landon , H. A. Gwynne and others. [51] He also wrote articles published more widely expressing his views on the conflict. [52] Kipling penned an inscription for the Honoured Dead Memorial (Siege memorial) in Kimberley. Sussex In 1897, Kipling moved from Torquay to Rottingdean , East Sussex; first to North End House and later to The Elms. [53] In 1902 Kipling bought Bateman’s , a house built in 1634 and located in rural Burwash , East Sussex, England. Bateman’s was Kipling’s home from 1902 until his death in 1936. [54] The house, along with the surrounding buildings, the mill and 33 acres (13 ha) was purchased for £9,300. It had no bathroom, no running water upstairs and no electricity, but Kipling loved it: “Behold us, lawful owners of a grey stone lichened house—A.D. 1634 over the door—beamed, panelled, with old oak staircase, and all untouched and unfaked. It is a good and peaceable place. We have loved it ever since our first sight of it.” (from a November 1902 letter). [55] [56] In the non-fiction realm he became involved in the debate over the British response to the rise in German naval power known as the Tirpitz Plan to build a fleet to challenge the Royal Navy, publishing a series of articles in 1898 which were collected as A Fleet in Being. On a visit to the United States in 1899, Kipling and Josephine developed pneumonia , from which she eventually died. ‘Peak of career’ “He sat in defiance of municipal orders, astride the gun Zam-Zammeh , on her old platform, opposite the old Ajaibgher, the Wonder House, as the natives called the Lahore Museum .” - Kim In the wake of his daughter’s death, Kipling concentrated on collecting material for what would become Just So Stories for Little Children. That work was published in 1902, the year after Kim was first issued. [57] The American literary scholar David Scott has argued that Kim disproves the claim made by Edward Said about Kipling as a promoter of Orientalism as Kipling — who was deeply interested in Buddhism — presented Tibetan Buddhism in a fairly sympathetic light and aspects on the novel appeared to reflect the Buddhist understanding of the universe. [58] Kipling was offended by the German Emperor Wilhelm II’s Hun speech ( Hunnenrede ) in 1900 urging German troops being sent to China to crush the Boxer Rebellion to behave like “Huns” and to take no prisoners. [59] In his 1902 poem The Rowers, Kipling attacked the Kaiser as a threat to Britain and made the first use of the term “Hun” as an anti-German insult, using Wilhelm’s own words and the actions of German troops in China to portray Germans as essentially barbarians. [59] In an interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro, the Francophile Kipling called Germany a menace and called for an Anglo-French alliance to stop it. [59] In another letter at the same time, Kipling described the “unfrei peoples of Central Europe” as living in “the Middle Ages with machine guns”. [59] The first decade of the 20th century saw Kipling at the height of his popularity. In 1906 he wrote the song “Land of our Birth, We Pledge to Thee”. Kipling wrote two science fiction short stories, With the Night Mail (1905) and As Easy As A. B. C (1912), both set in the 21st century in Kipling’s Aerial Board of Control universe. These read like modern hard science fiction , [60] and introduced the literary technique known as indirect exposition, which would later become one of Heinlein’s trademarks. [57] In 1907, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated in that year by Charles Oman , professor at the University of Oxford . [61] The prize citation said: “In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.” Nobel prizes had been established in 1901 and Kipling was the first English-language recipient. At the award ceremony in Stockholm on 10 December 1907, the Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy , Carl David af Wirsén , praised both Kipling and three centuries of English literature : The Swedish Academy, in awarding the Nobel Prize in Literature this year to Rudyard Kipling, desires to pay a tribute of homage to the literature of England , so rich in manifold glories, and to the greatest genius in the realm of narrative that that country has produced in our times. [62] “Book-ending” this achievement was the publication of two connected poetry and story collections: Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906), and Rewards and Fairies (1910). The latter contained the poem “ If— “. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted the UK’s favourite poem. [63] This exhortation to self-control and stoicism is arguably Kipling’s most famous poem. [63] Rudyard Kipling by George Wylie Hutchinson Such was Kipling’s popularity that he was asked by his friend Max Aitken to intervene in the 1911 Canadian election on behalf of the Conservatives. [64] In 1911, the major issue in Canada was the reciprocity treaty with the United States signed by the Liberal Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and vigorously opposed by the Conservatives under Sir Robert Borden. On 7 September 1911, the Montreal Daily Star newspaper published a front-page appeal to all Canadians against the reciprocity agreement with the United States by Kipling who wrote: “It is her own soul that Canada risks today. Once that soul is pawned for any consideration, Canada must inevitably conform to the commercial, legal, financial, social and ethical standards which will be imposed on her by the sheer admitted weight of the United States.” [64] At the time, the Montreal Daily Star was Canada’s most read newspaper. Over the next week, Kipling’s appeal was reprinted in every English newspaper in Canada, and is credited with helping to turn Canadian public opinion against the Liberal government that signed the reciprocity agreement. [64] Kipling sympathised with the anti- Home Rule stance of Irish Unionists . He was friends with Edward Carson , the Dublin-born leader of Ulster Unionism , who raised the Ulster Volunteers to oppose Home Rule in Ireland. Kipling wrote the poem “Ulster” in 1912 reflecting his Unionist politics. Kipling often referred to the Irish Unionists as “our party”. [65] Kipling had no sympathy with or understanding of Irish nationalism, and for him Home Rule was an act of treason by the government of the Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith that would plunge Ireland into the Dark Ages and allow the Irish Catholic majority to oppress the Protestant minority. [66] The British scholar David Gilmour wrote Kipling’s lack of understanding about Ireland could be seen in that he attacked John Redmond -the Anglophile leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party who wanted Home Rule because he believed it was the best way of keeping the United Kingdom together-as a traitor working to break up the United Kingdom. [67] Kipling wrote in a letter to a friend that Ireland was not a nation, and that before the English arrived in 1169, the Irish were a gang of cattle thieves living in savagery and killing each other while “writing dreary poems” about it all; in his viewpoint, it was only British rule that allowed Ireland to advance. [68] A visit to Ireland in 1911 confirmed Kipling’s prejudices as he wrote the Irish countryside was beautiful, but was spoiled by what he called the ugly homes of the Irish farmers, with Kipling adding that God had made the Irish into poets because he had “deprived them of love of line or knowledge of colour”. [69] In contrast, Kipling had nothing but praise for the “decent folk” of Protestant majority and Unionist Ulster. [69] In his poem Ulster, which Kipling admitted was meant to strike a “hard blow” against the Home Rule bill, Kipling wrote: “Rebellion, rapine, hate, Oppression, wrong and greed, Are loosed to rule our fate, By England’s act and deed”. [69] Ulster generated much controversy with the Conservative MP Sir Mark Sykes -who as an Unionist was opposed to the Home Rule bill-condemning Ulster in an article in the Morning Post as “direct appeal to ignorance and a deliberate attempt to foster religious hate”. [67] Kipling was a staunch opponent of Bolshevism , a position which he shared with his friend Henry Rider Haggard . The two had bonded upon Kipling’s arrival in London in 1889 largely on the strength of their shared opinions, and they remained lifelong friends. Many have wondered why he was never made Poet Laureate . Some claim that he was offered the post during the interregnum of 1892–96 and turned it down. Freemasonry According to the English magazine Masonic Illustrated, Kipling became a Freemason in about 1885, before the usual minimum age of 21. [70] He was initiated into Hope and Perseverance Lodge No. 782 in Lahore . He later wrote to The Times , “I was Secretary for some years of the Lodge . . . , which included Brethren of at least four creeds. I was entered [as an Apprentice] by a member from Brahmo Somaj , a Hindu , passed [to the degree of Fellow Craft] by a Mohammedan , and raised [to the degree of Master Mason] by an Englishman. Our Tyler was an Indian Jew .” Kipling received not only the three degrees of Craft Masonry, but also the side degrees of Mark Master Mason and Royal Ark Mariner. [71] Kipling so loved his masonic experience that he memorialised its ideals in his famous poem, “The Mother Lodge”, [72] and used the fraternity and its symbols as vital plot devices in his novella, The Man Who Would Be King . First World War (1914–18) At the beginning of World War I , like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets and poems which enthusiastically supported the UK’s war aims of restoring Belgium after that kingdom had been occupied by Germany together with more generalised statements that Britain was standing up for the cause of good. In September 1914, Kipling was asked by the British government to write propaganda, an offer that he immediately accepted. [73] Kipling’s pamphlets and stories were very popular with the British people during the war with his major themes being glorifying the British military as the place for heroic men to be, German atrocities against Belgian civilians and the stories of women being brutalised by a horrific war unleashed by Germany, yet surviving and triumphing in spite of their suffering. [73] Kipling was enraged by reports of the Rape of Belgium together with the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, which he saw as a deeply inhumane act, which led him to see the war as a crusade for civilisation against barbarism. [74] In a 1915 speech Kipling declared that “There was no crime, no cruelty, no abomination that the mind of men can conceive of which the German has not perpetrated, is not perpetrating, and will not perpetrate if he is allowed to go on…Today, there are only two divisions in the world…human beings and Germans.” [74] Alongside his passionate antipathy towards Germany , Kipling was privately deeply critical of how the war was fought by the British Army as opposed to the war itself, which he ardently supported, complaining as early as October 1914 that Germany should have been defeated by now, and something must be wrong with the British Army. [75] Kipling, who was shocked by the heavy losses that the British Expeditionary Force had taken by the autumn of 1914 blamed the entire pre-war generation of British politicians, who he argued had failed to learn the lessons of the Boer War and as a result, thousands of British soldiers were now paying with their lives for their failure in the fields of France and Belgium. [75] Kipling had scorn for those men who shirked duty in the First World War. In “The New Army in Training” [76] (1915), Kipling concluded the piece by saying: This much we can realise, even though we are so close to it, the old safe instinct saves us from triumph and exultation. But what will be the position in years to come of the young man who has deliberately elected to outcaste himself from this all-embracing brotherhood? What of his family, and, above all, what of his descendants, when the books have been closed and the last balance struck of sacrifice and sorrow in every hamlet, village, parish, suburb, city, shire, district, province, and Dominion throughout the Empire? Death of son Lt John Kipling. Kipling’s son John was killed in action in the First World War, at the Battle of Loos in September 1915, at age 18. John had initially wanted to join the Royal Navy, but having had his application turned down after a failed medical examination due to poor eyesight, he opted to apply for military service as an Army officer. But again, his eyesight was an issue during the medical examination. In fact, he tried twice to enlist, but was rejected. His father had been lifelong friends with Lord Roberts , commander-in-chief of the British Army, and colonel of the Irish Guards, and at Rudyard’s request, John was accepted into the Irish Guards . [73] John Kipling was sent to Loos two days into the battle in a reinforcement contingent. He was last seen stumbling through the mud blindly, with a possible facial injury. A body identified as his was not found until 1992, although that identification has been challenged. [77] [78] After his son’s death, Kipling wrote, “If any question why we died / Tell them, because our fathers lied.” It is speculated that these words may reveal his feelings of guilt at his role in getting John a commission in the Irish Guards. [79] Others, such as English professor Tracy Bilsing, contend that the line is referring to Kipling’s disgust that British leaders failed to learn the lessons of the Boer War, and were not prepared for the struggle with Germany in 1914 with the “lie” of the “fathers” being that the British Army was prepared for any war before 1914 when it was not. [80] John’s death has been linked to Kipling’s 1916 poem “ My Boy Jack “, notably in the play My Boy Jack and its subsequent television adaptation , along with the documentary Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale . However, the poem was originally published at the head of a story about the Battle of Jutland and appears to refer to a death at sea; the ‘Jack’ referred to is probably a generic ‘ Jack Tar ‘. [81] In the Kipling family, Jack was the name of the family dog while John Kipling was always John, making the identification of the protagonist of “My Boy Jack” with John Kipling somewhat questionable. However, it is true that Kipling was emotionally devastated by the death of his son. It is said that Kipling helped assuage his grief over his son’s death by reading the novels of Jane Austen aloud to his wife and daughter. [82] During the war, he wrote a booklet The Fringes of the Fleet [83] containing essays and poems on various nautical subjects of the war. Some of the poems were set to music by English composer Edward Elgar . Kipling became friends with a French soldier named Maurice Hammoneau whose life had been saved in the First World War when his copy of Kim, which he had in his left breast pocket, stopped a bullet. Hammoneau presented Kipling with the book (with bullet still embedded) and his Croix de Guerre as a token of gratitude. They continued to correspond, and when Hammoneau had a son, Kipling insisted on returning the book and medal. [84] On 1 August 1918, a poem—”The Old Volunteer”—appeared under his name in The Times . The next day he wrote to the newspaper to disclaim authorship, and a correction appeared. Although The Times employed a private detective to investigate (and the detective appears to have suspected Kipling himself of being the author), the identity of the hoaxer was never established. [85] After the war (1918–1936) Kipling, aged 60, on the cover of Time magazine , 27 September 1926. Partly in response to John’s death, Kipling joined Sir Fabian Ware ‘s Imperial War Graves Commission (now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ), the group responsible for the garden-like British war graves that can be found to this day dotted along the former Western Front and all the other locations around the world where troops of the British Empire lie buried. His most significant contributions to the project were his selection of the biblical phrase, “Their Name Liveth For Evermore” ( Ecclesiasticus 44.14, KJV), found on the Stones of Remembrance in larger war cemeteries, and his suggestion of the phrase “Known unto God” for the gravestones of unidentified servicemen. He also chose the inscription “The Glorious Dead” on the Cenotaph , Whitehall, London. Additionally, he wrote a two-volume history of the Irish Guards , his son’s regiment: it was published in 1923, and is considered to be one of the finest examples of regimental history. [86] Kipling’s moving short story, “The Gardener”, depicts visits to the war cemeteries, and the poem “ The King’s Pilgrimage ” (1922) depicts a journey which King George V made, touring the cemeteries and memorials under construction by the Imperial War Graves Commission. With the increasing popularity of the automobile, Kipling became a motoring correspondent for the British press, and wrote enthusiastically of his trips around England and abroad, even though he was usually driven by a chauffeur. After the war, Kipling was sceptical about the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations , but he had great hopes that the United States would abandon isolationism and that the post-war world would be dominated by an Anglo-French-American alliance. [87] Kipling hoped that the United States would take on a League of Nations mandate for Armenia as the best way of preventing isolationism, and hoped that Theodore Roosevelt , whom Kipling admired, would once again become president. [87] Kipling was saddened by Roosevelt’s death in 1919, believing that his friend was the only American politician capable of keeping the United States in the “game” of world politics. [88] Kipling was very hostile towards Communism, writing about the Bolshevik take-over in 1917 that one sixth of the world had “passed bodily out of civilization”. [89] In a 1918 poem, Kipling wrote about Soviet Russia that everything good in Russia had now been destroyed by the Bolsheviks and all that was left was “the sound of weeping and the sight of burning fire, and the shadow of a people trampled into the mire”. [89] In 1920 Kipling co-founded the Liberty League [90] with Haggard and Lord Sydenham . This short-lived enterprise focused on promoting classic liberal ideals as a response to the rising power of Communist tendencies within Great Britain, or, as Kipling put it, “to combat the advance of Bolshevism”. [91] [92] In 1922 Kipling, who had made reference to the work of engineers in some of his poems, such as “The Sons of Martha”, “Sappers”, and “McAndrew’s Hymn”, [93] and in other writings such as short story anthologies, for instance The Day’s Work, [94] was asked by University of Toronto civil engineering professor Herbert E. T. Haultain for his assistance in developing a dignified obligation and ceremony for graduating engineering students. Kipling was enthusiastic in his response and shortly produced both, formally entitled “ The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer “. Today, engineering graduates all across Canada are presented with an iron ring at the ceremony as a reminder of their obligation to society. [95] [96] In 1922 Kipling also became Lord Rector of St Andrews University in Scotland, a three-year position. Kipling, who was a francophile , argued very strongly for an Anglo-French alliance to uphold the peace, calling Britain and France in 1920 the “twin fortresses of European civilization”. [97] Along the same lines, Kipling repeatedly warned against revising the Treaty of Versailles in Germany’s favour, which he predicted would lead to a new world war. [97] An admirer of Raymond Poincaré , Kipling was one of the few British intellectuals who supported the French Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 at a time when the British government and most public opinion was against the French position. [98] In contrast to the popular British view of Poincaré as a cruel bully intent on impoverishing Germany by seeking unreasonable reparations, Kipling argued that Poincaré was only rightfully trying to preserve France as a great power in the face of an unfavourable situation. [98] Kipling argued that even before 1914 Germany’s larger economy and birthrate had made that country stronger than France, that with much of France devastated by the war and the French suffering heavy losses that the low French birthrate would have trouble replacing while Germany was mostly undamaged and with a higher birth rate, that it was madness for Britain to seek to pressure France to revise Versailles in Germany’s favour. [98] In 1924, Kipling was opposed to the Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald as “Bolshevism without bullets”, but believing that Labour was a Communist front organisation he took the view that “excited orders and instructions from Moscow” would expose Labour as such an organisation to the British people. [99] Kipling’s views were on the right and though he admired Benito Mussolini to a certain extent for a time in the 1920s, Kipling was against fascism, writing that Oswald Mosley was “a bounder and an arriviste“; by 1935 he called Mussolini a deranged and dangerous egomaniac and in 1933 wrote “The Hitlerites are out for blood”. [100] Despite his anti-communism, the first major translations of Kipling into Russian took place in the early 1920s, and during the interwar period Kipling was very popular with Russian readers, and many of the younger Russian poets and writers such as Konstantin Simonov were influenced by Kipling. [101] It was obligatory for Soviet journals that featured translations of Kipling to begin with an introduction attacking him as a “fascist” and an “imperialist”, but such was Kipling’s popularity with Russian readers that his works were not banned in the Soviet Union until 1939 with the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. [101] Kipling’s work was unbanned in the Soviet Union in 1941 after Operation Barbarossa, when Britain become a Soviet ally, but his work was banned again, this time for good, with the Cold War in 1946. [102] Kipling’s clarity of style, his use of colloquial language and the way in which he used rhythm and rhyme were considered to be major innovations in poetry that appealed to many of the younger Russian poets. [103] A left-facing swastika in 1911, a symbol of good luck. Covers of two of Kipling’s books from 1919 (l) and 1930 (r) showing the removal of the swastika Many older editions of Rudyard Kipling’s books have a swastika printed on their covers associated with a picture of an elephant carrying a lotus flower, reflecting the influence of Indian culture. Kipling’s use of the swastika was based on the Indian sun symbol conferring good luck and the Sanskrit word meaning “fortunate” or “well-being”. [104] In a note to Edward Bok written after the death of Lockwood Kipling in 1911, Rudyard said: “I am sending with this for your acceptance, as some little memory of my father to whom you were so kind, the original of one of the plaques that he used to make for me. I thought it being the Swastika would be appropriate for your Swastika. May it bring you even more good fortune.” [104] He used the swastika symbol in both right- and left-facing orientations, and it was in general use at the time. [105] [106] Once the Nazis came to power and usurped the swastika, Kipling ordered that it should no longer adorn his books. [104] Less than a year before his death, Kipling gave a speech (titled “An Undefended Island”) to The Royal Society of St George on 6 May 1935 warning of the danger which Nazi Germany posed to Britain. [107] In 1934 he published a short story in Strand Magazine , “Proofs of Holy Writ”, which postulated that William Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible . [108] Death and legacy Kipling kept writing until the early 1930s, but at a slower pace and with much less success than before. On the night of 12 January 1936, Kipling suffered a haemorrhage in his small intestine. He underwent surgery, but died less than a week later on 18 January 1936 at the age of 70 of a perforated duodenal ulcer . [109] [110] Kipling’s death had in fact previously been incorrectly announced in a magazine, to which he wrote, “I’ve just read that I am dead. Don’t forget to delete me from your list of subscribers.” [111] The pallbearers at the funeral included Kipling’s cousin, the UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin , and the marble casket was covered by a Union Jack . [112] Kipling was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium , northwest London, and his ashes were buried in Poets’ Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey , next to the graves of Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy . [112] In 2010 the International Astronomical Union approved that a crater on the planet Mercury would be named after Kipling—one of ten newly discovered impact craters observed by the MESSENGER spacecraft in 2008–9. [113] In 2012, an extinct species of crocodile, Goniopholis kiplingi , was named in his honour, “in recognition for his enthusiasm for natural sciences”. [114] More than 50 unpublished poems by Kipling, discovered by the American scholar Thomas Pinney, were released for the first time in March 2013. [115] Posthumous reputation Various writers, such as Edmund Candler , were strongly influenced by Kipling’s writing. Kipling’s stories for adults remain in print and have garnered high praise from writers as different as Poul Anderson , Jorge Luis Borges , and Randall Jarrell who wrote that, “After you have read Kipling’s fifty or seventy-five best stories you realize that few men have written this many stories of this much merit, and that very few have written more and better stories.” [116] His children’s stories remain popular; and his Jungle Books have been made into several movies. The first was made by producer Alexander Korda , and other films have been produced by the Walt Disney Company . A number of his poems were set to music by Percy Grainger . A series of short films based on some of his stories was broadcast by the BBC in 1964. [117] Kipling’s work is still popular today. The poet T. S. Eliot edited A Choice of Kipling’s Verse (1941) with an introductory essay. [118] Eliot was aware of the complaints that had been levelled against Kipling and he dismissed them one by one: that Kipling is ‘a Tory’ using his verse to transmit right wing political views, or ‘a journalist’ pandering to popular taste; while Eliot writes “I cannot find any justification for the charge that he held a doctrine of race superiority.” [119] Eliot finds instead, An immense gift for using words, an amazing curiosity and power of observation with his mind and with all his senses, the mask of the entertainer, and beyond that a queer gift of second sight, of transmitting messages from elsewhere, a gift so disconcerting when we are made aware of it that thenceforth we are never sure when it is not present: all this makes Kipling a writer impossible wholly to understand and quite impossible to belittle. — T.S. Eliot [120] Of Kipling’s verse, such as his Barrack-Room Ballads , Eliot writes “of a number of poets who have written great poetry, only… a very few whom I should call great verse writers. And unless I am mistaken, Kipling’s position in this class is not only high, but unique.” [121] In response to Eliot, George Orwell wrote a long consideration of Kipling’s work for Horizon in 1942, noting that although as a “jingo imperialist” Kipling was “morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting”, his work had many qualities which ensured that while “every enlightened person has despised him … nine-tenths of those enlightened persons are forgotten and Kipling is in some sense still there”. Orwell summarised that One reason for Kipling’s power [was] his sense of responsibility, which made it possible for him to have a world-view, even though it happened to be a false one. Although he had no direct connexion with any political party, Kipling was a Conservative, a thing that does not exist nowadays. Those who now call themselves Conservatives are either Liberals, Fascists or the accomplices of Fascists. He identified himself with the ruling power and not with the opposition. In a gifted writer this seems to us strange and even disgusting, but it did have the advantage of giving Kipling a certain grip on reality. The ruling power is always faced with the question, ‘In such and such circumstances, what would you do?‘, whereas the opposition is not obliged to take responsibility or make any real decisions. Where it is a permanent and pensioned opposition, as in England, the quality of its thought deteriorates accordingly. Moreover, anyone who starts out with a pessimistic, reactionary view of life tends to be justified by events, for Utopia never arrives and ‘the gods of the copybook headings’, as Kipling himself put it, always return. Kipling sold out to the British governing class, not financially but emotionally. This warped his political judgement, for the British ruling class were not what he imagined, and it led him into abysses of folly and snobbery, but he gained a corresponding advantage from having at least tried to imagine what action and responsibility are like. It is a great thing in his favour that he is not witty, not ‘daring’, has no wish to épater les bourgeois . He dealt largely in platitudes, and since we live in a world of platitudes, much of what he said sticks. Even his worst follies seem less shallow and less irritating than the ‘enlightened’ utterances of the same period, such as Wilde’s epigrams or the collection of cracker-mottoes at the end of Man and Superman . — George Orwell [122] The poet Alison Brackenbury writes that “Kipling is poetry’s Dickens, an outsider and journalist with an unrivalled ear for sound and speech.” [123] The English folksinger Peter Bellamy was a great lover of Kipling’s poetry, much of which he believed to have been influenced by English traditional folk forms. He recorded several albums of Kipling’s verse set to traditional airs, or to tunes of his own composition written in traditional style. [124] However, in the case of the bawdy folk song, “ The Bastard King of England “, which is commonly credited to Kipling, it is believed that the song is actually misattributed. [125] Kipling is often quoted in discussions of contemporary political and social issues. Political singer-songwriter Billy Bragg , who attempts to reclaim English nationalism from the right-wing, has reclaimed Kipling for an inclusive sense of Englishness. [126] Kipling’s enduring relevance has been noted in the United States, as it has become involved in Afghanistan and other areas about which he wrote. [127] [128] [129] Links with camping and Scouting In 1903, Kipling gave permission to Elizabeth Ford Holt to borrow themes from the Jungle Books to establish Camp Mowglis , a summer camp for boys on the shores of Newfound Lake in New Hampshire . Throughout their lives, Kipling and his wife Carrie maintained an active interest in Camp Mowglis, which is still in operation and continues the traditions that Kipling inspired. Buildings at Mowglis have names such as Akela , Toomai , Baloo , and Panther. The campers are referred to as “the Pack,” from the youngest “Cubs” to the oldest campers living in “Den.” [130] Kipling’s links with the Scouting movements were also strong. Robert Baden-Powell , the founder of Scouting, used many themes from The Jungle Book stories and Kim in setting up his junior movement, the Wolf Cubs. These connections still exist today, such as the continued popularity of “ Kim’s Game ” in the Scouting movement. The movement is named after Mowgli ‘s adopted wolf family, and the adult helpers of Wolf Cub Packs adopt names taken from The Jungle Book, especially the adult leader who is called Akela after the leader of the Seeonee wolf pack. [131] Kipling’s home at Burwash Bateman’s , Kipling’s home in Burwash , East Sussex, is now a public museum dedicated to the author. After the death of Kipling’s wife in 1939, his house, “ Bateman’s ” in Burwash , East Sussex, South East England, where he had lived from 1902 until 1936, was bequeathed to the National Trust and is now a public museum dedicated to the author. Elsie Bambridge , his only child who lived to maturity, died childless in 1976, and also bequeathed her copyrights to the National Trust, which in turn donated them to the University of Sussex to ensure better public access. [132] Novelist and poet Sir Kingsley Amis wrote a poem, ‘Kipling at Bateman’s', after visiting Kipling’s Burwash home (Amis’ father had lived in Burwash briefly in the 1960s) as part of a BBC television series on writers and their houses. [133] In 2003, actor Ralph Fiennes read excerpts from Kipling’s works from the study in Bateman’s, including, The Jungle Book, Something of Myself, Kim, and The Just So Stories, and poems, including “If… ” and “My Boy Jack”, for a CD published by the National Trust. [134] [135] Reputation in India In modern-day India, whence he drew much of his material, Kipling’s reputation remains controversial, especially amongst modern nationalists and some post-colonial critics. Other contemporary Indian intellectuals such as Ashis Nandy have taken a more nuanced view of his work. Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of independent India, often described Kipling’s novel Kim as one of his favourite books. [136] [137] G V Desani , an Indian writer of fiction, had a more negative opinion of Kipling. He alludes to Kipling in his novel, All About H. Hatterr : I happen to pick up R. Kipling’s autobiographical “Kim”. Therein, this self-appointed whiteman’s burden-bearing sherpa feller’s stated how, in the Orient, blokes hit the road and think nothing of walking a thousand miles in search of something. Indian writer Khushwant Singh wrote in 2001 that he considers Kipling’s “ If— ” “the essence of the message of The Gita in English”, [138] referring to the Bhagavad Gita , an ancient Indian scripture. The acclaimed Indian writer R. K. Narayan said, “Kipling, the supposed expert writer on India, showed a better understanding of the mind of the animals in the jungle than of the men in an Indian home or the marketplace.” [139] In November 2007 it was announced that Kipling’s birth home in the campus of the J J School of Art in Bombay would be turned into a museum celebrating the author and his works. [140] Bibliography Kipling’s bibliography includes fiction (including novels and short stories), non-fiction, and poetry. Several of his works were collaborations. See also Ahmed, Zubair (27 November 2007). “Kipling’s India home to become museum” . BBC News . Retrieved 9 August 2008. Further reading Biography and criticism Allen, Charles (2007) Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling, Abacus, 2007. ISBN 978-0-349-11685-3 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Bauer, Helen Pike (1994) Rudyard Kipling: A Study of the Short Fiction New York: Twayne Birkenhead, Lord ( Frederick Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead ) (1978) Rudyard Kipling (Worthing: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd.) ISBN 978-0-297-77535-5 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Carrington, Charles (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. London: Macmillan & Co. David, C. (2007). Rudyard Kipling: a critical study, New Delhi, Anmol, 2007. ISBN 81-261-3101-2 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Dillingham, William B (2005) Rudyard Kipling: Hell and Heroism New York: Palgrave Macmillan Eliot, T.S. (1941). A Choice of Kipling’s Verse, made by T. S. Eliot with an essay on Rudyard Kipling. Faber and Faber. — paperback edition 1963. Gilbert, Elliot L. ed., (1965) Kipling and the Critics (New York: New York University Press) Gilmour, David . (2003) The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52896-9 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Green, Roger Lancelyn, ed., (1971) Kipling: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul). Gross, John, ed. (1972) Rudyard Kipling: the Man, his Work and his World (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson) Harris, Brian (2014) “The Surprising Mr Kipling: An anthology and reassessment of the poetry of Rudyard Kipling (CreateSpace) ISBN 978-1-4942-2194-2 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Harris, Brian (2015) “The Two Sided Man” (CreateSpace) ISBN 1508712328 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ]. Kemp, Sandra. (1988) Kipling’s Hidden Narratives Oxford: Blackwell* Lycett, Andrew (1999). Rudyard Kipling. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81907-0 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Lycett, Andrew (ed.) (2010). Kipling Abroad, I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-072-9 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Mallett, Phillip (2003) Rudyard Kipling: A Literary Life Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Montefiore, Jan (ed.) (2013) In Time’s Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling Manchester: Manchester University Press Narita, Tatsushi. T. S. Eliot and his Youth as ‘A Literary Columbus’. Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan, 2011 Nicolson, Adam (2001) Carrie Kipling 1862–1939 : The Hated Wife. Faber & Faber, London. ISBN 0-571-20835-5 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Ricketts, Harry. (2001) Rudyard Kipling: A Life New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-7867-0830-1 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] Rooney, Caroline, and Kaori Nagai, eds. Kipling and Beyond: Patriotism, Globalisation, and Postcolonialism (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 214 pages; scholarly essays on Kipling’s “boy heroes of empire,” Kipling and C.L.R. James, and Kipling and the new American empire, etc. Rutherford, Andrew, ed. (1964) Kipling’s Mind and Art (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd) Sergeant, David,(2013) Kipling’s Art of Fiction 1884–1901 (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Martin Seymour-Smith , Rudyard Kipling, (1990). Biography by a scholar who uses newly opened Kipling letters to argue he was a repressed homosexual who married Caroline Balestier although he was really in love with her brother Wolcott; critics call the book controversial. Shippey, Tom, “Rudyard Kipling,” in: Cahier Calin: Makers of the Middle Ages. Essays in Honor of William Calin, ed. Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery (Kalamazoo, MI: Studies in Medievalism, 2011), pp. 21–23. Tompkins, J. M. S. (1959) The Art of Rudyard Kipling (London : Methuen) online edition Walsh, Sue (2010) Kipling’s Children’s Literature: Language, Identity, and Constructions of Childhood Farnham: Ashgate Wilson, Angus The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Works New York: The Viking Press, 1978. ISBN 0-670-67701-9 [ Amazon-US \| Amazon-UK ] External links	The Jungle Book
What product advertises itself as “The Quicker Picker-Upper”?	Jungles, Book and Poem on Pinterest Forward Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English author, journalist and poet who wrote the famous fiction The Jungle Book. Born in the British India, Bombay, he worked in India with a much renowned newspaper The Pioneer, Allahabad before taking up writing as a profession. Best known for his works such as The Jungle Book , Kim and Just So Stories for Little Children, Kipling ranks among the greatest English novelists and authors and regarded as the leader of the art of the short stories. The author has… See More	i don't know
What is the name of the largest gem quality diamond in the world, at 3,106.75 carats (rough), discovered on June 26, 1905?	Cullinan Diamond discovered in the Premier diamond mine in 1905 Cullinan I diamond - Star of Africa On the orders of King Edward VII, the Cullinan I was mounted on the head of the Royal Scepter, and it is now on display in the Tower of London. The Royal Scepter of Great Britain © Her Majesty the Queen of England. Cullinan II - The Lesser Star of Africa The Cullinan II, aka the lesser Star of Africa is the second largest Cullinan diamond, with a cushion shape, weighing 317.4 carats. It is the fifth largest faceted diamond in the world; the second largest, D-color, faceted diamond in the world; the second largest cushion-cut diamond in the world; and the largest cushion-cut, D-color diamond in the world. The Cullinan II Diamond - The Lesser Star of Africa The Cullinan II has been mounted on the brow or band of the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain, which also features other notable precious stones such as St. Edwards Sapphire, the Stuart Sapphire and the Black Princess Ruby. It is also on display in the Tower of London, with the other Crown Jewels. The Cushion-cut Cullinan II mounted on the band of the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain © Her Majesty the Queen of England. Cullinan III The Cullinan III weighing 94.40 carats has a pear-shaped cut and is mounted in the finial of Queen Mary's (Queen consort of King George V) Crown, but when required Cullinan III could be combined with Cullinan IV to form a pendant-brooch, and most of Queen Mary's portraits show her wearing this combination. Queen Elizabeth II, the present British Monarch, also uses the two diamonds in the same way. 94.40-carat, pear-shaped Cullinan III diamond Queen Mary's 1911 Coronation Crown with its finial mounted with a replica of the pear-shaped Cullinan III and the band mounted in front with a replica of the cushion-shaped Cullinan IV diamonds Queen Mary's Crown was commissioned by Queen Mary, consort of King George V, from the Crown Jewellers, Garrard & Co, for her coronation that was held on June 22, 1911. Apart from the Cullinan III and IV that was mounted on the finial and band of the crown respectively, another famous diamond the Koh-i-Noor was also incorporated in the crown as the centerpiece of the front cross-patee. After the coronation, the three large diamonds, the Koh-i-Noor, the Cullinan III and Cullinan IV were replaced with quartz crystal replicas, and the jewels used in alternative settings. Cullinan III & IV were combined together to form a pendan- brooch, that became a favorable piece of jewelry of the of Queen Mary, who became famous for superbly bejeweling herself for formal events. Cullinan III & IV combined together as a pendant-brooch Queen Mary of Teck wearing the combined Cullinan iii and iv pendant-brooch Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who inherited most of the fabulous jewelry collection of Queen Mary after her death in 1953, also used Cullinan iii and iv combined as a pendant brooch, and fondly referred to these diamonds as "Granny's Chips." The Queen had worn this pendant brooch on several occasions, and the most recent occasion she was seen wearing it was during Her Majesty's Diamond Jubilee Celebrations in 2012. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II wearing the Cullinan iii and iv pendant brooch Another occasion Her Majesty the Queen was seen wearing "Granny's Chips" Her Majesty the Queen wearing "Granny's Chips" during her Diamond Jubilee celebrations held in 2012 Cullinan IV The Cullinan IV, with a cushion-cut weighs 63.60 carats, and like the Cullinan III was originally mounted on Queen Mary's Crown, but as stated above, subsequently dismantled and combined with Cullinan III to form a pendant brooch. The 63.60-carat Cullinan IV diamond Cullinan V The Cullinan V, with a triangular pear-cut or heart-shaped cut, weighs 18.80 carats, and also had a dual use, one as a piece of jewelry, mounted in a brooch or as the detachable center of the emerald and diamond stomacher of the Delhi Durbar Parure designed in 1911 for Queen Mary and the other to be worn in the circlet of her crown, as a replacement for the Koh-i-Noor. This was after the Koh-i-Noor was removed to be mounted on a new crown for Elizabeth (Queen Mother), the Duchess of York after her husband George VI's accession to the throne, upon the abdication of Edward VIII, on December 11, 1936. Cullinan V brooch In the Cullinan V brooch, the heart-shaped, 18.80-carat Cullinan V diamond is mounted on a fine radiating platinum web, with a scrolling millegrain and pave-set border of brilliant diamonds. Queen Mary wearing the Delhi Durbar Parure stomacher incorporating Cullinan V as the centerpiece Delhi Durbar Parure Stomacher incorporating Cullinan V brooch as centerpiece Queen Elizabeth wearing the Cullinan V brooch during a visit to Tuvalu (Ellice Islands) in Polynesia Cullinan VI The Cullinan VI is a marquise-cut stone, with a weight of 11.50 carats. King Edward VII purchased the diamond from Asschers and presented it to his Queen consort, Queen Alexandra, as a personal gift. Queen Alexandra got the Cullinan VI mounted in the front cross patee of her regal circlet. Cullinan VI was inherited by Queen Mary after Queen Alexandra's death in 1925.The fashion-conscious Queen Mary decided that the ideal setting for the marquise-cut Cullinan VI diamond was as a pendant to the radiating platinum mount incorporating the 6.8-carat, emerald-cut Cullinan VIII diamond as its centerpiece, designed by the Crown Jewelers Garrards in 1911. The combination came to be christened as the Cullinan VI & VIII Brooch. Cullinan VI & VIII Brooch However, the mounting of Cullinan VIII, like the Cullinan V was adaptable, and could be worn as part of the Delhi Durbar stomacher or linked to the Cullinan V brooch. Cullinan VI & VIII were inherited by Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, after the death of Queen Mary. Queen Mary wearing the Delhi Durbar stomacher incorporating the Cullinan V & VIII Delhi Durbar stomacher incorporating the Cullinan V and VIII brooches Queen Elizabeth wearing the Cullinan VI and VIII brooch during an official visit to Sudan in 1964 Queen Elizabeth wearing the Cullinan VI & VIII brooch during an official visit to Jamaica in 2002 Cullinan VII The Cullinan VII is also a marquise-cut stone, weighing 8.80 carats. The permanent setting of the Cullinan VII is as an asymmetrical pendant to the Delhi Durbar Necklace, a negligee pendant necklace, in which the longer pendant terminates in a pear-shaped emerald, larger in size than the marquise-cut Cullinan VII. The Delhi Durbar Necklace is one of the six components of the Cambridge and Delhi Durbar Parure, designed and crafted by the crown jewelers Garrard's in anticipation of the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary on June 22, 1911, and their subsequent proclamation as the Emperor and Empress of India, at a special Durbar organized for this purpose in Delhi, on December 12, 1911. Delhi Durbar Necklace incorporating Cullinan VII and a pear-shaped emerald as negligee pendants In the negligee pendant the marquise-cut Cullinan VII is suspended by a shorter detachable chain pave-set with ten graduated brilliant diamonds. The longer chain suspending the pear-shaped emerald is pave-set with 12 graduated brilliant diamonds. Apart from the large pear-shaped emerald in the longer pendant, the necklace also incorporates 8 other Cambridge emeralds, originally owned by Queen Mary's grandmother, the Duchess of Cambridge. The necklace consists of a double platinum chain pave-set with 94 smaller brilliant-cut diamonds. The eight cabochon-cut emeralds are set alternating with six large brilliant-cut diamonds.on the double platinum chain. The two emeralds on the median line of the chain, the centerpiece of the necklace and the clasp behind, are cushion-shaped, cabochon-cut emeralds. Emeralds of similar size and shape are placed on symmetrical positions on either side of the median line of the necklace. These emeralds are oval-shaped, cabochon-cut stones. Each of the emeralds on the necklace is surrounded by a single layer of small brilliant-cut diamonds. The Delhi Durbar Necklace was a favorite piece of Queen Mary and she wore it usually with other components of the Delhi Durbar Parure. Queen Mary wearing the Delhi Durbar Parure including the Delhi Durbar Necklace incorporating the marquise-cut Cullinan VII Queen Mary wearing the Delhi Durbar Parure that includes the Delhi Durbar necklace Queen Elizabeth II inherited the Delhi Durbar Necklace and the other components of the Delhi Durbar Parure, after Queen Mary's death in 1953. The Delhi Durbar Necklace became Queen Elizabeth's emerald necklace of choice and she usually wore it with the Grand Duchess Vladimir Tiara when the pearl drops were interchanged with emeralds. The marquise-cut Cullinan VII diamond had remained largely in its original setting, the Delhi Durbar Necklace, except occasionally when it was used as a pendant to the Cullinan VIII brooch, as an alternative to the larger marquise-cut Cullinan VI. However, such occasions had been very rare, and considering the numerous occasions the necklace had been worn by the queen, the Cullinan VII is perhaps the only Cullinan diamond seen by the public on more occasions than any other Cullinan diamonds. Queen Elizabeth II wearing the Grand Duchess Vladimir Tiara and the Delhi Durbar Necklace Another occasion Queen Elizabeth II was seen wearing the Grand Duchess Vladimir Tiara and the Delhi Durbar Necklace More recent occasion when Queen Elizabeth was seen wearing the Vladimir Tiara and Delhi Durbar Necklace combination A rare occasion when Queen Elizabeth II was seen wearing the Delhi Durbar Necklace without the Vladimir Tiara Cullinan VIII Cullinan VIII is an emerald-cut diamond weighing 6.8 carats. In 1911, Garrards set the Cullinan VIII on a radiating platinum mount, similar in style to the Cullinan V brooch. Subsequently in 1925, the marquise-cut, 11.50-carat Cullinan VI was added as a pendant to the brooch, and the combination came to be known as the Cullinan VI and VIII brooch. However, Cullinan VIII could also be dismounted from its brooch and mounted as part of the Delhi Durbar Stomacher or linked to the Cullinan V brooch. Cullinan VIII brooch designed by Garrard in 1911 Emerald-cut Cullinan VIII diamond Even though the Cullinan VIII is usually described as an emerald-cut diamond, the long rectangular facets and step-cut characteristic of the emerald-cut is not found in the Cullinan VIII. The diamond appears to be mixed-cut diamond with a rectangular shape and not a conventional emerald-cut diamond. Queen Mary wearing Cullinan VI and VIII brooch linked to Cullinan V brooch Cullinan VI and VIII brooch linked to Cullinan V brooch Cullinan IX Out of the nine numbered Cullinan diamonds the smallest is the Cullinan IX, with a pear-shape and weighing 4.4 carats. The cut employed on the diamond is a pear-shaped modification of the round brilliant-cut known as the pendeloque.The Cullinan IX was set in a platinum ring for Queen Mary by Garrards in 1911 Cullinan IX diamond set in a diamond ring Like the Cullinan VII set in the Delhi Durbar Necklace, the Cullinan IX had also remained permanently in its original setting in the platinum ring. However, the Cullinan IX platinum ring appears to be the least used of the Cullinan diamonds, and in fact both Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth had worn the ring only on a few occasions. Queen Elizabeth inherited the ring from Queen Mary in 1953. Two of the larger Cullinan diamonds - Cullinan I & II - are an important component of the British Crown Jewels, mounted respectively on the Royal Scepter and the Imperial State Crown of Great Britain and are on display at the Tower of London, with the other Crown Jewels. The remaining Cullinan diamonds are the personal property of Queen Elizabeth II and were inherited from Queen Mary, her grandmother and the Queen consort of King George V. You are welcome to discuss this post/related topics with Dr Shihaan and other experts from around the world in our FORUMS (forums.internetstones.com)	Cullinan Diamond
Whom did Sitting Bull defeat at the battle of Little Bighorn on June 26, 1876, along with his brothers Thomas and Boston?	Famous Diamonds - Valentin Magro Famous Diamonds Famous Diamonds The Great Mogul Diamond A grand jewel fit for royalty, the Great Mogul Diamond is wrapped in mystery. It was likely mined around 1650, from Golconda in southern India. The rough stone was used as part of diplomacy negotiations with the 5th Mughal emperor. The diamond was eventually cut into a high 787.5 carat dome covered in facets, known as a rose cut. The Grand Mogul Diamond stayed with the imperial family until the invasion of Nadir Shah and his Persian armies in the early 1700s. The Shah returned to his home in Isfahan with his prize, but the diamond vanished after his murder in 1747. Though there is speculation as to the jewel’s fate, no theory has ever been disproven or confirmed. The Cullinan Diamond The Cullinan Diamond is the largest gem quality diamond ever mined, its rough weighing 3106.75 carats, or 621.35 grams. The stone was discovered in 1905 in the Premier Mine in South Africa and soon named in honor of the mine’s owner, Sir Thomas Cullinan. After careful thinking on the matter, the country gifted the jewel to its imperial ruler. The Cullinan was presented to King Edward VII for his birthday before it was sent to the Royal Asscher Diamond Company for cutting. The diamond was eventually divided into 9 major stones and 96 smaller pieces, with the larger nine serving as members of the British Crown jewels. The biggest piece, a 530.2 carat pear shape also known as the Great Star of Africa, is set into the top of the Sovereign Septre, while the 317.4 carat cushion cut Second Star of Africa is mounted into the band of the Imperial State Crown. The remaining seven are set into a variety of pieces, including brooches, a necklace and a ring. These jewels are available for viewing online and are at times on public display. The Excelsior Diamond One of the largest gem quality diamonds ever found, the Excelsior Diamond was found in 1893 in South Africa. In its rough state the stone measured 995.2 carats or 194 grams, and unusually shaped, flat on one side and peaked on the other. This form earned it a name meaning “higher.” Despite its size and remarkably light hue, the diamond’s discovery yielded little attention. Due to the lack of prospective buyers, the Excelsior’s owners decided to have the jewel cut into smaller, more affordable pieces. The Asscher Company cut the diamond to about 20 pieces, with the largest eleven named Excelsior I, Excelsior II, and so forth. Unlike many other named diamonds, all portions of this stone remain in private hands, away from museums and the public eye. The Lesotho Promise As its name indicates, the Lesotho Promise originates from the southern African kingdom of Lesotho. The 603 carat, golf ball sized rough was unearthed on August 2006, making it the largest diamond to be found in the 21st century. Between its size and completely colorless hue, the diamond earned 12.4 million dollars at auction. Among its new owners was Graff Diamonds, who was tasked to cut the massive find. Despite the Lesotho Promise’s stellar carat and color, its clarity was poor, veined with cracks that could threaten the stone’s structural integrity. Months of careful planning and still more of vigilant cutting were necessary to divide the diamond into separate jewels. The stones were soon reunited, with all 26 set into a piece called The Lesotho Promise Necklace. The Beau Sancy The Beau Sancy weighs a substantial 34.98 carats and retains its antique pear shaped rose cut, a flat bottomed cut adorned with triangular and trapezoidal facets. Originally from India, the diamond spent much of its life traveling among the royal houses of Europe. It gets its name from the mid-1500s French ambassador to India, Nicolas de Harlay, Lord of Sancy, who bought the stone and took it to his home country. The diamond was soon set into the coronation crown of the French queen Marie de Medici, who eventually sold it to the Dutch royal family. Though the Queen Mary II pawned the jewel to finance her house’s political ambitions, the Beau Sancy was bought back for her son’s wedding. Between its size and its adventures, the diamond was a source of great interest in recent times, netting 9.7 million dollars at a 2012 Sotheby’s auction. The Orlov The Orlov is a 189.62 carat unusually cut diamond originating from Andhra Pradesh, India. Unlike most faceted diamonds of today which often contain a cone or pyramid shaped bottoms, the Orlov has a high dome shape with a flat base. Its round yet faceted form is a rare example of the old style Indian rose cut. Most of the jewel’s original history remains unknown. The first confirmed record of the stone dates to 1774, when it was purchased by the Russian Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov in to gain favor of Empress Catherine II. While she didn’t bestow him with special gifts or attention, she accepted the diamond, commissioning a scepter to display the diamond as its centerpiece. The Orlov now part of the Diamond Fund on display at the Moscow Kremlin, still the mounting the Empress ordered. The Taylor-Burton Diamond Elizabeth Taylor and her husband Richard Burton were famous for the jewelry they loved and collected. Many of the gemstones they bought are named in their honor, including the Taylor-Burton Diamond. Its 241 carat rough emerged from South Africa in 1966, and cut not long after cut by Harry Winston into a pear weighing 69.42 carats, making it the twelfth largest faceted diamond at the time. Taylor and Burton made headlines when they purchased the diamond and its naming rights in 1969 for a speculated to $1.1 million. Ms. Taylor wore her majestic jewel to awards shows, television appearances and social events, but did not own the diamond for very long. She auctioned the diamond in 1978 to fund the construction of a hospital. The Taylor Burton Diamond has changed hands a few times since then, and has been recut to a slightly smaller 68 carats for greater shine. The Elizabeth Taylor Diamond The Elizabeth Taylor Diamond, previously known as the Krupp Diamond, was the actress’ favorite piece. According to the Gemological Institute of America, the 33.19 carat jewel is completely colorless and contains tiny inclusions only visible under 10x magnification. The stone has been shaped into an Asscher cut with a relatively large bottom facet characteristic of pre1920s Asscher cuts. Ms. Taylor’s received the diamond in 1968 as a gift from her then husband Richard Burton. She wore the jewel as the center stone on a ring, attending many work and social events with glittering companion. According to her, “My ring gives me the strangest feeling for beauty. With its sparks of red and white and blue and purple, and on and on, really, it sort of hums with its own beatific life.” After Ms. Taylor’s death, the diamond was renamed in her honor and auctioned by Christie’s. Her beloved stone was sold to the South Korean company E-Land for a record setting $8,818,500, or $265,697 per carat. The Koh-i-Noor The Koh-i-Noor diamond has a long regal history. It was mined from the Andhra Pradesh’s Guntur district in India, its rough measuring 793 carats. The jewel went into the custody of the region’s Kakatiya dynasty, who placed it into the statue of a Hindu goddess. Around 1310, invading members of the Turkish Khilji house raided the Andhra Pradesh region, taking the jewel as one of their prizes. This event marked the beginning of the stone’s many transfers from one royal family to another. During its journeys, the diamond was reduced by hundreds of carats to 186 carats, and gained its name from the Persian words “mountain of light.” In the mid-19th century, the Koh-i-Noor was wrangled into British hands. After the diamond was presented in 1850 to Queen Victoria, it was displayed to the London public as a showpiece during the 1851 Great Exhibition. Many viewers were unimpressed by the stone’s beauty, leading the Queen’s consort to have the jewel recut. Despite strict supervision and advanced technology, the Koh-i-Noor lost 42% of its mass, now weighing 105.602 carats. After its trimming, the diamond was mounted into a brooch, before it was eventually set into Queen Alexandra’s coronation crown, where it resides to this day. © 2017 Valentin Magro, All Rights Reserved.	i don't know
Which old Russian word meaning 'fast' is the other name for the Russian Wolfhound?	Russian wolfhound - definition of Russian wolfhound by The Free Dictionary Russian wolfhound - definition of Russian wolfhound by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Russian+wolfhound (Breeds) a less common name for borzoi bor•zoi (ˈbɔr zɔɪ) n., pl. -zois. any of a breed of tall, slender, swift dogs with long, silky hair and a long, narrow head, raised orig. in Russia for hunting wolves. Also called Russian wolfhound. [1885–90; < Russian borzóǐ orig., swift, fast] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: borzoi wolfhound - the largest breed of dogs; formerly used to hunt wolves Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Borzoi
Named for a famous Chicago bartender, what is the common name for a drink that has been spiked with a drug, usually chloral hydrate, given to someone in order to incapacitate them?	Borzoi \| Define Borzoi at Dictionary.com borzoi noun, plural borzois. 1. any of a breed of tall, slender dogs having long, silky hair, raised originally in Russia for hunting wolves. Expand Expand 1885-1890 1885-90; < Russian borzóǐ orig., swift, fast; cognate with Czech brzý, Serbo-Croatian br̂z swift, Polish bardzo very Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for borzoi Expand The Brightener C. N. Williamson borzoi Books are good books and there is one for every taste worthy of the name. British Dictionary definitions for borzoi Expand noun (pl) -zois 1. a tall graceful fast-moving breed of dog with a long silky coat, originally used in Russia for hunting wolves Also called Russian wolfhound Word Origin C19: from Russian borzoi, literally: swift; related to Old Slavonic brǔzǔ swift Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for borzoi Expand n. Russian wolfhound, 1887, from Russian borzoy, literally "swift, quick" (cf. Czech brzy, Serbo-Croatian brzo "quickly," Lithuanian bruzdeti "to hurry"). Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know

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